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The following passage was written in the mid-1990s. Users of the Internet—the worldwide network of interconnected computer systems—envision it as a way for people to have free access to information via their personal computers. Most Internet communication consists of sending electronic mail or exchanging ideas on elect... | 200212_3-RC_4_27 | [
"It is unlikely that every instance of digitalization could be detected under a copyright law revised to criminalize digitalization.",
"Criminalizing unauthorized digitalization appears to be consistent with the publishing community's treatment of information as an owned commodity.",
"When copyright law is revi... | 2 | The passage supports each of the following inferences EXCEPT: |
The following passage was written in the mid-1990s. Users of the Internet—the worldwide network of interconnected computer systems—envision it as a way for people to have free access to information via their personal computers. Most Internet communication consists of sending electronic mail or exchanging ideas on elect... | 200212_3-RC_4_28 | [
"Unauthorized digitalization of a copyrighted work should be considered a crime except when it is done for purposes of private study or research.",
"Unauthorized digitalization of a copyrighted work should be considered a crime even when it is done for purposes of private study or research.",
"Making a copy of ... | 0 | Which one of the following views can most reasonably be attributed to the experts cited in line 32? |
Social scientists have traditionally defined multipolar international systems as consisting of three or more nations, each of roughly equal military and economic strength. Theoretically, the members of such systems create shifting, temporary alliances in response to changing circumstances in the international environme... | 200306_4-RC_1_1 | [
"Peace can be maintained in Europe only if a new bipolar system emerges to replace Cold War alliances.",
"All kinds of international systems discussed by social scientists carry within themselves the seeds of their own collapse and ultimately endanger international order.",
"The current European geopolitical la... | 4 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? |
Social scientists have traditionally defined multipolar international systems as consisting of three or more nations, each of roughly equal military and economic strength. Theoretically, the members of such systems create shifting, temporary alliances in response to changing circumstances in the international environme... | 200306_4-RC_1_2 | [
"The weaknesses of both types of systems are discussed in the context of twentieth-century European history.",
"A prediction is made regarding European security based on the attributes of both types of systems.",
"A new argument is introduced in favor of European countries embracing a new bipolar system.",
"T... | 3 | Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the function of the final paragraph? |
Social scientists have traditionally defined multipolar international systems as consisting of three or more nations, each of roughly equal military and economic strength. Theoretically, the members of such systems create shifting, temporary alliances in response to changing circumstances in the international environme... | 200306_4-RC_1_3 | [
"indicate that bipolar systems can have certain unstable characteristics",
"illustrate how multipolar systems can transform themselves into bipolar systems",
"contrast the aggressive nature of bipolar members with the more rational behavior of their multipolar counterparts",
"indicate the anarchic nature of i... | 0 | The author's reference to the possibility that confrontations may lead to capitulation (lines 27–30) serves primarily to |
Social scientists have traditionally defined multipolar international systems as consisting of three or more nations, each of roughly equal military and economic strength. Theoretically, the members of such systems create shifting, temporary alliances in response to changing circumstances in the international environme... | 200306_4-RC_1_4 | [
"fearful that European geopolitics may bring about a similar bipolar system",
"surprised that it did not end with a major war",
"convinced that it provides an important example of bipolarity maintaining peace",
"regretful that the major European countries were so ambivalent about it",
"confident it will mar... | 2 | With respect to the Cold War, the author's attitude can most accurately be described as |
Social scientists have traditionally defined multipolar international systems as consisting of three or more nations, each of roughly equal military and economic strength. Theoretically, the members of such systems create shifting, temporary alliances in response to changing circumstances in the international environme... | 200306_4-RC_1_5 | [
"Each of the many small confrontations that occurred under the Concert of Europe threatened the integrity of the system.",
"It provided the highest level of security possible for Europe in the late nineteenth century.",
"All the factors contributing to stability during the late nineteenth century continue to co... | 3 | Which one of the following statements concerning the Concert of Europe (lines 14–17) can most reasonably be inferred from the passage? |
In spite of a shared language, Latin American poetry written in Spanish differs from Spanish poetry in many respects. The Spanish of Latin American poets is more open than that of Spanish poets, more exposed to outside influences—indigenous, English, French, and other languages. While some literary critics maintain tha... | 200306_4-RC_2_6 | [
"argue that Latin American poets originated modernism and the avant-garde",
"explain how Spanish poetry and Latin American poetry differ in their attitudes toward the Spanish language",
"demonstrate why Latin American poetry is not well received in Spain",
"show that the Castilian Spanish employed in Spanish ... | 1 | The discussion in the second paragraph is intended primarily to |
In spite of a shared language, Latin American poetry written in Spanish differs from Spanish poetry in many respects. The Spanish of Latin American poets is more open than that of Spanish poets, more exposed to outside influences—indigenous, English, French, and other languages. While some literary critics maintain tha... | 200306_4-RC_2_7 | [
"A family moves its restaurant to a new town and incorporates local ingredients into its traditional recipes.",
"A family moves its business to a new town after the business fails in its original location.",
"A family with a two-hundred-year-old house labors industriously in order to restore the house to its or... | 0 | Given the information in the passage, which one of the following is most analogous to the evolution of Latin American poetry? |
In spite of a shared language, Latin American poetry written in Spanish differs from Spanish poetry in many respects. The Spanish of Latin American poets is more open than that of Spanish poets, more exposed to outside influences—indigenous, English, French, and other languages. While some literary critics maintain tha... | 200306_4-RC_2_8 | [
"Spanish linguistic constructs had greater influence on Latin American poets than had previously been thought.",
"Castilian Spanish was still evolving linguistically at the time of the inception of Latin American poetry.",
"Spanish poets originated an influential literary movement that used language in radical ... | 2 | The passage's claims about Spanish poetry would be most weakened if new evidence indicating which one of the following were discovered? |
In spite of a shared language, Latin American poetry written in Spanish differs from Spanish poetry in many respects. The Spanish of Latin American poets is more open than that of Spanish poets, more exposed to outside influences—indigenous, English, French, and other languages. While some literary critics maintain tha... | 200306_4-RC_2_9 | [
"The first haiku in the Spanish language were written by a Latin American poet.",
"Spanish poetry is rarely innovative or experimental in its use of language.",
"Spanish poetry rarely incorporates poetic traditions from other cultures.",
"Latin American poetry tends to take the Spanish language for granted.",... | 3 | The passage affirms each of the following EXCEPT: |
In spite of a shared language, Latin American poetry written in Spanish differs from Spanish poetry in many respects. The Spanish of Latin American poets is more open than that of Spanish poets, more exposed to outside influences—indigenous, English, French, and other languages. While some literary critics maintain tha... | 200306_4-RC_2_10 | [
"The use of poetic structures from other world cultures is an attempt by Latin American poets to create a cultural past.",
"The use of poetic structures from other world cultures by Latin American poets is a response to their lack of a long-standing Spanish-language cultural past in the Americas.",
"The use of ... | 1 | Which one of the following can most reasonably be inferred from the passage about Latin American poetry's use of poetic structures from other world cultures? |
In spite of a shared language, Latin American poetry written in Spanish differs from Spanish poetry in many respects. The Spanish of Latin American poets is more open than that of Spanish poets, more exposed to outside influences—indigenous, English, French, and other languages. While some literary critics maintain tha... | 200306_4-RC_2_11 | [
"This relationship has inspired Spanish poets to examine their cultural past with a critical eye.",
"This relationship forces Spanish poets to write about subjects with which they feel little natural affinity.",
"This relationship is itself the central theme of much Spanish poetry.",
"This relationship infuse... | 3 | Based on the passage, the author most likely holds which one of the following views toward Spanish poetry's relationship to the Spanish cultural past? |
In spite of a shared language, Latin American poetry written in Spanish differs from Spanish poetry in many respects. The Spanish of Latin American poets is more open than that of Spanish poets, more exposed to outside influences—indigenous, English, French, and other languages. While some literary critics maintain tha... | 200306_4-RC_2_12 | [
"A tradition of cultural conservatism has allowed the Spanish language to evolve into a stable, reliable form of expression.",
"It was only recently that Latin American poetry began to incorporate elements of other languages.",
"The cultural conservatism of Spanish poetry is exemplified by the uncritical attitu... | 2 | Which one of the following inferences is most supported by the passage? |
According to the theory of gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that increases as either the mass of the particles increases, or their proximity to one another increases, or both. Gravitation is believed to shape the structures of stars, galaxies, and the enti... | 200306_4-RC_3_13 | [
"Although cosmologists believe that the universe is shaped by gravitation, the total amount of observable matter in the universe is greatly insufficient to account for the gravitation that would be required to cause the universe to be organized into galaxies.",
"Given their inability to account for more than 20 p... | 2 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main idea of the passage? |
According to the theory of gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that increases as either the mass of the particles increases, or their proximity to one another increases, or both. Gravitation is believed to shape the structures of stars, galaxies, and the enti... | 200306_4-RC_3_14 | [
"\"The Existence of Dark Matter: Arguments For and Against\"",
"\"Neutrinos and the Dark Matter Problem: A Partial Solution?\"",
"\"Too Little, Too Late: Why Neutrinos Do Not Constitute Dark Matter\"",
"\"The Role of Gravity: How Dark Matter Shapes Stars\"",
"\"The Implications of Oscillation: Do Neutrinos ... | 1 | Which one of the following titles most completely and accurately expresses the contents of the passage? |
According to the theory of gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that increases as either the mass of the particles increases, or their proximity to one another increases, or both. Gravitation is believed to shape the structures of stars, galaxies, and the enti... | 200306_4-RC_3_15 | [
"Observable matter constitutes at least 90 percent of the mass of the universe.",
"Current theories are incapable of identifying the force that causes all particles in the universe to attract one another.",
"The key to the problem of dark matter is determining the exact mass of a neutrino.",
"It is unlikely t... | 3 | Based on the passage, the author most likely holds which one of the following views? |
According to the theory of gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that increases as either the mass of the particles increases, or their proximity to one another increases, or both. Gravitation is believed to shape the structures of stars, galaxies, and the enti... | 200306_4-RC_3_16 | [
"A child seeking information about how to play chess consults a family member and so learns of a book that will instruct her in the game.",
"A child seeking to earn money by delivering papers is unable to earn enough money for a bicycle and so decides to buy a skateboard instead.",
"A child hoping to get a dog ... | 3 | As described in the last paragraph of the passage, the cosmologists' approach to solving the dark matter problem is most analogous to which one of the following? |
According to the theory of gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that increases as either the mass of the particles increases, or their proximity to one another increases, or both. Gravitation is believed to shape the structures of stars, galaxies, and the enti... | 200306_4-RC_3_17 | [
"satisfied that it occurs and that it suggests that neutrinos have mass",
"hopeful that it will be useful in discovering other forms of dark matter",
"concerned that it is often misinterpreted to mean that neutrinos account for all of dark matter",
"skeptical that it occurs until further research can be done"... | 0 | The author's attitude toward oscillation can most accurately be characterized as being |
According to the theory of gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that increases as either the mass of the particles increases, or their proximity to one another increases, or both. Gravitation is believed to shape the structures of stars, galaxies, and the enti... | 200306_4-RC_3_18 | [
"exert gravitational force",
"form galactic structures",
"oscillate into another type of matter",
"become significantly more massive",
"fuse to produce new particles"
] | 1 | Which one of the following phrases could replace the word "cohere" at line 30 without substantively altering the author's meaning? |
According to the theory of gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that increases as either the mass of the particles increases, or their proximity to one another increases, or both. Gravitation is believed to shape the structures of stars, galaxies, and the enti... | 200306_4-RC_3_19 | [
"There are more neutrinos in the universe than there are non-neutrinos.",
"Observable matter cannot exert enough gravitational force to account for the present structure of the universe.",
"Scientific experiments support the theory of neutrino oscillation.",
"Neutrinos likely cannot account for all of the uni... | 0 | The passage states each of the following EXCEPT: |
Leading questions—questions worded in such a way as to suggest a particular answer—can yield unreliable testimony either by design, as when a lawyer tries to trick a witness into affirming a particular version of the evidence of a case, or by accident, when a questioner unintentionally prejudices the witness's response... | 200306_4-RC_4_20 | [
"The unreliability of memories about incidental aspects of observed events makes eyewitness testimony especially questionable in cases in which the witness was not directly involved.",
"Because of the nature of human memory storage and retrieval, the courtroom testimony of eyewitnesses may contain crucial inaccur... | 1 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? |
Leading questions—questions worded in such a way as to suggest a particular answer—can yield unreliable testimony either by design, as when a lawyer tries to trick a witness into affirming a particular version of the evidence of a case, or by accident, when a questioner unintentionally prejudices the witness's response... | 200306_4-RC_4_21 | [
"a policy ensuring that witnesses have extra time to answer questions concerning details that are tangential to their original experiences of events",
"thorough revision of the criteria for determining which kinds of interrogation may be disallowed in courtroom testimony under the category of \"leading questions\... | 4 | It can be reasonably inferred from the passage that which one of the following, if it were effectively implemented, would most increase the justice system's ability to prevent leading questions from causing mistaken court decisions? |
Leading questions—questions worded in such a way as to suggest a particular answer—can yield unreliable testimony either by design, as when a lawyer tries to trick a witness into affirming a particular version of the evidence of a case, or by accident, when a questioner unintentionally prejudices the witness's response... | 200306_4-RC_4_22 | [
"They are integrated with current memories as support for those memories.",
"They are stored tentatively as conjectural data that fade with time.",
"They stay more vivid in memory than do previously stored memory data.",
"They are reinterpreted so as to be compatible with the details already stored in memory.... | 0 | Which one of the following is mentioned in the passage as a way in which new data suggested to a witness by a leading question are sometimes processed? |
Leading questions—questions worded in such a way as to suggest a particular answer—can yield unreliable testimony either by design, as when a lawyer tries to trick a witness into affirming a particular version of the evidence of a case, or by accident, when a questioner unintentionally prejudices the witness's response... | 200306_4-RC_4_23 | [
"For purposes of flavor and preservation, salt and vinegar are important additions to cucumbers during the process of pickling, but these purposes could be attained by adding other ingredients instead.",
"For the purpose of adding a mild stimulant effect, caffeine is included in some types of carbonated drinks, b... | 3 | In discussing the tangential details of events, the passage contrasts their original significance to witnesses with their possible significance in the courtroom (lines 52–59). That contrast is most closely analogous to which one of the following? |
Leading questions—questions worded in such a way as to suggest a particular answer—can yield unreliable testimony either by design, as when a lawyer tries to trick a witness into affirming a particular version of the evidence of a case, or by accident, when a questioner unintentionally prejudices the witness's response... | 200306_4-RC_4_24 | [
"In witnessing what types of crimes are people especially likely to pay close attention to circumstantial details?",
"Which aspects of courtroom interrogation cause witnesses to be especially reluctant to testify in extensive detail?",
"Can the stress of having to testify in a courtroom situation affect the acc... | 4 | Which one of the following questions is most directly answered by information in the passage? |
Leading questions—questions worded in such a way as to suggest a particular answer—can yield unreliable testimony either by design, as when a lawyer tries to trick a witness into affirming a particular version of the evidence of a case, or by accident, when a questioner unintentionally prejudices the witness's response... | 200306_4-RC_4_25 | [
"corroborates and adds detail to a claim made in the first paragraph",
"provides examples illustrating the applications of a theory discussed in the first paragraph",
"forms an argument in support of a proposal that is made in the final paragraph",
"anticipates and provides grounds for the rejection of a theo... | 0 | The second paragraph consists primarily of material that |
Leading questions—questions worded in such a way as to suggest a particular answer—can yield unreliable testimony either by design, as when a lawyer tries to trick a witness into affirming a particular version of the evidence of a case, or by accident, when a questioner unintentionally prejudices the witness's response... | 200306_4-RC_4_26 | [
"have produced some unexpected findings regarding the extent of human reliance on external verification of memory details",
"shed new light on a longstanding procedural controversy in the law",
"may be of theoretical interest despite their tentative nature and inconclusive findings",
"provide insights into th... | 4 | It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that the author holds that the recent studies discussed in the passage |
Leading questions—questions worded in such a way as to suggest a particular answer—can yield unreliable testimony either by design, as when a lawyer tries to trick a witness into affirming a particular version of the evidence of a case, or by accident, when a questioner unintentionally prejudices the witness's response... | 200306_4-RC_4_27 | [
"The tendency of leading questions to cause unreliable courtroom testimony has no correlation with the extent to which witnesses are emotionally affected by the events that they have observed.",
"Leading questions asked in the process of a courtroom examination of a witness are more likely to cause inaccurate tes... | 3 | Which one of the following can be most reasonably inferred from the information in the passage? |
The accumulation of scientific knowledge regarding the environmental impact of oil well drilling in North America has tended to lag behind the actual drilling of oil wells. Most attempts to regulate the industry have relied on hindsight: the need for regulation becomes apparent only after undesirable events occur. The ... | 200406_1-RC_1_1 | [
"Although now recognized as undesirable, occasional groundwater contamination by oil and unpotable saline water is considered to be inevitable wherever drilling for oil occurs.",
"Widespread coastal contamination caused by oil well drilling in North America has prompted international concern over oil exploration.... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage? |
The accumulation of scientific knowledge regarding the environmental impact of oil well drilling in North America has tended to lag behind the actual drilling of oil wells. Most attempts to regulate the industry have relied on hindsight: the need for regulation becomes apparent only after undesirable events occur. The ... | 200406_1-RC_1_2 | [
"They are usually located in areas whose subsurface geology is poorly understood.",
"They are generally less common in coastal regions.",
"They are usually located in geologic formations similar to those in which gas is found.",
"They are often contaminated by fresh or saline water.",
"They are generally fo... | 4 | The passage states which one of the following about underground oil reservoirs? |
The accumulation of scientific knowledge regarding the environmental impact of oil well drilling in North America has tended to lag behind the actual drilling of oil wells. Most attempts to regulate the industry have relied on hindsight: the need for regulation becomes apparent only after undesirable events occur. The ... | 200406_1-RC_1_3 | [
"cynical that future regulatory reform will occur without international concern",
"satisfied that existing regulations are adequate to prevent unwarranted tradeoffs between resource collection and environmental protection",
"concerned that regulatory reform will not progress until significant undesirable events... | 2 | The author's attitude regarding oil well drilling regulations can most accurately be described as |
The accumulation of scientific knowledge regarding the environmental impact of oil well drilling in North America has tended to lag behind the actual drilling of oil wells. Most attempts to regulate the industry have relied on hindsight: the need for regulation becomes apparent only after undesirable events occur. The ... | 200406_1-RC_1_4 | [
"a lack of understanding regarding the dangers to human health posed by groundwater contamination",
"a failure to comprehend the possible consequences of drilling in complex geologic systems",
"poorly tested methods for verifying the safety of newly developed technologies",
"an inadequate appreciation for the... | 1 | The author uses the phrase "the hazards of insufficient knowledge" (line 44) primarily in order to refer to the risks resulting from |
The accumulation of scientific knowledge regarding the environmental impact of oil well drilling in North America has tended to lag behind the actual drilling of oil wells. Most attempts to regulate the industry have relied on hindsight: the need for regulation becomes apparent only after undesirable events occur. The ... | 200406_1-RC_1_5 | [
"Groundwater contamination is unlikely because the well did not strike oil and hence will not be put in operation.",
"Danger to human health due to groundwater contamination is unlikely because large cities generally have more than one source of drinking water.",
"Groundwater contamination is likely unless the ... | 4 | Based on the information in the passage, if a prospective oil well drilled near a large city encounters a large groundwater formation and a small saline water formation, but no oil, which one of the following statements is most likely to be true? |
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. This practice—called code-switching—is common in bilingual populations. While there ... | 200406_1-RC_2_6 | [
"The lives of Puerto Rican Americans are affected in various ways by code-switching.",
"It is not always possible to explain why code-switching occurs in conversations among Puerto Rican Americans.",
"Rhetorical factors can explain more instances of code-switching among Puerto Rican Americans than can situation... | 4 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? |
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. This practice—called code-switching—is common in bilingual populations. While there ... | 200406_1-RC_2_7 | [
"report evidence supporting the conclusion that the family's code-switching had a rhetorical basis",
"show that reasons for code-switching differ from one community to another",
"supply evidence that seems to conflict with the researchers' conclusions about why the family engaged in code-switching",
"refute t... | 0 | In lines 56–59, the author mentions the family members' explanation of their use of Spanish primarily in order to |
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. This practice—called code-switching—is common in bilingual populations. While there ... | 200406_1-RC_2_8 | [
"Where do the students involved in the study think that a parent and child are likely to be when they are talking about how to be a good son or daughter?",
"What language or mix of languages do the students involved in the study think that a parent and child would be likely to use when they are talking at home ab... | 3 | Which one of the following questions is NOT characterized by the passage as a question to which linguists sought answers in their code-switching studies involving high school students? |
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. This practice—called code-switching—is common in bilingual populations. While there ... | 200406_1-RC_2_9 | [
"consider a general explanation for the phenomenon of code-switching that is different from the one discussed in the preceding paragraphs",
"resolve an apparent conflict between two explanations for code-switching that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs",
"show that there are instances of code-switching... | 2 | The primary function of the third paragraph of the passage is to |
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. This practice—called code-switching—is common in bilingual populations. While there ... | 200406_1-RC_2_10 | [
"A speaker who does not know certain words in the primary language of a conversation occasionally has recourse to familiar words in another language.",
"A person translating a text from one language into another leaves certain words in the original language because the author of the text invented those words.",
... | 3 | Based on the passage, which one of the following is best explained as rhetorically determined code-switching? |
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. This practice—called code-switching—is common in bilingual populations. While there ... | 200406_1-RC_2_11 | [
"Research revealing that speakers are sometimes unaware of code-switching casts doubt on the results of a prior study involving high school students.",
"Relevant research conducted prior to the linguists' work with high school students would lead one to expect different answers from those the students actually ga... | 4 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely agree with which one of the following statements? |
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. This practice—called code-switching—is common in bilingual populations. While there ... | 200406_1-RC_2_12 | [
"Linguists have observed that bilingual high school students do not agree among themselves as to what mix of languages they would use in the presence of incongruent situational factors.",
"Code-switching sometimes occurs in conversations whose situational factors would be expected to involve the use of a single l... | 1 | Which one of the following does the passage offer as evidence that code-switching cannot be entirely explained by situational factors? |
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. This practice—called code-switching—is common in bilingual populations. While there ... | 200406_1-RC_2_13 | [
"In a previous twelve-month study involving the same family in their home, their conversations were entirely in English except when situational factors changed significantly.",
"In a subsequent twelve-month study involving the same family, a particular set of situational factors occurred repeatedly without any ac... | 0 | Which one of the following, if true, would most cast doubt on the author's interpretation of the study involving the family discussed in the third paragraph? |
Reader-response theory, a type of literary theory that arose in reaction to formalist literary criticism, has endeavored to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of literature from the text itself to the contributions of readers to the meaning of a text. According to literary critics who endorse reader-response theo... | 200406_1-RC_3_14 | [
"scholarly neutrality",
"grudging respect",
"thoughtless disregard",
"cautious ambivalence",
"reasoned dismissal"
] | 4 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's attitude toward formalism as expressed in the passage? |
Reader-response theory, a type of literary theory that arose in reaction to formalist literary criticism, has endeavored to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of literature from the text itself to the contributions of readers to the meaning of a text. According to literary critics who endorse reader-response theo... | 200406_1-RC_3_15 | [
"a translator who translates a poem from Spanish to English word for word so that its original meaning is not distorted",
"a music critic who insists that early music can be truly appreciated only when it is played on original instruments of the period",
"a reviewer who finds in the works of a novelist certain ... | 4 | Which one of the following persons displays an approach that most strongly suggests sympathy with the principles of reader-response theory? |
Reader-response theory, a type of literary theory that arose in reaction to formalist literary criticism, has endeavored to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of literature from the text itself to the contributions of readers to the meaning of a text. According to literary critics who endorse reader-response theo... | 200406_1-RC_3_16 | [
"Any literary theory should be seen ultimately as limiting, since contradictory interpretations of texts are inevitable.",
"A purpose of a literary theory is to broaden and enhance the understanding that can be gained from a work.",
"A literary theory should provide valid and strictly objective methods for inte... | 1 | With which one of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree? |
Reader-response theory, a type of literary theory that arose in reaction to formalist literary criticism, has endeavored to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of literature from the text itself to the contributions of readers to the meaning of a text. According to literary critics who endorse reader-response theo... | 200406_1-RC_3_17 | [
"a wide range of perspectives on works of literature",
"contemporary ideology as a basis for criticism",
"encoding the meaning of a literary work in signs and symbols",
"finding the meaning of a work in its text alone",
"belief that an author's intended meaning in a work is discoverable"
] | 0 | The passage states that reader-response theory legitimizes which one of the following? |
Reader-response theory, a type of literary theory that arose in reaction to formalist literary criticism, has endeavored to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of literature from the text itself to the contributions of readers to the meaning of a text. According to literary critics who endorse reader-response theo... | 200406_1-RC_3_18 | [
"to reinforce the notion that reader-based interpretations of texts invariably raise more questions than they can answer",
"to confirm the longevity of interpretations similar to reader-based interpretations of texts",
"to point out a fundamental flaw that the author believes makes reader-response theory untena... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's purpose in referring to literature of the past as being "unfairly burdened" (line 51) in some cases? |
Reader-response theory, a type of literary theory that arose in reaction to formalist literary criticism, has endeavored to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of literature from the text itself to the contributions of readers to the meaning of a text. According to literary critics who endorse reader-response theo... | 200406_1-RC_3_19 | [
"Reader-response theory is reflected in interpretations that have been given throughout history and that bring additional insight to literary study.",
"Reader-response theory legitimizes conflicting interpretations that collectively diminish the understanding of a work.",
"Reader-response theory fails to provid... | 1 | Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the author's argument concerning reader-response theory? |
Reader-response theory, a type of literary theory that arose in reaction to formalist literary criticism, has endeavored to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of literature from the text itself to the contributions of readers to the meaning of a text. According to literary critics who endorse reader-response theo... | 200406_1-RC_3_20 | [
"stress the intricacy and complexity of good literature",
"grant that a reader must be guided by the text to some degree",
"imply that no theory alone can fully explain a work of literature",
"illustrate how a literary work differs from a map",
"show that an inflexible standard of interpretation provides co... | 1 | The author's reference to "various signs and symbols" (line 33) functions primarily to |
Reader-response theory, a type of literary theory that arose in reaction to formalist literary criticism, has endeavored to shift the emphasis in the interpretation of literature from the text itself to the contributions of readers to the meaning of a text. According to literary critics who endorse reader-response theo... | 200406_1-RC_3_21 | [
"Formalists believe that responsible critics who focus on the text alone will tend to find the same or similar meanings in a literary work.",
"Critical approaches similar to those described by formalism had been used to interpret texts long before the theory was articulated as such.",
"Formalists would not find... | 0 | Which one of the following can most reasonably be inferred from the information in the passage? |
Faculty researchers, particularly in scientific, engineering, and medical programs, often produce scientific discoveries and invent products or processes that have potential commercial value. Many institutions have invested heavily in the administrative infrastructure to develop and exploit these discoveries, and they ... | 200406_1-RC_4_22 | [
"While institutions expect to prosper from increased research support and royalties from patentable products resulting from faculty inventions, if they do not establish clear-cut policies governing ownership of these inventions, they run the risk of losing faculty to research corporations or commercial consulting c... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately summarizes the main point of the passage? |
Faculty researchers, particularly in scientific, engineering, and medical programs, often produce scientific discoveries and invent products or processes that have potential commercial value. Many institutions have invested heavily in the administrative infrastructure to develop and exploit these discoveries, and they ... | 200406_1-RC_4_23 | [
"The policies are in keeping with the institution's financial interests.",
"The policies are antithetical to the mission of a university.",
"The policies do not have a significant impact on the research of faculty.",
"The policies are invariably harmful to the motivation of faculty attempting to pursue resear... | 0 | Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author's view regarding the institutional intellectual property policies of most universities? |
Faculty researchers, particularly in scientific, engineering, and medical programs, often produce scientific discoveries and invent products or processes that have potential commercial value. Many institutions have invested heavily in the administrative infrastructure to develop and exploit these discoveries, and they ... | 200406_1-RC_4_24 | [
"an institution in which faculty own the right to some inventions they create outside the institution",
"an institution in which faculty own all their inventions, regardless of any circumstances, but grant the institution the right to collect a portion of their royalties",
"an institution in which all invention... | 1 | Which one of the following institutions would NOT be covered by the fourfold classification proposed by Chew? |
Faculty researchers, particularly in scientific, engineering, and medical programs, often produce scientific discoveries and invent products or processes that have potential commercial value. Many institutions have invested heavily in the administrative infrastructure to develop and exploit these discoveries, and they ... | 200406_1-RC_4_25 | [
"commercial firm",
"supramaximalist university",
"maximalist university",
"resource-provider university",
"faculty-oriented university"
] | 3 | The passage suggests that the type of institution in which employees are likely to have the most uncertainty about who owns their intellectual products is the |
Faculty researchers, particularly in scientific, engineering, and medical programs, often produce scientific discoveries and invent products or processes that have potential commercial value. Many institutions have invested heavily in the administrative infrastructure to develop and exploit these discoveries, and they ... | 200406_1-RC_4_26 | [
"vagueness on the issue of what constitutes university as opposed to nonuniversity resources",
"insistence on reaping substantial financial benefit from faculty inventions while still providing faculty with unlimited flexibility",
"inversion of the usual practices regarding exploitation of faculty inventions in... | 4 | According to the passage, what distinguishes a resource-provider institution from the other types of institutions identified by Chew is its |
Faculty researchers, particularly in scientific, engineering, and medical programs, often produce scientific discoveries and invent products or processes that have potential commercial value. Many institutions have invested heavily in the administrative infrastructure to develop and exploit these discoveries, and they ... | 200406_1-RC_4_27 | [
"explain why institutions may wish to develop intellectual property policies that are responsive to certain faculty needs",
"draw a contrast between the worlds of academia and business that will be explored in detail later in the passage",
"defend the intellectual property rights of faculty inventors against en... | 0 | The author of the passage most likely quotes one study of entrepreneurship in lines 16–19 primarily in order to |
Faculty researchers, particularly in scientific, engineering, and medical programs, often produce scientific discoveries and invent products or processes that have potential commercial value. Many institutions have invested heavily in the administrative infrastructure to develop and exploit these discoveries, and they ... | 200406_1-RC_4_28 | [
"Supramaximalist institutions run the greatest risk of losing faculty to jobs in institutions more responsive to the inventor's financial interests.",
"A faculty-oriented institution will make no claim of ownership to a faculty invention that is unrelated to public health and created without university involvemen... | 4 | The passage suggests each of the following EXCEPT: |
The Canadian Auto Workers' (CAW) Legal Services Plan, designed to give active and retired autoworkers and their families access to totally prepaid or partially reimbursed legal services, has been in operation since late 1985. Plan members have the option of using either the plan's staff lawyers, whose services are full... | 200410_1-RC_1_1 | [
"In the short term, prepaid legal plans such as the CAW Legal Services Plan appear to be beneficial to both lawyers and clients, but in the long run lawyers will profit at the expense of clients.",
"The CAW Legal Services Plan and other similar plans represent a controversial, but probably effective, way of bring... | 4 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? |
The Canadian Auto Workers' (CAW) Legal Services Plan, designed to give active and retired autoworkers and their families access to totally prepaid or partially reimbursed legal services, has been in operation since late 1985. Plan members have the option of using either the plan's staff lawyers, whose services are full... | 200410_1-RC_1_2 | [
"compare and contrast legal plans with the traditional way of paying for legal services",
"explain the growing popularity of legal plans",
"trace the effect of legal plans on prices of legal services",
"caution that increased use of legal plans is potentially harmful to the legal profession and to clients",
... | 3 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
The Canadian Auto Workers' (CAW) Legal Services Plan, designed to give active and retired autoworkers and their families access to totally prepaid or partially reimbursed legal services, has been in operation since late 1985. Plan members have the option of using either the plan's staff lawyers, whose services are full... | 200410_1-RC_1_3 | [
"results that are largely at odds with those predicted by lawyers who criticize the plans",
"a lowering of the rates such plans charge their members",
"forced participation of lawyers who can benefit little from association with the plans",
"an eventual increase in profits for lawyers from client usage of the... | 4 | Which one of the following does the author predict will be a consequence of increased use of legal plans? |
The Canadian Auto Workers' (CAW) Legal Services Plan, designed to give active and retired autoworkers and their families access to totally prepaid or partially reimbursed legal services, has been in operation since late 1985. Plan members have the option of using either the plan's staff lawyers, whose services are full... | 200410_1-RC_1_4 | [
"a description of a recently implemented set of procedures and policies; a summary of the results of that implementation; a proposal of refinements in those policies and procedures",
"an evaluation of a recent phenomenon; a comparison of that phenomenon with related past phenomena; an expression of the author's a... | 3 | Which one of the following sequences most accurately and completely corresponds to the presentation of the material in the passage? |
The Canadian Auto Workers' (CAW) Legal Services Plan, designed to give active and retired autoworkers and their families access to totally prepaid or partially reimbursed legal services, has been in operation since late 1985. Plan members have the option of using either the plan's staff lawyers, whose services are full... | 200410_1-RC_1_5 | [
"Lawyers can expect to gain expertise in a wide variety of legal services by availing themselves of the access to diverse clientele that plan participation affords.",
"Experienced cooperating lawyers are likely to enjoy the higher profits of long-term, complex cases, for which new lawyers are not suited.",
"Low... | 2 | The passage most strongly suggests that, according to proponents of prepaid legal plans, cooperating lawyers benefit from taking clients at lower fees in which one of the following ways? |
The Canadian Auto Workers' (CAW) Legal Services Plan, designed to give active and retired autoworkers and their families access to totally prepaid or partially reimbursed legal services, has been in operation since late 1985. Plan members have the option of using either the plan's staff lawyers, whose services are full... | 200410_1-RC_1_6 | [
"They can enjoy benefits beyond the use of the services of the plan's staff lawyers.",
"So far, they generally believe the quality of services they receive from the plan's staff lawyers is as high as that provided by other lawyers.",
"Most of them consult lawyers only for relatively simple and routine matters."... | 0 | According to the passage, which one of the following is true of CAW Legal Services Plan members? |
The Canadian Auto Workers' (CAW) Legal Services Plan, designed to give active and retired autoworkers and their families access to totally prepaid or partially reimbursed legal services, has been in operation since late 1985. Plan members have the option of using either the plan's staff lawyers, whose services are full... | 200410_1-RC_1_7 | [
"It points to an aspect of legal plans that the author believes will be detrimental to the quality of legal services.",
"It is identified by the author as one of the primary ways in which plan administrators believe themselves to be contributing materially to the legal profession in return for lawyers' participat... | 0 | Which one of the following most accurately represents the primary function of the author's mention of marketing devices (line 43)? |
In the field of historiography—the writing of history based on a critical examination of authentic primary information sources—one area that has recently attracted attention focuses on the responses of explorers and settlers to new landscapes in order to provide insights into the transformations the landscape itself ha... | 200410_1-RC_2_8 | [
"The history of settlement along the Pacific Coast of the U.S., as understood by most historiographers, is confirmed by evidence reconstructed from the actions of Asian settlers.",
"Asian settlers on the Pacific Coast of the U.S. left a record of their experiences that traditional historiographers believed to be ... | 2 | Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage? |
In the field of historiography—the writing of history based on a critical examination of authentic primary information sources—one area that has recently attracted attention focuses on the responses of explorers and settlers to new landscapes in order to provide insights into the transformations the landscape itself ha... | 200410_1-RC_2_9 | [
"to suggest that Chinese settlers followed typical settlement patterns in this region during the nineteenth century",
"to argue that little written evidence of Chinese settlers' practices survives",
"to provide examples illustrating the unique view Asian settlers had of the land",
"to demonstrate that the his... | 2 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's primary purpose in discussing Chinese settlers in the third paragraph? |
In the field of historiography—the writing of history based on a critical examination of authentic primary information sources—one area that has recently attracted attention focuses on the responses of explorers and settlers to new landscapes in order to provide insights into the transformations the landscape itself ha... | 200410_1-RC_2_10 | [
"They were written both before and after Asian settlers arrived in the area.",
"They include accounts by Native Americans in the area.",
"They are primarily concerned with potential agricultural uses of the land.",
"They focus primarily on the presence of water sources in the region.",
"They are accounts le... | 4 | The passage states that the primary traditional historiographic sources of information about the history of the Pacific Coast of the U.S. have which one of the following characteristics? |
In the field of historiography—the writing of history based on a critical examination of authentic primary information sources—one area that has recently attracted attention focuses on the responses of explorers and settlers to new landscapes in order to provide insights into the transformations the landscape itself ha... | 200410_1-RC_2_11 | [
"Examining the actions not only of Asian settlers but of other cultural groups of the Pacific Coast of the U.S. is necessary to a full understanding of the impact of settlement on the landscape there.",
"The significance of certain actions to the writing of history may be recognized by one group of historiographe... | 4 | The author would most likely disagree with which one of the following statements? |
In the field of historiography—the writing of history based on a critical examination of authentic primary information sources—one area that has recently attracted attention focuses on the responses of explorers and settlers to new landscapes in order to provide insights into the transformations the landscape itself ha... | 200410_1-RC_2_12 | [
"new ideas for utilizing local plants",
"a new view of the land",
"specialized agricultural skills",
"knowledge of agribusiness practices",
"knowledge of irrigation systems"
] | 3 | According to the passage, each of the following was an aspect of Chinese settlers' initial interactions with the landscape of the Pacific Coast of the U.S. EXCEPT: |
In the field of historiography—the writing of history based on a critical examination of authentic primary information sources—one area that has recently attracted attention focuses on the responses of explorers and settlers to new landscapes in order to provide insights into the transformations the landscape itself ha... | 200410_1-RC_2_13 | [
"Most Chinese settlers came to the Pacific Coast of the U.S. because the climate was similar to that with which they were familiar.",
"Chinese agricultural methods in the nineteenth century included knowledge of swamp reclamation.",
"Settlers of European descent used wild mustard seed as a spice.",
"Because o... | 1 | Which one of the following can most reasonably be inferred from the passage? |
In the field of historiography—the writing of history based on a critical examination of authentic primary information sources—one area that has recently attracted attention focuses on the responses of explorers and settlers to new landscapes in order to provide insights into the transformations the landscape itself ha... | 200410_1-RC_2_14 | [
"Market research of agribusinesses owned by descendants of Chinese settlers shows that the market for the region's specialty crops has grown substantially faster than the market for any other crops in the last decade.",
"Nineteenth-century surveying records indicate that the lands now cultivated by specialty crop... | 1 | Which one of the following, if true, would most help to strengthen the author's main claim in the last sentence of the passage? |
The survival of nerve cells, as well as their performance of some specialized functions, is regulated by chemicals known as neurotrophic factors, which are produced in the bodies of animals, including humans. Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery in the 1950s of the first of these agents, a hormonelike substance now known a... | 200410_1-RC_3_15 | [
"Levi-Montalcini's discovery of neurotrophic factors as a result of research carried out in the 1940s was a major contribution to our understanding of the role of naturally occurring chemicals, especially NGF, in the development of chick embryos.",
"Levi-Montalcini's discovery of NGF, a neurotrophic factor that s... | 1 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? |
The survival of nerve cells, as well as their performance of some specialized functions, is regulated by chemicals known as neurotrophic factors, which are produced in the bodies of animals, including humans. Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery in the 1950s of the first of these agents, a hormonelike substance now known a... | 200410_1-RC_3_16 | [
"paved the way for more specific knowledge of the processes governing the development of the nervous system",
"demonstrated that a then new laboratory technique could yield important and unanticipated experimental results",
"confirmed the hypothesis that many of a developing organism's immature nerve cells are ... | 0 | Based on the passage, the author would be most likely to believe that Levi-Montalcini's discovery of NGF is noteworthy primarily because it |
The survival of nerve cells, as well as their performance of some specialized functions, is regulated by chemicals known as neurotrophic factors, which are produced in the bodies of animals, including humans. Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery in the 1950s of the first of these agents, a hormonelike substance now known a... | 200410_1-RC_3_17 | [
"indicate that conclusions referred to in the second paragraph, though essentially correct, require further verification",
"indicate that conclusions referred to in the second paragraph have been undermined by subsequently obtained evidence",
"indicate ways in which conclusions referred to in the second paragra... | 2 | The primary function of the third paragraph of the passage in relation to the second paragraph is to |
The survival of nerve cells, as well as their performance of some specialized functions, is regulated by chemicals known as neurotrophic factors, which are produced in the bodies of animals, including humans. Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery in the 1950s of the first of these agents, a hormonelike substance now known a... | 200410_1-RC_3_18 | [
"Nerve cells in excess of those that are needed by the organism in which they develop eventually produce anti-NGF antibodies to suppress the effects of NGF.",
"Nerve cells that grow in the absence of NGF are less numerous than, but qualitatively identical to, those that grow in the presence of NGF.",
"Few of th... | 4 | Information in the passage most strongly supports which one of the following? |
The survival of nerve cells, as well as their performance of some specialized functions, is regulated by chemicals known as neurotrophic factors, which are produced in the bodies of animals, including humans. Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery in the 1950s of the first of these agents, a hormonelike substance now known a... | 200410_1-RC_3_19 | [
"A certain kind of mouse tumor produces a chemical that stimulates the growth of nerve cells.",
"Developing embryos initially grow many more nerve cells than they will eventually require.",
"In addition to NGF, there are several other important neurotrophic factors regulating cell survival and function.",
"Ce... | 0 | The passage describes a specific experiment that tested which one of the following hypotheses? |
The survival of nerve cells, as well as their performance of some specialized functions, is regulated by chemicals known as neurotrophic factors, which are produced in the bodies of animals, including humans. Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery in the 1950s of the first of these agents, a hormonelike substance now known a... | 200410_1-RC_3_20 | [
"Some of the effects that the author describes as occurring in Levi-Montalcini's culture of chick embryo extract were due to neurotrophic factors other than NGF.",
"Although NGF was the first neurotrophic factor to be identified, some other such factors are now more thoroughly understood.",
"In her research in ... | 3 | Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information in the passage? |
The proponents of the Modern Movement in architecture considered that, compared with the historical styles that it replaced, Modernist architecture more accurately reflected the functional spirit of twentieth-century technology and was better suited to the newest building methods. It is ironic, then, that the Movement ... | 200410_1-RC_4_21 | [
"The Modern Movement declined because its proponents were overly ideological and did not take into account the facts of building construction.",
"Rationality was the theoretical basis for the development of the Modern Movement in architecture.",
"Changes in architectural design introduced by the Modern Movement... | 0 | Which one of the following most accurately summarizes the main idea of the passage? |
The proponents of the Modern Movement in architecture considered that, compared with the historical styles that it replaced, Modernist architecture more accurately reflected the functional spirit of twentieth-century technology and was better suited to the newest building methods. It is ironic, then, that the Movement ... | 200410_1-RC_4_22 | [
"Clothing produced on an assembly line is less precisely tailored than clothing produced by a single garment maker.",
"Handwoven fabric is more beautiful than fabric produced by machine.",
"Lenses ground on a machine are less useful than lenses ground by hand.",
"Form letters produced by a word processor elic... | 0 | Which one of the following is most similar to the relationship described in the passage between the new methods of the building industry and pre-twentieth-century construction? |
The proponents of the Modern Movement in architecture considered that, compared with the historical styles that it replaced, Modernist architecture more accurately reflected the functional spirit of twentieth-century technology and was better suited to the newest building methods. It is ironic, then, that the Movement ... | 200410_1-RC_4_23 | [
"forbearing",
"defensive",
"unimpressed",
"exasperated",
"indifferent"
] | 2 | With respect to the proponents of the Modern Movement, the author of the passage can best be described as |
The proponents of the Modern Movement in architecture considered that, compared with the historical styles that it replaced, Modernist architecture more accurately reflected the functional spirit of twentieth-century technology and was better suited to the newest building methods. It is ironic, then, that the Movement ... | 200410_1-RC_4_24 | [
"The repudiation of the ideal by some of these architects undermined its validity.",
"The ideal was rarely achieved because of its lack of popular appeal.",
"The ideal was unrealistic because most builders were unwilling to attempt it.",
"The ideal originated in the work of Otto Wagner and Frank Lloyd Wright.... | 4 | It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which one of the following about Modern Movement architects' ideal of exposing structural materials? |
The proponents of the Modern Movement in architecture considered that, compared with the historical styles that it replaced, Modernist architecture more accurately reflected the functional spirit of twentieth-century technology and was better suited to the newest building methods. It is ironic, then, that the Movement ... | 200410_1-RC_4_25 | [
"\"functional spirit\" (lines 4–5)",
"\"tended\" (line 24)",
"\"innovators\" (line 26)",
"\"conveniently\" (line 30)",
"\"degree of inaccuracy\" (line 47)"
] | 3 | Which one of the following, in its context in the passage, most clearly reveals the attitude of the author toward the proponents of the Modern Movement? |
The proponents of the Modern Movement in architecture considered that, compared with the historical styles that it replaced, Modernist architecture more accurately reflected the functional spirit of twentieth-century technology and was better suited to the newest building methods. It is ironic, then, that the Movement ... | 200410_1-RC_4_26 | [
"innovative architects whose work was not immediately appreciated by the public",
"architects whom proponents of the Modern Movement claimed represented the movement",
"architects whose work helped to popularize the Modern Movement",
"architects who generally attempted to interpret the needs of their clients,... | 1 | The author of the passage mentions Otto Wagner and the young Frank Lloyd Wright (lines 27–28) primarily as examples of |
The proponents of the Modern Movement in architecture considered that, compared with the historical styles that it replaced, Modernist architecture more accurately reflected the functional spirit of twentieth-century technology and was better suited to the newest building methods. It is ironic, then, that the Movement ... | 200410_1-RC_4_27 | [
"analyzing the failure of a movement",
"predicting the future course of a movement",
"correcting a misunderstanding about a movement",
"anticipating possible criticism of a movement",
"contrasting incompatible viewpoints about a movement"
] | 0 | The author of the passage is primarily concerned with |
A number of natural disasters in recent years— such as earthquakes, major storms, and floods—that have affected large populations of people have forced relief agencies, communities, and entire nations to reevaluate the ways in which they respond in the aftermaths of such disasters. They believe that traditional ways of... | 200412_2-RC_1_1 | [
"The most useful response to a natural disaster is one in which relief agencies allow victims to dictate the type of aid they receive, which will most likely result in the allocation of long-term rather than immediate aid.",
"The quantity of aid given after a natural disaster reflects the desires of donors more t... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? |
A number of natural disasters in recent years— such as earthquakes, major storms, and floods—that have affected large populations of people have forced relief agencies, communities, and entire nations to reevaluate the ways in which they respond in the aftermaths of such disasters. They believe that traditional ways of... | 200412_2-RC_1_2 | [
"After a flood, local officials reject three more expensive proposals before finally accepting a contractor's plan to control a local river with a dam.",
"Following a plan developed several years ago by a relief agency in consultation with donors and community members, the relief agency provides temporary shelter... | 1 | Which one of the following examples best illustrates the type of disaster response recommended by the experts mentioned in the third paragraph? |
A number of natural disasters in recent years— such as earthquakes, major storms, and floods—that have affected large populations of people have forced relief agencies, communities, and entire nations to reevaluate the ways in which they respond in the aftermaths of such disasters. They believe that traditional ways of... | 200412_2-RC_1_3 | [
"Disaster relief plans are appropriate only for disaster-prone communities.",
"When communities affected by disasters have articulated their long-term needs, donors typically have been responsive to those needs.",
"Donors would likely provide more disaster relief aid if they had confidence that it would be used... | 3 | The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? |
A number of natural disasters in recent years— such as earthquakes, major storms, and floods—that have affected large populations of people have forced relief agencies, communities, and entire nations to reevaluate the ways in which they respond in the aftermaths of such disasters. They believe that traditional ways of... | 200412_2-RC_1_4 | [
"point to an influential group of people who have resisted changes to traditional disaster response efforts",
"demonstrate that the needs of donors and aid recipients contrast profoundly on the issue of disaster response",
"show that implementing an effective disaster relief program requires a new approach on t... | 2 | The author discusses donors in the final paragraph primarily in order to |
A number of natural disasters in recent years— such as earthquakes, major storms, and floods—that have affected large populations of people have forced relief agencies, communities, and entire nations to reevaluate the ways in which they respond in the aftermaths of such disasters. They believe that traditional ways of... | 200412_2-RC_1_5 | [
"a development that would benefit affected communities as well as aid providers who have a shared interest in relief efforts that are effective and well managed",
"a change that would help communities meet their future needs more effectively but would inevitably result in a detrimental reduction of short-term aid... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to view a shift toward a more long-term perspective in disaster relief efforts as which one of the following? |
A number of natural disasters in recent years— such as earthquakes, major storms, and floods—that have affected large populations of people have forced relief agencies, communities, and entire nations to reevaluate the ways in which they respond in the aftermaths of such disasters. They believe that traditional ways of... | 200412_2-RC_1_6 | [
"Although inefficiencies have long been present in international disaster relief programs, they have been aggravated in recent years by increased demands on relief agencies' limited resources.",
"Local communities had expressed little interest in taking responsibility for their own preparedness prior to the most ... | 4 | Which one of the following inferences about natural disasters and relief efforts is most strongly supported by the passage? |
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. Until very recently the promi... | 200412_2-RC_2_7 | [
"The Hippocratic oath ought to be reevaluated carefully, with special regard to the role of the physician, to make certain that its fundamental moral rules still apply today.",
"Despite recent criticisms of the Hippocratic oath, some version of it that will continue to assure patients of physicians' professionali... | 1 | Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage? |
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. Until very recently the promi... | 200412_2-RC_2_8 | [
"A general principle is described, criticisms of the principle are made, and modifications of the principle are made in light of these criticisms.",
"A set of criticisms is put forward, and possible replies to those criticisms are considered and dismissed.",
"The history of a certain code of conduct is discusse... | 4 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the material presented in the passage? |
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. Until very recently the promi... | 200412_2-RC_2_9 | [
"creation of a community of physicians from all eras, nations, and cultures",
"constant improvement and advancement of medical science",
"provision of medical care to all individuals regardless of ability to pay",
"physician action for the benefit of patients",
"observance of established moral rules even in... | 3 | The passage cites which one of the following as a value at the heart of the Hippocratic oath that should present no difficulty to most reformers? |
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. Until very recently the promi... | 200412_2-RC_2_10 | [
"affirm society's continuing need for a code embodying certain principles",
"chastise critics within the medical community who support reinterpretation of a code embodying certain principles",
"argue that historical doubts about the origin of a certain code are irrelevant to its interpretation",
"outline the ... | 0 | The author's primary purpose in the passage is to |
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. Until very recently the promi... | 200412_2-RC_2_11 | [
"The fact that such reinterpretations are so easy, however, suggests that our rejection of the historical issue was perhaps premature.",
"Yet, where such piecemeal reinterpretation is not possible, revisions to even the core value of the oath may be necessary.",
"It is thus simply a failure of the imagination, ... | 4 | Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that which one of the following sentences could most logically be added to the passage as a concluding sentence? |
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. Until very recently the promi... | 200412_2-RC_2_12 | [
"The oath encourages authoritarianism on the part of physicians.",
"The version of the oath in use today is not identical to the oath formulated in ancient Greece.",
"The oath fails to address modern medical dilemmas that could not have been foreseen in ancient Greece.",
"The oath's absolutism is incompatible... | 1 | Each of the following is mentioned in the passage as a criticism of the Hippocratic oath EXCEPT: |
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. Until very recently the promi... | 200412_2-RC_2_13 | [
"enthusiastic support",
"bemused dismissal",
"reasoned disagreement",
"strict neutrality",
"guarded agreement"
] | 2 | Which one of the following can most accurately be used to describe the author's attitude toward critics of the Hippocratic oath? |
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. Until very recently the promi... | 200412_2-RC_2_14 | [
"\"The Ancients versus the Moderns: Conflicting Ideas About Medical Ethics\"",
"\"Hypocritical Oafs: Why 'Managed Care' Proponents are Seeking to Repeal an Ancient Code\"",
"\"Genetic Fallacy in the Age of Gene-Splicing: Why the Origins of the Hippocratic Oath Don't Matter\"",
"\"The Dead Hand of Hippocrates:... | 4 | Which one of the following would be most suitable as a title for this passage if it were to appear as an editorial piece? |
A lichen consists of a fungus living in symbiosis (i.e., a mutually beneficial relationship) with an alga. Although most branches of the complex evolutionary family tree of fungi have been well established, the evolutionary origins of lichen-forming fungi have been a mystery. But a new DNA study has revealed the relati... | 200412_2-RC_3_15 | [
"New research suggests that fungi are not only parasitic but also symbiotic organisms.",
"New research has revealed that lichen-forming fungi constitute a distinct species of fungus.",
"New research into the evolutionary origins of lichen-forming fungi reveals them to be closely related to various species of al... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage? |
A lichen consists of a fungus living in symbiosis (i.e., a mutually beneficial relationship) with an alga. Although most branches of the complex evolutionary family tree of fungi have been well established, the evolutionary origins of lichen-forming fungi have been a mystery. But a new DNA study has revealed the relati... | 200412_2-RC_3_16 | [
"to suggest that new research overturns the assumption that lichen-forming fungi are primarily symbiotic, rather than parasitic, organisms",
"to show that findings based on new research regarding fungus classification have implications that affect a long-standing assumption of evolutionary science",
"to explain... | 1 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's purpose in the last paragraph of the passage? |
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