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Many critics agree that the primary characteristic of Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène's work is its sociopolitical commitment. Sembène was trained in Moscow in the cinematic methods of socialist realism, and he asserts that his films are not meant to entertain his compatriots, but rather to raise their awareness o...	200709_4-RC_1_1	[ "Sembène's originality as a filmmaker lies in his adaptation of traditional archetypal predicaments and open-ended plots, both of which are derived from West African oral tales.", "Many of the characters in Sembène's films are variations on character types common to traditional West African storytelling.", "Sem...	4	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
Many critics agree that the primary characteristic of Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène's work is its sociopolitical commitment. Sembène was trained in Moscow in the cinematic methods of socialist realism, and he asserts that his films are not meant to entertain his compatriots, but rather to raise their awareness o...	200709_4-RC_1_2	[ "uses animals as symbols", "uses slow motion for artistic effect", "provides oral narration of the film's story", "juxtaposes West African images and Marxist symbols", "leaves part of the story to be filled in by audiences" ]	4	The author says that Sembène does which one of the following in at least some of his films?
Many critics agree that the primary characteristic of Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène's work is its sociopolitical commitment. Sembène was trained in Moscow in the cinematic methods of socialist realism, and he asserts that his films are not meant to entertain his compatriots, but rather to raise their awareness o...	200709_4-RC_1_3	[ "Several African novelists who draw upon the oral traditions of West Africa use binary oppositions as fundamental structures in their narratives, even though they have not read Marxist theory.", "Folklorists who have analyzed oral storytelling traditions from across the world have found that the use of binary opp...	0	Which one of the following would, if true, most strengthen the claim made by the author in the last sentence of the passage (lines 54–58)?
Many critics agree that the primary characteristic of Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène's work is its sociopolitical commitment. Sembène was trained in Moscow in the cinematic methods of socialist realism, and he asserts that his films are not meant to entertain his compatriots, but rather to raise their awareness o...	200709_4-RC_1_4	[ "His films have become popular both in parts of Africa and elsewhere.", "He has not received support from government agencies for his film production.", "His films are widely misunderstood by critics in Senegal.", "His characters are drawn from a broad range of social strata.", "His work has been subjected ...	3	Which one of the following inferences about Sembène is most strongly supported by the passage?
Many critics agree that the primary characteristic of Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène's work is its sociopolitical commitment. Sembène was trained in Moscow in the cinematic methods of socialist realism, and he asserts that his films are not meant to entertain his compatriots, but rather to raise their awareness o...	200709_4-RC_1_5	[ "beginning a series", "experimental", "transformative", "unprecedented", "prefatory" ]	2	Which one of the following most closely expresses the author's intended meaning in using the word "initiatory" (line 45)?
Many critics agree that the primary characteristic of Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène's work is its sociopolitical commitment. Sembène was trained in Moscow in the cinematic methods of socialist realism, and he asserts that his films are not meant to entertain his compatriots, but rather to raise their awareness o...	200709_4-RC_1_6	[ "disenchantment with attempts to reform Senegalese government", "confidence in the aptness of using traditional motifs to comment on contemporary issues", "concern with social justice", "interest in the vicissitudes of ordinary people's lives", "desire to educate his audience" ]	0	The passage does NOT provide evidence that Sembène exhibits which one of the following attitudes in one or more of his films?
Passage A Readers, like writers, need to search for answers. Part of the joy of reading is in being surprised, but academic historians leave little to the imagination. The perniciousness of the historiographic approach became fully evident to me when I started teaching. Historians require undergraduates to read scholar...	200709_4-RC_2_7	[ "a concern with the question of what teaching methods are most effective in developing writing skills", "a concern with how a particular discipline tends to represent points of view it does not typically deal with", "a conviction that writing in specialized professional disciplines cannot be creatively crafted"...	3	Which one of the following does each of the passages display?
Passage A Readers, like writers, need to search for answers. Part of the joy of reading is in being surprised, but academic historians leave little to the imagination. The perniciousness of the historiographic approach became fully evident to me when I started teaching. Historians require undergraduates to read scholar...	200709_4-RC_2_8	[ "Neither author is an active member of the profession that he or she discusses.", "Each author is an active member of the profession he or she discusses.", "The author of passage A is a member of the profession discussed in that passage, but the author of passage B is not a member of either of the professions d...	1	The passages most strongly support which one of the following inferences regarding the authors' relationships to the professions they discuss?
Passage A Readers, like writers, need to search for answers. Part of the joy of reading is in being surprised, but academic historians leave little to the imagination. The perniciousness of the historiographic approach became fully evident to me when I started teaching. Historians require undergraduates to read scholar...	200709_4-RC_2_9	[ "abstraction", "hyperbole", "subversion", "narrative", "imagination" ]	0	Which one of the following does each passage indicate is typical of writing in the respective professions discussed in the passages?
Passage A Readers, like writers, need to search for answers. Part of the joy of reading is in being surprised, but academic historians leave little to the imagination. The perniciousness of the historiographic approach became fully evident to me when I started teaching. Historians require undergraduates to read scholar...	200709_4-RC_2_10	[ "Passage A presents and rejects arguments for an opposing position, whereas passage B does not.", "Passage A makes evaluative claims, whereas passage B does not.", "Passage A describes specific examples of a phenomenon it criticizes, whereas passage B does not.", "Passage B offers criticism, whereas passage A...	2	In which one of the following ways are the passages NOT parallel?
Passage A Readers, like writers, need to search for answers. Part of the joy of reading is in being surprised, but academic historians leave little to the imagination. The perniciousness of the historiographic approach became fully evident to me when I started teaching. Historians require undergraduates to read scholar...	200709_4-RC_2_11	[ "\"Writing is at the heart of the lawyer's craft\" (line 29)", "\"Conformity is a virtue, creativity suspect, humor forbidden, and voice mute\" (lines 37–38)", "\"Lawyers write as they see other lawyers write\" (line 39)", "\"every case has at its heart a story\" (line 46)", "\"Still, even mere awareness of...	1	The phrase "scholarly monographs that sap the vitality of history" in passage A (lines 6–7) plays a role in that passage's overall argument that is most analogous to the role played in passage B by which one of the following phrases?
Passage A Readers, like writers, need to search for answers. Part of the joy of reading is in being surprised, but academic historians leave little to the imagination. The perniciousness of the historiographic approach became fully evident to me when I started teaching. Historians require undergraduates to read scholar...	200709_4-RC_2_12	[ "It will be poorly written because the lawyer who is writing it was not given explicit advice by law professors on how lawyers should write.", "It will be crafted to function like a piece of fiction in its description of the characters and motivations of the people involved in the case.", "It will be a concise,...	3	Suppose that a lawyer is writing a legal document describing the facts that are at issue in a case. The author of passage B would be most likely to expect which one of the following to be true of the document?
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. This species-specific model assumes that repetitive use of the same visual and vocal displays and an absence of escalated fighting evolved to prevent injury. The contestan...	200709_4-RC_3_13	[ "Evolutionary game theory and classical game theory can be used to analyze the process of decision-making used by humans and animals in settling disputes.", "A. aperta in grassland habitats and riparian habitats exhibit an unusually wide variety of fighting behaviors in territorial disputes.", "Evolutionary gam...	2	Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. This species-specific model assumes that repetitive use of the same visual and vocal displays and an absence of escalated fighting evolved to prevent injury. The contestan...	200709_4-RC_3_14	[ "describe a kind of fighting behavior that is used by only a few species", "suggest that repetitive use of the same visual and vocal displays is a kind of fighting behavior used by some but not all species", "provide evidence to support the claim that fighting behavior does not vary greatly from contest to cont...	4	The author of the passage mentions Galápagos tortoises in the first paragraph most likely in order to
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. This species-specific model assumes that repetitive use of the same visual and vocal displays and an absence of escalated fighting evolved to prevent injury. The contestan...	200709_4-RC_3_15	[ "Spiders in the grassland habitat engage in escalated fighting when a disputed site is highly desirable.", "Spiders in the riparian habitat are not willing to engage in escalated fighting for less-than-suitable sites.", "Spiders in the riparian habitat confine their fighting to displays more regularly than do s...	3	Which one of the following, if true, is LEAST consistent with Riechert's theory about fighting behavior in spiders?
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. This species-specific model assumes that repetitive use of the same visual and vocal displays and an absence of escalated fighting evolved to prevent injury. The contestan...	200709_4-RC_3_16	[ "It develops a comparison of the two theories that were introduced in the preceding paragraph.", "It continues a discussion of a controversial theory described in the first two paragraphs of the passage.", "It describes an experiment that provides support for the theory described in the preceding paragraph.", ...	4	Which one of the following best states the function of the third paragraph of the passage?
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. This species-specific model assumes that repetitive use of the same visual and vocal displays and an absence of escalated fighting evolved to prevent injury. The contestan...	200709_4-RC_3_17	[ "They exhibit variations in fighting behavior from contest to contest primarily because of the different levels of competition for suitable sites in different habitats.", "They may confine their fighting behavior to displays if the value of a disputed resource is too low and the risk of physical injury is too gre...	1	The passage suggests which one of the following about the behavior of A. aperta in conflict situations?
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. This species-specific model assumes that repetitive use of the same visual and vocal displays and an absence of escalated fighting evolved to prevent injury. The contestan...	200709_4-RC_3_18	[ "present an alternative to a traditional approach", "describe a phenomenon and provide specific examples", "evaluate evidence used to support an argument", "present data that refutes a controversial theory", "suggest that a new theory may be based on inadequate research" ]	0	The primary purpose of the passage is to
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. It is also commonly supposed that such cases are special exceptions and that, in general, th...	200709_4-RC_4_19	[ "Some views that certain commentators consider to be implications of philosophical anarchism are highly counterintuitive.", "Contrary to what philosophical anarchists claim, some governments are morally superior to others, and citizens under legitimate governments have moral obligations to one another.", "It do...	2	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. It is also commonly supposed that such cases are special exceptions and that, in general, th...	200709_4-RC_4_20	[ "In most cases we are morally obligated to obey the law simply because it is the law.", "All governments are in essence morally equal.", "We are morally bound to obey only those laws we participate in establishing.", "Most crimes are morally neutral, even though they are illegal.", "The majority of existing...	0	The author identifies which one of the following as a commonly held belief?
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. It is also commonly supposed that such cases are special exceptions and that, in general, th...	200709_4-RC_4_21	[ "ardent approval of most aspects of the theory", "apparent acceptance of some of the basic positions of the theory", "concerned pessimism about the theory's ability to avoid certain extreme views", "hesitant rejection of some of the central features of the theory", "resolute antipathy toward both the theory...	1	The author's stance regarding the theory of philosophical anarchism can most accurately be described as one of
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. It is also commonly supposed that such cases are special exceptions and that, in general, th...	200709_4-RC_4_22	[ "the implications conflict with some commonly held beliefs", "there is little empirical evidence that the implications are actually true", "common sense indicates that philosophical anarchism does not have such implications", "the implications appear to be incompatible with each other", "each of the implica...	0	By attributing to commentators the view that philosophical anarchism has implications that are "counterintuitive" (line 17), the author most likely means that the commentators believe that
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. It is also commonly supposed that such cases are special exceptions and that, in general, th...	200709_4-RC_4_23	[ "A member of a political party that is illegal in a particular country divulges the names of other members because he fears legal penalties.", "A corporate executive chooses to discontinue her company's practice of dumping chemicals illegally when she learns that the chemicals are contaminating the water supply."...	1	Which one of the following scenarios most completely conforms to the views attributed to philosophical anarchists in lines 37–44?
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. It is also commonly supposed that such cases are special exceptions and that, in general, th...	200709_4-RC_4_24	[ "people are subject to more moral obligations than is generally held to be the case", "governments that are morally superior recognize that their citizens are not morally bound to obey their laws", "one may have good reason to support the efforts of one's government even if one has no moral duty to obey its law...	2	It can be inferred that the author would be most likely to agree that
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. It is also commonly supposed that such cases are special exceptions and that, in general, th...	200709_4-RC_4_25	[ "demonstrate that governmental efforts to help those in need are superfluous", "suggest that philosophical anarchists maintain that laws that foster the common good are extremely rare", "imply that the theoretical underpinnings of philosophical anarchism are inconsistent with certain widely held moral truths", ...	3	The author's discussion of people's positive moral duty to care for one another (lines 44–49) functions primarily to
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. It is also commonly supposed that such cases are special exceptions and that, in general, th...	200709_4-RC_4_26	[ "describe the development and theoretical underpinnings of a particular theory", "establish that a particular theory conforms to the dictates of common sense", "argue that two necessary implications of a particular theory are morally acceptable", "defend a particular theory against its critics by showing that...	3	In the passage, the author seeks primarily to
Asian American poetry from Hawaii, the Pacific island state of the United States, is generally characterizable in one of two ways: either as portraying a model multicultural paradise, or as exemplifying familiar Asian American literary themes such as generational conflict. In this light, the recent work of Wing Tek Lum...	200712_4-RC_1_1	[ "The poetry of Lum departs from other Asian American poetry from Hawaii in that it acknowledges its author's heritage but also expresses the poet's search for a new local identity.", "Lum's poetry is in part an expression of the conflict between a desire to participate in a community with shared traditions and va...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Asian American poetry from Hawaii, the Pacific island state of the United States, is generally characterizable in one of two ways: either as portraying a model multicultural paradise, or as exemplifying familiar Asian American literary themes such as generational conflict. In this light, the recent work of Wing Tek Lum...	200712_4-RC_1_2	[ "Images in a poem should be explained in that poem so that their meaning will be widely understood.", "The experience of living away from one's homeland is necessary for developing a healthy perspective on one's cultural traditions.", "It is important to reconcile the values of individual achievement and enterp...	2	Given the information in the passage, which one of the following is Lum most likely to believe?
Asian American poetry from Hawaii, the Pacific island state of the United States, is generally characterizable in one of two ways: either as portraying a model multicultural paradise, or as exemplifying familiar Asian American literary themes such as generational conflict. In this light, the recent work of Wing Tek Lum...	200712_4-RC_1_3	[ "describe the social tension created by the mix of attitudes exhibited by citizens of Hawaii", "deny that Hawaiian society is culturally distinct from that of the continental U.S.", "identify the process by which immigrants learn to adapt to their new communities", "refer to the constant change to which the c...	3	The author of the passage uses the phrase "the flux within Hawaiian society" (line 33) primarily in order to
Asian American poetry from Hawaii, the Pacific island state of the United States, is generally characterizable in one of two ways: either as portraying a model multicultural paradise, or as exemplifying familiar Asian American literary themes such as generational conflict. In this light, the recent work of Wing Tek Lum...	200712_4-RC_1_4	[ "inimical to the process of developing a local sensibility", "centered on the individual's drive to succeed", "concerned with conflicts between different age groups", "focused primarily on retaining ties to one's homeland", "tied to a search for a new sense of family in a new land" ]	2	According to the passage, some Asian American literature from Hawaii has been characterized as which one of the following?
Asian American poetry from Hawaii, the Pacific island state of the United States, is generally characterizable in one of two ways: either as portraying a model multicultural paradise, or as exemplifying familiar Asian American literary themes such as generational conflict. In this light, the recent work of Wing Tek Lum...	200712_4-RC_1_5	[ "underscore the forceful and contentious tone of the work", "indicate that the work has not been properly analyzed by literary critics", "stress the radical difference between this work and Lum's earlier work", "emphasize the differences between this work and that of other Asian American poets from Hawaii", ...	3	The author of the passage describes Expounding the Doubtful Points as "striking" (lines 7–8) primarily in order to
Asian American poetry from Hawaii, the Pacific island state of the United States, is generally characterizable in one of two ways: either as portraying a model multicultural paradise, or as exemplifying familiar Asian American literary themes such as generational conflict. In this light, the recent work of Wing Tek Lum...	200712_4-RC_1_6	[ "It cannot be used to support any specific political ideology.", "It is an elegant demonstration of the poet's appreciation of the stylistic contributions of his literary forebears.", "It is most fruitfully understood as a meditation on the choice between new and old that confronts any human being in any cultur...	3	With which one of the following statements regarding Lum's poetry would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles...	200712_4-RC_2_7	[ "The residual influences of common law explain not only the divisions of subject matter but also the terminology associated with many legal procedures.", "In the academic study of jurisprudence, theoretical interpretations of common law have traditionally been at odds with political interpretations of common law....	3	Which one of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles...	200712_4-RC_2_8	[ "Modern jurisprudence misinterprets the nature of the legal tradition.", "The history of law proves the original forms of common law to be antiquated and irrelevant to modern jurisprudence.", "The history of law, if it is to be made applicable to modern jurisprudence, is best studied as a system of rules rather...	0	It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which one of the following about the history of law in relation to modern jurisprudence?
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles...	200712_4-RC_2_9	[ "a theory that traced modern customs involving property ownership to their origins in medieval practice", "a theory that relied on a comparison between modern courtroom procedures and medieval theatrical conventions", "a theory that analyzed medieval marriage laws without examining their relationship to modern ...	2	Which one of the following would best exemplify the kind of interpretive theory referred to in the first sentence of the second paragraph of the passage?
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles...	200712_4-RC_2_10	[ "Common law is more fruitfully studied as a relic of the history of the English people than as a legal code.", "The \"text\" of common law has degenerated from an early stage of clarity to a current state of incoherence.", "Without the public's belief in the justness of common law, the legal system cannot be pe...	4	It can be inferred from the passage that Peter Goodrich would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements concerning common law?
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles...	200712_4-RC_2_11	[ "concerned with the ways by which people seek to advance themselves in a profession", "concerned with the covert and possibly unethical methods by which governments achieve their goals", "having to do with the maintenance of ethical standards between professions and the citizenry", "having to do with the main...	3	Which one of the following best defines the word "political" as it is used in the second paragraph of the passage?
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles...	200712_4-RC_2_12	[ "histories of English politics", "episodes of litigation from the Middle Ages", "treatises on political philosophy", "histories of ancient Roman jurisprudence", "essays on narrative development" ]	1	The passage states that students of British law are frequently required to study
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles...	200712_4-RC_2_13	[ "They are overly detailed and thus stultifying to both the student and the public.", "They lack an essential dimension that would increase their accuracy.", "They overemphasize the practical aspects of the common law at the expense of the theoretical.", "They excuse students of the law from the study of impor...	1	Which one of the following best describes the author's opinion of most modern academic theories of common law?
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles...	200712_4-RC_2_14	[ "explain a paradoxical situation and discuss a new view of the situation", "supply a chronological summary of the history of an idea", "trace the ideas of an influential theorist and evaluate the theorist's ongoing work", "contrast the legal theories of past eras with those of today and suggest how these theo...	0	The primary purpose of the passage is to
Passage A As university researchers working in a "gift economy" dedicated to collegial sharing of ideas, we have long been insulated from market pressures. The recent tendency to treat research findings as commodities, tradable for cash, threatens this tradition and the role of research as a public good. The nurseries ...	200712_4-RC_3_15	[ "the blurring of the legal distinction between discovery and invention", "the general effects of the market on the exchange of scientific knowledge", "the role of scientific research in supplying public goods", "new pharmaceuticals that result from industrial research", "industry's practice of restricting a...	0	Which one of the following is discussed in passage B but not in passage A?
Passage A As university researchers working in a "gift economy" dedicated to collegial sharing of ideas, we have long been insulated from market pressures. The recent tendency to treat research findings as commodities, tradable for cash, threatens this tradition and the role of research as a public good. The nurseries ...	200712_4-RC_3_16	[ "commercially successful research and commercially unsuccessful research", "research methods and research results", "a marketable commodity and a public good", "a discovery and an invention", "scientific research and other types of inquiry" ]	2	Both passages place in opposition the members of which one of the following pairs?
Passage A As university researchers working in a "gift economy" dedicated to collegial sharing of ideas, we have long been insulated from market pressures. The recent tendency to treat research findings as commodities, tradable for cash, threatens this tradition and the role of research as a public good. The nurseries ...	200712_4-RC_3_17	[ "theoretical frameworks", "venture capitalists", "physics and chemistry", "industrial biotechnology", "shareholders" ]	3	Both passages refer to which one of the following?
Passage A As university researchers working in a "gift economy" dedicated to collegial sharing of ideas, we have long been insulated from market pressures. The recent tendency to treat research findings as commodities, tradable for cash, threatens this tradition and the role of research as a public good. The nurseries ...	200712_4-RC_3_18	[ "the enormous increase in the volume of scientific knowledge that is being generated", "the desire of individual researchers to receive credit for their discoveries", "the striving of commercial enterprises to gain a competitive advantage in the market", "moral reservations about the social impact of some sci...	2	It can be inferred from the passages that the authors believe that the increased constraint on access to scientific information and ideas arises from
Passage A As university researchers working in a "gift economy" dedicated to collegial sharing of ideas, we have long been insulated from market pressures. The recent tendency to treat research findings as commodities, tradable for cash, threatens this tradition and the role of research as a public good. The nurseries ...	200712_4-RC_3_19	[ "Many scientific researchers who previously worked in universities have begun to work in the biotechnology industry.", "Private biotechnology companies have invalidly patented the basic research findings of university researchers.", "Because of the nature of current scientific research, patent authorities no lo...	3	Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by both passages?
Sometimes there is no more effective means of controlling an agricultural pest than giving free rein to its natural predators. A case in point is the cyclamen mite, a pest whose population can be effectively controlled by a predatory mite of the genus Typhlodromus. Cyclamen mites infest strawberry plants; they typicall...	200712_4-RC_4_20	[ "Control of agricultural pests is most effectively and safely accomplished without the use of pesticides, because these pesticides can kill predators that also control the pests.", "Experimental verification is essential in demonstrating the effectiveness of natural controls of agricultural pests.", "The relati...	2	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Sometimes there is no more effective means of controlling an agricultural pest than giving free rein to its natural predators. A case in point is the cyclamen mite, a pest whose population can be effectively controlled by a predatory mite of the genus Typhlodromus. Cyclamen mites infest strawberry plants; they typicall...	200712_4-RC_4_21	[ "The reproduction of the predator population should be synchronized with that of the prey population, so that the number of predators surges just prior to a surge in prey numbers.", "The effectiveness of the predatory relationship should be experimentally demonstrable in greenhouse as well as field applications."...	3	Based on the passage, the author would probably hold that which one of the following principles is fundamental to long-term predatory control of agricultural pests?
Sometimes there is no more effective means of controlling an agricultural pest than giving free rein to its natural predators. A case in point is the cyclamen mite, a pest whose population can be effectively controlled by a predatory mite of the genus Typhlodromus. Cyclamen mites infest strawberry plants; they typicall...	200712_4-RC_4_22	[ "its ability to withstand most insecticides except parathion", "its lack of natural predators in strawberry fields", "its ability to live in different climates in different geographic regions", "its constant food supply in cyclamen mite populations", "its ability to survive when few prey are available" ]	4	Which one of the following is mentioned in the passage as a factor contributing to the effectiveness of Typhlodromus as a predator?
Sometimes there is no more effective means of controlling an agricultural pest than giving free rein to its natural predators. A case in point is the cyclamen mite, a pest whose population can be effectively controlled by a predatory mite of the genus Typhlodromus. Cyclamen mites infest strawberry plants; they typicall...	200712_4-RC_4_23	[ "In both treated and untreated plots inhabited by both Typhlodromus and cyclamen mites, the latter would have been effectively controlled.", "Cyclamen mite populations in all treated plots from which Typhlodromus was absent would have been substantially lower than in untreated plots inhabited by both kinds of mit...	0	Suppose that pesticide X drastically slows the reproductive rate of cyclamen mites and has no other direct effect on cyclamen mites or Typhlodromus. Based on the information in the passage, which one of the following would most likely have occurred if, in the experiments mentioned in the passage, pesticide X had been u...
Sometimes there is no more effective means of controlling an agricultural pest than giving free rein to its natural predators. A case in point is the cyclamen mite, a pest whose population can be effectively controlled by a predatory mite of the genus Typhlodromus. Cyclamen mites infest strawberry plants; they typicall...	200712_4-RC_4_24	[ "If the use of predators to control cyclamen mite populations fails, then parathion should be used to control these populations.", "Until the effects of the predators on beneficial insects that live in strawberry fields are assessed, such predators should be used with caution to control cyclamen mite populations....	2	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the use of predators to control pest populations?
Sometimes there is no more effective means of controlling an agricultural pest than giving free rein to its natural predators. A case in point is the cyclamen mite, a pest whose population can be effectively controlled by a predatory mite of the genus Typhlodromus. Cyclamen mites infest strawberry plants; they typicall...	200712_4-RC_4_25	[ "Mites that reproduce by parthenogenesis do so at approximately equal rates.", "Predatory mites typically have a longer reproductive life span than do cyclamen mites.", "Typhlodromus can lay their eggs in synchrony with cyclamen mites.", "Typhlodromus can reproduce at least as quickly as cyclamen mites.", "...	3	The author mentions the egg-laying ability of each kind of mite (lines 20–23) primarily in order to support which one of the following claims?
Sometimes there is no more effective means of controlling an agricultural pest than giving free rein to its natural predators. A case in point is the cyclamen mite, a pest whose population can be effectively controlled by a predatory mite of the genus Typhlodromus. Cyclamen mites infest strawberry plants; they typicall...	200712_4-RC_4_26	[ "The individual Typhlodromus mites that have the longest reproductive life spans typically also lay the greatest number of eggs per day.", "The insecticides that are typically used for mite control on strawberry plants kill both predatory and nonpredatory species of mites.", "In areas in which strawberry plants...	4	Which one of the following would, if true, most strengthen the author's position regarding the practical applicability of the information about predatory mites presented in the passage?
Sometimes there is no more effective means of controlling an agricultural pest than giving free rein to its natural predators. A case in point is the cyclamen mite, a pest whose population can be effectively controlled by a predatory mite of the genus Typhlodromus. Cyclamen mites infest strawberry plants; they typicall...	200712_4-RC_4_27	[ "Strawberry crops can support populations of both cyclamen mites and Typhlodromus mites without significant damage to those crops.", "For control of cyclamen mites by another mite species to be effective, it is crucial that the two species have the same mode of reproduction.", "Factors that make Typhlodromus ef...	0	Information in the passage most strongly supports which one of the following statements?
This passage was adapted from an article published in 1996. The Internet is a system of computer networks that allows individuals and organizations to communicate freely with other Internet users throughout the world. As a result, an astonishing variety of information is able to flow unimpeded across national and other...	200806_1-RC_1_1	[ "The high-volume, global nature of activity on the Internet undermines the feasibility of controlling it through legal frameworks that presuppose geographic boundaries.", "The system of Internet communications simultaneously promotes and weakens the power of national governments to control their citizens' speech ...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
This passage was adapted from an article published in 1996. The Internet is a system of computer networks that allows individuals and organizations to communicate freely with other Internet users throughout the world. As a result, an astonishing variety of information is able to flow unimpeded across national and other...	200806_1-RC_1_2	[ "emphasize that the Internet allows data to be made available to users worldwide", "illustrate the range of languages that might be used on the Internet", "provide an example of a regulatory problem arising when an electronic communication intended for a particular destination passes through intermediate jurisd...	2	The author mentions French officials in connection with messages traveling between Canada and Japan (lines 57–59) primarily to
This passage was adapted from an article published in 1996. The Internet is a system of computer networks that allows individuals and organizations to communicate freely with other Internet users throughout the world. As a result, an astonishing variety of information is able to flow unimpeded across national and other...	200806_1-RC_1_3	[ "control over business enterprises operating across territorial boundaries", "authority over communicative exchanges occurring within a specified jurisdiction", "power to regulate trademarks throughout a circumscribed geographic region", "control over the entities included within a designated physical space",...	3	According to the passage, which one of the following is an essential property of political sovereignty?
This passage was adapted from an article published in 1996. The Internet is a system of computer networks that allows individuals and organizations to communicate freely with other Internet users throughout the world. As a result, an astonishing variety of information is able to flow unimpeded across national and other...	200806_1-RC_1_4	[ "benefits", "decidedly", "unpopular", "draconian", "risks" ]	3	Which one of the following words employed by the author in the second paragraph is most indicative of the author's attitude toward any hypothetical measure a government might enact to deny its citizens access to the Internet?
This passage was adapted from an article published in 1996. The Internet is a system of computer networks that allows individuals and organizations to communicate freely with other Internet users throughout the world. As a result, an astonishing variety of information is able to flow unimpeded across national and other...	200806_1-RC_1_5	[ "to call into question the relevance of the argument provided in the second paragraph", "to provide a practical illustration that questions the general claim made in the first paragraph", "to summarize the arguments provided in the second and third paragraphs", "to continue the argument that begins in the thi...	4	What is the main purpose of the fourth paragraph?
Passage A Drilling fluids, including the various mixtures known as drilling muds, play essential roles in oil-well drilling. As they are circulated down through the drill pipe and back up the well itself, they lubricate the drill bit, bearings, and drill pipe; clean and cool the drill bit as it cuts into the rock; lift...	200806_1-RC_2_6	[ "provide causal explanations for a type of environmental pollution", "describe the general composition and properties of drilling muds", "point out possible environmental impacts associated with oil drilling", "explain why oil-well drilling requires the use of drilling muds", "identify difficulties inherent...	1	A primary purpose of each of the passages is to
Passage A Drilling fluids, including the various mixtures known as drilling muds, play essential roles in oil-well drilling. As they are circulated down through the drill pipe and back up the well itself, they lubricate the drill bit, bearings, and drill pipe; clean and cool the drill bit as it cuts into the rock; lift...	200806_1-RC_2_7	[ "It does not disperse readily in seawater.", "It is not found in drilling muds containing bentonite.", "Its use in drilling muds is tightly regulated.", "It is the most commonly used ingredient in drilling muds.", "It is a heavy mineral." ]	4	Which one of the following is a characteristic of barite that is mentioned in both of the passages?
Passage A Drilling fluids, including the various mixtures known as drilling muds, play essential roles in oil-well drilling. As they are circulated down through the drill pipe and back up the well itself, they lubricate the drill bit, bearings, and drill pipe; clean and cool the drill bit as it cuts into the rock; lift...	200806_1-RC_2_8	[ "Clay is an important constituent of many, if not all, drilling muds.", "At least one type of drilling mud is not significantly toxic to marine life.", "There has been some study of the environmental effects of drilling-mud discharges.", "Government regulations allow drilling muds to contain 30 percent minera...	4	Each of the following is supported by one or both of the passages EXCEPT:
Passage A Drilling fluids, including the various mixtures known as drilling muds, play essential roles in oil-well drilling. As they are circulated down through the drill pipe and back up the well itself, they lubricate the drill bit, bearings, and drill pipe; clean and cool the drill bit as it cuts into the rock; lift...	200806_1-RC_2_9	[ "Barite is the largest ingredient of drilling muds, by weight, and also the most environmentally damaging.", "Although barite can be harmful to marine organisms, it can be consumed safely by humans.", "Offshore drilling is more damaging to the environment than is land-based drilling.", "The use of drilling mu...	1	Which one of the following can be most reasonably inferred from the two passages taken together, but not from either one individually?
Passage A Drilling fluids, including the various mixtures known as drilling muds, play essential roles in oil-well drilling. As they are circulated down through the drill pipe and back up the well itself, they lubricate the drill bit, bearings, and drill pipe; clean and cool the drill bit as it cuts into the rock; lift...	200806_1-RC_2_10	[ "Drillers monitor the suitability of the mud they are using.", "The government requires drilling companies to disclose all ingredients used in their drilling muds.", "In certain quantities, barite is not toxic to humans.", "Oil reserves can be found within or beneath layers of rock.", "Drilling deep oil wel...	1	Each of the following is supported by one or both of the passages EXCEPT:
Passage A Drilling fluids, including the various mixtures known as drilling muds, play essential roles in oil-well drilling. As they are circulated down through the drill pipe and back up the well itself, they lubricate the drill bit, bearings, and drill pipe; clean and cool the drill bit as it cuts into the rock; lift...	200806_1-RC_2_11	[ "The cost of certain ingredients in WBMs is expected to increase steadily over the next several decades.", "The deeper an offshore oil well, the greater the concentration of barite that must be used in the drilling mud.", "Oil reserves at shallow depths have mostly been tapped, leaving primarily much deeper res...	2	Based on information in the passages, which one of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for a prediction that the proportion of oil-well drilling using OBMs will increase in the future?
Passage A Drilling fluids, including the various mixtures known as drilling muds, play essential roles in oil-well drilling. As they are circulated down through the drill pipe and back up the well itself, they lubricate the drill bit, bearings, and drill pipe; clean and cool the drill bit as it cuts into the rock; lift...	200806_1-RC_2_12	[ "are slower to disperse", "contain greater concentrations of bentonite", "contain a greater number of additives", "are used for drilling deeper wells", "cannot be recycled" ]	0	According to passage B, one reason OBMs are potentially more environmentally damaging than WBMs is that OBMs
Aida Overton Walker (1880–1914), one of the most widely acclaimed African American performers of the early twentieth century, was known largely for popularizing a dance form known as the cakewalk through her choreographing, performance, and teaching of the dance. The cakewalk was originally developed prior to the Unite...	200806_1-RC_3_13	[ "Walker, who was especially well known for her success in choreographing, performing, and teaching the cakewalk, was one of the most widely recognized African American performers of the early twentieth century.", "In spite of the disparate influences that shaped the cakewalk, Walker was able to give the dance bro...	2	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Aida Overton Walker (1880–1914), one of the most widely acclaimed African American performers of the early twentieth century, was known largely for popularizing a dance form known as the cakewalk through her choreographing, performance, and teaching of the dance. The cakewalk was originally developed prior to the Unite...	200806_1-RC_3_14	[ "argue that the cakewalk could have become popular only in such complex social circumstances", "detail the social context that prompted performers of the cakewalk to fuse African and European dance forms", "identify the target of the overlapping parodic layers that characterized the cakewalk", "indicate why a...	3	The author describes the socioeconomic flux of the turn-of-the-century United States in the third paragraph primarily in order to
Aida Overton Walker (1880–1914), one of the most widely acclaimed African American performers of the early twentieth century, was known largely for popularizing a dance form known as the cakewalk through her choreographing, performance, and teaching of the dance. The cakewalk was originally developed prior to the Unite...	200806_1-RC_3_15	[ "Satirical versions of popular music songs are frequently more popular than the songs they parody.", "A style of popular music grows in popularity among young listeners because it parodies the musical styles admired by older listeners.", "A style of music becomes admired among popular music's audience in part b...	2	Which one of the following is most analogous to the author's account in the second paragraph of how the cakewalk came to appeal to European Americans?
Aida Overton Walker (1880–1914), one of the most widely acclaimed African American performers of the early twentieth century, was known largely for popularizing a dance form known as the cakewalk through her choreographing, performance, and teaching of the dance. The cakewalk was originally developed prior to the Unite...	200806_1-RC_3_16	[ "It was largely unknown outside African American culture until Walker popularized it.", "It was mainly a folk dance, and Walker became one of only a handful of people to perform it professionally.", "Its performance as parody became uncommon as a result of Walker's popularization of its authentic form.", "Its...	4	The passage asserts which one of the following about the cakewalk?
Aida Overton Walker (1880–1914), one of the most widely acclaimed African American performers of the early twentieth century, was known largely for popularizing a dance form known as the cakewalk through her choreographing, performance, and teaching of the dance. The cakewalk was originally developed prior to the Unite...	200806_1-RC_3_17	[ "Because of the broad appeal of humor, satiric art forms are often among the first to cross racial or cultural divisions.", "The interactions between African American and European American cultural forms often result in what is appropriately characterized as \"mimetic vertigo.\"", "Middle-class European America...	4	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
Aida Overton Walker (1880–1914), one of the most widely acclaimed African American performers of the early twentieth century, was known largely for popularizing a dance form known as the cakewalk through her choreographing, performance, and teaching of the dance. The cakewalk was originally developed prior to the Unite...	200806_1-RC_3_18	[ "Walker broadened the cakewalk's appeal by highlighting elements that were already present in the dance.", "Walker's version of the cakewalk appealed to larger audiences than previous versions did because she accentuated its satiric dimension.", "Walker popularized the cakewalk by choreographing various alterna...	0	The passage most strongly suggests that the author would be likely to agree with which one of the following statements about Walker's significance in the history of the cakewalk?
Aida Overton Walker (1880–1914), one of the most widely acclaimed African American performers of the early twentieth century, was known largely for popularizing a dance form known as the cakewalk through her choreographing, performance, and teaching of the dance. The cakewalk was originally developed prior to the Unite...	200806_1-RC_3_19	[ "What were some of the attributes of African dance forms that were preserved in the cakewalk?", "Who was the first performer to dance the cakewalk professionally?", "What is an aspect of the cakewalk that was preserved in other North American dance forms?", "What features were added to the original cakewalk b...	0	The passage provides sufficient information to answer which one of the following questions?
In principle, a cohesive group—one whose members generally agree with one another and support one another's judgments—can do a much better job at decision making than it could if it were noncohesive. When cohesiveness is low or lacking entirely, compliance out of fear of recrimination is likely to be strongest. To over...	200806_1-RC_4_20	[ "Despite its value in encouraging frank discussion, high cohesion can lead to a debilitating type of group decision making called groupthink.", "Group members can guard against groupthink if they have a good understanding of the critical role played by cohesion.", "Groupthink is a dysfunctional collective decis...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
In principle, a cohesive group—one whose members generally agree with one another and support one another's judgments—can do a much better job at decision making than it could if it were noncohesive. When cohesiveness is low or lacking entirely, compliance out of fear of recrimination is likely to be strongest. To over...	200806_1-RC_4_21	[ "provides evidence of chronic indecision, thus indicating a weak level of cohesion in general", "indicates that the group's cohesiveness was coupled with some other factor to produce a groupthink fiasco", "provides no evidence that groupthink played a role in the group's decision", "provides evidence that gro...	2	A group of closely associated colleagues has made a disastrous diplomatic decision after a series of meetings marked by disagreement over conflicting alternatives. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to say that this scenario
In principle, a cohesive group—one whose members generally agree with one another and support one another's judgments—can do a much better job at decision making than it could if it were noncohesive. When cohesiveness is low or lacking entirely, compliance out of fear of recrimination is likely to be strongest. To over...	200806_1-RC_4_22	[ "A study of several groups, each made up of members of various professions, found that most fell victim to groupthink.", "There is strong evidence that respectful dissent is more likely to occur in cohesive groups than in groups in which there is little internal support.", "Extensive analyses of decisions made ...	2	Which one of the following, if true, would most support the author's contentions concerning the conditions under which groupthink takes place?
In principle, a cohesive group—one whose members generally agree with one another and support one another's judgments—can do a much better job at decision making than it could if it were noncohesive. When cohesiveness is low or lacking entirely, compliance out of fear of recrimination is likely to be strongest. To over...	200806_1-RC_4_23	[ "unjustified suspicions among group members regarding an adversary's intentions", "strong belief that the group's decisions are right", "group members working under unusually high stress, leading to illusions of invulnerability", "the deliberate use of vapid, clichéd arguments", "careful consideration of ob...	1	The passage mentions which one of the following as a component of groupthink?
In principle, a cohesive group—one whose members generally agree with one another and support one another's judgments—can do a much better job at decision making than it could if it were noncohesive. When cohesiveness is low or lacking entirely, compliance out of fear of recrimination is likely to be strongest. To over...	200806_1-RC_4_24	[ "Groupthink occurs in all strongly cohesive groups, but its contribution to collective decision making is not fully understood.", "The causal factors that transform group cohesion into groupthink are unique to each case.", "The continued study of cohesiveness of groups is probably fruitless for determining what...	4	It can be inferred from the passage that both the author of the passage and the researchers mentioned in the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about groupthink?
In principle, a cohesive group—one whose members generally agree with one another and support one another's judgments—can do a much better job at decision making than it could if it were noncohesive. When cohesiveness is low or lacking entirely, compliance out of fear of recrimination is likely to be strongest. To over...	200806_1-RC_4_25	[ "Enforced conformity may be appropriate in some group decision situations.", "A high degree of conformity is often expected of military decision-making group members.", "Inappropriate group conformity can result from inadequate information.", "Voluntary conformity occurs much less frequently than enforced con...	4	In the passage, the author says which one of the following about conformity in decision-making groups?
In principle, a cohesive group—one whose members generally agree with one another and support one another's judgments—can do a much better job at decision making than it could if it were noncohesive. When cohesiveness is low or lacking entirely, compliance out of fear of recrimination is likely to be strongest. To over...	200806_1-RC_4_26	[ "contribute to a claim that cohesiveness can be conducive to a freer exchange of views in groups", "establish a comparison between groupthink symptoms and the attributes of low-cohesion groups", "suggest that there may be ways to make both cohesive and noncohesive groups more open to dissent", "indicate that ...	0	In line 5, the author mentions low group cohesiveness primarily in order to
In principle, a cohesive group—one whose members generally agree with one another and support one another's judgments—can do a much better job at decision making than it could if it were noncohesive. When cohesiveness is low or lacking entirely, compliance out of fear of recrimination is likely to be strongest. To over...	200806_1-RC_4_27	[ "Highly cohesive groups are more likely to engage in confrontational negotiating styles with adversaries than are those with low cohesion.", "It is difficult for a group to examine all relevant options critically in reaching decisions unless it has a fairly high degree of cohesiveness.", "A group with varied vi...	1	Based on the passage, it can be inferred that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following?
Often when a highly skilled and experienced employee leaves one company to work for another, there is the potential for a transfer of sensitive information between competitors. Two basic principles in such cases appear irreconcilable: the right of the company to its intellectual property—its proprietary data and trade ...	200810_2-RC_1_1	[ "There are more effective ways than court injunctions to preserve both a company's right to protect its intellectual property and individuals' rights to make free use of their abilities.", "Court injunctions must be strengthened if they are to remain a relevant means of protecting corporations' trade secrets.", ...	3	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Often when a highly skilled and experienced employee leaves one company to work for another, there is the potential for a transfer of sensitive information between competitors. Two basic principles in such cases appear irreconcilable: the right of the company to its intellectual property—its proprietary data and trade ...	200810_2-RC_1_2	[ "Given the law as it stands, corporations concerned about preserving trade secrets might be best served by giving their employees strong incentives to stay in their current jobs.", "While difficult to enforce and interpret, injunctions are probably the most effective means of halting the inadvertent transfer of t...	0	Given the passage's content and tone, which one of the following statements would most likely be found elsewhere in a work from which this passage is an excerpt?
Often when a highly skilled and experienced employee leaves one company to work for another, there is the potential for a transfer of sensitive information between competitors. Two basic principles in such cases appear irreconcilable: the right of the company to its intellectual property—its proprietary data and trade ...	200810_2-RC_1_3	[ "suggest that injunctions against the disclosure of trade secrets not only create problems for employees in the workplace, but also are unable to halt the illicit spread of proprietary information", "suggest that the information contained in \"documents and other concrete embodiments\" is usually so trivial that ...	0	The author's primary purpose in the passage is to
Often when a highly skilled and experienced employee leaves one company to work for another, there is the potential for a transfer of sensitive information between competitors. Two basic principles in such cases appear irreconcilable: the right of the company to its intellectual property—its proprietary data and trade ...	200810_2-RC_1_4	[ "Injunctions should be imposed by the courts only when there is strong reason to believe that an employee will reveal proprietary information.", "There is apparently no reliable way to protect both the rights of companies to protect trade secrets and the rights of employees to seek new employment.", "Employees ...	1	The passage provides the most support for which one of the following assertions?
Often when a highly skilled and experienced employee leaves one company to work for another, there is the potential for a transfer of sensitive information between competitors. Two basic principles in such cases appear irreconcilable: the right of the company to its intellectual property—its proprietary data and trade ...	200810_2-RC_1_5	[ "While the transfer of such materials would be damaging, even the seemingly innocuous contributions of an employee to a competitor can do more harm in the long run.", "Such materials are usually less informative than what the employee may recollect about a previous job.", "Injunctions against the disclosure of ...	4	With which one of the following statements regarding documents and other concrete embodiments mentioned in line 58 would the author be most likely to agree?
Often when a highly skilled and experienced employee leaves one company to work for another, there is the potential for a transfer of sensitive information between competitors. Two basic principles in such cases appear irreconcilable: the right of the company to its intellectual property—its proprietary data and trade ...	200810_2-RC_1_6	[ "Injunctions against the disclosure of trade secrets limit an employee's chances of being hired by a competitor.", "Measures against the disclosure of trade secrets are unnecessary except in the case of documents and other concrete embodiments of the secrets.", "Employees who switch jobs to work for a competito...	4	In the passage, the author makes which one of the following claims?
Passage A Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive and invasive perennial of Eurasian origin, arrived with settlers in eastern North America in the early 1800s and has spread across the continent's midlatitude wetlands. The impact of purple loosestrife on native vegetation has been disastrous, with more th...	200810_2-RC_2_7	[ "furbearing animals", "glyphosate", "the threat purple loosestrife poses to economies", "popular pollution ideologies", "literature on purple loosestrife control" ]	0	Both passages explicitly mention which one of the following?
Passage A Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive and invasive perennial of Eurasian origin, arrived with settlers in eastern North America in the early 1800s and has spread across the continent's midlatitude wetlands. The impact of purple loosestrife on native vegetation has been disastrous, with more th...	200810_2-RC_2_8	[ "Approximately how long ago did purple loosestrife arrive in North America?", "Is there much literature discussing the potential benefit that hunters might derive from purple loosestrife management?", "What is an issue regarding purple loosestrife management on which both hunters and farmers agree?", "Is the ...	4	Each of the passages contains information sufficient to answer which one of the following questions?
Passage A Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive and invasive perennial of Eurasian origin, arrived with settlers in eastern North America in the early 1800s and has spread across the continent's midlatitude wetlands. The impact of purple loosestrife on native vegetation has been disastrous, with more th...	200810_2-RC_2_9	[ "Purple loosestrife spreads more quickly in disturbed habitats than in undisturbed habitats.", "The threat posed by purple loosestrife to local aquatic furbearer populations is serious.", "Most people who advocate that eradication measures be taken to control purple loosestrife are not genuine in their concern ...	1	It can be inferred that the authors would be most likely to disagree about which one of the following?
Passage A Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive and invasive perennial of Eurasian origin, arrived with settlers in eastern North America in the early 1800s and has spread across the continent's midlatitude wetlands. The impact of purple loosestrife on native vegetation has been disastrous, with more th...	200810_2-RC_2_10	[ "enthusiastic agreement", "cautious agreement", "pure neutrality", "general ambivalence", "pointed skepticism" ]	4	Which one of the following most accurately describes the attitude expressed by the author of passage B toward the overall argument represented by passage A?
Passage A Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive and invasive perennial of Eurasian origin, arrived with settlers in eastern North America in the early 1800s and has spread across the continent's midlatitude wetlands. The impact of purple loosestrife on native vegetation has been disastrous, with more th...	200810_2-RC_2_11	[ "As it increases in North America, some wildlife populations tend to decrease.", "Its establishment in North America has had a disastrous effect on native North American wetland vegetation in certain regions.", "It is very difficult to control effectively with herbicides.", "Its introduction into North Americ...	0	It can be inferred that both authors would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements regarding purple loosestrife?
Passage A Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive and invasive perennial of Eurasian origin, arrived with settlers in eastern North America in the early 1800s and has spread across the continent's midlatitude wetlands. The impact of purple loosestrife on native vegetation has been disastrous, with more th...	200810_2-RC_2_12	[ "Passage A presents evidence that directly counters claims made in passage B.", "Passage B assumes what passage A explicitly argues for.", "Passage B displays an awareness of the arguments touched on in passage A, but not vice versa.", "Passage B advocates a policy that passage A rejects.", "Passage A downp...	2	Which one of the following is true about the relationship between the two passages?
Passage A Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive and invasive perennial of Eurasian origin, arrived with settlers in eastern North America in the early 1800s and has spread across the continent's midlatitude wetlands. The impact of purple loosestrife on native vegetation has been disastrous, with more th...	200810_2-RC_2_13	[ "Localized population reduction is often a precursor to widespread endangerment of a species.", "Purple loosestrife was barely noticed in North America before the advent of suburban sprawl in the 1950s.", "The amount by which overall hunting, trapping, and recreation revenues would be reduced as a result of the...	0	Which one of the following, if true, would cast doubt on the argument in passage B but bolster the argument in passage A?
With their recognition of Maxine Hong Kingston as a mdetailing typical talk-story formsajor literary figure, some critics have suggested that her works have been produced almost ex nihilo, saying that they lack a large traceable body of direct literary antecedents especially within the Chinese American heritage in whic...	200810_2-RC_3_14	[ "Despite some critics' comments, Kingston's writings have significant Chinese American antecedents, which can be found in the traditional oral narrative form known as talk-story.", "Analysis of Kingston's writings, especially China Men, supports her belief that literary artists can be performers who continue to r...	0	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
With their recognition of Maxine Hong Kingston as a mdetailing typical talk-story formsajor literary figure, some critics have suggested that her works have been produced almost ex nihilo, saying that they lack a large traceable body of direct literary antecedents especially within the Chinese American heritage in whic...	200810_2-RC_3_15	[ "In the last few years, written forms of talk-story have appeared in Chinese as often as they have in English.", "Until very recently, scholars have held that oral storytelling in Chinese ethnic enclaves was a unique oral tradition.", "Talk-story has developed in the United States through a process of combining...	3	Which one of the following can be most reasonably inferred from the passage?
With their recognition of Maxine Hong Kingston as a mdetailing typical talk-story formsajor literary figure, some critics have suggested that her works have been produced almost ex nihilo, saying that they lack a large traceable body of direct literary antecedents especially within the Chinese American heritage in whic...	200810_2-RC_3_16	[ "a literary genre of first-person storytelling", "a thematically organized personal narrative of one's own past", "partially idiosyncratic memories of narratives", "the retention in memory of precise sequences of words", "easily identifiable thematic issues in literature" ]	2	It can be inferred from the passage that the author uses the phrase "personally remembered stories" (line 32) primarily to refer to
With their recognition of Maxine Hong Kingston as a mdetailing typical talk-story formsajor literary figure, some critics have suggested that her works have been produced almost ex nihilo, saying that they lack a large traceable body of direct literary antecedents especially within the Chinese American heritage in whic...	200810_2-RC_3_17	[ "Scraps of plain cotton cloth are used to create a multicolored quilt.", "The surface texture of woolen cloth is simulated in a piece of cotton cloth by a special process of weaving.", "Because of its texture, cotton cloth is used for a certain type of clothes for which linen is inappropriate.", "In making a ...	1	In which one of the following is the use of cotton fibers or cotton cloth most analogous to Kingston's use of the English language as described in lines 51–55?
With their recognition of Maxine Hong Kingston as a mdetailing typical talk-story formsajor literary figure, some critics have suggested that her works have been produced almost ex nihilo, saying that they lack a large traceable body of direct literary antecedents especially within the Chinese American heritage in whic...	200810_2-RC_3_18	[ "Since they are intimately tied to the nature of the Chinese language, they can be approximated, but not adequately expressed, in English.", "They should be thought of primarily as ethnic literature and evaluated accordingly by critics.", "They will likely be retold and altered to some extent in the process.", ...	2	The passage most clearly suggests that Kingston believes which one of the following about at least some of the stories contained in her writings?
With their recognition of Maxine Hong Kingston as a mdetailing typical talk-story formsajor literary figure, some critics have suggested that her works have been produced almost ex nihilo, saying that they lack a large traceable body of direct literary antecedents especially within the Chinese American heritage in whic...	200810_2-RC_3_19	[ "Numerous writers in the United States have been influenced by oral traditions.", "Most Chinese American writers' work is very different from Kingston's.", "Native American storytellers use narrative devices similar to those used in talk-story.", "China Men is for the most part atypical of Kingston's literary...	3	The author's argument in the passage would be most weakened if which one of the following were true?
With their recognition of Maxine Hong Kingston as a mdetailing typical talk-story formsajor literary figure, some critics have suggested that her works have been produced almost ex nihilo, saying that they lack a large traceable body of direct literary antecedents especially within the Chinese American heritage in whic...	200810_2-RC_3_20	[ "show why Kingston's book China Men establishes her as a major literary figure", "support the claim that Kingston's use of typically oral techniques makes her work a part of the talk-story tradition", "dispute the critics' view that Chinese American literature lacks literary antecedents", "argue for Kingston'...	1	The author's specific purpose in detailing typical talk-story forms (lines 43–51) is to

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