Split (3)

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A lichen consists of a fungus living in symbiosis (i.e., a mutually beneficial relationship) with an alga. Although most branches of the complex evolutionary family tree of fungi have been well established, the evolutionary origins of lichen-forming fungi have been a mystery. But a new DNA study has revealed the relati...	200412_2-RC_3_17	[ "explanation of the difficulty of classifying lichens; description of the DNA sequence of lichen-forming fungi; summary of the implications of this description", "definition of lichens; discussion of new discoveries concerning lichens' evolutionary history; application of these findings in support of an evolution...	2	Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
A lichen consists of a fungus living in symbiosis (i.e., a mutually beneficial relationship) with an alga. Although most branches of the complex evolutionary family tree of fungi have been well established, the evolutionary origins of lichen-forming fungi have been a mystery. But a new DNA study has revealed the relati...	200412_2-RC_3_18	[ "The DNA of lichen-forming fungi was not easy to separate from that of their associated algae.", "Lichen-forming fungi are difficult to distinguish from several common fungi with which they are closely related.", "Lichen-forming fungi were grouped separately from other fungi on the fungus family tree.", "Lich...	0	According to the passage, the elimination of which one of the following obstacles enabled scientists to identify the evolutionary origins of lichen-forming fungi?
A lichen consists of a fungus living in symbiosis (i.e., a mutually beneficial relationship) with an alga. Although most branches of the complex evolutionary family tree of fungi have been well established, the evolutionary origins of lichen-forming fungi have been a mystery. But a new DNA study has revealed the relati...	200412_2-RC_3_19	[ "Evolutionary theorists now postulate that symbiotic interactions generally evolve toward greater parasitism, rather than vice versa.", "The evolutionary tree of fungi is somewhat more complex than that of similarly parasitic or symbiotic organisms.", "The DNA of fungi involved in symbiotic interactions is far ...	4	Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the author's criticism of the assumption that parasitic interactions generally evolve toward symbiosis?
The struggle to obtain legal recognition of aboriginal rights is a difficult one, and even if a right is written into the law there is no guarantee that the future will not bring changes to the law that undermine the right. For this reason, the federal government of Canada in 1982 extended constitutional protection to ...	200412_2-RC_4_20	[ "The overly conservative rulings of Canada's provincial courts have been a barrier to constitutional reforms intended to protect aboriginal rights.", "The overwhelming burden placed on provincial courts of interpreting constitutional language in Canada has halted efforts by aboriginal peoples to gain full ownersh...	2	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
The struggle to obtain legal recognition of aboriginal rights is a difficult one, and even if a right is written into the law there is no guarantee that the future will not bring changes to the law that undermine the right. For this reason, the federal government of Canada in 1982 extended constitutional protection to ...	200412_2-RC_4_21	[ "to demonstrate that the decisions of the provincial courts rarely conform to the goals of the constitutional reforms", "to locate the source of a systemic problem in protecting aboriginal rights in Canada", "to identify the specific source of problems in enacting constitutional reforms in Canada", "to descri...	1	Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's main purpose in lines 11–14 of the passage?
The struggle to obtain legal recognition of aboriginal rights is a difficult one, and even if a right is written into the law there is no guarantee that the future will not bring changes to the law that undermine the right. For this reason, the federal government of Canada in 1982 extended constitutional protection to ...	200412_2-RC_4_22	[ "definition of the type of property rights that apply to aboriginal societies", "establishment of the Supreme Court of Canada as the arbiter of aboriginal rights", "recognition of traditional customs but not those of recent origin", "clarification of which groups comprise the aboriginal population in Canada",...	2	The passage explicitly states that which one of the following was intended as a consequence of the constitutional protection of aboriginal rights?
The struggle to obtain legal recognition of aboriginal rights is a difficult one, and even if a right is written into the law there is no guarantee that the future will not bring changes to the law that undermine the right. For this reason, the federal government of Canada in 1982 extended constitutional protection to ...	200412_2-RC_4_23	[ "the 1982 constitutional reforms' burdening the provincial courts with the task of interpretation", "the difficulties in interpreting such terms as \"indigenous\" and \"ownership\"", "the criterion used to determine which customs are too recent to merit constitutional protection", "the requirement that aborig...	4	The passage provides the most evidence for the claim that the author has a negative attitude toward which one of the following?
The struggle to obtain legal recognition of aboriginal rights is a difficult one, and even if a right is written into the law there is no guarantee that the future will not bring changes to the law that undermine the right. For this reason, the federal government of Canada in 1982 extended constitutional protection to ...	200412_2-RC_4_24	[ "Aboriginal peoples in Canada should not be answerable to the federal laws of Canada.", "Oral tradition should sometimes be considered legal documentation of certain indigenous customs.", "Aboriginal communities should be granted full protection of all of their customs.", "Provincial courts should be given no...	1	The passage provides evidence to suggest that the author would be most likely to assent to which one of the following proposals?
The struggle to obtain legal recognition of aboriginal rights is a difficult one, and even if a right is written into the law there is no guarantee that the future will not bring changes to the law that undermine the right. For this reason, the federal government of Canada in 1982 extended constitutional protection to ...	200412_2-RC_4_25	[ "Other Ontario courts had previously interpreted \"use\" to include sale of the land or its resources.", "The ruling created thousands of jobs by opening the land in question to logging by a timber corporation.", "Previous court decisions in Ontario have distinguished the right to use land from the right to sel...	0	Which one of the following, if true, would lend the most credence to the author's statement in lines 56–58?
The struggle to obtain legal recognition of aboriginal rights is a difficult one, and even if a right is written into the law there is no guarantee that the future will not bring changes to the law that undermine the right. For this reason, the federal government of Canada in 1982 extended constitutional protection to ...	200412_2-RC_4_26	[ "The court's ruling directly contravened the language of the constitutional reforms protecting aboriginal land ownership rights in the full modern sense.", "The Supreme Court remains the best hope for the recognition of full aboriginal property rights because provincial courts are not authorized to rule on the de...	4	Based on the information in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the 1984 case in Ontario?
The struggle to obtain legal recognition of aboriginal rights is a difficult one, and even if a right is written into the law there is no guarantee that the future will not bring changes to the law that undermine the right. For this reason, the federal government of Canada in 1982 extended constitutional protection to ...	200412_2-RC_4_27	[ "an argument stressing the need for advocates of certain rights to adopt certain strategies", "a comprehensive study of efforts to guarantee the protection of certain rights", "an examination of problems associated with efforts to protect certain rights", "an argument favoring the need for revising the defini...	2	The passage as a whole can most accurately be described as
Economists have long defined prosperity in terms of monetary value, gauging a given nation's prosperity solely on the basis of the total monetary value of the goods and services produced annually. However, critics point out that defining prosperity solely as a function of monetary value is questionable since it fails t...	200506_1-RC_1_1	[ "According to critics, communities that seek to increase their prosperity recognize the need to gauge the value and ensure the long-term health of their local environment.", "Economists' definition of prosperity strictly in terms of monetary value is too narrow to truly capture our ordinary conception of this not...	1	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
Economists have long defined prosperity in terms of monetary value, gauging a given nation's prosperity solely on the basis of the total monetary value of the goods and services produced annually. However, critics point out that defining prosperity solely as a function of monetary value is questionable since it fails t...	200506_1-RC_1_2	[ "Harvest limitations have little relationship to lower wages or fewer jobs in the community.", "Harvest limitations should be imposed only when the limitations have wide public support in the community.", "The advantages to the community that would be created by harvest limitations are likely to outweigh the di...	2	The example in the passage of the timber industry and its effect on a poor rural community suggests that the critics would most likely agree with which one of the following statements?
Economists have long defined prosperity in terms of monetary value, gauging a given nation's prosperity solely on the basis of the total monetary value of the goods and services produced annually. However, critics point out that defining prosperity solely as a function of monetary value is questionable since it fails t...	200506_1-RC_1_3	[ "Paradoxically, the weakening of the ozone layer actually contributes to environmental health and quality of life.", "The environmental effects of this problem are likely to occur more gradually than the economic effects.", "The appearance of prosperity that results from this problem has directed attention away...	3	Based on the information in the passage, the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements regarding the weakening of the earth's ozone layer?
Economists have long defined prosperity in terms of monetary value, gauging a given nation's prosperity solely on the basis of the total monetary value of the goods and services produced annually. However, critics point out that defining prosperity solely as a function of monetary value is questionable since it fails t...	200506_1-RC_1_4	[ "by claiming that alternative definitions of the concept would not be easily quantifiable", "by asserting that environmental preservation can cause the loss of jobs", "by citing the relevance of nonmonetary values such as environmental health", "by showing that the value of natural beauty can be understood in...	0	According to the passage, economists defend their concept of prosperity in which one of the following ways?
Economists have long defined prosperity in terms of monetary value, gauging a given nation's prosperity solely on the basis of the total monetary value of the goods and services produced annually. However, critics point out that defining prosperity solely as a function of monetary value is questionable since it fails t...	200506_1-RC_1_5	[ "introduce the idea that the assessment of worth is basically subjective", "advocate an innovative method of measuring literary merit", "suggest that quality of life is mainly an aesthetic issue", "provide additional evidence that prosperity cannot be quantified", "illustrate the limitations of the economis...	4	The author compares the economists' position to that of a literary critic (lines 52–57) primarily to
Economists have long defined prosperity in terms of monetary value, gauging a given nation's prosperity solely on the basis of the total monetary value of the goods and services produced annually. However, critics point out that defining prosperity solely as a function of monetary value is questionable since it fails t...	200506_1-RC_1_6	[ "that hats, sunglasses, and sunscreens provide an adequate substitute for the ozone layer", "that environmental protection measures are unpopular and often rejected by communities", "that the value of a locale's environment can be gauged by the incomes of its residents", "that timber harvest limits are needed...	3	In the passage, the author cites which one of the following claims?
Economists have long defined prosperity in terms of monetary value, gauging a given nation's prosperity solely on the basis of the total monetary value of the goods and services produced annually. However, critics point out that defining prosperity solely as a function of monetary value is questionable since it fails t...	200506_1-RC_1_7	[ "argue that there is an inherent and potentially detrimental conflict between two schools of thought concerning a certain concept", "summarize and illustrate the main points of the conflict between two schools of thought over the definition of a certain concept", "question one school of thought's definition of ...	3	The primary purpose of the passage is to
Joy Kogawa's Obasan is an account of a Japanese-Canadian family's experiences during World War II. The events are seen from the viewpoint of a young girl who watches her family disintegrate as it undergoes the relocation that occurred in both Canada and the United States. Although the experience depicted in Obasan is m...	200506_1-RC_2_8	[ "While telling a story of familial disruption, Obasan uses structure and symbolism to valorize its protagonist and critique the majority culture.", "By means of its structure and symbolism, Obasan mounts a harsh critique of a society that disrupts its citizens' lives.", "Although intended primarily as social cr...	0	Which one of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage?
Joy Kogawa's Obasan is an account of a Japanese-Canadian family's experiences during World War II. The events are seen from the viewpoint of a young girl who watches her family disintegrate as it undergoes the relocation that occurred in both Canada and the United States. Although the experience depicted in Obasan is m...	200506_1-RC_2_9	[ "Two points are made about a novel, the first supported with a brief example, the second reasserted without support.", "Two points are made about a novel, the first supported with an extended analogy, the second reasserted without support.", "Two points are made about a novel, the first reasserted without suppo...	4	Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
Joy Kogawa's Obasan is an account of a Japanese-Canadian family's experiences during World War II. The events are seen from the viewpoint of a young girl who watches her family disintegrate as it undergoes the relocation that occurred in both Canada and the United States. Although the experience depicted in Obasan is m...	200506_1-RC_2_10	[ "reconciliation with her past", "careful deployment of structure and symbol", "relationship with her surrogate family", "renewal of her religious beliefs", "denunciation of the majority culture" ]	0	It can be inferred that the heroism Naomi gains in the course of Obasan is manifested in her
Joy Kogawa's Obasan is an account of a Japanese-Canadian family's experiences during World War II. The events are seen from the viewpoint of a young girl who watches her family disintegrate as it undergoes the relocation that occurred in both Canada and the United States. Although the experience depicted in Obasan is m...	200506_1-RC_2_11	[ "alienation, dislocation, integration", "separation, alienation, reintegration", "integration, alienation, disintegration", "dislocation, reconciliation, reintegration", "disintegration, transformation, reintegration" ]	1	According to the anthropologists cited by the author, rites of passage are best described by which one of the following sequences of stages?
Joy Kogawa's Obasan is an account of a Japanese-Canadian family's experiences during World War II. The events are seen from the viewpoint of a young girl who watches her family disintegrate as it undergoes the relocation that occurred in both Canada and the United States. Although the experience depicted in Obasan is m...	200506_1-RC_2_12	[ "her reunion with her parents", "the exile of her parents", "her critique of the majority society", "her separation from her aunt and uncle", "her receipt of documents and letters" ]	4	According to the passage, the agent of Naomi's reconciliation with her past is
Joy Kogawa's Obasan is an account of a Japanese-Canadian family's experiences during World War II. The events are seen from the viewpoint of a young girl who watches her family disintegrate as it undergoes the relocation that occurred in both Canada and the United States. Although the experience depicted in Obasan is m...	200506_1-RC_2_13	[ "It discouraged its citizens from seeking out their heritage.", "It endeavored to thwart its citizens' attempts at heroic transformation.", "It violated its own supposed religious ethics by doing so.", "It prohibited its citizens from participating in rites of passage.", "It demanded that loyalty to the gov...	2	The passage suggests that Joy Kogawa believes which one of the following about the society that shuns Naomi?
Joy Kogawa's Obasan is an account of a Japanese-Canadian family's experiences during World War II. The events are seen from the viewpoint of a young girl who watches her family disintegrate as it undergoes the relocation that occurred in both Canada and the United States. Although the experience depicted in Obasan is m...	200506_1-RC_2_14	[ "her willingness to make political statements", "her imaginative development of characters", "her subtle use of literary techniques", "her knowledge of Christian rituals and symbols", "her objectivity in describing Naomi's tragic life" ]	2	Based on the passage, which one of the following aspects of Kogawa's work does the author of the passage appear to value most highly?
The pronghorn, an antelope-like mammal that lives on the western plains of North America, is the continent's fastest land animal, capable of running 90 kilometers per hour and of doing so for several kilometers. Because no North American predator is nearly fast enough to chase it down, biologists have had difficulty ex...	200506_1-RC_3_15	[ "Evidence from present-day animal behaviors, together with the fossil record, supports the hypothesis that the pronghorn's ability to far outrun any predator currently on the North American continent is an adaptation to predators long extinct.", "Although some biologists believe that certain animal characteristic...	0	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
The pronghorn, an antelope-like mammal that lives on the western plains of North America, is the continent's fastest land animal, capable of running 90 kilometers per hour and of doing so for several kilometers. Because no North American predator is nearly fast enough to chase it down, biologists have had difficulty ex...	200506_1-RC_3_16	[ "behavior that persists even though the conditions that provided its evolutionary impetus are extinct", "the original organism whose descendants' behavior is being investigated as relict behavior", "the pronghorn's ability to run 90 kilometers per hour over long distances", "the environmental conditions in re...	3	Based on the passage, the term "principal component" (line 21) most clearly refers to which one of the following?
The pronghorn, an antelope-like mammal that lives on the western plains of North America, is the continent's fastest land animal, capable of running 90 kilometers per hour and of doing so for several kilometers. Because no North American predator is nearly fast enough to chase it down, biologists have had difficulty ex...	200506_1-RC_3_17	[ "An absence of predators in an animal's environment can constitute just as much of a threat to the well-being of that animal as the presence of predators.", "Relict behaviors are found in most wild animals living today.", "If a behavior is an adaptation to environmental conditions, it may eventually disappear i...	2	The last paragraph most strongly supports which one of the following statements?
The pronghorn, an antelope-like mammal that lives on the western plains of North America, is the continent's fastest land animal, capable of running 90 kilometers per hour and of doing so for several kilometers. Because no North American predator is nearly fast enough to chase it down, biologists have had difficulty ex...	200506_1-RC_3_18	[ "The greater density of animals tends to intimidate potential predators.", "The larger number of adults in a herd makes protection of the younger animals from predators much easier.", "With many animals searching it is easier for the herd to find food and water.", "The likelihood that any given individual wil...	3	Which one of the following describes a benefit mentioned in the passage that grazing animals derive from roaming in herds?
The pronghorn, an antelope-like mammal that lives on the western plains of North America, is the continent's fastest land animal, capable of running 90 kilometers per hour and of doing so for several kilometers. Because no North American predator is nearly fast enough to chase it down, biologists have had difficulty ex...	200506_1-RC_3_19	[ "fossils of extinct animals believed to have been able to run down a pronghorn", "the absence of carnivores in the pronghorn's present-day environment", "the present-day preference of pronghorns for athletic mates", "the apparent need for a similar explanation to account for the herding behavior pronghorns no...	1	The passage mentions each of the following as support for the explanation of the pronghorn's speed proposed by the biologist referred to in line 8 EXCEPT:
The pronghorn, an antelope-like mammal that lives on the western plains of North America, is the continent's fastest land animal, capable of running 90 kilometers per hour and of doing so for several kilometers. Because no North American predator is nearly fast enough to chase it down, biologists have had difficulty ex...	200506_1-RC_3_20	[ "Predators do not attack grazing animals that are assembled into herds.", "Pronghorns tend to graze in herds only when they sense a threat from predators close by.", "If animals do not graze for their food, they do not roam in herds.", "Female pronghorns mate only with the fastest male pronghorn in the herd."...	4	The third paragraph of the passage provides the most support for which one of the following inferences?
Many legal theorists have argued that the only morally legitimate goal in imposing criminal penalties against certain behaviors is to prevent people from harming others. Clearly, such theorists would oppose laws that force people to act purely for their own good or to refrain from certain harmless acts purely to ensure...	200506_1-RC_4_21	[ "In order to be morally justifiable, laws prohibiting activities that are not inherently harm-producing must apply equitably to everyone.", "It is justifiable to require social conformity where noncompliance would be harmful to either the nonconforming individual or the larger group.", "Achieving coordination c...	4	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
Many legal theorists have argued that the only morally legitimate goal in imposing criminal penalties against certain behaviors is to prevent people from harming others. Clearly, such theorists would oppose laws that force people to act purely for their own good or to refrain from certain harmless acts purely to ensure...	200506_1-RC_4_22	[ "evidence that such rules do not force individuals to act for their own good", "enactment of such rules by a duly elected or appointed government lawmaking organization", "the assurance that criminal penalties are provided as a means of securing compliance with such rules", "some form of consent on the part o...	3	It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that the author considers which one of the following factors to be generally necessary for the justification of rules compelling coordination of people's activities?
Many legal theorists have argued that the only morally legitimate goal in imposing criminal penalties against certain behaviors is to prevent people from harming others. Clearly, such theorists would oppose laws that force people to act purely for their own good or to refrain from certain harmless acts purely to ensure...	200506_1-RC_4_23	[ "In all situations in which compulsory rules are needed for the coordination of human activities, any uniformly enforced rule is as acceptable as any other.", "No private organizational rules designed to coordinate the activities of members have as complex a relation to the goal of preventing harm as have some cr...	2	It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which one of the following statements?
Many legal theorists have argued that the only morally legitimate goal in imposing criminal penalties against certain behaviors is to prevent people from harming others. Clearly, such theorists would oppose laws that force people to act purely for their own good or to refrain from certain harmless acts purely to ensure...	200506_1-RC_4_24	[ "prevent some harm beyond that which consists simply in a lack of coordination", "are intended to ensure conformity to a set of agreed-upon standards", "are voluntarily agreed upon by all those affected by such rules", "could be considered justifiable by the legal theorists discussed in the passage", "apply...	0	The author distinguishes between two examples of coordinating rules on the basis of whether or not such rules
Many legal theorists have argued that the only morally legitimate goal in imposing criminal penalties against certain behaviors is to prevent people from harming others. Clearly, such theorists would oppose laws that force people to act purely for their own good or to refrain from certain harmless acts purely to ensure...	200506_1-RC_4_25	[ "a rule requiring that those who wish to dig for ancient artifacts secure the permission of relevant authorities and the owners of the proposed site before proceeding with their activities", "a rule requiring that pharmacists dispense certain kinds of medications only when directed to do so by physicians' prescri...	4	Which one of the following is a rule that primarily addresses a problem of coordination most similar to that discussed in the second paragraph?
Many legal theorists have argued that the only morally legitimate goal in imposing criminal penalties against certain behaviors is to prevent people from harming others. Clearly, such theorists would oppose laws that force people to act purely for their own good or to refrain from certain harmless acts purely to ensure...	200506_1-RC_4_26	[ "involves two layers of law, one governing the private sector and the other governing the public sector", "requires that those affected by the rule understand the motivation behind its imposition", "involves a case in which a harm to be prevented is indirectly related to the kind of act that is to be prohibited...	2	In line 54, the author uses the expression "somewhat complex" primarily to describe reasoning that
In 1963, a three-week-long demonstration for jobs at the construction site of the Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, became one of the most significant and widely publicized campaigns of the civil rights movement in the United States. An interdenominational group made up mostly of locally based African Ame...	200510_2-RC_1_1	[ "the ways in which the Downstate campaign altered the opinions of union leaders", "the impact that the Downstate campaign had on the implementation of new antidiscrimination legislation", "CORE's relationship to the demonstrators in the Downstate campaign", "the effects that the Downstate campaign had on publ...	3	It can be reasonably inferred from the passage that the author's attitude is most favorable toward which one of the following?
In 1963, a three-week-long demonstration for jobs at the construction site of the Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, became one of the most significant and widely publicized campaigns of the civil rights movement in the United States. An interdenominational group made up mostly of locally based African Ame...	200510_2-RC_1_2	[ "It achieved all of its participants' goals for changes in union policy but not all of its participants' goals for government action.", "It directly achieved neither all of its participants' goals for government action nor all of its participants' goals for changes in union hiring policies.", "It achieved all o...	1	Which one of the following assertions about the results of the Downstate campaign does the author affirm in the passage?
In 1963, a three-week-long demonstration for jobs at the construction site of the Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, became one of the most significant and widely publicized campaigns of the civil rights movement in the United States. An interdenominational group made up mostly of locally based African Ame...	200510_2-RC_1_3	[ "demonstrate that the tactics used by the leaders of the Downstate campaign evolved naturally out of their previous political activities", "explain why the leaders of the Downstate campaign decided to conduct the protest in the way they did", "provide examples of the sorts of civil rights activities that the le...	4	The primary function of the reference to past activities of ministers and churches (lines 31–38) is to
In 1963, a three-week-long demonstration for jobs at the construction site of the Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, became one of the most significant and widely publicized campaigns of the civil rights movement in the United States. An interdenominational group made up mostly of locally based African Ame...	200510_2-RC_1_4	[ "CORE was one of several civil rights organizations that challenged the hiring practices of the construction industry.", "The Downstate campaign relied primarily on CORE and other national civil rights organizations for most of its support.", "After the Downstate campaign, concern for discrimination in the cons...	3	Which one of the following does the author affirm in the passage?
In 1963, a three-week-long demonstration for jobs at the construction site of the Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, became one of the most significant and widely publicized campaigns of the civil rights movement in the United States. An interdenominational group made up mostly of locally based African Ame...	200510_2-RC_1_5	[ "The Downstate campaign did not signal a significant change in their general political and social goals.", "After the Downstate campaign, they went on to organize various other similar campaigns.", "They had come together for the purpose of addressing problems in the construction industry well before CORE's inv...	0	The passage most clearly suggests that which one of the following is true of the group of ministers who led the Downstate campaign?
The Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976, initiated by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in an attempt to reduce the influence of China's intellectual elite on the country's institutions, has had lasting repercussions on Chinese art. It intensified the absolutist mind-set of Maoist Revolutionary Realism, which had dic...	200510_2-RC_2_6	[ "\"Painting and Politics: A Survey of Political Influences on Contemporary Chinese Art\"", "\"How Two Movements in Chinese Painting Transformed the Cultural Revolution\"", "\"Scarred Reality: A Look into Chinese Rural Life in the Late Twentieth Century\"", "\"The Rise of Realism in Post-Maoist Art in China\""...	4	Which one of the following titles most accurately captures the main point of the passage?
The Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976, initiated by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in an attempt to reduce the influence of China's intellectual elite on the country's institutions, has had lasting repercussions on Chinese art. It intensified the absolutist mind-set of Maoist Revolutionary Realism, which had dic...	200510_2-RC_2_7	[ "a painting of a village scene in which peasants commemorate a triumph over cruel political officials", "a painting symbolically representing the destruction caused by a large fire", "a painting depicting the weary face of a poorly clothed peasant toiling in a grain mill", "a painting caricaturing Mao Zedong ...	2	Which one of the following works of art would be most compatible with the goals and interests of Scar Art as described in the passage?
The Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976, initiated by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in an attempt to reduce the influence of China's intellectual elite on the country's institutions, has had lasting repercussions on Chinese art. It intensified the absolutist mind-set of Maoist Revolutionary Realism, which had dic...	200510_2-RC_2_8	[ "The artists who became leaders of the Native Soil movement practiced a modified form of realism in reaction against the styles and techniques of Scar Art.", "Chinese art has encompassed conflicting conceptions of realism derived from contrasting political and artistic purposes.", "The goals of realism in Chine...	1	Which one of the following statements about realism in Chinese art can most reasonably be inferred from the passage?
The Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976, initiated by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in an attempt to reduce the influence of China's intellectual elite on the country's institutions, has had lasting repercussions on Chinese art. It intensified the absolutist mind-set of Maoist Revolutionary Realism, which had dic...	200510_2-RC_2_9	[ "It had the ironic effect of catalyzing art movements at odds with its policies.", "The art that was endorsed by its policies was less varied and interesting than Chinese art since the Cultural Revolution.", "Much of the art that it endorsed did not accurately depict the realities of life in China but rather a ...	3	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be LEAST likely to agree with which one of the following statements regarding the Cultural Revolution?
The Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976, initiated by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in an attempt to reduce the influence of China's intellectual elite on the country's institutions, has had lasting repercussions on Chinese art. It intensified the absolutist mind-set of Maoist Revolutionary Realism, which had dic...	200510_2-RC_2_10	[ "introduce the set of political and artistic ideas that spurred the development of two artistic movements described in the subsequent paragraphs", "acknowledge the inescapable melding of political ideas and artistic styles in China", "explain the transformation of Chinese society that came about as a result of ...	0	The primary function of the first paragraph is to
The Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976, initiated by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in an attempt to reduce the influence of China's intellectual elite on the country's institutions, has had lasting repercussions on Chinese art. It intensified the absolutist mind-set of Maoist Revolutionary Realism, which had dic...	200510_2-RC_2_11	[ "Its development was the inevitable consequence of the Scar Art movement's increasing politicization.", "It failed to earn the wide recognition that Scar Art had achieved.", "The rural scenes it depicted were appealing to most people in China.", "Ironically, it had several key elements in common with Revoluti...	4	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following views of the Native Soil movement?
Individual family members have been assisted in resolving disputes arising from divorce or separation, property division, or financial arrangements, through court-connected family mediation programs, which differ significantly from court adjudication. When courts use their authority to resolve disputes by adjudicating ...	200510_2-RC_3_12	[ "Recent studies show that family mediation is preferred by family members for resolving family disputes because it is more rational and humane than the court adjudication process.", "Even though a majority of participants in family mediation programs are satisfied with the settlements they reach, the use of court...	3	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Individual family members have been assisted in resolving disputes arising from divorce or separation, property division, or financial arrangements, through court-connected family mediation programs, which differ significantly from court adjudication. When courts use their authority to resolve disputes by adjudicating ...	200510_2-RC_3_13	[ "to illustrate that court adjudication can have certain benefits that family mediation may lack", "to present material that reveals the inherent limitations of the court adjudication model", "to prove that the assumptions implicit in court adjudication and family mediation are irreconcilable", "to present an ...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the primary purpose of the sentence at lines 30–33?
Individual family members have been assisted in resolving disputes arising from divorce or separation, property division, or financial arrangements, through court-connected family mediation programs, which differ significantly from court adjudication. When courts use their authority to resolve disputes by adjudicating ...	200510_2-RC_3_14	[ "A labor relations specialist assists a group of auto assembly workers and the plant's management in reaching an agreeable salary increase for the workers.", "A drama teacher decides on the school's annual production based on the outcome of a majority vote by the student body.", "A group director solicits feedb...	0	Based on the passage, which one of the following relationships is most analogous to that between the mediator and the family members involved in a dispute?
Individual family members have been assisted in resolving disputes arising from divorce or separation, property division, or financial arrangements, through court-connected family mediation programs, which differ significantly from court adjudication. When courts use their authority to resolve disputes by adjudicating ...	200510_2-RC_3_15	[ "is more time-consuming than court adjudication", "almost always results in full agreement among the parties", "attempts to protect those at a disadvantage because of unequal bargaining power", "is most effective in resolving disputes involved in divorce and separation", "helps develop the conflict-resolvin...	4	According to the passage, proponents of family mediation note that the family mediation process
Individual family members have been assisted in resolving disputes arising from divorce or separation, property division, or financial arrangements, through court-connected family mediation programs, which differ significantly from court adjudication. When courts use their authority to resolve disputes by adjudicating ...	200510_2-RC_3_16	[ "The differences are minimal and would rarely lead to substantially different settlements of similar disputes.", "The two processes are so different that the attitudes of the participants toward the outcomes reached can vary significantly depending on which process is used.", "The main difference between family...	1	It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which one of the following statements regarding the differences between court adjudication and family mediation?
Individual family members have been assisted in resolving disputes arising from divorce or separation, property division, or financial arrangements, through court-connected family mediation programs, which differ significantly from court adjudication. When courts use their authority to resolve disputes by adjudicating ...	200510_2-RC_3_17	[ "Court adjudication of family disputes usually produces a decision that satisfies all parties to the dispute equally.", "Family mediation fails to address the underlying emotional issues in family disputes.", "Settlements of disputes reached through family mediation are not likely to guide the resolution of sim...	2	According to the passage, proponents of court adjudication of family disputes would be most likely to agree with which one of the following?
Individual family members have been assisted in resolving disputes arising from divorce or separation, property division, or financial arrangements, through court-connected family mediation programs, which differ significantly from court adjudication. When courts use their authority to resolve disputes by adjudicating ...	200510_2-RC_3_18	[ "document the evolution of a particular body of law and its various conflict-resolution processes", "describe how societal values are embedded in and affect the outcome of two different processes for resolving disputes", "explain why one method of conflict resolution is preferable to another for a certain class...	2	The author's primary purpose in the passage is to
Until recently, biologists were unable to explain the fact that pathogens—disease-causing parasites— have evolved to incapacitate, and often overwhelm, their hosts. Such behavior is at odds with the prevailing view of host-parasite relations—that, in general, host and parasite ultimately develop a benign coexistence. T...	200510_2-RC_4_19	[ "A new hypothesis about the host-incapacitating behavior of some pathogens suggests that directly transmitted pathogens are just as virulent as vector-borne pathogens, due to the former's ability to survive outside a host for long periods of time.", "A new hypothesis about the host-incapacitating behavior of some...	4	Which one of the following most accurately summarizes the main idea of the passage?
Until recently, biologists were unable to explain the fact that pathogens—disease-causing parasites— have evolved to incapacitate, and often overwhelm, their hosts. Such behavior is at odds with the prevailing view of host-parasite relations—that, in general, host and parasite ultimately develop a benign coexistence. T...	200510_2-RC_4_20	[ "the host is ultimately harmed enough to prevent the parasite from thriving", "a thriving parasite will eventually incapacitate its host", "a parasite must eventually be transmitted to a new host in order to survive", "the parasite eventually thrives with no harm to its host", "ultimately the host thrives o...	3	According to the passage, the prevailing view of the host-parasite relationship is that, in general,
Until recently, biologists were unable to explain the fact that pathogens—disease-causing parasites— have evolved to incapacitate, and often overwhelm, their hosts. Such behavior is at odds with the prevailing view of host-parasite relations—that, in general, host and parasite ultimately develop a benign coexistence. T...	200510_2-RC_4_21	[ "The view contradicts most evidence of actual host-parasite relations.", "The view suggests that even death-causing pathogens can achieve evolutionary success.", "The view presumes the existence of a type of parasite behavior that does not exist.", "The view ignores the possibility that there is more than one...	3	With which one of the following statements about the prevailing view of host-parasite relations would the biologists mentioned in line10 be most likely to agree?
Until recently, biologists were unable to explain the fact that pathogens—disease-causing parasites— have evolved to incapacitate, and often overwhelm, their hosts. Such behavior is at odds with the prevailing view of host-parasite relations—that, in general, host and parasite ultimately develop a benign coexistence. T...	200510_2-RC_4_22	[ "The most dangerous pathogens are those with the shortest life spans outside a host.", "Those pathogens with the greatest endurance outside a host are among the most dangerous.", "Those pathogens transported by vectors are always the most dangerous.", "The least dangerous pathogens are among those with the lo...	1	The examples of diphtheria and tuberculosis bacteria provide the most support for which one of the following conclusions about the dangerousness of pathogens?
Until recently, biologists were unable to explain the fact that pathogens—disease-causing parasites— have evolved to incapacitate, and often overwhelm, their hosts. Such behavior is at odds with the prevailing view of host-parasite relations—that, in general, host and parasite ultimately develop a benign coexistence. T...	200510_2-RC_4_23	[ "Most pathogens capable of causing their hosts' deaths are able to achieve reproductive success.", "Most pathogens transmitted from incapacitated hosts into new hosts are unable to overwhelm the new hosts.", "Most pathogens that do not incapacitate their hosts are unable to achieve reproductive success.", "Mo...	4	Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously challenge the position of the biologists mentioned in line 10?
Until recently, biologists were unable to explain the fact that pathogens—disease-causing parasites— have evolved to incapacitate, and often overwhelm, their hosts. Such behavior is at odds with the prevailing view of host-parasite relations—that, in general, host and parasite ultimately develop a benign coexistence. T...	200510_2-RC_4_24	[ "introduction of a scientific anomaly; presentation of an explanation for the anomaly; mention of an implication of the explanation; discussion of two examples illustrating the implication; discussion of exceptions to the implication", "introduction of a scientific anomaly; presentation of an explanation for the ...	0	Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
Until recently, biologists were unable to explain the fact that pathogens—disease-causing parasites— have evolved to incapacitate, and often overwhelm, their hosts. Such behavior is at odds with the prevailing view of host-parasite relations—that, in general, host and parasite ultimately develop a benign coexistence. T...	200510_2-RC_4_25	[ "They immobilize their hosts before they have a chance to reproduce extensively enough to pass directly to new hosts.", "They cannot survive outside their hosts long enough to be transmitted from incapacitated hosts to new hosts.", "They cannot reproduce in numbers sufficient to allow vectors to obtain high eno...	1	The passage implies that which one of the following is a reason that rhinoviruses are unlikely to be especially virulent?
Until recently, biologists were unable to explain the fact that pathogens—disease-causing parasites— have evolved to incapacitate, and often overwhelm, their hosts. Such behavior is at odds with the prevailing view of host-parasite relations—that, in general, host and parasite ultimately develop a benign coexistence. T...	200510_2-RC_4_26	[ "compare examples challenging the prevailing view of host-parasite relations with examples supporting it", "argue that the prevailing view of host-parasite relations is correct but is based on a mistaken rationale", "offer a modification to the prevailing view of host-parasite relations", "attack evidence tha...	2	The primary purpose of the passage is to
One of the intriguing questions considered by anthropologists concerns the purpose our early ancestors had in first creating images of the world around them. Among these images are 25,000-year-old cave paintings made by the Aurignacians, a people who supplanted the Neanderthals in Europe and who produced the earliest k...	200512_3-RC_1_1	[ "implicit acceptance", "hesitant agreement", "noncommittal curiosity", "detached skepticism", "broad disagreement" ]	0	Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's position regarding the claims attributed to anthropologists in the third paragraph?
One of the intriguing questions considered by anthropologists concerns the purpose our early ancestors had in first creating images of the world around them. Among these images are 25,000-year-old cave paintings made by the Aurignacians, a people who supplanted the Neanderthals in Europe and who produced the earliest k...	200512_3-RC_1_2	[ "For how long a period did the Neanderthals occupy Europe?", "How long did it take for the Aurignacians to supplant the Neanderthals?", "Did the Aurignacians make their homes in caves?", "What are some of the animals represented in Aurignacian cave paintings?", "What other prehistoric groups aside from the ...	3	The passage provides information that answers which one of the following questions?
One of the intriguing questions considered by anthropologists concerns the purpose our early ancestors had in first creating images of the world around them. Among these images are 25,000-year-old cave paintings made by the Aurignacians, a people who supplanted the Neanderthals in Europe and who produced the earliest k...	200512_3-RC_1_3	[ "The cave paintings indicate that the Aurignacians lived a relatively secure life compared to most other hunter-gatherer cultures.", "Skill in art was essential to becoming an Aurignacian shaman.", "Prehistoric hunter-gatherers did not create any art solely for aesthetic purposes.", "All art created by the Au...	4	The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
One of the intriguing questions considered by anthropologists concerns the purpose our early ancestors had in first creating images of the world around them. Among these images are 25,000-year-old cave paintings made by the Aurignacians, a people who supplanted the Neanderthals in Europe and who produced the earliest k...	200512_3-RC_1_4	[ "stress the importance of the cave paintings to the lives of the artists who painted them by indicating the difficulties they had to overcome to do so", "lay the groundwork for a fuller explanation of the paintings' function", "suggest that only a select portion of the Aurignacian community was permitted to vie...	1	The author mentions the relative inaccessibility of the Aurignacian cave paintings primarily to
One of the intriguing questions considered by anthropologists concerns the purpose our early ancestors had in first creating images of the world around them. Among these images are 25,000-year-old cave paintings made by the Aurignacians, a people who supplanted the Neanderthals in Europe and who produced the earliest k...	200512_3-RC_1_5	[ "They were technologically no more advanced than the Neanderthals they supplanted.", "They were the first humans known to have worn costumes for ceremonial purposes.", "They had established some highly specialized social roles.", "They occupied a less hostile environment than the Neanderthals did.", "They c...	2	The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following claims about the Aurignacians?
The poet Louise Glück has said that she feels comfortable writing within a tradition often characterized as belonging only to male poets. About her own experience reading poetry, Glück notes that her gender did not keep her from appreciating the poems of Shakespeare, Blake, Keats, and other male poets. Rather she belie...	200512_3-RC_2_6	[ "In response to her critics, Glück argues that the attempt to develop a uniquely female voice is as restrictive as they believe the male tradition in poetry to be.", "Although critics have taken Glück to task for writing poetry that is generic in subject rather than specifically aimed at addressing women's concer...	3	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
The poet Louise Glück has said that she feels comfortable writing within a tradition often characterized as belonging only to male poets. About her own experience reading poetry, Glück notes that her gender did not keep her from appreciating the poems of Shakespeare, Blake, Keats, and other male poets. Rather she belie...	200512_3-RC_2_7	[ "This tradition is somewhat diminished for its lack of recognized female poets.", "This tradition transcends its social and historical context.", "The male-dominated aspect of this tradition can be overcome only by developing a uniquely female voice in poetry.", "The view of this tradition as an inheritance i...	4	Based on the passage, with which one of the following statements regarding the poetic tradition in English would Glück be most likely to agree?
The poet Louise Glück has said that she feels comfortable writing within a tradition often characterized as belonging only to male poets. About her own experience reading poetry, Glück notes that her gender did not keep her from appreciating the poems of Shakespeare, Blake, Keats, and other male poets. Rather she belie...	200512_3-RC_2_8	[ "the burden that a historically male-dominated poetic canon places on a contemporary woman poet", "the set of poetic forms and techniques considered acceptable within a linguistic culture", "the poetry written in a particular language, whose achievement serves as a model for other poets writing in that language...	2	As it is used in the passage, "inheritance" (line 9) refers most specifically to
The poet Louise Glück has said that she feels comfortable writing within a tradition often characterized as belonging only to male poets. About her own experience reading poetry, Glück notes that her gender did not keep her from appreciating the poems of Shakespeare, Blake, Keats, and other male poets. Rather she belie...	200512_3-RC_2_9	[ "a bird's flight that exposes unseen air currents", "a ship's prow that indicates how strong a wave it is designed to withstand", "a building's facade that superficially embellishes an ordinary structure", "a railroad track, without which travel by train is impossible", "a novel that deliberately conceals t...	0	Based on the description in the passage, a poem that reveals gender differences in the absence of any specific intention by the poet to do so is most like
The poet Louise Glück has said that she feels comfortable writing within a tradition often characterized as belonging only to male poets. About her own experience reading poetry, Glück notes that her gender did not keep her from appreciating the poems of Shakespeare, Blake, Keats, and other male poets. Rather she belie...	200512_3-RC_2_10	[ "The artist refuses to accept certain presuppositions about gender.", "The artist uses the tools of that art's tradition.", "The artist does not consciously intend to reveal such differences.", "The artist comments on gender issues through the use of other subject matter.", "The artist embraces that art's t...	2	According to the passage, Glück believes that art reveals gender differences with more authority when which one of the following is true?
The poet Louise Glück has said that she feels comfortable writing within a tradition often characterized as belonging only to male poets. About her own experience reading poetry, Glück notes that her gender did not keep her from appreciating the poems of Shakespeare, Blake, Keats, and other male poets. Rather she belie...	200512_3-RC_2_11	[ "She objects to the use of traditional poetic forms to confront the history of the poetic tradition.", "She recognizes that the idea of the universal in poetry is questionable.", "She claims to accept only male poets as her literary family.", "She claims to write from a gender-neutral perspective.", "She cl...	4	Which one of the following statements about Glück is made in the passage?
The poet Louise Glück has said that she feels comfortable writing within a tradition often characterized as belonging only to male poets. About her own experience reading poetry, Glück notes that her gender did not keep her from appreciating the poems of Shakespeare, Blake, Keats, and other male poets. Rather she belie...	200512_3-RC_2_12	[ "respectful dismissal", "grudging acceptance", "detached indifference", "tacit endorsement", "enthusiastic acclaim" ]	3	Based on the passage, which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author's attitude toward Glück's view of poetry?
Although the rights of native peoples of Canada have yet to be comprehensively defined in Canadian law, most native Canadians assert that their rights include the right not only to govern themselves and their land, but also to exercise ownership rights over movable cultural property—artifacts ranging from domestic impl...	200512_3-RC_3_13	[ "Litigation by native Canadians to regain control of their movable cultural property illustrates how the concept of private ownership has become increasingly obsolete and demonstrates that this concept should be replaced by the more modern concept of collective ownership.", "Litigation by native Canadians to rega...	1	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main idea of the passage?
Although the rights of native peoples of Canada have yet to be comprehensively defined in Canadian law, most native Canadians assert that their rights include the right not only to govern themselves and their land, but also to exercise ownership rights over movable cultural property—artifacts ranging from domestic impl...	200512_3-RC_3_14	[ "one who possesses a bill of sale to substantiate his or her claims to property ownership", "one who possesses proof of prior possession to substantiate his or her claims to property ownership", "one who is allowed to make use of his or her property in whatever manner he or she wishes", "one who is allowed to...	2	According to the concept of private property as presented in the passage, which one of the following most completely describes the meaning of the term "property owner" ?
Although the rights of native peoples of Canada have yet to be comprehensively defined in Canadian law, most native Canadians assert that their rights include the right not only to govern themselves and their land, but also to exercise ownership rights over movable cultural property—artifacts ranging from domestic impl...	200512_3-RC_3_15	[ "certain that it will never be realized and concerned that it should", "concerned that it will never be realized but hopeful that it will", "uncertain whether it will be realized but hopeful that it will", "uncertain whether it will be realized but confident that it should", "convinced that it will be reali...	4	The author's attitude toward the possibility of courts increasingly assigning ownership rights to native communities is best described as which one of the following?
Although the rights of native peoples of Canada have yet to be comprehensively defined in Canadian law, most native Canadians assert that their rights include the right not only to govern themselves and their land, but also to exercise ownership rights over movable cultural property—artifacts ranging from domestic impl...	200512_3-RC_3_16	[ "identify some of the specific types of property at issue in litigation by native Canadians to regain control of their movable cultural property from museums", "describe the role of the concept of property ownership in litigation by native Canadians to regain control of their movable cultural property from museum...	3	The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to
Although the rights of native peoples of Canada have yet to be comprehensively defined in Canadian law, most native Canadians assert that their rights include the right not only to govern themselves and their land, but also to exercise ownership rights over movable cultural property—artifacts ranging from domestic impl...	200512_3-RC_3_17	[ "The museum is able to produce evidence that the property did not originate in the native community.", "The museum cannot produce written documentation of its claims to ownership of the property.", "The group of native Canadians produces evidence that the property originated in their community.", "The group o...	3	Given the information in the passage, Canadian courts hearing a dispute over movable cultural property between a museum and a group of native Canadians will be increasingly unlikely to treat which one of the following as a compelling reason for deciding the case in the museum's favor?
Although the rights of native peoples of Canada have yet to be comprehensively defined in Canadian law, most native Canadians assert that their rights include the right not only to govern themselves and their land, but also to exercise ownership rights over movable cultural property—artifacts ranging from domestic impl...	200512_3-RC_3_18	[ "The collective concept allows groups of individuals to own property; the private concept does not.", "The collective concept requires consideration of community interests; the private concept does not.", "The collective concept assigns ownership on the basis of membership in a community; the private concept do...	0	The passage suggests that the concepts of collective and private ownership differ in each of the following ways EXCEPT:
Although the rights of native peoples of Canada have yet to be comprehensively defined in Canadian law, most native Canadians assert that their rights include the right not only to govern themselves and their land, but also to exercise ownership rights over movable cultural property—artifacts ranging from domestic impl...	200512_3-RC_3_19	[ "All tribes whose legal system employs the concept of collective property have engaged in litigation over control of movable cultural property.", "Only tribes that have engaged in litigation over control of movable property have a legal system that employs the concept of collective property.", "All tribes that ...	2	The passage most supports which one of the following statements about the tribal legal systems mentioned in the second paragraph of the passage?
The first thing any embryo must do before it can develop into an organism is establish early polarity— that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top from its bottom and its back from its front. The mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial configurations in an embryo are far less similar across life forms t...	200512_3-RC_4_20	[ "Species differ more in the mechanisms that determine the spatial orientation in an embryo than they do in their overall genetic makeup.", "Embryos determine their front from their back and top from bottom by different methods, depending on whether the organism is simple or more complex.", "While very similar g...	2	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
The first thing any embryo must do before it can develop into an organism is establish early polarity— that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top from its bottom and its back from its front. The mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial configurations in an embryo are far less similar across life forms t...	200512_3-RC_4_21	[ "The simpler the organism, the greater the speed at which it develops from fertilized egg to embryo.", "Scientists have determined how polarity is established in most simple vertebrates.", "Scientists will try to determine how polarity is established in humans.", "Very few observations of embryonic developmen...	2	The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
The first thing any embryo must do before it can develop into an organism is establish early polarity— that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top from its bottom and its back from its front. The mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial configurations in an embryo are far less similar across life forms t...	200512_3-RC_4_22	[ "Since humans and fruit flies use similar genetic material in their development, analogies from fruit fly behavior can be useful in explaining human behavior.", "For the elaboration of parts, human development relies on genetic material quite different in nature, though not in quantity, from that of a fruit fly."...	3	The passage provides information to suggest that which one of the following relationships exists between the development of humans and the development of fruit flies?
The first thing any embryo must do before it can develop into an organism is establish early polarity— that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top from its bottom and its back from its front. The mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial configurations in an embryo are far less similar across life forms t...	200512_3-RC_4_23	[ "after more stages of cell division than in frogs", "before the sperm enters the egg", "after positional information is provided by the massing of p-granules", "by the same sperm-driven mechanism as in the nematode", "in the same way as in simpler vertebrates" ]	0	According to the passage, polarity is established in a human embryo
The first thing any embryo must do before it can develop into an organism is establish early polarity— that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top from its bottom and its back from its front. The mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial configurations in an embryo are far less similar across life forms t...	200512_3-RC_4_24	[ "how the same mechanism can be used to form different parts of the same organism", "the fact that no genetic material is wasted in development", "how few genes a given organism requires in order to elaborate its parts", "a highly complex organism's requiring no more genetic material than a simpler one", "th...	4	By "conservation of mechanism" (line 48) the author is probably referring to
The first thing any embryo must do before it can develop into an organism is establish early polarity— that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top from its bottom and its back from its front. The mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial configurations in an embryo are far less similar across life forms t...	200512_3-RC_4_25	[ "to illustrate the diversity of processes by which organisms establish early polarity", "to elaborate on the differences between embryonic formation in the fruit fly and in the nematode", "to suggest why the process of establishing early polarity in humans is not yet understood", "to demonstrate the significa...	0	Which one of the following most accurately states the main purpose of the second paragraph?
The first thing any embryo must do before it can develop into an organism is establish early polarity— that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top from its bottom and its back from its front. The mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial configurations in an embryo are far less similar across life forms t...	200512_3-RC_4_26	[ "The fruit fly embryo takes longer to establish polarity than does the nematode embryo.", "The mechanisms that establish polarity are more easily identifiable in the nematode than in the fruit fly.", "Polarity signals for the fruit fly embryo are inscribed entirely in the egg and these signals for the nematode ...	4	According to the passage, which one of the following is a major difference between the establishment of polarity in the fruit fly and in the nematode?
The first thing any embryo must do before it can develop into an organism is establish early polarity— that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top from its bottom and its back from its front. The mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial configurations in an embryo are far less similar across life forms t...	200512_3-RC_4_27	[ "articulate a theory of how early polarity is established and support the theory by an analysis of data", "describe a phase in the development of organisms in which the genetic mechanisms used are disparate and discuss why this disparity is surprising", "provide a classification of the mechanisms by which diffe...	1	The author's primary purpose in the passage is to
The use of computer-generated visual displays in courtrooms is growing as awareness of their ability to recreate crime scenes spreads. Displays currently in use range from still pictures in series that mimic simple movement to sophisticated simulations based on complex applications of rules of physics and mathematics. ...	200606_3-RC_1_1	[ "Those involved in court trials that take advantage of computer-generated displays as evidence need to take steps to prevent the misuse of this evidence.", "The use of computer-generated displays has grown dramatically in recent years because computer aids allow litigators to convey complex information more clear...	0	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
The use of computer-generated visual displays in courtrooms is growing as awareness of their ability to recreate crime scenes spreads. Displays currently in use range from still pictures in series that mimic simple movement to sophisticated simulations based on complex applications of rules of physics and mathematics. ...	200606_3-RC_1_2	[ "The popularity of a new technology is lamented; criticisms of the technology are voiced; corrective actions to stem its use are recommended.", "A new technology is endorsed; specific examples of its advantages are offered; ways to take further advantage of the technology are presented.", "A new technology is p...	3	Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
The use of computer-generated visual displays in courtrooms is growing as awareness of their ability to recreate crime scenes spreads. Displays currently in use range from still pictures in series that mimic simple movement to sophisticated simulations based on complex applications of rules of physics and mathematics. ...	200606_3-RC_1_3	[ "using several of a crime suspect's statements together to suggest that the suspect had a motive", "using an author's original manuscript to correct printing errors in the current edition of her novel", "using information gathered from satellite images to predict the development of a thunderstorm", "using a v...	4	As described in the passage, re-creating an accident with a computer-generated display is most similar to which one of the following?
The use of computer-generated visual displays in courtrooms is growing as awareness of their ability to recreate crime scenes spreads. Displays currently in use range from still pictures in series that mimic simple movement to sophisticated simulations based on complex applications of rules of physics and mathematics. ...	200606_3-RC_1_4	[ "The courts should suspend the use of stop-action and highlighting techniques until an adequate financial aid program has been established.", "Computer-generated evidence should be scrutinized to ensure that it does not rely on excessive speculation in depicting the details of an event.", "Actual static photogr...	1	Based on the passage, with which one of the following statements regarding the use of computer displays in courtroom proceedings would the author be most likely to agree?
The use of computer-generated visual displays in courtrooms is growing as awareness of their ability to recreate crime scenes spreads. Displays currently in use range from still pictures in series that mimic simple movement to sophisticated simulations based on complex applications of rules of physics and mathematics. ...	200606_3-RC_1_5	[ "Despite appearances, computer displays offer few practical advantages over conventional forms of evidence.", "Most critics of computer-generated evidence argue for banning such evidence in legal proceedings.", "Judges should forewarn jurors of the potentially biased nature of computer-generated displays.", "...	2	The author states which one of the following about computer displays used in trial proceedings?
The use of computer-generated visual displays in courtrooms is growing as awareness of their ability to recreate crime scenes spreads. Displays currently in use range from still pictures in series that mimic simple movement to sophisticated simulations based on complex applications of rules of physics and mathematics. ...	200606_3-RC_1_6	[ "They enable litigators to slow or stop action.", "They can aid jurors in understanding complex or technical information.", "They make it possible to vary visual perspectives.", "They allow litigators to integrate visual materials smoothly into their presentations.", "They prevent litigators from engaging i...	4	The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of using computer displays in courtroom proceedings EXCEPT:
Through the last half century, the techniques used by certain historians of African art for judging the precise tribal origins of African sculptures on the basis of style have been greatly refined. However, as one recent critic of the historians' classificatory assumptions has put it, the idea that the distribution of ...	200606_3-RC_2_7	[ "African Centers of Style: Their Implications for Art Historians' Classifications of African Art", "African Art Redefined: The Impact of the Commercialization of Sculpture and the Tourist Demand on Style", "Characteristics of African Sculpture: Proportion, Composition, Color, and Technique", "Style Versus Tec...	0	Which one of the following titles most completely and accurately describes the contents of the passage?
Through the last half century, the techniques used by certain historians of African art for judging the precise tribal origins of African sculptures on the basis of style have been greatly refined. However, as one recent critic of the historians' classificatory assumptions has put it, the idea that the distribution of ...	200606_3-RC_2_8	[ "Understanding the nature of centers of style is a key to better classification of African art.", "Similarities among African masks can be due to standard techniques used in carving the eyes and mouths of the masks.", "Some subtly distinguished substyles should not be distinguished from large regional styles.",...	4	Based on the passage, the art historians mentioned in line 2 would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
Through the last half century, the techniques used by certain historians of African art for judging the precise tribal origins of African sculptures on the basis of style have been greatly refined. However, as one recent critic of the historians' classificatory assumptions has put it, the idea that the distribution of ...	200606_3-RC_2_9	[ "horizontal incisions", "eye position", "top attachments", "bottom decorations", "mouth shape" ]	4	According to the passage, which one of the following is a feature that Konaté sculptors can identify as a requirement of a particular tribal style?
Through the last half century, the techniques used by certain historians of African art for judging the precise tribal origins of African sculptures on the basis of style have been greatly refined. However, as one recent critic of the historians' classificatory assumptions has put it, the idea that the distribution of ...	200606_3-RC_2_10	[ "classify a set of artistic styles according to a newly proposed set of principles", "provide evidence that the elements of a particular group of artistic works have been misclassified", "explain the principles used by a group of historians to classify certain kinds of artistic works", "reveal the underlying ...	4	The author's primary purpose in the passage is to

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