context stringclasses 269
values | id_string stringlengths 15 16 | answers listlengths 5 5 | label int64 0 4 | question stringlengths 34 417 |
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Despite the great differences among the cultures from which we spring, there is a trait shared by many Hispanic-American writers: the use of a European language, Spanish, transplanted to the Western hemisphere. This fact has marked our literature profoundly and radically. We Hispanic Americans who write in Spanish have... | 199902_3-RC_3_19 | [
"continually confronted by cosmopolitanist and nativist influences",
"writing more works in the nativist mode than in the cosmopolitanist mode",
"unaffected by the debate between cosmopolitanism and nativism that previous generations experienced",
"uncertain whether cosmopolitanism and nativism will help achi... | 0 | The author of the passage suggests that contemporary Hispanic-American writers who write in Spanish are |
Despite the great differences among the cultures from which we spring, there is a trait shared by many Hispanic-American writers: the use of a European language, Spanish, transplanted to the Western hemisphere. This fact has marked our literature profoundly and radically. We Hispanic Americans who write in Spanish have... | 199902_3-RC_3_20 | [
"enthusiastic support",
"general approval",
"reluctant acceptance",
"strong skepticism",
"clear disapproval"
] | 1 | Based on the passage, the author's attitude toward nativism in Hispanic-American literature is most likely |
Despite the great differences among the cultures from which we spring, there is a trait shared by many Hispanic-American writers: the use of a European language, Spanish, transplanted to the Western hemisphere. This fact has marked our literature profoundly and radically. We Hispanic Americans who write in Spanish have... | 199902_3-RC_3_21 | [
"illustrate a general problem of literature by focusing on a particular culture's literature",
"illuminate a point of tension in a particular culture's literature",
"summarize the achievements of a particular culture's literature",
"provoke a discussion of the political aspect of literature by focusing on a p... | 1 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
In the past, students of Renaissance women's education extolled the unprecedented intellectual liberty and equality available to these women, but recently scholars have presented a different view of Renaissance education and opportunity for women. Joan Gibson argues that despite more widespread education for privileged... | 199902_3-RC_4_22 | [
"Although previous scholarship portrayed the Renaissance as a time of expanded education for women, recent scholarship has shown that fewer women received an education during the Renaissance than in medieval times.",
"The differences in the Renaissance educational curricula for males and females reflected expecta... | 1 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
In the past, students of Renaissance women's education extolled the unprecedented intellectual liberty and equality available to these women, but recently scholars have presented a different view of Renaissance education and opportunity for women. Joan Gibson argues that despite more widespread education for privileged... | 199902_3-RC_4_23 | [
"a method used for rhetorical training",
"an educational goal",
"a sequence of subjects that were studied",
"types of schools for grammar studies",
"prerequisites for certain careers"
] | 3 | Each of the following aspects of Renaissance humanist education is mentioned in the passage EXCEPT: |
In the past, students of Renaissance women's education extolled the unprecedented intellectual liberty and equality available to these women, but recently scholars have presented a different view of Renaissance education and opportunity for women. Joan Gibson argues that despite more widespread education for privileged... | 199902_3-RC_4_24 | [
"Women played an important role in providing advanced grammar training despite their lack of access to universities.",
"Women became increasingly acceptable as orators due to the humanists' interest in classical rhetoric.",
"The accepted roles of female students diverged from those of male students at the point... | 4 | Which one of the following statements about women's roles during the Renaissance can be inferred from information given in the passage? |
In the past, students of Renaissance women's education extolled the unprecedented intellectual liberty and equality available to these women, but recently scholars have presented a different view of Renaissance education and opportunity for women. Joan Gibson argues that despite more widespread education for privileged... | 199902_3-RC_4_25 | [
"Grammar students were encouraged to emulate the compositional techniques used by certain authors and to avoid those of other authors.",
"Students of dialectic and rhetoric were encouraged to debate on set subjects rather than on subjects they themselves proposed.",
"Grammar training had a different place in th... | 3 | Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the distinction between training in grammar and training in dialectic and rhetoric that is drawn in lines 44–47 of the passage? |
In the past, students of Renaissance women's education extolled the unprecedented intellectual liberty and equality available to these women, but recently scholars have presented a different view of Renaissance education and opportunity for women. Joan Gibson argues that despite more widespread education for privileged... | 199902_3-RC_4_26 | [
"As a new segment of the population is registered to vote, the entire election process is undermined by a government that manipulates the results.",
"At the same time that more people become able to afford a certain product, supplies dwindle and the product becomes harder to obtain.",
"Although additional worke... | 2 | Which one of the following situations is most analogous to the one introduced in the second sentence of the passage? |
Some Native American tribes have had difficulty establishing their land claims because the United States government did not recognize their status as tribes; therefore during the 1970's some Native Americans attempted to obtain such recognition through the medium of U.S. courts. In presenting these suits, Native Americ... | 199906_4-RC_1_1 | [
"Land claim suits such as the Mashpee's establish that such suits must be bolstered by written documentation if they are to succeed in U.S. courts.",
"Land claim suits such as the Mashpee's underscore the need for U.S. courts to modify their definition of \"tribe.\"",
"Land claim suits such as the Mashpee's ill... | 2 | Which one of the following most completely and accurately expresses the main point of the passage? |
Some Native American tribes have had difficulty establishing their land claims because the United States government did not recognize their status as tribes; therefore during the 1970's some Native Americans attempted to obtain such recognition through the medium of U.S. courts. In presenting these suits, Native Americ... | 199906_4-RC_1_2 | [
"the increase in the non-Mashpee population of the town during the 1960s",
"the repeal of a statute forbidding land transfers without U.S. government approval",
"the loss of Mashpee control over land use immediately after the town's incorporation",
"the town's refusal to recognize the Mashpee's deed to the la... | 4 | According to the passage, the Mashpee's lawsuit was based on their objection to |
Some Native American tribes have had difficulty establishing their land claims because the United States government did not recognize their status as tribes; therefore during the 1970's some Native Americans attempted to obtain such recognition through the medium of U.S. courts. In presenting these suits, Native Americ... | 199906_4-RC_1_3 | [
"\"operate within a particular sphere\" (lines 7-8)",
"\"continued to have control\" (line 20)",
"\"required to demonstrate\" (line 32)",
"\"precisely delineated its boundaries\" (line 42)",
"\"failure to accommodate\" (line 54)"
] | 4 | The author's attitude toward the court's decision in the Mashpee's lawsuit is most clearly revealed by the author's use of which one of the following phrases? |
Some Native American tribes have had difficulty establishing their land claims because the United States government did not recognize their status as tribes; therefore during the 1970's some Native Americans attempted to obtain such recognition through the medium of U.S. courts. In presenting these suits, Native Americ... | 199906_4-RC_1_4 | [
"The Mashpee have now regained control over the land they inhabit.",
"Native American tribes have won all of their land claim suits in U.S. courts.",
"U.S. courts no longer abide by the statute requiring federal approval of certain land transfers.",
"U.S. courts have become more likely to accept oral testimon... | 3 | Based on the passage, which one of the following can most reasonably be said to have occurred in the years since the Mashpee's lawsuit? |
Some Native American tribes have had difficulty establishing their land claims because the United States government did not recognize their status as tribes; therefore during the 1970's some Native Americans attempted to obtain such recognition through the medium of U.S. courts. In presenting these suits, Native Americ... | 199906_4-RC_1_5 | [
"evaluating various approaches to solving a problem",
"illuminating a general problem by discussing a specific example",
"reconciling the differences in how two opposing sides approach a problem",
"critiquing an earlier solution to a problem in light of new information",
"reinterpreting an earlier analysis ... | 1 | The passage is primarily concerned with |
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. In the atmosphere a veil of fine dust and sulfuric acid droplets can spread around the globe and persist for years. Researchers have generally thought that this veil can block enough sunlight to have a chilling influence on Earth's ... | 199906_4-RC_2_6 | [
"The effect of volcanic eruptions on regional temperature is greater than it was once thought to be.",
"The effect of volcanic eruptions on regional temperature is smaller than the effect of volcanic eruptions on global temperature.",
"The effect of volcanic eruptions on global temperature appears to be greater... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. In the atmosphere a veil of fine dust and sulfuric acid droplets can spread around the globe and persist for years. Researchers have generally thought that this veil can block enough sunlight to have a chilling influence on Earth's ... | 199906_4-RC_2_7 | [
"weight of a package as a whole when determining the weight of its contents apart from the packing material",
"monetary value of the coins in a pile when counting the number of coins in the pile",
"magnification of a lens when determining the shape of an object seen through the lens",
"number of false crime r... | 4 | Not taking the effects of El Niño into account when figuring the effect of volcanic eruptions on Earth's climate is most closely analogous to not taking into account the |
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. In the atmosphere a veil of fine dust and sulfuric acid droplets can spread around the globe and persist for years. Researchers have generally thought that this veil can block enough sunlight to have a chilling influence on Earth's ... | 199906_4-RC_2_8 | [
"making the cooling effect of a volcanic eruption appear to be more pronounced than it actually is",
"making the cooling effect of a volcanic eruption appear to be less pronounced than it actually is",
"increasing atmospheric temperature through cyclic warming of equatorial waters",
"initiating a feedback loo... | 3 | The passage indicates that each of the following can be an effect of the El Niño phenomenon EXCEPT: |
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. In the atmosphere a veil of fine dust and sulfuric acid droplets can spread around the globe and persist for years. Researchers have generally thought that this veil can block enough sunlight to have a chilling influence on Earth's ... | 199906_4-RC_2_9 | [
"an eruption that produces less lava than either Krakatau or El Chichón did",
"an eruption that has less of an effect on global temperature than either Krakatau or El Chichón did",
"an eruption whose effect on regional temperature can be masked by conditions in the hemisphere of the eruption",
"an eruption th... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately characterizes what the author of the passage means by a "minor" volcanic eruption (line 30)? |
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. In the atmosphere a veil of fine dust and sulfuric acid droplets can spread around the globe and persist for years. Researchers have generally thought that this veil can block enough sunlight to have a chilling influence on Earth's ... | 199906_4-RC_2_10 | [
"An increase in the amount of decaying matter in the soil increases the amount of nutrients in the soil, which increases the number of plants, which further increases the amount of decaying matter in the soil.",
"An increase in the number of wolves in an area decreases the number of deer, which decreases the graz... | 0 | To which one of the following situations would the concept of a feedback loop, as it is employed in the passage, be most accurately applied? |
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. In the atmosphere a veil of fine dust and sulfuric acid droplets can spread around the globe and persist for years. Researchers have generally thought that this veil can block enough sunlight to have a chilling influence on Earth's ... | 199906_4-RC_2_11 | [
"Major volcanic eruptions sometimes cause average temperature in the hemisphere of the eruption to drop by more than a degree centigrade.",
"Major volcanic eruptions can induce the El Niño phenomenon when it otherwise might not occur.",
"Major volcanic eruptions do not directly cause unusually cold summers.",
... | 2 | The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following hypotheses? |
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. In the atmosphere a veil of fine dust and sulfuric acid droplets can spread around the globe and persist for years. Researchers have generally thought that this veil can block enough sunlight to have a chilling influence on Earth's ... | 199906_4-RC_2_12 | [
"Major volcanic eruptions have a discernible effect on global temperature.",
"The effect of major volcanic eruptions on global temperature is smaller than was previously thought.",
"Major volcanic eruptions have no discernible effect on regional temperature.",
"Minor volcanic eruptions have no discernible eff... | 2 | The information in the passage provides the LEAST support for which one of the following claims? |
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. In the atmosphere a veil of fine dust and sulfuric acid droplets can spread around the globe and persist for years. Researchers have generally thought that this veil can block enough sunlight to have a chilling influence on Earth's ... | 199906_4-RC_2_13 | [
"describe how the \"year without a summer\" differs from other examples of climatic feedback loops",
"account for the relatively slight hemispheric cooling effect of a major volcanic eruption",
"explain how regional climatic conditions can be significantly affected by a small drop in temperature",
"indicate h... | 2 | The primary purpose of the last paragraph of the passage is to |
Recently, a new school of economics called steady-state economics has seriously challenged neoclassical economics, the reigning school in Western economic decision making. According to the neoclassical model, an economy is a closed system involving only the circular flow of exchange value between producers and consumer... | 199906_4-RC_3_14 | [
"Neoclassical economists, who, unlike steady-state economists, hold that economic growth is not subject to outside constraints, believe that nature is just one element of the economy and that if natural resources in Western economies are depleted they can be replaced with human-made resources.",
"Some neoclassica... | 3 | Which one of the following most completely and accurately expresses the main point of the passage? |
Recently, a new school of economics called steady-state economics has seriously challenged neoclassical economics, the reigning school in Western economic decision making. According to the neoclassical model, an economy is a closed system involving only the circular flow of exchange value between producers and consumer... | 199906_4-RC_3_15 | [
"The environment's ability to yield raw material is limited.",
"Natural resources are an external constraint on economies.",
"The concept of unlimited economic growth is dangerous.",
"Western economies have exceeded their optimal size.",
"Economies have certain optimal sizes."
] | 0 | Based on the passage, neoclassical economists would likely hold that steady-state economists are wrong to believe each of the following EXCEPT: |
Recently, a new school of economics called steady-state economics has seriously challenged neoclassical economics, the reigning school in Western economic decision making. According to the neoclassical model, an economy is a closed system involving only the circular flow of exchange value between producers and consumer... | 199906_4-RC_3_16 | [
"may deplete natural resources faster than other natural resources are discovered to replace them",
"may convert natural resources into products faster than more efficient resource use can compensate for",
"may proliferate goods and services faster than it generates new markets for them",
"may create income i... | 4 | According to the passage, steady-state economists believe that unlimited economic growth is dangerous because it |
Recently, a new school of economics called steady-state economics has seriously challenged neoclassical economics, the reigning school in Western economic decision making. According to the neoclassical model, an economy is a closed system involving only the circular flow of exchange value between producers and consumer... | 199906_4-RC_3_17 | [
"a manufacturer's commitment to recycle its product packaging",
"a manufacturer's decision to use a less expensive fuel in its production process",
"a manufacturer's implementation of a quality-control process to reduce the output of defective products",
"a manufacturer's conversion from one type of productio... | 1 | A steady-state economist would be LEAST likely to endorse which one of the following as a means of helping a steady-state economy reduce growth without compromising its ability to satisfy human wants? |
Recently, a new school of economics called steady-state economics has seriously challenged neoclassical economics, the reigning school in Western economic decision making. According to the neoclassical model, an economy is a closed system involving only the circular flow of exchange value between producers and consumer... | 199906_4-RC_3_18 | [
"A successful economy uses human-made resources in addition to natural resources.",
"A successful economy satisfies human wants faster than it creates new ones.",
"A successful economy maintains an equilibrium with nature while still satisfying human wants.",
"A successful economy implements every possible me... | 2 | Based on the passage, a steady-state economist is most likely to claim that a successful economy is one that satisfies which one of the following principles? |
Recently, a new school of economics called steady-state economics has seriously challenged neoclassical economics, the reigning school in Western economic decision making. According to the neoclassical model, an economy is a closed system involving only the circular flow of exchange value between producers and consumer... | 199906_4-RC_3_19 | [
"the total amount of human wants",
"the index of environmentally sustainable growth",
"the capacity of nature to absorb waste",
"the problems associated with economic growth",
"the possibility of economic stagnation"
] | 2 | In the view of steady-state economists, which one of the following is a noneconomic constraint as referred to in line 7? |
Recently, a new school of economics called steady-state economics has seriously challenged neoclassical economics, the reigning school in Western economic decision making. According to the neoclassical model, an economy is a closed system involving only the circular flow of exchange value between producers and consumer... | 199906_4-RC_3_20 | [
"It contradicts the ways in which the two economic schools interpret certain data and gives a criterion for judging between them based on the basic goals of an economy.",
"It gives an example that illustrates the weakness of the new economic school and recommends an economic policy based on the basic goals of the... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately describes what the last paragraph does in the passage? |
Recently, a new school of economics called steady-state economics has seriously challenged neoclassical economics, the reigning school in Western economic decision making. According to the neoclassical model, an economy is a closed system involving only the circular flow of exchange value between producers and consumer... | 199906_4-RC_3_21 | [
"They assume that natural resources are infinitely available.",
"They assume that human-made resources are infinitely available.",
"They assume that availability of resources places an upper limit on growth.",
"They assume that efficient management of resources is necessary to growth.",
"They assume that hu... | 1 | The passage suggests which one of the following about neoclassical economists? |
As one of the most pervasive and influential popular arts, the movies feed into and off of the rest of the culture in various ways. In the United States, the star system of the mid-1920s—in which actors were placed under exclusive contract to particular Hollywood film studios—was a consequence of studios' discovery tha... | 199906_4-RC_4_22 | [
"The Hollywood films of the mid-1920s were in general more engaging to watch than are Hollywood films produced today.",
"The writers, producers, and directors in Hollywood in the mid-1920s were more talented than are their counterparts today.",
"The Hollywood film studios of the mid-1920s had a greater level of... | 0 | The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? |
As one of the most pervasive and influential popular arts, the movies feed into and off of the rest of the culture in various ways. In the United States, the star system of the mid-1920s—in which actors were placed under exclusive contract to particular Hollywood film studios—was a consequence of studios' discovery tha... | 199906_4-RC_4_23 | [
"discourages the work of filmmakers who attempt to draw the largest possible audiences to their films",
"discourages the critical review of the content of films that have been heavily promoted",
"encourages the production of films that excite an audience's curiosity but that do not provide satisfying experience... | 2 | According to the author, the danger of mass-media promotion of films is that it |
As one of the most pervasive and influential popular arts, the movies feed into and off of the rest of the culture in various ways. In the United States, the star system of the mid-1920s—in which actors were placed under exclusive contract to particular Hollywood film studios—was a consequence of studios' discovery tha... | 199906_4-RC_4_24 | [
"competition among different segments of the U.S. mass media",
"the interrelationship of Hollywood movies with other types of popular art",
"Hollywood film studios' discovery that the press could be used to communicate with the public",
"the press's mutually beneficial relationship with Hollywood film studios... | 3 | The phrase "cultural cross-fertilization" (line 17) is used in the passage to refer to which one of the following? |
As one of the most pervasive and influential popular arts, the movies feed into and off of the rest of the culture in various ways. In the United States, the star system of the mid-1920s—in which actors were placed under exclusive contract to particular Hollywood film studios—was a consequence of studios' discovery tha... | 199906_4-RC_4_25 | [
"description of the origins of a particular aspect of a popular art; discussion of the present state of this aspect; analysis of a problem associated with this aspect; introduction of a possible solution to the problem",
"description of the origins of a particular aspect of a popular art; discussion of the presen... | 1 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage? |
As one of the most pervasive and influential popular arts, the movies feed into and off of the rest of the culture in various ways. In the United States, the star system of the mid-1920s—in which actors were placed under exclusive contract to particular Hollywood film studios—was a consequence of studios' discovery tha... | 199906_4-RC_4_26 | [
"Many Hollywood studio executives do consider a film's ability to satisfy moviegoers emotionally.",
"Many Hollywood studio executives achieved their positions as a result of demonstrating talent at writing, producing, or directing films that satisfy audiences emotionally.",
"Most writers, producers, and directo... | 3 | The author's position in lines 35-47 would be most weakened if which one of the following were true? |
For some years before the outbreak of World War I, a number of painters in different European countries developed works of art that some have described as prophetic: paintings that by challenging viewers' habitual ways of perceiving the world of the present are thus said to anticipate a future world that would be very ... | 199910_2-RC_1_1 | [
"Although they flourished independently, the pre–World War I European painters who developed new ways of looking at the world shared a common desire to break with the traditions of representational art.",
"The work of the pre–World War I European painters who developed new ways of looking at the world cannot be s... | 1 | Which one of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage? |
For some years before the outbreak of World War I, a number of painters in different European countries developed works of art that some have described as prophetic: paintings that by challenging viewers' habitual ways of perceiving the world of the present are thus said to anticipate a future world that would be very ... | 199910_2-RC_1_2 | [
"The supposed innovations of Picasso, Braque, Kandinsky, and Malevich were based on stylistic discoveries that had been made in the Renaissance but went unexplored for centuries.",
"The work of Picasso, Braque, Kandinsky, and Malevich possessed prophetic power because these artists employed the traditional techni... | 3 | The art critic mentioned in lines 19–20 would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? |
For some years before the outbreak of World War I, a number of painters in different European countries developed works of art that some have described as prophetic: paintings that by challenging viewers' habitual ways of perceiving the world of the present are thus said to anticipate a future world that would be very ... | 199910_2-RC_1_3 | [
"they had a long-standing interest in politics",
"they worked actively to bring about social change",
"their formal innovations were actually the result of chance",
"their work was a deliberate attempt to transcend visual reality",
"the formal aspects of their work were of little interest to them"
] | 3 | According to the passage, the statements of Picasso and Braque indicate that |
For some years before the outbreak of World War I, a number of painters in different European countries developed works of art that some have described as prophetic: paintings that by challenging viewers' habitual ways of perceiving the world of the present are thus said to anticipate a future world that would be very ... | 199910_2-RC_1_4 | [
"Social or political changes usually lead to important artistic innovations.",
"Artistic innovations do not necessarily anticipate social or political upheavals.",
"Some European painters have used art to predict social or political changes.",
"Important stylistic innovations are best achieved by abandoning p... | 1 | The author presents the example of Delacroix in order to illustrate which one of the following claims? |
For some years before the outbreak of World War I, a number of painters in different European countries developed works of art that some have described as prophetic: paintings that by challenging viewers' habitual ways of perceiving the world of the present are thus said to anticipate a future world that would be very ... | 199910_2-RC_1_5 | [
"The author describes an artistic phenomenon; introduces one interpretation of this phenomenon; proposes an alternative interpretation and then supports this alternative by criticizing the original interpretation.",
"The author describes an artistic phenomenon; identifies the causes of that phenomenon; illustrate... | 0 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the contents of the passage? |
For some years before the outbreak of World War I, a number of painters in different European countries developed works of art that some have described as prophetic: paintings that by challenging viewers' habitual ways of perceiving the world of the present are thus said to anticipate a future world that would be very ... | 199910_2-RC_1_6 | [
"an interest in issues of representation and form",
"a stylistic break with traditional art",
"the introduction of new artistic techniques",
"the ability to anticipate later artists",
"the power to predict social changes"
] | 4 | According to the author, the work of the pre–World War I painters described in the passage contains an example of each of the following EXCEPT: |
For some years before the outbreak of World War I, a number of painters in different European countries developed works of art that some have described as prophetic: paintings that by challenging viewers' habitual ways of perceiving the world of the present are thus said to anticipate a future world that would be very ... | 199910_2-RC_1_7 | [
"their insights into pre–World War I politics",
"the visionary nature of their social views",
"their mastery of the techniques of representational art",
"their ability to adjust to changing social conditions",
"their stylistic and aesthetic accomplishments"
] | 4 | Which one of the following characteristics of the painters discussed in the second paragraph does the author of the passage appear to value most highly? |
Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects of the majority culture on tribal life serve as barriers between a community and its traditional forms of social... | 199910_2-RC_2_8 | [
"In the face of the pervasive influences of the majority culture, some tribes are having difficulty teaching their traditional languages to younger tribe members.",
"If tribes are to continue to hold on to their cultures in the face of majority culture influences, it is necessary for them to first teach their tra... | 3 | Which one of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage? |
Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects of the majority culture on tribal life serve as barriers between a community and its traditional forms of social... | 199910_2-RC_2_9 | [
"analyze and classify its linguistic structures",
"develop a hierarchy of its grammatical information",
"determine appropriate methods for its presentation",
"search for written equivalents for each of its sounds",
"decide whether its syntax and spelling will be standardized"
] | 0 | According to the passage, the first step in preparing to formally teach a traditional language is to |
Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects of the majority culture on tribal life serve as barriers between a community and its traditional forms of social... | 199910_2-RC_2_10 | [
"Even if left exclusively in oral form, traditional languages are likely to survive.",
"There has been a decline in communication among tribal members in general.",
"Some oral customs do not need to be preserved orally.",
"External influences have little effect on tribal customs.",
"Tribes must focus on est... | 0 | Based on the passage, those who hold the view described in lines 51–54 would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? |
Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects of the majority culture on tribal life serve as barriers between a community and its traditional forms of social... | 199910_2-RC_2_11 | [
"A community decides that the best way to maintain its traditional language is to rejuvenate its oral culture.",
"A community arranges the grammatical structures of its traditional language sequentially according to the degree of their complexity.",
"A community agrees to incorporate words from the majority cul... | 2 | Which one of the following scenarios is LEAST compatible with aspects of traditional-language preservation discussed in the passage? |
Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects of the majority culture on tribal life serve as barriers between a community and its traditional forms of social... | 199910_2-RC_2_12 | [
"A problem is identified, followed by a list of obstacles to its solution; examples of the obstacles are discussed; a solution is proposed; methods of implementing the solution are described; an alternative to the solution is introduced and endorsed.",
"A problem is identified, followed by solutions to the proble... | 2 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage? |
Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects of the majority culture on tribal life serve as barriers between a community and its traditional forms of social... | 199910_2-RC_2_13 | [
"Standardizing traditional languages requires arbitrary choices and is sometimes unnecessary.",
"Written languages should reflect one standard dialect rather than several dialects.",
"Traditional languages can be taught even if they are not rigorously standardized.",
"Variant spellings of words are acceptable... | 1 | Based on the passage, the group of Northern Utes mentioned in lines 38–42 would be likely to believe each of the following statements EXCEPT: |
Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects of the majority culture on tribal life serve as barriers between a community and its traditional forms of social... | 199910_2-RC_2_14 | [
"conviction that an exact match is all but impossible to achieve",
"doubt that an exact match is worthy of consideration even in principle",
"faith that an exact match is attainable if certain obstacles are eliminated",
"confidence that an exact match can easily be accomplished in most languages",
"suspicio... | 0 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's attitude toward the goal of having a written language exactly match its oral equivalent? |
Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects of the majority culture on tribal life serve as barriers between a community and its traditional forms of social... | 199910_2-RC_2_15 | [
"In writing down an oral language, one should always be concerned primarily with the degree of correspondence between spoken sounds and written symbols.",
"In deciding whether and how to standardize and teach a primarily oral language, one should always keep the needs of the community and the culture foremost.",
... | 1 | Based on the passage, which one of the following appears to be a principle guiding the actions of those attempting to preserve their traditional languages? |
Scientists have long known that the soft surface of the bill of the platypus is perforated with openings that contain sensitive nerve endings. Only recently, however, have biologists concluded on the basis of new evidence that the animal uses its bill to locate its prey while underwater, a conclusion suggested by the f... | 199910_2-RC_3_16 | [
"explain how the platypus locates prey at a distance",
"present some recent scientific research on the function of the platypus's bill",
"assess the results of Bohringer's experimental work about the platypus",
"present Scheich's contributions to scientific work about the platypus",
"describe two different ... | 1 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
Scientists have long known that the soft surface of the bill of the platypus is perforated with openings that contain sensitive nerve endings. Only recently, however, have biologists concluded on the basis of new evidence that the animal uses its bill to locate its prey while underwater, a conclusion suggested by the f... | 199910_2-RC_3_17 | [
"Neurophysiological studies have established that the bill of the platypus is one of its primary sensory organs.",
"Neurophysiological studies have established that the platypus uses its bill to locate its prey underwater.",
"Bohringer's neurophysiological studies have established that sensory receptors in the ... | 1 | Which one of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Scientists have long known that the soft surface of the bill of the platypus is perforated with openings that contain sensitive nerve endings. Only recently, however, have biologists concluded on the basis of new evidence that the animal uses its bill to locate its prey while underwater, a conclusion suggested by the f... | 199910_2-RC_3_18 | [
"The electroreceptors sent the nerve impulse to the fifth cranial nerve.",
"The neocortex induced a snapping movement of the bill.",
"The mechanoreceptors sent the nerve impulse via the fifth cranial nerve to the electroreceptors.",
"The platypus opened the pores on its bill.",
"The fifth cranial nerve carr... | 4 | During the studies supporting Bohringer's finding, as they are described in the passage, which one of the following occurred before a nerve impulse reached the motor cortex of the platypus? |
Scientists have long known that the soft surface of the bill of the platypus is perforated with openings that contain sensitive nerve endings. Only recently, however, have biologists concluded on the basis of new evidence that the animal uses its bill to locate its prey while underwater, a conclusion suggested by the f... | 199910_2-RC_3_19 | [
"To determine the mating habits of birds, a biologist places decoys near the birds' nests that resemble the birds and emit bird calls.",
"To determine whether certain animals find their way by listening for echoes to their cries, a biologist plays a tape of the animals' cries in their vicinity.",
"To determine ... | 2 | Which one of the following strategies is most similar to Scheich's experimental strategy as it is described in the passage? |
Scientists have long known that the soft surface of the bill of the platypus is perforated with openings that contain sensitive nerve endings. Only recently, however, have biologists concluded on the basis of new evidence that the animal uses its bill to locate its prey while underwater, a conclusion suggested by the f... | 199910_2-RC_3_20 | [
"capture prey that it has detected",
"distinguish one kind of prey from another",
"detect electric fields produced by potential prey",
"stimulate its mechanoreceptors",
"pick up the scent of its prey"
] | 2 | It can be inferred from the passage that during patrolling behavior, the platypus is attempting to |
Scientists have long known that the soft surface of the bill of the platypus is perforated with openings that contain sensitive nerve endings. Only recently, however, have biologists concluded on the basis of new evidence that the animal uses its bill to locate its prey while underwater, a conclusion suggested by the f... | 199910_2-RC_3_21 | [
"A hypothesis is presented and defended with supporting examples.",
"A conclusion is presented and the information supporting it is provided.",
"A thesis is presented and defended with an argument.",
"Opposing views are presented, discussed, and then reconciled.",
"A theory is proposed, considered, and then... | 1 | Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage? |
Until about 1970, anyone who wanted to write a comprehensive history of medieval English law as it actually affected women would have found a dearth of published books or articles concerned with specific legal topics relating to women and derived from extensive research in actual court records. This is a serious defici... | 199910_2-RC_4_22 | [
"They are adequate to the research needs of a modern legal historian wishing to investigate medieval law.",
"They are to be preferred to medieval legal sources, which are cumbersome and difficult to use.",
"They lack fundamental relevance to the history of modern legal institutions and ideas.",
"They provide ... | 3 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which one of the following to be true of the sources consulted by nineteenth-century historians of medieval law? |
Until about 1970, anyone who wanted to write a comprehensive history of medieval English law as it actually affected women would have found a dearth of published books or articles concerned with specific legal topics relating to women and derived from extensive research in actual court records. This is a serious defici... | 199910_2-RC_4_23 | [
"The preparations necessary for the production of a particular kind of study are discussed, and reasons are given for why such preparations have not been undertaken until recently.",
"A problem is described, a taxonomy of various kinds of questions relevant to its solution is proposed, and an evaluation regarding... | 3 | Which one of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the passage? |
Until about 1970, anyone who wanted to write a comprehensive history of medieval English law as it actually affected women would have found a dearth of published books or articles concerned with specific legal topics relating to women and derived from extensive research in actual court records. This is a serious defici... | 199910_2-RC_4_24 | [
"what were the stated intentions of those who wrote medieval statutes",
"what were the unconscious or hidden motives of medieval lawmakers with regard to women",
"what was the impact of medieval legal thought concerning women on the development of important modern legal ideas and institutions",
"how medieval ... | 3 | According to the passage, quantitative studies of the kind referred to in line 25 can aid in determining |
Until about 1970, anyone who wanted to write a comprehensive history of medieval English law as it actually affected women would have found a dearth of published books or articles concerned with specific legal topics relating to women and derived from extensive research in actual court records. This is a serious defici... | 199910_2-RC_4_25 | [
"the intent of medieval English laws regarding women and the opinions of commentators concerning how those laws affected women",
"the overall effectiveness of English law in the medieval period and some aspects of the special statutes that applied to women only",
"the degree of probability that a women defendan... | 0 | According to the passage, the sources consulted by legal scholars of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provided adequate information concerning which one of the following topics? |
Until about 1970, anyone who wanted to write a comprehensive history of medieval English law as it actually affected women would have found a dearth of published books or articles concerned with specific legal topics relating to women and derived from extensive research in actual court records. This is a serious defici... | 199910_2-RC_4_26 | [
"linguistic studies of Anglo-Norman French and Latin undertaken in order to prepare for further study of medieval legal history",
"the editing and publication of medieval court records undertaken in order to facilitate the work of legal and other historians",
"quantitative studies of large numbers of medieval c... | 2 | As used in lines 37–38, the phrase "the relevant scholarship" can best be understood as referring to which one of the following kinds of scholarly work? |
Until about 1970, anyone who wanted to write a comprehensive history of medieval English law as it actually affected women would have found a dearth of published books or articles concerned with specific legal topics relating to women and derived from extensive research in actual court records. This is a serious defici... | 199910_2-RC_4_27 | [
"most modern legal historians' relative lack of interest in pursuing the subject",
"the linguistic and practical difficulties inherent in pursuing research relevant to such knowledge",
"a tendency on the part of most modern legal historians to rely too heavily on sources such as commentaries and treatises",
"... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that, in the author's view, which one of the following factors is most responsible for the current deficiencies in our knowledge of women's legal history? |
The okapi, a forest mammal of central Africa, has presented zoologists with a number of difficult questions since they first learned of its existence in 1900. The first was how to classify it. Because it was horselike in dimension, and bore patches of striped hide similar to a zebra's (a relative of the horse), zoologi... | 199912_3-RC_1_1 | [
"Information gathered by means of radio-tracking collars has finally provided answers to the questions about okapis that zoologists have been attempting to answer since they first learned of the mammal's existence.",
"Because of their physical characteristics and their infrequent capture by hunters, okapis presen... | 2 | Which one of the following most completely and accurately expresses the main idea of the passage? |
The okapi, a forest mammal of central Africa, has presented zoologists with a number of difficult questions since they first learned of its existence in 1900. The first was how to classify it. Because it was horselike in dimension, and bore patches of striped hide similar to a zebra's (a relative of the horse), zoologi... | 199912_3-RC_1_2 | [
"pose a question about okapi behavior",
"rebut a theory about okapi behavior",
"counter the assertion that okapis are rare",
"explain why okapis appeared to be rare",
"support the belief that okapis are rare"
] | 3 | The function of the third paragraph is to |
The okapi, a forest mammal of central Africa, has presented zoologists with a number of difficult questions since they first learned of its existence in 1900. The first was how to classify it. Because it was horselike in dimension, and bore patches of striped hide similar to a zebra's (a relative of the horse), zoologi... | 199912_3-RC_1_3 | [
"a child who eats one kind of food at a time, consuming all of it before going on to the next kind",
"a professor who strictly follows the outline in the syllabus, never digressing to follow up on student questions",
"a student who delays working on homework until the last minute, then rushes to complete it",
... | 3 | Based on the passage, in its eating behavior the okapi is most analogous to |
The okapi, a forest mammal of central Africa, has presented zoologists with a number of difficult questions since they first learned of its existence in 1900. The first was how to classify it. Because it was horselike in dimension, and bore patches of striped hide similar to a zebra's (a relative of the horse), zoologi... | 199912_3-RC_1_4 | [
"Okapis were pushed into this forest region by competition with mammals in neighboring forests.",
"Okapis in this forest region forage in the border between forest and savanna.",
"Okapis in this forest region are not threatened by the usual predators of okapis.",
"Okapis moved into this forest region because ... | 4 | Suppose that numerous okapis are discovered living in a remote forest region in northeastern central Africa that zoologists had not previously explored. Based on their current views, which one of the following would the zoologists be most likely to conclude about this discovery? |
The okapi, a forest mammal of central Africa, has presented zoologists with a number of difficult questions since they first learned of its existence in 1900. The first was how to classify it. Because it was horselike in dimension, and bore patches of striped hide similar to a zebra's (a relative of the horse), zoologi... | 199912_3-RC_1_5 | [
"why zoologists once believed that okapis were rare",
"why zoologists classified the okapi as a member of the giraffe family",
"why okapis choose to limit themselves to the interiors of forests",
"why okapis engage in individual rather than congregated foraging",
"why okapis leave much preferred foliage une... | 4 | The passage provides information intended to help explain each of the following EXCEPT: |
The okapi, a forest mammal of central Africa, has presented zoologists with a number of difficult questions since they first learned of its existence in 1900. The first was how to classify it. Because it was horselike in dimension, and bore patches of striped hide similar to a zebra's (a relative of the horse), zoologi... | 199912_3-RC_1_6 | [
"The number of okapis is many times larger than zoologists had previously believed it to be.",
"Radio-tracking collars have enabled scientists to finally answer all the questions about the okapi.",
"Okapis are captured infrequently because their habits and coloration make it difficult for hunters to find them."... | 2 | Based on the passage, the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? |
Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of... | 199912_3-RC_2_7 | [
"Agamemnon's motivations are identical to those of the gods.",
"The nature of Agamemnon's character solely determines the course of the tragedy.",
"Agamemnon's decision-making is influenced by his military ambitions.",
"Agamemnon is concerned only with pleasing the deity Artemis.",
"Agamemnon is especially ... | 2 | Based on the information presented in the passage, which one of the following statements best represents Lesky's view of Agamemnon? |
Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of... | 199912_3-RC_2_8 | [
"If the goddess has ordained that the only way I can evade battle is by performing this sacrifice, then it is perfectly appropriate for me to deeply desire this sacrifice.",
"If the goddess has ordained that the only way I can get a wind to move my ships to battle is by performing this sacrifice, then it is perfe... | 2 | Which one of the following paraphrases most accurately restates the quotation from Agamemnon found in lines 48–49 of the passage? |
Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of... | 199912_3-RC_2_9 | [
"The tragic protagonist is deluded by the gods into thinking he or she is free.",
"The tragic protagonist struggles for a heroism that belongs to the gods.",
"The tragic protagonist wrongly seeks to take responsibility for his or her actions.",
"The tragic protagonist cannot make a decision that is free of di... | 3 | Which one of the following statements best expresses Rivier's view, as presented in the passage, of what makes a drama tragic? |
Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of... | 199912_3-RC_2_10 | [
"whether or not the tragic protagonist is aware of the consequences of his or her actions",
"whether or not the tragic protagonist acknowledges the role of the deities in his or her life",
"whether or not the tragic protagonist's own desires have relevance to the outcome of the drama",
"whether or not the act... | 2 | It can be inferred from the passage that the central difference between the interpretations of Lesky and Rivier is over which one of the following points? |
Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of... | 199912_3-RC_2_11 | [
"Although she knows that she will be punished for violating the law of her city, a tragic figure bravely decides to bury her dead brother over the objections of local authorities.",
"Because of her love for her dead brother, a tragic figure, although aware that she will be punished for violating the law of her ci... | 4 | Which one of the following summaries of the plot of a Greek tragedy best illustrates the view attributed to Rivier in the passage? |
Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of... | 199912_3-RC_2_12 | [
"Aeschylean drama helped to initiate a new understanding of the person in ancient Greek society.",
"Aeschylean drama introduced new ways of understanding the role of the individual in ancient Greek society.",
"Aeschylean drama is the original source of the understanding of human motivation most familiar to the ... | 3 | The quotation in lines 21–23 suggests that Barbu assumes which one of the following about Aeschylean drama? |
Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of... | 199912_3-RC_2_13 | [
"They are required to choose a course of action with grave consequences.",
"Their final choices restore harmony with supernatural forces.",
"They cannot rely on their customary notions of appropriate behavior.",
"They are compelled to confront their true motives.",
"They are aware of the available choices."... | 1 | All of the following statements describe Snell's view of Aeschylus' tragic protagonists, as it is presented in the passage, EXCEPT: |
Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of... | 199912_3-RC_2_14 | [
"argue against one particular interpretation of Greek tragedy",
"establish that there are a variety of themes in Greek tragedy",
"present aspects of an ongoing scholarly debate about Greek tragedy",
"point out the relative merits of different scholarly interpretations of Greek tragedy",
"suggest the relevan... | 2 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
Philosopher Denise Meyerson views the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement as seeking to debunk orthodox legal theory by exposing its contradictions. However, Meyerson argues that CLS proponents tend to see contradictions where none exist, and that CLS overrates the threat that conflict poses to orthodox legal theory.... | 199912_3-RC_3_15 | [
"The arguments of the Critical Legal Studies movement are under attack not only by legal theorists, but also by thinkers in related areas such as philosophy.",
"In critiquing the Critical Legal Studies movement, Meyerson charges that the positions articulated by the movement's proponents overlook the complexity o... | 4 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Philosopher Denise Meyerson views the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement as seeking to debunk orthodox legal theory by exposing its contradictions. However, Meyerson argues that CLS proponents tend to see contradictions where none exist, and that CLS overrates the threat that conflict poses to orthodox legal theory.... | 199912_3-RC_3_16 | [
"provide an example of how a principle has previously been applied",
"demonstrate a point by means of an analogy",
"emphasize the relative unimportance of an activity",
"contrast two situations by exaggerating their differences",
"dismiss an idea by portraying it as reprehensible"
] | 1 | The primary purpose of the reference to a game in the last paragraph is to |
Philosopher Denise Meyerson views the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement as seeking to debunk orthodox legal theory by exposing its contradictions. However, Meyerson argues that CLS proponents tend to see contradictions where none exist, and that CLS overrates the threat that conflict poses to orthodox legal theory.... | 199912_3-RC_3_17 | [
"evaluate divergent legal doctrines",
"explain how a controversy arose",
"advocate a new interpretation of legal tradition",
"describe a challenge to a school of thought",
"refute claims made by various scholars"
] | 3 | The author's primary purpose in the passage is to |
Philosopher Denise Meyerson views the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement as seeking to debunk orthodox legal theory by exposing its contradictions. However, Meyerson argues that CLS proponents tend to see contradictions where none exist, and that CLS overrates the threat that conflict poses to orthodox legal theory.... | 199912_3-RC_3_18 | [
"How one determines the extent to which these considerations are relevant depends on one's degree of belief in the legal process.",
"The extent to which these considerations are part of the legal process depends on the extent to which the policies and values can be endorsed.",
"When these considerations have mo... | 4 | It can be inferred from the passage that Meyerson would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about "external considerations" (line 53)? |
Philosopher Denise Meyerson views the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement as seeking to debunk orthodox legal theory by exposing its contradictions. However, Meyerson argues that CLS proponents tend to see contradictions where none exist, and that CLS overrates the threat that conflict poses to orthodox legal theory.... | 199912_3-RC_3_19 | [
"any choice made between conflicting solutions to a legal question will be arbitrary",
"every legal question will involve the consideration of a set of values",
"two or more alternative solutions to a legal question may carry equal moral weight",
"no legal question will have a single correct answer",
"the m... | 0 | The phrase "far-reaching implications" (line 36) refers to the idea that |
Philosopher Denise Meyerson views the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement as seeking to debunk orthodox legal theory by exposing its contradictions. However, Meyerson argues that CLS proponents tend to see contradictions where none exist, and that CLS overrates the threat that conflict poses to orthodox legal theory.... | 199912_3-RC_3_20 | [
"A criticism is identified and its plausibility is investigated.",
"The different arguments made by two opponents of a certain viewpoint are advanced.",
"The arguments for and against a certain position are outlined, then a new position is offered to reconcile them.",
"A belief is presented and its worth is d... | 0 | Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the final paragraph in the passage? |
Philosopher Denise Meyerson views the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement as seeking to debunk orthodox legal theory by exposing its contradictions. However, Meyerson argues that CLS proponents tend to see contradictions where none exist, and that CLS overrates the threat that conflict poses to orthodox legal theory.... | 199912_3-RC_3_21 | [
"It incorporates moral principles in order to yield definitive solutions to legal problems.",
"It does not necessarily imply approval of any policies or values.",
"It is insufficient in itself to determine the answer to a legal question.",
"It is comparable to the application of rules in a game.",
"It can b... | 2 | It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the Critical Legal Studies movement would be most likely to hold which one of the following views about the law? |
While historians once propagated the myth that Africans who were brought to the New World as slaves contributed little of value but their labor, a recent study by Amelia Wallace Vernon helps to dispel this notion by showing that Africans introduced rice and the methods of cultivating it into what is now the United Stat... | 199912_3-RC_4_22 | [
"\"The Introduction of Rice Cultivation into what is now the United States by Africans and Its Continued Practice in the Years During and After Slavery\"",
"\"The Origin of Rice Cultivation in what is now the United States and Its Impact on the Economy from 1760 to 1920\"",
"\"Widespread Rice Cultivation by Afr... | 0 | Which one of the following titles most completely and accurately summarizes the contents of the passage? |
While historians once propagated the myth that Africans who were brought to the New World as slaves contributed little of value but their labor, a recent study by Amelia Wallace Vernon helps to dispel this notion by showing that Africans introduced rice and the methods of cultivating it into what is now the United Stat... | 199912_3-RC_4_23 | [
"respectful of its author and skeptical toward its theories",
"admiring of its accomplishments and generally receptive to its theories",
"appreciative of the effort it required and neutral toward its theories",
"enthusiastic about its goals but skeptical of its theories",
"accepting of its author's motives ... | 1 | Which one of the following most completely and accurately describes the author's attitude toward Vernon's study? |
While historians once propagated the myth that Africans who were brought to the New World as slaves contributed little of value but their labor, a recent study by Amelia Wallace Vernon helps to dispel this notion by showing that Africans introduced rice and the methods of cultivating it into what is now the United Stat... | 199912_3-RC_4_24 | [
"A group of neighbors plants flower gardens on common land adjoining their properties in order to beautify their neighborhood and to create more of a natural boundary between properties.",
"A group of neighbors plants a vegetable garden for their common use and to compete with the local market's high-priced produ... | 3 | As described in the last paragraph of the passage, rice cultivation after slavery is most analogous to which one of the following? |
While historians once propagated the myth that Africans who were brought to the New World as slaves contributed little of value but their labor, a recent study by Amelia Wallace Vernon helps to dispel this notion by showing that Africans introduced rice and the methods of cultivating it into what is now the United Stat... | 199912_3-RC_4_25 | [
"A historical phenomenon is presented, several competing theories about the phenomenon are described, and one theory having the most support is settled upon.",
"A historical discovery is presented, the method leading to the discovery is provided, and two questions left unanswered by the discovery are identified."... | 2 | Which one of the following most completely and accurately describes the organization of the passage? |
While historians once propagated the myth that Africans who were brought to the New World as slaves contributed little of value but their labor, a recent study by Amelia Wallace Vernon helps to dispel this notion by showing that Africans introduced rice and the methods of cultivating it into what is now the United Stat... | 199912_3-RC_4_26 | [
"Landowners did not eat rice and thus would not tolerate its cultivation on tenant lands.",
"Rice was not considered acceptable payment to landowners for the use of tenant lands.",
"Tenant farmers did not have enough time \"after hours\" to cultivate the rice properly.",
"The labor required to cultivate rice ... | 1 | The passage cites which one of the following as a reason that rice cultivation in the context of the tenant system was difficult to explain? |
While historians once propagated the myth that Africans who were brought to the New World as slaves contributed little of value but their labor, a recent study by Amelia Wallace Vernon helps to dispel this notion by showing that Africans introduced rice and the methods of cultivating it into what is now the United Stat... | 199912_3-RC_4_27 | [
"describe the efforts of a historian to uncover evidence for a puzzling phenomenon",
"illustrate the historical background of a puzzling phenomenon",
"present a historian's theories about a puzzling phenomenon",
"criticize the work of previous historians regarding a puzzling phenomenon",
"analyze the effect... | 2 | The author's primary purpose in the passage is to |
Naturalists have long studied the ability of North American forest birds to survive extremely cold overnight temperatures in winter. For example, nuthatches sleep in cavities such as tree hollows or holes dug into snowdrifts, retaining heat closer to the body and thus saving energy by reducing the need for shivering. C... | 200002_4-RC_1_1 | [
"Kinglets are able to survive the coldest winter nights despite a size, physiology, and behavior that should make them vulnerable to low temperatures.",
"Researchers have tested several theories in their attempts to answer the question of how kinglets survive very low temperatures.",
"Kinglets are unique among ... | 4 | Which one of the following most accurately states the central idea of the passage? |
Naturalists have long studied the ability of North American forest birds to survive extremely cold overnight temperatures in winter. For example, nuthatches sleep in cavities such as tree hollows or holes dug into snowdrifts, retaining heat closer to the body and thus saving energy by reducing the need for shivering. C... | 200002_4-RC_1_2 | [
"Absence of evidence for a behavior can be taken as evidence for absence of the behavior.",
"Dissimilar species tend to exhibit dissimilar behaviors.",
"The existence of evidence for a theory is not enough to establish the theory as true.",
"A theory can be taken as false if several initial tests fail to prod... | 0 | Which one of the following generalizations best captures the reasoning behind the rejection of the theory that torpor explains the kinglet's ability to survive extremely cold overnight temperatures? |
Naturalists have long studied the ability of North American forest birds to survive extremely cold overnight temperatures in winter. For example, nuthatches sleep in cavities such as tree hollows or holes dug into snowdrifts, retaining heat closer to the body and thus saving energy by reducing the need for shivering. C... | 200002_4-RC_1_3 | [
"consume more food per unit of body mass than any other bird of equivalent mass does",
"consume enough food to keep their stomachs continuously filled to capacity",
"consume more food than larger birds do",
"consume more food per unit of body mass than birds twice their mass do",
"consume less food per unit... | 3 | According to the passage, the physical laws of heating and cooling suggest that in order to maintain body temperature in winter, kinglets must |
Naturalists have long studied the ability of North American forest birds to survive extremely cold overnight temperatures in winter. For example, nuthatches sleep in cavities such as tree hollows or holes dug into snowdrifts, retaining heat closer to the body and thus saving energy by reducing the need for shivering. C... | 200002_4-RC_1_4 | [
"almost certainly true since all other explanations have been eliminated",
"feasible given that kinglets flock in groups during the day",
"a possibility that, though unlikely, is the only option left to explore",
"well established by a recent study of goldcrests",
"the hypothesis most widely discussed in th... | 1 | The passage suggests that the author most likely regards the hypothesis that groups of kinglets cluster together on cold winter nights as |
Naturalists have long studied the ability of North American forest birds to survive extremely cold overnight temperatures in winter. For example, nuthatches sleep in cavities such as tree hollows or holes dug into snowdrifts, retaining heat closer to the body and thus saving energy by reducing the need for shivering. C... | 200002_4-RC_1_5 | [
"the kinglet's stomach capacity",
"the kinglet's relation to goldcrests",
"the kinglet's limited diet",
"the kinglet's small body mass",
"the kinglet's lack of night foraging"
] | 1 | The author cites all of the following as contributing to the mystery of kinglet survival in extremely cold overnight winter temperatures EXCEPT: |
Naturalists have long studied the ability of North American forest birds to survive extremely cold overnight temperatures in winter. For example, nuthatches sleep in cavities such as tree hollows or holes dug into snowdrifts, retaining heat closer to the body and thus saving energy by reducing the need for shivering. C... | 200002_4-RC_1_6 | [
"introduce various methods of surviving extremely cold overnight temperatures employed by North American forest birds",
"identify which North American forest birds successfully cope with extremely low overnight temperatures",
"show that adaptation to extremely cold overnight temperatures is found only among Nor... | 0 | The author mentions nuthatches, chickadees, and grosbeaks primarily to |
Naturalists have long studied the ability of North American forest birds to survive extremely cold overnight temperatures in winter. For example, nuthatches sleep in cavities such as tree hollows or holes dug into snowdrifts, retaining heat closer to the body and thus saving energy by reducing the need for shivering. C... | 200002_4-RC_1_7 | [
"Naturalists have yet to achieve much understanding of the ability of small birds to survive extremely cold temperatures overnight.",
"The kinglet's diet may be found to be high enough in fat to provide sufficient energy to account for its survival.",
"The behavior of kinglets includes calls that trigger the im... | 3 | The passage suggests that the author would most likely agree with which one of the following? |
Much of mainstream thinking concerning juvenile delinquency in Canada and the United States is based on the assumption that if uncorrected it automatically leads to adult crime and should thus be severely punished, usually by some form of incarceration, before it becomes an ingrained behavior pattern. While there is so... | 200002_4-RC_2_8 | [
"The prevailing law enforcement view of illegal juvenile behavior differs from the way in which many young offenders view their own behavior.",
"Criminologists should refocus their research methodology so as to gain a better idea of the causes of juvenile delinquency.",
"Criminologists and law enforcement perso... | 4 | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Much of mainstream thinking concerning juvenile delinquency in Canada and the United States is based on the assumption that if uncorrected it automatically leads to adult crime and should thus be severely punished, usually by some form of incarceration, before it becomes an ingrained behavior pattern. While there is so... | 200002_4-RC_2_9 | [
"They advocate the right policies despite errors in their research.",
"Their advocacy of mistaken policies has led them to distort their research findings.",
"Their research findings are useful, but they advocate policies that are incompatible with them.",
"Their research findings are useful, but they have fa... | 3 | The author's opinion about the work of the criminologists discussed in the first paragraph can most accurately be described by which one of the following? |
Much of mainstream thinking concerning juvenile delinquency in Canada and the United States is based on the assumption that if uncorrected it automatically leads to adult crime and should thus be severely punished, usually by some form of incarceration, before it becomes an ingrained behavior pattern. While there is so... | 200002_4-RC_2_10 | [
"They believe that there is never a moral difference between so-called right and wrong behavior.",
"They have not sufficiently learned some of the values of society.",
"They do so primarily because of the policy of treating delinquency as serious criminal behavior.",
"They should be sentenced to the same puni... | 1 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author holds which one of the following views regarding juveniles who view their delinquent activities as "fun" ? |
Much of mainstream thinking concerning juvenile delinquency in Canada and the United States is based on the assumption that if uncorrected it automatically leads to adult crime and should thus be severely punished, usually by some form of incarceration, before it becomes an ingrained behavior pattern. While there is so... | 200002_4-RC_2_11 | [
"optimistic that these policies result in high detection rates",
"certain that these policies cause further juvenile delinquent acts",
"confident that these policies promote the good of society",
"convinced that these policies should be revised",
"confident that these policies have no effect on juvenile del... | 3 | The author's attitude toward current law enforcement policies dealing with juvenile delinquency can most accurately be described as |
Much of mainstream thinking concerning juvenile delinquency in Canada and the United States is based on the assumption that if uncorrected it automatically leads to adult crime and should thus be severely punished, usually by some form of incarceration, before it becomes an ingrained behavior pattern. While there is so... | 200002_4-RC_2_12 | [
"describe a policy with which the author wishes to take issue",
"illustrate and support a proposal that is motivated partly by the point made in lines",
"provide an example that confirms what the author refers to as mainstream thinking regarding juvenile delinquency",
"show an interpretation of data that is o... | 1 | In relation to lines 10–13 of the passage, the author's purpose in lines 49– 53 is to |
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