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Much of mainstream thinking concerning juvenile delinquency in Canada and the United States is based on the assumption that if uncorrected it automatically leads to adult crime and should thus be severely punished, usually by some form of incarceration, before it becomes an ingrained behavior pattern. While there is so...	200002_4-RC_2_13	[ "Since medical research shows that untreated melanoma almost invariably leads to more serious and generalized lesions, it is a common policy to treat all detected melanomas quickly and aggressively.", "It was once a common policy to treat sore throats by removing the tonsils, but medical research has shown that t...	3	Which one of the following is most closely analogous to the purported relationship in the passage between incarceration and criminologists' research findings?
Much of mainstream thinking concerning juvenile delinquency in Canada and the United States is based on the assumption that if uncorrected it automatically leads to adult crime and should thus be severely punished, usually by some form of incarceration, before it becomes an ingrained behavior pattern. While there is so...	200002_4-RC_2_14	[ "how juvenile delinquents perceive themselves and their actions", "which illegal acts are generally committed by juveniles but not by adults", "a recommended policy of law enforcement to be used in dealing with juvenile delinquents", "the effects of incarceration on juvenile delinquents", "an age by which m...	1	The passage includes information regarding each of the following EXCEPT:
Much of mainstream thinking concerning juvenile delinquency in Canada and the United States is based on the assumption that if uncorrected it automatically leads to adult crime and should thus be severely punished, usually by some form of incarceration, before it becomes an ingrained behavior pattern. While there is so...	200002_4-RC_2_15	[ "prove that law enforcement officials have not understood the true causal roots of juvenile delinquency", "discuss how juvenile delinquents view their own behavior and illegal activities", "examine the validity of the contention that juvenile delinquency inevitably leads to adult criminality", "explain the ca...	4	The primary purpose of the passage is to
Robin D. G. Kelley's book Hammer and Hoe explores the history of communism in the U.S. state of Alabama. Kelley asks not whether the Communist Party was ideologically correct, but how it came to attract a substantial number of African-American workers and how these workers could embrace and use the Communist Party as a...	200002_4-RC_3_16	[ "By spending little time discussing ideological controversies, Hammer and Hoe fails to fully explicate the relationship between the Communist Party and African-American workers during the 1930s and 1940s.", "The relationship between the Communist Party and African-American workers during the 1930s and 1940s makes...	4	Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the passage's main point?
Robin D. G. Kelley's book Hammer and Hoe explores the history of communism in the U.S. state of Alabama. Kelley asks not whether the Communist Party was ideologically correct, but how it came to attract a substantial number of African-American workers and how these workers could embrace and use the Communist Party as a...	200002_4-RC_3_17	[ "refrained from attacking white chauvinism", "benefited from the goodwill created by the actions of the International Labor Defense", "inspired some African Americans with its rhetoric", "failed to convince some of its African-American members that confrontation was an acceptable political stance", "was inv...	0	The passage's characterization of the Communist Party in Alabama before the 1930s includes each of the following EXCEPT that the party
Robin D. G. Kelley's book Hammer and Hoe explores the history of communism in the U.S. state of Alabama. Kelley asks not whether the Communist Party was ideologically correct, but how it came to attract a substantial number of African-American workers and how these workers could embrace and use the Communist Party as a...	200002_4-RC_3_18	[ "contrast Kelley's viewpoint on the Popular Front with that of previous historians", "defend the Popular Front from Kelley's attacks on it", "question the political usefulness of searching for common ground between radicals and liberals", "enumerate the differences between the Popular Front and the Third Peri...	0	The primary purpose of the second paragraph is to
Robin D. G. Kelley's book Hammer and Hoe explores the history of communism in the U.S. state of Alabama. Kelley asks not whether the Communist Party was ideologically correct, but how it came to attract a substantial number of African-American workers and how these workers could embrace and use the Communist Party as a...	200002_4-RC_3_19	[ "The Popular Front introduced factors that hampered the political appeal of communism for African Americans.", "The Popular Front was inherently inimical to African-American interests from its inception.", "The increasing cautiousness of the Popular Front appealed to most African-American party members.", "Th...	0	It can be inferred from the passage that Kelley would most likely agree with which one of the following assertions about the Popular Front?
Robin D. G. Kelley's book Hammer and Hoe explores the history of communism in the U.S. state of Alabama. Kelley asks not whether the Communist Party was ideologically correct, but how it came to attract a substantial number of African-American workers and how these workers could embrace and use the Communist Party as a...	200002_4-RC_3_20	[ "African Americans and whites must join together under the common banner of communism.", "Workers everywhere must revolt to bring about the final global victory over capitalist oppression.", "African Americans should strive to overcome racism in the highest levels of government.", "The goals of communism have...	1	Based on the passage, which one of the following statements is more likely to have been made by a Communist Party organizer during the Third Period than during the Popular Front?
Darwin's conception of early prehistoric humans as confident, clever hunter-gatherers has long dominated anthropology. His theory has been reinforced by an accident of history: the human fossil record has been found largely in reverse order. Remains of humans'most recent forebears, who lived 35,000 to 100,000 years ago...	200002_4-RC_4_21	[ "With the aid of new research methods, a group of anthropologists has been able to refute Darwinian theories about the social organization of modern hunter-gatherer societies.", "The recent development of new techniques for conducting anthropological research has begun to challenge the traditional methodologies u...	2	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main idea of the passage?
Darwin's conception of early prehistoric humans as confident, clever hunter-gatherers has long dominated anthropology. His theory has been reinforced by an accident of history: the human fossil record has been found largely in reverse order. Remains of humans'most recent forebears, who lived 35,000 to 100,000 years ago...	200002_4-RC_4_22	[ "apply the methodologies of taphonomy to study these societies", "investigate the similarities of life-styles and environments among the various societies", "contrast the competition for food faced by these societies with the competition faced by prehistoric societies", "examine the life-styles of hunter-gath...	2	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would encourage the anthropologists mentioned in line 14 to do which one of the following types of research on modern hunter-gatherer societies?
Darwin's conception of early prehistoric humans as confident, clever hunter-gatherers has long dominated anthropology. His theory has been reinforced by an accident of history: the human fossil record has been found largely in reverse order. Remains of humans'most recent forebears, who lived 35,000 to 100,000 years ago...	200002_4-RC_4_23	[ "The fact that the marks of stone tools did not occur at the joints of the animals indicated that the early hominids hunted and butchered animals less skillfully than did hominids in subsequent eras.", "The fact that the marks of stone tools did not occur in a systematic manner indicated that the early hominids m...	3	It can be inferred from the passage that in reaching their conclusions, the researchers mentioned in line 44 interpreted the taphonomic analysis of marks on animal fossils in which one of the following ways?
Darwin's conception of early prehistoric humans as confident, clever hunter-gatherers has long dominated anthropology. His theory has been reinforced by an accident of history: the human fossil record has been found largely in reverse order. Remains of humans'most recent forebears, who lived 35,000 to 100,000 years ago...	200002_4-RC_4_24	[ "counter anthropologists' previous hypotheses about how early hominids walked", "provide an example of how the hominids were suited to their method of gathering food", "explain why early hominids subsisted on a diet that included more fruit than meat", "increase the reader's appreciation for the resemblance b...	1	The author cites the early hominid's "upright mode of walking" (line 53) primarily in order to
Darwin's conception of early prehistoric humans as confident, clever hunter-gatherers has long dominated anthropology. His theory has been reinforced by an accident of history: the human fossil record has been found largely in reverse order. Remains of humans'most recent forebears, who lived 35,000 to 100,000 years ago...	200002_4-RC_4_25	[ "Traces of an ancient civilization are found, and scholars conclude that its people occupied the site for only a short period: however, further excavations reveal that the civilization had flourished in this area for several centuries.", "Art historians who know the late paintings of an artist find similar painti...	1	Which one of the following situations is most analogous to the discovery of fossil hominids as described in the first paragraph?
Darwin's conception of early prehistoric humans as confident, clever hunter-gatherers has long dominated anthropology. His theory has been reinforced by an accident of history: the human fossil record has been found largely in reverse order. Remains of humans'most recent forebears, who lived 35,000 to 100,000 years ago...	200002_4-RC_4_26	[ "order in which certain marks were placed", "characteristic physical differences among the marks", "approximate age of fossils on which the marks are found", "agents that have left the marks", "similarities to marks on modern bones" ]	2	Each of the following is mentioned in the passage as determinable by taphonomic investigation into the marks on fossilized bones EXCEPT the
Darwin's conception of early prehistoric humans as confident, clever hunter-gatherers has long dominated anthropology. His theory has been reinforced by an accident of history: the human fossil record has been found largely in reverse order. Remains of humans'most recent forebears, who lived 35,000 to 100,000 years ago...	200002_4-RC_4_27	[ "differentiate between outdated and contemporary research methods", "expose the preconceptions behind previous research", "present a narrative of how historical events might have unfolded", "explain the basis for a revisionary approach to a subject", "describe how a new theory has replaced the traditional o...	3	The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is to
Many political economists believe that the soundest indicator of the economic health of a nation is the nation's gross national product (GNP) per capita—a figure reached by dividing the total value of the goods produced yearly in a nation by its population and taken to be a measure of the welfare of the nation's reside...	200012_2-RC_1_1	[ "\"The Shifting Meaning of Per Capita GNP: A Historical Perspective\"", "\"A Defense of Per Capita GNP: An Economist's Rejoinder\"", "\"The Preferability of Human Indicators as Measures of National Economic Health\"", "\"Total Wealth vs. Distribution of Wealth as a Measure of Economic Health\"", "\"A New Me...	2	Which one of the following titles most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Many political economists believe that the soundest indicator of the economic health of a nation is the nation's gross national product (GNP) per capita—a figure reached by dividing the total value of the goods produced yearly in a nation by its population and taken to be a measure of the welfare of the nation's reside...	200012_2-RC_1_2	[ "the overall quality of life for individuals in a nation", "the services provided to individuals by a government", "the material wealth owned by individuals in a nation", "the extent to which the distribution of wealth among individuals in a nation is balanced", "government efforts to redistribute wealth ac...	0	The term "welfare" is used in the first paragraph to refer most specifically to which one of the following?
Many political economists believe that the soundest indicator of the economic health of a nation is the nation's gross national product (GNP) per capita—a figure reached by dividing the total value of the goods produced yearly in a nation by its population and taken to be a measure of the welfare of the nation's reside...	200012_2-RC_1_3	[ "how per capita GNP is calculated", "what many political economists believe to be an accurate measure of a nation's economic health", "how nations with a relatively low per capita GNP can sometimes be economically healthier than nations whose pr capita GNP is higher", "why human indicators may not provide the...	4	The passage provides specific information about each of the following EXCEPT:
Many political economists believe that the soundest indicator of the economic health of a nation is the nation's gross national product (GNP) per capita—a figure reached by dividing the total value of the goods produced yearly in a nation by its population and taken to be a measure of the welfare of the nation's reside...	200012_2-RC_1_4	[ "The decision by a nation with a low level of economic health as measured by human indicators to focus on increasing the levels of human indicators results in slower growth in its per capita GNP.", "The decision by a nation with a low level of economic health as measured by human indicators to focus on increasing...	1	Which one of the following scenarios, if true, would most clearly be a counterexample to the views expressed in the last paragraph of the passage?
Many political economists believe that the soundest indicator of the economic health of a nation is the nation's gross national product (GNP) per capita—a figure reached by dividing the total value of the goods produced yearly in a nation by its population and taken to be a measure of the welfare of the nation's reside...	200012_2-RC_1_5	[ "offer a synthesis of the opposing positions outlined in the first two paragraphs", "expose the inadequacies of both positions outlined in the first two paragraphs", "summarize the argument made in the first two paragraphs", "correct a weakness in the political economists' position as outlined in the second p...	4	The primary function of the last paragraph of the passage is to
Many political economists believe that the soundest indicator of the economic health of a nation is the nation's gross national product (GNP) per capita—a figure reached by dividing the total value of the goods produced yearly in a nation by its population and taken to be a measure of the welfare of the nation's reside...	200012_2-RC_1_6	[ "A change in a nation's per capita GNP predicts a similar future change in the state of human indicators in that nation.", "The level of human indicators in a nation is irrelevant to the welfare of the individuals in that nation.", "A high per capita GNP in a nation usually indicates that the wealth in the nati...	0	Based on the passage, the political economists discussed in the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
Many political economists believe that the soundest indicator of the economic health of a nation is the nation's gross national product (GNP) per capita—a figure reached by dividing the total value of the goods produced yearly in a nation by its population and taken to be a measure of the welfare of the nation's reside...	200012_2-RC_1_7	[ "delineate a new method of directing domestic economic efforts", "point out the weaknesses in one standard for measuring a nation's welfare", "explain the fact that some nations have both a high per capita GNP and a low quality of life for its citizens", "demonstrate that unequal distribution of wealth is an ...	1	In the passage, the author's primary concern is to
The autobiographical narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), by Harriet A. Jacobs, a slave of African descent, not only recounts an individual life but also provides, implicitly and explicitly, a perspective on the larger United States culture from the viewpoint of one denied access ...	200012_2-RC_2_8	[ "complete rejection", "reluctant rejection", "complete neutrality", "reluctant agreement", "complete agreement" ]	0	The author of the passage displays which one of the following attitudes toward the position of the critics mentioned in line 23?
The autobiographical narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), by Harriet A. Jacobs, a slave of African descent, not only recounts an individual life but also provides, implicitly and explicitly, a perspective on the larger United States culture from the viewpoint of one denied access ...	200012_2-RC_2_9	[ "Jacobs's protagonist does not ultimately achieve her freedom.", "Jacobs's protagonist does not wish for the same ideals as the protagonists of domestic novels.", "Jacobs's protagonist does not encounter various obstacles in her quest for love.", "Jacobs's protagonist does not ultimately achieve the ideals of...	3	According to the passage, Jacobs's narrative departs from the conventions of a typical domestic novel in which one of the following ways?
The autobiographical narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), by Harriet A. Jacobs, a slave of African descent, not only recounts an individual life but also provides, implicitly and explicitly, a perspective on the larger United States culture from the viewpoint of one denied access ...	200012_2-RC_2_10	[ "The mixture of literary genres in a single narrative often creates a useful tension that adds value to the narrative.", "The mixture of literary genres in a single narrative tends to cause the goals of both genres to be compromised.", "The mixture of literary genres in a single narrative tends to favor the gen...	4	It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that the critics mentioned in line 23 hold which one of the following views?
The autobiographical narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), by Harriet A. Jacobs, a slave of African descent, not only recounts an individual life but also provides, implicitly and explicitly, a perspective on the larger United States culture from the viewpoint of one denied access ...	200012_2-RC_2_11	[ "Most readers of Jacobs's narrative when it was first published concluded that it was simply a domestic novel and were thus disinclined to see it as an attempt to provoke thought.", "Many reviewers of Jacobs's narrative included passionate statements in their reviews calling for the immediate abolition of slavery...	0	Which one of the following, if true, would most support the position of the critics mentioned line 23?
The autobiographical narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), by Harriet A. Jacobs, a slave of African descent, not only recounts an individual life but also provides, implicitly and explicitly, a perspective on the larger United States culture from the viewpoint of one denied access ...	200012_2-RC_2_12	[ "Jacobs's protagonist does not lament her separation from her family.", "Jacobs's protagonist is disinclined toward stereotypical domestic aspirations.", "Jacobs's narrative reveals the limitations of the hierarchy of values espoused by the domestic novel genre.", "Jacobs's narrative implicitly suggests that ...	2	The author describes Jacobs's narrative as an "antidomesic novel" (line 49) for which one of the following reasons?
The autobiographical narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), by Harriet A. Jacobs, a slave of African descent, not only recounts an individual life but also provides, implicitly and explicitly, a perspective on the larger United States culture from the viewpoint of one denied access ...	200012_2-RC_2_13	[ "Some authors of slave narratives allowed the purposes of the genre to overshadow their own experiences.", "The slave narrative, no less than the domestic novel, constitutes a literary genre.", "Authors who write in a particular genre must obey the conventions of that genre.", "An autobiography, no less than ...	1	With which one of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?
The autobiographical narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), by Harriet A. Jacobs, a slave of African descent, not only recounts an individual life but also provides, implicitly and explicitly, a perspective on the larger United States culture from the viewpoint of one denied access ...	200012_2-RC_2_14	[ "Those autobiographical narratives that capture the mood of a particular period are thereby more valuable.", "Those autobiographical narratives that focus on accurately depicting the events in the individual's life are thereby more valuable.", "Those autobiographical narratives that force readers to view certai...	2	Which one of the following principles most likely governs the author's evaluation of Jacobs's narrative?
Experts anticipate that global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) will have doubled by the end of the twenty-first century. It is known that CO can contribute to global warming by trapping solar energy that is being reradiated as heat from the Earth's surface. However, some research has suggested that e...	200012_2-RC_3_15	[ "Elevated levels of CO would enhance photosynthetic rates, thus increasing plant growth and agricultural yields.", "Recent studies have yielded contradictory findings about the benefits of increased levels of CO on agricultural productivity.", "The possible beneficial effects of increased levels of CO on plant ...	2	Which one of the following best states the main point of the passage?
Experts anticipate that global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) will have doubled by the end of the twenty-first century. It is known that CO can contribute to global warming by trapping solar energy that is being reradiated as heat from the Earth's surface. However, some research has suggested that e...	200012_2-RC_3_16	[ "Increased levels of CO will increase the photosynthetic rates of many species of plants.", "Increased plant growth cannot compensate for increased rates of decomposition caused by warmer temperatures.", "Low-latitude habitats will experience the greatest increases in temperature in an atmosphere high in CO .",...	1	The passage suggests that the hypothesis mentioned in the first paragraph is not entirely accurate because it fails to take into account which one of the following in predicting the effects of increased vegetation on the rate of global warming?
Experts anticipate that global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) will have doubled by the end of the twenty-first century. It is known that CO can contribute to global warming by trapping solar energy that is being reradiated as heat from the Earth's surface. However, some research has suggested that e...	200012_2-RC_3_17	[ "It presents research that may undermine a hypothesis presented in the first paragraph.", "It presents solutions for a problem discussed in the first and second paragraphs.", "It provides an additional explanation for a phenomenon described in the first paragraph.", "It provides experimental data in support o...	0	Which one of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage?
Experts anticipate that global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) will have doubled by the end of the twenty-first century. It is known that CO can contribute to global warming by trapping solar energy that is being reradiated as heat from the Earth's surface. However, some research has suggested that e...	200012_2-RC_3_18	[ "They will not increase the growth rates of most species of plants.", "They will inhibit the growth of most crops, thus causing substantial decreases in agricultural yields.", "They are unlikely to increase the growth rates of plants with lower photosynthetic efficiencies.", "They will increase the growth rat...	3	The passage suggests that Patterson and Flint would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about increased levels of CO in the Earth's atmosphere?
Experts anticipate that global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) will have doubled by the end of the twenty-first century. It is known that CO can contribute to global warming by trapping solar energy that is being reradiated as heat from the Earth's surface. However, some research has suggested that e...	200012_2-RC_3_19	[ "The conclusions are correct in suggesting that increased levels of CO will increase the photosynthetic rates of certain plants.", "The conclusions are correct in suggesting that increased levels of CO will guarantee abundances of certain important crops.", "The conclusions are correct in suggesting that increa...	0	The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the conclusions drawn on the basis of the research on plant growth mentioned in the first paragraph of the passage?
Experts anticipate that global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) will have doubled by the end of the twenty-first century. It is known that CO can contribute to global warming by trapping solar energy that is being reradiated as heat from the Earth's surface. However, some research has suggested that e...	200012_2-RC_3_20	[ "More of it would decompose if temperatures rose four degrees Celsius.", "It could help absorb CO from the atmosphere if temperatures rose four degrees Celsius.", "It will not decompose unless temperatures rise four degrees Celsius.", "It decomposes more quickly than peat found in regions at lower latitudes."...	0	The passage supports which one of the following statements about peat in wet tundra grasslands?
Experts anticipate that global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) will have doubled by the end of the twenty-first century. It is known that CO can contribute to global warming by trapping solar energy that is being reradiated as heat from the Earth's surface. However, some research has suggested that e...	200012_2-RC_3_21	[ "The roots of a certain tree species grow more rapidly when the amount of CO in the atmosphere increases, thus permitting the trees to expand into habitats formerly dominated by grasses with high photosynthetic efficiencies.", "When grown in an atmosphere high in CO , certain weeds with low photosynthetic efficie...	2	Which one of the following, if true, is LEAST consistent with the hypothesis mentioned in lines 22–25 of the passage?
Experts anticipate that global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) will have doubled by the end of the twenty-first century. It is known that CO can contribute to global warming by trapping solar energy that is being reradiated as heat from the Earth's surface. However, some research has suggested that e...	200012_2-RC_3_22	[ "Which kind of habitat will experience the greatest temperature increase in an atmosphere high in CO ?", "How much will summer temperatures rise if levels of CO double by the end of the twenty-first century?", "Will enhanced plant growth necessarily decrease the rate of global warming that has been predicted by...	2	According to the passage, Billings' research addresses which one of the following questions?
By the time Bentham turned his interest to the subject, late in the eighteenth century, most components of modern evidence law had been assembled. Among common-law doctrines regarding evidence there were, however, principles that today are regarded as bizarre; thus, a well-established (but now abandoned) rule forbade t...	200012_2-RC_4_23	[ "Bentham questioned the expediency of modern rules of legal evidence.", "Bentham's proposed reform of rules of evidence was imperfect but beneficial.", "Bentham's nonexclusion principle should be reexamined in the light of subsequent developments.", "Rules of legal evidence inevitably entail imperfect mediati...	1	Which one of the following is the main idea of the passage?
By the time Bentham turned his interest to the subject, late in the eighteenth century, most components of modern evidence law had been assembled. Among common-law doctrines regarding evidence there were, however, principles that today are regarded as bizarre; thus, a well-established (but now abandoned) rule forbade t...	200012_2-RC_4_24	[ "sympathetic", "critical", "respectful", "scornful", "ambivalent" ]	1	The author's attitude toward eighteenth-century lawyers can best be described as
By the time Bentham turned his interest to the subject, late in the eighteenth century, most components of modern evidence law had been assembled. Among common-law doctrines regarding evidence there were, however, principles that today are regarded as bizarre; thus, a well-established (but now abandoned) rule forbade t...	200012_2-RC_4_25	[ "suggest a situation in which application of the nonexclusion principle may be questionable", "cite an example of objections that were raised to Bentham's proposed reform", "illustrate the conflict between competing social interests", "demonstrate the difference between social interests and social values", ...	0	The author mentions "conversations between social workers and their clients" (lines 49–50) most probably in order to
By the time Bentham turned his interest to the subject, late in the eighteenth century, most components of modern evidence law had been assembled. Among common-law doctrines regarding evidence there were, however, principles that today are regarded as bizarre; thus, a well-established (but now abandoned) rule forbade t...	200012_2-RC_4_26	[ "Common-law rules of evidence have been replaced by modern principles.", "Modern evidence law is less rigid than was eighteenth-century evidence law.", "Some current laws regarding evidence do not derive from common-law doctrines.", "The late eighteenth century marked the beginning of evidence law.", "Prior...	1	Which one of the following statements concerning the history of the law of evidence is supported by information in the passage?
By the time Bentham turned his interest to the subject, late in the eighteenth century, most components of modern evidence law had been assembled. Among common-law doctrines regarding evidence there were, however, principles that today are regarded as bizarre; thus, a well-established (but now abandoned) rule forbade t...	200012_2-RC_4_27	[ "suggesting the advantages and limitations of a legal reform", "summarizing certain deficiencies of an outmoded legal system", "justifying the apparent inadequacies of current evidence law", "detailing objections to the nonexclusion principle", "advocating reexamination of a proposal that has been dismissed...	0	The passage is primarily concerned with which one of the following?
By the time Bentham turned his interest to the subject, late in the eighteenth century, most components of modern evidence law had been assembled. Among common-law doctrines regarding evidence there were, however, principles that today are regarded as bizarre; thus, a well-established (but now abandoned) rule forbade t...	200012_2-RC_4_28	[ "uncritical acceptance of legal conventions", "failure to weigh the advantages of legal reform", "exclusion of sacramental confessions", "refusal to allow the jury to hear and assess relevant testimony", "rejection of exceptions to Bentham's nonexclusion principle" ]	3	According to the fourth paragraph of the passage, what specifically does Bentham characterize as preference of ignorance to knowledge?
Most authoritarian rulers who undertake democratic reforms do so not out of any intrinsic commitment or conversion to democratic ideals, but rather because they foresee or recognize that certain changes and mobilizations in civil society make it impossible for them to hold on indefinitely to absolute power. Three major...	200106_1-RC_1_1	[ "Authoritarian rulers tend to undertake democratic reforms only after it becomes clear that the nation's economic and social power bases will slow economic growth and disrupt social order until such reforms are instituted.", "Authoritarian regimes tend to ensure their own destruction by allowing opposition groups...	4	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Most authoritarian rulers who undertake democratic reforms do so not out of any intrinsic commitment or conversion to democratic ideals, but rather because they foresee or recognize that certain changes and mobilizations in civil society make it impossible for them to hold on indefinitely to absolute power. Three major...	200106_1-RC_1_2	[ "uncertainty whether the changes in authoritarian regimes represent genuine progress or merely superficial changes", "puzzlement about the motives of authoritarian rulers given their tendency to bring about their own demise", "confidence that most authoritarian regimes will eventually be replaced by a more demo...	2	The author's attitude toward authoritarian regimes is most accurately described as which one of the following?
Most authoritarian rulers who undertake democratic reforms do so not out of any intrinsic commitment or conversion to democratic ideals, but rather because they foresee or recognize that certain changes and mobilizations in civil society make it impossible for them to hold on indefinitely to absolute power. Three major...	200106_1-RC_1_3	[ "\"Avenues for Change: The Case for Dissent in Authoritarian Regimes\"", "\"Human Rights Abuses under Authoritarian Regimes: A Case Study\"", "\"Democratic Coalitions under Authoritarian Regimes: Strategies and Solutions\"", "\"Why Authoritarian Regimes Compromise: An Examination of Societal Forces\"", "\"G...	3	Which one of the following titles most completely summarizes the content of the passage?
Most authoritarian rulers who undertake democratic reforms do so not out of any intrinsic commitment or conversion to democratic ideals, but rather because they foresee or recognize that certain changes and mobilizations in civil society make it impossible for them to hold on indefinitely to absolute power. Three major...	200106_1-RC_1_4	[ "A political phenomenon is linked to a general set of causes; this set is divided into categories and the relative importance of each category is assessed; the possibility of alternate causes is considered and rejected.", "A political phenomenon is linked to a general set of causes; this set is divided into categ...	1	Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
Most authoritarian rulers who undertake democratic reforms do so not out of any intrinsic commitment or conversion to democratic ideals, but rather because they foresee or recognize that certain changes and mobilizations in civil society make it impossible for them to hold on indefinitely to absolute power. Three major...	200106_1-RC_1_5	[ "many authoritarian rulers would eventually institute democratic reform even if not pressured to do so", "citizen dissatisfaction in authoritarian regimes is highest when authoritarian rule is first imposed", "popular support for authoritarian regimes is lowest when economic conditions are weak", "absolute po...	3	It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that
Most authoritarian rulers who undertake democratic reforms do so not out of any intrinsic commitment or conversion to democratic ideals, but rather because they foresee or recognize that certain changes and mobilizations in civil society make it impossible for them to hold on indefinitely to absolute power. Three major...	200106_1-RC_1_6	[ "Rulers should act in ways that allow occasional curbs on their power if the health of the nation requires it.", "Rulers should act in ways that offer the greatest amount of personal freedoms to citizens.", "Rulers should act in ways that speed the transition from authoritarian rule to democracy.", "Rulers sh...	4	Given the information in the passage, authoritarian rulers who institute democratic reforms decide to do so on the basis of which one of the following principles?
The term "blues" is conventionally used to refer to a state of sadness or melancholy, but to conclude from this that the musical genre of the same name is merely an expression of unrelieved sorrow is to miss its deeper meaning. Despite its frequent focus on such themes as suffering and self-pity, and despite the censur...	200106_1-RC_2_7	[ "The emphasis on spiritual transcendence takes the blues out of the realm of folk art and into the realm of organized religion.", "Little of the transcendent aspect of the blues is retained in its more modern, electronically amplified, urban forms.", "Other forms of African American folk art rely heavily on use...	4	Based on the passage, with which one of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?
The term "blues" is conventionally used to refer to a state of sadness or melancholy, but to conclude from this that the musical genre of the same name is merely an expression of unrelieved sorrow is to miss its deeper meaning. Despite its frequent focus on such themes as suffering and self-pity, and despite the censur...	200106_1-RC_2_8	[ "expressions of sorrow or longing", "a striving to bring about a kind of spiritual transformation", "a possible link to ancestral West African cultures", "the goal of producing exalted emotions", "the use of traditional religious terminology in their lyrics" ]	4	Each of the following is indicated by the passage as a shared aspect of the blues and spirituals EXCEPT:
The term "blues" is conventionally used to refer to a state of sadness or melancholy, but to conclude from this that the musical genre of the same name is merely an expression of unrelieved sorrow is to miss its deeper meaning. Despite its frequent focus on such themes as suffering and self-pity, and despite the censur...	200106_1-RC_2_9	[ "a set of experiences that members of differing cultures frequently undergo and that similarly affects the music of those cultures", "set of ordinary experiences that underlies the development of all musical forms", "a set of experiences that contributed to the development of both the blues and spirituals", "...	2	Which one of the following most accurately expresses what the author intends "a common reservoir of experience" (line 18) to refer to?
The term "blues" is conventionally used to refer to a state of sadness or melancholy, but to conclude from this that the musical genre of the same name is merely an expression of unrelieved sorrow is to miss its deeper meaning. Despite its frequent focus on such themes as suffering and self-pity, and despite the censur...	200106_1-RC_2_10	[ "uncover the shared origin of both the blues and spirituals", "examine the process by which ecstasy is produced", "identify the musical precursors of the blues", "explore the sacred and secular strains of the blues", "trace the early development of African American folk tradition" ]	0	The primary purpose of the second paragraph is to
The term "blues" is conventionally used to refer to a state of sadness or melancholy, but to conclude from this that the musical genre of the same name is merely an expression of unrelieved sorrow is to miss its deeper meaning. Despite its frequent focus on such themes as suffering and self-pity, and despite the censur...	200106_1-RC_2_11	[ "distinguish the standard from the nonstandard, and thus incorrect, use of a word", "specify a particular sense of a word that the author intends the word to convey", "point out a word that incorrectly characterizes experiences arising from blues performance", "identify a way in which religious participation ...	1	The reference to "standing out from oneself" in line 39 primarily serves to
The term "blues" is conventionally used to refer to a state of sadness or melancholy, but to conclude from this that the musical genre of the same name is merely an expression of unrelieved sorrow is to miss its deeper meaning. Despite its frequent focus on such themes as suffering and self-pity, and despite the censur...	200106_1-RC_2_12	[ "Two species of cacti, which are largely dissimilar, have very similar flowers; this has been proven to be due to the one's evolution from a third species, whose flowers are nonetheless quite different from theirs.", "Two species of ferns, which are closely similar in most respects, have a subtly different arrang...	4	Which one of the following is most closely analogous to the author's account of the connections among the blues, spirituals, and certain West African religious practices?
In the eighteenth century the French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed that an animal's use or disuse of an organ affected that organ's development in the animal's offspring. Lamarck claimed that the giraffe's long neck, for example, resulted from its ancestors stretching to reach distant leaves. But because...	200106_1-RC_3_13	[ "An organ's use or disuse can affect that organ's development.", "Some but not all genes are inherited horizontally.", "All genes are inherited horizontally.", "Some but not all genes are inherited vertically.", "All genes are inherited vertically." ]	4	The passage suggests that many biologists no longer believe which one of the following?
In the eighteenth century the French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed that an animal's use or disuse of an organ affected that organ's development in the animal's offspring. Lamarck claimed that the giraffe's long neck, for example, resulted from its ancestors stretching to reach distant leaves. But because...	200106_1-RC_3_14	[ "invulnerability to carbon dioxide poisoning", "susceptibility to carbon dioxide poisoning", "lack of cell walls", "presence of cell walls", "possession of certain plasmids" ]	2	According to the passage, which one of the following is an acquired characteristic transmitted by altering the interaction among genes rather than be adding or eliminating a gene?
In the eighteenth century the French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed that an animal's use or disuse of an organ affected that organ's development in the animal's offspring. Lamarck claimed that the giraffe's long neck, for example, resulted from its ancestors stretching to reach distant leaves. But because...	200106_1-RC_3_15	[ "suggest a modification to Lamarck's hypothesis", "demonstrate the correctness of Lamarck's hypothesis", "illustrate the significance of Lamarck's hypothesis", "criticize scientists' rejection of Lamarck's hypothesis", "explain how recent discoveries may support Lamarck's hypothesis" ]	4	The primary purpose of the last paragraph it to
In the eighteenth century the French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed that an animal's use or disuse of an organ affected that organ's development in the animal's offspring. Lamarck claimed that the giraffe's long neck, for example, resulted from its ancestors stretching to reach distant leaves. But because...	200106_1-RC_3_16	[ "Deer have antlers because antlers make deer more likely to survive and reproduce.", "Anteaters developed long snouts because the anteater stretches its snout in order to reach ants hidden well below ground.", "Potatoes produced from synthetic genes tend to be more resistant to disease than are potatoes produce...	1	Which one of the following, if true, offers the most support for Lamarck's hypothesis?
In the eighteenth century the French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed that an animal's use or disuse of an organ affected that organ's development in the animal's offspring. Lamarck claimed that the giraffe's long neck, for example, resulted from its ancestors stretching to reach distant leaves. But because...	200106_1-RC_3_17	[ "may affect the speed at which photosynthesis occurs", "may help to explain the process of natural selection", "may occur without affecting the composition of genes", "may influence the rate at which evolution progresses", "may be changed or stopped under experimental conditions" ]	3	According to the passage, the inheritance of acquired characteristics is particularly significant because this phenomenon
In the eighteenth century the French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed that an animal's use or disuse of an organ affected that organ's development in the animal's offspring. Lamarck claimed that the giraffe's long neck, for example, resulted from its ancestors stretching to reach distant leaves. But because...	200106_1-RC_3_18	[ "It can be reversed by introducing the appropriate gene.", "It can be brought about by a virally introduced gene.", "It can be caused by the loss of a cell wall in a single bacterium.", "It can be halted, but not reversed, by restoring cell walls to a group of bacteria.", "It can be transmitted horizontally...	2	Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage about the absence of cell walls in some bacteria?
When women are persecuted on account of their gender, they are likely to be eligible for asylum. Persecution is the linchpin of the definition of a refugee set out in the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In this document, a refugee is defined as any person facing persecution "for reasons of...	200106_1-RC_4_19	[ "Both documents are likely to exert a strong influence on improving the status of women in countries that are members of the United Nations.", "Both documents explicitly support granting refugee status to women fleeing gender-based persecution.", "Both documents recommend using the social-group category to clas...	3	According to the passage, which one of the following is true about both the United Nations Convention and the UNHCR Handbook?
When women are persecuted on account of their gender, they are likely to be eligible for asylum. Persecution is the linchpin of the definition of a refugee set out in the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In this document, a refugee is defined as any person facing persecution "for reasons of...	200106_1-RC_4_20	[ "They wanted to ensure that the United Nations would be consulted as new reasons for seeking refugee status arose.", "They followed the precedent set by the International Refugee Organization concerning the status of refugees seeking asylum from gender-based persecution.", "They recognized that it would be diff...	2	The passage suggests that which one of the following is true about the drafters of the United Nations Convention?
When women are persecuted on account of their gender, they are likely to be eligible for asylum. Persecution is the linchpin of the definition of a refugee set out in the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In this document, a refugee is defined as any person facing persecution "for reasons of...	200106_1-RC_4_21	[ "a woman who is unable to earn enough money to support her family because she comes from a poor country", "a woman who has limited opportunities to improve her socioeconomic status because of racial discrimination in her country", "a woman who is unable to obtain an education because she is a member of a partic...	3	Which one of the following asylum-seekers would be most likely to qualify for refugee status under the social-group category as it is described in the passage?
When women are persecuted on account of their gender, they are likely to be eligible for asylum. Persecution is the linchpin of the definition of a refugee set out in the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In this document, a refugee is defined as any person facing persecution "for reasons of...	200106_1-RC_4_22	[ "specific but flexible", "obscure but substantive", "exhaustive and impartial", "general and adaptable", "comprehensive and exemplary" ]	3	The author describes the definition of social group in the UNHCR Handbook as
When women are persecuted on account of their gender, they are likely to be eligible for asylum. Persecution is the linchpin of the definition of a refugee set out in the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In this document, a refugee is defined as any person facing persecution "for reasons of...	200106_1-RC_4_23	[ "It failed to include some asylum-seekers who should have been considered eligible for refugee status.", "It provided a strong basis to support the claim that women seeking asylum from gender-based persecution should be eligible for asylum.", "It reflected an awareness that some groups of refugees seeking asylu...	0	The author of the passage would most likely agree with which one of the following statements about the definition of a refugee in the constitution of the International Refugee Organization?
When women are persecuted on account of their gender, they are likely to be eligible for asylum. Persecution is the linchpin of the definition of a refugee set out in the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In this document, a refugee is defined as any person facing persecution "for reasons of...	200106_1-RC_4_24	[ "international acceptance of the definition was dependent on reaching consensus about what constituted persecution", "international concern about the number of people fleeing persecution was the primary force behind the creation of the definition", "persecution is a controversial term and it was difficult to re...	4	The author describes persecution as the "linchpin of the definition of a refugee" (line 3) in order to indicate that
When women are persecuted on account of their gender, they are likely to be eligible for asylum. Persecution is the linchpin of the definition of a refugee set out in the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In this document, a refugee is defined as any person facing persecution "for reasons of...	200106_1-RC_4_25	[ "The terms and definitions in the United Nations documents are frequently interpreted more narrowly than are similar terms and definitions in many national asylum laws.", "Many of the specific terms and definitions in the United Nations documents represent a compilation of terms and definitions that were first us...	2	The passage suggests that which one of the following is most likely to be true of the relationship between UNHCR documents concerning refugees and many nations' asylum laws?
When women are persecuted on account of their gender, they are likely to be eligible for asylum. Persecution is the linchpin of the definition of a refugee set out in the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In this document, a refugee is defined as any person facing persecution "for reasons of...	200106_1-RC_4_26	[ "trace the development of the definition of an important term", "interpret the historical circumstances leading to the development of two documents", "resolve two apparently contradictory interpretations of a legal document", "suggest an alternative solution to a much-disputed problem", "argue against the c...	0	The primary purpose of the passage is to
Of the more than one thousand people who published memoirs of the French Revolution of 1789, about eighty were women. And of these eighty women memoirists, two thirds were members of the upper class, a proportion that might be attributed solely to privilege—at the time of the Revolution, only half of all French citizen...	200110_2-RC_1_1	[ "Despite the attempts of some historians to discredit them on factual or subjective grounds, women's memoirs of the French Revolution reflect French society's intolerance toward women's involvement in the political sphere.", "Even though studies have yet to draw any definitive conclusions about their factual accu...	2	Which one of the following most completely and accurately states the main idea of the passage?
Of the more than one thousand people who published memoirs of the French Revolution of 1789, about eighty were women. And of these eighty women memoirists, two thirds were members of the upper class, a proportion that might be attributed solely to privilege—at the time of the Revolution, only half of all French citizen...	200110_2-RC_1_2	[ "They depict women who conformed to socially prescribed roles.", "They depict women who participated in the Revolution.", "They were suppressed by political sanctions.", "They were written by members of the upper class.", "They were written by members of the lower class." ]	3	Based on the passage, which one of the following can most reasonably be inferred about the majority of the published memoirs of the French Revolution that were written by men?
Of the more than one thousand people who published memoirs of the French Revolution of 1789, about eighty were women. And of these eighty women memoirists, two thirds were members of the upper class, a proportion that might be attributed solely to privilege—at the time of the Revolution, only half of all French citizen...	200110_2-RC_1_3	[ "demonstrate that women's roles during the Revolution were partially determined by their social statuses", "explain why so few women published their accounts of the events of the Revolution", "support the claim that political partisanship inevitably biases recollections", "provide an example of the activism o...	3	The passage's reference to Madame de La Villirouët is most likely intended to
Of the more than one thousand people who published memoirs of the French Revolution of 1789, about eighty were women. And of these eighty women memoirists, two thirds were members of the upper class, a proportion that might be attributed solely to privilege—at the time of the Revolution, only half of all French citizen...	200110_2-RC_1_4	[ "royalists could publish their accounts without risking persecution", "royalists felt a greater urgency to relate their version of events", "royalists were able to afford the prohibitive expense of publication", "republicans had little desire to leave written accounts of their actions", "republicans typical...	0	According to the passage, more of the published women's memoirs of the French Revolution were written by royalists than by republicans because
Of the more than one thousand people who published memoirs of the French Revolution of 1789, about eighty were women. And of these eighty women memoirists, two thirds were members of the upper class, a proportion that might be attributed solely to privilege—at the time of the Revolution, only half of all French citizen...	200110_2-RC_1_5	[ "Royalist memoirs of the French Revolution are more factually reliable than are republican memoirs of the same period.", "Republican memoirs of the French Revolution are less distorted by partisan biases than are royalist memoirs of the same period.", "Many memoirs of the French Revolution published during the ...	2	Based on the passage, which one of the following views can most reasonably be attributed to the historians mentioned in line 17?
Of the more than one thousand people who published memoirs of the French Revolution of 1789, about eighty were women. And of these eighty women memoirists, two thirds were members of the upper class, a proportion that might be attributed solely to privilege—at the time of the Revolution, only half of all French citizen...	200110_2-RC_1_6	[ "The depiction should appear consistent with the author's personality.", "The depiction should contain demonstrable factual accuracies.", "The depiction should have been verified shortly after being written.", "The depiction should not be part of a partisan account.", "The depiction should preserve a partic...	0	Based on the passage, which one of the following most accurately states a criterion that the scholars referred to in line 22 use to judge the credibility of a memoir's depiction of events known only to its author?
The paintings of Roman Bearden (1914–1988) represent a double triumph. At the same time that Bearden's work reflects a lifelong commitment to perfecting the innovative painting techniques he pioneered, it also reveals an artist engaged in a search for ways to explore the varieties of African-American experience. By pre...	200110_2-RC_2_7	[ "Bearden was unique among chroniclers of the Great Depression in that his work depicted not just human suffering but also the happier moments that other artists tended to overlook.", "By combining a dedication of the perfection of his craft with a desire to portray African-American life in all its complexity, Bea...	1	Which one of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
The paintings of Roman Bearden (1914–1988) represent a double triumph. At the same time that Bearden's work reflects a lifelong commitment to perfecting the innovative painting techniques he pioneered, it also reveals an artist engaged in a search for ways to explore the varieties of African-American experience. By pre...	200110_2-RC_2_8	[ "a commitment to calling attention to human suffering", "a desire to instruct painters about how to approach problems of form", "the ability of art to transform ordinary subject matter", "the importance of combining the abstractions of painting with the clarity of photography", "the need to emphasize more p...	2	According to the passage, Bearden's innovative painting techniques illustrate
The paintings of Roman Bearden (1914–1988) represent a double triumph. At the same time that Bearden's work reflects a lifelong commitment to perfecting the innovative painting techniques he pioneered, it also reveals an artist engaged in a search for ways to explore the varieties of African-American experience. By pre...	200110_2-RC_2_9	[ "depicted general scenes of social hardship and group suffering", "portrayed solitary figures in abstract surroundings", "challenged the traditional techniques employed by painters", "emphasized the experiences of African Americans during the Great Depression", "used innovative techniques to suggest the eff...	0	As it is used in the passage, the phrase "protest painting" (line 28) appears to refer to painting that
The paintings of Roman Bearden (1914–1988) represent a double triumph. At the same time that Bearden's work reflects a lifelong commitment to perfecting the innovative painting techniques he pioneered, it also reveals an artist engaged in a search for ways to explore the varieties of African-American experience. By pre...	200110_2-RC_2_10	[ "To better highlight the creative technical elements of a painting an artist should choose prosaic and commonplace subjects.", "Technical elements such as color can be effectively used to convey social or political messages.", "A painter's use of technical innovations should be subservient to conveying social a...	1	Based on the passage, with which one of the following statements would Bearden have been most likely to agree?
The paintings of Roman Bearden (1914–1988) represent a double triumph. At the same time that Bearden's work reflects a lifelong commitment to perfecting the innovative painting techniques he pioneered, it also reveals an artist engaged in a search for ways to explore the varieties of African-American experience. By pre...	200110_2-RC_2_11	[ "involve innovative creative techniques", "reveal instances of individual human suffering", "communicate the sociological platitudes of the period", "depict the richness of African-American life", "cloud the picture of everyday life" ]	3	It can be inferred from the passage that journalistic and photographic records of Depression-era Harlem generally do not
The paintings of Roman Bearden (1914–1988) represent a double triumph. At the same time that Bearden's work reflects a lifelong commitment to perfecting the innovative painting techniques he pioneered, it also reveals an artist engaged in a search for ways to explore the varieties of African-American experience. By pre...	200110_2-RC_2_12	[ "What led Bearden to choose painting as his primary means of artistic expression?", "What are some of Bearden's most significant contributions to art?", "What aspects of life during the Great Depression did Bearden depict?", "What specific artistic techniques lent power to Bearden's paintings of individual su...	0	The passage gives information that helps answer all of the following questions EXCEPT:
The paintings of Roman Bearden (1914–1988) represent a double triumph. At the same time that Bearden's work reflects a lifelong commitment to perfecting the innovative painting techniques he pioneered, it also reveals an artist engaged in a search for ways to explore the varieties of African-American experience. By pre...	200110_2-RC_2_13	[ "serve as particular examples of human hardship", "suggest circumstances outside the explicit subject of the paintings", "function as aspects of an artistic composition", "symbolize emotions or psychological stages", "inhabit abstract but recognizable physical settings" ]	3	According to the passage, human figures in Bearden's paintings do all of the following EXCEPT:
The paintings of Roman Bearden (1914–1988) represent a double triumph. At the same time that Bearden's work reflects a lifelong commitment to perfecting the innovative painting techniques he pioneered, it also reveals an artist engaged in a search for ways to explore the varieties of African-American experience. By pre...	200110_2-RC_2_14	[ "admiration for how they aided Bearden in communicating his rich vision of African-American life", "appreciation for how they transform complex social realities into simple and direct social critiques", "respect for how they are rooted in the rhythms and textures of African-American experience", "concern that...	0	The passage suggests that the author's attitude toward Bearden's innovative painting techniques is one of
Philosophers of science have long been uneasy with biology, preferring instead to focus on physics. At the heart of this preference is a mistrust of uncertainty. Science is supposed to be the study of what is true everywhere and for all times, and the phenomena of science are supposed to be repeatable, arising from uni...	200110_2-RC_3_15	[ "Just as philosophers of science have traditionally been reluctant to deal with scientific phenomena that are not capable of being explained by known physical laws, biologists have tended to shy away from confronting philosophical questions.", "While science is often considered to be concerned with universal laws...	1	Which one of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
Philosophers of science have long been uneasy with biology, preferring instead to focus on physics. At the heart of this preference is a mistrust of uncertainty. Science is supposed to be the study of what is true everywhere and for all times, and the phenomena of science are supposed to be repeatable, arising from uni...	200110_2-RC_3_16	[ "identify one of the driving forces of biological history", "illustrate one context in which the concept of uncertainty has been applied", "highlight the chief cause of controversy among various schools of biological thought", "provide an example of the type of approach employed by determinist biologists", ...	3	The reference to the formulation of the notion of a universal "struggle for existence" (line 21) serves primarily to
Philosophers of science have long been uneasy with biology, preferring instead to focus on physics. At the heart of this preference is a mistrust of uncertainty. Science is supposed to be the study of what is true everywhere and for all times, and the phenomena of science are supposed to be repeatable, arising from uni...	200110_2-RC_3_17	[ "The appearance of a species is the result of a combination of biological necessity and historical chance.", "The rate at which physiological characteristics of a species change fluctuates from generation to generation.", "The causes of a given evolutionary phenomenon can never be understood by biological scien...	4	Which one of the following statements about biology is most consistent with the view held by determinist biologists, as that view is presented in the passage?
Philosophers of science have long been uneasy with biology, preferring instead to focus on physics. At the heart of this preference is a mistrust of uncertainty. Science is supposed to be the study of what is true everywhere and for all times, and the phenomena of science are supposed to be repeatable, arising from uni...	200110_2-RC_3_18	[ "analogous to the laws of history", "difficult to apply because of their uncertainty", "applicable to possible as well as actual situations", "interesting because of their particularity", "illustrative of the problem of historical contingency" ]	2	It can be inferred from the passage that philosophers of science view the laws of physics as
Philosophers of science have long been uneasy with biology, preferring instead to focus on physics. At the heart of this preference is a mistrust of uncertainty. Science is supposed to be the study of what is true everywhere and for all times, and the phenomena of science are supposed to be repeatable, arising from uni...	200110_2-RC_3_19	[ "the methods of physicists are more easily understood by nonscientists", "physicists have been accorded more respect by their fellow scientists than have biologists", "biology can only be considered a true science if universal laws can be constructed to explain its phenomena", "the specific laws that have hel...	2	It can be inferred from the passage that determinist biologists have tried to emulate physicists because these biologists believe that
Philosophers of science have long been uneasy with biology, preferring instead to focus on physics. At the heart of this preference is a mistrust of uncertainty. Science is supposed to be the study of what is true everywhere and for all times, and the phenomena of science are supposed to be repeatable, arising from uni...	200110_2-RC_3_20	[ "belief that biological laws are more difficult to discover than physical laws", "popular attention given to recent discoveries in physics as opposed to those in biology", "bias shown toward the physical sciences in the research programs of many scientific institutions", "teaching experiences of most philosop...	4	The passage suggests that the preference of many philosophers of science for the field of physics depends primarily upon the
Ronald Dworkin argues that judges are in danger of uncritically embracing an erroneous theory known as legal positivism because they think that the only alternative is a theory that they (and Dworkin) see as clearly unacceptable—natural law. The latter theory holds that judges ought to interpret the law by consulting t...	200110_2-RC_4_21	[ "Dworkin regards natural law theory as a middle ground between legal positivism and judicial activism.", "Dworkin holds that judicial interpretations should not be based solely on identifying a consensus or solely on moral intuition, but should be consistent with the reasoning that underlies the law.", "Dworkin...	1	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Ronald Dworkin argues that judges are in danger of uncritically embracing an erroneous theory known as legal positivism because they think that the only alternative is a theory that they (and Dworkin) see as clearly unacceptable—natural law. The latter theory holds that judges ought to interpret the law by consulting t...	200110_2-RC_4_22	[ "to explain why legal positivism is so popular", "to evaluate the theory of legal positivism", "to discuss how judicial consensus is determined", "to identify the basic tenets of legal positivism", "to argue in favor of the theory of legal positivism" ]	3	What is the main purpose of the second paragraph?
Ronald Dworkin argues that judges are in danger of uncritically embracing an erroneous theory known as legal positivism because they think that the only alternative is a theory that they (and Dworkin) see as clearly unacceptable—natural law. The latter theory holds that judges ought to interpret the law by consulting t...	200110_2-RC_4_23	[ "confident endorsement of its central assertions", "caution about its potential for justifying some forms of judicial activism", "modest expectation that some of its claims will be found to be unwarranted", "quiet conviction that its importance derives only from its originality", "enthusiasm that it will re...	0	Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author's attitude toward Dworkin's theory?
Ronald Dworkin argues that judges are in danger of uncritically embracing an erroneous theory known as legal positivism because they think that the only alternative is a theory that they (and Dworkin) see as clearly unacceptable—natural law. The latter theory holds that judges ought to interpret the law by consulting t...	200110_2-RC_4_24	[ "no evaluate previous legal interpretations by judges influenced by legal positivism", "to dispute the notion that social consensus plays any role in legal interpretation", "to provide a theoretical argument against the use of moral intuition in legal interpretation", "to argue that legal decisions must be ba...	4	According to the passage, which one of the following is a goal of Dworkin's theory of legal interpretation?
Ronald Dworkin argues that judges are in danger of uncritically embracing an erroneous theory known as legal positivism because they think that the only alternative is a theory that they (and Dworkin) see as clearly unacceptable—natural law. The latter theory holds that judges ought to interpret the law by consulting t...	200110_2-RC_4_25	[ "Judges and lawyers too often act as though there is a fact of the matter in legal cases.", "Judges should not use their moral intuition when it conflicts with the intentions of those legislators who authored the law being interpreted.", "Legal positivism is a more popular theory than natural law theory because...	4	The passage suggests that Dworkin would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
Ronald Dworkin argues that judges are in danger of uncritically embracing an erroneous theory known as legal positivism because they think that the only alternative is a theory that they (and Dworkin) see as clearly unacceptable—natural law. The latter theory holds that judges ought to interpret the law by consulting t...	200110_2-RC_4_26	[ "Judges sometimes ought to be allowed to use personal moral convictions as a basis for a legal interpretation.", "Disagreements about the meaning of a law are never legitimate.", "The ultimate standard of interpretation is the logic of the law itself, not moral intuition.", "The meaning of a law derives from ...	3	It can be inferred that legal positivists, as described in the passage, agree with which one of the following statements?
Traditionally, members of a community such as a town or neighborhood share a common location and a sense of necessary interdependence that includes, for example, mutual respect and emotional support. But as modern societies grow more technological and sometimes more alienating, people tend to spend less time in the kin...	200112_2-RC_1_1	[ "Because computer conferences attract participants who share common interests and rely on a number of mutually acceptable conventions for communicating with one another, such conferences can substitute effectively for certain interactions that have become rarer within actual communities.", "Since increased partic...	3	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the central idea of the passage?
Traditionally, members of a community such as a town or neighborhood share a common location and a sense of necessary interdependence that includes, for example, mutual respect and emotional support. But as modern societies grow more technological and sometimes more alienating, people tend to spend less time in the kin...	200112_2-RC_1_2	[ "a group of soldiers who serve together in the same battalion and who come from a variety of geographic regions", "a group of university students who belong to the same campus political organization and who come from several different socioeconomic backgrounds", "a group of doctors who work at a number of diffe...	2	Based on the passage, the author would be LEAST likely to consider which one of the following a community?
Traditionally, members of a community such as a town or neighborhood share a common location and a sense of necessary interdependence that includes, for example, mutual respect and emotional support. But as modern societies grow more technological and sometimes more alienating, people tend to spend less time in the kin...	200112_2-RC_1_3	[ "counter the claim that computer conferences may discriminate along educational or economic lines", "introduce the argument that the conventions of computer conferences constitute a form of social etiquette", "counter the claim that computer conferences cannot be thought of as communities", "suggest that not ...	4	The author's statement that "conferences can be both respectful and supportive" (lines 42–43) serves primarily to
Traditionally, members of a community such as a town or neighborhood share a common location and a sense of necessary interdependence that includes, for example, mutual respect and emotional support. But as modern societies grow more technological and sometimes more alienating, people tend to spend less time in the kin...	200112_2-RC_1_4	[ "A group is a community only if its members are mutually respectful and supportive of one another.", "A group is a community only if its members adopt conventions intended to help them respect each other's sensibilities.", "A group is a community only if its members inhabit the same geographic location.", "A ...	4	Given the information in the passage, the author can most reasonably be said to use which one of the following principles to refute the advocates' claim that computer conferences can function as communities (line 15)?
Traditionally, members of a community such as a town or neighborhood share a common location and a sense of necessary interdependence that includes, for example, mutual respect and emotional support. But as modern societies grow more technological and sometimes more alienating, people tend to spend less time in the kin...	200112_2-RC_1_5	[ "to add detail to the discussion in the first paragraph of why computer conferences originated", "to give evidence challenging the argument of the advocates discussed in the first paragraph", "to develop the claim of the advocates discussed in the first paragraph", "to introduce an objection that will be answ...	2	What is the primary function of the second paragraph of the passage?

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