url stringlengths 19 199 | title stringlengths 0 173 | institution stringclasses 19 values | author listlengths 0 19 | publish_date stringlengths 0 138 ⌀ | category listlengths 0 42 | state stringclasses 6 values | markdown stringlengths 0 366k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/red-tailed-hawk/ | Forestry & Wildlife | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Deforrest R. Allgood",
"Mark D. Smith"
] | 2018-09-20 | [
"Forestry",
"Wildlife",
"Birds of Prey",
"Alabama"
] | AL | ## Red-Tailed Hawk
*This is an excerpt from Common Birds of Prey of Alabama, ANR - 1386.
Almost anyone who has ever taken a long car ride has probably seen a red-tailed hawk. This species, which is frequently seen perched along telephone lines or in trees, is one of the most common raptors in the United States. Though there are several subspecies, all of them can be identified by the reddish orange tail for which the species is named. Other identifying features include a pale breast and underwings with brown belly bands and primary tips, and a brown head, back, and wings. At an average weight of almost 3 pounds, red-tailed hawks are one of the largest hawk species east of the Mississippi River. Feeding primarily on small mammals, red-tailed hawks are found in all trees near agricultural fields and other openings where prey is abundant.
Read here to learn more about common birds of prey of Alabama (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/bird-watching/common-birds-ofprey-of-alabama/)
Download a PDF of Common Birds of Prey of Alabama,ANR - 1386.. ( https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR1386\_BirdsofPrey\_092120L\_A.pdf)
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Sep 20, 2018
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/lenoir-county | Lenoir County Forestry Impacts | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"James Jeuck",
"Robert Bardon",
"Dennis Hazel",
"Corey Sugerik"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Extension Publications",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | ## Lenoir County Forestry Impacts 2012
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Jan. 1, 2014
Authors
James Jeuck
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
Corey Sugerik
[ ] View/Download PDF
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This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1367 | The Citrus Red Mite (Panonychus citri): A Pest of Citrus Crops | University of Florida | [
"Emilie Demard",
"Jawwad A. Qureshi"
] | 2022-10-19 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | The Citrus Red Mite (Panonychus citri): A Pest of Citrus Crops
Emilie Demard and Jawwad A. Qureshi
This publication describes the biology, damage symptoms, and methods of control for the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri . This species is becoming a pest of concern on citrus grown under protective screen (also called "Cups") and is a commonly observed pest in commercial and dooryard citrus. The target audience includes growers, Extension agents, crop consultants, state and local agencies, and interested gardeners.
## Introduction
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri kuwayama (McGregor) (Figure 1), is a cosmopolitan polyphagous species reported on 113 hosts but mainly found on Citrus spp. (Migeon and Dorkeld 2011; Vacante and Gerson 2012). In Florida, P. citrir is a pest of economic importance in open citrus orchards (Qureshi et al. 2021). The mite is also a major pest in Citrus Under Protective Screen (CUPS), a new undercover production system tested in Florida (Demand 2022; Ferrarzi et al. 2019). Environmental conditions inside CUPS are different from those in open-air systems due to the screen used to exclude the Asian citrus pilusid, Diaphoritia citril , vector of hanging (HILO) or citrus greening disease. The mean temperatures in open-air systems include Cuts inputs are 3°C to 4°F.5°C higher in summer and 1.5°C higher in winter than mean temperatures in open-air systems (Schumann and Waldo 2016). Also, humidity ranges average from 70°C/80% in CUPS; humidity ranges from 70.80% in CUPS while humidity ranges from 60.70% in outdoor systems (Demard 2022). Although the literature states that high temperature and humidity are detrimental to P. citrir , seems that CUPS provides suitable conditions for the pest to develop (Demard 2022).
Credit: Matt Bertone, North Carolina State University
Immatures and adults feed on citrus leaves causing silvery spots called stippling injuries. At high densities, mites feeding on leaves, fruits, and green twigs result in mesophyll collapse, shoot dback, and leaf and fruit drop (Albrigo et al. 1981; Qureshi et al. 2021).
## Distribution
## Figure 2. Worldwide distribution of Panonychus citri (Mc Grego). Map from CABI 2017. Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Credit: https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet?336820tDistributionMaps
## Host Range
Panonychus citri is reported from over 111 species of host plants, including almonds, pears, castor beans, grapes, palms, broadleaf ornamentals, and evergreen shrubs (Zhang 2003; Vacante 2010; Hoy 2011). Also, Panonychus citri is found on a variety of citrus. The mite reaches high populations on lemon and grapefruit followed by orange and tangerine (Childers and Fasulo 1995; Flelescher 1958). Troyer citrirage is more susceptible than other varieties in California (Childers and Fasulo 1995).
## Description
Eggs
Credit: Emilie Demard, UF/IFAS
## Larvae and Nymphs
Larvae have only three pairs of legs while nymphs have four pairs of legs. There are two nymphal stages called the protonymp (second instar) and deteonymph (third instar). Nymphs resemble adults but are smaller (Figure 1). Between each molt, the mite becomes inactive to shed its old cuticle and move into the next stage. This stage is called the chrysalis stage and is associated with the thin white exuvia (molted skin of arthropods). Numerous exuviae can be seen on the underside of the leaf under high infestations as each mite will produce three exuvial years if their lifespan (Figure 1)(Chl ders and Fasulo 1995).
## Adults
Adults are dark red to purplish. Males are smaller and lighter in color compared to females (Figure 4)(Vaccante 2010). Males have a slender and elongated abdomen bearing long legs while females have a rounded abdomen with the frog less shorter than the body. The Aedesugus (the reproductive organ of male arthropods) is sigmoid, with a broad base. The distal ends upward (Figure 5B)(Vaccante 1985).
Females are about 0.4 mm long (Figure 4B)(Vacante 2010) and have 13 pairs of dorsal setae (stiff hairs or bristles found in arthropods) (Figure 5A) arising from strong tubercles (small projections at the base of the setae) (Zhang 2003; Vacante and Gerson 2012). Their tarsi (the "foo" or last segment of a mite leg) have claw-like empodia (lobes between the claws of the tarsi of some arthropods) with three pairs of hairs (Figure SC)(Vaccante and Gerson 2012).
Figure 5. Drawing of Panonychus citri (McGregor). A: Dorsal view of female and setae, B: Acegagus, C: Pretarsus I of female (from Vicenzo Vacante, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria).
Credit: Viezenzo Vacante
In the absence of males, females reproduce through arbrotokous parthenogenesis, which means that virgin females lay unfertilized eggs that will develop into males only. When males are present, sexual reproduction occurs and mated females produce eggs that will develop into both sexes (Vacante 2010).
## Dispersal
Dispersal occurs by wind, and mites float on air streams by holding on to silk threads. The phenomenon is called "ballooning" (Vacante and Gieron 2012). The mite can also be dispersed mechanically by humans during crop maintenance and harvesting activities (Vacante 2010). In a field study, Tashiro (1966) investigated the intra-tree movement of P. citri and noticed that adult females moved preferentially upward from the release point rather than horizontally or downward. Adult female maximum migration was 4 feet in a day, and dispersal increased two to three times around 70ºF (P. citrico 1966).
## Economic importance
Panonychus citri is a serious pest of citrus in California, South Africa, Japan, and around the Mediterranean basin, but it is also commonly found in Florida, South America, and India (Hoyl 2011). The species occurs on leaves, twigs, and fruit. Heavy infestations result in leaf - and fruit drops, twig deback, and low-quality fruit (Vacante 2010; Vacante and Gierson 2012). Yield reduction of 17%-41% in "Tahiti" lime relative to control was observed in Florida among four pesticide treatment programs (Childers and Abou-Setta 1999).
## Damage
## Leaves
Panonychus citri prefers to feed on the upper surface of young and middle-aged leaves, and it is generally located in the exterior canopy (Vacante 2010; Qureshi et al. 2021). All motile stages first orient along the mid-vein, then move to leaf margins when populations increase (Qureshi et al. 2021). Panonychus citri uses its piercing-sucking mouthpart to remove cytoplasm contents from plant cells except for some starch grains (Albrigo and McCoy 1974). This causes grey to yellow areas called stippling spots (Figure 7A), and under high infestations, these lesions merge to give the leaf a silvery appearance (Figure 7B). The loss of the photosynthetic tissues and mesophyll collapse may result in leaf fall.
| Fruits |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Damage to fruit may occur when mite population pressure is high, and mites start to colonize fruit. Immune fruit attacked by mites turn pale, but fruit will eventually color and ripen, while damaged mature fruit contains permanent straw yellow markings (Vacante 2010). The negative effects of mite feeding on the inner quality of the fruit are unknown; however, significant damage can cause fruit drop and yield loss. |
Numerous sampling methods have been studied around the world (Vacante 2010). In Florida, Qureshi at al. (2021) suggested a sampling method that provides 25% or less error margins when the motile densities (i.e., all stages except eggs of P. citri and other spider mites are above two mites per leaf. Four eight mature leaves per tree are examined every week or every two weeks. When examining tree one acre, it is necessary to look at over 10 sample areas within a 10-acre block to achieve accuracy. With five or 10 trees/area, only four or five areas need to be examined. The number of samples declines as the mites density increases. This method also is useful to determine a relationship between the average number of mites on the leaf and the percentage of leaves infested with thin in a 10-acre block. For example, it helped in determining the treatment threshold for processed fruits, which is an average of five motile spider mites per leaf corresponding to an infestation level of 70%-80%. In California, the citrus red mite populations have been monitored by a presence-absence sampling protocol (Jones and Parrella 1984; Zalom et al. 1986).
## Management
## Chemical Control
The recommended chemical control of mites includes the use of abamectin, fenbiloxin oxide, propargite, dilbenzuron, pyridaben, tolfepyradipel, spirodicloride, spiroteretramat, and some sulfur products (Qureshi et al. 2021). To avoid development of resistance, no miticide except petroleum oil should be used more than once a year. In China, P. citri was found to be resistant to abamectin, pyridaben, and dicofol (Meng et al.; Marci'c 2012). In California, resistance to dementon and parathion was demonstrated by Jeppson et al. (1958). Because resistance to spirotetramat and spirodiclosefoen occurred rapidly in china, bioassay methods were established to detect resistant populations of P. citri in San Joaquin Valley in California (Ouyang et al. 2012). However, no report of resistance has been documented yet.
More details can be found in the Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Ch. 10 Rust Mites, Spider Mites, and Other Phytopthogous Mites: https://edis.ifas.ufu.edu/sgp002
## Biological Control
Several predatory insects, mites, and pathogens (bacteria and fungi) have been shown to attack P. citri . Some common and abundant species are listed in Table 1. Multiple literature reviews also provide an exhaustive list of the natural enemies reported for P. citri (Van der Geest et al. 2000; Vacante 2010; Carrillo et al. 2015).
Numerous studies have evaluated the potential of predatory mites from the family PhytoSesideas as biological control agents of the citrus red mite. For instance, in Spain, the predatory mite Euseus stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) is a key natural enemy of P. citrari maintaining the pest population under satisfactory control (Fergaut et al. 1992). This species has been released in California citrus orchards and is produced commercially in Peru for the control of P. citrari (Agureir-Gil et al. 2013). Euseus tularis is a common predator of the citrus red mite in California. Fadmiro et al. (2013) showed that three commercial species of predatory mites, Galedromins occidentalis (Nesbitt), PhytoSesimus persimilis Aitis-Herinot, and Neaseilus californicus (McGregorse) were effective in reducing P. citrari populations in Alabama groves. Typhodromalus pergerinius (Muma) is an abundant phytoscid found in Florida citrus grove and CUPS. While this species can develop and feed on P. citrari , it did not provide good control under field conditions (Fouly et al. 1995, personal observation).
## Cultural Control
Drought-stressed trees develop unhealthy root systems and become susceptible to P. citrari damage (Jepson et al.1975). Indeed, high transpiration results in low leaf moisture leading to leaf drop and twig death. Hence, adequate irrigation may reduce tree susceptibility to mite damage.
## References
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Zhang, Q. Q. 2003. Mitches of Greenhouses: Identification, Biology and Control (CaB International, Wallingford, UK.
Zhou, C. A. J., J. Zou, J. C. Peng, Z. Y. Oyung, L. C. Hu, Z. L. Yang, and X. B. Wang. 1991. "Predation of Major Natural Enemies on Panonychus citri and Its Comprehensive Evaluation in Citrus Orchards in Hunlaban, China." Acta Phytophalica Sinica 18 (3): 225-229.
Release Date:
October 20, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-INl367-2022
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprise*
Contacts: Jawwad Qureshi
About this Publication
This document is ENY-2081, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UIFAS Extension. Original publication date October 2022. Visit the EDIS website at https:/ /eds.ifas.uf.il.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Emilie Demard, PhD student, Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center; and Jawwad A. Qureshi, associate professor, Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
## Related Pages |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasotaco/2024/10/31/suncoast-grown-gathered-october-persimmons/ | Suncoast Grown and Gathered: October Persimmons | University of Florida | [
"Forest Hecker"
] | 2024-10-31 | [
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"Home Landscapes",
"Eating Locally Grown",
"EatingLocallyGrown",
"FFL",
"garden",
"Grown and Gathered",
"GrownAndGathered",
"horticulture",
"landscape",
"Landscaping",
"Pgm_HortRes"
] | FL | ## Suncoast Grown and Gathered: October Persimmons
At the Sarasota County UF/IFAS Extension Office, we've been cultivating a Food Forest to showcase the most productive, unique, and often underutilized fruits suited to our distinctive southwest Florida climate. Through this project, we aim to inspire and educate our community by offering a firsthand look at these remarkable trees and shrubs, allowing visitors to sample flavors before purchasing, and providing opportunities to gather seeds and cuttings.
To deepen community engagement, we're launching a monthly blog series that will highlight the best edible plants to harvest each month. While some trees are still maturing and may take a few years to reach full production, we invite you to visit anytime and enjoy the fruits that are ready now. Come experience the abundance and potential of local, sustainable gardening that can be added into your landscape. Nothing will be fresher or more fulfilling than something you grow and pick yourself!
## Autumn's Perfect Fruit
## for Florida Gardens
October in Florida brings one of the season's most delightful-and underrated-fruits: persimmons. Depending on the species, these fruits can bring joy for both native plant enthusiasts and fruit lovers, persimmons offer a unique range of flavors, and there's something special for everyone, whether you're drawn to the American Persimmon ( Diospyros virginiana ), a Florida native, or its Florid -Friendly cousin, the Asian Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki ). With their vibrant orange, pumpkin-like fruits dotting the branches, persimmon trees bring a distinctly autumn aesthetic to Florida landscapes that peak in October.
## Asian Persimmon ( Diosypros kaki ): Bountiful Harvest's
Originally from Asia, the Kaki persimmon (Diosypros kaki) has become a popular choice for Florida gardeners, known for its rich flavor, large fruit, and dependable harvests. With a cultivation history spanning over 2,000 years, a wide range of varieties has emerged, each offering unique flavors, ripening times, and other notable characteristics. Generally more compact than the American persimmon, Asian persimmons grow to a very manageable 10-20 feet, making them ideal for residential landscapes. Many varieties can also be enjoyed while still firm, giving them a satisfying applelike crunch and a mild sweetness.
Asian persimmons come in two main categories: astringent and non-astringent. Astringent varieties, high in tannins, must ripen fully to become soft and intensely sweet, with the green calyx (top) releasing easily when they're ready. In contrast, non-astringent varieties can be eaten while still firm, offering a mildly sweet, crisp flavor that becomes honey-like when fully ripe. This dual nature of Asian persimmons means there's a variety to suit every palate and culinary use.
These trees are well-suited to Florida's subtropical climate, thriving in full sun and well-drained soil. Although non-native, Asian
persimmons are cherished for their high yield and flavorful fruit. At our office, we currently grow the popular non-astringent cultivars 'Fuyu' and 'Suruga', and we look forward to adding astringent types like 'Saijo' or 'Hachiya' in the future to showcase the full range of flavors these trees can offer.
Read more about growing Asian Persimmons here: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MG242
An American Persimmon tree with a ripe, wrinkled fruit. One of the first trees to lose its leaves and one of the last to flush out, these trees can be spooky skeletons for most of the year as they showcase their beautiful fruit.
American Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana): A Native Gem
The American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) is a true native gem, naturally thriving in Florida's wild landscapes. This adaptable tree is commonly found along the edges of wetlands and in disturbed sites, where it enjoys moist yet well-drained soils. Once established, it can also tolerate drier conditions. Typically, American persimmons reach 20-60 feet tall and put on a vibrant display of fall foliage in areas where leaf-spot disease is minimal; however, in Florida, they often remain closer to 20 feet in height. By October,
their small, bright-orange fruits ripen, adorning the branches like clusters of jewels. At our office we have planted one native Persimmon but have plants to plant more to benefit our abundant local wildlife at Twin Lakes Park.
Unlike the Asian persimmon, all cultivars of the American persimmon are astringent and best enjoyed when fully ripe, developing a wrinkled look, soft texture and a deep, honey-like sweetness. One locally-known cultivar, Turkey Lake -originally found near the University of Florida's campus-is popular for its larger and consistently flavorful fruit. This variety and others are great choices for gardeners looking to incorporate native plants that yield delicious, dependable harvests.
In addition to being drought-tolerant once established, the American persimmon is prized for its resilience and sturdy wood, which holds up well in Florida's landscapes. For those interested in supporting local wildlife, this tree is invaluable: it attracts an array of animals, from birds to raccoons, with its prolific fruit production. It's also an excellent host plant for native moths, including the spectacular Luna moth, whose caterpillars rely on its leaves as a food source. The American persimmon brings both ecological benefits and Foodscaping beauty to American gardens. One consideration to take into account though, this species is diocous, meaning you need a male and female tree to set fruit. So, plant a few to get a reliable harvest.
Read more about growing American Persimmons here: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST231
## Persimmons: Florida's October Harvest Star
Whether you're looking to enjoy a bountiful harvest, attract local wildlife, add a native touch, or enjoy a sweet, autumnal harvest, persimmons are the ideal October fruit in Florida. They can bring a splash of color to landscapes, provide food for wildlife, and offer a unique seasonal flavor perfect for fall recipes. Plus, their relatively low maintenance makes them a rewarding choice for gardeners of all experience levels.
This October, consider adding an American or Asian persimmon to your garden. With their distinct flavors and ornamental appeal, they're sure to make October in Florida a little sweeter-and a lot more colorful!
https://edis.ifas.uf.edu/publication/MG242
- · UF/IFAS on American Persimmon in Florida's Landscapes: https://edis.ifas.uf.edu/publication/ST231
- · Florida Native Plant Society on American Persimmon: https://www.fnps.org/plant/diopsyros-virginiana
- · "The out-of-favor native persimmon tree has a rich history in Florida" - Tallahassee Democrat:
- https://www.tallahasssee.com/story/life/homegarden/2022/06/09/native-persimmon-tree-has-rich-historyflorida-and-south/7567492001/
- · "Petite, Attractive and Delicious: the [Asian] Persimmon in South Florida" - Miami Herald: https://fairchildgarden.org/visit/petite-attractive-anddeliicous-the-persimmon-in-south-florida/
- · UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions on Asian Persimmon: https://gardeningsolutions.ifs.ufl.edu/plants/edibles/fruits/jap anese-persimmon/
- · Information on "Turkey Lake" native Persimmon: https://flordafruitgeek.com/2019/11/28/the-turkey-lakeamerican-persimmon-free-fruits-scionwood-are-available-gainesville/
Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process During the preparation of this work, the author used ChatGPT to help build the blog post. After using this tool/service, the author reviewed and edited the content, and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.
## 8
by Forest Hecker
Posted: October 31, 2024
Category: Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Fruits & Vegetables, Home Landscapes
Tags: Eating Locally Grown, EatingLocallyGrown, FFL, Florida-
Friendly Landscaping, Garden, Grown And Gathered,
GrownAndGathered, Horticulture, Landscape, Landscaping,
Pgm\_HortRes
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- The Wonderful World Of...Jackfruit
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/beef-cattle/feed-lot-for-back-grounding-beef-cattle-0 | Feed Lot for Back Grounding Beef Cattle | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Beef Cattle"
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Feed Lot for Back Grounding Beef Cattle
## Feed Lot for Back GLYPH(cmap:df00)rounding Beef Cattle
BEEF CATTLE
Publication Number: 6167-B
Filed Under: Agriculture
View as PDF: 6167-B.pdf
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/happyhealthy-newsletter-lettuce | HappyHealthy Newsletter: Lettuce | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Lettuce
## HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Lettuce
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under: Nutrition
Publication Number: P3610
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
View as PDF: P3610.pdf
Did you know that lettuce was one of the first vegetables brought to the Americas by Christopher Columbus? There are five types of lettuce: leaf (loose-leaf lettuce), romaine (cos), crisphead (iceberg), butterhead, and stem. Most lettuce are green, and some have red tips. Lettuce has vitamin A to keep our eyes working and our bodies healthy. The vitamin K in lettuce helps our bodies heal.
## Select
Plant your lettuce in the early spring or late summer. Lettuce plants do not like Mississippi's hot summer heat!
- Pick the crisp, green leaves when they are big enough to eat.
- When you shop for lettuce in the grocery store:
- o Choose crisp, firm lettuce with a deep green color.
- Avoid lettuce that is wilted, moldy, or rotten.
## Store
- Wrap fresh, unwashed leaves in plastic wrap and store in the refrigerator for up to a week.
- Apples, pears, and bananas can cause brown spots on lettuce stored next to these fruits.
- If your lettuce has wilted, put the leaves in a bowl of cold water with ice cubes and soak for about 15 minutes.
- Clean, dried, and torn lettuce can be kept in the refrigerator for up to 2 hours before eating.
## Prepare
- Rinse lettuce in very cold water just before serving.
- Pat dry with a towel.
- Tear into bite-size pieces.
- Using a knife to cut lettuce can cause the edges to turn brown and lose some of their vitamin C.
- Remember, lettuce is best eaten fresh!
- To learn more about preparing leafy greens, visit HappyHealthy.MS and click on Tips and Videos.
- Prepare Leafy Greens
## Chopped Salad
- 1 head green leaf lettuce (6 to 8 oz)
- 2 medium carrots
- 2 stalks celery
- 1 cup water
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
## * Recipe found at HappyHealthy.MS
- 1. Wash your hands well with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds.
- 2. Wash lettuce, cut off stem end, and remove any wilted or damaged leaves. Pat lettuce leaves dry with paper towels, then chop or tear leaves into bite-size pieces. Add bite-size pieces to a large bowl.
- 3. Wash, peel, and cut carrots into small pieces. Add carrots to bowl.
- 4. Wash celery, cut off rib ends, and cut into small pieces. Add celery to bowl.
- 5. Combine water and lemon juice in a small bowl and set aside.
- 6. Wash, core, and slice apple. Cut into small pieces and add to lemon juice and water mixture.
- 7. Remove radishes from leafy greens. Wash, cut off stem and root sides, and cut into small pieces.
- 8. Drain apple pieces in a colander and add to bowl.
- 9. Place radishes on top of the salad.
- 10. Top each salad serving (about 11/2 cups) with dressing and cheese before serving.
- 11. Refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours.
## Children can help
- In the garden preparing the soil, planting, weeding, and harvesting.
- In the grocery produce section by selecting fruits and vegetables.
- In the kitchen washing, drying, and tearing the leaves.
- Making the salad.
## Children can learn
- Food safety by storing and cleaning lettuce.
- The different ways to prepare lettuce.
## happy healthy
@happy healthyms
## happy healthmys
www.happyhealthy.ms
Publication 3610 (POD-09-21)
By Dottie Kenda, Mississippi State University Extension Service.
This material was funded by USDA's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program - SNAP. This institution is an equal opportunity provider.
Department: Nutrition Education
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/foxworth-census-profile-2010-2020 | Foxworth Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
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"Economic Development",
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PDOException : SQLSTATE[HY000] [2002] No such file or directory in lock\_may\_be\_available() (line 167 of /websites/muscares/content/includes/lock.inc). |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/fapc-food-and-agricultural-products-center/properties-of-palm-oil-a.pdf | FAPC-248 Properties of Palm Oil | Oklahoma State University | [
"Nurhan Turgut Dunford"
] | Error: time data "D:20230203083150-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## EXTENSION
Nurhan Turgut Dunford Extension Specialist for Oilneed Chemistry
## Introduction
Although, the oil palm tree ( Elaeis guineensis ) is native to West Africa, today, Malaysia and Indonesia account for about 90% of the palm oil world trade and about 26% of the global oil production. Oval shaped palm fruits or drupes embedded in spikelets growing on a main stem are referred as to bunches. Each bunch weighs about 20-30 kg and holds 1500-2000 fruits. The fruit kernel or seed is enclosed in pericarp, which is comprised of a hard shell (endocarp), oil bearing tissues (mesocarp) and skin (exocarp). Two distinct types of oil are obtained from palm fruits, palm oil from the mesocarp and palm kernel oil from the seeds. Mature fruits contain about 50% oil based on mesocarp weight.
## Fruit Processing and Oil Extraction
Fresh fruits arrive at the mill from the field as bunches or loose fruits. First, fruit buntes are heat treated or sterilized. The latter process facilitates loosening and easier detachment of the fruits from fresh fruit bunch stalks, inactivates enzymes called lipases that breakdown tinglycrylicerides (TAG) generating Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in the oil (see Fact Sects FAPC-196 Lipid Glossary and FAPC-197 Edible Oil Quality for definitions), softens the mesocarp for digestion to release oil, and conditions nuts to minimize kernel breakage. Palm mesocarp is the tissue that contains the highest amount of lipase in the fruit. Steam at a pressure of 40 psig is used for heat treatment of the fruits in autoclaves for 60-90 minutes. Newer facilities use continuous sterilizers that enhance the process efficiency.
Sterilized fruits are fed into a rotating drum to detach fruits from the bunch. The latter process is referred to as stripping. The bunch stalks do not contain any oil. They are often incinerated to produce heat for boilers and the remaining ash, which is rich in potassium, is used as fertilizer. After stripping, the fruits are reheated in a team-heated vessel equipped with a rotating shaft to loosen the pericarp from the nuts.
There are two types of oil extracted from palm fruits, palm oil from mesocarp and kernel oil from nuts. Either a wet or dry process can be used for palm oil extraction. Water is commonly used to extract oil from the digested fruits in a wet process. A hydraulic press (batch process) or a screw press (continuous process) is employed for oil extraction in the dry process. About 5-6% of oil remains in the mesocarp fiber after pressing. When pressing is done at lower pressures to avoid cracking of palm nuts, residual oil in the solid residue is higher, 10-12%.
## Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at extension.okstate.edu
For palm kernel oil extraction, first, nuts are separated from the digested and pressed fruits. Then, nuts are conditioned at about 60 ° C, dried, cracked and kernel and shells are separated. The kernel is then dried in silos with hot air to a moisture content of less than 7%. Oil is expelled from palm kernel via pressing or hexane extraction.
Crude oil extracted from the fruit mesocarp by pressure contains a considerable amount of water and solid particles which are removed by screening, centrifugation or in settling tanks. The oil is dried to 0.1% moisture content. Crude palm oil goes through a refining process that is similar to that used for other vegetable oils (see Fact Sheet FAPC-160: Oil and Oilseed processing III: Crude Oil Refining and Preparation for Biodiesel Production) to obtain edible grade oil.
## Oil Properties
Quality of the crude oil depends on the quality of bunches arriving at the mill. Variety and age of the tree, agronomic, environmental, handling and transportation conditions and harvesting technique used have also significant effects on oil properties.
Both palm mesocarp and kernel oils are known as tropical oils. Similar to the coconut oil, palm kernel oil is classified as a lauric fat, because of its high content of lauric acid (see Table 1). Crude palm oil has a deep orange color due to the presence of carotenoid pigments and has a characteristic "sweetish" or "nutty" odor. The oil is semi-solid at ambient temperatures. TAGs are the major constituents of palm oil, over 95%. Monoglycerides (MAG), diglycerides (DAG), free fatty acids (FAFTA), phosphatides, sterols, pigments,tocopherols and metals are the minor components of oil.
The major fatty acids in palm oil obtained from the mesocarp are palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids (Table 1). The ratio of palmitic/steanic acid in palm oil may vary depending on the geographical conditions. Saturated fatty acids comprise over 50% of the total fatty acids present in palm oil, majority being the palmitic acid. Palm kernel oil is more saturated, above 80%, than palm oil. In general, DAG content of palm oil is 4-5%, but some oils may contain 10-11% DAG. Solid fat content of vegetable oils is an important factor determining their functional properties. Melting profile of palm oil and palm kernel oil are considerably different. Palm kernel oil is significantly harder at temperatures below 20°C but melts faster above room temperature than palm oil. Melting point of kernel oil is about 10°C lower than that of palm oil.
Phospholipid content of crude palm is relatively lower than that of many other vegetable oils (Table 2). Phosphatidylicolcholine, phosphatidylthanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol are the main phospholipids in crude palm oil. Sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol are the major phytosterols present in palm oil (Table 3). Many scientific studies have shown that phytoproterol intake may lower LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) levels in blood. Minor amounts of cholesterol are also found in palm oil. The amounts of tocopherols and tocotrienols in palm oil vary significantly with variety, y-Tocotrienols, α -tocopherols and δ -toctoreniols are the major tocofils found in palm oil (Table 3). Tocopherols, specifically α -tocopherol, are important antioxidants with high vitamin E activity. Deep red color of crude palm oil is due to the high concentration of carotenoids (500-2000 mg/kg oil) in crude palm oil. About 90% of the total carotenes are β -and carotenoids, remaining being γ -carotene, lycopene and xanthophylls. β -Carotene exhibits the highest pro-vitamin A activity. However, most of the phytochemicals present in crude palm oil, carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols and phytoprots are either degraded or removed during the refining process. Phytonutricent content of kernel oil is significantly lower than that of palm oil.
Palm oil which has an iodine value (IV) (see Fact Sheet FAPC-196: Lipid Glossary) of 51-53 is usually fractionated to obtain stearin and olein fractions that have very different physicochemical properties than the native palm oil and designed for use in specific applications. For example, olein fraction with IV of 56-59 is liquid at temperatures below 25 °C and suitable for frying applications. Today, higher value products such as super stearin (IV of 12-14), soft stearin (IV of 40-42), hard palm (IV of 32-36), and super olein (IV of 64-66) are produced for various food applications. Super stearin which contains about 90%
| Fatty Acid Name | Content (%) | Content (%) | Content (%) |
|--------------------|---------------|-------------------|--------------------------|
| Oil Type | Palm Oil 1 | Palm Kernel Oil 2 | Palm Stearin Palm Olein |
| Caprioc (C6:0) | - | 0.1-0.8 | - |
| Caprylic (C8:0) | - | 0.9-16 | - |
| Capric (C10:0) | - | 0.8-2.6 | - |
| Lauric (C12:0) | 0-0.4 | 29-55 | 0.1-0.4 |
| Myristic (14:0) | 0.2-2 | 6-26 | 1.1-1.8 |
| Palmitic (16:0) | 19-55 | 4-10 | 48.4-73.8 |
| Palmitoleic (16:1) | 0.6-2 | - | 0.05-0.2 |
| Stearic (18:0) | 1-5.5 | 1.3-4 | 3.9-5.6 |
| Oleic (18:1) | 30-56 | 12-26 | 15.6-36 |
| Linoleic (18:2) | 10-21 | 1-8 | 3.2-9.8 |
| Linolenic (18:3) | 0-0.5 | - | 0.1-0.6 |
| Arachidic (20:0) | 0.1-1 | 0.0-3.0 | 0.3-0.6 |
| Eicosenoic (20:1) | 0-0.2 | - | - |
| Lignoceric (24:0) | 0-0.2 | - | - |
| Phytonutrients | Concentration (g/kg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Carotenoids (α-carotene, β -carotene, lycopene, phytoene) | 500-1,000 |
| Tocopherols/tocotrienols | 600-1,000 |
| Phytosterol (sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol) | 300-620 |
| Phospholipids | 20-100 |
| Squalene | 250-800 |
## References
David Firestone. 1999. Physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats and waxes. American Oil Chemists Society Press Gibon, V. (2012). 12 - Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil Refining and Fractionation Technology. In Palm Oil edited by O.-M. Lai, C.-P. Tan and C. C. Akoh, AOCS Press: 329-375.
| Phytosterol | Content (%) |
|---------------|----------------|
| Cholesterol | 2-7 |
| Campesterol | 19-28 |
| Stigmasterol | 8.5-15 |
| β -Sitosterol | 50-64 |
| Toccols | Content (g/kg) |
| a-tocopherol | 219 |
| a-tocotrienol | 178 |
| γ-tocotrienol | 245 | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/family-and-consumer-sciences/site-files/documents/news-archive/parenting-through-covid-19.pdf | COVID-19 Parenting | Oklahoma State University | [
"OSU Extension"
] | Error: time data "D:20200413165951-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## PARENTING THROUGH THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
## Help children cope with stress about COVID-19.
With all of the new information being shared about the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, it is easy for parents to become overwhelmed. More time at home with family members can be positive, but the expanding roles of parents as teachers, child care providers and more can cause stress for the whole family. Below are tips that may help parents.
## WHAT SHOULD PARENTS DO FIRST?
Calm yourself so you can calm your child. Before parents can talk to children of any age - including teenagers - they need to be calm themselves. The calming process starts with being attentive to your own thoughts and feelings. If you are sad or angry, feel like screaming or crying or can't stop negative thoughts, try one of the practices outlined below. Reach out for professional help if these steps don't increase your ability to cope and be calmer.
- · Monitoring - pay attention to negative thoughts and feelings
- · Self-Care - take time to nurture relationships, exercise, sleep, declutter and organize
- · Breathing - breathe in to the count of four and out to count of seven to calm mind and body
- · Mindfulness - practice mindfulness, meditation or prayer to reduce anxieties
- · Self-Kindness - replace self-criticism with selfunderstanding and patience
## WHAT SHOULD PARENTS DO FOR CHILDREN?
Parents are the primary filters for the information that reaches children. In times of disaster and tragedy, parents need to be particularly attentive to the fact that they must filter out information that can be overwhelming and filter in love and reassurance.
## CONTACT
- ▶ Laura Hubbs-Tait Extension Parenting Specialist laura.hubbs@okstate.edu 405-744-8360
- ▶ Jens E. Jespersen Human Development and Family Science Graduate Student jens.jespersen@okstate.edu
- ▶ Find more information : humansciences.oksstate.edu/fcs
CHILD BEHAVIORS
Anxious, terrified and angry faces Scary images · Loud sounds Crying · Yelling · Screaming
## Supportive responses to events
Responses to children's thoughts and feelings Good coping behaviors
## FILTER IN
## WHAT SHOULD PARENTS FILTER OUT?
- · Anything that affects your child negatively. You may see this in their thoughts, feelings or behaviors.
- · If your child seems overwhelmed or out of control, increase your filtering. When talking things over, try to answer questions simply - in this case less is usually better.
## WHAT SHOULD PARENTS FILTER IN?
- · Love and support - Show your child how much you love them. Do all you can to be comforting and encouraging.
- · Expressing feelings - Accept that your children may be scared or concerned by the things they hear or see. It is okay for them to feel sad, angry, afraid or confused. You can help them manage feelings by accepting them and encouraging them to talk. Help them learn to take deep, calming breaths or play a "let's pretend" game where they blow themselves up like a balloon (deep breaths) and then sail over the countryside while slowly letting out their air and gently sitting on the ground.
- · Good coping behaviors - Physical activity and exercise are excellent for reducing stress and staying healthy. Keep up relationships with distant relatives through phone, text and chat.
Exercise Help others (at a distance) Support relationships
Listen Answer truthfully
Accept negative feelings Help manage feelings Soothe and calm
and still keep the overall structure the same. The familiarity of structure and routines is reassuring to children.
- · State clear rules and limits and provide reasons
- · Re-establish clear routines for meals and bedtimes
- · Encourage friendships through video chat, messaging or appropriate social media
- · Promote physical activity at home
- · Encourage helping others at a distance to maintain connections and build hope
## HELP THEM MAINTAIN THEIR BASIC ROUTINES
There are ways for parents to adapt routines just a little bit and still keep the overall structure the same. The familiarity of structure and routines is reassuring to children.
- · State clear rules and limits and provide reasons
- · Re-establish clear routines for meals and bedtimes
- · Encourage friendships through video chat, messaging or appropriate social media
- · Promote physical activity at home
- · Encourage helping others at a distance to maintain connections and build hope
## WHERE CAN PARENTS TURN FOR MORE INFORMATION?
There are many excellent resources that have already been published for parents and children.
How to talk with your children about how they can avoid getting and spreading COVID-19:
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-lifecoping/talking-with-children.html
What to watch for in your children and teens and how to
support children and teens:
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-lifecoping/managing-stress-anxiety.html
Detailed list of stress responses for preschoolers, schoolaged children, and teens:
https://www.nctns.org/sites/default/files/resources/factsheet\_break factsheet\_lpdf
Potential responses to expect from children of different ages: https://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/helpingchildren-cope.html
Activity book for children ages three to 10 developed for responding to natural disasters:
https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/readywrigley/documents/ RW\_Coping\_After\_a\_Disaster\_508.pdf
Activity pages for children:
https://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/pdf/copingactivity\_page\_english-p.pdf
## Acknowledgements:
Jillian Bailey and Erin Ratliff for contributions to importance of mindfulness and routines, respectively. |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/sheep-shed | Sheep Shed | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Sheep Sheed
## Sheep Shed
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 5733
View as PDF: 5733.pdf
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/benton-county-economic-well-being-and-poverty | Benton County Economic Well-being and Poverty | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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] | null | [
"Economic Development",
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] | MS | Home » Publications »
Publications » Benton County Economic Well-being and Poverty
## Benton County Economic Well-being and Poverty
Filed Under: Economic Development, Extension Center for Economic Education and Financial Literacy PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3267-6
View as PDF: P3267-6.pdf
Publication File:
- · benton poverty presentation profile.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Benton County
Print PDF
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## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith
Associate Extension Professor
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills
Assistant Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor
Instructor
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER
P3842
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PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
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Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade
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"Mary Beth Musgrove",
"Joe Kemble",
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"Dean Bond"
] | 2018-09-24 | [
"Lawn & Garden",
"Home Gardening",
"Vegetable Gardening"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style id='ninja_table_custom_css_9038' type='text/css'>
#footable_9038 {
font-family: ;
font-size: px;
}
</style>
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
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<article id="post-6875" class="post-6875 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-lawn-garden category-vegetables-lawn-garden tag-anr-0063 tag-fruits-and-vegetables tag-grow-more tag-planting-guide-for-home-gardening-in-alabama first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Planting Guide for Home Gardening in Alabama">
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Planting Guide for Home Gardening in Alabama </div>
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<li>September 24, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Kerry Smith, Mary Beth Musgrove, Joe Kemble, Ellen Bauske, David Williams, and Dean Bond</li>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/lawn-garden/planting-guide-for-home-gardening-in-alabama/"></div><p>Successful home gardening comes with careful planning and constant attention. Select the site carefully, plant at the correct time, use the right amount of fertilizer, use adapted varieties, and control pests.</p>
<p><strong>Site.</strong> Select a site exposed to full sun. Too many gardeners try to grow vegetables in competition with trees, shade from buildings, or fences. The soil should be well drained and free of harmful chemicals, oil, ashes, mortar, etc.</p>
<p><strong>Soil Management.</strong> You can improve your garden soil by adding organic matter—compost, leaf mold, or well-rotted sawdust. Work it into the soil in the late fall.</p>
<p><strong>Lime and Fertilizer.</strong> A soil test is the best way to determine lime and fertilizer needs. Your county Extension office has information about soil tests. Testing at least every 3 years is a good idea. For most vegetables, the soil pH should be around 6.0 to 6.5. To be effective, the lime must be mixed into the soil before planting. Long-season crops such as tomatoes, cabbage, pepper, okra, and potatoes need more fertilizer than short-season crops. Experience and close observation are the best guides for additional side-dressing.</p>
<p><strong>Seed and Plants.</strong> Seeds are cheap, so get the best available. Don’t seed too thickly. Plant small seed, such as turnips and carrots, about 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch deep. Plant larger seed, such as beans, cucumbers, and peas, about 1 inch deep. Use only stocky, healthy, fresh plants. Always water transplants to settle the soil around roots. Set tall plants deeper in the ground than they grew originally.</p>
<p><strong>Weed Control.</strong> To control weeds, use a mulch. Deep cultivation after plants are older will do more damage than good. Chemical weed killers are not usually recommended for home gardens. Before using a weed control product, get full information on how to use it and what crop it should be used on.</p>
<p><strong>Irrigation.</strong> Water is essential for a top-notch garden. During long dry periods, soak the garden thoroughly once a week; don’t just sprinkle daily. Light, frequent irrigation helps only during the period of seed germination. Overhead irrigation, especially late in the afternoon, is likely to spread certain foliage diseases. If you use overhead irrigation, do so earlier in the day so plants can dry before night.</p>
<p><strong>Disease Control.</strong> The best practices in disease control are rotation, clean seed, resistant varieties (when available), early planting, plowing under old crop debris, mulching, and seed treatment. Chemical fungicides may be used to control some common leaf diseases of tomatoes, squash, cucumbers, and cantaloupes. If the garden is heavily infested with nematodes, either move the garden or heat the soil through a process called soil solarization.</p>
<p><strong>Insect Control.</strong> For a successful garden, you must control insects. Early planting will miss some insects, but usually, you’ll have to use insecticides. Use biosensitive insecticides as your first choice to treat for insect problems in the garden. Safer insecticidal soaps will help control aphids and other soft-bodied insects early on. Malathion is a good all-around material for aphids and red spider mites and gives some worm control. Carbaryl (Sevin) is another effective material, especially for bean beetles, tomato and corn earworms, cucumber beetles, and pickleworms. <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> or Bt (Dipel, Thuricide) is an excellent biological control for cabbage worm or cabbage looper.</p>
<p><strong>Use all chemicals—for insects, weeds, or nematodes—according to directions on the label. </strong>The label will tell you the amount to be used, the crops to use it on, and the number of days between application and harvest. The label is one of the most important pieces of garden literature available. Read and heed it for effective use and safety.</p>
<p><strong>Harvesting.</strong> The main reason for a home garden is to produce high-quality vegetables. Harvest often to get vegetables at the proper stage of maturity. If beans, okra, cucumbers, etc., are left to mature fully, the plant will stop producing. Early morning harvest, before vegetables absorb heat from the sun, is best for most vegetables. Freeze or can the surplus if you want to enjoy your garden all year.</p>
<h1>Alabama Vegetable Garden Planting</h1>
<p>These planting dates are for Central Alabama. For South Alabama, make spring plantings approximately 10 days earlier and fall plantings 10 days later. In North Alabama, make spring plantings approximately 10 days later and fall plantings 10 days earlier.</p>
<p> </p>
<div id="footable_parent_9038"
class=" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent bootstrap4 ">
<h3 class="table_title footable_title">Alabama Vegetable Garden Planting Chart</h3>
<div
class="table_description footable_description"><span>*Days to maturity are from planting seed or setting transplants in the garden. The number of days will vary depending on cultivar (some mature earlier than others), temperature, and general growing conditions. Check catalogs for individual maturity time.<br /><br /></span><span>**Cultivars listed in this chart represent a few of those recommended for Alabama. There are many other good cultivars that are worthy of trial in the home garden.<br /><br /></span><span>***Transplant</span></div>
<table data-ninja_table_instance="ninja_table_instance_0" data-footable_id="9038" data-filter-delay="1000" aria-label="Alabama Vegetable Garden Planting Chart" id="footable_9038"
data-unique_identifier="ninja_table_unique_id_832945005_9038"
class=" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_9038 ninja_table_unique_id_832945005_9038 table nt_type_legacy_table table-striped table-bordered table-hover vertical_centered footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro">
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<col class="ninja_column_0 ">
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</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="footable-header">
<th scope="col" class="ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_vegetable ">Vegetable</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_days_to_maturity ">Days to Maturity</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_cultivars ">Cultivars**</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_3 ninja_clmn_nm_planting_dates ">Planting Dates, Spring</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_4 ninja_clmn_nm_planting_dates_1 ">Planting Dates, Fall</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_5 ninja_clmn_nm_seeds_or_plants_100_ft ">Seeds or Plants/100 ft</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_6 ninja_clmn_nm_spacing_rows_plants_inches ">Spacing, Rows/Plants (inches)</th></tr>
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<tbody>
<tr data-row_id="13097" class="ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_13097">
<td>Asparagus</td><td>2nd Year</td><td>Mary Washington (female hybrid), UC-157 (male hybrid), Jersey Giant (male hybrid)</td><td>April***</td><td></td><td>50 - 75 crowns</td><td>36x9-15</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13096" class="ninja_table_row_1 nt_row_id_13096">
<td>Beans, Bush Snap</td><td>50 - 60</td><td>Contender, Green Crop, Derby</td><td>April</td><td>Aug. 5-20</td><td>3/4 lb</td><td>36x2-3</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13094" class="ninja_table_row_2 nt_row_id_13094">
<td>Beans, Lima</td><td>65 - 75</td><td>Fordhook 242, Baby Fordhook, Henderson</td><td>Apr. 10 -<br>May 10</td><td>July 20 -<br>Aug. 5</td><td>3/4 lb</td><td>36x3-6</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13093" class="ninja_table_row_3 nt_row_id_13093">
<td>Beans, Pole Lima</td><td>80 - 85</td><td>Carolina Sieva, Florida Speckled, King of the Garden</td><td>Apr. 15 -<br>May 15 </td><td>July 15 -<br>Aug. 1 </td><td>1/2 lb</td><td>36x6-8</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13095" class="ninja_table_row_4 nt_row_id_13095">
<td>Beans, Pole Snap</td><td>60 - 75</td><td>Dade, Kentucky Wonder, Kentucky Blue</td><td>Apr. 10 -<br>May 10 </td><td>July 20 -<br>Aug. 5</td><td>3/4 lb</td><td>36x3-6</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13092" class="ninja_table_row_5 nt_row_id_13092">
<td>Beets</td><td>55 - 65</td><td>Asgrow Wonder, Detroit Dark Red</td><td>February </td><td>August</td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>30x2</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13091" class="ninja_table_row_6 nt_row_id_13091">
<td>Broccoli</td><td>55 - 75</td><td>Green Comet, Green Duke, Packman, Premium Crop, Mariner</td><td></td><td>Aug. 1-15 </td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x18</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13090" class="ninja_table_row_7 nt_row_id_13090">
<td>Brussels Sprouts</td><td>90 - 120</td><td>Long Island Improved, Jade Cross Hybrid, Prince Marvel</td><td></td><td>Aug. 1 -<br>Sept. 1 </td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x18</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13089" class="ninja_table_row_8 nt_row_id_13089">
<td>Cabbage </td><td>60 - 85</td><td>Bravo, Charleston Wakefield, Round Dutch, Stonehead Savoy Cabbage: Ace</td><td>Jan. 1 -<br>Feb. 15***</td><td>July 2 -<br>Aug. 10 </td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x12</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13088" class="ninja_table_row_9 nt_row_id_13088">
<td>Oriental Cabbages</td><td>45 - 60</td><td>Michihli, Bok choi, Pak choi, Napa</td><td></td><td>Aug. 1-15 </td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x12</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13087" class="ninja_table_row_10 nt_row_id_13087">
<td>Carrots </td><td>60 - 80</td><td>Chantenay, Danvers 126, Lady Fingers, Scarlet Nantes, Thumbelina</td><td>March </td><td>July 20 -<br>Sept. 20</td><td>1/4 oz</td><td>30x1-2</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13085" class="ninja_table_row_11 nt_row_id_13085">
<td>Cauliflower </td><td>60 - 75</td><td>Snowball, Snow Crown, Violet Queen</td><td>Jan. 1 -<br>Feb. 15*** </td><td>July 25 -<br>Aug.10 </td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x12</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13084" class="ninja_table_row_12 nt_row_id_13084">
<td>Collards </td><td>60 - 80</td><td>Champion, Georgia Southern, Vates, Top Bunch</td><td></td><td>July 1 -<br>Sept. 15 </td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x12-18</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13083" class="ninja_table_row_13 nt_row_id_13083">
<td>Corn, Sweet? </td><td>65 - 90</td><td>Silver Queen, Golden Queen, Seneca Chief, How Sweet It Is, Merit, Snow Belle</td><td>Mar. 1 -<br>June 1 </td><td></td><td>1/4 lb</td><td>36x12-18</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13082" class="ninja_table_row_14 nt_row_id_13082">
<td>Cucumbers </td><td>50 - 65</td><td>Pickling: Calypso, Explorer<br>Slicing: Dasher II, Fanfare, Salad Bush, General Lee</td><td>Apr. 15 -<br>May 15 </td><td>July 1-20</td><td>1 oz</td><td>60x24</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13081" class="ninja_table_row_15 nt_row_id_13081">
<td>Eggplant </td><td>65 - 85</td><td>Black Beauty, Black Belle, Classic, Ghost Buster, Ichiban</td><td>Apr. 15 -<br>May 15***</td><td>July 1-20***</td><td>50 plants</td><td>36x24</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13079" class="ninja_table_row_16 nt_row_id_13079">
<td>Kale</td><td>50 - 70</td><td>Dwarf Scotch, Vates</td><td></td><td>Aug. 15 -<br>Sept. 15</td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x10</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13077" class="ninja_table_row_17 nt_row_id_13077">
<td>Kohlrabi</td><td>45 - 55</td><td>Grand Duke, Rapid</td><td>March</td><td>Aug. 15 -<br>Sept.</td><td>1/2 oz or 150-200 plants</td><td>24x6</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13076" class="ninja_table_row_18 nt_row_id_13076">
<td>Lettuces </td><td>45 - 85</td><td>Leafy lettuces: Blackseeded Simpson, Salad Bowl, Red Sails<br> Bibb: Buttercrunch, Summer Bibb<br> Leafy salad greens: Arugula, Chicory (Radicchio), Corn Salad</td><td>Jan. 15 -<br>Feb.*** </td><td>Aug. 15 -<br>Sept. 1</td><td>1/8 oz</td><td>30x12</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13073" class="ninja_table_row_19 nt_row_id_13073">
<td>Muskmelons </td><td>75 - 90</td><td>AUrora, Ambrosia, Chilton, Gulf Coast, Athena</td><td>April </td><td></td><td>1 oz</td><td>60x24</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13072" class="ninja_table_row_20 nt_row_id_13072">
<td>Mustard </td><td>40 - 50</td><td>Florida Broadleaf, Giant Southern Curled, Red Giant</td><td>Feb. 1 -<br>Mar. 15 </td><td>Aug. 15 -<br>Sept. 5</td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>30x2</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13071" class="ninja_table_row_21 nt_row_id_13071">
<td>Okra </td><td>50 - 65</td><td>Clemson Spineless, Emerald, Lee, Burgundy</td><td>April 10 -<br>June 30 </td><td></td><td>1 oz</td><td>36x12</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13070" class="ninja_table_row_22 nt_row_id_13070">
<td>Onions, Bulb </td><td>100 - 120</td><td>Fresh bulb: Granex 33, Grano 502, Grano 1015 Long-storing bulb: Yellow, White, Red</td><td>Jan. 15 -<br>Mar. 15***</td><td>Sept. 15 -<br>Oct. 15</td><td>1/2 oz or 400 plants</td><td>30x2-4</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13068" class="ninja_table_row_23 nt_row_id_13068">
<td>Onions, Green</td><td>40 - 55</td><td>Multiplying: Evergreen</td><td></td><td>October -<br>February</td><td>1 qt</td><td>30x2-4</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13067" class="ninja_table_row_24 nt_row_id_13067">
<td>Peas, Garden</td><td>60 - 70</td><td>Little Marvel, Green Arrow, Snappy, Victory Freezer</td><td>February</td><td></td><td>1 lb</td><td>36x2</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13066" class="ninja_table_row_25 nt_row_id_13066">
<td>Peas, Southern</td><td>60 - 70</td><td>Pinkeye Purple Hull, Mississippi Purple, Mississippi Silver, Freeze Green</td><td>April-July </td><td></td><td>1/2 lb</td><td>42x4-6</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13064" class="ninja_table_row_26 nt_row_id_13064">
<td>Peppers </td><td>65 - 85</td><td>Hot: Cayenne, Super Chili, Habanero, Hungarian Wax, Jalapeno<br>Sweet: Sweet Banana, Gypsy, Keystone Resistant Giant, Golden Summer, Chocolate Beauty, Purple Beauty, King Arthur, Bell King</td><td>April 1 -<br>May 10***</td><td>July***</td><td>50 plants</td><td>36x24</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13062" class="ninja_table_row_27 nt_row_id_13062">
<td>Potatoes, Irish</td><td>70 - 90</td><td>Red LaSoda, Red Pontiac, Sebago, Superior</td><td>February </td><td>Aug. 1-15</td><td>12 lbs</td><td>36x12</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13061" class="ninja_table_row_28 nt_row_id_13061">
<td>Potatoes, Sweet</td><td>90 - 120</td><td>Beauregard, Georgia Red, Red Jewel</td><td>Apr. 15 - June 15***</td><td></td><td>100 plants</td><td>36x12</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13059" class="ninja_table_row_29 nt_row_id_13059">
<td>Pumpkins </td><td>90 - 110</td><td>Autumn Gold, Connecticut Field, Baby Bear, Jack Be Little, Peak A Boo, Spookie</td><td></td><td>July</td><td>1 oz</td><td>72-96x36-60</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13058" class="ninja_table_row_30 nt_row_id_13058">
<td>Radishes </td><td>25 - 30</td><td>Cherry Belle, Scarlet Globe, White Icicle</td><td>Feb. 1 -<br>April 1</td><td>Sept. 1 -<br>Oct. 15 </td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>24x1</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13057" class="ninja_table_row_31 nt_row_id_13057">
<td>Rutabagas</td><td>90 - 120</td><td>American Purple Top</td><td></td><td>July</td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x6-2</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13056" class="ninja_table_row_32 nt_row_id_13056">
<td>Spinach</td><td>40 - 45</td><td>Bloomsdale Longstanding</td><td>Feb. 15 -<br>Mar. 15</td><td>September</td><td>1 oz</td><td>30x2-3</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13055" class="ninja_table_row_33 nt_row_id_13055">
<td>Squash, Summer</td><td>40 - 55</td><td>Dixie, Yellow Crookneck, Yellow Straightneck, Cocozelle, Freedom III, Lemondrop (straightneck), Prelude III (crookneck), Sundrops, Tivoli; Zucchini: Elite</td><td>April </td><td>Aug. 1-15</td><td>1 oz</td><td>36x15</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13054" class="ninja_table_row_34 nt_row_id_13054">
<td>Squash, Winter</td><td>85 - 100</td><td>Acorn, Cream of the Crop, Winter Butternut, Vegetable Spaghetti Squash</td><td>April</td><td>July 15 -<br>Aug. 1</td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>60x36</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13053" class="ninja_table_row_35 nt_row_id_13053">
<td>Swiss Chard </td><td>60 - 70</td><td>Fordhook Giant, Rhubarb Chard</td><td>Feb. 15 -<br>Mar. 15 </td><td>September</td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>36x15</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13052" class="ninja_table_row_36 nt_row_id_13052">
<td>Tomatoes </td><td>70 - 90</td><td>Atkinson, Better Boy, Big Beef, Celebrity, Husky Gold, Monte Carlo, Small Fry and Sweet Chelsea (cherries)</td><td>April*** </td><td>July***</td><td>35 - 50 plants</td><td>60x2436</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13051" class="ninja_table_row_37 nt_row_id_13051">
<td>Turnips </td><td>40 - 60</td><td>Purpletop, Shogoin, Just Right (roots)</td><td>Feb. 1 -<br>April 1 </td><td>Aug. 10 -<br>Oct. 1</td><td>1/4 oz</td><td>30x2</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13050" class="ninja_table_row_38 nt_row_id_13050">
<td>Watermelons </td><td>80 - 90</td><td>Bush Sugar Baby, Charleston Gray, Crimson Sweet, AU Golden Producer (yellow meat)</td><td>April </td><td>June 15-30</td><td>1/2 oz</td><td>96x96</td> </tr>
</tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->
</table>
</div>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Kerry Smith</strong>, <em>Administrator of Outreach Programs</em>, <strong>Mary Beth Musgrove</strong>, Former <em>Extension Specialist</em>, <strong>Joe Kemble</strong>, <em>Extension Specialist Professor</em>, <strong>Ellen Bauske</strong>, Former <em>Extension Specialist</em>, <strong>David Williams</strong>, Former <em>Extension Specialist</em>, and <strong>Dean Bond</strong>, Former <em>Extension Specialist</em></p>
<p>Reviewed September 2018, <strong>Planting Guide for Home Gardening in Alabama</strong>, ANR-0063</p>
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/bean-leaf-beetle-in-soybean | Bean Leaf Beetle in Soybean | NC State Extension | [
"Dominic Reisig"
] | null | [
"Soybean Insect",
"Soybean",
"Beetle",
"Field Crop",
"Field Crop Insect"
] | NC | ## Bean Leaf Beetle in Soybean
## Soybean Insect Factsheets
Bean leaf beetle.
Attribution: Debbie Roos
Bean leaf beetle.
Attribution: Debbie Roos
## Biology
This small dark colored beetle overwinters in woods, around field edges and within soybean fields (Boiteau et al. 1979, Lam et al. 2002). Beetles are small, ca. ¼ inch, have light yellow to reddish wings with four black spots (spots may be missing on some beetles), and a "V" pattern at the front of the wing covers. Beetles generally emerge from overwintering before, and in synchrony with, soybean planting. Precipitation will delay emergence (Boiteau et al. 1979). The first full-season soybeans to sprout in an area will attract many of the strong flying beetles. There are two generations of bean leaf beetle in North Carolina (Boiteau et al. 1980).
## Feeding Injury and Damage
If colonization is heavy the beetles can occasionally cause severe seedling defoliation. Feeding appears as round holes eaten through the leaves, but larvae can also feed on developing root nodules (Newson 1978). In severe situations, where defoliation is above 30%, insecticide treatment of soybeans up to two before flowering may be warranted. Vegetative soybeans are tolerant of adult feeding (Fehr et al. 1981, Hunt et al. 1994) and as seedlings become larger and fast growing, this foliage loss is seldom of concern. Whereas bean leaf beetle is a common insect of soybean seedlings in the Tidewater region, it seldom requires treatment at this locale or anywhere in North Carolina.
## Pod Damage
Bean leaf beetle adults can be pests in reproductive soybeans by feeding on the leaves and scarring and clipping pods. Soybeans are especially sensitive to injury from bean leaf beetle at R4-R6 (Hammack et al. 2010 and references therein) and a defoliation threshold of 15% is recommended from two weeks prior to flowering until the pods have filled.
Bean leaf beetle is rarely an individual pest in mid to late-season beans, but can become a pest when other foliage and pod feeding insects are present. The exception to this general rule is when bean leaf beetle scars pods in seed production fields, affecting seed quality by providing a path of entry for seed infecting pathogens.
## Economic Threshold
The threshold for bean leaf beetle is 30% defoliation throughout the plant two weeks prior to blooming (R1) and 15% defoliation two weeks prior to blooming until the pods have filled (R7-R8).
## Virus Transmission
Bean leaf beetle adults transmit several virus diseases to soybean plants, notably, bean pod mottle virus, cowpea mosaic virus, and southern bean mosaic virus. The transmission of these viruses may become important on late-season soybeans, after the virus has had a chance to build-up in the early season. However, managing bean leaf beetle with insecticides is not an effective way to reduce virus infection.
## Insecticide Management
Recommended insecticides can be found in the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual . Pyrethroid resistance in bean leaf beetle has been documented in the mid-South and is reported in scattered areas of North Carolina. In 2010, samples of bean leaf beetle were tested from a population in North Carolina and Virginia. These populations were not resistant to pyrethroids, but monitoring will be ongoing in future years. A screening test was initiated in 2010 in the Tidewater region for bean leaf beetle. This population had not been exposed directly to pyrethroids for several years because of declining efficacy. The field had been treated previously in 2010 with two applications of aceptate for insect pest management. From the results, we inferred that bean leaf beetle tolerance to pyrethroids could be reversed, but that overreliance on a single insecticidal chemistry is detrimental (i.e., acephate was now relatively ineffective against bean leaf beetle, while
pyrethroids were effective). Note that all insecticides used in this experiment may not be registered. Always consult a label before application. General principles of IPM should be following, which include using multiple management tactics and the judicious use of insecticides.
## References
Boiteau, G., J. R. Bradley, Jr., and J. W. Van Duyn. 1979. Bean leaf beetle: emergence patterns of adults from overwintering sites. Environ. Entomol. 8: 427-431.
Boitaeu, G., J. R. Bradley, Jr., and J. W. Van Duyn. 1980. Bean leaf beetle: temporal and macrospatial distribution in North Carolina. J. Georgia. Entomol. Soc. 15: 138-151.
Fehr, W. R., B. K. Lawrence, and T. A. Thompson. 1981. Critical stages of development for defoliation of soybean. Crop. Sci. 21: 259-262.
Hammack, L.J.Pikul, Jr., and M.S. West. 2010. Phenology and abundance of bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern South Dakota on alfalfa and soybean relative to tillage, fertilization, and yield. Environ. Entomol. 39: 727-737.
Hunt, T.E., L.G. Higley, and J. F. Witkowski. 1994. Soybean growth and yield after simulated bean leaf beetle injury to seedlings. Agron. J. 86: 140-146.
Lam, W. F., L. P. Pedigo, and P. N. Hinz. 2002. Spatial distribution and sequential count plans for overwintering bean leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Agric. Urban. Entomol. 19: 73-84.
Newson, L. D., E. P. Dunigan, C. E. Eastman, R. L. Hutchinson and R. M. McPherson. 1978. Insect injury reduces nitrogen fixation in soybeans. Louisiana Agric. 21: 15-16.
## Author
Dominic Reisig Professor and Extension Specialist Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: March 17, 2020
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/farm-stress/down-on-the-farm-when-disaster-hits/index.html | Down on the Farm: When Disaster Hits - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2020-09-09 | [] | OK | ## DOWN ON THE FARM: WHEN DISASTER HITS
Dr. Kami Gallus
(405)744-8351(tel:405-744-8351)
kami.gallus@okstate.edu(mailto:kami.gallus@okstate.edu?
subject=Down%20on%20the%20Farm%3A%20When%20Disaster%20Hits)
## PSYCHOLOGICAL FIRST AID
An evidence-informed modular approach that outlines a set of skills that helps community residents provide basic psychological support in the immediate aftermath of disaster. |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/insect-and-related-pests-of-flowers-and-foliage-plants | Insect and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker",
"Ramona Beshear",
"Cathy C. Carter",
"Eric Day",
"Jerome Grant",
"Avas B. Hamon",
"Kelly F. Horn",
"Tong-Xian Liu",
"Ronald D. Oetting",
"Dale K. Pollet",
"Peter B. Schultz",
"Beverly Sparks",
"Charles L. Staines",
"David Stephan",
"Michael L. Williams"
] | null | [
"IPM",
"Commercial Flower Production",
"Entomology",
"Pest",
"Greenhouse",
"Nursery Crop",
"Flower Pest",
"Greenhouse Pest",
"Foliage Pest",
"Insect Pest"
] | NC | ## Insect and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants
Aphids Found on Flowers and Foliage Beetles Found on Flowers and Foliage Bugs Found on Flowers and Foliage Caterpillars Found on Flowers and Foliage Flies and Maggots Found on Flowers and Foliage Leafhoppers Found on Flowers and Foliage Mealybugs Found on Flowers and Foliage Mites Found on Flowers and Foliage Scale Insects Found on Flowers and Foliage Slugs and Snails Found on Flowers and Foliage Thrips Found on Flowers and Foliage Whiteflies Found on Flowers and Foliage
## Preface
This is the first real revision of a manual first published in 1978, bravely called Insects and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants . In those innocent days, the Western flower trips and sweetpotato whitefly were not yet found as floricultural pests in the Eastern United States. The leafminer, Lirionyzma trifolii , was then a scourge of greenhouse flowering crops, and aphids were not particularly difficult to control with traditional pesticides. Nine additional entomologists have contributed to the expansion of the first edition, making this a truly regional publication.
A note about the illustrations in this manual. Special effort was made to assure all of the illustrations are all in the public domain. Consequently, no permission is required to use them. Whenever possible, the pests face up or to the left in each illustration. An exception to this rule is found in the Slugs and Snails chapter because the respiratory pore (an important diagnostic character) of slugs is on the right side of the body. Illustrations by: Pongledar Kooarono, Suan Van Gieson, Ramona Beshear, Tong-Xian Liu, Mei-Jung Lin, L. Leitz, J. J. Davis, H. A. Denmark, J. B. Burch, F. H. Crittenden, Nellie M. Quaintance, O. C. Mohr, James Wilcox, J. R. Baker, California Experiment Station, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station and USDA.
Special thanks are extended to Dr. Maurice H. Harfer, NC State Farne; Paul R. Hellper, Pennsylvania State University; and Richard L. Miller, Ohio State University, for reviewing the manuscript of the first edition. Their time spent on the manuscript is well appreciated. Thanks also are extended to Katherine Curle who helped with translating much of the early draft into English. The patience of Vicki Grantham, Carmen Sasser, Teresa Snell, Sara Watson, and Stella Nwosu as they prepared the typewritten copies of the manuscript is heartily appreciated. The enthusiastic proofing, guidance on page layout and other editorial duties by Deborah Dunsford is also greatly appreciated.
EXTENSION
## Introduction
Horticulturists estimate that 1,500 varieties of herbaceous ornamental plants are grown commercially in North Carolina. Ornamentals are grown in commercial greenhouses, commercial fields, professionally maintained landscapes, interior plantscapes, and home grounds, as well as inside homes or in hobby greenhouses.
An amazing variety of insects feed on flowering and foliage plants. Many field, fruit, and vegetable crop pests such as the cabbage loper, corn earworm, diamondback moth, and oblique banded leafroller also feed on ornamentals. Lush growth and sheltered growing conditions make ornamental herbs especially attractive to plant pests.
The routine use of insecticides usually eliminates predaceous insects and mites. However, pests remaining after treatment sometimes tolerate commonly used insecticides. To stay in business, most commercial flower and foliage plant growers must become fairly sophisticated in using various types of pest management practices, insecticide formulations, application equipment, and in rotating insecticides from one chemical group to another.
Commercial growers use a battery of general and restricted-use pesticides. Although amateur gardeners battle the same pests, the most effective chemicals for control are often very expensive or are restricted so that homeowners are not allowed to use them. This puts a moral burden on the commercial grower to try earnestly to eliminate all plant pests from bedding, potted, and cut plants before selling them.
Keys to adults and immatures of these pests referred to above are included in this publication. These keys, plus the color plates and the illustrations in the insect notes, will help you identify the pests of herbaceous ornamental plants. Identification is important to assure proper control measures.
## Management of Insect and Related Pests
This manual is designed to augment state Cooperative Extension publications on best management, not to duplicate them. In no way are the suggestions for safe use and calibrations for proper application in the state Cooperative Extension recommendations to be belittled or ignored. This section on management should be viewed as an expansion of explanations begun in those publications.
## Greenhouse
## Chemical Control
Total reliance on pesticides for pest management is labor intensive and sometimes very hard on the plants. Although there are numerous practical and philosophical problems with the chemical control of insect and mite pests in the greenhouse, pesticides will remain important in greenhouse pest management at least for the next few years. Control of pests in the greenhouse is often difficult because of lush, sheltered growing conditions. In general, insects, mites, and slugs reproduce more
rapidly in warmer temperatures. Also, periodic use of pesticides in greenhouses often reduces parasites and predators of greenhouse pests because the pests tend to be more resistant to pesticides than their predators and parasites.
Application of pesticides is almost essential if one is to stay in the greenhouse profession. Eliminating weeds inside and outside the greenhouse reduces alternate hosts for ornamental plant pests. Screen doors and vents make it harder for moths and beetles to fly in and lay eggs or feed. But, careful as the grower may be, sooner or later an insect or mite will come in on the clothes of workers, on cuttings, in pots, or in soil. Many growers apply pesticides periodically as "insurance" against accidental infestations. Despite these precautions, however, insects or other pests may become established. Some growers treat whenever they discover pests. Growers should survey the plants on a daily or every-other-day basis to guard against extensive damage by insects, mites, or slugs.
Pesticides are applied in greenhouses in almost every conceivable manner. Legal methods are usually the safest! Growers use aerosols, mists, smokes, fogs, dusts, sprays, drenches, and granules - everything but aerial application and backrubs. Aerosols, smokes, mists, and fogs must be applied when the greenhouse is closed (at night or in the winter). Since most pesticides are sensitive to ultraviolet rays, treatments made later in the evening will be more effective. After the waiting period specified on the label has passed, the structure must be well ventilated before workers can safely enter.
Fogs, smokes, and aerosols are generally applied on a cubic-foot basis. Compute cubic feet by multiplying the area of the floor times the average height of the roof: that is, the length times the width times the average height (Figure 1A). For houses with flat, sloping roofs, add the height at the eave to the height at the highest part, divide by 2, and multiply by the area of the floor (Figure 1B). For houses with rounded roofs, measure the lowest point and the highest point in the middle, then measure the heights at ¼ and ¾ of the distance to the low point. Add these 4 measurements, divide by 4, multiply by the area of the floor, and you have a pretty close estimate of the volume of the house (Figure 1C and Figure 1D). (Although this estimate is a little low, rounded roof of houses are usually covered with polyethylene film and are consequently very tight. Thus, applications in these houses do not dissipate as rapidly as applications in fiberglass or glass houses.) Fogs, smokes, and aerosols generally need to be diluted by the air in the greenhouse to avoid damage to the plants.
Place smoke fumigators so that the smoke does not vent directly onto the plant foliage. Growers customarily wear self-contained breathing systems or gas masks when applying fogs, smokes, or aerosols. Some growers who use smoke fumigators determine the number of fumigators needed, based on cubic feet, and light those furthest from the door first. This allows the grower to vacate the house before it becomes dangerously filled with fumes. Two people should always be present when applying toxic substances in the greenhouse. If one person gets accidentally poisoned, the other can drag the victim to safety and call for help. Dusts and sprays are applied with conventional dusting or spraying equipment. Necessary safety clothing must be worn.
Apply granular insecticides with a handheld snaker or some other device that does not grind up the granules. Wear boots, long pants, a long sleeved shirt, rubber gloves, and a respirator. The plants and potting mix should not be handled until the granular pesticide has been washed from the foliage and watered in thoroughly.
## Integrated Pest Management
IPM uses all suitable methods to reduce insect and mite populations to the lowest acceptable level. IPM is a complex program as each crop must be considered individually. However, there are a number of basic practices that apply to most greenhouse crops.
## Clothing
An effort should be made to avoid carrying insects into the greenhouse by wearing clothes that are brown, red, or black. Do not wear white, yellow, or green, as these colors are attractive to aphids, thrips, whiteflies, leafminers, and darkwinged fungus gnats. Light to dark blues also are attractive to
aphids and thrips.
## Quarantine
Before any plant material is brought into the greenhouse, it should be thoroughly inspected for insects, mites, and diseases. Furthermore, new plant material should be kept in a separate section for a week or more before such material is incorporated into the production area. Such highly resistant pests as the green peach aphid, western flower thrips, and silverleaf whitefly move readily on plant material. The swapping of insects, mites, and diseases on infested plant material is without doubt the major way resistant thrips, aphids, and whitefells are transported throughout the greenhouse industry.
## Screening
In an experiment with greenhouse screening in California, a crop of chrysanthemums was grown successfully without a single application of pesticides. Exclusion demonstrations at North Carolina State University with the western flower thrips and the silverleaf whitefly have shown that both pests can be significantly excluded by spunbounded and perforated polyethylene screening. With screening, the finer the mesh, the greater is the tendency to restrict air flow into the greenhouse. Polyspun materials cut air flow by a factor of two. The perforated polyethylene screening cut air volume by a factor of five (Figure A).
Although the pore sizes of some screening materials are large enough that the thrips are capable of wedging through, the screening still excludes many thrips. Evidently, these materials are not recognized by thrips as a suitable substrate to feed on. When the thrips probe the screening they may instinctively resume flight searching for a suitable plant.
## Pest Recognition
For proper management, it is important to be able to recognize the various kinds of pests in their various stages of development. Probably the most frequently misidentified pests are shore flies and darkwinged fungus gnats. Shore flies are of little economic consequence in the greenhouse but are very resistant to pesticides. Thus a grower can waste effort and pesticides trying to chemically control shore flies rather than trying to control algae the shore flies are breeding in. Another example of misidentification is the assumption that parasitized green peach aphids are some sort of new 'tan' aphid. Parasitized aphids adhere to the plant fairly tightly, so in spite of repeated applications, these 'tan' aphids seem to be impossible to kill.
## Monitoring
Constant vigilance for insects, mites, and diseases is required for effective pest management. An employee or certain employees should be assigned the responsibility of scouting for insects and other pests on a regular basis (perhaps weekly during the winter and twice weekly during the summer). Written records of where various pests are found should be kept. Pests can be monitored by using yellow and blue sticky cards (Figure BB, Figure CC, Figure DD, Figure EE, Figure FF, FigureGG, Figure HH, Figure II, Figure JJ), by using yellow pan traps, and by examining the foliage, flowers, and occasionally the roots. Light traps outside can be used to monitor for European corn borer, corn earworm, and beet armyworm adults.
## Record Keeping
A written log should be kept of pest type, locality, abundance, and all pesticides applied. Such records can be of long-term benefit as many pests tend to appear at about the same time each year. However, the short-term benefits of written records may be greater. Knowing what pests survive a
pesticide application alerts the grower to the possibility of poor timing, poor application, or pesticide resistance in the pest population. A change in strategy, application technology, or type of pesticide can be made before the crops are significantly damaged.
## Biological Control
Some growers use beneficial organisms for biological control where appropriate. Unfortunately, there are no really effective organisms available for managing the silverleaf whitefly or the western flower thrips. Encarsia formosa parasitic wasps infest silverleaf whiteflies to some degree and Amblyseius predatory mites, used for spider mite suppression, can feed on thrips. Bacterial and nematode organisms can be readily integrated into a traditional pest management scheme, whereas others require a fairly high level of management. Aphytis wasps, Aphidoletes maggots, and green lacewings are available for aphid suppression. Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki pesticides are available for caterpillars. Bacillus thuringiensis israelisenis and Steinemema carpocapsae nematodes suppress darkwinged fungus gnats. Cryptoalaeus and Delphastus lady beetles (when available) can be used for mealybugs and whitesfile. Parasitic wasps are available for soft scale management and predaceous mites are available for spider mite suppression. Encarsia formosa parasitic wasps can be used especially for greenhouse whitepuff suppression. Except for Bacillus thuringiensis pesticides, the use of biological organisms is usually not compatible with the use of chemical sprays. It is possible to integrate sprays of soaps and oils with Encarsia formosa by timing pesticide applications to coincide with the "black scale stage" of the parasite's development. Also the "brown mummy" stage of aphids infected with Aphytis wasps are resistant to soaps and oils.
## Organic Control
Organic growers tend to be wary of relying on pesticides for routine pest management. Most organic growers are highly receptive to the basic integrated pest management practices (screening, biological control, and monitoring). The range of chemicals organic growers can use is limited to those that are certified to be "organic" by various organizations such as the California Certified Organic Farmers. Some of these chemicals work well and others are marginally effective. Finding formulations that are certified as organic and that are actually labeled for greenhouse use is sometimes a problem. Some organic growers in North Carolina use screening to exclude pests and methods such as irrigation to dislodge and destroy mites and aphids or washing the produce by hand at harvest to remove pests.
Organic Chemicals: Soaps, oils, and nicotine sulfate can be used for aphid suppression. Soaps, oils, neem extracts, and pyrethrum sprays and aerosols are moderately toxic to 3 whiteflies. The Bacillus thuringienses kurstaki pesticides and pyrethrum sprays, and aerosols are effective for caterpillar control. Soaps and pyrethrum pesticides suppress mealybugs. Spider mites are susceptible to soaps and oils. Pyrethrum sprays and aerosols help suppress thrips.
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
Figure EE. Silverleaf whiteflies on a yellow sticky card; time to change the yellow sticky card; time to change the
pest problems with biological control agents requires a knowledge of the biology of the pest species, the biological control agent(s), and a great deal of time and commitment. Biological control systems do not look after themselves.
Thorough, timely applications of properly labeled pesticides are another important aspect of an integrated pest control program. Rotating infested plants back into a greenhouse where they can be treated thoroughly and revived in vigor before being returned to the indoor landscape is a sound practice but is often not practical. Treat commercial landscape areas at night, on weekends, or when a minimum number of people are present. The public should not be allowed in the vicinity of treated plants until the pesticide residue on the foliage has dried completely.
## Commercial Field Grown Flowers
This is the sector of the ornamental plant industry that most closely parallels agricultural crop production in methods and equipment. Tractor-drap spray rigs or mist blowers are often used for pest control. A broad range of chemicals is cleared for use on field-grown flowers. However, the number of insect and mite pests that can be tolerated is very low. Vigilance must be maintained to prevent extensive damage by ornamental plant insect, mite, and slug pests.
## Key to Orders and Groups of Pests
- 1. Body and antennae unsegmented, contractile, slimy; entire lower surface modified as a sort of gliding foot; breathe through single, closable opening on right side of body (Figure 2A, 2B) -SLUGS AND SNAILS
Body and appendages segmented (Figure 3A, 3B), or if apparently not segmented, then specimens either permanently attached to plants (scales, Figure 4A, 4B and whiteflies, Figure 5A, 5B) or less than 1 mm long (mites, Figure 6A, 6B) -GO TO 2
- 2. Some combination of the following: wings; three or four pairs of segmented legs; a pair of large compound eyes; a pair of well-developed antennae; body larger, darker and/or harder than that of the immature. (Adult and immature of mites, aphids, mealybugs, and scales are very similar except for size and reproductive maturity and can be difficult to distinguish) -ADULTS
No wings; some of the following present or absent: segmented thoracic legs; fleshy abdominal prolegs; eyes; antennae; body larviform (caterpillar, grub, or maggot) or at least smaller, paler, and softer than adult -IMMATURES
## Key to Adults
- 1. Specimen permanently attached to leaves or stems, may be hidden under shell or wax secreted by specimen (Figure 4A, 4B and Figure 5A, 5B) - SCALES AND IMMATURE WHITEFLIES
Specimen mobile, not permanently attached to vegetation - GO TO 2
- 2. Body unsegmented, usually less than 1 mm long; 4 pairs of segmented thoracic legs; wings, compound eyes, and antennae always absent (Figure 6A, 6B) - MITES
- 3. With 1 pair of transparent front wings; hind wings reduced to knob-like halters (Figure 7A, 7B) - FLIES
With 2 pairs of wings or none, front wings may be shell-like, hiding the hind wings - GO TO 4
Scales and hairs, if present, sparse and not concealing body surface; mouthparts different - GO TO 5
- 5. Front wings in form of a hard or leathery shell meeting at midline but not overlapping, covering the transparent folded hind wings; mohs of chewing type, mandibles on head or at tip of unsegmented snout (Figure 9A, 9B, 9C) - BEETLES
Front wings, if present, either transparent, flexible, or overlapping when closed; mouthparts a segmented beak or cone for piercing and sucking - GO TO 6
- 6. Tiny, slender insects more than twice as long as wide, usually 1 to 2 mm long; wings folded flat on back when closed, overlapping, much narrower than width of body, each wearing a long fringe of marginal hairs (Figure 10) - THRIPS
## Not fitting this description - GO TO 7
- 7. Mouthparts a segmented, hinged beak attached to underside of head anterior to eyes (Figure 11); antenna of four or five distinct segments; front wings folded flat on back, usually (except lace bugs) leathery at base and membranous toward tips, tips overlapping - BUGS
Mouthparts a short beak attached to head under eyes or even between front legs; antennae and wings variable (Figure 12) - GO TO 8
- 8. Antennae distinct, segmented, arising from head in front of eyes; insects crawl or fly but don't jump - GO TO 9
Antennae slender, hairlike, arising from knobs beneath eyes; hind legs long, spiny, adapted for jumping; alert, active insects (Figure 13) - LEAFHOPPERS
- 9. A pair of tubelike cornicles on abdomen (Figure 14) - APHIDS
## Cornicles absent - GO TO 10
- 10. Fully winged, tiny, whitish, active insects with large eyes; found on undersides of leaves among their immobile immatures; fly in spiral pattern when disturbed (Figure 15) - WHITEFLIES
Wingless, slow-moving, oval insects; body pinkish or grayish under a coat of powdery white wax, often with filaments and tufts of hairlike wax; usually concealed on various parts of plants (Figure 16) - MEALYBUGS
## Key to Immatures
- 1. Becoming permanently attached to leaves or stems, may be hidden under shell or wax secreted by specimen (Figure 17A, 17B and Figure 18A, 18B) - SCALES AND WHITEFLIES
Mobile, or capable of crawling when proded - GO TO 2
- 2. Lack of legs - GO TO 3
possesses legs of some sort - GO TO 5
Headless, with a pair of retractable mouth hooks, a maggot (Figure 19) - FLY MAGGOTS
```
Has a distinct head capsule (Figure 20, Figure 21)- GO TO 4
Slender maggot with shiny black head capsule, found in decaying plant tissues and in fungi
(Figure 20) - DARKWINGED FUNGS GNATS
Stout-bodied grub with orange or brown head capsule, in soil around roots or boring in healthy
plant tissue (Figure 21) - WEEVILS AND OTHER BEETLES
Tiny, body unsegmented, less than 0.5 mm long; 3 or 4 pairs of segmented legs present; eyes
and antennae always absent (Figure 22) - MITES
Body segmented, usually longer than 0.5 mm; only 3 pairs of segmented legs; eyes and
antennae usually present but may be small or obscure - GO TO 6
```
Body segmented, usually longer than 0.5 mm; only 3 pairs of segmented legs; eyes and antennae usually present but may be small or obscure - GO TO 6
- 6. Immature a caterpillar or grub, with chewing mouthparts; looking very different from, and not found with, the adult (Figure 23A, 23B, 23C, 23D) - GO TO 7
Immature a nymph with a beak or cone-shaped mouthparts: similar to, and often found in groups with adults - GO TO 8
- 7. Immatures with 3 or 4 pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs and 1 pair of anal prolegs; some species can spin silk, which they use to tie foliage together, line burrows and spin cocoons (Figure 23A, 23B) - CATERPILLARS
Immatures lacking prolegs: canton spin silk (Figure 23C, 23D) - WHITE GRUBS, WIREWORMS, AND OTHER BEETLES
- 8. Mouthparts a segmented, hinged beak attached to underside of head anterior to eyes; antennae of 4 distinct segments; compound eyes well developed; stout-bodied, slender-legged, usually active and solitary nymphs (except lace bugs, which are spiny) (Figure 24A, 24B, 24C, 24D) BUGS
Mouthparts a short beak attached to underside of head beneath eyes or between front legs; antennae and eyes variable; body form variable (Figure 25) - GO TO 9
- 9. Active, alert insects, solitary on foliage and stems; hind legs long, spiny, can jump; antennae hairlike, arising from head underneath eyes and above beak (Figure 25A) - LEAFHOPPERS
Less active, often found in groups or concealed; hind legs not adapted for jumping; antennae arising from head in front of eyes - GO TO 10
- 10. Possessing a pair of tubelike cornicles on abdomen; usually found in clusters or colonies on leaves, new shoots, nymphs and adults together (Figure 25B) - APHIDS
Lacking cornicles - GO TO 11
- 11. Slender insects, more than twice as long as wide; usually pale yellow or red, lacking a coating of powdery or filamentous wax; eyes visible; mouthparts concealed in a cone on part of head (Figure 25C) - THRIPS
Oval or rounded insects, less than twice as wide as long; body pinkish or grayish beneath a
coating of powdery or filamentous wax; eyes lacking; mouthparts a short beak between front legs (Figure 25D) - MEALYBUGS
## Key to Blossom and Leaf Feeders
- 1. Body and antennae unsegmented, contractile, slimy, legless; entire ventral surface modified as a sort of gliding foot; breath though single, closable opening on right side of body (Figure 26A, 26B) - SLUGS AND SNAILS
Body and appendages segmented, or if apparently not segmented. then specimens either attached to plants or less than 1 mm long - GO TO 2
- 2. Specimens attached to plant, rarely if ever moving (Figure 27A, 27B, 27C, 27D) - SCALES AND IMMATURE WHITERIFLES
Specimens readily mobile - GO TO 3
- 3. Tiny, 1 mm or less long; 3 or 4 pairs of segmented thoracic legs; antennae, compound eyes, and wings always absent; body unsegmented (Figure 28A, 28B) - MITES
Usually larger; 3 pairs of segmented thoracic legs; antennae, compound eyes, and wings (adults) usually present although they may be reduced or hidden; body segmented - GO TO 4
- 4. Body elongate, soft; head capsule smooth and rounded, hard; eyes and antennae reduced; 3 pairs of thoracic legs plus 1 or more pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs and 1 pair of fleshy anal prolegs (Figure 29) - CATERPILLARS
Not a caterpillar, abdominal and anal proleps absent - GO TO 5
- 5. Mouthparts are chewing mandibles; body hard; front wings not overlapping, meeting at midline of body, modified into a shell that covers the transparent, folded hind wings; antennae may be elbowed, clubbed, or otherwise modified (Figure 30) - BEETLES
Mouthparts beaklike or conelike, adapted for piercing and sucking; body leathery or soft; front wings not like a shell, may partly or completely overlap at rest; antennae (except leafhoppers) a simple, straight series of segments - GO TO 6
- 6. Mouthparts an elongate three or four-segmented beak that arises in front of eyes on underside of head (Figure 31A); large compound eyes always present; antennae of 4 or 5 distinct segments; front wings of 2 textures, leathery near base and membranous at tips, tips overlapping (Figure 31B) - BUGS
Mouthparts a beak of cone, arising beneath eyes or (apparently) between first pair of legs (Figure 32); eyes and antennae variable; front wing of uniform texture - GO TO 7
- 7. Slender insects, more than twice as long as wide - GO TO 8
Oval or rounded insects, less than twice as long as wide - GO TO 9
Usually larger than 1 to 2 mm when mature; variously colored and patterned, often green; hind legs long, modified for jumping; antennae short, hairlike, arising under eyes; front wings not lying flat on back or overlapping when closed, lacking fringe (Figure 34) - LEAFHOPPERS
- 9. With a pair of tubelike cornicles on abdomen; large compound eyes present; legs long and slender; body variously colored and patterned (Figure 35) - APHIDS
Cornicles and compound eyes absent; legs short, not slender; body pinkish or grayish; often covered with a white, waxy broom (Figure 36) - MEALYBUGS
## Key to Stem Borers
- 1. With 3 pairs of short, segmented thoracic legs, plus 1 or more pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs and 1 pair of fleshy anal prolegs (Figure 37) - CATERPILLARS
Abdominal and anal prolegs absent - GO TO 2
- 2. A distinct, hard, pigmented head capsule present, mouthparts are chewing mandibles - GO TO 3
No distinct head capsule, mouthparts are pair of retractile, downward curving hooks (Figure 38) MAGGOTS
- 3. Head capsule shiny black; body slender, smooth, soft, white; thoracic legs absent (Figure 39) DARKWINGED FUNGUS GNATS
Head capsule orange to brown; body variable; thoracic legs may be present (Figure 40A, 40B) BEETLES
## Key to Root Feeders
- 1. Tiny, slow moving, 1 mm or less long; 3 or 4 pairs of segmented thoracic legs; head and mouthparts cone shaped, eyes and antennae absent; body bulbous, unsegmented, with scattered long hairs; found in decaying or moldy vegetation (Figure 41) - MITES
Larger; 3 pairs of segmented thoracic legs or all legs absent; body segmented; caterpillars, grubs, and maggots - GO TO 2
- 2. A distinct head present; mouthparts are chewing mandibles or a sucking beak - GO TO 3
No head capsule; mouthparts are a pair of retractile, downward curving hooks (Figure 42) MAGGOTS
- 3. All legs present - GO TO 4
Some legs present - GO TO 5
- 4. Head capsule shiny black; body slender (Figure 39) - DARKWINGED FUNGUS GNATS
Head capsule orange to brown; body usually stout (Figure 40A and Figure 43) - WEEVILS, LEAF BEETLES
5. With three pairs of segmented thoracic legs, plus 4 pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs and 1 pair of fleshy anal prolegs (Figure 37) - CATERPILLARS
## Proleps absent - GO TO 6
- 6. Head capsule distinct from body; mouthparts are chewing mandibles; body more than twice as long as wide; white, yellow, or orange to brown in color; no wax (Figure 4A, 4B) - WHITE GRUBS AND WIREWORMS
Head not distinct from body; mouthparts slender, short beak; body oval or rounded, usually less than twice as long as wide; pale pink or gray under a coating of powdery wax (Figure 45) MEALYBUGS
## Home Grounds and Home Dwellings
Homeowners have difficulty in pest management of their grounds, in part due to the great diversity of ornamental plants. Homeowners are often not aware that many of these plants have insect and mite pests. Injury caused by insects and related pests is another source of potential confusion if the insect or mite is not available to help in the diagnosis. When they are willing to educate themselves to recognize problems and to frequently inspect their ornamentals, homeowners can limit the number and scope of their pest problems.
Home gardeners have an adequate selection of pesticides labeled for home use, especially for home ornaments. A variety of application equipment options are available to the amateur gardener. Probably the two most popular applicators are dusters and hose-end sprayers. Dusts require no mixing and are often applied directly from the purchased container, which has a perforated top.
Plunger dusters and bulb dusters are still in use, but not as popular. These types have a reservoir that is filled with the dust. Dusts offer quick and convenient application, but are best applied when there is little wind to reduce drift. Hose-end sprayers use water pressure to siphon, dilute, and deliver the pesticide to its destination. Pesticide concentrate is placed in the reservoir of the hoseend sprayer and water added based on the volume of spray needed. Length of hose limits use of hose-end sprayers on large properties. The hose-end sprayer reservoir must be rinsed after each use.
Compressed air sprayers are available in several sizes and prices and are popular in the home garden. These sprayers use air pressure to deliver the diluted pesticide through the spray nozzle to the target. The nozzle is often adjustable, from a coarse to fine spray pattern. Spray coverage is
more uniform with compressed air sprayers than with dusters and hose-end sprayers. Pesticides must be diluted according to label in instructions, and sprayers must be cleaned after each use.
Ready-to-use pesticides and sprayers are the newest application technology. Pesticides are sold premixed, and the reservoir is connected to a plastic nozzle. The system is a closed one, with no mixing or cleaning necessary. Pressure is applied by a trigger. The system is adequate for small areas, but would not provide coverage to larger plantings.
Sprayers mounted on garden-type tractors similar to those available for farm use can be used on larger properties. Some models use the tractor battery to power the sprayer and others use a powertake-off system. As with other sprayers, proper mixing of pesticides and thorough cleaning of the equipment after use are required.
## Authors
James Baker Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Ramona Beshear
Cathy C. Carter
Eric Day
Jerome Grant
Avas B. Hamon
Kelly F. Horn
Tong-Xian Liu
Ronald D. Oetting
Dale K. Pollet
Peter B. Schultz
Beverly Sparks
Charles L. Staines
David Stephan
Retired Extension Specialist (Identification & Diagnosis) Entomology and Plant Pathology
Michael L. Williams
Publication date: Jan. 1, 1994
AG-136
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/hla/terrariums-hla-6438.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20130311153516-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
## Terrariums
Mike Schnelle Extension Horticulturist
David Hillock
Assistant Extension Specialist, Consumer Horticulture
## Laura Payne
Extension Associate
Do you remember the terrariums of the 1970s? They were often glass or plastic spheres, orbs, or giant brandy snitzers, sometimes complete with macaré hangers! Today's terrariums are made in a variety of shapes and sizes, often with mirrored backs and sides to increase the visual presence of the plants within them.
The precursor to the terrarium was developed years ago (c. 1829) when Dr. Nathaniel B. Ward, an English physician with a passion for botany and entomology, discovered he could germinate spores of a desirable fern within a closed glass jar. He designed what is known as the Wardian case, a glass-topped box, resembling a miniature greenhouse, that was used to transport plants collected in distant countries back to the British Isles. Within the glass enclosure he could grow plants in conditions almost like those of their natural environment and protect them from the coal smoke-polluted air of London (Fig. 1). Because the plants inside their glass enclosures were decorative, the idea was soon adapted for home interior decorating.
A terrarium, a garden in an enclosed glass or plastic container, is a delightful way to grow a collection of small plants. With proper care, a terrarium will create a humid atmosphere that protects tender, tropical plants that are difficult
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.oksstate.edu
to grow otherwise in the dry atmosphere of our homes. Under controlled conditions, a terrarium can also be used to help start new plants from seeds and cuttings.
## Materials Needed
- · Clear, colorless glass or plastic container
- · Potting medium
- · Plants
- · Water
- · Brightly lighted window
## Container
Select a container of clear, colorless glass or plastic. Avoid translucent or colored glass or plastic, as it will limit the quantity and quality of light available for photosynthesis by the plants inside. The container need not have a top, as one can easily cover the container with clear, colorless plastic food wrap. (As a fun experiment with children, you may want to wrap the entire container in coloured plastic food wrap to see how compromised quality of light affects plant growth.) Aquariums, gallon-size jars, spheres, decorative containers, and pop bottles are readily available and easy to transform into terrariums.
## Potting Medium and Drainage
Good potting medium, purchased from a local garden center, is ideal for terrariums. It is not recommended to use garden soil, as it is too heavy and does not provide adequate aeration or capillary movement of water. Garden soil likely contains weed seeds, insect eggs, and disease-causing organisms. Commercial potting medium typically is a mixture of peat moss with perlite, vermiculite, and/or composted bark, forming a substrate that provides excellent aeration as well as moisture retention. Commercial potting medium has been pasteurized, killing weed seeds, insect eggs, and diseasecausing organisms. Commercially prepared potting media usually have a starter charge of fertilizer already added to the mix; therefore, additional fertilizer is not needed at the time of planting.
Other materials such as rocks, sand, or charcoal are not recommended for drainage as once believed. When layers of such material are used in terrariums, water drainage away from roots is actually hindered. The reason for this is that the
potting medium is like a sponge with millions of air pockets. When wet, the water is held tightly until the potting medium becomes completely saturated. Only then will the water move to the next layer. By then, there is too much water even for the drainage layer to hold. The plants' roots suffocate in the oxygen-depleted potting medium, rot, and eventually die.
## Plants
Although many varieties of plants can be grown in a terrarium, one should choose plants that are naturally dwarf, slow-growing, tolerant of high humidity, and tolerant of the low to medium level of light where the terrarium is going to be placed. Choose plants of various textures and colors or shades of green to maximize the visual interest. Suggested plants for use in a terrarium are listed at the end of this publication.
Cacti and succulents are not well-adapted to growth in a terrarium, as it will be too humid. For these plants, a dish garden would be a better choice.
## Planting the Miniature Plantscape
A terrarium can be used to grow a specimen of a given plant, or it can be planted with a variety of plants. Consider where the terrarium will be displayed and how it will be viewed. If it can be viewed from all sides, then plan to place taller, vertical plants toward the center with shorter, rounded or prostrate plants around the perimeter (Fig. 2). If the terrarium will be viewed from one side, plan to place the taller, vertical plants toward the back with the shorter, rounded or prostrate plants toward the front and sides (Fig. 3).
Wash the container, inside and outside, with warm soapy water. Be careful, it can become very slippery! Rinse the container with cool visual several times to remove all traces of soap and then dry thoroughly.
To create good visual proportion with the container, add slightly moistened potting medium to a depth of ½ inch for every inch width of the container; however, it is not necessary to exceed 3 inches deep, except to create a visual berm. Varying the depth of the potting medium provides additional visual interest, and natural rocks and stones can be added to the surface to complete the miniature plantscape.
Gently remove the plants from their pots, avoiding damage to their root systems. Plant the taller, vertical plants first to
the same depth they were growing in the pots just removed. Continue planting the shorter, rounded, or prostrate plants as you move away from the taller plants. Use caution not to crowd plants against one another or against the walls of the terrarium. Gently adjust foliage of the plants to drape naturally.
Add small amounts of water from a spray bottle set to a coarse stream orfroma drinking straw dipped intowaterto rinse potting medium offoilageandoffheinsideoftheterrarium's walls. Avoid getting the foliage too wet, asitwillnotreadilydry in the terrarium, and could become infected by water-borne bacteria or fungi. Also, be cautious not to overwater the potting medium; it should be moist but not wet. If too much water is inadvertently added, tilt the terrarium so the water forms a pool at its edge and then use a paper towel to wick the excess water away from the potting medium. Wipe the inside walls of the terrarium dry with a soft cloth or paper towel to avoid leaving water spots and then cover with the container's lid or a piece of clear, colorless plastic food wrap.
## Establishment & Maintenance
Place the terrarium in the brightlight ofawindow;however, avoid direct sunlight,as it will quickly overheat the terrarium. For more information about plants' need for light, see OSU Extension Fact Sheet HLA-6401 Growing Under Lights .
It may take a few weeks to establish a "rain cycle" within the terrarium. It is not unusual for the walls of the terrarium to fog the first few days. It may be necessary to partially open the top or briefly remove the lid of the terrarium to vent excess humidity, replacing the cover once the condensation evaporates. The rain cycle results from careful management of the water in the terrarium. Eventually, rather than forming a fine log on the interior surface of the terrarium, water will condense in a light film and, then, trickle down the sidewalks back into the potting medium. The established terrarium will require additional water only infrequently.
In order to minimize the plants outgrowin the terrarium, keep fertilitylow.Useafertelesslabelledforhouseplantsathalf therecommendedrateandhalftherecommendedfrequency. For example, if the fertilizer label recommends "1 teaspoon per gallon applied twice per month," apply "% teaspoon per gallon once a month."If nutrient deficiency symptoms appear (chlorotic foliage, forexample), increase the rate orapply more frequently.
The miniature plantscape of a terrarium can be expected to remain visually in proportion to the container for about one year; however, periodic pruning of aggressive or fast-growing plants may be needed to maintain an aesthetic appearance.
For more information on the subject discussed in this publication, consult your local Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service office.
## Selected Plants for Terrariums
This list is not intended to be exhaustive; there are many other dwarf, slow-growing plants suitable for a terrarium. Always select dwarf or miniature varieties.
Tall Plants (6" to 12")
Aluminum Plant - Pilea cadairei
Arrowhead Vine - Synongium podophyllum
Artillery Plant - Pilea microphylla
Asparagus Fern - Asparagus spp.
Begonia - Begonia spp.
Belgian Evergreen - Dracaena sanderiana
Bloodleaf - Iresine herbii
Boxwood, Japanese - Buxus microphylla cvs.
Boxwood, Japanese - Buxus microphylla cvs.
Bridal-veil - Tripogandra multiflora
Cast Iron Plant, Miniature - Aspidistra elator cvs.
Chinese Evergreen, Dwarf - Aglaonema spp.
Croton - Codaimeau variegatum
Dracena, Gold Dust - Dracenaacur Sulcorosa
Euonymus, Box-leaf - Euonymus japonicus 'Microphyllus'
Ferns - Adiantlum spp., Pellaea spp.,
Pteris spp.
Foam Flower - Tiarella cordifolia
Friendship Plant - Pilea involucrata
Meadow Beauty - Soneria spp.
Meadow Beauty - Soneria spp.
Natal Plum, Dwarf - Carissa macrocarpa 'Nana', 'Prostrata', or 'Tuttlei'
Nerve Plant - Fittonia verschaffeltii
Parlor Palm - Chamaedorea elegans
Peacock Plant - Calathea makoyana
Peacock Plant - Calathea makoyana
Pickaback Plant - Tolmia menziesii
Pomegranate, Dwarf - Punica granatum 'Nana'
Prayer Plant - Maranta leuconeura
Prince's Pine - Chimaphila menziesii and
C. umbella
## Short, Rounded Plants (
Begonia, Rex - Begonia Rex Cultorum Hybrids
Carpet Bugle - Ajuga reptans
Earth Star - Cryptanthus spp.
Fern, Bird's Nest - Aspenidium nidus
Foxglove, Mexican - Tetrenamera roseum
Geranium, Miniature - Pelargonium spp.
Gloixinia, Dwarf - Sinninglia pusilla
Hepatica - Hepaticania americana and H. nobilis
Joseph's Coat - Altermanthera spp.
Mondo, Dwarf - Ophiopogon japonicus 'Minor' and 'Nanus'
Peperomia, Miniature - Peperomia spp.
Poika Dot Plant - Hypoestes phyllostachya
Primrose, Miniature Cape - Streptocarpus spp.
Snake Plant, Bird's Nest - Sanseveria trifasciata 'Hannii'
Sorrel - Oxalis spp.
Strawberry, Wild - Fragaria spp.
Sundew - Drosera spp.
Tahitian Bridal-veil - Gibasis geniculata
Venus Fly Trap - Dionaea muscula
Violet, African - Saintpaulia ionantha
Violet, Flame - Episcisa spp.
Violet, Flame - Episcisa spp.
Violet, Flame - Episcisa spp.
Violet, Garden - Viola odorata
## Short, Prostrate Plants (1" to 3" tall, spreading)
Baby's Tears - Solerianola soleroiflii
Bead Plant - Nertera garanadensis
Beganolia, Strawberry - Saxifraga stolonifera
Begonia, Trailing Watermelon - Pellionia repens Fig, Creeping - Ficus pumilia
Fig, Creeping - Ficus pumila
Goldfish Vine - Columbinea microphylla
Ivy, Dwarf English - Hedera helix cvs.
Ivy, Miniature Swedish - Plectranthussspp.
Ivy, Red - Hemirgraphis alternata
Koelilleria - Koelilleria enrioides
Moss, Club - Lycopodium spb.
Moss, Little Club - Selaginula spp.
Moses and Liverovers - Bryophyta
Pearwort - Swagina subulata
Philodendron - Philodendron spp.
Plantain, Lesser Ratlesnake - Goodyera repens Pathos - Epipremnum spp.
Pussy-toves - Artennaria spp.
Rainbow Vine - Pellionia pulchra
Rupture-wort - Hermiaria glabra
String-of-Hearts - Ceropedia linearis ssp. woodii
Stripded Inch Plant - Callisia elegans
Wandering Jew - Tradecantia spp. Wintergreen - Gaultheria procumbens
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/AN332 | Genetic Selection for Gaits in the Horse | University of Florida | [
"Laura Patterson Rosa",
"Carissa Wickens",
"Samantha A. Brooks"
] | 2024-10-28 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Genetic Selection for Gai's in the Horse
Laura Patterson Rosa, Carissa Wickens, and Samantha A. Brooks
## What is the connection between locomotion patterns and genetics?
Quality and cadence of various locomotion patterns are extremely valuable traits in horses. Breeds like the Tennessee Walking Horse, Florida Cracker Horse, Mangalarga Marchador, and Icelandic Pony are prized and selected for unique intermediatespeed locomotion patterns. What if genetics could help us unravel and better select for the locomotion patterns of our horses?
All healthy horses are able to perform the basic patterns of low-speed (the walk) and high-speed locomotion (the gallop). However, the patterns can vary immensely at intermediate speed, ranging from the diagonal pattern in the trot to the lateral pattern of the pace. Gaited breeds are prioritized for diverse intermediate locomotion patterns in which the legs do not pair completely. When listening to these horses move, we are able to discern four distinct hoof beats corresponding to the "fourbeat" pattern. This lack of synchronization is the main characteristic of a smooth-gaited horse. Still, in some four-beat gaits there are moments of diagonal pairing and lateral pairing that might resemble the synchronization found in the trot and pace (Figure 1), respectively. One of the most well-recognized and striking moments of limb support in the four-beat gaits is the triple support, when three feet are in contact with the ground at the same time. Much of the comfort felt by the rider in the saddle is indeed attributed to this characteristic (Figure 2).
Figure 2. (a) Paso Fino, (b) Spotted Saddle Horse, (c) Mangalarga Marchador, and (d) Tennessee Walking Horse showing the moment of "triple support" when three feet are in contact with the ground, which is one of the characteristics of the four-beat gaits.
Credit: (a) Just chaos/Flickr/CC-BY-2.0 (b) Just chaos/Flickr/CC-BY-2.0 (c) Alexandre Augusto, Haras Guariroba -Bahia, Brazil (d) Dan Dee Shots/Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-2.0
In contrast to the pace, an exclusively lateral-paired locomotion pattern, the traditional rotot is a diagonally paired locomotion. Neither is considered a true four-beat ambling gait because each possesses a moment of suspension (where the horse has no foot contact with the ground or is airborne) between the change of supporting pairs (Figure 2).
In vertebrates like the horse, locomotion patterns are controlled by the central pattern generators (CPGs), a group of neurons present in the spinal cord. Although the exact neurons forming the CPGs are not yet known, scientists have discovered that the CPGs are regulated by genetic factors that "pre-program" the behavior of these neurons. The innate, hereditary four-beat ambling gaits may vary between gaited breeds such as the Tennessee Walking Horse, Florida Cracker Horse, Mangalarga Marchador, and Icelandic Pony, but they are nonetheless determined by the CPGs. The CPGs orchestrate motion in a slightly different way in all these patterns of locomotion, "signaling" the legs to move with varied timing and pattern. What is the "code" embedded in the DNA that controls the actions of these CPGs?
## DMRT3 and Locomotion in the Horse
Geneticists recently reported that the chase, or mutation, of just a single "letter" within the entire genetic code is able to influence locomotion patterns in a variety of species. The most famous recent example in the horse is a mutation in a gene named DMRT3 (doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor, isoform 3) (Anderson et al. 2012). This mutation turned out to be fairly common within the ground of Icelandic horses studied, which included those with the ability to perform five gaits (walk, toilt, trot, gallop, and pace) and those that could only perform four gaits (walk, toilt, trot, and gallop). The DMRT3 variant is generally found in higher frequencies among some other breeds including the Mangalarga Marchador and the Puerto Rican Paso Fino. It is the most prevalent variety in the Tennessee Walking Horse and the Standardbred (Jäderkvest et al. 2015; Promerova'ı et al. 2014).
A study conducted in the Mangalarga Marchador suggested that, although possibly linked to the type of gait (batida or picada, the two types of gait performed by this breed), the DMRT3 allele was not the main cause underlying the natural talent for the ambling gaits found within the breed (Patterson, Stager, and Brooks 2015). Picada horses more frequently possess two copies of the variant allele (a given part of a gene), A/A, while batida are usually C/C. However, this genotype alone is not a perfect indicator of gait type as both picada and batida possess moments of lateral and diagonal movement. It was also found that C/A horses (heterozygous, with one copy of each type of this gene) fall into both categories of gait type. Other studies have reported skilled picada horses with the C/C genotypes. The picada gait is also commonly associated with a more difficult transition to canter and a lower canter quality by bred judges and trainers (Patterson, Staiger, and Brooks 2015).
Although Andersson et al. (2012) suggested that the DMRT3 variant could be permissive to the ability to perform four-beat ambling gaits at intermediate speed, they also observed that horses homozygous A/A (two copies) for the variant earned lower quality scores for the gallop. In Standardbreds, the presence of the C allele was linked to a more balanced canter and better transition scores in collected canter (Jaderkvist et al. 2015). In Finnhorses, the genotype A/A was linked to an increased ability in trottling harness racing, an event in which horses are disqualified for breaking into the canter at higher speeds (Fegraeus et al. 2015).
Breeds that are not known for ambling gaits can also possess the A variant at a low frequency. One study found heterozygous C/A horses among both Arabian and American Quarter Horse populations, but since their occurrence within the population analyzed was low-frequency, no conclusions could be made regarding these horses' gait characteristics (Regieri et al. 2016). The variant does not distinguish the lateral diagonal footfall patterns because both trotting and pacing horses frequently possess the A variant. This is a phenomenon observed in studies focused on the Icelandic Horse (Andersson et al. 2012), American Saddlebred (Regieri et al. 2017), Standardbred (Jädverkst et al. 2015), and Finnhorse (Fegraeus et al. 2015).
Higher frequencies of the variant form are found among horses bred for harness racing (Andersson et al. 2012), supporting the theory that the variant form influences the ability to transition from an intermediate-speed gait to the canter. A harness horse with the tendency to move quickly but avoid the canter or gallop is at a considerable advantage on the harness racing track.
## "Knocking Out" a Mouse to Improve Understanding of the Gene Function
To better understand the functions of a mutation on this gene, researchers also developed a genetically modified mouse in which the DMRT3 gene was completely erased. This "knock-out" mouse, lacking the gene and thus the protein encoded by that gene, provided information about the function of the DMRT3 gene as well as the things that occur within its variant form. This modified mouse could not sustain higher locomotion speeds on a treadmill (Amesson et al. 2012). This difficulty in performing the transition from an intermediate-speed pattern to one of a higher speed is a characteristic shared with horses that have the variant A form of the gene.
For a video of the KO mouse (Andersson et al. 2012), please visit https://staticcontent.springer.com/esm/art%3A10\_1038%2Fnature11399/MediaObjects/41586\_2012\_BFnature11399\_MOESM87\_ESMov
Lower quality canter and difficulty with transitioning to the canter are frequently found among Mangalarga Marchador horses that are naturally picada gated. The gait type is mainly correlated to the homozygous A/A form of the gene (Patterson, Staiger, and Brooks 2015; Manso Filho et al. 2015; Fonseca et al. 2017).
## Current and Future Applications
As researchers develop better tools to evaluate locomotion parameters, we can improve the classification of locomotion phenotypes to evaluate genotypic variation in more detail. Recent examples of these tools are the Lameness Locator™ (Figure 3), the Automated Gait Analysis Through Hues and Areas (AGATHA) toolkit, and pressure-activated force plates allied to digital interpretation.
Allele:
alternative form of a gene found at the same place on a chromosome.
Chromosomes: threadlike bodies that carry the genes in a linear order.
Gene: a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming a unit of heredity that can be transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
Genotype: the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
Heterozygous: a genotype consisting of two different alleles at a given locus.
Homozygous: a genotype consisting of two identical alleles at a given locus.
Locus (Loci): the position of a gene on a chromosome.
Phenotype: the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
## References
Andersson, L. S., M. Larhammar, F. Memic, H. Wootz, D. Schwochow, C.-J. Rubin, K. Patra, et al. 2012. " Mutations in DMRT3 affect locomotion in horses and spinal circuit function in mice." Nature 488(7413): 642-6.
Fegraeus, K. J., L. Johansson, M. Mañapää, A. Mykkänen, L. S. Andersson, B. D. Velié, L. Andersson, T. Árnason, and G. Lindgren. 2015. "Different DMRT3 genotypes are best adapted for harness racing and riding in Finnhorses." Journal of Heredity 106(6): esv062.
Fonseca, M. G., G. de Camargo Ferraz, J. Lage, G. L. Pereira, and R. A. Curi. 2017. "A genome-wide association study reveals differences in the genetic mechanism of control of the two gait patterns of the Brazilian Mangalarga Marchador breed." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 53: 64-67.
Jáderkvist, K., N. Holm, F. Imsland, T. Árnason, L. Andersson, L. S. Andersson, and G. Lindgren. 2015. "The importance of the DMRT3 'Gait keeper' mutation on riding traits and gaits in Standardbred and Icelandic horses." Livestock Science 176: 339.
Manso Filho, H. C., E. G. Cothran, R. Dumras, M. Gomes-Filho, N. M. Silva, G. B. da Silva, L. M. C. Ferreira, J. M. G. Abreu, and E. C. C. Manso. 2015. "Alenia MRT3 mutant em equinois de marchada bâtida e pica das raças Campolina e Mangalarga Marchador" Ciência Veterânia nos Trópicos 18(1): 58-64.
Patterson, L. E., A. Staiger, and S. A. Brooks. 2015. "DMRT3 is associated with gait type in Mangalarga Marchador horses, but does not control gait ability." Animal Genetics 46(2): 213-5.
Promerová, M., L. S. Andersson, R. Juras, M. C. T. Penedo, M. Reissmann, T. Toxaki, R. Bellone, et al. 2014. "Worldwide frequency distribution of the 'Gait keeper' mutation in the DMRT3 gene." Animal Genetics 45(2): 274-82.
Regatieri, I. C., J. E. Eberth, F. Sarver, T. L. Lear, and E. Bailey. 2016. "Comparison of DMRT3 genotypes among American Saddlebred horses with reference to gait." Animal Genetics 47(5): 603-5.
Regatieri, I. C., G. L. Pereira, A. R. Teixeira Neto, G. C. Ferraz, R. A. Curi, and A. Oueiroz-Neto. 2017. "Polymorphisms in MCTI, CD147, PDK4, and DMRT3 genes in Arabian and Quarter Horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 48: 161165.e1.
Publication #AN332
Release Date: October 29, 2024
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Carissa Wickens
Disclaimers
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition.
About this Publication
This document is AN332, one of a series of the Department of Animal Sciences, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date May 2017. Revised July 2024. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Laura Patterson Rosa, PhD 2020, associate professor, equine medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY; Carissa Wickens, associate professor, equine Extension specialist; and Samantha A. Brooks, associate professor, Department of Animal Sciences; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Horses
Wickens, Carissa
Specialist
University of Florida
Specialist
## Horses |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/magee-census-profile-2010-2020 | Magee Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Magee Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Magee Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-273 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-273.pdf | |
| Presentation File: | |
| magee_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Simpson County. | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to | |
| all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | |
| SELECT A COUNTY | |
| Your Extension Experts | |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes | Dr. James Newton Barnes |
| Extension Professor | Extension Professor |
| Dr. Rachael Carter | Dr. Rachael Carter |
| Extension Specialist II | Extension Specialist II |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills | Dr. Devon Patricia Mills |
| Associate Extension Professor | Associate Extension Professor |
| Related News | Related News |
## Extension provides training for tourism professionals
NOVEMBER 10,2023
MSU Extension specialist receives leadership award
OCTOBER 24,2023
First tourism leadership class graduates recognized
OCTOBER 23,2023
MSU Extension expertise helps boost Mississippi tourism
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/stjohnsco/2021/10/22/st-johns-county-4-hers-offer-a-pumpkin-stand/ | St. Johns County 4-H’ers offer a Pumpkin Stand | University of Florida | [
"Allie"
] | 2021-10-22 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"4-H",
"pumpkin",
"pumpkin stand"
] | FL | ## St. Johns County 4-H’ers offer a Pumpkin Stand
Are you in need of pumpkins for the fall season?
## Get your pumpkins from St. Johns County 4-H!
The start of a new 4-H year brought new youth and new ideas to the St. Johns County 4-H Program. Of these new ideas, the 4-H Pumpkin Project was initiated. The 4-H Pumpkin Project educates youth about harvesting, agribusiness, entrepreneurship, food safety and culinary arts. Throughout the fall season, 4-H members will further their knowledge of the pumpkin industry at three hands-on learning opportunities led by Extension Agents from St. Johns and Flagler County.
At the first meeting, the 4-H's traveled to the UF/IFAS Hastings Agriculture Extension Center. The St. Johns County Agriculture Extension Agent, Prissy Fletcher, oversaw a half-acre pumpkin demonstration supported by St.
Johns County BOCC. The plot boasted twelve (12) specialty varieties. The 4-H's had hands -on opportunities to learn about farm safety, equipment, harvesting techniques, grading, and pumpkin varieties. Youth worked to harvest many different varieties in preparation for their 4H Pumpkin Stand. At the end of harvesting, one youth stated that he never knew there were so many types of pumpkins!
The second meeting will consist of the 4-H'ers hosting a 4-H Pumpkin Stand to the public. With the funds raised, youth will work to make a difference in the community by addressing an agricultural related community need. Any remaining funds will be put back into the project to the project next year.
The 4-H Pumpkin Stand will take place on October 28th, 2021 from 11:30 AM-6:00 PM at the Hastings Agriculture and Extension Center
(595 E. St. Johns Ave, Hastings, FL 32145). All pumpkins MUST be pre-ordered on Eventbrite. To order pumpkins, click here. There are many specialty varieties available including porcelain doll, jarrahdale, seminole, and kakai. Get your 4-H pumpkins today!
o
by Allie
Posted: October 22, 2021
Category: 4-H & Youth
Tags: 4-H, Pumpkin, Pumpkin Stand
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Horse Judging & Hippology: A Closer Look
- · Day Camp Benefits Archery Club
- · A 4-H's Tips For Creating An Attractive Holiday Centerpiece
- · Fall Colors And Flavors |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ffgs/2021/10/26/congratulations-ben-and-louann-williams-of-wetland-preserve-2021-jon-gould-florida-outstanding-tree-farmers-of-the-year/ | Congratulations Ben and Louann Williams of Wetland Preserve: 2021 Jon Gould Florida Outstanding Tree Farmers of the Year | University of Florida | [
"Chris Demers"
] | 2021-10-26 | [
"Conservation",
"Forests",
"Natural Resources",
"Water",
"Wildlife"
] | FL | ## Congratulations Ben and Louann Williams of Wetland Preserve: 2021 Jon Gould Florida Outstanding Tree Farmers of the Year
By Ginger Feagle, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
The Florida Tree Farm Program is proud to congratulate Ben and Louann Williams of Putnam County as Florida's 2021 Jon Gould Outstanding Tree Farmers of the Year . Each
year, one Tree Farmer (individual or family) in the state is selected who exhibits exceptional forest stewardship to protect and improve our forest resources and promotes forest stewardship within their community. Across Florida, family forest owners like Ben and Louann care for the largest portion, more than half, of Florida's forests. Their efforts are crucial to the sustainability of our country's natural resources, such as clean water and air, wildlife habitat, carbon storage and a wood supply for the products Americans use every day.
Watch their video at 2021 Tree Farmer of the Year - YouTube
After purchasing over 3700 acres of former industrial timberlands in 2008, the Williams quickly realized they needed to learn the techniques to manage their land and affiliated natural resources, and they also needed to become a positive voice to communicate the value of forest management. As a family coming from 35-years in the seafood business, having started out commercial fishing for their livelihood on the St. Johns River, the Williams understood how government issues, the value of clean water, and the water cycle
relate to the productivity of their land. Appropriately, they named their property "Wetland Preserve" to emphasize the land's connection to nearby water resources.
Ben explains, "Today, one of the most satisfying things for us is to be able to manage the land for income while at the same time be managing it for wildlife and ultimately to be able to help protect water quality. We understand as former commercial fishermen that it is important to protect both the resources and the culture that support your livelihood."
sustainable timber products while integrating wildlife habitat improvements for pollinators, gopher tortoises, deer, turkey, quail, bear, fish, and songbirds. Ben and Louann have used sound management and restoration techniques, including Silviculture Best Management Practices to thin dense slash and loblylly stands, plant longleaf pine, remove non-native plants and animals, and introduce prescribed fire. All of these practices ultimately increase timber productivity and improve wildlife habitat by allowing sunlight to stimulate native groundwater, decrease hardwood competition, avoid water quality impacts, and maintain the ecological balance (including the important role of nuisance species such as coyotes) as part of the natural ecosystem. To be successful in these activities, the Williams refer to the guidance of their professional consultant Leonard Wood (Jowett & Wood, Inc.) and Florida Land Steward Partners such as the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Forest Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, St. Johns River Water Management District, and US Fish and Wildlife Service.
The Williams stand strong in their commitment to protect Wetland Preserve for future generations by successfully pursuing and acquiring a Florida Forever Conservation Easement that allows them to continue their forestry and wildlife management practices while eliminating the incentives to develop the land. Within this agreement, the Williams have gone above and beyond normal protections by adding limitations on the potential harvest of hardwood oak hammocks and cypress, even further protecting the wetland areas for which the property was aptly named.
Louann and Ben passionately promote the many stewardship organizations they are involved with including the Florida Forestry Association, Forest Stewardship Program, Florida Tree Farm
Program, and the North The North Florida Prescribed Burn Association, photo by Ben Williams
Association. The Williams enjoy sharing their trials and experiences with other landowners and are appreciative to those who have helped them along the way. The Williams provide nature-based education and recreational opportunities by hosting field tours, allowing hiking access via the Florida Trail, and
"We always knew it was important, so we just continue to do the outreach - it seemed like the right thing to do. It was never like work, I don't think at any point someone left our property after taking advantage of the opportunities to come see what we are doing, where we felt like we've done some work. We actually felt like we've done a little bit to help the industry." It is because of their community outreach and land management ethic that they earned prior recognition as the 2019 Florida Land Steward Landowner of the Year.
Florida Land Steward Tour at Wetland Preserve, 2019
On the Wetland Preserve's website
(http://benandlouann.com
boost their property as "Conservation Compatible Forestry" and explain, "Conservation and stewardship are at the heart of how we plan for the future of Wetland Preserve and conduct daily management operations." Ben explained during the Award presentation at the recent Florida Forestry Association meeting, "We still have friends in the commercial fishing industry, you don't think about it, but what you do supports other parts of the economy in Florida. Other people are dependent, these things are tied together. So, when we saw the Standards of the American Tree Farm System, we understood how they fit together. We are very supportive of that because it is supporting more than just trees and more than just forestry."
'The Florida Tree Farm Program commends Ben and Louann Williams for their outstanding commitment to sustainable forestry,' said Tony Grossman, President of the Florida Tree Farm Program. 'The Williams are great examples of Floridians who combine wood, water, wildlife, and recreation values with working their land and sharing with others to lead the way.'
The Florida Tree Farm Program greatly appreciates the positive impact that Ben and Louann Williams provide to Florida landowners as the 2021 Jon Gould Outstanding Tree Farmers of the Year .
## Watch their video at 2021 Tree Farmer of the Year - YouTube
The American Tree Farm System®, a program of the American Forest Foundation, is
administered locally by the Florida Tree Farm Program. The American Tree Farm System® is the largest and oldest sustainable United States designed specifically for family forest owners. The
program provides over 69,000 family forest owners with tools, education, and a community of shared interest to support their conservation goals. Enrolled Tree Farmers , in return, care for their land, meeting rigorous Standards of Sustainability that are internationally endorsed and recognized to assure the provision of wood supplies, wildlife habitat, recreational opportunities, and clean water. Collectively, there are nearly 18 million forested acres within the ATFS program in the United States. The American Tree Farm System and the American Forest Foundation share a mission to deliver meaningful conservation impact through the empowerment of family forest landowners. To learn more about the Florida Tree Farm Program, visit their website https://www.treefarmsystem.org/florida.
This article was written and submitted by Ginger Feagle, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
Posted by
```
```
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Linking People To Nature: Gabby Salazar
- · Meet The People Behind The Trees: Getting To Know Urban Forestry Extension Agent Alyssa Winson
- · Florida Land Steward Update, July 14, 2021
- · SFRC Serves: Janelle Strong |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-cheesy-quesadilla/ | Live Well Recipe: Cheesy Quesadilla | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | ## Live Well Recipe: Cheesy Quesadilla
These Cheesy Quesadillas are fun to make. Sometimes it's okay to play with food. Let your child-with clean hands-tear spinach leaves into pieces.
## Ingredients
Cooking spray
1 tortilla, large
1/2 cup cheese, shredded
6 baby spinach leaves, chopped
1 tablespoon salsa
## Directions
Spray a skillet with cooking spray and heat on medium heat. Place tortilla in skillet.
Sprinkle cheese and spinach on half of the tortilla.
Spoon salsa on top of spinach and cheese.
Fold tortilla in half.
Cook for 2 minutes on each side.
Cut into 4 wedges.
Download the recipe here: Printable Cheesy Quesadilla
(https://www.acs.edu/wqp2018/content/uploads/2018/EOS\_2196 Live/WellAlabamaRecipesCard\_CheesyQueasa
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement ( https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination statement/)
(https://www.acs.edu?post\_type=acess\_content\_piece&s=3223&oreview=true) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/montgomery-county-economic-contribution-agricultural-sales | Montgomery County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Montgomery County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales
## Montgomery County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3389-50
View as PDF: P3389-50,pdf
Publication File:
- ▪ montgomery\_county\_ag\_sales\_presentation.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
\
## Your Extension Experts
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor
Related News
Dr. James Newton Barnes
Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills
Assistat Professor
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
lasst> |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/stlucieco/2021/08/30/downstream-of-covid-19/ | Downstream of COVID-19 | University of Florida | [
"Lisa Krimsky"
] | 2021-08-30 | [
"Change Category",
"Coasts & Marine",
"Conservation",
"Natural Resources",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Water",
"Covid-19",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"IFASwater",
"UF IFAS Water Agents",
"water quality"
] | FL | ## Downstream of COVID-19
As a UF/IFAS extension agent I, like all my extension colleagues, receive a lot of resources about the state of the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, as someone who specializes in water resources, I couldn't envision how COVID-19 would impact those areas where I spend most of my working hours - water quality and harmful algal blooms. Recent news headlines over the last few weeks have led me to re-evaluate my original perception. This blog highlights the unusual ways in which the pandemic and water resources intersect, both good and bad.
## Wastewater surveillance
For more than a year, scientists and wastewater utility managers have recognized the opportunity to use wastewater as a way conduct cost-effective epidemiological surveillance of the COVID-19 virus. The virus and its RNA remain stable throughout the long wastewater process from toilet, to sewer, to treatment, and can be detected in wastewater before symptoms even arise in the person. This surveillance can detect trends in COVID infections and provide municipalities the ability to anticipate COVID loads 5-10 days in advance. It's important to note that just because viral RNA is detectable, the virus is not infectious, and wastewater is not a likely transmission route.
## Drinking water supply
In Florida, the delta variant has led to a spike in the number of COVID cases and a heightened need for oxygen in area hospitals. Liquid oxygen, used to treat patients, is also used for the treatment of potable water, wastewater, and reclaimed water. During the water purification process, liquid oxygen is converted to ozone and used to disinfect the water and breakdown hydrogen sulfide. For some of Florida's water treatment plants, the increased demand for oxygen to treat COVID patients has led to a shortage. This shortage is directly impacting the potable water supply. In the Orlando area, the Orlando Utilities Commission (OUC), urged residents to conserve water, including cutting back on their landscape irrigation, to ensure an adequate drinking water supply. Nearly two-weeks after the
request, residents have failed to make sufficient conservation efforts and OUC may be forced to issue a boil water notice. OUC is not unique. In Hillsborough County, Tampa Bay Water has also seen a reduction in their liquid oxygen supply. In addition to asking residents to use less water, they have responded by temporarily treating their water with sodium hypochlorite instead of liquid oxygen. They are also adjusting the mix of sourced water - groundwater, river water, and desalinated water. This is a trend that is likely to continue throughout the state as cases continue to rise.
## Harmful algal blooms
The increased demand for oxygen has also impacted the supply chain transportation structure and the turnaround time for harmful algal bloom toxin analysis. The state of Florida has a robust harmful algal bloom (HAB) monitoring program which includes routine and response monitoring. Water samples are collected and analyzed for algae species, toxin type, and concentration. The Florida Department of Health issues public health warnings based on this data. Nitrogen gas is required for the accurate processing of HAB toxin samples in the laboratory. However, the trucks that are normally used to transport nitrogen are being used to transport oxygen for the treatment of infected patients instead. This has impacted the normal supply chain. Nitrogen deliveries are delayed and thus, so is sample processing time. This can directly impact the timeliness of public health notifications. Residents are urged to use the precautionary principle - if water looks discolored of scummy assume there are toxins in it. Do not drink or recreate in it, this includes pets and other animals.
These "downstream" impacts of the pandemic highlight how linked our public health system is and underscores the idea that all health is One Health.
## References:
Larsen, D.A., Wigginton, K.R. Tracking COVID-19 with wastewater. Nat Biotechnol 38 , 1151-1153 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0690-1
Jones, D. (2021, August 25). Couple weeks' supply of liquid oxyg en to treat your home's water left. WFTV9.
https://www.wftv.com/news/local/orange-county/couple-weekssupply-liquid-oxygen-treat-your-homes-waterleft/7W4ZB5OQDBAYXKHRFUK7GF2NPM/
Gannon, M. (2021, August 26). Tampa Bay Water changes water treatment process due to liquid oxygen shortage . News Channel 8. https://www.wfla.com/news/hillsborough-county/tampa-baywater-changes-water-treatment-process-due-to-liquid-oxygen shortages/.
Harada, K., Kondo, F. & Lawton, L. (1999). Chapter 13: Laboratory analysis of cyanotoxins. In: Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences , monitoring and management . World Health Organization.
## O
by Lisa Krimsky
Posted: August 30, 2021
Category : , Coasts & Marine, Conservation, NATURAL RESOURCES, UE/IFAS Extension, Water Tags: #IFASWater, COVID-19, Florida Sea Grant, UF IFAS Water Agents, Water Quality
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Peters's Rock Agama EDIS Publication 'Agamaversary'
- · Ag-Cited Cottage Foodies
- · Butterflies And Wildflowers At Steven J. Fousek Preserve
- · From Distancing To Sheltering - An Easy Transition |
https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/site-files/documents/2014/come-on-out-to-the-first-invasive-species-conference-in-okc-march-5-2014.pdf | Plant Disease and Insect Advisory | Oklahoma State University | [
"Administrator"
] | Error: time data "D:20140305085630-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK74078 405.744.5527
Vol. 13, No. 5
## Come on Out to the First Invasive Species Conference in OKC
Jackie Lee, Fruit and Pecan Extension Specialist
Oklahoma Invasive Species Conference
Have you ever wondered how to look for an emerald ash borer; what exactly is a bagrada bug, or if you should worry about feral hogs? There are many invasive species that threaten Oklahoma stakeholders in different ways. Come learn more about what invasive species to look out for today and tomorrow at the Oklahoma Invasive Species conference. Oklahoma State University will be hosting this conference on March 25 th in Oklahoma City at the Wyndham Garden Inn. The mission of the conference is to educate the people of Oklahoma about invasive species that threaten the economic and ecological health of our state. Speakers will cover regulatory information, species identification, control methods, and environmental impact. The agenda can be found below.
For registration and hotel information please visit: http://agconferences.okstate.edu/oklahoma-invasive-species-conference-1/
The mission of this conference is to educate the people of Oklahoma to about invasive species that threatneou the economic and ecological health of our state.
CCA CEUs, pesticide applicator CEUs, and in-service credit will be given for attendance. Early registration is $35.00 or $50.00 after March 10 th . Registration is limited so sign up soon and promote this event to your stakeholders.
Dr. Richard Grantham Director, Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory
Olhama State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1954, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1950, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May & June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E., Whitson, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural.
Oklahoma City, OK 73108 1-405-685-4000
Room rate will be: $87.00 if you make reservations by March 10.
Hotel website: http://www.wyndham. com/hotels/oklahoma/oklahoma-city/ wyndham-garden-oklahoma-city-airport/ hotel-overview
*Registration will be limited.
Online registration available at: https:// secure.touchnet.com/C20271\_ustores/ web/store\_main.jsp?STOREID=15 or mail in attached form.
*In-service credit will be given for attendance.
$35.00 registration fee (early before March 10 th )
$50.00 after March 10 th or at the door
Registration fees include continental breakfast, refreshments, and lunch.
## Sponsors:
National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Agriculture and Food Research Initiative
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology$^{1}$, OSU
Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management$^{2}$, OSU
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences$^{3}$, OSU
Department of Zoology$^{4}$, OSU
Oklahoma Invasive Plant Council
Oklahoma Department of Food and Forestry$^{5}$
Planning committee :
Dwayne Elmore$^{2}$, Karen Hickman$^{2}$, Jackie Lee$^{1}$, Phil Mulder$^{1}$, Elizabeth Nguyen$^{5}$, Monica Papes$^{4}$, Jen Olson$^{1}$, Angela Post$^{3}$, Eric Rebek$^{1}$, Tom Royer$^{1}$
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May B and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Silwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 75 cents per copy.
March 25, 2014 Wydhdam Garden Hotel
2101 South Meridian Avenue Oklahoma City, OK
## Agenda
8:00-8:35am
Registration
8:35-8:40am
Welcome
8:40-9:30am
"Invasive species smackdown: Biology and management of non-native insect pests" Mike Raupp, Professor, University of Maryland
9:30-10:00am
"The PPG approach: invasive species, regulations, and commerce" Everett Dale, Domestic Program Coordinator, USDA-APHIS-PPO
10:00-10:30am
"Kudzu: current status in Oklahoma"
10:30-10:45am
Break
10:45-11:15am
"Bragada bug, a cole crop pest from Africa, in United States: Introduction and potential spread"
11:15-11:45am
"Invasive aquatics in Oklahoma"
11:45-12:15pm
Poster Session in the atrium
12:15-1:15pm
Buffet Lunch
1:15-1:45pm
"Innovative solutions for feral hog control" Josh Gaskamp, Ag. Research Associate, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation
1:45-2:15pm
"Spotted wing drosophila monitoring and management in 2014" & "Weather is affecting Japanese beetle numbers and damage"
2:15-2:30pm
Break
2:30-3:00pm
"Status and future of fire ants" Bart Drees, Professor, Emeritus, Texas A&M University
3:00-3:30pm
"The green menace: emerald ash borer in North America" Eric Rebek, Associate Professor, Oklahoma State University
3:30-4:00pm
Panel Discussion |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/ornamental-grasses-for-the-midsouth-landscape | Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Victor Maddox",
"Jeff Wilson"
] | null | [
"Lawn and Garden",
"Publications"
] | MS | ## Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P2532
Filed Under: Lawn and Garden
View as PDF: P2532.pdf
Ornamental grasses with their variety of form, color, texture, and size add diversity and dimension to a landscape. Not many other groups of plants can boast attractiveness during practically all seasons. The only time they could be considered not to contribute to the beauty of the landscape is the few weeks in the early spring between cutting back the old growth of the warm-season grasses until the sprouting of new growth. From their emergence in the spring through winter, warm-season ornamental grasses add drama, grace, and motion to the landscape unlike any other plants.
One of the unique and desirable contributions ornamental grasses make to the landscape is their sound. Anyone who has ever been in a pine forest on a windy day is aware of the ethereal music of wind against pine foliage. The effect varies with the strength of the wind and the season, from the rustling of a slight summer breeze to the sharp, crisp sound of brisk winter winds bending the dry seedheads and foliage. Light adds to the musical display. Some grasses come into their glory when backlit by the setting sun. You can lengthen this display into the night by adding outdoor lighting.
Planting grasses near water, where light, sound, and wind is reflected and amplified, is another way to maximize the dramatic impact in the landscape. For an example of a design plan for a small water garden, see Figure 1 .
True grasses make up a large group of monocots ( Lilipoids) within the Gramineae or Poaceae family. There are approximately 10,000 species of grasses. Although they may seem similar, grasses vary greatly, ranging from cool season to warm season grasses, from woody to herbaceous, and from annuals to long-lived perennials.
This variation has resulted in five recognized subfamilies within Poaceae. They are Arundinoideae, a unique mix of woody and herbaceous grass species; Bambusoideae, the bamboos; Chloridoideae, warm-season herbaceous grasses; Panicoicaeae, also warm-season herbaceous grasses; and Pooidaeea, a cool-season subfamily.
Their habitats also vary. Grasses are found across the globe, including in Antarctica. They have a strong presence in prairies, like those in the Great Plains, and savannas, like those in southern Africa. It is important to recognize these natural characteristics when using grasses for ornament, since they determine adaptability and management within a landscape or region, as well as invasive potential.
Several grasses are cultivated for forage, turf, ornamental, and wildlife benefits. Although the focus of this publication is ornamental grasses, these grasses may serve wildlife in the landscape as well. In addition, native ornamental grasses may add natural heritage value to a landscape.
Grasses can be broadly grouped as herbaceous or woody. Even though grass-like ornamentals, such as Liriope spp., Lomandra spp., Ophiopogon spp., and close grass relatives, such as the sedges (Cyperaceae) and rushes (Junaceae) can be included in the general category of "ornamental grasses," they are not true grasses and are not discussed in this publication.
## Using Ornamental Grasses in Landscape Design
Beauty is reason enough to use grasses in the landscape, but grasses can also be useful. If a landscape has a special need, an ornamental grass probably can fill that need. Whether you need a ground cover, a screen, a specimen plant, or a container plant, you have many choices of grasses to fill those needs. The comments section of the tables at the end of this publication gives specific landscape features for each grass.
Grasses can attract wildlife by providing food, nesting, and cover. Grasses in combination with other perennials or annuals can add to the layers of vegetation that attract wildlife by providing a transition or bridge between the woods and the lawn's edge. The larger grasses can function as outdoor room dividers, directing and controlling traffic or movement through the garden. Larger grasses can act as subtle backdrops for showerier other plants, and even as windbreaks. Smaller grasses can be ground covers, container plants, edging, and erosion control. Both large and small can fill multiple duties, such as specimen, erosion control, foundation plant, and wildlife habitat. See Figure 2 for an example of an attractive corner planting that incorporates ornamental grass.
Figure 2. Site Plan 2. Design and Selection Tips for Ornamental Grasses Combining different grasses, on grasses with shrubs, flowers, or other ornamentals, can be both daunting and fun-there are so many choices! The only limiting factor could be local availability. Thankfully, as grasses have become more popular, availability has increased. More and more garden centers and nurseries have a wide selection. If you cannot find a particular grass at a local garden center or nursery, search online for mail order nurseries. You can find many other sources using Internet search engines. When combining grasses with other ornamentals, consider using plants with bold, coarse textured foliage to offset the feathery, rounding form and soft texture of certain other grasses. For example, combine muhly grass (Muhlenbergia) with the large, boldly-colored foliage of Tropicana, or Bengal Tiger cannas, Lime Ginger or Black Magic elephant ears, or any banana plant around a pool or water garden. Add a few narrow-leaf evergreen shrubs for winter interest to contrast with the neutral color
of the dormant grass, and you have a planting that is attractive through all seasons with little leaf litter to get into the water.
Ornamental grasses adapt themselves well to many situations, sliding easily into beds and borders with many other annuals or perennials. Grasses with their muted colors and graceful shapes can serve as the anchor to "set off" their neighbors. Using grasses with sedums such as Autumn Joy and the orange confelower Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. is a classic combination. Purple confelflower, coreopsis, dayliilies, and a host of other perennials combine well with grasses.
When selecting a grass, consider the mature size and shape. Many grasses can overpower their weaker, less robust companions. Proper accommodation of their size when selecting the site prevents the cost of renting a backhoe to remove the overgrown giant later. Be aware of the fall color, if any, and the flowering season and color to know if the grass will complement neighboring plants. Consider ease of maintenance when making a selection.
Also, know how the plant reproduces before making a selection. Is the plant an aggressive invader, spreading by rhizome or root? If so, select a site you can confine, such as a container or bed with a physical barrier of some sort. Does it self-sow readily from seed? If so, there are a few management choices-either remove the flowers before seed are formed (which would probably be a shame if the flowers were attractive), or be ready to be a vigilant weeder. A third option is to apply a pre-emerge herbicide at the right time to prevent the seed from developing into seedlings.
## Using Grasses in Specialty or Theme Gardens
Because grasses are so diverse and adaptable, they can be used in many types of gardens. Ranging from the large estate owner who employs a bey of gardening staff to the apartment or dorm dweller whose garden consists of one lone container, anyone can grow and enjoy ornamental grass.
Grasses have a place in many theme gardens. For example, ornamental grasses, such as the bambooes, are used extensively in Japanese gardens. Other theme gardeners in which grasses could play a role could be a Biblical garden, since the giant reed (Arundo dongax L.) is believed by many to be the bulrush of the Bible. This garden could include a sorghum plant as well, because some Biblical botanists believe this to be the reed in the crucifixion verses. An herb garden would include the lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf].
## Container Gardens
Container gardens can be large or small, combinations of plants, or just one specimen. Pick the container to match the needs of the plant(s) and to complement the surroundings. Combine several sizes, shapes, and colors of pots into a nice grouping, or pair identical spots on either side of an entryway. Remember that container gardens typically need more attention than the same plants in the ground. Be especially mindful of watering. Use grasses in containers the same way they are used in the landscape, for example, as an accent or focal point of the planting or as a background for the more colorful plants. Grasses can be the large, vertical element of the container or the low, spreading, or cascading element of the container garden. The more agressive spreaders such as the bamboos could be easily restricted in a container.
## Rock or Trough Gardens
Because many types of grasses are very drought tolerant once established and some are dwarf as well, they can be included in rock or trough gardens. You can have fun experimenting to find the best
selections.
## Water Gardens
Besides the beauty they contribute, grasses can stabilize the edge of a lake, small pond, or stream to prevent erosion. Examples are bamboo or giant reed. Grasses contribute little plant litter to the water, unlike many other ornamental plants. You can choose from many selections that can grow in or near water.
## Wildlife Gardens
If you are interested in developing a landscape that is attractive to wildlife, certainly include grasses. Birds and other wildlife feed on the seed heads of many grasses. Many types of wildlife, including birds and small mammals, use the foliage for cover and nesting. Having a diversity of grasses combined with flowering trees, shrubs, and other flowering plants attracts a diversity of wildlife that can add to the sustainability of your landscape.
## Craft or Cutting Garden
Floral designers or craftsmen can find many uses for ornamental grasses in their art. The fluffy, colorful flowers and the arching or mounding foliage lend themselves to fresh or dried arrangements. Creating interior accents such as wreaths, garlands, topiaries, swags, or other arrangements with grass inflorescences or foliage is easy and fun for the do-it-yourselfer as well as the professional designer. In particular, incorporating grasses into autumn décor is popular and attractive. A table centerpiece of small, colorful ornamental gourds arranged with a vase of fall flowers and grasses can be very festive. Adornning the front door with a wreath woven from fall foliage, vines, and branches and decorated with seedpods, cones, and ornamental grasses creates a colorful welcome for any visitors.
## Native Garden
Interest is increasing in restoring landscapes to a more native version of the original landscape of this country before the influence of Europeans. Some reasons for using natives include the idea that natives are easy to maintain, they are hardy and adaptable, they are historically interesting, or you might have an interest in plant heritage. Native grasses certainly were a big part of the native flora of the Midsouth and should be an integral part of any native garden. Native grasses are designated as such in the tables in the back of this publication.
For those interested in preserving the local ecotypes, seed or plants collected from locally grown stock can be preferable to those seed or plants grown in another geographic area. Plants with a wide range may exhibit naturally occurring variations, each more suited to one particular region. For example, it just makes sense that a native grass such as little bluestem that is grown from stock in Maine may not be as well suited to your area of the Midsouth as the same little bluestem that is from stock grown in Carriere, Mississippi.
## Meadow or Prairie Garden
For those interested in establishing or preserving an area of the landscape as a meadow or prairie, grasses would certainly be a part of the process. Purists might want to stick with using the natives, but introduced grasses can be nice, well behaved additions to a home meadow or prairie area. As two Mississippi native plant enthusiasts, Gail Barton and Marc Pastorek have said, "grasses are the canvases on which wildflowers should be painted." For further information on establishing a
wildflower meadow, see Extension Publication 1709 Wildflowers for Mississippi Meadows and Gardens.
## Herbaceous Grasses
Many herbaceous grasses are used as ornamentals. These include many native and introduced ornamental grass species. Grass genera such as Andropogon, Miscanthus, Panicum, and Uniola fit within this group. These grasses may be annual or perennial, cool- or warm-season. As you can see, use and management in the landscape can be quite variable. Some can be established from seed, while others are only vegetatively planted, especially variegated grasses.
Some literature is available on ornamental grasses, but this information is not generally specific to the Midsouth region, including Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. A list of herbaceous grasses considered adapted to the Midsouth is provided in a table at the end of this publication.
## Woody Grasses
Woody Grasses include the bamboos (subfamily: Bambusoideae), such as black, goldengroove, and golden bambooos (Phyllostachys spp.), and a few other upright perennial grasses (subfamily: Arundinoideae), such as giant reed (Arundo donax), reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.], and others. Although these grasses are often tall, some are short and used as groundcovers.
Many bamboos are now commercially available. Information on many considered adapted to the Midsouth is provided at the end of this publication.
Bamboos include spreaders and clumpers. See Figures 3 and 4 for growth habits. With clumping bamboo, stalks originate from one area and fan out as they grow upward. The stalks of spreading bamboo are spread out across the ground. Although spreaders can fill voids for screening, they can also be invasive and very difficult to kill once established. Always consider the long-term effects of planting such grasses. For this reason, you may prefer clumpers, such as Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult. & Schult. f. and others.
## Invasive or Weedy Ornamental Grasses
Aside from their use as ornamental grasses, some ornamental grasses can pose a serious risk of invasion in the landscape. This is particularly true of introduced ornamental grasses, and some, like giant reed, are now regulated as federal or state noxious weeds. Other introduced ornamental grasses may escape within the landscape and cause problems but are not regulated. These grasses should require special management considerations or be avoided.
New ornamental grasses are continually introduced. Be cautious, and avoid purchasing and/or planting problematic or invasive grasses. Planting invasive grasses can result be costly and require hard work to remove from the landscape and possibly surrounding landscapes.
Because of problems from certain introduced grasses, many landscapes now host native grasses. Although some native grasses can be invasive, they are a part of the natural heritage of this country and of lesser concern. Some native alternatives to exotic invasive ornamental grasses are provided in the back of this publication. It is important to remember that an invasive grass in one state or region may not be invasive in another state or region. Like other invasive species, invasive grasses can have regional specificity. When in doubt, it is better to be cautious or avoid using such grasses.
## Propagation of Ornamental Grasses
It is important to understand the differences between cool-season and warm-season grasses when propagating. Cool-season grasses, also called C3 grasses, prefer cooler growing temperatures in the fall and spring. These grasses are best propagated in fall before more favorable growing conditions. Warm-season grasses, also called C4 grasses, prefer warmer growing conditions in summer. These grasses are best propagated in spring before more favorable conditions. Most Southern ornamental grasses are warm-season grasses.
Propagation can be vegetative or by seed. Many cultivars should only be propagated vegetatively, including variegated cultivars or those with distinctive leaf or other specific characteristics. This is the most common way to propagate ornamental grasses. But for large areas of native grasses, this method may be too expensive.
Seed propagation is generally desirable under these circumstances, although species and cultivar options can be limited. You can collect seed locally, but in most cases large commercial growers ship seed to local retailers across the country. This seed may not contain local ecotypes of native grasses, but the cultivars may be well adapted to this region. Whether adapted or not, it is important to remember that management options, such as fertilization, landscape placement, and irrigation, can
overcome many issues with poor adaptation. Grasses requiring management to survive in the landscape are usually less invasive.
## Naturalizing with Native Grasss
Naturalizing usually pertains to larger areas where a natural, less formal landscape is desired. Establishment and management of these areas are similar to that used on golf courses, pastures, and natural areas. Research has been conducted on seed establishment and management of native grass stands, and information available on establishing and managing native grasses is also available on the web.
Generally large areas of native grasses are established by seed. Warm-season grasses are generally seeded in the spring, while cool-season grasses are seeded in the fall. The typical planting unit is pounds (lbs) Pure Live Seed (PLS) per acre. Planting mixes of more than one species is common. Seed can be broadcast by hand or rotary spreader. But seed with a lot of hair will not broadcast from a rotary spreader. Hand broadcasting, with the addition of sand, is generally necessary. Such seed can be hydroseeded or hydromulched, but this requires specialized equipment.
Typical seeding rates for common, warm-season grasses are 20 lbs PLS/A for big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vittom), 5 lbs PLS/A for broomseed (Andropogon virginicus L.), 30 lbs PLS/A for indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], 25 lbs PLS/A for little bluesystem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], and 10 lbs PLS/A for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Perennial grasses can be slow to establish and may take two or more years to reach maturity. Switchgrass tends to reach maturity faster than other native perennial grasses and is one of the few you can broadcast with a rotary spreader.
Weeds are often an issue in establishing seeded cultivars. Weed seed may be a result of disturbance of the existing soil-seed bank and/or a result of contamination in the purchased seed. Either way, weeds can cause establishment failure if not dealt with in a timely manner.
You can mow taller weeds while grasses are short. Some weeds can be hand pulled, but larger stands may require herbicides. Certain broadleaf herbicides for broadleaf weed control are usually safe on most native grasses. However, very small, newly emerged grass seedlings may be injured by herbicides that are safe to well-established grasses. Test low rates of herbicides on small areas of newly emerged grasses to check species tolerance before treating large areas. Herbicides containing 2,4-D or similar products are typical, but always read and follow label directions, and consider seedling maturity.
## Other Seeded Grasses
A few other ornamental grasses are seed propagated. These include a few cool-season annuals and perennials, such as Festuca, and a small number of warm-season annual and perennial grasses, such as Coix and certain Pennisetum spp. These are best planted in small containers until established and then transplanted into the landscape.
## Vegetative Propagation of Herbaceous Ornamental Grasses
Vegetative propagation is the most common form of propagation for herbaceous perennial ornamental grasses. It is almost always done by division of rhizomes, stolons, or tiller s of larger plants. This is best practiced early in or just before the growing season to allow time for full development. This would be fall for cool-season grasses and early spring for warm-season grasses. You can grow recently divided plants in containers to encourage quicker establishment.
## Vegetative Propagation of Bamboos
Bamboos are propagated from rhizomes, since plants may take years to flower. Clumping bamboos, such as Bamusa multiplex, have very short rhizomes and can be more difficult to propagate. Spreading bamboos, such as Phyllostachys, are easier to propagate, though most bamboos are slow to establish. It is important to have several nodes on each rhizome being propagated. Avoid excessive bending when planting.
Once planted, the bamboo may not have full vigor for a year or more. First culms (stalks or shoots) are generally smaller, eventually reaching full size over time.
Once established, bamboos can live for many years. You may see them at old home sites long after homeowners have left. Thus, keep this in mind when planting spreading bamboos, since they may spread to adjacent property and cause poor relations with neighbors.
Larger bamboos may need a culm-and-a-half or more width of mowed space to keep plants from crossing an area. For example, if the mature height is expected to be 30 feet, then allow 45 feet or more of lawn space around the planting area.
Smaller bamboos, such as Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.) Nak., can tolerate certain amounts of mowing and may spread easily into areas where they are not wanted. Thus, enclose small, groundcover-type bamboos to prevent unwanted spread. Use concrete or steel ground barriers. Always make sure they are much deeper than the rhizomes.
## Management of Ornamental Grasses
Grasses typically respond well to fertilization. But over fertilizing can cause lodging, which is not desirable. Once established, many ornamental grasses do not need fertilization, so this is one of the benefits of using ornamental grasses. Rates of 1 lb of nitrogen per 1000 sq. ft. per growing month should be adequate for establishing most ornamental grasses.
Remember that growing seasons are different for cool- and warm-season grasses. The first application during the growing season could include an even analysis fertilizer (e.g. 13-13-13). We recommend a soil test analysis before you apply complete fertilizers.
Pruning is often necessary for grasses, since determinate flowering is typical. Determinate flowering means that once flowering is complete, the flowering culm eventually dies. Culms may be annual or take a year or more to flower, so you may not want to remove all foliage.
You can remove individually flowering culms from some grasses, such as pampas grass [Cortaderia selloana (Schult & Schult E.) Asch & Grabn.], while others may be cut back to around 6 inches above the soil surface before each growing season. This would be early spring for warm-season grasses or late summer to early fall for cool-season grasses. Although this is not required, removing dead material can add to the looks of the grass. It is best to remove only dead material from bamboos, since bamboo culms are perennial. Perennial ornamental grasses generally do not require much tillage once established. You can mulch and maintain these grasses similar to other perennial ornamentals.
## Weed Management in Ornamental Grasses
Ornamental grasses may be damaged by post-emergent graminicides, such as Fusilade (fluazifop-pbutyl) and Poast (sethoxydim). Don't use these on ornamental grasses unless the label specifically
says so. Certain broadleaf and pre-emergent herbicides may be safe on ornamental grasses, but always check herbicide labels before use.
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness$^{5}$ | Live Cycle | Physiology$^{6}$ | Sun | |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|------------------------|-------------------|--------------|--------------------|-----------------|----|
| Andropogon gerardii Viltm. | Big Bluestem | Upright | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Andropogon gyrans Ashe | Elliott's Bluestem | Upright, silky inflorescence | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Andropogon ternarius | Split Bear Bluestem | Upright, silky tufted inflorescence | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Bouteloua gracilis (HBK) Griffiths | Blue GLYPH | Fine, grayish foliage; arid species | SW Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Calamagrostis x acutiflora (Schrad.) DC. CV. | Feather Reedgrass | Karl Foerster and other cultivars; cool locations | Hybrid | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full-Part Shade | |
| Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth | Reedgrass | Clumping; cool locations | Eur. to Asia Minor | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full-Part Shade | |
| Calamagrostis brachytricha Steud. | Korean Feather Reedgrass | Clumping; cool locations | C. to E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full-Part Shade | |
| Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates | North American Wild Oats | Bamboo-like foliage; pendant spikelets | Native; Eastern U.S. | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full-Part Shade | |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun | |
|----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|----------------|--------------|----------------|-------------------|------|
| Coix lacryma-jobi L. | Job's Tears | Novelty; fruit used for beads | SE Asia | Zone 9 | Annual | Warm | Full | |
| Cortaderia selloana (Schult.& Schult.F.) Asch.& Grabn. | Pampas Grass | Escaped in SW. White and pink flower forms | South America | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Cortaderia selloana 'Gold Band' | Gold Band Pampas Grass | Gold-margined form | Cultivar | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Cortaderia selloana 'Pumila' | Dwarf Pampas Grass | Dwarf form | Cultivar | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Cortaderia selloana 'Silver Stripe' | Silver Stripe Pampas Grass | White variegated form | Cultivar | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Ex Nees) Stapf | Lemon Grass | Lemon scented and grown as herbs | India, Ceylon | Zone 9 | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Elymus canadensis L. | Canada Wild Rye | Gray foliage; bottlebrush inflorescence | N.A. | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full- Part Shade | |
| Elymus virginicus L. | Virginia Wild Rye | Greenish foliage; bottlebrush inflorescence | N.A. | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full- Part Shade | |
| Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees | Weeping Lovegrass | Invasive in W.; fine basal foliage; open inflorescence | | Southern Afr. | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun | |
|----------------------------------------------|------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|-------------------|----|
| Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. | Purple Lovegrass | Native with reddish inflorescence | Native; SE U.S. | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | |
| Festuca amethystina L. 'BronzeGLYPH | Bronze Glazed Tufted Fescue | Clumps similar to blue fescue, but more purple | C. Eur. | N. Region | Perennial | Cool | Full | |
| Festuca ovina L. var. glauca (Lam.) Hackel | Blue Fescue | Clumps of blue-gray foliage; short | North Temperate | N. Region | Perennial | Cool | Full | |
| Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. | Reed | Use variegated varieties for best show | Temperate Eurasia | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full | |
| Hakonechloa macra (Munro) Mak. | Japanese Forest Grass | Use variegated cultivars, like ‘Aureola’ for best show | Japan | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full- Part Shade | |
| Holcus mollis L. | Creeping Softgrass | Use variegated varieties for best show | Eur. | N. Region | Perennial | Cool | Full- Part Shade | |
| Hordeum jubatum L. | Squirrel-tail Barley | Invasive in other regions; bottlebrush inflorescence | North Temperate | N. Region | Annual | Cool | Full | |
| Hystrix patula Moench. | Bottle-brush Grass | Tufted perennial with bottlebrush inflorescence | Native; E N.A. | N. Region | Perennial | Cool | Full- Part Shade | |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 Sun | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|--------------|--------------------|------|----|----|
| Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. | Maidengrass | Tall, stems pronounced, rhizomatous (spreading) species | SE Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | | |
| Miscanthus oligostachyus Stapf. 'Purpurescens' | Small Maidengrass | Small; green foliage with reddish fall color | Japan | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | | |
| Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hackel | Amur Silver Grass | Tall, rhizomatous (spreading) species | Asia | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm | Full | | |
| Miscanthus sacchariflorus 'Robustus' | Large Amur Silver Grass | Larger, rhizomatous (spreading) species | Asia | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm | Full | | |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. | Maidengrass, Jap. Silver Grass | Many cultivars. Avoid using multiple cultivars together | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full | | |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. ‘Adagio’* | Adagio | Dwarf form | E. Asia | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm | Full | | |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. ‘Autumn Light* | Autumn Light Maidengrass | Standard form | E. Asia | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm | Full | | |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun |
|-------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|-------|
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Cabaret* | Cabaret Maidengrass | Longitudinally white variegated midribs; large plant | E. Asia | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. var. condensatus* | Coastal Maidengrass | Coastal variety | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Cosmopolitan' | Cosmopolitan Maidengrass | Longitudinally white variegated margins; large plant | E. Asia | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Gold Bar' | Gold Bar Porcupine Grass | Dwarf, 36" tall, with horizontal yellow bands, burgundy plumes | E. Asia | Zone 5 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Goldfeder' | Goldfeder Maidengrass | Longitudinally gold variegated foliage | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Gracillimus'* | Slender Maidengrass | Compact, narrowleaf form | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Graziella* | Graziella Maidengrass | Green, large, upright, early flowering | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun |
|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|-------|
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Kirk's Dwarf* | Kirk's Dwarf Maidengrass | Small plant; transverse cream-gold variegated leaves | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Morning Light* | Morning Light Maidengrass | Slender, longitudinally white variegated leaves | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Sarabande* | Sarabande Maidengrass | Slender green leaves | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Silberfeder* | Silver Feather Maidengrass | Green foliage; silver inflorescence | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Silberpeifl* | Silver Arrow Maidengrass | Longitudinally white variegated | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Strictus* | Porcupine Maidengrass | Upright; transversely cream variegated | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Variegatus* | Variegated Maidengrass | Longitudinally white variegated; standard form | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 Sun |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|--------------|--------------------|
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Yaku Jima* | Yaku Jima Maidengrass | Dwarf narrowleaf form | Japan | Region | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anders. 'Zebrinus* | Zebragrass | Transversely cream variegated; standard form | E. Asia | Region | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Miscanthus transmorrisonensis Hayata* | Taiwanese Maidengrass | Small; evergreen foliage; early flowering | Taiwan | Region | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. | Purple Mulyh | Fine basal foliage, red inflorescence | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribn. ex Vasey | Bamboo Muhly | Fine foliage on bamboo-like culms | SW Native | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Muhlenbergia lindheimeri Hitchc. | Lindheimer Muhyl | Clumping with fine grayish foliage. | SW Native | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) Hitchc. | Deergrass | Fine basal foliage; arid species | Native; California | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Panicum virgatum 'Cloud Nine' | Cloud Nine Switchgrass | Gray leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Panicum virgatum L. 'Hanse Herms' | Hanse Herms Switchgrass | Red leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm Full |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|-------|
| Panicum virgatum 'Heavy Metal' | Heavy Metal Switchgrass | Gray leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Panicum virgatum 'Northwind' | Northwind Switchgrass | Gray leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Panicum virgatum 'Prairie Sky' | Prairie Sky Switchgrass | Gray leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Panicum virgatum 'Rehbraun' | Rehbraun Switchgrass | Red fall color | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Panicum virgatum 'Rostrathlbusch' | Rotstrahlbusch Switchgrass | Red leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Panicum virgatum 'Shenandoah | Shenandoah Switchgrass | Red leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.* | Dwarf Fountaingrass | Clumping; dark bottlebrush inflorescence | E. Asia to W. Australia | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Pennisetum incomptum Nees ex Steud. | Spreading Fountaingrass | Rhizomatous with upright whitish bottlebrush inflorescences | China, Himalayas | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Pennisetum macrostachyum (Brongn.) Trin. 'Burgundy Giant' | Burgyund Giant Fountaingrass | Large, purpleleaved form; commonly grown as summer annual | East Indies | Zone 9 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun |
|-----------------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|-------------------|
| Pennisetum orientale Rich. | Oriental Fountaininggrass | Clumping; white-pink bottlebrush inflorescences | Asia to India | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Choiv. | Tender Fountainingrass | Clumping; white-purple bottlebrush inflor.; foliage green-purple | Afr. to SW Asia | Zone 9 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Pennisetum villosum R.Br. ex Fries | Feathertop | Clumping; white bottlebrush inflorescences; foliage green | NE Tropical Afr. | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Phalaris arundinacea L. 'Feesey' | Feeey's Ribbon Grass | Less invasive variegated form; others are available | S. Afr., Eurasia, N.A. | N. Region | Perennial | Cool | Full |
| Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi | Black-seed needleglass | Fine basal foliage, dark inflorescence | Native | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full- Part Shade |
| Pogonatherum paniceum Trin. | Bamboo Grass | Small bamboo- like grass for novelty, grown as an annual | India, China, Malaysia | Zone 9 | Perennial | Warm | Full- Part Shade |
| Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.Hubb. | Ruby or Natal Grass | Grown for pink inflorescences, usually as an annual | Tropical Afr. | Zone 8 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun |
|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|-------------------|
| Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. | Hardy Sugarcane | Very large with gray foliage and silky plumes | India to Malaysia | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Saccharum giganteum (Walt.) Pers. | Sugarcane Plumegrass | Wetland grass, silky plumes | Native | Zone 7 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Saccharum officinarum L. 'Pele's Smoke' | Pele's Smoke Sugarcane | Purple leaf form of sugarcane | SE Asia | Zone 9 | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Schizachryium littorale (Nash) C.Bickn. | Coastal Little Bluestem | Gray foliage; dunes | Native | Coastal | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Schizachryium scoparium (Michx.) Nash Taos' | Taos Little Bluestem | Improved fall color | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Schizachryrium scoparium 'The Blues' | The Blues Little Bluestem | Gray leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) StapF* | Palm Grass | Large with palm-like | Tropical Asia | Zone 9 | Perennial | Warm | Full- Part Shade |
| Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) StapF* | | as annual in cooler zones | | | | | |
| Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash 'Sioux Blue' | Sioux Blue Indiangrass | Gray leaf form | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun |
|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|-------------------|
| Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth | Big Cordgrass | Salt marsh, large clump former | Native | Coastal | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Spartina pectinata Link 'Aureomarginata' | Variegated Prairie | Golden margined cultivar; wetland species; can be invasive | Native; C. N.A. | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray | Prairie Dropseed | Fine basal foliage in clumps | Native in Arkansas | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Sporobolus junceus (P. Beauv.) Kunth | Piney Woods Dropseed | Fine basal foliage in clumps often grayish in color | Native | Region | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Stenotaphrum secundatum (Wall.) Kuntze 'Variegatum' | St. Augustinegrass | Variegated form of southern turfgrass, not very hardy | Tropical | Zone 9 | Perennial | Warm | Full- Part Shade |
| Stipa (Austrostipa) elegantissima Labill. | Australian Needlegrass | Clumping, very fine leaved feather grass; arid species | Temperate | Zone 8 | Perennial | Cool | Full |
| Stipa gigantea Link | Giant Feather Grass | Large, clumping feather grass; arid species | SW Eur., NW Afr. | Zone 8 | Perennial | Cool | Full |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Origin of Species 4 | Hardiness 5 | Live Cycle | Physiology 6 | Sun |
|----------------------------------------------|------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|-------------------|
| Stipa tenuissima Trin. | Mexican Feather Grass | Clumping, very fine leaved feather grass; arid species | SW U.S., Mex., Argentina | | Zone 7 | Perennial | Cool |
| Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze | Bamboo Grass | Bamboo-like, but different subfamily (Arudinoideae) | Tropical Asia | Zone 9 | Perennial | Cool | Full- Part Shade |
| Uniola paniculata L. | Sea Oats | Fall, rhizomatous perennial grass of coastal dunes | Native; E U.S., W. Indies | Coastal | Perennial | Warm | Full |
| Zizania aquatica L. | Wild Rice | Tall, aquatic annual; used for food by Native Americans | Native; N.A. | Region | Annual | Cool | Full |
| Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Döll & Asch. | Southern Wild Rice | Tall, aquatic perennial; spreads and can be invasive | Native; SE N.A. | Region | Perennial | Cool | Full |
'Latin name followed by author and cultivar or variety where applicable. Not an exhaustive of species, but species familiar to lead author. * = Caution, exotic species that can be invasive.
$^{2}$Not a complete list of common names.
$^{3}$General comments for assistance with placement and cultivation.
$^{4}$Origin of species, not cultivar. Afr.-Africa; C.-Central; E=Eastern; Eur.-Europe; Mex.-Mexico; N.A.-North America; NW=Northwest; S=South; SE=Southeast; SW=Southwest; W=West; U.S.=United States.
$^{5}$Hardiness refers to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones. Region refers to species hardy throughout the MidSouth region.
6Physiology refers to cool- or warm-season grasses. Cool-season (C3) grasses often do not perform well in hot, humid weather.
## Bamboos for Midsouth Landscapes
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Species Origin 4 | Hardy 5 |
|----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------|-----------|
| Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. | Native Cane | Native bamboo. Can be aggressive. | Native Region | Region |
| Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Rausch. 'Alphonse Karr' | Alphonse Karr Hedge Bamboo | Upright clumper with variegated culms. | S. China | Zone 9 |
| Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf' | Fernleaf Hedge Bamboo | Upright clumper with tiny leaves. | S. China | Zone 9 |
| Bambusa multiplex 'Golden Goddess' | Golden Goddess Hedge Bamboo | Upright clumper with golden culms. | S. China | Zone 9 |
| Bambusa multiplex 'Riviereorum' | Chinese Goddess Hedge Bamboo | Upright clumper with slender culms. | S. China | Zone 9 |
| Bambusa multiplex 'Silver Stripe' | Silver Stripe Hedge Bamboo | Upright clumper with variegated leaves. | S. China | Zone 9 |
| Bambusa ventricosa McClure | Buddha Belly Bamboo | Upright clumper with swollen internodes | S. China | Zone 9 |
| Bashania fargesii (E.G. Camus) Keng f. & T.P. Yi | Wind Break Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~20 feet. | China | Zone 7 |
| Chimonobamba quadrangularis (Fenzi) Mak. | Square Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~20 feet. | SE China, Taiwan | Zone 9 |
| Chimonobambaus marmorea (Mitford) Mak.'Variegata' | Kan-Chiku | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~5 feet. | Japan? | Zone 8 |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Species Origin 4 | Hardy 5 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|-----------|
| Hibanobambusa tranquillans (Koidz.) Maruyama & H. Okamura 'Shiroshima' | Shiroshima Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~15 feet. | Japan | Zone 7 |
| Indocalamus hamadae (Hatus.) Stapleton (Syn. I. tessellatus f. hamadae (Munro) Keng) | Hamada Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~10 feet. | Japan | Zone 6 |
| Indocalamus latifolius (Keng) McClure | Broadleaf Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 10 feet. | E. China | Zone 7 |
| Indocalamus tessellatus (Munro) Mak. & Shib. | Tessellated Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~10 feet. | C. China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys angusta McClure | Stone Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~20 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys atrovaginata C.S. Chao & H.Y. Zhou (Syn. P. congesta Rendle) | Incense Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 35 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys aurea (Carr.) A.& C. Riv. | Golden Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~20 feet. | SE China | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys auresulcata McClure | Goldengrove Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 30 feet. Culm sulca golden. | NE China | Zone 5 |
| Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc. | Giant Timber Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: Over 50 feet | China, Japan? | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castillon' | Castillon Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 35 feet. Variegated culms. | China, Japan? | Zone 7 |
| Scientific Name$^{1}$ | Common Name$^{2}$ | Comments$^{3}$ | Species Origin$^{4}$ | Hardy$^{5}$ |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|
| Phyllostachys bissetii McClure | David Bisset Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~25 feet | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys decora McClure | Beautiful Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 30 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys dulcis McClure | Sweetshoot Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 40 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) Houz. | Moso | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~50 feet. | China | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys flexuosa (Carr.) A.& C. Riv. | Zig-zag Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~20 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys glauca McClure | Smooth Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~30 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys heteroclada D. Oliver ex Hook. (Syn. P. purpurata McClure) | Water Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 30 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys iridescens C.Y. Yao & S.Y. Chen | Cock Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: Over 40 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys meyeri McClure | Meyer's Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 30 feet. | China | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys nidularia Munro | Nidularia Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~30 feet. | N.& C. China | Zone 7 |
| Scientific Name 1 | Common Name 2 | Comments 3 | Species Origin 4 | Hardy 5 |
|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|-----------|
| Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro | Black Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~30 feet. Black culms. | E. & C. China | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys nigra 'Bory' | Tiger Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~50 feet. Culms with gold patches. | E. & C. China | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys nigra 'Henon' | Henon Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 50 feet. Green culms, larger. | E. & C. China | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys nuda McClure | Nude Sheath Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 34 feet. | China | Zone 5 |
| Phyllostachys platyglossa Z.P. Wang et Z.H. Yu | Gray Water Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~25 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu & C.S. Chao | Early Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~30 feet. | China | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys rubromarginata McClure | Red Margin or Reddish Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~55 feet. | China | Zone 7 |
| Phyllostachys stimulosa H.R. Zhao & A.T. Liu | Stimulosa Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 25 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys violascens (Carr) A. & C. Riv. | Violet Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 30 feet. | China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys viridis (R.A. Young) McClure | Pigskin Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 40 feet. | E. China | Zone 7 |
| Scientific Name$^{1}$ | Common Name$^{2}$ | Comments$^{3}$ | Species Origin$^{4}$ | Hardy$^{5}$ |
|------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|
| Phyllostachys vivax McClure | Chinese Timber Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~70 feet. | E. China | Zone 6 |
| Phyllostachys vivax 'Aureocaulis' | Golden Vivax Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~45 feet. | E. China | Zone6 |
| Pleioblastus chino (Franch. & Savat.) Mak. | Angustifolia Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~10 feet. | C.Japan | Zone 7 |
| Pleioblastus distichus (Mitford) Muroi & H. Okamura | Dwarf Fernleaf Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 2 feet. | Japan? | Zone 6 |
| Pleioblastus fortunei (Van Houtte) Nak. | Dwarf Whitestripe Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~3 feet | Japan? | Zone 7 |
| Pleioblastus gramineus (Bean) Nak. | Gramineus Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~10 feet. | Japan, E. China | Zone 8 |
| Pleioblastus linearis (Hackel) Nak. | Linearis Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~10 feet. | C.Japan | Zone 8 |
| Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.) Nak. | Pygmy Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 2 feet. | Japan? | Zone 6 |
| Pleioblastus shibuyanus Mak. & Nak. | Dwarf Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~7 feet. | Japan | Zone 6 |
| Pleioblastus simonii (Carr.) Nak. | Medake, Woman Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~15 feet. | C.& S. Japan | Zone 7 |
| Pleioblastus virdistriatus (Reg.) Mak. | Dwarf Greenstripe Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~3 feet. | China? | Zone 7 |
| Scientific Name$^{1}$ | Common Name$^{2}$ | Comments$^{3}$ | Species Origin$^{4}$ | Hardy$^{5}$ |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|
| Pseudosasa amabilis (McClure) Keng | Tonkin Cane | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~30 feet | SE Asia | Zone 8 |
| Pseudosasa japonica (Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud.) Mak. ex Nak. | Arrow Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~15 feet. | Japan | Zone 7 |
| Pseudosasa japonica 'Tsutsumiana' | Green Onion Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height:10 feet. Swollen internodes. | Japan | Zone 7 |
| Pseudosasa longiligula T.H. Wen | Longiligula Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~20 feet. | China | Zone 7 |
| Sasa palmata (Burb.) Camus | Palmleaf Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~5 feet. | Japan | Zone 7 |
| Sasa oshidisensis Mak. et Uchida | Oshidensis Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 6 feet | Japan | Zone 6 |
| Sasa veitchii (Carr.) Rehd. | Variegated Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~3 feet. | Japan | Zone 6 |
| Sasaeilla masamuneana (Mak.) Hatsusima & Muroi en Sugimoto 'Albostriata' | Whitestriped Dwarf Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~5 feet. | Japan | Zone 7 |
| Sasamorpha borealis (Hackel) Nak. | Suzutake | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~5 feet. | Japan, China | Zone 6 |
| Semiarundinaria fastuosa (Marliac ex Mitford) Mak. ex Nak. | Temple Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~30 feet. | S. Japan | Zone 6 |
| Scientific Name$^{1}$ | Common Name$^{2}$ | Comments$^{3}$ | Species Origin$^{4}$ | Hardy$^{5}$ |
|---------------------------------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------|
| Semiarundinaria okuboi Mak. | Okuboi Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: ~20 feet. | Japan | Zone 7 |
| Shibataea chinensis Nak. | Chinese Shibataea | Caution: Spreader. Height: 5 feet | China | Zone 6 |
| Shibataea kumasaca (Zoll. ex Steud.) Mak. ex Nak. | Ruscus-leaved Bamboo | Caution: Spreader. Height: 5 feet | China, Japan | Zone 6 |
| Shibataea lancifolia C.H. Hu | Lanceleaf Shibataea | Caution: Spreader. Height: 5 feet | China | Zone 6 |
| Sinoambusa intermedia McClure | Intermediate Bamboo | Slow spreader. Height: ~20 feet. | China | Zone 8 |
$^{1}$Latin name followed by authority and cultivar or variety where applicable. This is not an exhaustive list, but those with which the senior author is familiar. $^{2}$Syn.:= Commonly used synonyms.
$^{2}$This is not a complete list of common names.
## $^{3}$General comments for assistance with placement and cultivation
$^{4}$Origin of species, not necessarily cultivar. C.-Central; E=Eastern; N=Northern; NE=Northeast; S=Southern; SE=Southeast; ?=origin not certain. Countries followed by a question mark (?) are possible countries of origin where origin is not known.
$^{5}$Hardiness Zones refer to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones.
## Alternatives to Exotic Invasive Grasses$^{1}$ for the Midsouth
| Invasive Species | Comments on Invasives | Alternatives | Comments on Alternatives | Hardiness | Native$^{2}$ |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|--------------------------------------|-------------|----------------|
| Bamboo | Spreaders, invasive | Arundinaria | Native bamboo, prefers damp soils. | Zone 5 | Region |
| [Phyllostachys spp.] | and difficult to control when established. Not regulated in MidSouth. | Muhl. | Zone | 5 | |
| Invasive Species | Comments on Invasives | Alternatives | Comments on Alternatives | Hardiness | Native 2 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-------------|------------|
| Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. 'Red Barron'] | Federal Noxious Weed, State Noxious in AL, AR, MS. Includes Japanese bloodgrass and other cultivars. | Panicum virgatum L. 'Hanse Herms' | Red leaf form of switchgrass. | Zone 4 | Region |
| Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. 'Red Barron'] | Federal Noxious Weed, State Noxious in AL, AR, MS. Includes Japanese bloodgrass and other cultivars. | Panicum virgatum 'Rotstrahlbusch' | Red leaf form of switchgrass. | Zone 4 | Region |
| Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. 'Red Barron'] | Federal Noxious Weed, State Noxious in AL, AR, MS. Includes Japanese bloodgrass and other cultivars. | Panicum virgatum 'Shenandoah | Red leaf form of switchgrass. | Zone 4 | Region |
| Dwarf Fountaingrass [Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.] | Not regulated in MidSouth. May escape, particularly in damp conditions. | Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. | Fine basal foliage, purple inflorescence. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Dwarf Fountaingrass [Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.] | Not regulated in MidSouth. May escape, particularly in damp conditions. | Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray | Fine basal foliage, purple inflorescence. | Zone 3 | W. AR |
| Maidengrass [Miscanthus sinensis Andersson] | Not regulated in MidSouth. May escape if multiple cultivars are planted together | Panicum virgatum 'Rebraun' | Green to red leaf form of switchgrass. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Maidengrass [Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus Hitchc.] | Same. | Muhlenbergia capillaris | Fine basal foliage, purple inflorescence. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Purple Fountaingrass [Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Choiv. Cultivars] | Problematic in western U.S., not regulated in MidSouth | Muhlenbergia capillaris | Fine basal foliage, purple inflorescence. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Purple Fountaingrass [Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Choiv. Cultivars] | Problematic in western U.S., not regulated in MidSouth | Sporobolus heterolepis | Fine basal foliage, purple inflorescence. | Zone 3 | AR |
| Invasive Species | Comments on Invasives | Alternatives | Comments on Alternatives | Hardiness | Native 2 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|-------------|------------|
| Ravenna Grass [Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.] | Not regulated in MidSouth. Escapes via wind dispersed seed. | Panicum virgatum 'Cloud Nine' | Gray leaf form of switchgrass. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Ravenna Grass [Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.] | Not regulated in MidSouth. Escapes via wind dispersed seed. | Panicum virgatum 'Heavy Metal' | Gray leaf form of switchgrass. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Ravenna Grass [Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.] | Not regulated in MidSouth. Escapes via wind dispersed seed. | Panicum virgatum 'Northwind' | Gray leaf form of switchgrass. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Ravenna Grass [Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.] | Not regulated in MidSouth. Escapes via wind dispersed seed. | Panicum virgatum 'Prairie Sky' | Gray leaf form of switchgrass. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Ravenna Grass [Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.] | Not regulated in MidSouth. Escapes via wind dispersed seed. | Saccharum giganteum (Walt.) Pers. | Sugarcane plumegrass, prefers wet soils. | Zone 5 | Region |
| Ravenna Grass [Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.] | Not regulated in MidSouth. Escapes via wind dispersed seed. | Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash 'Sioux Blue' | Gray leaf form of diiangrass. | Zone 4 | Region |
| Serrated Tussock [Nassella dichotoma (Nees) Hackel ex Arechav.] | Federal Noxious Weed, State Noxious in AR. | Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi | Fine basal foliage, dark influencescence, long awns. | Zone 6 | Region |
| Serrated Tussock [Nassella dichotoma (Nees) Hackel ex Arechav.] | Federal Noxious Weed, State Noxious in AR. | Sporobolus heterolepis | Fine basal foliage, purple influencescence. | Zone 3 | W. AR |
## References
Alderson, J. & W.C. Sharp. 1994. Grass varieties in the United States. Agri. Handbook 170. USDA-SCS, Washington, D.C.
Brown, L. 1979. Grasses: An identification guide. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY.
Clayton, W.D. & S.A. Renovize. 1986. Genera Graminum: Grasses of the World. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIII. Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK.
Darke, R. & M. Griffiths, Eds. 1994. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary: Manual of grasses. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, OR.
Gibbs Russell, G.E., L. Watson, M. Koekemoer, L. Smook, N.P. Barker, H.M. Anderson & M.J. Dallwitz. 1991. Grasses of Southern Africa. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Gould, F.W. 1968. Grass systematics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
Greenlee, J. 1992. The encyclopedia of ornamental grasses. Michael Friedman Publishing Group, Inc., New York, NY.
Grounds, R. 1998. The plantfinder's guide to ornamental grasses. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, OR.
Judziewicz, E.J., L.G. Clark, X. Londono & M.J. Stern. 1999. American bamboos. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Wilson, J. & F. Rushing. 2007. Publication 1709 Wildflowers for Mississippi meadows and gardens. Mississippi State University Extension Service.
King, M. & P. Oudolf 1998. Gardening with grasses. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, OR.
Maddox, V.L. & J.M. Goatley. 1995. Evaluations of ornamental grasses and grass-like plants: 1992-1994. Mississippi Agric. & Forestry Exp. Stat. Information Bull. 279.
Maddox, V.L., J.M. Goatley, Jr., H.W. Philley, J.V. Krans, B.R. Stewart & D.W. Wells. 2003. Evaluation of native grass cultivars for Mississippi Golf course natural areas under variable management: Part I-Soil pH of 5.2. Mississippi Agric. & Forestry Exp. Stat. Bull. 1132.
Maddox, V.L., J.M. Goatley, Jr., H.W. Philley, J.V. Krans, B.R. Stewart & D.W. Wells. 2004. Evaluation of native grass cultivars for Mississippi Golf course natural areas under variable management: Part IISoil pH of 6.5. Mississippi Agric. & Forestry Exp. Stat. Bull. 1137.
McClure, F.A. 1993. The bamboos. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Moore, K.J. & B.E. Anderson, Eds. 2000. Native warm-season grasses: Research trends and issues. Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI. Special Pub. 30.
Meadowmakers. Corporation specializing in design, restoration, reconstruction and management of native ecosystems in Mississippi and Louisiana. 248 Charles Daughill Road, Carriere, MS 39426. Phone: 601-799-1808. Web page: http://www.meadowmakers.com/
Ottesen, C. 1989. Ornamental grasses: The amber wave. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, NY.
Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles & C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
Recht, C. & M.F. Wetterwald. 1998. Bamboos. Ed. D. Crampton. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, OR.
Soderstrom, T.R., K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell & M.E. Barkworth, eds. 1986. Grass systematics and evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
USDA-NRCS. 1991. Native perennial warm season grasses for forage in Southeastern United States (except South Florida). USDA-NRCS, Ecological Sciences and Planning Staff, Fort Worth, TX.
Watson, L. & M.J. Dallwitz. 1992. The grass genera of the world. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
## Publication 2532 (POD-01-22)
Revised by Victor Maddox, PhD, Senior Research Associate, Plant and Soil Sciences, and Jeff Wilson , PhD, Assistant Professor, North Mississippi Research and Extension Center.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
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|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Authors | Dr. Jeff Wilson Assistant Professor Horticulture: State Master Gardener Coordinator |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. Shaun Robert Broderick Associate Extension/Research Prof | Dr. Alan Henn Extension Professor |
| Mr. Pawel Miroslaw Orlinski Instructor I | Dr. James Dewey McCurdy Associate Professor |
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Managing Volunteers in Times of Disaster: The Local Volunteer Coordinator's Role
## Managing Volunteers in Times of Disaster: The Local Volunteer Coordinator's Role
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under: Disaster Response
Publication Number: P2958
View as PDF: P2958.pdf
"After a disaster, volunteers are the lifelines to our communities. It is impossible for the state and federal government to meet all of the needs of our citizens after a disaster. Volunteer agencies and individuals are an integral part of our response. It is my intent to work closely with volunteer organizations and EMA directors to ensure all 82 counties and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians integrate volunteers into their disaster plans. Doing so before an event ensures our citizens' unmet needs are addressed as quickly as possible after disaster strikes."
Lee Smithson Executive Director
Mississippi Emergency Management Agency
Extension and Volunteer Coordination
Extension personnel can be valuable resources for the state and its communities in the response and recovery process following a disaster, especially in the area of volunteer coordination. In fact, management of volunteers is one of the core competencies for Extension professionals with 4-H responsibilities. However, managing volunteers during the response and recovery process after a disaster requires specialized training.
## Volunteer Organizations Active in Disasters
There are a variety of volunteer organizations active in disasters (VOADS) that provide volunteers and volunteer-management assistance post-disaster. They include community-based groups, as well as nationally and internationally recognized nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Faith-based organizations are known for their ability to quickly provide numerous volunteers immediately after a disaster. VOADS are a huge asset to the volunteer coordinator because they provide tactical support to "the boots on the ground."
## State Government Organizations
Community colleges and universities often send in faculty, staff, and student volunteers. These eventlike activities are usually short-lived and bring with them local or regional media coverage. Long-term support from higher education institutions or affiliated government agencies and departments generally comes from physical plant or facilities maintenance departments, animal and natural resources or livestock programs, and Extension personnel. Colleges and universities provide a highly skilled volunteer force that can be extremely useful as managers or laborers. The Mississippi Emergency Management Agency coordinates many VOADS at the state emergency operations center and supports and organizes response and recovery efforts.
## Volunteer Roles in Disaster Recovery
Mississippians are generous when it comes to helping those in need, and they naturally show up to provide assistance following a disaster. Weekends, when many people are off work, usually have the highest number of local and state volunteers. The major concern with volunteerism after a disaster is the hands-on management and organization of all the volunteers. An important first step for a volunteer coordinator is to establish an on-site disaster phone system and publicize contact numbers. This system provides an initial point of contact for volunteers and gives the coordinator a wealth of solid information on incoming volunteers.
Volunteers are key to many aspects of a standard disaster management structure organized under the Incident Command System (ICS). They help reestablish infrastructure by clearing and sorting debris; establish and operate points of distribution (PODs) by organizing, inventorying, loading, and unloading supplies; and organize long-term recovery by helping renovate, restore, and-when necessary-rebuild homes. Volunteers also manage and sort donated goods and food; organize transportation for volunteers or affected individuals; and deliver supplies to those impacted by the disaster.
## The Volunteer Coordinator's Responsibility
The volunteer coordinator's job is to manage the volunteer groups, coordinate within the Incident Command System, coordinate with county and state emergency operations centers, attend operational period briefings and situation report meetings, and coordinate with the various volunteer groups and nongovernmental organizations that are there to help. The volunteer
coordinator must communicate and work with representatives from all points of distribution, animal shelters, human shelters, the disaster phone information system, and others to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation, as well as the safety of all involved.
The volunteer coordinator ensures that all volunteers are briefed, tracked, and maintained throughout their work period. He or she coordinates with local emergency management representatives to share information about volunteer operations. The coordinator may also begin or continue updating a system for keeping up with all paperwork pertaining to volunteer activities. The volunteer coordinator matches volunteers with specific training and skills with appropriate work assignments.
## Deployment
Deployments generally are no more than 14 days but can be as brief as a day or even a few hours. There is always the possibility of an extension or a later redeployment. The length of a deployment is left up to the requesting authority, which is almost always officials from the county or counties where the disaster occurred. Volunteers should not remain on-site past the time they are effective or necessary to the response or recovery operation.
## Tracking Resources
Documenting and recording information is essential to volunteer coordination. Local governments and jurisdictions have many ways to capture information. There is no need to alter the process or create another system if one is already in place. Simple, routine recording works well. One of the most important things is having a sign-in process for all volunteers. The ICS 211 Check-In Form is a good option.
Once volunteers are enrolled at the volunteer reception center, you will need to note their abilities and what resources they brought with them. Then the volunteer coordinator or responsible manager can assign them a task. You can use the ICS 214 Activity Log Form for this. The key items to record are the date, time (24-hour or military time), actions taken, accidents that may have occurred, and any agreements that may have been made.
## Tracking Value
Volunteer hours count toward the overall dollar figure that the local government is responsible for matching to help "earn" federal disaster dollars. Typically, for a presidentially declared disaster, the federal government will pay half or more of the costs associated with the impact of the incident. In Mississippi, the state historically has matched the remaining amount after federal dollars are credited in the recovery, and funds from the local government are used to complete the cost of disaster response and recovery.
No matter the amount or percentage of any federal funds contributed to the response and recovery effort, the hours worked by volunteers can count toward the share the state or local government would be responsible for paying.
## Training
Volunteer coordinators must complete a variety of training requirements to hold the position within the Incident Command System. The Incident Command System 100, 200, and 700 courses are required for any deployment across assigned jurisdictional lines. These courses are taught by the MSU Extension Center for Government and Community Development, Mississippi Emergency Management Agency, Mississippi State Department of Health, and Mississippi State Fire Academy. Additional courses available include G-288 Local Volunteer and Donations Management and G-489 Management of Spontaneous Volunteers in Disasters. FEMA also has additional online courses that can provide guidance. These courses are on the Emergency Management Institute's website, which can be linked from FEMA.gov.
## Determining When Volunteer Coordination Begins
The best source of information about volunteer coordination can be found in the impacted county's comprehensive emergency management plan. This plan lists the triggers for volunteer coordination. Included are pre-identified locations for the volunteer reception center and donation points of distribution, and VOAD information. The county's comprehensive emergency management plan offers a starting point as to how and when all aspects of emergency management will be coordinated.
## Information Gathering and Sharing
Communication is key to gathering and sharing information at an incident. It is crucial that a disaster phone number be established early and staffed around the clock. This disaster phone system provides the volunteer coordinator with advanced knowledge of incoming volunteer groups and VOADS.
The volunteer coordinator must maintain a list with contact names and organizational structure for all VOADS working the disaster. Also, track volunteers by having them sign in upon arrival at the volunteer reception center. Share volunteer information with the county emergency operations center (FOC) and emergency manager. The volunteer coordinator should coordinate all actions and agreements and monitor, record, and report all work-related accidents to the county EOC during the operational period briefing and other meetings at the EOC.
The Emergency Support Function 6 for VOADS at the state emergency operations center can be a valuable source of information. The volunteer coordinator should also work with the volunteer response system (off site). This will be a source of information on incoming volunteers. Other possible contacts are volunteer organizations at nearby universities or community colleges.
It is important for the volunteer coordinator to keep a copy of the paperwork signed by volunteers working with the different VOADS when they arrive on-site. This information should be shared with the county emergency operations center so they can identify any liability concerns.
It is also important to identify the capabilities of volunteers. Some may be great for debris removal work, while others may prefer to work with animals at the animal shelter or in one the points of distribution for donations. Everyone is not good at everything. Find the strengths of those around you and match them to the needs out in the field.
## Requests for Supplies
Resources are always needed in disasters. An example of a resource request would be gloves needed by volunteers in order to accomplish their work assignments. This is a work safety and job efficiency concern. The volunteer coordinator will work with the logistics section chief at the emergency operations center to request any resources needed. Don't be afraid to think outside the box. Often after a disaster strikes, local businesses want to help, and, in the example of work gloves, a local store or factory might donate the required items. All of this should be coordinated with the logistics section chief at the emergency operations center regardless of whether the needed tools are governmentissued or donated. Items often needed for volunteers include safety helmets or hats, safety glasses, sunscreen, insect repellent, and high-visibility clothing.
## Safety Officer
Safety is always the most important part of any incident response. The safety officer uses OSHA guidelines to ensure that the work sites are safe by identifying any hazards and determining ways to prevent dangerous situations or environments. The safety message provided in the incident action plan is the best source of information on how all workers at the incident should protect themselves. The VOADs must pass this information to the volunteers during a safety briefing before they report to their work areas.
## Planning Ahead
Planning ahead can solve a lot of issues before they become headaches, so it is important for the volunteer coordinator to take into account the number and kind of volunteers that may be coming to help throughout the response. Generally after a disaster, there will be a big influx of volunteers on Saturdays and Sundays. Knowing this ahead of time and coordinating this with the EOC can be helpful, especially if there is going to be a big change to traffic. The EOC may need a traffic plan to ensure the safety of those arriving to volunteer. The disaster phone system should be used to gather information on the number and arrival times of incoming volunteers. This information will help determine which VOAD or work group to send them to when they arrive.
## Public Information Officer
It is important to coordinate with the public information officer early on to let the public know that a disaster phone number for donations and volunteering has been established, the type of skills needed, and where the volunteer reception center is located. Additional information may need to be sent out about the type of clothing and safety equipment needed in work areas.
## Self-Deployed Volunteers
Accounting for self-deployed volunteers is another role of the volunteer coordinator. All volunteers in the response area should be accounted for using the proper paperwork. They also need to be informed about the registration process, mission assignments, and the reporting process.
## Solutions to Common Problems
- · Whenever possible, separate the volunteer reception center and the donations management point of distribution. This will avoid creating a high-traffic area that could potentially pose a hazard for pedestrians.
- · Be aware that there is a potential for criminals and others to volunteer so they can take advantage of evacuees or even those working to aid the community residents displaced by the incident. Don't allow those hurt by the disaster to become victims again.
- · It is usually a good idea to make sure the volunteer groups are not too close together during their "down time." When in doubt about relations among volunteer groups, reach out to the emergency manager and local emergency operations center representative for help in heading off or resolving any issues. No one wants to have a bad experience while volunteering to help those affected by a disaster.
- · Watch for signs that a group has been in the field too long. Working in disaster situations can be stressful for volunteers. If possible, provide on-site counseling. Also, give volunteers the option of returning home early with the possibility of returning to volunteer at a later date.
- · Volunteer numbers may need to be adjusted later in the recovery process to avoid problems that can arise if groups don't have enough to do.
- · When challenging situations arise, ask yourself, "Why is this happening?" If you find the source of the problem, it is much easier to fix. It is important to get to the root cause in order to provide a lasting solution.
- · The position of volunteer coordinator is stressful but rewarding. Just remember, you are never alone in working through the disaster. Help is available from all levels of the incident command structure. Good luck and best wishes in your endeavors.
Management by walking around Report any and all issues that cannot VOAds to find work throughout operational period. Operations Center. opportunities for the next operations period. Operations Gathering and Sharing Conduct site Safety Inspection with Safety Officer: Section Chief (influx of volunteers). Brief all VOADs and provide a copy of the Incident Action Plan. Information Gathering and Sharing Brieing: Announce progress and the day's expectations. Activate/establish Collect all paperwork from VRG and copy and file Volunteer & donations for the day: Deliver to Documentation Unit Leader. the current status of operations. Manage by walking around Throughout operational period.
Ext Ctr for Government & Comm Devel
Department: Ext Ctr for Government & Comm Devel
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| Authors |
| Ms. Anne Howard Hilbenoit Extension Instructor |
| Your Extension Experts Mr. Tom Ball Extension Associate III |
| Ms. Anne Howard Hilbenoit Extension Instructor |
| Dr. Carla L. Huston Prof/Dir/Enh Cln Educ/Ext Vet |
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/about-soils/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | 2018-08-21 | [] | AL | Soils provide plants with mechanical support, water, and dissolved minerals and nutrients. Because most plant roots are found in the topsoil, or A Horizon, this layer has the greatest effect on plant growth. A typical soil in good condition has four physical components: minerals, air, water, and organic material.
## Mineral
The mineral component is measured by particle size distribution. Sand is the largest particle, clay is the smallest, and silt particles are in between. The distribution of these particles determines a soil's texture.
- A sandy loam may have 70 percent sand, 20 percent silt, and 10 percent clay.
- A clay loam may have 30 percent sand, 40 percent silt, and 30 percent clay.
- A clay soil generally contains at least 45 percent clay.
Fine-textured soils (clayey soils) have small pore spaces and hold water molecules tightly. Generally, more total water is available to plants in a clayey soil than in a sandier soil. However, the small pore spaces limit air and water movement and increase surface runoff. (PO OUT BOX: Clay particlesand organic matter—the majority of the soil's cation exchange capacity. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measurement of a soil's capacity to retain nutrients. Soil has a net negative charge which attracts the positive charge of soil nutrient cations (like potassium, calcium, and magnesium), similar to the way a magnet attracts opposing charges.)
Clays are sticky when wet and form hard clods when dry, making moisture content extremely important during tillage. The common misconception that clayey soils are heavier than sandy soils has lead to the incorrect temperate heavy clay. Dry clays are Cooke Notice
actually lighter than dry sands because of greater total pore space and more air. Holding more water does make clay soils seem heavier to the producer working them.
Coarse-textured (sandy) soils are inherently droughtly because they have large pore spaces and hold little water. They are loose, less likely to compact, and easy to till. However, soils containing high proportions of fine sand and some clay are easily compacted as clay fills the pore space between the sand particles.
## Air
The texture of a soil is usually the first thing we notice about it, but generally a little less than half is composed of mineral matter. The rest is pore space filled with air and water.
Plant roots and beneficial organisms need oxygen to survive. Soil material without pore space for air is not a soil; it is brick, concrete, or rock. A poorly drained soil has pores filled with water for long periods and is one in which many plant roots cannot survive. A soil generally grows healthier plants when about half of the pore space is filled with air and the other half with water. There are obviously plants adapted to poorly drained soils or we wouldn't have densely vegetated swamps, but most garden and landscape plants prefer well-drained soils.
## Water
Water is an essential component of soil, especially when viewed from a plant's perspective. Though plants require the air and water found in soil pores, roots can only absorb nutrients from the soil water. Dissolved nutrients in solution establish equilibrium between the soil water and the soil particles, clay, and humus. Sandy soils are often better drained than more clayey ones because of larger pore spaces between particles., but this also creates lower nutrient availability for plant roots. The small pore spaces in clayey soils attract and hold more water against the pull of gravity, making them slower to drain. However, this also makes a better environment for available plant nutrients. To understand growing plants, it is essential to see the relationship of soil water and soil texture.
## Organic Matter
Organic matter can be defined as the carbon-containing materials in soil formed from decomposing plant tissues, microorganisms, animals, and animal waste materials. Organic matter performs many functions which support soil health , by increasing the amount of plant-available water a d nutrients which a soil can hold. Soil organic matter also improves soil structure and decreases risk of soil compaction. |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/extension-gardener-handbook/7-diagnostics | 7. Diagnostics | NC State Extension | [
"Mike Munster",
"David Goforth"
] | null | [
"Diagnostics",
"Plant Health",
"Gardening"
] | NC | ## 7. Diagnostics
Outline
Objectives
Introduction
10 Steps for Gathering Facts to Understand the Problem
Secondary Problems and their Abiotic or Cultural Start
Submitting Samples
Case Studies
Frequently Asked Questions
Further Reading
Chapter Text Hyperlinks
For More Information
Contributors
Appendix C, "Diagnostic Tables"
## Objectives
This chapter teaches people to:
- · Effectively use a 10 step strategy to diagnose plant problems.
- List 3 normal plant characteristics commonly misidentified as plant problems.
- Describe 5 common distributions of plant damage and identify potential causes for each.
- List 3 common criteria you can use to separate biotic and abiotic problems.
## Introduction
Every gardener will eventually encounter plant problems. This chapter reviews a systematic approach to plant problem diagnostics. This approach does not require vast knowledge of every plant pest or pathogen. Instead it helps gardeners identify a pest or pathogen based on cultural practices, environmental conditions, signs, symptoms, distribution of the problem in the landscape and on the plant, and timing of the problem. Often pests or pathogens are blamed for the decline of plants but this chapter discusses the links between cultural or abiotic factors and how pathogens or pests can be secondary problems. By following the steps in this chapter, garden investigators will feel more confident in their diagnosis of plant problems.
NC STATE EXTENSION
## 10 Steps for Gathering Facts to Understand the Problem
The answers to each of the questions below help to either indicate or rule out specific causes of plant problems.
## Step 1. Identify the plant
Some plants are predisposed to certain types of problems to which other plants are immune. Some plants are normally a color that on another plant would indicate a nutrient deficiency or disease. Some plants thrive in conditions that would stress another type of plant. Correctly identifying the plant is key to successful plant problem diagnosis. There are a variety of online tools and books to help with identification, or you can send in a photo or take a sample to your local Cooperative Extension center for assistance.
## Step 2. Describe the problem
Specifically identify what appears to be wrong. Is there a change in leaf color? If so, where? Is the change on the entire plant or just certain parts? On new growth or old growth? The entire leaf or just between the veins? Is there tissue damage? If so, is it in the center of the leaves or the edges? Is it circular or irregular? Observe carefully and gather detailed information that will help to identify the cause.
## Step 3. Identify what is normal
Determine if the described observations are normal for this plant. Normal characteristics that are sometimes confused with problems are:
- 1. Spore-bearing structures on ferns (Figure 7-1)
- 2. Stem growth on certain plants including sweetgut (Liquidambar styraciflua) and winged elm (Ulmus alata) (Figure 7-2)
- 3. Silvery stem and leaf characteristics on Russian olive Eleaganus angustifolia (Figure 7-3)
- 4. Leaf spot on Japanese acuba Acuba japonica 'Variegata' (Figure 7-4)
- 5. Pollen-bearing structures (strobili) on some conifers (Figure 7-5)
- 6. Normal fall leaf and needle color (Figure 7-6)
- 7. Normal leaf or needle drop, which can be in the spring for some plants (Magnolia grandiflora, llex opaca )
- 8. Variationg or coloration selected as a desirable plant characteristic (Figure 7-7)
- 9. Raised lenticels on certain woody stems (Figure 7-8) such as Chinese elm and Prunus spp.
| | What is Normal? |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Fall needle color in white pine is often submitted as a plant problem because it is unusual for | pine needles to turn yellow and drop in the fall and it is also unusual for a plant to shed only half |
| its leaves in the fall. But that is normal for a white pine ( Pinus stobus ). Each fall, half of its | needles turn yellow and drop off while the other half stays green (Figure 7-9). |
## Step 4. Review cultural practices
Review plant care and other human impacts. When was the plant transplanted? If the plant hasn't been moved within the past 12 months, it is probably not a transplanting error. However, consequences from excessive root damage or planting too deeply may not become visible until the plant is stressed. What fertilizers and pesticides have been applied recently, in what quantities, and under what conditions? Applying to much, or in the heat of the day, can cause damage. When and how has the plant been pruned? Each pruning cut creates a potential entry for insects and diseases. What other activity, such as construction or trenching, has taken place within the root zone of the plant?
- · Damage to roots during transplant may result in wilting and marginal leaf burn due to water stress. Often these symptoms show up almost immediately; however, in some cases the plant stays stunted for a year or more before dying.
- · Planting too deeply may result in pale yellow discoloration on the interior portion of the leaf blade or needle. Sometimes the leaves on these plants will droop like they are wilting. They may also flag which means certain branches will die back.
- Improper watering can cause plant damage. Overwatering causes symptoms identical to being planted too deeply. This problem shows up the first growing season after transplanting. Underwatering causes wilting and marginal leaf burn. The effects of underwatering will be evident the first time the plant gets dry (Figure 7-10).
## Step 5. Identify environmental conditions
What recent environmental conditions could have affected the plant, for example: excessive cold, heat, drought, rain, lightning, wind, or hail (Figure 7-11)? What chronic environmental conditions could be affecting the plant, for example: too much or too little sunlight, soil pH, soil compaction?
## Step 6. Look for signs of pests and pathogens
Look for signs of insects, mites, other animals, or pathogens. There may be physical evidence of a pest, including the actual animal, cast skins, egg casings, excrement, frass , silken threads, slime trails, tracks, holes, or teeth marks. Make a note of where the evidence of a pest is seen on roots, stems, or the top or the bottom of leaves. Plant pathogen signs include mushrooms, conks . rust\_ooze\_slime mold,powdery mildew,sooty mold,and smut . The presence of a sign is not proof that the animal or pathogen that left the sign is the cause of the problem, but it does make them a suspect. Some signs are easy to identify, but look online or in common reference books for help identifying others.
## Step 7. Identify symptoms of pathogens
Look for symptoms of insects, animals, or pathogens. Symptoms are physical plant responses to the insect, animal, or pathogen.
Symptoms include:
- Blight A nonspecific term, applied to a wide variety of symptoms, usually refers to rapid death of leaves and other plant parts (Figure 7-12).
- Canker A plant lesion where part of the plant quits growing and the surrounding parts continue to grow. There may be sunken, discolored, dead areas on twigs or branches, usually starting from an injury, wound, or pathogen (Figure 7-13).
- Chlorosis A yellowing or whitening of normally green tissue (Figure 7-14).
## Step 8. Determine distribution of damage in the landscape
Is more than one plant affected? If so, are different types of plants affected or only one type? What is the pattern of distribution of affected plants (uniform, random, hot spots, linear, high areas, low areas, and increasing or originating from a specific point or direction)?
If the problem is focused on a single plant family, consider theories involving living animals or pathogens. Living organisms have often co-evolved with one particular plant family. If more than one plant family is showing the same symptom in the same location, environmental or nonliving problems are more likely to be the culprit. Common environmental problems include temperature extremes, drought, soluble salt damage, air pollution, herbicides, and pesticides.
The distribution of damage among plants in the landscape can provide useful clues to the cause. Distribution among the same species may indicate:
- · Uniform - likely an abiotic problem (even more likely when all plant parts are affected within a short period of time)
- · Random -often caused by a living pathogen
- · Hot spots -generally caused by a living pathogen, occasionally caused by nutrition
- · Linear -likely man-made, possibly trenching
- · High areas -problems associated with limited water
- · Low areas -problems associated with excess water
- · Originating from a specific direction or source -problem is toward the direction of the most damage (examples include a point source of air pollution or insects dispersing from overwintering sites in nearby woodlands)
## Step 9. Examine distribution of damage on the plant and specific plant parts
Look at the distribution of damage on the individual plant. Does it affect the entire plant or just specific limbs or leaves? Is the problem random across the canopy or does it occur mostly on the outside of the canopy or inside the canopy? Is the damage restricted to new growth or old growth? Does it affect this year's needles/leaves, or older ones? What do the roots look like? Is there evidence of a canker, a sharply delineated dead area of wood or cambium on a branch or main stem (it may require a shallow cut below the bark to reveal this)?
Look for patterns on specific plant parts. On the leaves, does the pattern affect the inside of the leaf, the margin of the leaf, randomly across the leaf, the veins, or between the veins? Is the problem limited by veins or does it go across the veins? On needles, are all needles affected at the same length, or is there a random variation in how much of the needle is affected? On the flowers or the fruit, is the problem distributed randomly or is it concentrated on the distal (blossom) end, or only on the stem end?
- · If the entire plant is affected, the problem is likely either environmental or from a pathogen that has compromised the root system, lower stem, or vascular system.
- · If random above-ground parts of the plant are affected, the problem is likely a living airborne pathogen or pest. If only the lower parts are affected, consider shade or temperatures. Often fungal and bacterial diseases are progressively less severe as you move up the plant. Viruses, on the other hand, are systemic and can affect new growth as well as old.
- · If only the upper parts are affected, again it may relate to temperature.
- · If only the interior parts of evergreens are affected, the problem most likely relates to something that occurred last year. Consider secondary leaf spot. However, Rhizosphaerea needlecast and Passalora needle blight affect lower and interior portions of a plant first.
- · When looking at a leaf, a marginal leaf burn usually indi-cates lack of water, too much soluble salts, or a problem with the transport system, such as xylem-inhibiting bacteria.
- · A random pattern on the leaf indicates an airborne pathogen or pollutant.
- · Uniform patterns between the veins are typically nutri-tional problems, although spider mites can also bleach out the interveinal area while leaving the veins green.
- · Vein clearing patterns are typically caused by specific pesticides and certain viruses.
- Most fungal leaf spots will often cross the veins, while bacteria leaf spots, downy mildew, and foliar nematodes are often limited by the veins. When veins limit the advance of a leaf spot, the resulting pattern is called "angular" in dicots or a "streak" in monocots.
- On needles, compare adjacent needles. If all the needles are damaged at the same length, this is typically an environmental problem. If some needles have extensive damage while other needles are not damaged, this is typically an airborne pathogen.
- · On flowers or fruit, a random pattern is typically an airborne problem. Problems on the blossom end of a fruit are typically nutrition-related.
- · Nonliving problems do not spread; for example, when a lightning strike occurs, the damage is done all at once and shows up over a short period of time.
- · Living problems generally start small and spread. In addition, they are usually season-specific.
## Step 10. Review timing
When did the symptoms first appear? What season? Did more plants and plant parts become affected over time?
A large enough sample of a woody ornamental can sometimes give clues to the previous growth history. Compare the distance between terminal bud scale scars on the branches. In Figure 7-21, the branch on the top is from a plant that grew under normal conditions. Note the shorter distance between the terminal bud scale scars on the bottom branch, denoting that the tree suffered from severe drought stress in Years 1 and 3, less so in Year 2.
Attribution: Ruth Hartnup, Flickr CC BY 2.0
Atribution: Mike Ostry, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood CC BY-3.0
## Secondary Problems and their Abiotic or Cultural Start
Why is this (insect, fungus, disease) killing my plant?
Insects and pathogens rarely attack healthy plant tissue. Often a plant has been stressed by abiotic or cultural factors before insects and diseases move in. However, when a gardener finally notices that a plant is suffering. these pests and pathogens are easy to spot and are wrongly blamed for the entire problem.
Abiotic, or nonliving, factors that can affect a plant include: sunlight, temperature, wind, and precipitation. Too much sunlight can burn plant tissue while too little can prevent the plant from photosynthesizing properly. High temperatures can scorch a plant while freezing temperatures can damage plant tissue. High winds can break branches and stems or cause a plant to transpire and lose water. Too little precipitation can stunt growth or cause plant tissues to dry out. Too much precipitation can lead to root rot.
Cultural factors such as humans planting, irrigating, fertilizing, or pruning plants can also have a large impact on plant health. Selecting the "right plant for the right place" goes a long way in ensuring a plant stays healthy. A proper irrigation schedule of deep, infrequent watering will help establish a plant so it does not suffer drought or overwatering. Fertilizing based on recommendations from a soil test will allow for healthy growth. Excess fertilizer initiates a spurt of new growth, which may be more susceptible to pests and diseases, or can cause fertilizer burn. Read more about fertilizing and soil testing in chapter 1, "Soils and Plant Nutrients." Proper pruning at the right time of year will help wounds close over and not leave the plant open for pathogens to enter. Read more about proper pruning in chapter 11, "Woody Ornamentals."
By taking care to ensure abiotic and cultural factors support plant health, secondary problems of pests and pathogens can be greatly reduced.
## Develop a Hypothesis
Use the information gathered in the 10 steps to rule out those insects, other animals, and pathogens that could not have caused the problem and focus in on the likely culprits.
## Symptoms and Potential Causes:
- · Bight-Fungal, bacterial, or environmental condition (Figure 7-12).
- · Canker-Bacteria and fungi. Mechanical injury may look similar (Figure 7-13).
- · Chlorosis-Poor nutrition, overwatering, some insects, some pesticides (Figure 7-14).
- · Dieback-Insect, fungi, bacteria, or pesticides.
- · Distorted growth-Pesticide, virus, insect, or gene mutation (Figure 7-15).
- · Gall-Fungus, bacteria, or insect (Figure 7-16).
- · Leaf Drop-Typically drought; less commonly, toxic chemicals and certain diseases.
- · Mosaic-Virus or genetic mutation (Figure 7-17).
- · Rot (fruit, root)-Fungi or bacteria. Bacteria do not decay roots, but can cause soft rots of stems, crowns, and fruit
## Secondary Leaf Spot
Evergreen leaves do not stay on the plant forever. Most of the broadleaf evergreens will hold their leaves for 14 to 18 months. By the time these leaves drop, the plant usually has new leaves. So the plant always appears green, but individual leaves get old and drop. With both evergreens and deciduous trees and shrubs, it is not uncommon for leaves to get fungal spots as they approach the end of their life. Sometimes the leaves may get the spots in early spring before the new leaves arrive. There may be as many as 50 different fungi that can infect old azalea or rhododendron leaves. As a simple description, plant pathologists call this phenomenon 'secondary leaf spot' (Figure 7-22). There is no need to worry about these leaf spots or attempt to identify them or to treat them. The leaf has already contributed to the plant and is going to fall off in a few months anyway. Secondary leaf spots will not attack the new growth.
| Living Insect or Pathogen | Nonliving (Environmental) |
|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Not widespread | Widespread |
| Species specific | Several species |
| Hot spots | 100% of vulnerable parts affected |
| Progressive with time | Sudden death or decline |
| Occurs in specific seasons | Not necessarily limited to specific seasons |
Figure 7-22. Secondary leaf spot on a maple. These leaves are old and are going to die and drop off anyway. You will know it is secondary leaf spot because there will be no spots on new growth.
Attribution: Emily Carlin, Flickr CC BY ND 2.0
## Submitting Samples
Good samples or photographs will make it much easier to identify a problem.
Some tips for bringing in live samples to your local Cooperative Extension center:
## Plant Samples
- 1. Gather samples from the healthy part of the plant as well as the damaged or diseased sections.
This will help identify what the "normal" growth looks like next to the problem. If possible, it is helpful to gather samples from older growth and new growth. If multiple plants of the same type are present, taking samples of plants in various stages of the problem will be helpful.
- 2. Take a large enough sample that leaves are still attached to stems. Pulling a few individual leaves from the plant will not provide as much information as intact stems.
- 3. Look for evidence of cankers along the stem and gather a sample.
- 4. For roots, remove sections of healthy, as well as diseased root tissue, along with some of the surrounding soil.
- 5. Bring samples in immediately. If they do need to be stored, put them in a dry plastic bag in the refrigerator or cooler.
## Insect Samples
- 1. Collect any insects present; looking for adult as well as immature forms.
- 2. Be sure to collect any samples of the damage the insects are believed to have caused.
- 3. Place insects in a tightly lidded glass jar and fill with rubbing alcohol or put in the freezer for several hours.
If it is not possible to bring in a sample, quality photographs can be submitted.
## Quality Photographs
- 1. To help identify a plant, document the leaf pattern (alternate, opposite), leaf margins, bark, and flowers or fruits if present. See chapter 3, "Botany", to help identify plant anatomy and structure.
For more detailed information about gathering samples for submittal, please review the steps on the North Carolina Plant Disease and Insect Clinic's (PIDC) website.
Attribution: Jim Champion CC BY-SA 2.0
## Case Studies-Diagnostics
Case Study 1 - Wilted Tomato
Presenting problem: A sample of a wilted tomato plant.
Step 1. Identify the plant: Tomato
Step 2. Describe the problem: Wilting
Step 3. Identify what is normal: While it is normal for tomatoes to wilt in the middle of a hot summer day, they generally regain turgor in the evening. Extended wlting is not normal for tomatoes.
Step 4. Cultural practices: The tomato was transplanted several weeks ago. It was hand watered once but it has not been sprayed, fertilized, or pruned.
Step 5. Environmental conditions: Within the last two weeks, it has rained lightly, for an hour or less, twice. No other relevant environmental conditions.
Step 6. Signs of pathogens: A close examination of the plant reveals no obvious signs of pest or pathogens.
Step 7. Symptoms: The only symptom is the wilting.
Step 8. Distribution of damage in the landscape: No other types of plants in the garden are affected. Cucumbers and green beans are doing fine. Three of nine tomato plants in the garden have wilted and there does not appear to be a uniform, linear, and high or low pattern to the arrangement of the plants.
Step 9. Distribution of damage on the plant and specific plant parts: All the above ground portions of the plant are affected and all parts are affected equally.
Step 10. Timing: Two plants were witled on one day and the third plant about a week later.
Steps 4, 5, 6, and 7 were inconclusive, but steps 8, 9, and 10 indicate a living pathogen. Consult chapter 5, "Diseases and Disorders," and chapter 16, "Vegetable Gardening," or use a reference book or online tool to identify living pathogens that cause wilt on tomatoes: (Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt, Southern blight, bacterial wilt, root-knot nematodes, and Tomato spotted wilt virus). Nematodes would - eventually - affect the cucumbers and beans, as well as tomato. Cutting into the lower stem reveals darkening of the vascular tissue, which makes Fusarium , Verticillium , or bacteria a suspect. Verticillium wilt of tomato would be found only in the cooler portions of the state of North Carolina.
A review of the literature reveals that both Fusarium and Verticillium cause some yellowing and curling of the leaves (Figure 7-24), while tomato spotted wilt virus causes some deciduous spotting on the foliage and fruit (Figure 7-25). Southern blight causes a dark spot encircling the stem at the base of the plant (Figure 7-26). Since these leaves and stem are completely green, each of these are ruled out, leaving bacterial wilt. A reference book may explain a test for bacterial wilt of suspending a stem in clean water and seeing if the water turns murky from the bacteria (Figure 7-27). This test confirms bacterial wilt (Note: the streaming may not be visible if populations of the bacteria are low). An internet search for 'bacterial wilt site:ncsu.edu' finds a blog from the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic that states, "if your plants have bacterial wilt, there is nothing you can do to save them. Infected plants will not recover and should be removed and destroyed."
Case Study 2 - Pine Tree Death
Presenting problem: Twenty to 30 mature native pines in a neighborhood have died over a few months (Figure 7-28).
Step 1. Identify the plant: Native pines may mean several species. For most of the state, the identification to species level isn't necessary. In places where both white pines and yellow pines are native, you should further identify the pine since the major problems are different.
Step 2. Describe the problem: A whole group of trees died within a few months.
Step 3. Identify what is normal: Plants do not have indefinite life spans so the death of one individual may be normal. However, the rapid death of 20 or 30 adjacent pines is abnormal.
Step 4. Cultural practices: No recent cultural management.
Step 5. Environmental conditions: No environmental conditions out of the ordinary; however, it has been dry.
Step 6. Signs of pathogens: An examination of the pines showed no signs of insects, animals, or pathogens.
Step 7. Symptoms : The needles are brown and are clinging to the tree. The wood inside a broken branch is dark. Remember that pathogens are not always visible, so they cannot be ruled out based on their absence to the unaided eye.
Step 8. Distribution of damage in the landscape: Under the pines, there was Japanese honeysuckle that showed some dieback. In addition, there was an understory dogwood that showed some dieback. So other types of plants were affected. The distribution of damage on the pines was uniform.
Step 9. Distribution of damage on the plant and specific plant parts: Every plant that was dead, the entire plant was affected.
Step 10. Timing : All the pines died within a few months.
Steps 8, 9 and 10 show the uniform nature of the problem across the plant, the fact that additional plant families were affected, and the rapid onset of symptoms. This suggests an abiotic problem, like drought.
## Case Study 3 - Orange Growth on Cedar Tree
Presenting problem : Orange jelly-like growth on the needles, branches, and trunk of a mature cedar tree (Figure 7-29).
Step 1. Identify the plant: Native red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ).
Step 2. Describe the problem: Orange jelly-like growth on the needles, branches, and trunk of a mature cedar tree.
Step 3. Identify what is normal: Orange jelly is not normal.
Step 4. Cultural practices: No cultural issues.
Step 5. Environmental conditions: No specific environmental conditions identified.
Step 6. Signs of pathogens: The orange jelly-like growth is a sign.
Step 7. Symptoms: No noticeable exterior change to the branches, needles, or bark itself.
Step 8. Distribution of damage in the landscape: No plants other than cedars exhibit this sign and only some of the cedar trees exhibit this sign. The location of the orange jelly on the trees appears random, with no apparent patterns connecting the affected trees.
Step 9. Distribution of damage on the plant and specific plant parts: Only one side of the tree's needles, branches, and trunk appeared affected.
Step 10. Timing: The orange jelly appeared rapidly, shortly after some spring rains.
With the exception of Step 10 stating the rapid appearance of the substance, all indications point toward a living, airborne pathogen. A review of references for diseases of cedar that fits this pattern identifies cedar-quince rust as a possibility. Examining pictures and a description identifies cedarquin rust as the likely pathogen. A search of available references indicates there are no recommended control measures for this problem.
## Case Study 4 - Katsura Tree Stunted Growth
Presenting problem : Katsura tree is not growing.
Step 1. Identify the plant: Katsura Tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) (Figure 7-30 and Figure 7-31).
Step 2. Describe the problem: Not growing properly. It is growing slowly and has small leaves.
Step 3. Identify what is normal: Larger leaves and faster plant growth is normal. There is a problem with this Katsura tree.
Step 4. Cultural practices: Tree has been in the landscape for four years. No cultural practices identified that would cause problems.
Step 5. Environmental conditions: No adverse environmental conditions noted.
Step 6. Signs of pathogens: No signs.
Step 7. Symptoms: Smaller than normal leaves and short stature of plant.
Step 8. Distribution of damage in the landscape: Llirope (Llirope muscarri) in the same area is growing well.
Step 9. Distribution of damage on the plant and specific plant parts: Entire plant affected.
Step 10. Timing: Symptoms observed over the past four years.
No obvious answer, take plant sample to your local Cooperative Extension center for assistance.
## Frequently Asked Questions
- My plants have some black spots on them, what can I spray? Before even thinking about chemicals, the host and pest or pathogen must be identified. Using the 10 steps outlined in this chapter, work to identify the plant and develop a theory. Once the plant and issue have been identified, use IPM strategies from chapter 8, to manage the problem.
What do I do when I cannot identify the pest or pathogen? If you go through the diagnostic steps and are unable to develop a sound theory, use the directions above to take samples and photographs to Extension Master Gardeners at your local County Extension Center. If the volunteers and the county agent are unsure, samples can be sent in to NC State's Plant
Disease and Insect Clinic, A fee may apply. Processing times vary depending on the volume of samples. A report will be emailed to you if you provide an address.
To learn more about common plant problems see Appendix C, "Diagnostic Tables."
If you have questions about this chapter contact your local NC State Extension expert at your local Cooperative Extension Center.
## Further Reading
Brown-Rytlewski, Diane, ed. A Pocket Guide for IPM Scouting of Woody Landscape Plants . East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Extension , 2008. Print.
Byrne, Jan, and Raymond A. Clyd. A Pocket Guide for IPM Scouting in Herbaceous Perennials . East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Extension , 2007. Print.
Carr, Anna. Rodale's Color Handbook of Garden Insects . Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Royale Press, Inc., 1983. Print.
Horst, R. Kenneth. Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook . 8th ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2013. Print.
Narayanasamy, P. Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis . 2 nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2001. Print.
Pirone, Pascal P. Diseases and Pets of Ornamental Plants . 5 th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978. Kindle file. Note: This is a good resource for diagnostics; refer to the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual for the latest chemical information.
Schumann, Gail L. Essential Plant Pathology . 2 nd ed. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society, 2009. Print.
## Chapter Text Hyperlinks
North Carolina Extension Gardener Plants Toolbox
Plant Disease Factsheets, NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic
How to Submit a Sample, NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic
## For More Information
## NC State Resources
- · Diagnostic Tables
- · How to Submit a Sample to the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic
- · Insect Notes
- · Plant Disease Factsheets
## More NC State Resources
## Other Resources
- · Diagnosing Poor Plant Health, Penn State Extension
## Contributors
Authors: Mike Munster, Diagnostician, NC State Plant Disease and Insect Clinic and David Goforth, Horticulture Agent, Cabarnus County
Contributions by Extension Agents: Jeana Myers, Julie Flowers, Kerrie Roach
Contributions by Extension Master Gardener Volunteers: Kim Curlee, Jackie Weedon,
Karen Damari, Ann Barnes, Lee Kapleau, Chris Alberti, Edna Burger
Content Editors: Lucy Bradley, Associate Professor and Extension Specialist, Urban Horticulture, NC State University; Director, NC State Extension Master Gardener program; Kathleen Moore, Urban Horticulturist
Copy Editor: Barbara Scott
How to cite this chapter:
Munster, M. 2022. Diagnostics, Chapter 7. In: K.A. Moore, and L.K. Bradley (eds). North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook, 2nd ed. NC State Raleigh, NC.
## Authors
Mike Munster
OrnamentalsDiagnostician Plant Pathology
David Goforth
Former Extension Agent, Agriculture - Horticulture Cabarrus County
Publication date: Feb. 1, 2022
AG-831
## Other Publications in North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook
10. Herbaceous Ornamentals
- 11. Woody Ornamentals
- 12. Native Plants
- 13. Propagation
- 14. Small Fruits
- 15. Tree Fruit and Nuts
- 16. Vegetable Gardening
- 17. Organic Gardening
- 18. Plants Grown in Containers
- 19. Landscape Design
- 20. Wildlife
- 21. Youth, Community, and Therapeutic Gardening
Appendix A. Garden Journaling
Appendix B. Pesticides and Pesticide Safety
Appendix C. Diagnostic Tables
Appendix D. Garden Tools
Appendix E. Season Extenders and Greenhouses
Appendix F. History of Landscape Design
Appendix G. Permaculture Design
Appendix H. Community Gardening Resources
Appendix I. More NC State Resources
Glossary
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/construction-of-a-dead-poultry-composter/ | Construction of a Dead-Poultry Composter | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Ken Macklin",
"Joseph B. Hess",
"James O. Donald",
"John P. Blake"
] | 2021-06-30 | [
"Farming",
"Poultry",
"Composting"
] | AL | Learn about the different disposal methods for dead birds, especially poultry composting. Included is guidance on building a poultry composter.
Disposing of dead birds is an ongoing problem for poultry producers. More than twenty million broilers are processed weekly in Alabama; however, there are more than 300,000 mortalities on Alabama farms each week. Disposal of these mortalities is a serious problem for the producer. If this problem is not solved, it may limit the future expansion of the state's poultry industry. One method of disposal is a dead-poultry composter.
## Disposal Methods
Open-bottom burial pits used to be the most common method of disposing of dead poultry and currently should be considered only if there is a catastrophic event on the farm. Open-bottom burial pits can affect water quality when they are located in certain soil types. Residue as shown in these pits after years of use. Because of these two reasons, other methods of disposal for poultry carcasses are used.
Incineration is one of the biologically safest methods of disposal. However, it tends to be slow and expensive. Incineration can also generate nuisance complaints, even when highly efficient incinerators are used. Particulate air pollution is generated by incinerators as well.
Rendering is one of the best means for the conversion of dead poultry into a valued, biologically safe, protein by-product meal. However, producers using this method run the risk of transmitting disease. Disease organisms can be picked up on the truck and spread from farm to farm. However, having a good bioscience plan in place will reduce this risk.
Because of costs, stricter regulations, and the chance of disease transmission, poultry producers are interested in finding other disposable cookout notices alternative.
## The Composting Formula
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oae/opairlyand\_skillfunctionproperty.However.allgood composters share certain features.
Poultry composting has been approved in Alabama by the state veterinarian's office, state and local health departments, and the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). Alabama broiler producers have shown great interest in the composting technique.
Preliminary studies of poultry composting were carried out by Dennis Murphy at the University of Maryland's Poultry Research and Education Facility. The composting process involves mixing prescribed amounts of dead birds, poultry litter, a carbon source such as straw, and water.
Cooked or used poultry litter (usually pine shavings, sawdust, peanut hulls, or rice hulls) and manure is the primary compost medium. These materials supply ammonia nitrogen for the growth of bacteria. Because a mixture of poultry carcasses has a large supply of nitrogen (N), straw is used to supply additional carbon (C) to adjust the C:N ratio.
The mixture should be composed of 1 part poultry carcasses, 2 parts poultry litter, 0.1 part straw, and 0.25 part water, based on weight, not volume. Such a mixture will have a C:N ratio of about 23:1 and moisture content of about 55 percent.
Acceptable C:N ratios are between 15:1 and 35:1 Acceptable moisture contents are between 40 and 50 percent.
Other options for the disposal of dead birds are limited, and composting is a desirable environmental and economic alternative. However, composters must be properly designed and constructed if they are to be effective.
## Building the Composter
One of the first points to consider in building a composter is size. Two types of composting bins are required: a primary or firststage composting bin and a secondary or second-stage composting bin (figure 1).
Other points to consider in building a composter are location, type of structure, and materials.
Storage space for raw litter and finished compost must be available or built into the composter. Composters can vary considerably and still function property. However, all good composters share certain features.
$^{ }$Size. The capacity of the first-stage composer bins is calculated by a formula based on farm capacity, bird size at the end of the production cycle (market weight), and the mortality rate.
Cubic feet of first-stage composter = Farm capacity per cycle X Bird market weight X 0.0025
A minimum of 1 cubic foot of secondary composter bin is required for each cubic foot of first-stage composter capacity.
For most farms, the above formula will call for a large composter, which is needed for year-round operation (table 1). Ideally, the composter should be sized so that the average day's mortality will make a single layer in the primary bin.
## Print "Table 1. Number of First-Stage Composer Bins Required Based on Flock Size (Based on 4.2-Pound Bird)" table from our website.
Location and Access . Properly managed composters have minimal odor. Still, the unit should not be placed near neighbors or the farm residence. The site should be well drained and should provide access to spreadreder trucks. An all-weather road and work area are desirable.
Foundation. An impervious, weight-bearing foundation (concrete) is critical for all-weather operation. A concrete foundation keeps out rodents, dogs, etc., and prevents contamination of the surrounding area. The concrete foundation should be a minimum of 6 inches thick.
Building Materials . Specify pressure-treated lumber or other rot-resistant materials because they withstand the biological activity of composting.
Roof. Some materials may be composted in the open, but poultry composting does not work well uncovered. A roof ensures year-round operation. It also controls rainwater and percolation, which can be serious problems (figure 2).
\construct. Science; James O. Donald, Extension Agricultural Engineer, Emeritus Professor, Agricultural Engineering; John P. Blake, Extension Poultry Scientist, Emeritus Professor, Poultry Science, all with Auburn University Revised June 2021, Construction of a Dead-Poultry Composter, ANR-0604
(https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ANR-0604\_ConstructionOfDeadPoultryComposter\_062921L.pdf) Construction of a Dead-Poultry Composter, ANR-0604 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ANR-0604\_ConstructionOfDeadPoultryComposter\_062921L.pdf)
Hess, Extension Specialist, Emeritus Professor, Poultry
Hess, Extension Specialist, Emeritus Professor, Poultry
## Download this article as a PDF |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/finance-career-urban/take-control-financial-planning/ | Take Control: Financial Planning | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Dorothy Brandon"
] | 2022-10-12 | [
"Finance",
"Career",
"Financial Planning"
] | AL | ## FINANCE & CAREER
## Take Control: Financial Planning
Having financial success does not come naturally; it comes about through planning. Follow these steps to develop a financial plan.
Taking control of your financial life involves having and using the knowledge and skills needed to effectively manage your financial resources. Whatever your situation, there are things all consumers should know and be able to do. One of the most basic things you can do is to improve your understanding of financial products, services, and concepts to make informed financial decisions.
Having financial success does not come naturally; it comes about through planning. Financial planning is a continuous process of creating and implementing financial plans to achieve financial success. Financial planning helps you to:
- · Identify different ways to use your money
- Compare financial options
- Use the money you have to obtain the things you want
- Prevent wasteful spending
- Organize your financial resources
- Avoid money worries
## Steps for Successful Financial Planning
Use the following steps for successful financial planning.
## Step 1: Get to Know Your Financial Situation
Determine how much money is coming in and going out of your household. This involves doing a bit of record-keeping. Keep a record of all money you receive (income) and all the money you spend (expenses). One way to keep track of expenses is by developing and using a spending plan, more commonly known as a budget.
## Cookie Notice
## Step 2: Know What You Want to Achieve (Goals) i
Write (http://www.awl.edu/edward/a/drministration/oap/privateprogramcan helpyou enjoy peace of mind and a want to accomplish. Determine the cost of each goal and the amount of time it will take to accumulate the money you will
need to attain each goal. Be committed to achieving your goals.
## Step 3: Develop Strategies or a Plan to Achieve Your Goals
Develop strategies or a plan of action to achieve your goals. Create strategies to maintain a plan to spend, save, invest, and protect the money you earn. Make sure your goals are:
- 1. Flexible. You want to make sure that you allow for any changes to be made to your plan.
- 2. Liquid. Be sure you have easy access to your money in the event of emergencies.
- 3. Protected. Make sure you have insurance to prevent financial ruin as a result of disastrous or life-altering events.
## Step 4: Implement Your Plan
Put your plan into action. Your plan is the tool that can help you determine how to best utilize your financial resources. Remember, a tool is only effective when used. So, stick to your plan.
## Step 5: Evaluate and Revise Your Plan
Various changes in life (e.g., marriage, children, or death) will cause you to re-evaluate the effectiveness of your plan. Don't be afraid to revise your plan if you determine it is no longer effective in helping you achieve your financial goals.
In summary, take control of your life by taking control of your finances. Just as you plan other things in your life, plan your finances. Begin today by putting a plan in place that identifies your financial goals as well as strategies for achieving those goals. Having and using the knowledge needed to effectively better standard of living .
## Test Questions
Test your knowledge of basic finance.
- 1. Your credit score is the same as your credit report.
- 2. Paying the minimum payment on your credit card bill keeps your credit report in good shape, but it does little to help you pay down the balance.
- 3. Your credit score is reduced when you apply for a copy of your credit report.
- 4. Making a $545 purchase on your credit card with a credit limit of $1,000 will lower your credit score.
- 5. A saving account offering compound interest will earn you interest only on the principal amount each month.
- 6. Getting rich is NOT a function of investing a lot of money, but rather the result of investing regularly for long periods of time.
- 7. You should calculate your debt-to-income ratio to determine how well you are moving toward your financial goal of accumulating money for retirement.
- 8. Use the Rule of 78 to calculate how quickly your money will double at a specific interest rate.
- 9. A secured credit card that is used to help build your credit is similar to a reloadable credit card.
Answers: 1. False, 2. True, 3. False, 4. True, 5. False, 6. True, 7. False, 8. False, 9. False
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 2022. "Money Smart for Young Adults." https://www.fdic.gov/resources/consumers/money-smart/teachmemory-smart/money-smart/for-young-people/index.html.
Garman, E. Thomas, & Raymond E. Forgue. 2010. Personal Finance . Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Keown, Arthur J. 2012. Personal Finance: Turning Money into Wealth . Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
Wilson, Gwenn. 2013. 100% Financial Literacy Success . Boston, MA; Wadsworth-Cengage Learning.
Dorothy Brandon, PhD, CPPFE, Consumer Science & Personal Financial Management Specialist, Alabama A&M University.
Revised October 2022, Take Control: Financial Planning , UNP-2095
Download this article as a PDF
\_ (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/UNP-2095-Take-Control-Financial-Planning-2022.pdf) Take Control: Financial Planning, UNP-2095 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/UNP-2095-Take-Control-Financial-Planning-2022.pdf)
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(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/ranchers-thursday-lunchtime-series/forage-management.html | Forage Management - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-11-04 | [] | OK | ## FORAGE MANAGEMENT
/ to watch the Beef n share grazing best nagement to enhance forage ncher's Thursday eos are timely and o supply producers otch information
Paul (mailto:paul.beck@oksstate.edu? Beck subject=Forage%20Management%20).
405-744-9288(tel:4057449288)
paul.beck@okstate.edu(mailto:paul.beck@okstate.edu)
## Contact
Rosslyn(mailto:rosslyn.biggs@okstate.edu%20? Biggs subject=Forage%20Management).
(405)744-8587(tel:4057448587)
rosslyn.biggs@okstate.edu(mailto:rosslyn.biggs@okstate.edu%C2%A0?
subject=Forage%20Management%20)
## Contact
David (mailto:david.lalman@okstate.edu%20? Laman subject=Forage%20Management%20)
david.lalman@okstate.edu (mailto:david.lalman@okstate.edu ?
subject=Forage%20Management%20)
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/smith-county-covid-19-sales-subject-sales-tax-analysis | Smith County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | ' Publications ' Publication s Smith County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
## Smith County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3480-65
View as PDF: P3480-65.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Smith County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor
OCTOBER 3, 2024
Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition
FEBRUARY 1, 2024
Filed Under: Economic Development
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade
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7
...
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last\_2 |
https://extension.okstate.edu/announcements/family-and-consumer-sciences-newsletters/july-fcs-newsletter-2022.html | Parenting with Natural Consequences- Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-06-22 | [] | OK | ## Parenting with Natural Consequences
Wednesday, June 22, 2022
Parenting is tough, even under the best circumstances.
Helping children learn the skill of making decisions can be hard, too.
As parents, you get tired of always telling your children what to do. In fact, it can become overwhelming, said Katey Masri, coordinator for
Oklahoma State University Extension(/index.html)'s Co- Parenting (https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/cofor Resilienceparenting/index-old.html) program
"Overprotective parents, although well-meaning, often prevent their children from learning how to bounce back from failure or how to learn to make better choices down the road," Masri said. "It's hard, but letting your children experience the natural consequences of their actions teaches them how to make good choices and be responsible."
It's important for children to learn they are responsible for their choices. Parents are encouraged to step back and let children experience the consequences. In addition, parents should take the time after the fact to discuss with the child why that consequence occurred and what they need to do differently next time if they want a different outcome.
## For example:
- · Despite being reminded, a child doesn't bring their clothes to the laundry room to be washed. As a result, their baseball uniform is dirty on game day.
- · The child is told to put his toys away so the younger sibling can't break them. The toys get left out and a favorite toy is broken.
- · A child leaves their homework on the table instead of putting it in their backpack for school the next day. The following morning the child leaves for school without the homework. Late assignments aren't accepted.
## Things to keep in mind when using natural consequences:
- · Is the consequence safe?
- · Is the consequence age appropriate?
- · Be firm in the consequence.
- · Use empathy.
- · Help the child problem solve and set limits.
- · Praise the child when they make good choices.
If a consequence isn't safe, it's clearly the parent's responsibility to intervene and protect the child. Also, parents need to determine if they're willing to allow the consequences to occur.
"You may not be willing to let your child play outside in the mud while wearing their dress shoes," Masri said. "Keep the child's age in mind, too. Children younger than 3 years old have a harder time understanding the consequences of their actions. As long as the consequence is safe and you're willing to let it occur, don't rush in and save the day by intervening."
Using natural consequences is an effective way to help children learn how to make healthy choices and ultimately become responsible adults. Research indicates natural consequences are related to healthier child development and decreased parent/child power struggles.
"The price your child pays today to learn about commitment, decision making, responsibility and relationships is cheaper now than at any other times in their lives," she said. |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-kickin-chicken-stew/ | Live Well Recipe: Kickin’ Chicken Stew | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | LIVE WELL ALBAAMA Follow Live Well Alabama:
Download the recipe here: Printable Kickin' Chicken Stew (https://www.aces.edu/wp-
contentuploads/2018/07/FCS\_2196\_LiveWellAlabamaRecipesCardsKickin'ChickenS
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement. (https://www.acs.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination statement)
1 tablespoon vegetable oil
1 onion, chopped
1 can chicken broth, 14 ounces
2 cups chicken, cooked and diced
(https://www.acs.edu/wp- |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/large-scale-organic-materials-composting | Large-Scale Organic Materials Composting | NC State Extension | [
"Rhonda Sherman"
] | null | [
"Composting",
"Waste Reduction"
] | NC | ## Large-Scale Organic Materials Composting
## Introduction
Just a decade ago, many public officials and business owners thought of waste materials such as grass clippings, food scraps, and sludge as a problem they had to dispose of. But more and more often, public agencies and entrepreneurs are turning this former problem into a profit with environmental benefits.
Once they're converted into compost, organic wastes -which are the compostable portions of the solid waste stream-can be used to mulch landscaping, enhance crop growth, enrich topsoil, and provide other benefits.
The change in outlook about municipal organic wastes stems from many factors:
- 1. Municipal officials have realized that composting is an effective strategy for managing waste (up to 70% may be organic)
- 2. Many states have banned certain organic materials such as cardboard and yard waste from landfills
- 3. Backyard composting has been readily accepted
- 4. Composting has been heavily promoted in the agricultural sector
- 5. More markets for compost have opened up
The key to starting a successful composting enterprise is to understand the basics, including how composting works, what types of facilities can handle this process, which raw materials work best, how to manage odor, and how to produce and market high-quality products.
## Composting Basics
Composting is the aerobic decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms under controlled conditions into a soil-like substance called compost (Figure 1). During composting, microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi break down complex organic compounds into simpler substances and produce carbon dioxide, water, minerals, and stabilized organic matter (compost). The process produces heat, which can destroy pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms) and weed seeds.
Raw materials are composted fastest when conditions that encourage the growth of the microorganisms are established and maintained. The most important conditions include the following:
- · Organic materials blended to provide the nutrients that support microbial activity and growth, including a balanced supply of carbon and nitrogen (C:N ratio)
- · Sufficient oxygen to support aerobic organisms
- · Moisture levels that uphold biological activity without hindering aeration
- · Temperatures needed by microorganisms that grow best in a warm environment
As soon as appropriate materials are mixed into a pile, the microorganisms set to work and the composting process begins. During this active stage, oxygen consumption and heat generation are at their highest levels. Then a curing period follows, in which materials compost much more slowly.
EXTENSION
Decomposition of organic material will continue until all of the nutrients are consumed by microorganisms and most of the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide. Before it reaches this point, however, compost is judged to be finished according to its intended use and factors such as C:N ratio, oxygen demand, temperature, and odor.
Factors affecting the composting process include nutrient ratio, moisture content, oxygen concentration, pH, surface area, temperature, and retention time. Table 1 displays the desirable conditions for the composting process.
| Characteristic | Reasonable range | Reasonable range | Preferred range |
|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|-------------------|
| Carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio | 20:1 - 40:1 | 25:1 - 35:1 | |
| Moisture content | 40% - 65% | 50% - 60% | |
| Oxygen content | > 6% | ~16% - 18.5% | |
| pH | 5.5 - 9.0 | 6.5 - 8.0 | |
| Bulk density | < 40 lbs per cubic foot<fcel> | | |
| Temperature | 113°F - 150°F | 130°F - 140°F | |
| Particle size | 1/8 in - 2 in diameter | Varies* | |
*Depends on raw materials, pile size, and/or weather conditions.
Nutrients . Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are important nutrients needed by microorganisms in the composting process. Carbon supplies energy and growth, and nitrogen is used for protein and reproduction. Since nitrogen is also a major nutrient required for plants, its concentration affects the value of the compost. In general, about 25 times more carbon than nitrogen is needed by biological organisms, so it is important to provide the right ratio. Although good results can be achieved with C:N ratios from 20:1 to 40:1, the ideal ratio is 25:1 to 35:1 for active composting. Table 2 displays the average carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of certain raw materials.
| Material | Ratio |
|------------------------------|---------------|
| High Nitrogen Materials | |
| Alfalfa | 13:1 |
| Blood or bone meal | 3:1 - 4:1 |
| Coffee grounds | 20:1 |
| Cow manure | 20:1 |
| Food scraps | 15:1 - 25:1 |
| Grass clippings | 15:1 - 25:1 |
| Horse manure | 30:1 |
| Llama, donkey, alpaca manure | 15:1 - 25:1 |
| Pig manure | 5:1 - 7:1 |
| Poultry manure | 5:1 - 7:1 |
| High Carbon Materials | |
| Bark | 100:1 - 130:1 |
| Cardboard | 200:1 - 500:1 |
| Leaves | 30:1 - 80:1 |
| Mixed paper | 150:1 - 200:1 |
| Newsprint | 560:1 |
| Wheat straw | 140:1 - 150:1 |
| Wood chips | 200:1 - 700:1 |
## Moisture
Microorganisms need water to support their metabolic processes and to help them move about. A moisture content range of 40% to 60% is recommended for most materials. Below 40%, microbial activity slows. It ceases below 15%. When moisture levels exceed 65%, air in the pore spaces of the raw materials is displaced by water, which leads to anaerobic conditions, odors, and slower decomposition.
Oxygen
The composting process consumes large amounts of oxygen. If there is not enough oxygen, the process slows, and odors may result. An oxygen content of 16% to 18.5% is ideal; at 6% or lower, odors are perceptible to even the least sensitive individuals. To increase oxygen for the composting process (aeration), the pile can be turned or aerated with force through blowers. Anaerobic conditions may be minimized by keeping piles at the right height; using a well-mixed, uniform feedstock; avoiding excess moisture; and turning and mixing the pile frequently.
## pH
The pH level is an indicator of the acidity or alkalinity of the composting material, measured on a scale from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic), with 7 being neutral. Composting can work effectively between the pH levels of 5.5 to 9; however, the process is most effective between 6.5 to 8.0 A pH level below 6 can slow decomposition, and a level above 8 can cause the release of unpleasantsmelling ammonia. Insufficient oxygen is often the cause of low pH during the active composting stage, so increasing the aeration by turning the pile should raise the pH. It is not advisable to adjust the pH by adding limes and ashes because these materials can increase ammonia losses.
## Surface area
Smaller particles of raw materials have more surface area, which makes nutrients and energy more available to microorganisms. However, smaller particles can reduce the air space within the composting mass, so a balance is necessary; particle sizes ranging from % to 2 inches in diameter generally produce good results.
## Temperature
Microorganisms release heat while they work, so temperature is a good indicator of the composting process. Temperature increases are noticeable within a few hours of forming a pile or a windrow (long, narrow pile), and they typically increase to 120 to 140 F and remain there for several weeks depending on the size of the system and composition of raw materials. Temperatures within the pile or window will gradually drop to 100°F as active composting slows and level out to ambient air temperature.
## Retention time
The length of time required to convert raw materials to compost depends on the six factors described above. The shortest composting period results from proper moisture content and C:N ratio, plus frequent aeration. The process will be slowed if there is insufficient moisture, low temperatures, a high C:N ratio, large particles, a high percentage of woody materials that are resistant to decomposition, and inadequate aeration. Active composting takes two weeks to nine months, depending on the method and materials; curing generally requires another one to four months. The intended use of the compost ultimately determines the required composting period.
Attribution: Source: On-Farm Composting Handbook
## Types of Facilities
Composting facilities are aerated or unaerated and covered or not covered. Composting methods include passive piles, window composting, static piles, and in-vessel composting (in bins, beds, silos, transportable containers, and rotating drums).
Passive piles are created by stacking materials in piles and allowing them to decompose over a long time with little management. This simple, inexpensive method also has some disadvantages: the pile can overheat and spontaneously combust; it can become anaerobic and release odors; it sits there for years, taking up valuable space; and it can look like a dump and attract the dumping of unwanted materials. Passive piles can take a year or more to decompose, depending on the materials in the piles.
Windrow composting involves placing mixed materials in long, narrow piles and turning or agitating them regularly (Figure 2). This is the most common method used for rapid composting of yard wastes. Windows are typically 3 to 12 feet high, 10 to 12 feet wide, and hundreds of feet long. Windows are formed using a front-end loader, and they are turned with this equipment or a specialized turning device. This method is more labor-intensive than aerated piles because some activity is performed on the site almost daily.
Determining how often to turn windows depends on the rate of decomposition, moisture content and porosity of the materials, and the desired composting time. High-nitrogen or easily degradable materials may require daily turnings at the beginning of the process and weekly turning later. The active composting stage will last three to nine weeks, depending on the type of materials and frequency of turning. To produce compost in three weeks, turn windows once or twice each day for the first week and every three to five days thereafter.
A static pile is a passively aerated system that has no need for turning because air is supplied through perforated pipes embedded in the piles or windows. The open ends of the pipes allow air to be drawn in and circulated through the piles or windows through a chimney effect created by rising hot gases.
A variation on this approach is the aerated static pile system, which uses a blower to supply air to the compost pile. This system allows larger piles, and composts materials in three to five weeks.
In-vessel composting refers to a diverse group of methods that confine the composting process within a container, building, or vessel and uses a combination of forced aeration and mechanical turning to speed up the composting. Compared to windrow and aerated pile methods, these systems require less labor and land area and offer potentially better odor
control, faster composting (in a matter of days as opposed to weeks), and consistently good compost. However, in-vessel systems have high capital, operating, and maintenance costs, ranging from $40 to $150 per wet ton of waste. Because of the high costs, these systems are not usually used to compost yard waste; they are used more often to compost sludge, mixed solid waste, and other hard-to-manage materials.
Equipment requirements depend on the technology used. All that is needed for a static pile is a front-end loader and a screen to sit the compost; an aerated static pile also needs a perforated pipe and a blower. For a windrow operation, equipment might include a front-end loader, chipper, tub grinder, screen (depending on end-use), windrow turner (for large sites), and a dump truck. Equipment needed for in-vessel systems depends on the process. In any operation, having properly sized equipment makes manpower more efficient. It is very important to set a maintenance schedule
because equipment maintenance is the key to an operation's success. Tools needed to maintain equipment may include an air compressor, pressure washer, power and air tools, and a used oil collection and handling system.
In summary, window and static pile systems are comparable in cost, labor, management, and speed of process. In-vessel composting is faster, but it has high capital costs with the exception of simple bin methods and some agitated bed systems.
Attribution: Source: On-Farm Composting Handbook
## Facility Siting and Development
The size of the site required for composting depends on the following factors: the anticipated volume of raw materials, the technology to be used (the higher the level, the less space required), the equipment to be used (which depends on the method and raw materials), and the projections for growth: Some factors that should be considered when choosing a site are; accessibility (roads suitable for traffic and convenient to feedstocks, or raw materials), population density (no houses within half a mile), and type of neighbors (some industries require a clean atmosphere and no flies). Desirable site characteristics include (1) slightly sloped land (for drainage), (2) a firm soil type that packs well, (3) not located in a flooded plain, (4) convenient utilities, and (5) a rectangular or square site, which is more efficient than a circular or irregularly shaped site. Figure 3 shows a generic site layout for a composting facility.
The following steps are recommended for site development:
## 11. Obtain proper permits (this is mandatory)
- o local: zoning, building, land use
- o state: water discharge, composting, transporting, air, health department
Attribution: Source: Appelhof and McNelly, 1988
## Feedstocks
A wide variety of raw materials, or feedstocks, may be used for composting, including yard waste, food scraps, agricultural materials, industrial processing wastes, sludges, and municipal solid waste (Figure 4). Most often there is a primary raw material to be composted and other materials are added. Rarely will an organic material have all of the characteristics needed for efficient composting, so other materials (amendments or bulking agents) must be blended to achieve the desired characteristics. Amendments can be added to adjust moisture content, C:N ratio, or texture. Bulking agents provide structure to hold up materials in a pile and maintain pore spaces for air movement. The desired characteristics of feedstock mixes are summarized in Table 1.
Some of the factors that should be considered when selecting feedstocks include (1) material source and type, (2) collection frequency, (3) condition of materials collected, (4) condition of material as delivered (may differ from when it was picked up), (5) amount of each material type, and (6) daily delivery schedule.
Other feedstock collection criteria include:
- · Regulatory constraints
- · Content of chemical, organic, and physical contaminants
- · Finished product use constraints
- · Compatibility with finished product markets
- · Compatibility with the composting technology
- · Impact on odor generation
- · Cost and availability
Raw material recipes are determined primarily by the moisture content and C:N ratio. But degradability, odor potential, and cleanness (degree of contamination from unwanted materials, chemicals, and organisms) also should be considered. Developing a recipe is a balancing act between getting the moisture content and C:N ratio within acceptable ranges. If the moisture content is too high, it can lead to anaerobic conditions, odors, and slow decomposition. If the C:N ratio is
below 25:1, odor problems may develop; if the ratio is above 40:1, composting takes a lot longer. Analyzing raw materials for their physical and chemical characteristics helps in developing composting recipes. Important characteristics include moisture content, density, nutrient ratio, and pH.
To establish near-optimum composting conditions, it is important to create composting recipes based on calculations. Using a formula requires a knowledge of the moisture content and the percentage of the dry weight of carbon and nitrogen for each material. There are several compost feedstock mix calculators online.
An Excel spreadsheet that can be used to solve compost mixture calculations for up to four ingredients can be accessed at Cornell's Compost Mixture Calculation Spreadsheet.
If the goal is simply to compost leaves, then calculations are not necessary. Leaves will compost slowly on their own; however, adding nitrogen (through grass clippings, manure, or nitrogen fertilizer) will accelerate decomposition. A rule of thumb is to add one part grass clippings to three parts leaves, or two pounds of nitrogen fertilizer to a cubic yard of leaves.
Attribution: Source: On-Farm Composting Handbook
## Permit Requirements for North Carolina
Anyone desiring to produce compost from solid waste, yard debris, agricultural products, or processing waste should contact the Solid Waste Section, Division of Waste Management, Department of Environmental Quality, to learn if a permit is required. The North Carolina Administrative Code (NCAC) sets forth requirements for siting, design, application, operation, product distribution, testing, and reporting in "Solid Waste Compost Facilities," 13B, Section .1401. Permits are not required for backyard composting, farming or silvicultural operations in which compost is produced from materials grown and reused on the owner's land and not offered to the public, people receiving 30 cubic yards of leaves or less annually from an offsite source, and for small Type 1 facilities.
Solid waste compost facilities in North Carolina are classified based on the type and amount of materials to be composted. Type 1 facilities may receive yard and garden waste, silvicultural waste, and untreated and unpainted wood. Type 2 facilities may receive pre-consumer meat-free foodprocessing waste; vegetative agricultural waste; source-separated paper; other source-separated wastes that are low in pathogens and physical contaminants; and waste accepted for a Type 1 facility. Type 3 facilities may receive manures; other agricultural wastes; meat; post-consumer
source-separated food wastes; other source-separated wastes that are relatively low in physical contaminants but may contain high levels of pathogens; and waste acceptable for Type 1 and 2 facilities. Type 4 facilities may receive mixed municipal solid waste, post-collection separated or processed waste, industrial solid waste, nonsolid waste sludges, and waste acceptable for Type 1, 2, or 3 facilities. Hazardous waste, asbestos, and household hazardous waste cannot be accepted at a facility or processed into compost.
Facilities must meet siting requirements under 15A NCAC 13B.1404 for flood plain, buffers, surface water, and groundwater standards. The design requirements must address public access, the state's Sedimentation Pollution Control Law, Air Pollution Control, and odor minimization.
For more information about composting regulations in North Carolina, visit the NC Department of Environmental Quality's Composting web page.
## Testing
Testing involves collecting and analyzing representative samples of compost for meeting process optimization, safety, compliance, and market standards. Three types of tests may be conducted: field tests, on-site laboratory tests, and off-site lab tests. Common field tests measure temperature, oxygen concentration, odor, color, and noise. On-site lab tests may examine pH, moisture content, bulk density, soluble salts (conductivity), respiration, particle size, seed germination, and man-made inerts. Equipment needed for an on-site testing lab may include a refrigerator, drying oven (a microwave oven is suitable), balance, pH meter, oxygen-sumering device, temperature-measuring device, nest of sieves, and record keeping material. Off-site lab tests may measure metals content, organic content, pathogens, particle size, respiration, man-made inerts, pH, and odor.
How often compost is tested depends on the amount of information needed, the extent of information already available about feedstocks, and the composting process. More frequent testing is necessary during start-up operations and when new feedstocks are used.
An accurate representation of the area/volume being sampled can be obtained if multiple samples (usually at three places in a pile or window) are mixed together. It's best to take samples after the pile or window has been turned. Dig about a quarter of the distance into the window or pile at a downward angle and collect about a quart of half-inch sized particles in the compost; collect more if compost mainly consists of larger-sized materials. Label each sample clearly. Assign an ID number, and write down the date, source, name of the sampler, and the method of preservation. Keep a sample log book that includes ID numbers, analyses, and shipment records. Try to collect samples at the beginning of the week so they may be shipped directly to the laboratory and analyzed without waiting over the weekend. If samples must be stored for more than two days, keep them refrigerated.
In North Carolina, samples may be sent to the Waste/Compost Analysis Section of the NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services' Agronomic Division. The staff will analyze samples, interpret analytical results, and offer management recommendations. The Division's website provides detailed information about their services, how to prepare waste or compost samples, and includes a form to send with your samples.
For further information about testing compost, contact The U.S. Composting Council for its publication Recommended Test Methods for the Examination of Compost and Composting.
## Odor Management
Some odor will occur with any composting operation, so odor-control procedures should be included in the planning, design, and operation of compost facilities. The odors originate from three main sources: odorous raw materials, ammonia released from high-nitrogen materials, and anaerobic conditions within windrows and piles. But strong-smelling raw materials cause most of the odors. Sewage sludge, liquid manure, and fish wastes typically present odor problems; leaves, sawdust, crop residues, and fresh-bedded manure do not. The odors can be minimized by starting the materials composting as soon as possible and by keeping them aerobic.
The following recommendations will help minimize odors:
- 1. Develop a good feedstock recipe and keep the feedstock well mixed
- 2. Store raw materials for the least amount of time possible
- 3. Keep pile height at about 4-½ feet
- 4. Maintain pile moisture around 55%
- 5. Turn pile twice a week
- 6. Prevent puddles and standing water (pools of anaerobic activity)
- 7. Minimize dust (it carries odors)
- 8. Keep storage piles contained and dry
- 9. Keep facility tidy (bits of compost lying around can become anaerobic)
## Compost Quality and End-Use
The following parameters are conventionally used for indicating compost quality:
- · pH (5.5 - 7.5)
- · soluble salts (
- · nutrient content
- · water-holding capacity
- · stability
- · organic matter content
- · moisture content (35% - 55%)
- · particle size (3/8 inch - 1 inch)
The compost quality guidelines for each of these parameters vary according to end-user specifications. For example, compost to be used as a top dressing for plants is recommended to be less than 1¼ inch in diameter; whereas compost that is less than 1½ inch in diameter is acceptable for other uses, such as a soil amendment or potting media.
Aesthetic parameters, such as color and texture, are also important because people choose compost products primarily by appearance. For example, a dark compost is assumed to be better than a lighter-colored one.
Compost may be used as a soil incorporant, mulch, turf or other plant top dressing, an amendment to growing mixes, and a blend with topsoil. Currently, the number one use of compost is in planting beds. It is predicted that compost will be used widely for field nursery production.
Some of the benefits of mature compost to soil and plants include its ability to:
- Improve soil structure
- Reduce fertilizer requirements
- Improve water infiltration and drought tolerance
- Reduce soil compaction and crusting
- Improve root growth and yields
- Increase microbial and earthworm populations in soil
- Protect plants from disease
- Slowly release nutrients to plants
- Improve nutrient-holding capacity
- Increase ease of cultivation
Compost has also proven to be useful in pollution prevention and remediation. It is being used to prevent erosion of hillsides, embankments, and roadsides. Compost can also bind heavy metals in contaminated soils, degrade many pesticides, and absorb odors and degrade volatile organic compounds. In addition, compost is being used in wetland damage mitigation, storm water filtration, and biofilters.
## Marketing
A key to the success of a composting operation is a marketing or distribution program for compost products. To develop long-term markets, the products must be of consistently high quality. Other essential marketing factors include planning, knowledge about end-users, following basic marketing principles, and overcoming possible regulatory barriers and product stigma.
Compost characteristics desired by end-users vary with intended uses, but most compost users look for the following elements (in order of importance):
- Quality (moisture; odor; feel; particle size; stability; nutrient concentration; product consistency; and a lack of weed seeds, phytotoxic compounds, and other contaminants)
- Price (should be competitive with other composts, although high quality and performance can justify a higher price)
How compost is sold depends on the amount, quality, appearance, and seasonal availability. Most compost is used in spring and early summer. Consider whether to sell compost in bulk, in bags, or both. Bagging expands the potential market because bags can be sold at retail outlets. Bagged compost may be sold at a higher price, which justifies higher transportation costs, and thus, can support a larger market area. The bulk market usually stays at the local level due to high transportation costs. The best markets for bulk sales are local nurseries, landscapers, and home gardeners.
The following are potential end-users for compost:
- Growers (greenhouse, container, sod, field, agriculture, silviculture)
- Landscapers/turf managers (commercial properties, sports turf, residential lawns, cemeteries)
- Government agencies (parks, schools/universities, roadsides/highways, sports turf)
- Companies conducting land reclamation (landfills, sand/gravel pits, strip mines)
- Blenders/resellers (topsoil dealers/brokers, garden centers)
- Companies or agencies involved in environmental projects (wetlands, biofilters, erosion control, soil remediation, water filters)
- Farmers (fruit, vegetable, field crops, organic)
- Owners of golf courses and cemeteries
- Homebuilders and buyers (new home builders, renovators, organic gardeners, homeowners)
Rapidly expanding markets include homeowner use, custom topsoil blending, environmental applications, and agricultural uses.
There are a number of ways to improve the marketing of your compost product. Hiare staff who can talk about your products and their uses. Try selling to high-profile markets to get others interested in your products. Plant flower and vegetable gardens at your facility to show compost in action. Exhibit at industry trade shows and get involved with local trade associations. Promote a positive public reaction by conducting tours of your facility and offering hands-on activities for school children, such as planting things using compost. Lastly, contact local radio and television gardening shows about the possibility of interviews.
Figures 1, 2, and 4 are reproduced with permission from On-Farm Composting Handbook, NRAES54, published by NRAES, Cooperative Extension, 152 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, New York 1485535701.
## Author
Rhonda Sherman
Extension Solid Waste Specialist (vermicoposting, composting, recycling) Horticultural Science
Publication date: Jan. 16, 2020
AG-593
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/graham-county-forestry-impacts-2020 | Graham County Forestry Impacts 2020 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Suzanne Teague",
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Graham County Forestry Impacts 2020
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Aug. 9, 2022
Authors
Stephanie Chizmar
Suzanne Teague
Rajan Parauli
Robert Bardon
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=graham- county-forestry-impacts-2020#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page
EXTENSION |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/water-valley-covid-19-sales-subject-sales-tax-analysis | Water Valley COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis | MSU Extension- Yalobusha County | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Water Valley COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
## Water Valley COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3480-370
View as PDF: P3480-370.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Yalobusha County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
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## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/strategies-for-using-baleage-in-beef-cattle-operations/ | Strategies for Using Baleage in Beef Cattle Operations | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Kim Mullenix"
] | 2018-09-21 | [
"Beef",
"Baleage",
"Livestock",
"Forage"
] | AL | ## Strategies for Using Baleage in Beef Cattle Operations
Haylage and baleage are terms often used interchangeably. Haylage is harvested forage ensiled at 40 to 60 percent moisture. Dry hay, haylage, and silage are all methods of producing stored forage reserves, but each differ in their percent moisture (Table 1). Baleage is a form of haylage that has been harvested, baled, and wrapped.
## Print "Table 1. Average Percentage Moisture of Stored Forages" table from our website.
## Considerations for Feeding Baleage to Beef Cattle
## Match
The decision to feed baleage starts with matching forage quality with the nutrient requirements of the class of livestock being fed. Information on the nutrient requirements of beef cattle can be found in Extension publication ANR-0060, "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle." Baleage is a stored feed that should address a time of supplemental nutrient demand in your beef cattle herd. It is important to consider if making baleage can reduce the need for supplemental feeds by harvesting and storing high-quality forage. For example, research has shown that annual ryegrass baleage harvested at the boot stage ranges from 60 to 65 percent total digestible nutrients (DN) and 10 to 16 percent crude protein (CP).
This high-value forage can be readily used to meet the nutrient requirements in most cow-calf operations. A forage test is
needed to accurately determine the nutritional value of baleage and if additional supplementation is needed outside this feedstock. Without knowing the quality of the forage being fed, it is impossible to find out which products are not suitable for dairy nutrition requirements.
## Quality Matters
The (https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oaprivs/php) occurrence. The nutritional quality of baleage will only be as good as the starting product. What goes
in must come out, and putting up low-quality forage means a low-quality feed product. The process of putting up baleage can also impact feeding value. Bales that are wrapped with a minimum of six layers of plastic between a moisture range of 40 and 60 percent can decrease storage loss and produce a more stable product at the time of feeding.
## Quantity Matters
Understanding how much forage or feed cattle consume per day is one of the most important criteria for developing a good nutrition program. This requirement is based on daily dry matter intake, or the amount of forage and feed consumed per day without moisture (100 - % moisture = % dry matter). Many factors affect dry matter (DM) intake including animal weight, stage of production, forage quality, and environmental conditions. A good rule of thumb is that a mature cow will consume about 2.5 percent of her body weight per day in dry matter. If high moisture forage is the sole source of dry matter in the diet, it will take more baleage by weight than dry hay to feed the same class of animals. Below is an example of the amount of hay versus baleage needed to feed a 1,200-pound brood cow.
## Additives
Commercial additives such as enzymes and inoculants are available to help with preservation of stored high- moisture foregrages. Additives can improve the feeding value by increasing preservation of dry matter, decreasing heating and molding during storage, and helping preserve forage during feed out. However, they do not add additional pounds of TDN or CP and cannot be used to mask the effects of putting up overmature forage. Remember the quality of baleage will only be as good as the starting product. Additives mainly work to rapidly drop the pH within the bale, which promotes fermentation and preservation of the dry matter and nutrients present.
## Spoilage
Spoilage can occur from microbial growth during fermentation. Microbes that survive without oxygen, such as Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum , can pose serious, life-threatening risks to cattle. These bacteria can cause spoilage under conditions of high moisture (≥ 65 percent), soil/manure contamination, improper sealing, and high pH. Key signs of spoilage include a dark brown/black bale color, wet slimy feel, rancid smell, and poor palatability to the animal.
## Clinical signs of botulism include brain inflammation, OK disorientation, impaired nervous system function, and continuous salivation. Contact a veterinarian immediately if
these signs are observed. Some mold on the surface of bales is often seen. White, pink, gray, blue and may be visible, but have not been shown to cause problems when feeding. However, excessive amounts of mould should be avoided. Tightly once occurred.
## Feeding Strategies
Baleage can be fed as whole bales or chopped/ground for incorporation into mixed rations. As with any new feed source, understand that it may take an adjustment period for animals to become accustomed to baleage, particularly young, growing animals. Feeding losses can be minimized using an improved feeding technique such as a cone- or ring-type feeder, trailer, or cradle. Provide an amount that allows animals to consume bales within 1 to 2 days to prevent spoilage. When feeding baleage during the summer months, allocate only enough for 1 day.
## 2.5% body weight = 30 lb DM
- Amount to feed = 30 lb DM/85% DM
- X = 35 lb hay needed per day
## Feeding Baleage (50% DM, 50% moisture) to 1,200-lb brood cow
- 2.5% body weight = 30 lb DM
- Amount to feed = 30 lb DM/50% DM
- X = 60 lb baleage needed per day
Download a PDF of Strategies for Using Baleage in Beef Cattle Operations .ANR-2218.(https://www.aces.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/ANNR-2218.REV\_.3.pdf)
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-front-legs/ | Beef Conformation: Front Legs | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"David L. Daniel Jr.",
"Lisa A. Kriese-Anderson"
] | 2018-09-24 | [
"Beef",
"Conformation",
"Livestock"
] | AL | ## Beef Conformation: Front Legs
"This is an excerpt from Beef Conformation Basics, ANR-1452 .
The alignment of joints in the front leg also plays a considerable role in the structural correctness and mobility of a beef animal. More than 50 percent of the animal's weight must be supported and carried by its front two legs. In order for that to be done effectively, the joints must be able to provide some shock absorption and allow considerable range of motion. The ideal angle for the scapula, or shoulder, in relation to the ground
is approximately 45 degrees. This angle allows for the appropriate range of motion and is usually associated with the front legs being placed squarely beneath the scapula. As the angle becomes larger, range of motion is restricted, and the result is the animal taking shorter, less efficient steps. Larger angles can also affect the knee and result in the animal being buck kneed. This condition occurs when the animal's knee is pitched forward in relation to the rest of the foreleg. This condition can also be associated with cattle being too straight in their front pasterns.
When the angle of the scapula is too small, the usual result is the animal being calf kneed. This condition occurs when the knee is positioned behind the outline created by the front leg. This condition is less damaging to the front leg function than is the buck-kneed condition. In some situations, such as when cattle are being confined on concrete, this condition may be considered more ideal as it provides more cushion for the front limb. Figure 9 shows the joint alignments seen with these conditions.
Evaluating the slope of the shoulder can be one of the more challenging tasks when it comes to gauging soundness of beef cattle. The point of shoulder and
the spine of the scapula are two of the most important points to consider when making this evaluation. By distinguishing these two points and evaluating their relation to the ground, a reasonable assessment can be made as to what the slope is. Another helpful way to visualize the slope is to imagine a line from the point of shoulder straight down to the ground. As cattle become more vertical in terms of their scapula, the line from the point of shoulder straight down to the ground will be closer to the front leg itself. Other indicators as to whether an animal is too straight shouldered include the top of the scapula being visible above the animal's top line and shorter, more restricted steps when the animal moves.
The two animals in Figures 10 and 11 are examples of some structural differences when it comes to slope of shoulder and forelimb alignment. The calf in Figure 10 is considerably more vertical in terms of slope of shoulder as demonstrated by the line connecting the spine of the scapula, point of shoulder, and the ground. The line going from point of shoulder directly to the ground also indicates a steep shoulder as it is very close to the outline of the front leg. The female in Figure 11 is closer to ideal in regard to slope of shoulder and has considerably more space between point of shoulder and her front leg.
Read here to learn more about beef conformation basics.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-bisics)
Download a PDF of Beef Conformation Basics.ANR-1452 (. https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR- OK
1452. REV.3.pdf)
■ Read More
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-basics/)
Beef Conformation Basics (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-basics/).
Sep 20, 2018
## Cookie Notice |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/%C2%A1s%C3%A9-un-superh%C3%A9roe-%C2%A1ayuda-tus-maestros-y-compa%C3%B1eros-mantenerse-salvo-del-covid-19 | ¡Sé un superhéroe! ¡Ayuda a tus maestros y compañeros a mantenerse a salvo del COVID-19! | Mississippi State University | [
"David Buys",
"Alisha M. Hardman",
"Elizabeth Gregory North"
] | null | [
"Coronavirus",
"Be A Hero!"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Miscellaneous » ¿Sé un superhéroe! ¡Ayuda a tus maestros y compañeros a mantenerse a salvo del COVID-19!
## ¡Sé un superhéroe! ¡Ayuda a tus maestros y compañeros a mantenerse a salvobel COVID-19!
Quizá la escuela sea diferente, pero los cambios son necesarios para que todos estén sanos y salvos.
Es posible que tu horario y la forma en que haces las cosas sean diferentes. Quizás tu aula, la cafetería y el recreo sean diferentes. Pero estos cambios pueden evitar que tú, tu maestro y tus compañeros se enfermen.
Si hace s l o que dicen tus maestros y el director, jestarás ayudando a que todos estén sanos!
## ¿Serás un superhéroe!
El COVID-19 puede afectar a la gente que conoces. El cumplimiento de las reglas los mantiene a salvo.
Tus maestros y otros adultos que están en la escuela pueden enfermarse más que los niños con COVID-19.
Es posible que algunos niños vivan con sus abuelos u otros adultos mayores. Ellos se pueden enfermar mucho a causa del COVID-19 si alguien lleva el virus a su casa.
Algunos niños pueden tener problemas de salud que tú no conoces. También pueden enfermarse mucho a causa del COVID-19.
Si tu escuela te pide que te pongas una mascarilla, ipóntela y no te la quites!
Te puede parecer raro usar una mascarilla en la escuela. Pero llevarla puesta puede evitar que tú, tu maestro y tus compañeros se enfermen.
Puedes imaginar que es una n'ascara de superhéroe . Cuando te la pines , jayudas a que los demás estén sanos y salvos!
## El COVID-19 no durará para siempre. Pero no sabemos cu˜anto tiempo estará.
Si todos cumplimos las reglas y trabajamos juntos, podemos ayudarnos mutuamente a mantenernos sanos.
Y podemos ayudar a que desaparezca antes.
Tienes el poder de mantener sanos y salvos a tus maestros, tus compañeros y a los dem ' as.
¿Es lo que hacen los superhéroees!
M2363 ( POD -08-20)
Escrito por David Buys, PhD, MSPH, CPH, especialista de salud estatal de extensión, Alisha M. Hardman , PhD, CFLE, especialista en vida familiar de extensión, y Elizabeth Gregory North , directora de Comunicaciones Agrícolas.
Propiedad Intelectual 2020 por Mississippi State University. Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicaci'on puede copiarse y distribuirse sin modificaciones para fines educativos s'ın fines de lucro, siempre que se otorgue cr'edito al Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Producido por Agricultural Communications.
Mississippi State University es una instituci'on de igualdad de oportunidades. Discriminaci'on en el empleo, los programas, o las actividades universitarias en funci'on de la raza, el color, el origen ' etnico, el sexo, el embarazo, la religi'on, el origen nacional, la discapacidad, la edad, la orientación sexual, la informaci'on gen'etica, el estado como veteranos de los EE. UU., o cualquier otro estado protegido por la ley aplicable se encuentra prohibido. Las preguntas sobre programas de igualdad de oportunidades o cumplimiento deben dirigirse a la Office of Compliance and Integrity, 56 Morgan Avenue, PO 6044, Mississippi State, MS 39762, (662) 325-5839.
Mississippi State University Extension Service, en cooperaci'on con el Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Publicado en promoci'on de las Actas del Congreso, 8 de mayo y 30 de junio de 1914. GARY B.JACKSON, Director
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtbeam or call 662325-2262.
Select Your County Office
## Associate Extension Professor
Ms. Anne Howard Hilbun-Benoit Extension Instructor
## Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith
Associate Extension Professor
## Related News
SEPTEMBER 10, 2021
Timely action can reduce severity of COVID-19
AUGUST 9, 2021
Getting vaccinated prevents more COVID-19 mutations
JANUARY 15, 2021
Beware of scammers as vaccines come on board
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Extension Head Start Program stays healthy
DECEMBER 17, 2020
Ag industry posted 2020 estimated value of $7.35B
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ... | next_ last_2 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3430 | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3923 | Handling Grief and Loss | Handling Grief and Loss | Handling Grief and Loss | Handling Grief and Loss | Handling Grief and Loss | Handling Grief and Loss | Handling Grief and Loss | Handling Grief and Loss | Handling Grief and Loss |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: M2349 | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight |
| COVID-19 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | next_ last_2 | next_ last_2 | next_ last_2 | next_ last_2 | next_ last_2 | |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/senatobia-covid-19-sales-subject-sales-tax-analysis | Senatobia COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s " Senatobia COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
## Senatobia COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3480-322 | |
| View as PDF: P3480-322.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Tate County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor | |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | |
| Related News | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/2021/01/31/youth-science-lessons-life-forms-lesson-3-animals/ | Youth Science Lessons – Life Forms – Lesson 3 Animals | University of Florida | [
"Rick O'Connor"
] | 2021-01-31 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"animals",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"Life Forms",
"Youth Science Lessons"
] | FL | ## Youth Science Lessons Life Forms -Lesson 3 Animals
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)...
This is the "fuel" molecule for life. Both plants and animals need it to sustain their existence. However, ATP cannot be acquired from the environment. It must be synthesized within the cells. To synthesize it, you need two things (1) glucose (a simple single sugar molecule - a monosaccharide), and (2) oxygen (which both plants and animals obtain from the atmosphere.
Herein is where the difference between plants and animals exist. Plants produce their own glucose ( producers ) and animals must consume it (consumers ) by consuming another plant or animal who have stored glucose - in a sense, stealing it from the other creature.
As we have learned, plants produce glucose in a process called photosynthesis . They obtain water and carbon dioxide from the environment, break these compounds up using energy from the sun, and re-arrange them into glucose - with a little oxygen left over which they release into the atmosphere. These simple monosaccharide sugars can be combined to form double sugars we call disaccharides and those can be combined further to make large sugar molecules we call polysaccharides . Plants store excess sugar they produce in large polysaccharides we call starch . Starch is one of the components of a healthy diet. Some people are on either an "all starch diet" or a "no starch diet". But starches are excellent sources of sugars for animal consumers.
When animals consume these plants and starches, they utilize much of it to produce their needed ATP, but they also may have excess that can be stored for future use. Animals store their excess polysaccharides as fat , and it is this fat layer that gets many animals through the colder months when plants are not available to eat. We know that eating a "fatty" diet will produce more fat in our bodies and become "fatter" without exercise. Again, diet is important. There are times when fat is needed, and times when it is not.
With consuming animals, the idea is to expend less energy catching the potential prey than you gain by consuming it. For example, it does not make any sense to expend 8 units of energy to capture and kill a species that is only going to provide you with 5 units.
Continuing to expend this amount of energy is not going to be good in the long run. So, predatory animals seek the "easiest" prey to kill often selecting the young, old, or weak from another population.
But what could be easier to catch and kill than a plant.
Plants to do not run, bite, or scratch. They sit there and you eat them. So, why don't more animals consume plants?
The answer is that plants have their own defenses against animals. Their cell walls possess a large polysaccharide called
cellulose. It is tough to chew and digest. Only animals who have teeth for cutting and massacting leaves, and the digestive system to digest it, can. We call them herbivores . But even herbivores cannot eat all plants. Many hasilica in their leaves (kind of like glass), toxins, spines, wood, bark, all of which are difficult for many herbivores the chew and digest.
Animals who do not have the specialized teeth and digestive will consume other animals to obtain their needed glucose. We call these carnivores. The same rule applies here. Not all carnivores can eat all animals. Speed, shells, toxins, spines, teeth all deter predators from consuming them. Also, animals are mobile. So, carnivores must stalk or ambush their prey - because they are not sitting still - and some are easier to catch than others.
There are animals who can eat some plants and some animals We call these omnivores . Then there are the detritivores ( scavengers ) - animals
who consume their glucose by eating dead animals (carrion). You think this would be fall into the category of " very easy to catch and you do not have to kill" so, why are there not more detritivores? Understand that the carrion is more or less rancid meat full of worms and bacteria (also detritivores) and it takes a special digestive system to tolerate this. But there are many animals that do .
We have spent a lot of time discussing the food differences between plants and animals but
there are others. As we mentioned, most animals are mobile - but not all. They move around their environment seeking food a shelter. Some walk, run, leap, fly, burrow, climb, swim, and slither through the environment. Sexual reproduction is the rule, though there are many who can regenerate body parts. Most sexual reproduction is externally fertilized (outside of the body) but of course there are internal fertilizers also.
In the marine environment the consumption of food follows the basic rules mentioned above. There are planktivores , which are not found elsewhere. Locomotion is somewhat restricted to swimming, crawling, walking, burrowing - but some leap from the water. The reproduction rules are no different.
As expected, animals are fascinating life forms and we will learn more about specific ones later in the course.
## ACTIVITIES
- 1. If you are doing school from home - explore your yard and log all of the different animals, you can find. Move slow as you walk around and look very closely. There will be many different types of insects. Birds should be common. Turn over rocks and logs
The bull shark is a species who is responsible for many attacks in the Florida panhandle. Photo: University of Florida IFAS
(if you have them) and look beneath the pine straw. During winter many animals will be sleeping through the season under these. Be careful not to disturb them once you have seen them and careful place the rock or pine straw back.
- 2. If you are at school, you too could do a search of campus. Most campuses are not conducive as wildlife habitat, but you may have a garden or groove of trees somewhere.
- 3. If you can visit the beach, walk one of the trails, or the beach itself. It will be hard to find a great variety since it is cold, but there are some.
- 4. Once you have your list, think about what they eat. How would you classify them - herbivores, carnivores, etc.? How do they move?
- 5. Do you think the variety of animals would be different at night? Explore your yard right at sunset and see.
## o
by Rick O'Connor
Posted: January 31, 2021
Category: Coasts & Marine, Natural Resources
Tags: Animals, Florida Sea Grant, Life Forms, Youth Science Lessons
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Sea Grant Notes - Oct 30, 2020
- · Weekly "What Is It?"; Orb Weaver Spiders
- · Weekly "What Is It?"; Threadleaf Sundew
- · Dirty Dozen Invasive Species Of The Month - Feral Hogs |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/e/suggested-maintenance-practices-for-roadside-weed-and-brush-problems-e-958.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20161128102646-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Suggested Maintenance Practices for Roadside Weed and Brush Problems
Circular E-958
January 2017
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma State University
## Clayton Hurst
Extension Associate Oklahoma State University
Lydia Calhoun Extension Assistant Oklahoma State University
Dennis Martin Turfgrass Specialist Oklahoma State University
## Suggested Maintenance Practices for Roadside Weed
Right-of-way vegetation management is a very important part of the overall roadside maintenance program. The vegetation adjacent to the road surface is a functional part of the road. In addition to mechanical methods, herbicides are used for managing right-of-way vegetation. When used correctly, herbicides can selectively control undesirable weeds and leave nearby beneficial plants unharmed.
This Extension circular summarizes herbicides, amounts of product per acre, water carrier rates, timing of application, and important comments regarding vegetation management programs. These programs include control of Johnsongrass, annual grasses and broadleaves, silver bluestem (silver beardannual grasses and broad leaves, silver bluestem (silver beard).
Johnsongrass Control (Postemergence)
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Glyphosate + sulfometuron. Apply 16 to 24 fluid ounces of product + 1 ounce of product, respectively in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 9 & 2.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1: April 20 - May 31
Zone 2: May 10 - June 15
Zone 3: May 20 - June 30
## Comments:
- 1. If Roundup Pro Concentrate® is used, apply 13 to 19 fluid ounces of product per acre.
- 2. Application should be made after bermudagrass has broken dormancy and is 100 percent green and actively growing.
grass), brush, switchgrass, total vegetation control and aquatic weeds. With respect to recommended timing of applications, refer to the spray zone map (Figure 1) based on your location within Oklahoma.
Please remember these are only suggestions and the following information is for preliminary planning. There is no substitute for an applicator scouting roadside areas regularly to note the conditions of the desired species, weeds present, and their stage of development. Be sure to follow the manufacturer's directions, not withstanding the information contained in this circular. Read and follow all label directions.
## Johnsongrass Control (Postemergence)
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Glyphosate + Plateau® (imazapic). Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of product + 4 fluid ounces of product per acre, respectively in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 9 & 2.
## Time of Application:
```
Zone 1: April 20 - May 31
Zone 2: May 20 - June 15
Zone 3: May 20 - June 30
```
## Comments:
- 1. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used, apply 10 to 13 fluid ounces of product per acre.
- 2. Application should be made after bermudagrass has broken dormancy and is 100 percent green and actively growing.
- 3. Add glyphosate to the tank mixture first and then add the Plateau ® .
- 4. Applications should not be made to areas that have little or no bermudagrass to release. It is recommended that roadsides need at least 30 percent bermudagrass cover. If not, use a MSMA program until you achieve this recommended coverage.
Applications should not be made on newly spriged or seeded areas. This treatment will slow the rate of coverage from springs and inhibit seed germination.
- 6. Do not apply to saturated soils or if rainfall will occur within two to six hours. Rainfall will wash the glyphosate from the plants and reduce the level of control. Generic glyphosate needs at least 6 hours before any significant rainfall event.
- 7. Do not mow roadsides prior to treatment. Wait at least 10 days after treatment before mowing or weed control may be reduced.
- 8. Plateau ® should provide good activity of Johnsongrass as well as large crabgrass and field sandbur.
## Johnsongrass Control ( Postemergence )
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Glyphosate + Outrider ®.Apply 12 to 24 fluid ounces of product + 0.75 to 1.33 ounces of product per acre, respectively in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 9 & 2.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1: April 20 - June 30 Zone 2: May 10 - July 30 Zone 3: May 20 - August 15
## Comments:
- 1. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used, apply 10 to 19 fluid ounces of product per acre.
- 2. This treatment will produce less noticeable injury to bermudagrass.Ithasthegreatestlevelofbermudagrass safety of any of the suggested Johnsongrass treatments especially at later applications.
- 3. Application should be made after bermudagrass has broken dormancy and is 100 percent green and actively growing.
- 4. Add glyphosate to the tank mixture first and then add the Outrider ® .
- 5. Applications should not be made to areas that have little or no bermudagrass to release. It is recommended that roadside needed at least 30 percent bermudagrass cover. If not, use a MSMA program until you achieve recommended coverage.
- 6. Applications should not be made on newly sprigged or seeded areas. This treatment will slow the rate of coverage from sprigs and inhibit germination of seeds.
- 7. Do not apply to saturated soils or if rainfall will occur within two to six hours. Rainfall will wash the glyphosate from the plants and reduce the level of control. Generic glyphosate needs to remain on foliage for at least six hours before any significant rainfall event.
- 8. After mowing wait until Johnsongrass has 12 to 24 inches of regrowth before treating. Wait at least 10 days after treatment before mowing or weed control may be reduced.
- 9. The addition of certain anime-formulated broadleaf weed control herbicides to this treatment can result in reduced Johnsongrass control (antagonism).This is not desirable and one should consult the Outrider ® label before tank-mixing.
- 10. Glyphosate rates higher than 16 fluid ounces of product per acre should not be used in the western one-third of Oklahoma.
## Johnsongrass Control ( Postemergence )
## Herbicides(s) and Rates(s) of Application per Acre:
Glyphosate + Pastora ® (nicosulfuron + metsulfuron). Apply 12 to 24 fluid ounces of product + 1.0 to 1.5 ounces of product per acre, respectively in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 9 & 2.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1: April 20 - May 31 Zone 2: May 10 - June 15 Zone 3: May 20 - June 30
## Comments:
- 1. Pastora ® is a mixture of nicosulfuron & metsulfuron methyl, it should provide good control of many sum-
mer broadleaf weeds in addition to Johnsongrass, foxtails, and field sandbur.
- 2. For optimum Johnsongrass control treat when actively growing and at a height of 18 to 24 inches.
- 3. This treatment will produce less bermudagrass injury than glyphosate plus sulfometuron or imazapic treatments.
- 4. Application should be made after bermudagrass has broken dormancy and is 100 percent green and actively growing.
- 5. Add glyphosate to the tank mixture first and then add the Pastora® .
- 6. Applications should not be made to areas that have little or no bermudagrass to release. It is recommended that a roadside needs at least 30 percent bermudagrass cover. If not, use a MSMA program until you achieve recommended coverage.
- 7. Applications should not be made on newly sprigged or seeded areas. This treatment will slow the rate of coverage from sprigs and inhibit germination of seeds.
- 8. Do not apply to saturated soils or if rainfall will occur within two to six hours. Rainfall will wash the glyphosate from the plants and reduce the level of control. Generic glyphosate need to remain on foliage for at least 6 hours before any significant rainfall event.
- 9. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used, apply 10 to 19 fluid ounces of product per acre.
- 10. After mowing wait until Johnsongrass has 12 to 18 inches of regrowth before treating. Wait at least 10 days after treatment before mowing or weed control may be reduced.
- 11. Glyphosate rates higher than 16 fluid ounces of product per acre should not be used in the western one-third of Oklahoma.
## Johnsongrass Control (Postemergence)
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
MSMA. Apply 2 to 3 pounds of active ingredient per acre in at least 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 17. (MSMA is currently under registration review; future use may be restricted or no longer permitted on roadsides. The registration review is scheduled to be completed in 2019)
## Time of Application:
Zone 1: April 15 - July 30
Zone 2: May 10 - August 15
Zone 3: May 20 - August 15
## Comments:
- 1. Two applications per year will be required to control Johnsongrass. Treatments should start when Johnsongrass reaches 12 to 18 inches in height and re-treatments should be made when regrowth
is 12 to 18 inches tall (re-treatments usually will be made on a three- to four-week interval maximum).
- 2. Preemergence seedling Johnsongrass control may be achieved by adding sulfometuron or Outrider® at 1 ounce of product per acre when the first MSMA treatment is made. Do not add sulfometuron or Outrider® to subsequent MSMA treatments.
- 3. Never apply MSMA to standing water, creeks, rivers or ponds. Be sure to shut off spray rigs when passing over bridges.
- 4. MSMA, alone, can be used on newly spriggered or thin roadways, as MSMA will produce very little injury or slow bermudagrass growth and development.
- 5. MSMA should not be applied to young bermudagrass seedlings until they have produced stolons from 1 to 3 inches in length.
- 6. MSMA may only be applied two times per year on roadside areas, and all MSMA applications on Right-of-Ways must have a 100-foot buffer zone around permanent water bodies.
- 7. MSMA is currently under review by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Information regarding the status of MSMA can be found on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency website.
## Winter Annual Grass and Broadleaf Weed Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Landmaster BW ® + ammonium sulfate (AMS). Apply 2 to 4 pints of product per acre + 17 pounds of product per 100 gallons of carrier (AMS is used only with low end rates of Landmaster BW ® ) in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre.MOA Group 4 and 9.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1: February 15 - March 20
Zone 2: February 25 - March 31
Zone 3: March 10 - April 15
## Comments:
- 1. Apply to dormant bermudagrass only. Application made to bermudagrass that has already begun to green-up can result in significant bermudagrass injury. Injury can delay green-up and potentially thin bermudagrass stands.
- 2. Landmaster BW ® should be applied at a rate of 3 to 4 pints of product per acre when used alone. Landmaster BW ® applied at 2 pints product per acre requires the addition of AMS to maintain acceptable weed control levels when using lower end rates.
- 3. Targeted weeds must be actively growing and may take two to three weeks before showing any phytotoxicity symptoms from the herbicides (because of the cool temperatures).
## Annual Ryegrass Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Landmaster BW ® + glyphosate + ammonium sulfate (AMS). Apply 2 pigs product + 16 fluid ounces of product per acre + 17 pounds of product per 100 gallons of carrier in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 4 and 9.
## Time of Application:
- Zone 1: February 5 - March 5
- Zone 2: February 15 - March 15
- Zone 3: March 1 March 31
## Comments:
- 1. Apply to dormant bermudagrass only. Application made to bermudagrass that has already begun to green-up can result in significant bermudagrass injury. Injury can delay green-up and potentially thin bermudagrass stands.
- 2. This treatment should only be substituted for a traditional Land- master BW ® program when annual ryegrass becomes a problem in the clear zone.
- 3. Annual ryegrass requires higher herbicide rates to achieve successful control.
- 4. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used apply at 13 fluid ounces of product per acre.
- 5. Targeted weeds must be actively growing and may take two to three weeks before showing any phytotoxicity symptoms from the herbicides (because of the cool temperatures).
- 6. This product is for the control of emerged weeds only, there is no preemergence (residual) control of weeds with this treatment. Milestone ® at 4 ounces product per acre may be added to this treatment to provide three to five months of summer annual broadleaf weed control.
- 7. Precautions should be taken to avoid drift to susceptible nontarget plants.
- 8. This treatment needs to be applied before targeted weeds reach 6 inches tall to assure good coverage and control.
## Annual Ryegrass Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Glyphosate. Apply 32 fluid ounces of product per acre in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 9.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1: February 1 - March 1
Zone 2: February 10 - March 15
one 3: March 1 - March 31
## Comments:
- 1. Apply to dormant bermudagrass only. Application made to bermudagrass that has already begun to green-up can result in significant bermudagrass injury. Injury can delay green-up and potentially thin bermudagrass stands.
- 2. This treatment should only be substituted for a traditional Landmaster BW ® program when annual ryegrass becomes a problem in the clear zone.
- 3. Annual ryegrass requires higher herbicide rates to achieve successful control.
- 4. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used apply at 25 fluid ounces of product per acre.
- 5. Targeted weeds must be actively growing and may take two to three weeks before showing any phytotoxicity symptoms from the herbicides (because of the cool temperatures).
- 6. This product is for the control of emerged weeds only, there is no preemergence control of weeds with this treatment. Milestone ® at 4 ounces product per acre may be added to this treatment to provide three to five months of summer annual broadleaf weed control.
- 7. Precautions should be taken to avoid drift to susceptible nontarget plants.
- 8. This treatment needs to be applied before targeted weeds reach 6 inches tall to assure good coverage and control.
## Early Preemergence and Postemergence Control of Winter and Summer Broadleaf Weeds
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Milestone ® + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 4 ounces of product per acre + 0.25 percent solution in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 4.
Time of Application:
Zone 1: February 15 - March 10
Zone 2: February 25 - March 31
Zone 3: March 5 - April 5
## Comments:
- 1. This treatment can be tank-mixed with any of the Winter Annual Weed Control Treatments to add a residual component.
- 2. This treatment produces good postemergence control of emerged winter broadleaf weeds and provides four to five months of residual control of many common summer annual broadleaf weeds.
- 3. A quality non-ionic surfactant should be used that has a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient if used alone.
- 4. Precautions should be taken to avoid drift to susceptible non- target plants.
- 5. This product can provide summer broadleaf weed control from March applications. This reduces potential to damage broadleaf crops that are planted after April or May. It reduces the need for summer applications of Vanquish® to controlbroadleafweeds.
- 6. This product will supply little to no control of palmer amaranth or kochia.
## Early Preemergence and Postemergence Control of Winter and Summer Broadleaf Weeds
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Diuron 80 WDG ® + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 3 to 5 pounds product per acre + 0.25 percent solution in 25 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 7.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1, 2 and 3: January 15 - March.
## Comments:
- 1. Diuron 80 WDG ® is used primarily in areas infested with kochia, but has activity on many annual broadleaf weeds.
- 2. This recommendation is specific to the Diuron 80WDG ® Loveland Industries product.
- 3. A quality non-ionic surfactant should be used that has a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient if used alone.
- 4. Application should be made on completely dormant bermudagrass.
- 5. Applications should never be made to saturated or frozen soils (there is a potential for runoff if application is followed by rain).
- 6. Regardless of right-of-way width, always leave an untreated buffer zone.
- 7. Diuron 80 WDG ® is can be used with imazapyr, glyphosate or other properly labeled broad spectrum herbicides treatments to provide long-term total
vegetation control around sign posts, guardrails or cable barriers.
- 8. Herbicides treatments that provide total vegetation control and long residual activity should not be applied to cable barrier footprints that are located at the bottom of ditches or medians as erosion could occur during periods of intense rainfall.
## Early Preemergence with Extended Residual Control of Winter and Summer Broadleaf Weeds
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre : EspIAnade 200 SC™ + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 5 ounces of product per acre + 0.25 percent solution in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 29
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2 and 3: January 15 - March
## Comments:
- 1. EsplAnade 200 SC™ has preemergent activity on manyannualbroadleafandawnugrasstypeweeds.
- 2. For best results use EspIAnade 200 SC™ in a tank mix with other properly labeled herbicides. If target weeds have already emerged tank mixes will also need to include a postemergent herbicide with activity on target weeds.
- 3. A quality non-ionic surfactant with a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient should be used, unless
- this product is tank-mixed with herbicides already formulated with surfactants.
- 4. Applications should never be made to saturated or frozen soils or just prior to periods of intense rainfall (as lateral movement of herbicide could occur).
- 5. Regardless of right-of-way width, alwaysleavean untreatedbufferzoneanduseaproperdriftcontrolagent.
- 6. EsplAnade 200 SC™ can be applied at a rate of 5 to 7 fluid ounces per acre and mixed with other herbicides to provide residual or long- term total vegetation control around guardrails and cable barriers. Consult OSU personnel for effective treatment mix options.
- 7. EspIAnade 200 SC™ can be applied at the lower 3.5 to 5 fluid ounces per acre rate as a warm season turf or bermudagrass release treatment.
- 8. The maximum use rate for EspIAnade 200 SC™ for a single application is 7 fluid ounces per acre. 10 fluid ounces per acre is the maximum amount of EspIAnade 200 SC™ that can be applied per acre to an area in a one year period.
- 9. Consult product label before using EspIAnade 200 SC™ .
- 10. Herbicides treatments that provide total vegetation control and long residual activity should not be applied to cable barrier footprints that are located at the bottom of ditches or medians as erosion could occur during periods of intense rainfall.
## Early Preemergence With Extended Residual Control of Winter and Summer Broadleaf Weeds
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Prodiamine 65WDG+non-ionic surfactant.Apply 2.3 pounds of product per acre + 0.25 percent solution in 25 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 3.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2 and 3: January 15 - March
## Comments:
- 1. Prodiamine 65 WDG has preemergent activity on several annual broadleaf and annual grass type weeds.
- 2. For best results use Prodiamine 65 WDG in a tank mix with other properly labeled herbicides. If target weeds have already emerged tank mixes will also need to include a post emergent herbicide with activity on the target weeds.
- 3. A quality non-ionic surfactant with a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient should be used, unless this product is tank- mixed with herbicides already formulated with surfactants.
- 4. Applications should never be made to saturated or frozen soils or prior to periods of intense rainfall (as lateral movement of herbicide could occur).
- 5. Regardless of right-of-way width, always leave an untreated buffer zone and use a proper drift control agent.
- 6. Prodiamine 65 WDG used at 2.3 pounds per acre and mixed with other herbicides can provide residual or long-term total vegetation control around guardrails and cable barriers. Consult OSU personnel for effective treatment mix options.
- 7. Prodiamine 65 WDG can be applied at rates of 1 to 2.3 pounds per acre. 2.3 pounds per acre are the maximum amount of Prodiamine 65 WDG that can be applied to an area in a one year period.
- 8. Consult product label before using Prodiamine 65 WDG.
- 9. Herbicides treatments that provide total vegetation control and long residential activity should not be applied to cable barrier footprints that are located at the bottom of ditches or medians as erosion could occur during periods of intense rainfall.
## Early Preemergence and Postemergence Control of Winter and Summer Broadleaf Weeds
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Perspective ® + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 3.0 to 4.75 ounces of product + 0.25 percent solution, respectively in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 4.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2 and 3: February 20 - June 30
## Comments:
- 1. When applied as a preemergence treatment, Perspective ® will primarily control annual broadleaf weeds.Refertolabelforspecificatesandsusceptible weed species or consult with OSU personnel.
- 2. When applied as a postemergence treatment, Perspec tive ® will control annual, biennial, and perennial broadleaf weed species along with some annual grassy weeds. Refer to label for specific rates and susceptible weed species or consult with OSU personnel.
- 3. Perspective ® can be mixed with both Landmaster BW and summer Johnsongrass control treatments to increase their level of broadleaf weed control.
- 4. Perspective ® has been shown to be injurious on some tree species that have roots growing within treated areas, or in areas where the herbicide may move into tree root zones. For details please consult with OSU personnel.
- 5. A quality non-ionic surfactant should be used that has a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient unless this product is tank-mixed with herbicides already formulated with surfactants.
- 6. Do not mow roadways prior to treatment. Wait at least 10 days after treatment before mowing or weed control may be reduced.
## Musk Thistle Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Overdrive ® (dicamba + diffuenzopyr) + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 4 ounces product per acre + 0.25 percent solution. In 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre or 50 to 100 gallons per acre as a handgun or backpack application. MOA Group 4.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2, and 3: March - May 10.
## Comments:
- 1. Apply Overdrive ® during thistle rosette growth stage for best results.
- 2. A quality non-ionic surfactant should be used that has a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient if used alone.
- 3. Due to different carrier rates, a single tank mixture should not be used for both broadcast and handgun applications. This could cause a severe over or under application of targeted rates.
- 4. Applications should be made to actively growing thistles prior to bolting, higher rates should be used on bolted thistles.
## General Broadleaf Weed Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Vanquish® + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 1 to 2 pints of product per acre + 0.25 percent solution, respectively. In 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre as a broadcast application or 50 to 100 gallons per acre as a handgun or backpack application. MOA Group 4.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2, and 3: March 15 - June 30.
## Comments:
- 1. A quality non-ionic surfactant should be used that has a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient.
- 2. Precautions should be taken to avoid drift to susceptible crops.
This herbicide can volatilize at higher air temperatures. 3.
- 3. One timely application per year should control most broadleaf weeds including kochia.
- 4. Because of different carrier rates, a single tank mixture should not be used for both broadcast and handgun applications. This could cause a severe over or under application of targeted herbicide rates.
- 5. Vanquish® should provide good broad spectrum broadleaf weed control, however, refer to label for specific weed species.
- 6. Better control can be achieved by treating smaller seedlings or early vegetative stage weeds that are no taller than 3 inches.
- 7. For best results on biennial weeds, applications should be made to rosettes or at the early vegetative stage when plants are no taller than 6 inches.
- 8. This treatment is also very effective at controlling the state noxious weed, so often than when applied in March through April.
## Musk Thistle Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Transline ® + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 6 to 10 fluid ounces of product per acre + 0.25 percent solution. In 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre as a broadcast application or 50 to 100 gallons of water per acre as a handgun or backpack application. MOA Group 4.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2 and 3: March - May 10.
## Comments:
- 1. A quality non-ionic surfactant should be used that has a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient.
- 2. Due to different carrier rates, a single tank mixture should not be used for both broadcast and handgun applications. This could cause a severe over or under application of targeted rates.
- 3. Applications should be made to actively growing thistles prior to bolting. The lower rate can be used when treating the rosette stage.
- 4. Extreme growing conditions such as drought or near freezing temperatures prior to, at, and following time of application may reduce thistle control.
- 5. Precautions should be taken to avoid drift to susceptible non- target plants.
- 6. By law (Oklahoma Noxious Weed Law), muskthistles must be prevented from flowing statewide.
## Scotch Thistle Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Metsulfuron methyl + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 1 ounce of product per acre + 0.25 percent solution. In 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre broadcast application or 50 to 100 gallons per acre as a handgun or backpack application. MOA Group 2.
## Time of Application: Zone 1, 2, and 3: March - April.
## Comments:
- 1. A quality non-ionic surfactant should be used that has a minimum of 80 percent active ingredient.
- 2. Due to different carrier rates, a single tank mixture should not be used for both broadcast and handgun applications. This could cause a severe over or under application of targeted rates.
- 3. Broadcast applications should be made to rosettes that are 6 inches or smaller in diameter.
- 4. Poor results will occur if applications are made during drought conditions.
- 5. Refer to label for other susceptible species.
- 6. Precautions should be taken to avoid drift to susceptible crops, gardens, and nontarget areas.
- 7. By law (Oklahoma Noxious Weed Law), scotch thistle must be prevented from blowing statewide.
## Silver Bluestem Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Glyphosate.Apply24 fluid ounces of product per acre in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 9.
## Time of Application:
```
Zone 1: April 20 - May 31
Zone 2: May 10 - June 15
Zone 3: May 20 - June 30
```
## Comments:
- 1. This treatment will produce temporary, but significant, common bermudagrass injury. The injury should last for three to five weeks with normal conditions. Sprayer equipment must be properly calibrated to ensure desirable silver bluestem control and minimize bermudagrass injury.
- 2. Glyphosate, alone, is used in areas where there is little or no previous history of Johnsongrass. In areas where there is a history of Johnsongrass, glyphosate plus Outridr , sulfometuron, Plateau® or Pastora® should be used. If a summer preemergent is not added to the treatment in areas where there are Johnsongrass seeds in the soil, the seeds could germinate and create an even bigger problem than the silver bluesetam that was controlled. This is because glyphosate has no soil activity.
- 3. Do not apply glyphosate if rainfall will occur within two to six hours. Rainfall will wash the glyphosate offthe plants and reduce the level of control. Generic glyphosate products need at least 6 hours before a significant rainfall event.
- 4. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used, apply 19 fluid ounces of product per acre.
- 5. Do not mow roadsides prior to treatment. Wait at least 10 days after treatment before mowing or weed control may be reduced.
## Silver Bluestem Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Glyphosate + sulfometuron. Apply 24 fluid ounces of product+1 ounceofproductperacre, respectively in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 9 & 2.
## Time of Application:
```
```
## Comments:
- 1. Glyphosate + sulfometuron should be used in areas where there is a past history of Johnsongrass prob-
lems. If the history of an area is not known, then it is best to add the sulfometuron to the glyphosate treatment. The sulfometuron is soil active and will help prevent Johnsongrass seeds from emerging.
- 2. This treatmentwill produce temporary, but significant, common bermudagrass injury. The injury should last for three to five weeks with normal conditions. Spray equipment must be properly calibrated to ensure desirable silver bluestemcontrolandminimal bermudagrass injury.
- 3. Application should be made afterbermudagrass has broken dormancy and is green and actively growing.
- 4. Add the glyphosate to the tank mixture first then
- 5. Applications should not be made to areas that have little or no bermudagrass to release. It is recommended that a roadside needs at least 30 percent coverage of bermudagrass, if not, use a MSMA program until this is achieved.
- 6. Applications should not be made on newly sprigged or seeded areas. This treatment will slow the rate of coverage from springs and inhibit germination of seeds.
- 7. Do not apply to saturated soils or if rainfall will occur within two to six hours. Rainfall will wash the glyphosate from the plants and reduce the level of control.Generic glyphosate needs at least six hours before a significant rainfall event.
- 8. Do not mow roadsidess prior to treatment. Wait at least 10daysaftertreatmentbeforemowingorweed control may be reduced.
- 9. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used, apply at 19 fluid ounces of product per acre.
- 10. This treatmentshouldnotbeusedinthewesternonethird of Oklahoma. Use glyphosate only treatments to control silver bluestem in western Oklahoma.
## Switchgrass Management (Ropewick or Wiper Application)
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Glyphosate. Apply 1:2 ratio of herbicide to water. MOA Group 9.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1,2 and 3:May -June (followed by mowing).
## Comments:
- 1. This treatment is to be selectively applied with either a ropewick or wiper-type applicator.
- 2. An important component of switchgrass management is timely mowing following application. Switchgrass areas should be mowed approximately one month and three months after treatment. Mowing should occur when switchgrass regrowth begins producing seed heads.
- 3. Dense stands of switchgrass will require wiping in
## General Brush Control
Using Postemergence
## and Preemerge Herbicides
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Tordon K ® + GLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGL�
## General Brush Control
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Glyphosate- foliar spot treatment only. Apply 1.5 gallons of product per acre in 100 gallons of water per acre-handgun only. MOA Group 9.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2 and 3: June - October.
## Comments:
- 1. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used, apply at 1.25 gallons of product per acre.
- 2. Do not make broadcast applications with this treatment. This herbicide treatment will cause severe damage or death of desirable grass understory if applied as a broadcast treatment.
- 3. This treatment should be applied as a foliar spot treatment using a handgun application only.
- 4. Apply the herbicide mixture on a spray-to-wet basis.
- 5. At this rate of application the grass understory will be killed at the base of the spot treatment.
- 6. Do not apply glyphosate if rainfall will occur within two to six hours. Rainfall will wash the glyphosate off the plants and reduce the level of control. Generic glyphosate products need at least six hours before a significant rainfall event.
- 7. This treatment should only be used on low-density brush areas only.
## General Brush Control Using Cut Surface Treatments
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Glyphosate (cut surface treatments only). Apply 1:1 water to herbicide ratio MOA Group 9.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1, 2, and 3: May - September.
## Comments:
- 1. All brush manually cut by Oklahoma Department of Transportation crews and not previously treated with a herbicide should receive a cut stump treatment to prevent resprouting.
- 2. Applications should be made immediately after cutting or as soon as possible. Delay in application of more than 30 minutes may result in reduced performance on hard-to-control species.
- 3. Apply using a backpack sprayer or squirt bottle.
- 4. Remove wood chips from the stump before application. It is only necessary to treat the outside third of the top of the cut stump as this is where the cambium layer is found. The cambium will move the herbicide to the roots. Treat the entire circumference of the cut surface.
- Most backpack or small hand-pump sprayers when purchased have nozzle tips designed to make this type of treatment.
- 3. High volume (20:1 oil to herbicide) mixtures should not be used for cut surface applications.
- 4. It is critical that the entire cambium area (cut surface) or entire circumference of the trunk (dormant basal) is treated to ensure complete control no matter what ratio of oil to herbicide is used. Failure to get good coverage will result in possible resprouting.
- 5. Dormant basal stem treatments should be made to trees with stems 6 inches or less in diameter.
- 6. Truns that are 0 to 3 inches in diameter should be treated to a height of 18 inches. Trunks larger than 3 inches in diameter should be treated to a height of 24 inches.
- 7. The addition of an oil soluble dye may assist in getting the de- sired coverage from these treatments as well as marking treated areas.
.
- 2. High volume applications are made by spraying the entire circumference of the trunk (dormant basal) to the point where the mixture is allowed to runoff and pool at the base of the target for a few seconds. Most backpack or small hand-pump sprayers when purchased have nozzle tips designed to make this type of treatment.
2. High volume applications are made by spraying the entire circumference of the trunk (dormant basal) to the point where the mixture is allowed to runoff and pool at the base of the target for a few seconds. Most backpack or small hand-pump sprayers when purchased have nozzle tips designed to make this type of treatment.
.
## General Brush Control Using Dormant Basal Stem and Cut Surface Treatments
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Garlon 4 Ultra ® + oil carrier. Apply 4:1 oil to herbicide ratio (low volume dormant basal and cut surface). Apply 20:1 oil to herbicide ratio (high volume dormant basal only). MOA Group 4.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2 and 3:Year-round, especially during the dormant season.
## Comments:
- 1. Low volume applications are made by lightly spraying the cambium area (outside third of the top of the cut surface) or entire circumference ofthe trunk (dormant basal) to the point of wetting but not runoff. This treatment usually requires the additional purchase of very small nozzle tips that will produce a fine spray. This low volume solution is very concentrated, if runoff occurs the expensive herbicide is wasted.
- 2. High volume applications are made by spraying the entire circumference of the trunk (dormant basal) to the point where the mixture is allowed to runoff and pool at the base of the target for a few seconds. Most backpack or small hand-pump sprayers when purchased have nozzle tips designed to make this type of treatment.
- 3. High volume (20:1 oil to herbicide) mixtures should not be used for cut surface applications.
- 4. It is critical that the entire cambium area (cut surface) or entire circumference of the trunk (dormant basal) is treated to ensure complete control no matter what ratio of oil to herbicide is used. Failure to get good coverage will result in possible resprouting.
- 5. Dormant basal stem treatments should be made to trees with stems 6 inches or less in diameter.
- 6. Truns that are 0 to 3 inches in diameter should be treated to a height of 18 inches. Trunks larger than 3 inches in diameter should be treated to a height of 24 inches.
- 7. The addition of an oil soluble dye may assist in getting the de- sired coverage from these treatments as well as marking treated areas.
## Bermudagrass Encroachment Control Using Postemergence Herbicides
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Imazapyr + non-ionic surfactant. Apply 4 pints of product per acre + 0.5 percent solution, respectively in 40 gallons of water per acre. MOA Group 2.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1: April 25 - September 15
Zone 2: May 10 - September 15
Zone 3: May 20 - September 15
## Comments:
- 1. Application is to be made to 100 percent green and actively growing Bermudagrass.
- 2. This treatment should only be applied once per year.
- 3. In areas that have not been treated with glyphosate plus a summer preemergence, a herbicide such as sulfometuron or diuron should be added to control weeds that germinate from seed.
- 4. Do not apply directly to water or wetlands.
- 5. Do not treat irrigation ditches.
- 6. Do not apply, drain or flush equipment on or near desirable trees or other plants; onto areas into which their roots may extend; or locations where the chemical may be washed or moved into contact with their roots or into water features.
## Postemergence Total Vegetation Control under Cable-Barrier Systems (no residual)
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: glyphosate + ammonium sulfate (AMS). Applied broadcast at 1 to 5 quarts of product per acre or by handgun at 1 to 2 percent solution (spray-to-wet). AMS should be mixed at 17 pounds product per 100 gallons of water. Use 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre if broadcast or 100 gallons per acre using a handgun. MOA Group 9.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1, 2 or 3: May 1 - September 15
## Comments:
- 1. If Roundup Pro Concentrate ® is used, apply 0.8 to 4.0 quarts of product per acre broadcast or 0.8 to 1.6 percent solution by handgun.
- 2. Add and thoroughly mix the ammonium sulfate in water before the glyphosate.
- 3. This treatment will control vegetation that is present on the day of application. This treatment will not provide long-term residual control and may be safely applied to ditch bottoms.
- 4. Use the low end rate (1 quarters per acre or 1 percent solution) of glyphosate to treat under cable-barrier systems that are infested with winter and/or summer annual weeds only (no perennial weeds present).
- 5. Use the higher end rate (5 quarts per acre or 2 percent solution) of glyphosate to treat under cablebarrier systems that are infested with annual weeds and perennial weeds.
- 6. Do not apply if rainfall will occur within two to six hours. Rainfall will wash glyphosate from the plants and reduce control.
- 7. Areas treated in May-July will likely require one to two re-treatments to maintain total vegetation control under the cable-barrier for the entire growing season.
- 8. Applications of higher rates should only be made to the gravel or hard surfaces underneath cablebarrier systems and not adjacent soils. Applications of higher rates outside of this zone could promote soil erosion around cable-barrier edges.
## Aquatic Weed Control in Standing or Moving Water
## Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre:
Glyphosate (aquatic)+non-ionic surfactant. Apply 1 percent solution + 1 percent solution, respectively in 100 gallons of water per acre - handgun treatment only. MOA Group 9.
## Time of Application:
Zone 1, 2 and 3: May 15 - August.
## Comments:
- 1. A non-ionic aquatic-approved surfactant is critical to the success of this herbicide treatment.
- 1. A non-ionic aquatic-approved surfactant is critical to the success of this herbicide treatment.
- 2. If the low end glyphosate rate is used then use the high end non-ionic surfactant rate. Complete control of cattails will likely require a spot re-treatment the following year.
- 3. Apply with a handgun or backpack sprayer only. This treatment should not be made as a broadcast application as the desirable grass understory may be damaged or destroyed.
- 4. In dense stands of willow or cattails, good coverage is critical. Plants should be treated from both sides if possible.
## Aquatic Weed Control in Standing or Moving Water
Herbicide(s) and Rate(s) of Application per Acre: Habitat ® + aquatic-approved non-ionic surfactant or methylated seed oil. Apply 1 percent solution þ 1 percent solution, respectively in 20 to 100 gallons of water per acre-handgun treatment only. MOA Group 2.
## Time of Application:
Zones 1, 2 and 3: May - July.
## Comments:
- 1. This is the best treatment for long-term cattail control.
- 2. A non-ionic aquatic-approved surfactant or methylated seed oil is critical to the success of this herbicide treatment.
- 3. When a low volume carrier rate is used target vegetation should receive approximately 70 percent coverage. Low volume applications are made with back-pack sprayers equipped with small fan-type spray tips. The high volume carrier rate is a spray-towet application and is typically achieved with larger spray tips and powered handguns.
- 4. Apply with a handgun or backpack sprayer only. This treatment should not be made as a broadcast application as the desirable grass understory may be damaged or destroyed.
- 5. Refer to label for restrictions on treating irrigation ditches and in the vicinity of potable water intakes.
- 6. Plants that have not emerged or are underwater at the time of treatment will not be controlled.
- 7. This treatment is very slow to produce brown-out of target vegetation, it may take up to 12 weeks for final brown-out. Be patient the final results should be good one year-after-treatment.
| Trade Name | Active Ingredient(s) | Mode of Action (MOA) | Company |
|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Diuron 80 WDG ® | diuron | 7 | Loveland Industries, Inc. |
| EsplAnade 200 SCT™ | indaziflam | 29 | Bayer Environmental Science |
| Garlon 4 Ultra® | triclopyr | 4 | Dow AgroSciences |
| glyphosate (aquatic) | glyphosate | 9 | many companies |
| glyphosate | glyphosate | 9 | many companies |
| Habitat ® | imazapyr | 2 | BASF |
| Imazapyr | imazapyr | 2 | many companies |
| Krenite S ® | fosamine | 27 | Bayer Environmental Science |
| Landmaster BW ® | glyphosate + 2,4-D | 9 & 4 | Albaugh |
| metsulfuron methyl | metsulfuron methyl | 2 | many companies |
| Milestone ® | aminopyralid | 4 | Dow AgroSciences |
| MSMA | MSMA | 17 | many companies |
| Sulfometuron | sulfometuron | 2 | many companies |
| Outrider ® | sulfosulfuron | 2 | Monsanto Company |
| Overdrive ® | dicamba + difluenzopyr | 4 & 19 | BASF |
| Pastora ® | nicosulfuron+ metsulfuron methyl | 2 | Bayer Environmental Science |
| Perspective ® | aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorosulfuron | 4 & 2 | Bayer Environmental Science |
| Plateau ® | imazapic | 2 | BASF |
| Prodiamine | prodiamine | 3 | many companies |
| Roundup Pro Concentrate ® glyphosate | glyphosate | 9 | Monsanto Company |
| Tordon K ¸ , 1 | picloram | 4 | Dow AgroSciences |
| Transline ® | clopyralid | 4 | Dow AgroSciences |
| Vanquish ® | diglycolamine salt of dicamba | 4 Nufarm/Syngenta | |
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views of the Oklahoma Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. While trade names may be used in this report, it is not intended as an endorsement of any machine, contractor, process, or product.
In order that the information in this publication may be more useful, it was necessary to use trade names of products, rather than chemical names. As a result, it is unavoidable in some cases that similar products that are on the market under other trade names may not be cited. No endorse-ment of products is intended nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned
The pesticide information presented in this publication was current with federal and state regulations at the time of printing. The user is responsible for determining that the intended use is consistent with the label of the product being used. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow label directions. The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VII and of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Higher Education Act), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal and state laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, genetic information, sex, age, sexual orientation, gender integrity, religion, disability, or status as a veteran, in any way, on its policies, practices or procedures. This provision includes, but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. The Director of Equal Opportunity, 408 Whitehurst, OSU, Stillwater, OK 74078-1035, Phone 405-744-5371; email @o@kstate.edu has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Director of Equal Opportunity. Any person (student, faculty, or staff) who believes that discriminatory practices have been engaged in based on gender may discuss his or her concerns and file informal or formal complaints of possible violations of Title X with OSU's Title IX Coordinator 405-744-9154.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President for Agricultural Programs and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of $1.00 per copy. Revised 1016 GH. | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/north-carolina-agricultural-chemicals-manual/how-to-send-specimens-for-disease-insect-and-weed-identification | How to Send Specimens for Disease, Insect, and Weed Identification | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Matt Bertone"
] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Extension Services",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## How to Send Specimens for Disease, Insect, and Weed Identification
Department
Extension Administration
Publication Date
Feb. 14, 2024
Authors
Matt Bertone
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=how-to-sendspecimens-for-disease-insect-and-weed-identification#zoom=page-fit
## Other Publications in 2024 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
## Abbreviations
Pesticide Use and Safety Information
Chemical Application Equipment
How to Send Specimens for Disease, Insect, and Weed Identification
Fertilizer Use
Insect Control
Insect and Disease Control of Fruits
Chemical Weed Control
Plant Growth Regulators
Animal Damage Control
Disease Control
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/collecting-insects-standard-4-h-display-box | Collecting Insects - Standard 4-H Display Box | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"John Guyton"
] | null | [
"Youth Projects",
"Insects",
"Insect Identification"
] | MS | ## Collecting Insects - Standard 4-H Display Box
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under:
Youth Projects, Insects, Insect Identification
Publication Number: P3832
View as PDF: P3832.pdf
The standard 4-H Display Box is a storage unit for pinned insects, a unique display case and, if properly built and outfitted, a source of protection for collected specimens. The sturdy construction of the box protects the collection when you carry it from place to place.
The more airtight the box, the more insect scavenger-protected it can be. To protect the insect collection from scavengers, put mothballs (or crystals) or an insect kill strip in the box. Attach the strip or the moth balls in one corner of the box by using netting or insect pins. A small piece of kill strip gives good protection for several months.
The standard size for 4-H insect collection display boxes is 19 x 161/2 x 3 inches (outside dimensions). This is the same size as the "Cornell Drawers" that are used to store insect collections at most universities and museums. Display boxes of this size are easy to handle and can be stored in standard insect cabinets. Boxes with dimensions other than 19 x 161/2 x 3 inches are not acceptable for displaying 4-H insect collections in contests. However, boxes with standard dimensions may be useful for storing and holding extra specimens, or for displaying specimens or collections in venues other than official 4-H contest s.
## Holding Boxes
Almost any box with a secure top can serve as a temporary holding box for insect specimens. It is important to secure pinned specimens in a tight (airtight if possible) box soon after pinning. Scavengers can attack pinned specimens and destroy a collection in a matter of weeks.
Cigar boxes that are deeper than 2 inches make ideal holding boxes. In the bottom of the box, place a piece of flexible Styrofoam or another soft medium that will support a pin. (Don't forget to put a small piece of kilt strip or a mothball in the box to protect against scavengers.) You can adapt other sturdy boxes in much the same way. For short-term storage, use plastic boxes for this purpose. Specimens tend to collect moisture and mold in these types of boxes, so you probably need to add silica packets to plastic containers when they are used for insect storage. You can build a holding box much like the standard display box, but you need to use a tight-fitting lid instead of glass.
You can purchase the Standard 4-H Display Box and holding boxes. For more information on where to purchase the standard boxes or holding boxes, call (662) 325-2085.
| Part | Quantity | Materials | Size (inches) |
|-----------|--------------|-----------------|--------------------|
| A - end | 1 | white pine | 3/4 x 3 x 171/2 |
| | B - end | 1 white pine | 3/4 x 25/8 x 171/2 |
| C - sides | 2 white pine | 3/4 x 3 x 161/2 | |
| Part | Quantity | Materials | Size (inches) |
|---------------------|------------|-------------|------------------|
| D - bottom | 1 | plywood | 1/8 x 161/2 x 19 |
| E - pinning surface | 1 | foam | 1/2 x 15 x 171/2 |
| F - top | 1 | glass | 1/8 x 16 x 181/8 |
Publication 3832 (POD-07-22)
Distributed by John Guyton, PhD, Associate Extension Professor, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/damping-off-in-flower-and-vegetable-seedlings | Damping-off in Flower and Vegetable Seedlings | NC State University | [
"Inga Meadows",
"Suzette Sharpe",
"Michelle Henson"
] | null | [
"Fungi",
"Damping Off",
"Flower",
"Plant Pathology",
"Ornamental",
"Vegetable",
"Vegetable Disease"
] | NC | ## Damping-off in Flower and Vegetable Seedlings
Ornamental Disease Information
## Pathogens
Damping-off is primarily caused by fungi present in the growing medium. The fungi include species of Rhizoctonia, Pythium , Fusarium , Phytophthora , Sclerotinia , Sclerotium , Botrytis , and others. Germinating seed and seedlings, especially weak ones, are vulnerable to attack by these fungi during periods of unfavorable growing conditions. Species of Pythium , Sclerotinia , and Phytophthora are more likely to cause damping-off in cool, wet soils; whereas species of Rhizoctonia , Fusarium and Sclerotium rolfsii may cause damping-off under warmer and drier conditions.
## Symptoms and Signs
Typical symptoms of damping-off are rotting stems at or near the soil line and root decay (postemerging damping off). Affected areas in the seed bed are usually a foot or more in diameter with shriveled brown, collapsed or stunted seedlings. Rhizoctonia , Fusarium , Sclerotinia , and Sclerotium generally caused post emergence damping-off by killing the seedling at the soil line. Pythium attacks below the soil line, often at root tips.
Moldy fungal growth may be seen on affected plants at the soil line. Germinating seed can also be attacked by these fungi before they emerge from the soil (pre-emerging damping off), resulting in poor stands.
## Similar Diseases
True damping-off may be confused with plant injury caused by excessive fertilization, high soluble salts, drowning in wet soil, desiccation in dry soil, and death of seedlings from excessive heat, cold, fuel fumes, or chemical injury. This type injury often damages the leaves and upper stem before the roots are affected. Typically, plants affected by damping-off will be scattered or occur in patches whereas plants affected by abiotic issues mentioned above will be more consistently affected and at or near 100% incidence.
## Prevention & Cultural Management
The best control of damping-off is to avoid it altogether. Once damping-off has started in a plant bed or seedling flat, it may be difficult to control. The general methods employed to prevent damping-off consists of:
- 1. Sanitize all seed trays and flats and store them in a clean location when not in use.
- 2. Proper soil preparation and management to provide for good soil drainage, structure, aeration, water-holding capacity and plant nutrition by including proper amounts of fertilizer and lime according to the soil test report.
- 3. Proper soil treatment with heart or chemicals to reduce the level of fungi that cause damping-off.
Once damping-off has started in a bed or flat, its spread may be reduced by providing drier conditions for better seedling growth. This can be done by increasing greenhouse temperature, increasing air circulation and ventilation, reducing the frequency of watering, providing better water drainage by ditching inside and outside the plant bed structure or greenhouse, and by increasing the amount of light by removing dirty covers, overhanging branches, removing shading materials, etc.
## Chemical Control
If the above preventive control measures fail, several fungicides are available that may be effective if applied as a drench or heavy spray as soon as the first symptoms of damping-off are observed. Growing conditions should be improved and flats or areas of bed with damping-off should be carefully removed from the growing area. Rapid identification of the causal fungus should be obtained so that proper chemicals can be applied (see county agent for diagnosis). Several applications of the fungicide may be necessary. If the specific fungus causing damping-off is not known, one broad spectrum fungicide (captan or faberm), two specific fungicides (penomyl plus, etridazole or metalaxyl) or a prepared combination of fungicides (etidazole + thiophenate methyl) should be used. Check the current North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual and the label carefully to be sure of the proper fungicide and rate to be used on a particular crop.
Some fungicides used to control damping-off are listed below along with general rates (follow specific crop limitations and rates on the manufacturer's label):
| Trade Name* | Active Ingredient | FRAC | Use |
|----------------------|-----------------------------------|--------|-------------|
| Banrot 40 WP (B.S.) | etridiazole + thiophanate- methyl | 14+1 | ornamentals |
| Banrot 8 G (B.S.) | etridiazole + thiophanate- methyl | 14+1 | ornamentals |
| Benlate 50 WP (R) | benomyl | 1 | ornamentals |
| Captain 50 WP (B.S.) | captan | M04 | ornamentals |
| Chipco 26019 WP (R) | irodione | 2 | ornamentals |
| Cleary's 3336 WP (R) | thiophanate methyl | 1 | ornamentals |
| Domain FL (R) | thiophanate methyl | 1 | ornamentals |
| Ferbam 76 WP (B.S.) | ferbam | M03 | ornamentals |
| Heritage (R) | azoxystrobin | 11 | ornamentals |
| Truban 30 WP (P) | etridiazole | 14 | ornamentals |
| Truban 25 EC (P) | etridiazole | 14 | ornamentals |
| Truban 5G (P) | etridiazole | F14 | ornamentals |
| Subdue 2E (P) | metalaxyl | 4 | ornamentals |
| Subdue 2G (P) | metalaxyl | 4 | ornamentals |
| Linebacker (P) | aluminum tris phosphonate | 33 | Vegetables |
| Prevcur Flex (P) | propamocarb hydrochloride | 28 | vegetables |
| Ranman (P) | cyazofamid | 21 | Vegetables |
$^{*}$B.S. = (broad spectrum fungicide); R = (active against Rhizoctonia, Sclerotina, Fusarium, Botrytis); P = (active against Phytophthora and Pythium)
All of these fungicides can cause some stunting and yellowing of young seedlings. Do not use fungicides unless damping-off becomes or has been a problem. Wait as long as possible before using a fungicide as younger seedlings are more susceptible to fungicide injury than older seedlings.
## Organic Control
The following products are OMRI approved for damping off on vegetables or ornamentals. The best efficacy will be obtained if cultural practices explained above are employed in addition to any product application. As always, follow the label for specific instructions and crops labeled. Not all formulations are listed.
| Trade Name | Active Ingredient | FRAC | Use |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|-------------------------|
| Actinovate SP, STP | Streptomyces lydicus WYC 108 | BM | Vegetables 02 |
| Cease | QST 713 strain of Bacillus subtilis | 44 | Ornamentals, vegetables |
| RootShield PLUS WP, RootShield PLUS Granules | Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain T-22, Trichoderma virens strain G-41 | BM | Ornamentals, vegetables |
| SoilGard | Glociadium virens strain GL-21 | BM | Ornamentals, vegetables |
| Subtilex NG | Bacillus subtilis strain MBI 600 | 44 | Ornamentals, vegetables |
## Additional Resources
- · 2017 Southeastern US Pest Control Guide for Nursery Crops and Landscape Plantings
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
- NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic
- For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center.
## Acknowledgments
This disease factsheet was prepared by the Meadows Plant Pathology Lab and was updated from a previous version prepared by Ronald K. Jones, NC State University, Plant Pathologist (retired) and Charles W. Averre, NC State University, Plant Pathologist (retired).
Funding for updating this factsheet comes from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) (2017-70006-27141).
Thank you to Mike Munster, NCSU Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, for kindly reviewing and improving this disease factsheet.
## Authors
Inga Meadows
Vegetable and Herbaceous Ornamental Plant Pathology Entomology and Plant Pathology
Suzette Sharpe
Research Assistant Entomology and Plant Pathology
Michelle Henson
Research Assistant Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Dec. 6, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: May 28, 2020
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2018/11/20/acorns-keep-falling-on-my-head/ | Acorns keep falling on my head | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2018-11-20 | [
"Environment",
"home maintenance"
] | GA | ## Acorns keep falling on my head
Written by
November 20, 2018
Pamela Turner
It is raining acorns! Every day and night I hear acorns bouncing off my roof. Instinctively both the cat and I duck for fear of being hit on the head by a flying acorn.
A single oak tree can produce thousands of acorns in one season. The acorns end up landing on the outside walkways and steps making them VERY slippery. Add to that the wet leaves and you have the perfect recipe for a fall and trip to the emergency room.
Like many things around your home, this is a health hazard with an easy fix. All you need to do is keep the walkways and steps swept off during acorn season, which lasts about a month or two depending on
the weather and where you live. In Athens, they started to fall with a vengeance in mid-October and are still dropping, albeit at a slower rate. Here are some tips for protecting yourself, your family and your guests from the acorn-related falls.
- 1. Gather the acorns the squirrels missed and feed them to the wildlife. About 150 species of wildlife eat acorns. Learn more from the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.
- 2. Offer them to a local gardening or 4-H club for wreaths, craft projects, or to grow new seedlings. From tiny acorns grow mighty oaks!
- 3. Harvest them and make corn flour. Do not eat raw acorns because they are full of harmful tannins. Crack the nuts and then place the nutmeats in water to leach out the tannins. Dry them and grind into flour. You can learn the process and find a recipe for Acorn Pancakes in the Farmer's Almanac.
- 4. Collect them and use them for craft projects and decorations. Pinterest boards are full of acorns inspired ideas. Here are two easy projects to make your house more festive for the season.
The only way to eliminate acorns is to cut your oak tree down. You could even plant another oak, since most oaks do not produce acorns until they are about 20 years old, reaching peak production between 50 to 80 years. This is not a good solution. You are cutting down a beautiful tree that provides a home and food for many creatures in the wild. It also provides shade for your home, which can translate into reduced energy costs. A better solution is to enjoy spending time in nature sweeping off the walkways and stairs. After all, Fall is one of the most beautiful times of the year.
## The folklore of the acorn
Carrying an acorn will bring forth a long and healthy life, luck, protection and warn off illnesses.
Plant an acorn on the night of the new moon and money will come your way.
Acorns placed on the windowsills protect your home from lighting.
Posted in: Environment, home maintenance
Tags: acorn flour, acorn folklore, acorn pancakes, acorns, Athens, Extension, Healthy Homes, home safety, nature, Oak trees, trips & falls
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1983/83-26.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090305161756-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | Influence of Prepartum Nutrition on Concentrations of Estrone, Estradiol, Estone Sulfate and Progesterone in the Plasma of Range Cows
J.S. Mobley', R.P. Wettemann'?, K.S. Lusby' , B.R. Pratt" and E.J. Turman'
## Story in Brief
Seventy-nine mature, pregnant Hereford cows were used to examine the influence of prepartum nutritional intake on plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones. Starting November 19, 1979, 60 cows were assigned to a low level of supplemental feed, so as to lose about 10% of their November weight by calving; 19 cows were fed a moderate level of supplement to maintain body weight during pregnancy. Low cows were further divided into 3 groups on January 21, 1980; one-third remained on low (low-low), one-third received moderate (low-moderate) and one-third was increased to a high level (160% of moderate; low-high). All animals were treated the same following calving. Blood samples were taken every two weeks from 45 days before calving until parturition. Cows on the moderate treatment gained about 1% of their fall weight before calving, and cows on the low-low; low-moderate and low-high treatment lost 11, 4 and 6%, respectively, of their fall weights. Plasma concentrations of estrogen, estradiol, esterone sulfate and progesterone were affected by treatment. Moderate cows had greater concentrations of progesterone and estrone while cows in the low-low group had higher plasma concentrations of estradiol and estrone sulfate. The changes in hormone concentrations may influence the hypothalamus or pituitary and alter the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropic hormones. The results suggest a possible mechanism by which prepartum nutrition may regulate the interval from calving until the first estrus.
## Introduction
Level of nutrition during the wintering period has been repeatedly demonstrated to influence the interval from calving to first extras and subsequent ovulation in beef cows. Cows losing weight and body condition have longer intervals from calving to first estrus. During the last trimester of pregnancy, the fetus and placenta are growing rapidly. Since many of the hormones regulating reproductive functions are produced by the placenta and fetus, it seems likely that the influence of prepartum nutrition on subsequent postpartum reproductive performance may be mediated by changes in endocrine function. Estrone, estradiol, estrone sulfate and progesterone are hormones pro-
duced during late gestation that are involved in regulation of reproductive func› tion in cows. This experiment was designed to determine if reduced nutrition, as reflected by changes in body weight and body condition, influences the pat› tern of secretion of these hormones by beef cows during late gestation.
## Materials and Methods
Seventy-nine pregnant, mature Hereford cows were grazed on native tallgrass range at the Lake Carl Blackwell Range Cow Research Center. Beginning November 19, 1979, one-fourth of the cows were randomly assigned to a moderate level of nutrition so as to maintain their November body weight until calving (moderate group). The remaining cows were assigned to a low level of nutrition so that they would lose about 10% of their November weight by calving. On January 21, 1980 (approximately 45 days before calving) nutri› tional intake for some of the cows was altered. One-third of the cows on the low level remained on low (low-low group); one-third were fed the same amount of supplement as the cows on the moderate treatment (low-moderate group); another one-third were supplemented with 160% of the amount fed to the moderate group so as to gain weight (low-high group). Feed levels are sum› marized in Table 1.
Body condition scores of the cows, based on visual appraisal, were deter› mined by at least two individuals every two months during the experiment. The scores were based on a scale from 1 -very thin, to 9 - very fat. Blood samples were collected every two weeks beginning February 7, 1980. Plasma concentrations of estrone, estradiol, estrone sulfate and progesterone were quan› tified by radioimmunossay. Hormone concentrations were analyzed by polynomial regression equations.
## Results and Discussion
Winter weight changes are summarized in Table 2. Moderate cows gain› ed 1 percent of their fall weight prior to calving, low-low cows lost 11 percent of their fall weight, low-moderate cows lost 5 percent of their fall weight and low-high cows lost 6 percent of their fall weight.
| Date | Nutritional Treatment | Nutritional Treatment | Nutritional Treatment |
|---------------|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Date | Moderate | Low | High |
| Nov. 19, 1979 | 21 lb of 41% protein CSMa pellets/week | 6 lb of 41% protein CSM pellets/week | 35 lb of 41% protein CSM protein CSM pellet/week pellets/week |
| Jan. 24, 1980 | 21 lb of 41% protein CSM pellets/week | 6 lb of 41% protein CSM pellets/week | protein CSM pellet/week |
| Nutritional treatment | 45 Days prepartum | Calving |
|-------------------------|---------------------|--------------|
| Moderate | + 1.2 ± .7 | - 8 ± .5 |
| Low-low | - 11.0 ± .5 | - 11.0 ± 1.1 |
| Low-moderate | - 12.4 ± .4 | - 4.6 ± .9 |
| Low-high | - 11.3 ± .4 | - 5.7 ± 1.0 |
"Weight change from November
b Weight change from November prior to calving, does not include calving loss.
| | Nutritional Treatment | Nutritional Treatment | Nutritional Treatment | Nutritional Treatment |
|---------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|
| Date | Moderate | Low-low | Low-moderate | Low-high |
| Nov. 19, 1979 | 6.5 ± .7 | 6.3 ± .2 | 6.4 ± .2 | 6.4 ± .1 |
| Jan. 24, 1980 | 6.0 ± .2 | 4.9 ± .1 | 4.9 ± .1 | 5.1 ± .1 |
| Mar. 13, 1980 | 5.3 ± .2 | 3.9 ± .2 | 4.3 ± .2 | 5.0 ± .2 |
Body condition score changes closely paralleled body weight changes (Table 3). Body condition scores were similar for all groups on November 19. By March 13 (the average calving date for all cows was March 6) the moderate cows had decreased by approximately 1 unit, low-low cows had decreased by 2.4 units, low-moderate cows had decreased by 2.1 units and the low-high cows had decreased by 1.4 units.
Response curves for plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly different for cows on moderate vs. low-low, low-moderate and low-high treatments (P
Concentrations of estrone in the plasma of cows on the moderate treatment were not significantly different from cows on low-low, low-moderate and low-high treatments. However, cows on the low-low treatment had a significantly different response curve than cows on low-moderate and low-high (P
Cows on the moderate treatment had reduced concentrations of estradiol from about day 18 prepartum until calving (Figure 3). Plasma concentrations of estradiol were similar for cows on low-low, low-moderate and low-high treatments. In addition, cows in the moderate group had reduced concentra› tions of estrone sulfate compared to cows in the low-low, or low-high groups (P
Figure 1. Least Squares Regressions of Progesterone Response to Four Nutritional Treatments
Figure 2. Least Squares Regressions of Estrone Response to Four Nutritional Treatments
Figure 3. Least Squares Regressions of Estradiol Response to Four Nutri- tional Treatments
Figure 4. Least Squares Regressions of Estrone Sulfate Response to Four Nutritional Treatments
Conception rates during a 75 day breeding period, commencing May 15, were 58, 21, 40 and 39%, respectively, for the moderate, low-low, low-moderate and low-high treatments. This reproductive performance is less than desirable and is probably related to poorer than optimum body condition of the cows at calving. For instance, in a subsequent year, cows on the moderate treatment calved with a body condition score of 6.2, compared to 5.3 for the moderate cows in this experiment, and 92% of the cows conceived during the breeding period.
The differences in hormone concentrations indicate that nutrition of the cow alters the synthesis or metabolism of steroid hormones during the last 30 days of gestation. The changes in steroid hormone concentrations produced by the placenta and ovary may influence the hypothalamus or pituitary and alter the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropic hormones. These results sug› gest a possible mechanism by which prepartum nutrition, as reflected in body weight change, may regulate the interval from calving until the onset of ovarian activity and first estrus.
The excellent assistance of David Krohn and Marian Ringwall is gratefully acknowledged. | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/importance-of-herbicide-application-timing-on-winter-canola.html | Importance of Herbicide Application Timing on Winter Canola - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Josh Lofton",
"Josh Bushong",
"Misha Manuchehri"
] | 2017-01-04 | [] | OK | ## Importance of Herbicide Application Timing on Winter Canola
Published Apr. 2017 |
Id: PSS-2175
By Josh Lofton, Josh Bushong, Misha Manuchehri
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print- publications/pss/importance-ofherbicide-application-timing-onwinter-canola-pss-2175.pdf)
JUMP TO: The Weed Problem / Managing the Weed Problem / In-season Canola and Weed Control / Will Late-season Herbicides Hurt Canola Yields? / Summary.
## The Weed Problem
Wheat has been a staple of Oklahoma agriculture for several decades. However, wheat in Oklahoma has typically been grown in continuous monoculture for a majority of these years. Monocrop production (or growing the same crop year after year) has many negative consequences, such as lower quality seed, diminished or stagnant yields and high weed incidence and pressure. High weed pressure in Oklahoma wheat systems is the primary concern because weeds can greatly decrease yield and quality as well as increase harvest dockage, resulting in decreased return on each harvested acre. Weed pressure is largely dominated by winter annual grassy weeds, such as feral ryel, Italian ryegrass, jointed goatgrass, wild oats and various broome species (cheat, rescuegrass, downy brome, etc.). Managing these weed species is a major challenge in winter wheat production, as
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there are few targeted herbicides that can be applied inseason, and options are becoming fewer with herbicide resistance. Therefore, management practices must be developed to overcome this issue.
## Managing the Weed Problem
Clearfield® wheat varieties have been established in recent years, allowing producers to apply Beyond® (imazamox) over the top of wheat to control both problematic grassy and broadleaf weeds. The one-gene Clearfield® system can help suppress feral rye and control jointed goatgrass. Feral rye can be effectively controlled using a two-gene Clearfield® system including fall applications of Beyond® with recommended rates of MSO, followed by a spring application to catch stragglers. The seed and chemistry required for the system bear some elevated costs, which can provide a challenge for many producers in Oklahoma. However, this system can reduce some of our problematic grassy weed populations if used properly.
An alternative to this system is to integrate crop rotation, rotating winter wheat with other crops, into the system. While many summer crops have their benefit, winter canola can be an ideal rotational crop for winter wheat. Winter canola is a winter annual broadleaf and follows a very similar growth and management pattern of winter wheat (for further information on canola growth and management, please refer to PSS2130 - Managing Winter Canola in Oklahoma). The major benefit of rotating winter canola with winter wheat is the ability to utilize different herbicide modes of action.
Rotating crops and rotating herbicides are the preferred method to combat herbicide-resistant weeds. Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides for winter wheat were introduced in the region about 30 years ago and have been heavily used since then to control some broadleaf weeds and many of the winter annual grassy weeds. Some populations of
ryegrass and cheat have been documented as ALS-resistant in the region, partially due to the heavy use of this family of herbicides. Rotating from a grass crop to a broadleaf crop will increase herbicide options.
## In-season Canola and Weed Control
After establishment, winter canola can be quite competitive with winter annual weeds in late fall. As canola is grown by many to help with weed control, not controlling weed populations will not only limit the viability of canola for many Oklahoma producers, but fail to cleanup fields for proceeding crops. Many herbicides are quite effective at managing winter annual grassy weeds and can be applied over the top of canola. It is imperative to apply herbicides in a timely fashion to achieve satisfactory weed control and to not harm the canola crop itself. There are two main ways that application timing can influence the canola crop, first is reduced yield potential due to excessive weed competition and the other is crop injury from the herbicide.
In the fall, it is best to apply herbicides before canopy closure to obtain adequate coverage of the herbicides on the weeds. Recent research at Oklahoma State University has shown that the optimal fall herbicide application timing is about four weeks after planting canola to maximize grain yield. Applications made from early November to mid-March averaged seed yield reductions of 1.33 bushels per acre per week of following the optimal application timing (Figure 1). In the spring, it is best to apply herbicides once weeds break dormancy and start to actively grow, but prior to the canola reaching the bolting stage. During early spring, many growers will target fields to have an additional herbicide application to minimize the presence and pressure of grassy weeds. Some of these weed populations either escaped the first application in the fall or emerged after the fall application.
## Will Late-season Herbicides Hurt Canola Yields?
To determine the impact of topical applications of various herbicides during reproductive grown on canola performance, a study was established in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 at the Cimarron Research Station in Perkins, OK. Three different commonly applied canola herbicides (RoundUp Powermax® glyphph
glyphph
+ quizalfop; and Select@ glyphph
were applied at bolting, early flower and midflower. Yields and seed quality were used to determine the effect of these herbicides on winter canola production. Weed control of these applications were noted, but not specifically measured.
Generally, herbicide applications during reproductive growth stages have had a negative impact on canola yield and oil content. Glyphosate applications generally had the greatest negative impact on yields, with yield declines as great as nearly 700 pounds per acre (14 bushels, a 33 percent yield decline) when using the high application rate (22 ounces per acre) at early flower in 2015-2016. Quizalfop applications generally reduced yields, but the effect was highly variable. In the 2014-2015 season, yield declines were substantial, especially during flowering, resulting in nearly a 400-pound per acre decrease (20 percent yield decline). However, in the 2015-2016 season, quizalfop applications only slightly decreased yields across all application timings. The application of clethodim only slightly decreased yields in both the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 seasons; however, no applications reached a significant yield decline. The response of winter canola to herbicide applications was somewhat variable across application years; however, most resulted in declining yields compared to non-treated control (Figure 2).
Figure 3. Canola oil content for glyphosate, quizalofop and clethodim applications at bolting, early season and mid-flower compared to the untreated control in 2015-2016.
## Summary
One of the greatest benefits of canola is how effective weed management can result in successful control of problematic grassy weeds in the following winter wheat system. The best time to control these problematic weeds is in the fall, but spring applications can still be made prior to reproductive growth of the canola plant. However, some springs do not allow growers to quickly and effectively apply herbicides to their canola in a timely manner, which has resulted in rare incidences of late-season herbicide applications. Based on initial studies, it does indicate that these late-season herbicide applications can negatively influence canola yield and oil content. This makes these applications a high risk with potentially minimal reward. In addition, it must be stressed that many herbicides used by growers for these later spring applications are off label and cannot be used for application after bolting. As a large portion of the canola grown in the state is used for human consumption, agencies regulating these label restrictions will provide little to no forgiveness for off-label applications. Therefore, it is best to ensure enough time is dedicated to making these herbicide applications prior to bolting to achieve adequate weed control without decreasing yield potential.
Appreciation is extended to Southern Extension Risk Management Education for financial support of research.
Josh Lofton
Cropping Systems Specialist
Josh Bushong
Extension Agronomist, Northwest District
Misha Manuchehri
Extension Weed Science
Print-friendly PDF ( /fact -sheets/print publications/pss/importance-of herbicide-application-timing-onwinter-canola-pss-2175.pdf)
## Topics:
Canola ( /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/grains-and-oilseeds/canola/)
Crops ( /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/)
Grains & Oilseeds ( /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/grains-and-oilseeds/)
Herbicides ( /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-anddiseases/pesticides/herbicides/)
Insects, Pests, and Diseases ( /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-anddiseasees/)
Pesticides ( /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-and-diseases/pesticides/)
## Was this information helpful?
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/mosquitoes-west-nile-and-other-encephalitis-viruses-what-you-can-do-protect-yourself | Mosquitoes, West Nile, and Other Encephalitis Viruses: What You Can Do To Protect Yourself | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Jerome Goddard"
] | null | [
"Pests",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s
Mosquitoes, West Nile, and Other Encephalitis Viruses: What You Can Do To Protect Yourself
## Mosquitoes, West Nile, and Other Encephalitis Viruses: What You Can Do To Protect Yourself
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P2530
View as PDF: P2530.pdf
## Lea esto en español
Mississippi has 60 species of mosquitoes, but only five or six of them are significant pests. Most are relatively rare and associated with a narrow host range or unusual ecological niche. For example, some species feed only on frogs, so they have little or no interaction with humans, and others live only in certain pitcher plants along the Gulf Coast. The major pest mosquitoes in Mississippi are those that breed in high numbers and are important because of nuisance biting and/or disease transmission.
## Mosquito Life Cycle
All mosquitoes have a four-stage life cycle that includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult (see Figure 2 ).
Mosquito females generally deposit from 50 to 400 eggs on or near water surfaces that range from relatively clear water to very polluted water, depending on species. This might include artificial containers, storm sewer catch basins, clogged street drains, water accumulations in low areas, open
or leaking septic tanks, and drains from sewage disposal plants or lagoon systems. In most cases, clear water that doesn't have organic matter or algae growth is not attractive to female mosquitoes.
Eggs hatch in 24 to 48 hours. Hatched larvae, known as "wigglers," use algae or decaying organic matter for food and, if conditions are good, the larvae pass through four larval instars in 5 to 7 days.
First instar larvae are very small and require magnification just to determine they are mosquito larvae. First, second, and third instar larvae actively feed, but the fourth instar is a nonfeeding stage. Following larval development, an nonfeeding pupal stages forms that lasts 1 to 2 days before adult emergence. Thus, development from egg to adult may occur in 8 to 10 days in warm weather.
Adult mosquitoes may live from 3 to 6 weeks or more. When not actively searching for food, adults may rest in protected sites such as animal burrows, buildings, shrubs, other low-growing vegetation, dense forested areas, culverts, or similar cool, shaded areas.
- 1. egg raft and single egg
- 2. second instar larva
- 3. fourth instar larva
- 4. pupa
(Drawing courtesy Joe MacGown, Research Technician and Scientific Illustrator, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology.)
## Mosquitoes Affect Health
Mosquitoes affect human health by nuisance biting (the pain and aggravation of bites) and by carrying certain disease agents. They can serve as disease transmitters (vectors) because of their blood-feeding habit. In fact, mosquitoes get disease germs from humans and other animals during blood-feeding and later transmit them to people or other hosts.
Mosquitoes carry malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and also more recent diseases such as Zika, West Nile virus (WNV), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), and LaCrosse (LAC) encephalitis. Fortunately, malaria, dengue, and yellow fever have been eliminated from the United States, although cases are occasionally imported as people travel internationally. WNV, SLE, and LAC viruses are called "encephalitis viruses" because they may lead to inflammation and swelling of the brain. Note: encephalitis may be caused by other things besides mosquito-carried viruses.
WNV is the newest of the encephalitis viruses carried by mosquitoes in the United States and has been reported in Mississippi in horses, birds, mosquitoes, and humans. WNV is actually a bird disease that only occasionally "spills over" to horses and humans. Many mosquito species have been found naturally infected with WNV, but the main vector (carrier) in Mississippi is the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus .
Most people who get bitten by a WNV-infected mosquito never get very sick but just feel headache y or feverish for a few days. In more serious cases, symptoms occur 4 to 10 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito and include fever, headache, muscle aches, and nausea or vomiting. These may progress to seizures, paralysis, coma, and possibly death. Those who survive can suffer permanent health effects such as memory loss, paralysis, or personality changes.
Anybody can get WNV, but people over 50 years of age and those with weakened immune systems have more severe cases of the disease. The mortality rate for WNV is approximately 3 to 15 percent. Certain species of birds, especially crows and blue jays, as well as horses, can also get sick and die from WNV.
St. Louis encephalitis primarily affects the elderly. Symptoms are very similar to those of West Nile virus. Only a doctor can tell them apart.
Also, the mosquito vector for SLE in Mississippi is the same as that of WNV, the southern house mosquito. The disease rarely causes death, although approximately 15 percent of patients with severe symptoms may die. SLE can erupt in huge epidemics. In the mid-1970s, more than 300 cases of SLE occurred in Mississippi, resulting in 36 deaths.
LaCrosse encephalitis is most common in the upper midwestern United States but has increasingly been reported in Mississippi in recent years. Most cases occur in children younger than 16 years of age. One of the main signs of LAC is seizure in infected children. LAC is relatively mild; only about 1 percent of people infected with the virus die. The primary vector of LAC is the tree-hole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus.
## Protect Yourself
Personal protection against mosquitoes helps prevent not only West Nile infection but also other mosquito-borne diseases, such as SLE and LAC. Mosquitoes transmit diseases by their bites, through germs in their saliva. Protection should be aimed at reducing mosquito numbers around the home and preventing bites.
## Reduce mosquito populations around the home .
The first step in protecting yourself from mosquito biting is to make sure you aren't contributing to your own problem. Walk through your yard looking for potential mosquito breeding sites. All the mosquito needs to breed is some water containing a few leaves or a small amount of organic matter. In as little as a week, water can produce mosquitoes.
Examples of mosquito breeding sites around the home include old tires, buckets, wheelbarrows, cans, tarps over pools or boats, or anything else that holds water for a week or so after rain. Clean gutters regularly and birdbaths at least weekly. Drill holes in the bottoms of tire swings so they can drain. Drain low areas in the yard or fill with soil or gravel to eliminate standing water.
## Prevent mosquito biting .
Protection from mosquitoes can be either physical or chemical. Physical barriers include tight-fitting screen wire to cover windows and doors, netting when camping or sleeping outdoors, and thick, long - sleeved shirts or long pants. The idea is to block or prevent mosquitoes from getting on you and biting you. The less exposed skin, the less opportunity for mosquitoes to bite.
Chemical protection involves using insect repellents. Many repellents are available. Most contain the active ingredient DEET, though other repellents include newer chemical products such as picaridin or the "natural" (herbal-based) products such as oil of lemon eucalyptus. Natural, herbal-based repellents may be effective, but only for a short time, compared to DEET repellents. Although some people are afraid of DEET repellents because of a few reports of adverse reactions, the products have a good track record for safety. As is the case with all pesticides and repellents, mosquito control products should be used only according to their label directions.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
Department: Biochemistry,Molecular Biology,Entomologyand Plant Pathology.
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## Related Publications
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PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2652 Insect Pests of Houseplants
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/soil-and-plant-analysis-for-apple-trees | Soil and Plant Analysis for Apple Trees | NC State Extension | [
"John Havlin"
] | null | [
"Apple",
"Soil Nutrient",
"Apple Production",
"Apple Orchard",
"Soil",
"Fruit",
"Orchard",
"Fruit Tree"
] | NC | ## Soil and Plant Analysis for Apple Trees
## SoilFacts
Nutrient analysis of soil and plant tissue should be an integral part of any tree crop management plan. While this publication was designed for apple growers, the principles outlined here may be easily applied to other tree crops.
## Introduction
Soils used for apple production in North Carolina vary greatly. Other factors, such as weather and crop history, can affect the nutrient status of the trees. The only way to be sure your trees are being fertilized efficiently and properly is to have the soil and plant tissue analyzed routinely. Ideally, samples should be taken every other year. But yearly soil and plant samples may be useful when nutritional problems occur.
A soil analysis estimates the ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Plant tissue analysis measures the nutrient status of the tree. Potential nutritional problems often can be detected before deficiency symptoms can be seen. By routinely using soil and plant analysis together, you can design a custom fertility program for your trees. The general idea is to give each block of trees sufficient nutrients for good fruit yield and quality without applying too much. Proper use of these tools will help ensure quality trees while preventing unneeded fertilizer application.
## Sampling for Soil Analysis
A soil analysis report is only as good as the sample it represents. For soil analysis to be meaningful, the sample must be representative of the soils in the tree field. Due to soil variability, each sample should represent no more than 5 acres. Terrain and soil type should be similar throughout the sample area. For example, do not sample bottomland and upland soil together, even if they are in the same tree block. Trees in the sample area should be of the same age, variety, and rootstock.
A good soil sample consists of up to 20 sub-samples. These should be mixed thoroughly in a clean plastic bucket before you fill in the soil sample box. Ideally, samples should be divided into two depths: 0 to 6 inches and 6 to 12 inches. Using a soil sampling tube is the easiest method. Using a garden trowel or spade may over-sample the surface of the soil and result in abnormally high phosphorus index values.
## Sampling for Tissue Analysis
Research has shown that the soil nutrient level is not always a good predictor of a tree's nutrient status. Several factors, such as soil moisture, rainfall amount, tree health, and soil compaction, can restrict nutrient uptake. The only way to confirm sufficient nutrient uptake by a tree is to perform plant or leaf analysis.
Plant sampling needs to be carried out in a manner similar to soil sampling. The plant sampling areas should be the same as those selected for soil sampling. All trees should be the same age, variety, and rootstock. To make full use of published critical nutrient levels, and thus obtain the best
EXTENSION
information, take plant samples in mid-June to mid-July, with earlier sampling at elevations of over 2,000 feet. Sample mid-shoot of this season's growth from the upper third of the tree. Collect a total of 40 leaves taken from at least 10 trees selected randomly from the sample area.
## Interpretation of Soil and Plant Analysis
Soil and plant analysis laboratories differ in analytical procedures and report formats. Southeastern laboratories, both private and public, use at least two soil-extracting solutions. So a single soil sample processed by these two methods could yield very different results, especially for phosphorus. Also, different laboratories report the results in different units--some use an index system while others report parts per million or pounds per acre. A given laboratory takes these factors into account when giving fertility recommendations. In other words, the labs' recommendations are calibrated to their methods, so recommendations from different labs' soil analysis should be similar. However, the differences in reporting units make it difficult to compare results from different laboratories. To track the progress of a fertility program over the life of the trees, it is best to use either one laboratory or to pick laboratories that use the same methods and reporting units. Even though tissue analysis methods are more uniform, reporting units still differ among laboratories, making it difficult to track trends over time.
## Record Keeping
Keeping good records of analytical results, along with fertilizer applications, will aid in developing fertility programs. The ability to track nutrient trends easily over time can provide valuable insight into the effectiveness of a fertility program. Long-term soil and plant nutrient trends can indicate if current fertility and liming practices are adequate. Routine sampling also can determine whether the trees are taking up applied nutrients.
Soil parameters that should be tracked include phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and soil pH. Plant nutrients that should be tracked over time include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and boron. If manure, compost, or other waste materials are applied to the trees, soil and tissue levels of copper and zinc should be tracked to avoid a buildup to toxic levels.
One of the easiest record-keeping systems is to record each year's results in a computer spreadsheet. Most spreadsheet software has graphing tools that will allow you to look at trends at a glance. Soil and tissue analysis data can be downloaded directly into a spreadsheet from the NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services' Agronomic Division. For those without computers, graphs drawn by hand are also useful.
## For Assistance
Agents at your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center can develop a fertility program for your trees based on your soil and tissue analysis results. They also will be happy to answer any questions you have about your fertility program.
In North Carolina, soil and tissue analyses are both services of NCDA&CS' Agronomic Division.
This publication is a revision of an earlier version. The author would like to thank J. Rideout for his earlier contributions.
## Author
John Havlin
Professor and Extension Specialist Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: Jan. 5, 2015
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 11, 2024
AG-439-47
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/principles-of-small-scale-aquaponics.html | Principles of Small-Scale Aquaponics - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Christopher Mullins",
"Brian Nerrie",
"Todd D. Sink",
"Marley Beem"
] | 2017-01-03 | [] | OK | ## Principles of Small-Scale Aquaponics
Published Mar. 2017 |
Id: SRAC-5007
By Christopher Mullins, Brian Nerrie, Todd D. Sink, Marley Beem
```
Print-friendly PDF (/fact-
```
JUMP TO: System Design and Components /
Management / Plant Management /
Water Quality / Conclusion / Suggested Readings
Aquaponics is the integration of a hydroponic plant production system with a recirculating aquaculture system. A hydroponic system (closed or open) involves growing plants without soil (i.e., in a nutrient solution or in some type of artificial media). A recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is most often a closed fish production system in which water quality is maintained through a filter system. Independently, hydroponic systems and RAS can be productive and commercially viable. However, because of concerns about the sustainability of modern aquaculture, growers and consumers are interested in aquaponics as a potentially more sustainable system.
The origin of aquaponics is uncertain, but it has existed in one form or another since about 1,000 A.D. in Mayan, Aztec and Chinese cultures. The term aquaponics was coined in the 1970s. Modern aquaponic systems have existed both in growers' trials and in institutional research since that time, and much information has been produced about both small and large systems. This publication provides an overview of the principles and practices of a small-scale aquaponic
system. For more detailed information, please see SRAC Publication No. 454, Recirculating Aquaculture Tank
Production Systems: Aquaponics-Integrating Fish and Plant Culture; SRAC Publication No. 5006, Economics of Aquaponics; and the Suggested Readings section.
A small-scale system may be a "home" or "hobby" unit, or it could be a scaled-up version that produces more than required by a single family.
In a simple aquaponic system, nutrient-rich effluent from the fish tank flows through filters (for solids removal and biofiltration), then into the plant production unit before returning to the fish tank. Solid fish wastes can be removed (depending on system design). Ammonia/ammonium in the water is converted to nitrite and then to nitrate by microbes living in the system. Microbes play a key role in the nitrification process in aqueous solutions. Plants remove nitrogenous waste from the water so it can be returned to the fish tank, and the nitrate and other minerals in turn feed the plants. Plants, fish, and microbes thrive in a balanced symbiotic relationship. All three organisms must be managed for a system to be successful.
## System Design and Components
## Greenhouse/lighting
In temperate zones, year-round production requires a greenhouse or lighted production area (Figure 1). Small greenhouses work well and are readily available. Greenhouse prices can range from $5 to $15 per square foot, depending on automation, glazing and structural material. Glazing can be polyethylene, polycarbonate, acrylic, fiberglass or glass. Polyethylene sheeting is the lowest cost option for most small growers. The energy cost for heating (propane, natural gas, electricity, etc.) can become a large expense and may make
small-scale production in temperate regions cost prohibitive. Growers should investigate alternative methods of heating the greenhouse or system water, such as geothermal water, in-pond heat exchangers, solar (Figure 2) and wood heat.
An alternative to a greenhouse is a well-insulated space with good lighting. While not as good as natural sunlight, improved lighting technology has provided choices such as compact fluorescence, high-pressure sodium, metal halide, highintensity discharge lamps, LED (light-emitting diode) and induction. High-intensity discharge lamps and fluorescent are the most cost-effective options and provide better photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) values for plant growth. LEDs are not inexpensive to purchase and have yet to be proven viable as the sole source of light for adequate plant growth.
## Fish Unit
The first management component of the small-scale aquaponic system is the fish tank from which the nutrients for plant growth will be obtained. Generally, the fish tank volume is less than 500 gallons; the average is 300 gallons. One pound of fish per 10 gallons of water is a common final density at the time of harvest for new or inexperienced growers, but the density can vary greatly depending on grower experience, system design and whether or not solids are removed.
Although any shape tank is acceptable, since small-scale units may not be intensively operated, the best design is a circular tank with a central drain for easy self-cleaning of settled solids. Tanks can be constructed from UV-protected plastic, fiberglass, metal with liner, wood with liner, intermediate bulk container (IBCs) or barrels. Only used bulk containers that held food-grade material and have been thoroughly washed should be used. Ensure fish tanks are constructed and placed to protect small children and pets from accidental drowning.
Fish tanks should be covered to prevent fish from jumping out, keep out predatory birds and reduce algal growth. Shade cloth, foam board and netting can be used to cover tanks. Covers should not hinder the fishes' access to floating feed.
## Plant Unit
The plant growth units most often used are media beds, nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep water culture (DWC, sometimes referred to as raft culture).
Media beds are easy and inexpensive to set up and can be a good choice for small-scale systems. A media bed system (Figure 3) is some type of container that holds media for plants to grow in. The media supports the roots of the plants and can act as a biofilter and solids filter. Types of containers used most often are 4-foot by 8-foot lined wooden beds, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) and barrels. Beds either go through cycles of being flooded and drained or water flows through them continuously. Water should rise to only 1 inch from the top of the media to prevent excess algal growth, which encourages pests. Pumps, timers and/or a bell siphon can move water from the fish tank to the plant unit and then back to the fish tank. Media used in beds includes river rock (which has tested free of limestone), expanded clay pebbles, plastic biomedia, vermiculite and perlite, although perlite is less used now because of its undesirable characteristics. Collected rocks should be evaluated to make sure they do not contain limestone, which will increase alkalinity and cause an undesirably high pH.
While the ability of the media to act as a filter adds to the simplicity of system design, it necessitates the need to manage and clean the media periodically. Otherwise, it will become clogged and create anaerobic zones. In some designs, worms (the same types used in vermicomposting
systems) are added to the media to help digest solid material trapped by the media. Usually a small fraction of the bed retains water all the time. Media depth can vary with the type of plant being grown and the depth of its root zone, but most media beds are 6 to 12 inches deep. Started seedlings are transplanted into the media, as direct seeding does not work well in aquaponic systems.
Nutrient film technique (Figure 4) is a system that uses horizontal pipes or gutters for growing the plants. Specially made channels or PVC pipes (Figure 5) are used to support the plants and convey the fish tank effluent past the roots of the plants and back to the fish tank. Channels should be sloped approximately ½ inch per 10 feet to allow for easy drainage through the channel. This system also allows for vertical arrangement of the channel to maximize yield per square foot (Figure 6). Channels can vary in length and are generally less than 12 feet long. Spacing between channels and hole spacing in channels depends on the size of the plants being grown. Channels for lettuce are usually spaced 8 inches apart with 8 inches between holes in the channel.
## Figure 6. NFT channels arranged vertically to maximize production.
Seedlings are placed in holes in the channel and remain there through harvest. Seeds are started in media cubes or pellets, or in net pots filled with clay pebbles, soilless media or rockwool. Seedlings are planted into the holes in the pipes, where they sit directly on the bottom or slightly raised up, due to pipe design or placement. Hole size depends on whether cubes or net pots are used.
Deep water culture ( Figure 7 ) or floating bed/raft bed is a system that grows plants on a floating raft on water from the aquaculture system. Like the NFT system, fish tank effluent moves through filters, then to the float bed before returning to the fish tank. Also like the NFT system, DWC is more management intensive and costly for the beginning grower than the media bed system.
Float beds can be built on the ground of dimensional lumber and lined with plastic. They also can be built of concrete, cinder blocks or fiberglass. In the case of air lift and gravity flow systems, the beds may be elevated so the water can flow unaided by pumps through filter media or into a central sump. Polyethylene or fiberglass containers, such as IBCs and barrels, can be used as trays or troughs. The length and width of the beds are based on the dimensions of the float trays to make sure the bed is covered to prevent algal growth.
Generally, a depth of 10 to 12 inches is adequate for plant root development, but beds as shallow as 6 inches will work in many instances. Rafts can be purchased specifically for certain plants, or they can be made by making planting holes in closed-cell polystyrene insulation board (regular polystyrene will break apart). Hole spacing depends on the plant, but an 8-inch spacing will work for most leafy greens. Like NFT systems, seeds are started in media cubes or net pots filled with media.
To ensure proper aeration for the roots, air stones should be placed in the float bed-one for every 10 square feet. Since nitrifying microbes colonize the rafts, the rafts should be washed with water to remove algae and debris, but should not be allowed to dry out and kill those microbes. The height of beds should ensure easy access from all sides.
## Solids Removal
Fish waste and uneaten food pose a problem for an aquaponic system because this material can quickly lead to toxic conditions for fish and ultimately clog systems and disrupt water flow. Much of this waste can be removed with filters (clarifiers) such as bead filters, screens, drum filters, vortex filters and solids settling tanks/clearfiers. Screen filters and settling tanks tend to be the simplest for small-scale systems.
The screen filter or settling tank is placed directly after the fish tank and before the biofilter. A solids settling tank would consist of a dedicated tank that has an inlet, outlet and some type of baffle system, screen or waterfall diffusing media. As water enters the tank, it slows down and allows solid material to settle to the bottom of the tank where it can be removed by a siphon or bottom drain. Meanwhile, the clear water passes on to the biofilter. Figure 8 shows a swirl or vortex separator, where water enters the tank at an angle to create a swirl effect on a conical bottom tank and pushes solids down so that clear water leaves the tank near the top. The design of a solids settling tank depends on water flow rate and retention time.
## Biofiltration
Biofiltration is the chemical process by which microbes convert ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate. This process, called nitrification, can occur on every surface the system water contacts. In many systems there is a dedicated area for this to happen, a biofilter tank. Like the clarifier, the biofilter tank should contain 15 to 20 percent of the volume of the fish tank. The biofilter tank (Figure 9) needs two things: media that has a high surface area for nitifying bacteria to colonize, and sufficient aeration for the bacteria. Biofilter media can be bought commercially and will have a high-surface-area-tovolume ratio. Growers also can use other material such as
plastic bottle caps, lava rock, or packaging material. The media should be inert, easy to clean in de-chlorinated water and lightweight.
Since the microbes that colonize the media need to operate in an oxygenated environment, aeration is important. Dissolved oxygen levels in the biofilter tank should be maintained at more than 5 ppm. Stirring the media occasionally will maintain its efficiency by ensuring that water flow does not bypass active surface areas. See SRAC Publication Nos. 451, 452 and 4502 for more information on biofiltration in tank systems.
## Figure 9. Biofilter tank.
## Movement of Water
Water movement involves the device to move the water, the piping system and gravity. A single air-lift or oil-free submersible water pump should be located at the lowest point, which is the bottom of the sump. When a pool style centrifugal pump is used, the pump should be located at the sump outlet. Gravity is used to lower the cost of water movement throughout the system. Whenever possible, the grower should use oversized pipes to avoid any clogging that can occur.
## Management
Daily and overall management of the aquaponic system is critical for success. Fish management involves species selection, fry/fingerling procurement, scheduling, stocking
rates and feeding rates. Management areas for plants include seed selection, propagation, water quality, planting, harvest, post-harvest, scheduling and pest management.
## Fish Management
The types of fish produced depend on the intended use, availability, ease of maintenance and water temperature. Fish may be produced for consumption, for ornamental uses, and for bait. However, the purpose of aquaponic systems is food production. Without a fish species to be harvested for food or sold to offset production costs, it is more economically feasible to operate a pure hydroponic system for the plants. Many species of foodfish can be grown in aquaponic systems in the southern region, including hybrid striped bass, channel catfish, largemouth bass, bluegill and hybrid sunfish. This publication will focus on tilapia (Figure 10), as they do well in aquaticonic systems and are arguably the most frequently used species in commercial aquaponic operations.
Tilapia tolerate a broad range of water quality and environmental conditions, reproduce volitionally and frequently at acceptable water temperatures, and are resistant to stress-related disease. Potential drawbacks of tilapia are their availability, local/state regulations, and their limited growth at water temperatures below 68 F (they are tropical fish). Depending on the species (which may also be mandated by local/state regulations), tilapia may start to die at temperatures of 55 F to 45 F and below. Most tilapia species suitable for food culture grow best at about 85 F.
At least one tilapia species is readily available in most of the southern region. However, in a few southern areas, and in other regions, tilapia may not be widely available. In these instances fish may have to be air-shipped or picked up by the producer from distant reliable suppliers.
Using mono-sex male tilapia may increase production because males grow larger and more uniformly than females. If a mixed-sex populations is used, the producer eventually will have to manage the offspring. Offspring should be removed from the system and can be transferred to aerated tanks until used to replace harvested fish in the aquaponic system. Check with the local Cooperative Extension office or state fish regulatory agency to be sure that all permits and regulations on fish production are understood. See SRAC Publication Nos. 280, 281, 282 and 283 for more information on the biology and culture of tilapia.
Fish consume pelleted food and release nutrients that can be used by plants. A simple system can be stocked with multiple size tilapia in a highly aerated tank. When larger fish are harvested, replacements are stocked. A single-sized pellet can be consumed by both the smaller and larger fish. Floating food pellets that contain 28 to 36 percent crude protein
should be offered to tilapia. Certain species such as koi may require as little as 22 percent protein, while other species such as hybrid striped bass may require 40 percent or more protein. Pellets should be small enough to be consumed by fish more than 2 inches long. For smaller fish, pellets can be mashed into a powder, but higher protein concentrations are often required. Feed should be stored in a cool, dry environment, preferably in a sealed container to keep out insects or rodents.
The University of Virgin Islands recommends feeding 2 to 4 ounces of fish food per day to support 10 square feet of plants in raft aquaphonics (56 to 100g feed per square meter per day). If using the nutrient film technique (NFT) production system, the feeding rate would depend on the plant species and system design and area, but would generally be only 25 to 75 percent of the raft feeding rate.
Although keeping the water warm in winter may be costly and plants may not be growing during this period, tropical fish species must have warm water, and temperate fish can be harmed by toxic nitrogen concentrations that can occur if fish are fed without actively growing plants. Temperatures necessary for tropical fish can be artificially maintained with heaters, but in-tank units should be protected to prevent the fish from damaging them.
Daily maintenance includes observation, feeding, draining/siphoning of settleable solids and recording data such as pH (the most critical), dissolved oxygen, temperature, feeding activity and quantity fed. Fish should not be handled unless absolutely required.
Settleable solids removed from the fish tank can be applied to gardens in some states, but not all. Be sure to check with local and state regulatory agencies for regulations pertaining to wastewater discharge and manure application to edible raw crops.
## Plant Management
Crop selection is very important, as the grower wants to match fish and plants that have similar requirements for pH and temperature. The quality and quantity of food provided to the fish should be matched with the nutrient needs of the crops.
Many plants can grow successfully in an aquaponic system. More than 100 types have been grown in the last 20 years. Culinary herbs and leafy greens perform well and are a great choice for beginning growers. Lettuce, basil, swiss chard, bak choi and watercreass are examples. These crops have lower nutrient requirements than many others. Fruiting crops such as peppers, cucumbers, and tomatoes require additional nutrients and possibly at different periods of their growth. One advantage of leafy greens is that they can be grown with static nutrient levels throughout the life of the crop, which is ideal for small-scale aquaponics.
The production system design plays a role in plant selection. Low-growing plants work well in all systems, while trellised crops such as tomatoes, melons and peppers work best grown on the ground in media-based systems. Dutch bucket production (Figure 11), essentially a media bed system, can work well for trellised crops.
## Figure 11 . Dutch bucket tomato production.
Plants require 16 essential nutrients. An aquaponic system provides these from the air, the water and the breakdown products of fish. Nutrients are a function of the food fed to the fish. A general guideline for feeding is 2 to 4 ounces of fish food per 10 square feet of plant production area. (For more information on nutrient rates and ratios, see SRAC Publication No. 454, Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics- Integrating Fish and Plant Culture.) Having too much of a certain nutrient (toxicity) is rare in an aquatic system. However, even in a balanced system some nutrients such as iron, potassium, and calcium may be deficient and will have to be added to the system. They are generally added as chelated iron, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. The first is slowly released over time, and the latter two add minerals and raise pH. Symptoms of deficiencies include chlorosis, tip burn, blossom end rot and yellow leaves. The level of pH can affect the ability of a plant to take up certain nutrients. Most plants adapted for an aquaponic system have an optimum pH of 6.2 to 6.5; at levels below and above that, certain nutrients become less available to the plant.
Growers should keep a constant supply of seeds, especially those with short maturity time. This will eliminate downtime between planting and harvest. Seeds should be kept in dry, cool storage to prevent poor germination. Most leafy greens will be started from seed about two weeks before planting into the system, but tomatoes and peppers require a longer starting time. Some growers build a subirrigation propagation area or table where media can be planted and watered. Similar to a float bed, this could be a lined wood table or other container that can be flooded and drained.
Transplanting seedlings into the system can be done in a staggered manner to allow for a weekly or timed harvest, which will maintain a more constant supply of nutrients and keep the water filtered.
Plants and fruit should be harvested when mature and not left in the system for too long. Lettuce can turn bitter as it overmatures, and fruit can develop fungus problems. Follow good agricultural practices such as washing hands before harvest. Make sure to remove all plant material from the area, such as roots and leaves stuck in the media bed.
Whether in an enclosed structure or outside, insect pests can be a problem. Typical pests found in aquaponics are aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, thrips, and caterpillars. Growers should use an integrated pest management approach (IPM) to controlling pests. This means combining mechanical, physical, biological, cultural, and chemical methods to keep pest populations in check. However, in aquaponic systems, most chemical control methods should not be used, as they can be potentially harmful to fish. The key to an IPM approach is to know about potential insect pests and their life cycles. Beneficial insects can be an effective tool to control insects, especially in the greenhouse environment. Monitoring pest populations with yellow and blue sticky cards and using yellow sticky tape (Figure 12) is important. Be sure to scout under leaves and in blooms to detect insect problems.
## Water Quality
Water quality is critical to a successful system. Certain parameters such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and total nitrogen should be tested weekly. For some parameters, a compromise should be reached for fish, plants, and microbes.
Small-scale aquaponic systems lose 1 to 5 percent of system water each day through evaporation, transpiration, plant assimilation, and splashing. Good quality water should be used to replace lost water. Sources can be municipal, ground, or rainwater, but should be tested for suitability. For example, municipal water is often treated with chlorine or chloramines that could be harmful to organisms in the system. Making this water safe might involve letting it sit or "off gas," or, in the case of chloramines, using a dechlorinating treatment such as sodium thiosulfate. An inexpensive way to treat municipal water is to use 500 milligrams ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) per 50 gallons of reservoir water to rapidly remove chloramines.
Temperature should be a consideration when selecting fish species and plant types. Crops with similar temperature requirements should be cultured together. For example, warm water fish like tilapia and a warm season crop like basil should be grown together. DWC systems hold onto heat better than NFT systems, as the pipes tend to give back heat to the environment. An optimum range for warm water fish and warm growing season plants is 72 F to 90 F, while winter crops and cool water species do well in temperatures from 50 F to 68 F.
pH is the relative quantity of H+ ions in solution and is a measure of the acidity and basicity of a solution. A pH of 7 indicates a neutral level, with 7 being basic. While most fish can tolerate a broad range of pH levels (5.5 to 10.0 acceptable, 6.5 to 9.0 desirable, see SRAC Publication No. 4606, Interpretation of Water Analysis Reports for Fish Culture), plants can show nutrient deficiencies and microbes become less effective at narrower pH ranges. For aquaponics, a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 should be maintained.
Plants absorb some nutrients better at slightly acidic pH ranges, while microbes nitrify better at slightly to moderately alkaline pH ranges. Therefore, a moderate pH range of 6.8 to 7.2 is often recommended, but may be too restrictive for all situations and systems. One of several processes in the system that affects pH is nitrification. As microbes convert ammonia to nitrate H ions are released, thus lowering pH. In many systems, this makes it necessary to add a base
Dissolved oxygen levels above 5 ppm are ideal for fish, plants, and microbes in the system. Oxygen is dissolved from the air into water, but it is necessary to provide supplemental aeration by means of air diffusers in the water. Growers should remember that as temperature increases, the solubility of oxygen decreases.
## Conclusion
A small-scale aquaponic system cannot provide all the food a family requires, but it can provide a healthy source of food, promote family independence, provide a fun hobby for adults and children and possibly provide a small income through the sale of fish and produce. Operating a small-scale aquaponic system can be rewarding and educational for a family producer.
## Suggested Readings
Ako, H. and A. Baker. 2009. Small-Scale Lettuce Production with Hydroponics or Aquaponics. Sustainable Aquaculture SA-2. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Diver, S. and L. Rinehart. 2010. Aquoponics-Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture. ATTRA IP163. National Center of Appropriate Technology - ATTRA, Butte, MT.
Losordo, T., M.P. Masser, and J. Rakocy. 1998. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: An Overview of Critical Considerations. SRAC Publication No. 451, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, MS.
Menon, R., G. Sahana, V. Shruthi, and R. Suganya. 2013. Small Scale Aquaponic System. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science Technology . 4(9): 941-946.
Rakocy, J., M. Masser, and T. Losordo. 2006. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: AquaponicsIntegrating Plants and Fish Culture. SRAC Publication No. 454. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Stoneville MS.
Somerville, C., M. Cohen, E. Pantanella, A. Stankus, and A. Lovatelli. 2014. Small-Scale Aquaponic Food Production. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 589. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Christopher Mullins
Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University
Brian Nerrie
Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University
Todd D. Sink
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
Marley Beem(mailto:marley.beem@okstate.edu)
Extension Aquaculture Specialist
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print-publications/srac/principles-ofsmall-scale-aquaphonics-srac5007.pdf)
## Topics:
Aquanopics ( /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/pondmanagement/aquaponics/)
Crops ( /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/)
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https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/site-files/documents/2005/soybean-disease-update-august-22-2005.pdf | Microsoft Word - PDIA4-15.doc | Oklahoma State University | [
"entoman"
] | Error: time data "D:20050822093410-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Plant Disease and Insect Advisory
Entomology and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University 127 Noble Research Center Stillwater, OK 74078
OSU OKLAHOMA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
Vol. 4, No.15
Website: http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/advisory.htm
Aug 22, 2005
## Soybean Disease Update John Damicone, Extension Plant Pathologist.
Drought, rather than soybean rust, is the biggest concern for soybean production in Oklahoma this year. The soybean rust monitoring team in Oklahoma (Bob Woods, Chris Rice, Stan Fimple, Tommy Pinkard, and Rocky Walker) have been vigilant in monitoring the sentinel plots in Oklahoma for soybean rust this year. None has been detected in OK or in surrounding states. We have almost certainly escaped a rust outbreak this year. As covered in the soybean meetings this past year, the disease triangle (susceptible crop, favorable weather, and presence of the pathogen) must be simultaneously completed for a disease outbreak to occur. Until the recent rains and humidity, we generally did not have much rust-favorable (rainy) weather this year. Drought was a more important factor. Early-planted MG3 beans have been hard hit by the dry weather. Either it was too dry to plant them or they stressed severely during good fill. We still have a chance to make a good crop of MG5 beans planted in June if they did not burn up prior to the rains. In my fungicide trials at Haskell, the April-planned MG3 trial was looking great until about Aug 1 when drought stress caused significant damage. We will harvest beans, but quality will be low. The MG5 trial looks strong as a result of the recent rains. They are currently setting pods with plenty of moisture.
Spore of the rust fungus were also missing from the disease triangle this year. The disease has been reported on soybeans thus far in five states (GA, FL, AL, SC, and MS). Most of the positive reports are from sentinel plots, although a few commercial fields have been confirmed to have rust. The rust epidemic in the southeast has been slow to develop despite the good rains and/or tropical storms that would appear to have favored rapid disease development there. The disease appears to have been limited by low inoculum (spore) levels.
Other foliar diseases of soybeans in OK have been observed this year. Septoria brown spot has been the most common and severe (Figs. 1 and 2). This disease is present in almost every field previously cropped to soybeans and appears, at a glance, very similar to advanced symptoms of rust. There was heavy brown spot in my MG3 fungicide trial at Haskell this year, affecting up to about 50% of the leaves. However, drought damage is likely to have masked any possible disease effects on yield. Most of the leaves dropped from drought stress before good late-season disease ratings could be taken. Brown spot is also present in the MG5 trial at Haskell, but at a
lower level. We may still learn something about the effects of fungicides on brown spot, and the effects of brown spot on yield from this trial. The disease is generally regarded as minor.
Downy mildew has also been observed in a few fields (Figs. 3 and 4). It was observed in Ottawa Co. in a few commercial fields and is pretty heavy MG4 and MG5 plots at Haskell. Unlike brown spot which starts low on the plant, downy mildew tends to occur in the upper parts of the plant canopy. Downy mildew is also generally regarded as a minor disease of soybean.
Fig. 5. Bacterial leaf disease on soybean.
Dr. Richard Grantham Director, Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title IV and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order of 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, VP, Dean, and Director for Agricultural Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Dean of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/raymond-city-retail-sales-profile | Raymond City Retail Sales Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications
» Publications » Raymond City Retail Sales Profile
## Raymond City Retail Sales Profile
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2944-225 | |
| View as PDF: P2944-225.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Hinds County | |
| Print PDF | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor | |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | |
| Related News | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/agribusinessand-cooperative-management/site-files/docs/newsletters/board-characteristics-versus-profitability.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"kenkel"
] | Error: time data "D:20210204141919-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Board Characteristics versus Profitability
## Phil Kenkel
## Bill Fitzwater Cooperative Chair
I recently saw a research article investigating the linkages between characteristics of cooperative board of directors and the firm's return on assets and return on equity. As in any study of this nature, the existence of a relationship doesn't necessarily mean that the board characteristic caused the profitability difference. It is still interesting to see where there are apparent differences between the boards of more profitable cooperative and less profitable one.
The average board size of U.S. agricultural cooperatives is around 9 members. The average for the most profitable 25% of cooperatives was closer to 8. That's week evidence that smaller boards may be more effective. The boards from the most profitable cooperatives also attend more educational programs on an annual basis. More profitable cooperatives were also more likely to have orientation sessions for new board members. While a subjective measure, the boards from the more profitable cooperatives also rated their board as more active on a general scale of passive to active.
It would be nice if research results would always clearly identify how we can make cooperatives more successful. The research study I discussed investigated other characteristics and found differences that were not statistically significant. That is research speak for differences that we cannot be sure are just noise in the data. The presence of outside directors or female directors did not appear to be linked to profitability. However there were relatively few cooperatives with either outside directors or female directors responding to the survey. The ratio of the total equity held by board members to the cooperative's total equity was weakly associated with more profitability. That raises the possibility that directors with more personal investment in their cooperative take their fiduciary duties more seriously.
Other board characteristics which might be expected to make a difference include frequency of board meetings, frequency of executive sessions and the tenure of the CEO and board chair. I report on whether those measures were linked with profitability in my next newsletter. | |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/osceolaco/2020/06/23/rain-sensors-why-it-is-important-to-have-one/ | Rain Sensors, why it is important to have one? | University of Florida | [
"Eva Maria Pabon"
] | 2020-06-23 | [
"Events",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Home Landscapes",
"Lawn"
] | FL | ## Rain Sensors, why it is important to have one?
Rainfall shutoff devices are useful to the maintenance of plant health as well as conservation of water resources because they can assist in bypassing scheduled irrigations. Rain sensors are rain shutoff devices that are designed to pause irrigation when there is a significant amount of rainfall. The devices are inexpensive and save water when installed in automatic irrigation systems. They can detect when recent rainfall has supplied sufficient water to the landscape and when irrigation is not needed. In the state of Florida, the law requires that new automatic irrigation systems incorporate rain sensors.
## Benefits of the Rain Sensor
Incorporating rain sensors in irrigation systems offer numerous advantages, including saving water and money. The devices interrupt any automatic cycles scheduled after enough accumulation of water has been achieved. Rain sensors provide measured amounts of rainfall that can be used in irrigation decision making. They additionally reduce wear and tear on irrigation systems and are useful in the prevention of issues and plant diseases caused by overwatering.
## Maintenance and more information
They are relatively easy to install, and you might not need to hire a professional to install them. To ensure their effectiveness, however, rain sensors should be mounted in open areas such as rooflines or on tall fences where there are no restrictions from sensing rainfall by impediments like awnings and tree limbs. Rain sensors should additionally be mounted higher enough that the irrigation system does not interfere with the device. They do require regular cleaning, especially on their funnels, to remove debris usually created by birds and trees. It is advisable to test run these devices occasionally each year, and should they not function optimally, cleaning, repair, or repositioning might be required. In some cases replacement may be required.
Upcoming Classes
If you want to learn more about this topic and other gardening topics, I encourage you to register and attend the Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ Series . During the classes, we will be discussing the Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ Principles and if you attend four of the nine classes, you will receive a free tree. For registration visit
https://ocagriculture.eventbrite.com or email me at
epabon5@ufl.edu. In addition to those classes, we are offering
Vegetable Garden Classes and Tree Selection and Planting in both English and Spanish.
1
by Eva Maria Pabon
Posted: June 23, 2020
Category: Events, Florida-Friendly Landscaping, HOME
LANDSCAPES, Lawn
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- White Blooms
- Keeping Backyard Chickens
- St Augustine Grass- Did You Know?
- Come And Visit Our Plant Market 2024! An Event That You Don't Want To Miss. |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ncbs/2024/10/21/ncbs-intern-report-usfws-barrier-island-habitat-restoration-and-monitoring/ | NCBS Intern Report: USFWS Barrier Island Habitat Restoration and Monitoring | University of Florida | [
"Emily Colson"
] | 2024-10-21 | [
"Natural Resources",
"Recreation",
"Uncategorized",
"Water",
"Wildlife",
"birds",
"manatee",
"NCBS Interns",
"recreation",
"springs",
"USFWS"
] | FL | ## NCBS Intern Report: USFWS Barrier Island Habitat Restoration and Monitoring
Written by Alex Palvik, 2024 undergraduate summer intern hosted by Joyce Palmer at Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge Complex
This summer, I had the privilege to intern with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service at the Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge Complex under the management of refuge manager Joyce Palmer. During my time at the refuge, I learned invaluable skills and understood what it takes to run and manage a refuge complex behind the scenes through a variety of tasks and spontaneous adventures.
A manatee feeding on shoreline vegetation in Three Sisters Springs. Photo credit: Alex Palvik.
for the protection of the Florida manatee and its habitat. The refuge is in charge of managing multiple natural springs in Crystal River, which are vital warm water habitats for the manatee. One of the pleasures of working at this refuge is the ability to go on manatee watch on slow days. On manatee watch I was responsible for patrolling the various springs in King's Bay via kayak, ensuring that swimmers are interacting with manatees appropriately, educating the public about manatees, and enforcing proper recreational use of
Manatee Mania
The Crystal River NWR is the only national wildlife refugee created
the springs. It was such a cool experience to be able to spend hours up-close with manatees and getting to explore the beautiful springs and islands scattered around King's Bay.
Another responsibility that comes with working at this refuge is responding to public reports of potentially injured or dead manatees, which involves taking out a boat or putting on a wetsuit at a moment's notice. I was lucky enough to help respond to some of these reports which included searching for a manatee carcass in one of the springs, as well as discovering a manatee placenta in another. From these experiences, quickly learned the importance of adaptability and flexibility in this field.
## Shorebird & Seabird Surveys
The Crystal River NWR Complex spans from the springs in King's Bay all the way to the islands of Tampa Bay. One of my duties as an intern was to assist with nesting shorebird and seabird surveys at Egmont Key
Refuge biologist Alex Arrow on Egmont Key surveying laughing gull nests. Photo credit: Alex Palvik.
Laughing gull nesting colony on Egmont Key through binoculars. Photo credit: Alex Palvik.
NWR in the Tampa Bay with refuge biologist Alex Arrow. This island, which is only accessible by boat, is home to one of the largest nesting sites for Laughing Gulls and Royal Terns in Florida. Through this experience I gained first-hand experience in the field conducting bird surveys, counting over 6,000 birds in a single survey window. I also strengthened my skills in shorebird and seabird identification and data sheet organization.
Seeing the colonies of thousands of nesting birds and their chicks was truly a sight like no other and it will be something I will never forget. Being able to stay the night on the island in a bunkhouse and explore the refuge when no one else is there felt like a once in a lifetime experience and definitely made it my favorite part of this internship.
Alex at Shark Con Tampa educating children about Florida's marine life. Photo credit: Joyce Palmer.
Environmental Education
With a background and passion for environmental education, I got to assist the refuge with various environmental education programs and field trips. I helped teach local K-6 Students on manatee biology and wetland ecology, as well as create new lesson plans for future events. I even got to attend Shark Con in Tampa and staff an outreach table for the refuge, interacting with over a thousand attendees and educating the public about the refuge.
## In the Office
When I wasn't in the field or teaching a program, I assisted with the random tasks that come with managing a wildlife refuge. I conducted weekly eastern bluebird nest surveys, helped put manatee speed zone buoys in the bay, analyzed trail cam footage for a spring carrying capacity study, and more. I also attended weekly staff meetings where I gained an understanding for the financials of a NWR and learned about the history of the refuge. Being in this office setting has allowed me to gain important skills for my preprofessional career and enlightened me on the behind the scenes work that goes into managing a refuge.
## Conclusion
This credit: Joyce Palmer. internship opportunity has been one of the highlights of my college experience so far. It has fueled my passion for wildlife ecology and conservation as well as equipped me with a skill set that will serve me well in my future endeavors. I want to thank everyone at NCBS and USFWS for making this summer an unforgettable experience. A special thanks to Alex Arrow, Emily Jung, Brier Ryver, and Joyce Palmer at Crystal River NWR for giving me the guidance and confidence to excel in this field.
| Follow the link to learn more about the UF/IFAS NCBS Undergraduate Summer Internship program. Read more intern blog s here . |
## Featured image credit: UF/IFAS Photo by Tyler Jones
o
by Emily Colson
Posted: October 21, 2024
Category: Natural Resources, Recreation , Water, Wildlife
Tags: Birds, Manatee, NCBS Interns, Recreation, Springs, USFWS
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Cedar Key Coastal Cleanup 2022 Results
- NCBS Intern Report: Fisheries Independent Monitoring
- Hurricane Idalia Flood Depth Predictions For Cedar Key And Surrounding Region
- Common Snook: New Predators In The Nature Coast! |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/millipedes-in-turf | Millipedes in Turf | NC State Extension | [
"Rick Brandenburg",
"Terri Billeisen"
] | null | [
"Pest Management",
"Millipede",
"Insect",
"Insect Pest",
"Turfgrass Pest"
] | NC | ## Millipedes in Turf
Description
Millipedes are common occasional pests that sometimes invade buildings, particularly when the weather turns hot and dry. While millipedes sometimes enter in large numbers, they do not bite, sting, or transmit diseases, nor do they infest food, clothing or dry, structurally sound wood. Millipedes vary in both color and size. The most common species that invades buildings is the "garden millipede," which is brownish-black in color and about one inch long. Although millipedes are often called "thousandleggers," they actually have far fewer legs, but each body segment has two pairs of very short legs. When disturbed, millipedes often curl up into a "C" shape and remain motionless. They crawl slowly and protect themselves by secreting cyanide-like compound that has an unpleasant odor. Some people confuse millipedes with centipedes, which look somewhat similar. Centipedes have only one pair of legs per body segment and the legs are usually longer than those on millipedes. Centipedes also tend to move about more quickly than millipedes.
## Cultural Control
The most effective, long-term measure for reducing entry of millipedes (and many other pests) is to reduce excess moisture and hiding places, especially near the foundation.
## Chemical Control
Application of insecticides along baseboards and other interior living areas of the home do not really stop millipedes invasions. Once indoors, millipedes end up in kitchens, living rooms, etc. and soon die from a lack of moisture. Remove them with a vacuum cleaner or broom. Applications of insecticide outdoors may help to reduce inward invasion of these and other pests. Treat along entryways, around crawl space doors, foundation vents and utility openings, and up underneath siding. Insecticides applied along the interior foundation walls of damp crawl spaces and unfinished basements may help temporarily. However, correcting such moisture problem is far more important in preventing millipede and other problems. Dust formulations may work well in some areas, but they should only be used in areas where children and pets will not come into contact with the chemical. Perimeter sprays may also help but are rarely 100% effective in stopping the millipedes. The key to successful chemical control is spray volume, i.e., that amount of diluted chemical that you apply over an area. The spray must penetrate the soil, not simply lightly coat the surface. The best means of application for homeowners is a garden hose attachment. Treat a 2-5 foot wide area of ground along the foundation in mulched, ornamental plant beds and grassy areas, as well as an 18-24 inch wide vertical band of the foundation wall. Spraying higher up on the house, such as treating softs, overhangs, around windows, etc., may help; however, you need to watch but for chemical drifting down on to you.
| Insecticide and Formulation | Amount per 1,000 sq ft | Precaution and Remarks |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| bifenthrin* (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available | 0.25 to 0.5 fl oz | |
| carbyl* (Sevinol) (Sevin) 80 | 1.5 to 3 oz | 0.75 to 1.5 |
| WSP | oz | |
| chlorpyrifos* (Dursban) 2 E, Pro | See label | For use on golf courses; check new label. |
| cypermethrin (Demon) TC | See label | |
| lambda-cyhalothrin* (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara) | See label | Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried. |
## References
- · Controlling Millipedes in and Around Homes Household Pests. Waldvogel, M. 2005. NC State Extension Publication.
- · Secretion of Benzaldehyde and Hydrogen Cyanide by the Millipede Pachydesmus crassicutis (Wood). Blum, M. S. and J. P. Woodring. 1962. Science Vol. 138 no. 3539: pp. 512-513.
- · 2018 Pest Control for Professional Turfgrass Managers . Bowman, D. et al. 2017. NC State Extension Publication AG-408. 81 pp.
- · NC State Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- NC State Eorticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension center.
## Authors
Rick Brandenburg
Extension Specialist (Peanuts & Turf) & Department Extension Leader Entomology and Plant Pathology
Terri Billieisen
Extension Associate Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Oct. 25, 2017
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/forage-systems-for-cow-calf-operations-in-south-alabama/ | Forage Systems for Cow-Calf Operations in South Alabama | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Kim Mullenix",
"Leanne Dillard"
] | 2018-08-29 | [
"Farming",
"Forage Systems",
"Cow-Calf Operations"
] | AL | ## Forage Systems for Cow-Calf Operations in South Alabama
Make the right forage choices for your cow-calf operation with the help of the diagrams provided.
A sound grazing program includes combinations of adapted forage crops which will provide good grazing over the longest possible period of time. Many forage crops are adapted to Alabama conditions. Because each crop has its own distinctive pattern of forage growth, choosing the right combination of crops for a given situation isn't always easy.
The diagrams for various crops are grouped into northern, central, and southern regions of Alabama, and also grouped as either perennials or annuals and grass or legume crops. Each diagram shows when a particular crop normally makes growth available for grazing. By looking up and down the page, you can see at a glance which crops make the best early, middle, or late season growth, and you can pick out the ones which would best complement each other in your forage program.
The height of the growth symbols is not to exact scale, but will give you an idea of the relative amounts of forage produced by the different crops. Several of the crops listed grow well in combination. Often, growing mixtures of forage crops is the best and most economical way to meet the nutritive requirements of cattle for the maximum length of time.
The diagrams give only the normal or average situation. Ina given year, actual forage availability will depend on moisture availability, planting time, grazing pressure, and other factors. In some cases, accumulated forage can be grazed during times when temperature or other factors slow down plant growth.
Each crop listed is adapted to be grown within the area specified, but a crop may be adapted only under certain conditions or on certain soils. Matching a forage species to the conditions to which it is adapted is important.
Kim Mullenix, Extension Specialist , Assistant Professor, Animal Sciences, Auburn University, and Leanne Dillard , Extension Forage Specialist , Auburn University
Reviewed September 2022, Forage Systems for Cow-Calf
Download this article as a PDF
- [ - (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR-2432,pdf) Forage Systems for Cow-Calf Operations in South Alabama, ANR-2432 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR-2432,pdf) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/water-valley-census-profile-2010-2020 | Water Valley Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Water Valley Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Water Valley Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-432 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-432.pdf | |
| Presentation File: | |
| water_valley_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Yalobusha County. | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
| SELECT A COUNTY | SELECT A COUNTY |
| Your Extension Experts | Your Extension Experts |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Asssiotent Professor | Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Asssiotent Professor |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor |
| Related News | Related News |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/jacksonco/2025/01/10/starting-seeds-essential-tools-tips/ | Starting Seeds: Essential Tools & Tips | University of Florida | [
"Abbey Smith"
] | 2025-01-10 | [
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"Horticulture",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"gardening",
"seed starting",
"seeds",
"spring"
] | FL | ## Starting Seeds: Essential Tools & Tips
As we eagerly anticipate the arrival of spring, it's the perfect time to begin thinking about planning your garden. A key thing to do to help prep yourself is starting your seeds. Whether you're a seasoned gardener or just beginning, having the right tools and supplies is crucial for garden success.
A hand placing plant seeds in a row at the UF Community Garden. UF/IFAS Photo by Tyler Jones.
## Seed Trays and Containers
If you are intending to start seeds to plant between February and March, you will need to obtain seed trays or containers to germinate your seeds. Seed trays can come in different shapes and sizes, allowing you to accommodate for different types of seeds. When you have selected what seeds you are planting for this year, you will need to follow the seeding rates and spacing measurements on the back of the seeded packet. You want to opt for a tray that has proper drainage to prevent any type of waterlogging, but still keeps some moisture to support seed germination. You will need a quality seed starting mix to create a strong foundation for your seeds to germinate in. Using a light weight media that will allow airflow is also important. When planting your seeds in the tray, smaller seeds can be broadcasted over the surface of your soil media and larger seeds will need to be covered.
Example of a seed tray. Photo Credit: Terri Keith, UF/IFAS Extension
## Temperature & Humidity
Correct temperatures and humidity are both very important for successful germination of your seeds. Some trays come with a clear plastic cover or "dome" to help regulate the temperature and the humidity in the soil media. This creates a 'greenhouse' effect for your seeds. If you are having trouble controlling the humidity, you may consider poking holes in the cover if there is too much moisture in the soil media. Once the humidity is controlled, cover the holes with clear tape.
Your seeds will need warmer temperatures to aid the process of germination. A tool you might consider investing in is a heat mat. The heat mat lays underneath the seed tray and helps provide warm temperatures consistently during the day and night, keeping the soil media warm enough to allow the seeds to germinate properly. Most heat mats are electrical and will need to be
plugged in, so starting your seeds indoors may be a better option during January and February. After the seeds have germinated and have grown to about 2 inches high, they will need to be thinned out and transplanted to a bigger container until the time is right to transplant them to your garden.
## Organization
When planning any type of project, it is always important to stay organized. If you are planting different kinds of seeds in one tray, using labels to know which seeds were planted will help you after the transplants have grown to their desired height. Once you have planted all the seeds that will be used, storing them correctly for the next season is vital. Storing them in a temperature controlled environment that is free from excess moisture is crucial so that they stay viable for the next season. It is also important to keep stored seeds labeled with the packet they came from to know spacing and number of days to harvest for the coming year.
Arming yourself with the necessary tools and knowledge is essential to nurture your seeds into thriving plants. Whether you're cultivating a windowsill garden or preparing for an outdoor oasis, knowing the key steps to starting your seeds will lay the groundwork for a great harvest.
For more information, please visit:
```
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/vHQ2G
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/vHQ2J
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
by Abbey Smith
Posted: January 10, 2025
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category: Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Fruits & Vegetables, Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Gardening, Seed Starting, Seeds, Spring
```
Posted: January 10, 2025 |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/l/ruby-lee-wheat-l-414.pdf | L-414A | Oklahoma State University | [
"Gayle Hiner"
] | Error: time data "D:20131022202732Z00'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | - · Early to medium maturity with very good winterhardiness
- · Highly responsive to intensive management with great top-end yield potential
- · Endurance parentage with excellent forage production and good recovery from grazing
- · Stripe rust and powdery mildew can restrict yield of Ruby Lee, so foliar fungicides are recommended when justified by yield potential.
- · Hessian fly resistant with good tan spot resistance for no-till systems
- · Ruby Lee is best suited for soil pH of 5.5 and above
- · Large seed size with outstanding milling and baking characteristics
- · Good drought tolerance and wide area of adaptation throughout the southern Plains
- · Yield information for Ruby Lee and other wheat varieties can be found at www.wheat.okstate.edu
## Where to Purchase
Ruby Lee is marketed through a licensing agreement with Oklahoma Genetics Inc.
Website: http://www.okgenetics.com
Phone: (405) 744-7741
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 42 cents per copy.
| KEY TRAITS | KEY TRAITS |
|------------------------|----------------------|
| Grain-only yield | Yield |
| Dual-purpose yield | Test weight |
| Forage yield | Leaf rust |
| Stripe rust | Powdery mildew |
| Soilborne mosaic virus | Shattering tolerance |
| Straw strength | |
| Acid soil | |
| Stay green | |
| Milling and baking | |
| Average | Above Average |
## Area of Adaptation |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/wildland-fire-programming-for-extension-outreach-professionals | Wildland Fire Programming for Extension and Outreach Professionals | NC State Extension | [
"Laurel Kays",
"Jennifer Fawcett"
] | null | [
"Wildland Fire",
"Extension",
"Outreach",
"Forestry"
] | NC | ## Wildland Fire Programming for Extension and Outreach Professionals
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Publication Date
March 13, 2020
Authors
Laurel Kays
Jennifer Fawcett
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=wildland-fireprogramming-for-extension-outreach-professionals#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/onslow-ag-census-infographic-2017 | Onslow County Ag Census Infographic 2017 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Noah Ranells",
"Laura Lauffer"
] | null | [
"Ag Census",
"Infographics",
"Local Food"
] | NC | ## Onslow County Ag Census Infographic 2017
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Department
ANR/CRD
Series
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Publication Date
July 23, 2020
Authors
Noah Ranells
Laura Lauffer
[ ] View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=onslow-agcensus-infographic-2017#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/shubuta-city-retail-sales-profile | Shubuta City Retail Sales Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications
Publications » Shubuta City Retail Sales Profile
## Shubuta City Retail Sales Profile
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2944-250 | |
| View as PDF: P2944-250.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension- Clarke County | |
| Print PDF | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor | Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor |
| Related News | Related News |
| OCTOBER 3, 2024 Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition | OCTOBER 3, 2024 Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/dairy/calibrating-traveling-guns-for-slurry-irrigation/ | Calibrating Traveling Guns for Slurry Irrigation | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Ted W. Tyson",
"Perry L. Oakes"
] | 2020-05-20 | [
"Dairy",
"Irrigation",
"Agriculture",
"Waste Management"
] | AL | Waste storage ponds are used on many dairy, swine and poultry layer farms. Storage pond slurry can be an effective part of the waste management plan. Learn the proper procedure for calibrating traveling guns for slurry irrigation.
Waste storage ponds are used on many dairy, swine, and poultry layer farms in Alabama as part of the waste management system. These ponds collect and hold animal waste generated at these operations. Most waste storage ponds are designed to fill up and be emptied at least twice and in some cases three times a year. If waste storage ponds fill up and overflow, they will pollute water sources. On the other hand, if storage pond slurry is applied to cropland, it can be an effective part of the waste management plan.
Land application of storage pond slurry with sprinkler irrigation equipment is becoming more common in Alabama. This is a good management practice for two reasons: it allows recycling of on-farm nutrients, and it reduces the pollution of the surrounding environment.
Land application should match the fertilizer content of slurry to the crop requirements and soil characteristics. Fertilizer concentrations in animal waste slurry are quite high, ranging from more than 500 pounds of total nitrogen per acre inch for dairy slurry to more than 800 pounds of total nitrogen per acre levels of swine slurry. Polylet slurry may contain two tween classes of total nitrogen per acre inch. When irrigation-applied, less than half of the total nitrogen is plant available. Controlling the application depth of animal waste slurry irrigation is essential to manage off-farm pollution and receive maximum available benefits from fertilizer in the slurry.
To control the amount of slurry and nutrients being applied to a field, the operator must properly calibrate slurry irrigation equipment. Calibrating fertilizer application equipment is not new to farmers, but calibrating irrigation equipment may be a relatively new procedure for those unfamiliar with irrigation. Traveling irrigation gun are commonly used for waste rusty application and are the most difficult type of irrigation system to calibrate.
## Calibration Procedure
The following example illustrates the calibration procedure for traveling guns. It applies to both waste slurry and wastewater irrigation using traveling guns.
- (1) Choose nutrient application rate based on the crop grown, soil characteristics, and the existing nutrient level.
Example: 150 lb. N/acre
Your numbers: \_\_\_\_\_ lb. N/acre
- (2) Determine waste slurry application rate in gallons per acre (gal./acre). Divide the nutrient application rate from Step 1 by the pounds of plant-available nutrient per thousand gallons of slurry (determined by actual test or by site or operation-type history); then, multiply by 1,000.
Example: 150 lb. N/acre + 17 lb. N/1,000 gal. × 1,000 = 8,823 gal./acre
Your numbers: \_\_\_\_\_ lb. N/acre + \_\_\_\_\_ lb. N/1,000 gal. × 1,000 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_gal./acre
- (3) Determine in./acre of slurry to apply. Divide gal./acre from Step 2 by 27,154 gal./acre-in.
Example: 8,823 gal./acre + 27,154 gal./acre-in. = .32 in.
Your numbers: \_\_\_\_\_ gal./acre + 27,154 gal./acre-in. = \_\_\_\_\_ in.
- (4) From table 1, select diameter of throw for existing nozzle size, expected psi, and GPM.* Multiply by 0.7 for correct travel lane spacing.**
Example: 1.0 - in. nozzle at 60 psi, 225 GPM, Lane spacing = 0.7 x 325 - ft. diameter of throw = 227 ft.
Your numbers: \_\_\_\_\_ - in. nozzle at \_\_\_\_\_ psi, \_\_\_\_\_ GPM, Lane spacing equal 0.7 x \_\_\_\_\_ -ft. diameter of throw = \_\_\_\_ ft.
(5) Calculate travel speed** (ft./min.) required. Multiply 1.6 times GPM. Divide by lane spacing (ft.; then divide by inches applied.
Example: Travel speed = 1.6 × 225 GPM + 227 - ft. lane spacing + 0.32 in. = 4.95 ft./min.
Your numbers: Travel speed = 1.6 × GPM + \_\_ -fit. lane spacing +\_\_\_\_ in. = 4.95 ft./nozl
*Gallons per minute flow rate (GPM) from any pi. circular nozzl can easily be determined by pressure at the nozzle. Most traveling guns are equipped by the manufacturer with a 1/4-inch nipple tap located on the gun body. A pressure gauge can easily be attached at this location and used to check gun nozzle
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oadp/privacy/epipkg)
operating pressure. Table 1 gives typical flow rates and expected diameters of throw (24" gun trajectory angle) for various size taper bore nozzles used in traveling guns. This chart can be used to determine traveling gun flow rate at actual operating pressure if a manufacturer's chart is not available.
"Travel lane spacing should be 70 percent (0.7) of the nozzle throw diameter for uniform wastewater application. See Figure 1 for a typical traveling gun layout.
***Travel speed of the gun cart is the most complicated of the traveling gun application rate factors to calculate. Travel speed can be calculated from mathematical formula, from information in Table 2, or from manufacturer's data on particular travel guns.
## Print "Table 1. Typical Nozzle Flow Rates and Diameters of Throw for 2Inch Taper Bore Nozzle with 24° Trajectory" table from our website.
Print "Table 2. Wastewater Applied by Traveling Gun Sprinklers**" table from our website.
rate. ® he maînhematicali opérations s hould be left to right. W astewater applied (in.) = 1.6 × sprinkler flow rate (GPM) + lane spacing (ft.)+ speed (ft./min.)
**The travel lane spacing should be approximately 70 percent of the sprinkler's coverage diameter. The coverage diameter can be determined from the manufacturer's literature or by measurement. Refer to Figure 1 for a diagram of a traveling gun layout.
## Checking Gun Cart Speed
Checking actual traveling gun cart speed is a simple matter. You'll need two flags, a 100-foot tape, and a wristwatch with a minute and second indicator. Set up the gun, and extend the hose. Then:
- 1. Measure off a 100-foot distance along the gun cart travel path and mark with the flags.
- 2. Use a marker, ribbon, or string to mark a point on the retracting hose or cable that is pulling the gun cart.
- 3. During traveling gun irrigation operation, measure and record the time in minutes and seconds required by the ribbon to travel the measured 100-foot distance.
- 4. Convert travel time in minutes and seconds to minutes and partial minutes
- · (minutes and seconds = whole minutes + seconds /60).
- Example: 1 minute, 27 seconds = 1 + 27/60 = 1 + 0.45 = 1.45 minutes
- 5. Divide the travel distance (100 feet) by the travel time in minutes to get travel speed in feet per After determining the travel speed, adjust the speed control as necessary to get the desired travel speed.
## Adjusting Gun Cart Speed
After determining travel speed required, either from the chart or by mathematical calculation, adjust gun cart speed in the field to this desired speed. Since travel speed is so critical for slurry and wastewater irrigation, use only those traveling guns with easily adjustable speed control and speed compensation. Travelling guns with knob adjustments for a dial readout and with mechanical linkage speed compensation seem to be the most reliable.
Ted W. Tyson , Extension Biosystems Engineer, Professor, Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, and Perry L. Oakes, State Conservation Engineer, Natural Resources Conservation Service
Reviewed July 2024, Calibrating Traveling Guns for Slurry Irrigation , ANR-0925
Cookie Notice
Downloads and usage of the application are described in the following section:
```
(https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ANR-0925.REV .3.pdf) Calibrating Traveling Guns for Slurry Irrigation, ANR-
```
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/plant-id/plant-profiles/hyacinth/index.html | Hyacinth - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2020-10-15 | [] | OK | ## HYACINTH
Common Name: Hyacinth
Species Name: Hyacinthus orientalis
Family Name: Liliaceae
Plant Facts
| Origin | Southern and Central Turkey |
|----------------|-----------------------------------|
| Sun Preference | Full Sun |
| Susceptibility | Gray mold (Botrytis) and bulb rot |
## ID Characteristics
Leaf and Stem Characteristics
+
| Habitat/Ecology | |
|---------------------|-------------------------------|
| Soil Preference | Well-drained |
| USDA Cold Hardiness | 5 |
| Zone | |
| Notes | Used as a forced potted plant |
Topics: |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/gadsdenco/2020/08/26/registration-now-open-for-380-million-hurricane-michael/ | Registration Now Open for $380 Million Hurricane Michael | University of Florida | [
"Samantha Murray"
] | 2020-08-26 | [
"Agriculture",
"Coasts & Marine",
"Conservation",
"Events",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Forests",
"Home Landscapes",
"Natural Resources",
"Professional Development",
"Recreation",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"Work & Life",
"Community",
"environment",
"Extension",
"Florida",
"General Information",
"horticulture",
"Master Gardener",
"Master Gardeners",
"Natural Wakulla",
"Wakulla",
"Wakulla agriculture",
"Wakulla County",
"Wakulla County Extension",
"Wakulla Extension"
] | FL | ## Registration Now Open for $380 Million Hurricane Michael
For Immediate Release: August 21, 2020
Contact: Office of Communications, (850) 617-7737
Twitter: @FDACS & @NikkiFriedFL
Registration Now Open for $380 Million Hurricane Michael Timber and Irrigation Recovery Block Grant Programs
Tallahassee, Fla. - Today, Agriculture Commissioner Nikki Fried and the Florida Forest Service announced that registration for the Florida Timber Recovery Block Grant Program and the Florida Irrigation Recovery Block Grant Program is now available to agricultural producers and forest landowners who suffered damage from Hurricane Michael in October 2018. Funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the program is managed by the Florida Division of Emergency Management in conjunction with the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) and the Florida Forest Service (FFS), which will provide technical assistance
to forest landowners required to produce documentation to receive compensation for their loss.
"It's been nearly two years since Hurricane Michael hurricane devastated the Florida Panhandle as one of America's worst-ever storms," said Commissioner Fried . "As we enter the next phase of securing relief for producers and landowners, I am more confident than ever in the future of Florida's forest industry as we work
together to get trees back in the ground. Thank you to Secretary Perdue for keeping Florida's $25 billion timber industry at the forefront of recovery efforts."
"I commend the remarkable resilience of the landowners, and thank our state and federal partners and our Florida Forest Service personnel for remaining focused on restoring the timber industry in the Panhandle," said Erin Albury , State Forester and Director of the Florida Forest Service. "The countless hours invested in this effort will ensure Florida's forest resources are available for future generations."
To be eligible for the Florida Timber Recovery Block Grant Program (TRBG), a producer must:
- · Be the owner of record or the lessee who has rights to the timber crop at the time of application of a minimum of 10 contiguous acres of nonindustrial private forest land located in one of the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hamilton, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okalosa, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton and Washington
- · Have stands of timber that sustained a minimum of 25 percent loss due to Hurricane Michael
- · To learn more and register for the TRBG, visit FloridaDisaster.org/timber
## To be eligible for the Florida Irrigation Recovery Block Grant Program (IRBG), a producer must:
- · Be the owner of record of center pivot irrigation infrastructure at the time of application and document that the crop growing under the center pivot as of October 10, 2018, sustained a minimum 15 percent crop loss due to Hurricane Michael
- · To learn more and register for the IRBG, visit org/irrigation
Registration is the first step toward receiving block grant funds, and should only take a few minutes to complete. The deadline to register for these programs is Friday, November 20 .
FDEM and FFS will be conducting community outreach to ensure timber producers have the information they need to apply. Additionally, producers can email questions to timber@em.myflorida.com .
In November 2019, U.S. Secretary Sonny Perdue announced the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) would make available $800 million in block grants to agricultural producers in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia affected by hurricanes Michael and Florence. The state block grants are part of a broader $3 billion disaster relief package to help producers recover from 2018 and 2019 natural disasters. The Florida Timber Recovery Block Grant is the first-ever state block grant for timber producers from the USDA.
The Florida Forest Service , a division of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, manages more than 1 million acres of state forests and provides forest management assistance on more than 17 million acres of private and community forests. The Florida Forest Service is also responsible for protecting homes, forestland and natural resources from the devastating effects of wildfire on more than 26 million acres.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information, and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions, or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating
```
```
Resources, Professional Development, Recreation, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Extension, UE/IFAS Research, WORK & LIFE
Tags: Agriculture, Community, Environment, Extension, Florida,
General Information, Horticulture, Master Gardener, Master
Gardeners, Natural Resources, Natural Wakulla, Wakulla, Wakulla
Agriculture, Wakulla County, Wakulla CountyExtension, Wakulla
Extension
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Gardening For The Whole Family
- Your First Spring Vegetable Garden In Wakulla
- Two Evergreens For The Winter Landscape
- Project Pantry: Chocolate Chip Muffins |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/okaloosaco/2021/11/05/the-world-is-your-oyster/ | The World is Your Oyster | University of Florida | [
"Laura Tiu"
] | 2021-11-05 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"aquaculture",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"Food Is Our Middle Name"
] | FL | ## The World is Your Oyster
There are a lot of good oyster quotes. One remember from childhood is the saying to only eat oysters in months with the letter "r," basically September to April. I believe this originated when all oysters came from the wild. This was a way to avoid the hot months that may have led to a watery oyster, or even food poisoning. Today, with the rise of oyster aquaculture and refrigeration, oysters can be enjoyed year-round.
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission recently made the tough decision to shut down wild oyster harvesting in Apalachicola, FL for up to five years in response to a struggling bay oyster population threatened by water flow issues and overharvesting. This was devastating news to an area that historically produced 90% of the state's oysters and 10% of the nation's. On the bright side, oyster aquaculture has been steadily growing in the area and is working hard to fill some of the gap.
A team of Florida Sea Grant Agents recently made a visit to Apalachicola to learn more about this historic oyster town and how the industry is adapting. Our first stop was Water Street Seafood, the Florida Panhandle's largest seafood distributer. Water Street provides a wide diversity of both fresh and frozen seafood, including oysters, delivering daily in northwest Florida and shipping worldwide. We visited their oyster processing facility where we saw mesh bags of oysters brought in from Louisiana and Texas. The
oysters, both farmed and wild caught, are carefully cleaned and sorted, with some going to the live, halfshell, restaurant market and some shucked onsite for the shucked market.
Next, we visited one of the many new oyster aquaculture farms in the area. Oysters farms are permitted by the state and are located in waters that have been carefully evaluated for their suitability for oyster production. Small plots are leased to the farmer allowing offbottom production in mesh bags teathered with anchors in the shallow, productive bay waters. Oyster farmers tend to their crop by turning the bags regularly to reduce fouling of the oyster shell, and sorting by size as the oyster grows. Oysters take between eight to eighteen months to reach a harvest size.
Given the increasing demand for oysters by tourists and locals, we can thank aquaculture for keeping these tasty gems on our plates. If you are lucky enough to find some locally raised oysters on the menu, take the opportunity to try something new and support a local farmer.
## o
by Laura Tiu
Posted: November 5, 2021
Category: Coasts & Marine
Tags: Aquaculture, Florida Sea Grant, Food Is Our Middle Name
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Time To Apply For 2022 Master Gardener Volunteer Training Course
- · Amazing AmeriCorps
- · Florida Friendly Fishing Guide Certification
- · Ocean Potion |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/oklahoma-gardening/recipes/potato-and-tuna-salad.html | Potato & Tuna Salad - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-10-04 | [] | OK | ## POTATO & TUNA SALAD
Give this recipe a try for a easy way to change up your salad!
## Ingredients
- · 1 pound small red potatoes, scrubbed and quarrered
- · 1 pound green beans, trimmed and cut in 2-inch pieces
- · 2 cups grape tomatoes, halved
- · 1/4 cup chopped red onion
- · 3/4 teaspoon kosher salt
- · 1/2 teaspoon smoked paprika
- · 1/4 teaspoon ground red pepper
- · 1 (5-ounce) can tuna, drained
- · 1/4 cup olive oil
- · 3 tablespoons sherry vinegar
- · 4 cups torn romaine lettuce, washed and spun dry
## Directions
- 1. Put potatoes in a large saucepan and cover them with 2 inches of water. Bring to a boil and cook about 6 minutes, until the potatoes are almost tender. Add the green beans and continue to cook another 4 minutes or until the potatoes are tender. Drain, plunge in cold water to stop cooking. Drain again.
- 2. Put drained potatoes and green beans into a large bowl. Add tomatoes, red onion, salt, paprika, ground red pepper and tuna. Toss gently.
- 3. Drizzle salad with oil and vinegar and toss again.
- 4. Divide lettuce onto four plates and top with salad.
Nutrition Facts
| Serving Size: 4 | |
|------------------------|------|
| Servings Per Recipe: 1 | |
| Amounts Per Serving | |
| Calories: 311 | |
| Total Fat: 14 g | 22% |
| Saturated Fat: 2 g | 10% |
| Cholesterol: 11 mg | 4% |
| Sodium: 497 mg | 21% |
| Carbohydrate: 34 g | 11% |
| Dietary Fiber: 7 g | 29% |
| Protein: 15 g | 30% |
| Vitamin A | 56% |
| Vitamin C | 112% |
| Calcium | 8% |
| Iron | 20% |
*The Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet, so your values may change depending on your calorie needs. The values here may not be 100% accurate because the recipes have not been professionally evaluated nor have they been evaluated by the U.S. FDA. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1994/94-26.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090527151105-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## HIGH CONCENTRATE-LOW STARCH STARTING DIETS
Don Gill$^{1}$, Mike Van Koevering$^{2 }$and Fred Owens$^{1}$
## Story in Brief
Compared with starting diets containing a high amount of roughage, a high concentrate diet that was low in starch produced much faster gains without increasing morbidity or mortality. Starting rations for shipped highly stressed cattle have traditionally been diluted with large amounts of roughage. This reduces the possibility of acidosis and morbidity. High amounts of roughage reduce the gain of the starting cattle. Consequently, feed cost per unit of gain is high. An 85% concentrate ration with 43% of the diet as corn distillers grain was formulated at a dietary starch level similar to the starch level found in feedlot starting rations containing 50 to 60% grain. Feed required per unit of gain was reduced by 75% compared to starting diets based on prairie grass hay and protein supplement. With the hay diets, gain improved slightly as the level of protein supplement was increased from 1.5 pounds per day to 4 pounds.
(Key Words: Receiving Rations, Beef Calves, Corn Distillers Grain.)
## Introduction
High roughage starting diets have been used extensively in experiments at Pawhuska, OK whereas higher concentrate starting diets have been popular in trials at Clayton, NM. For optimal animal health, high roughage starting diets are preferred, but high roughage diets cause handling problems for feedlots and reduce rates of gain (Richey et al., 1981; Lofgren, 1982). Several factors could be responsible for this difference. These differences include ruminal fermentation or concentrations of absorbed nutrients such as VFA, glucose, amino acids or minerals. That animal health may differ is not surprising because the secretion of interferon by IBR-stressed steers is lower for steers fed concentrate than those fed roughage (d'Offay et al., 1992). Because starch in high concentrate diets is the component primarily responsible for acidification of the rumen and rapid volatile fatty acid production, we formulated a concentrate diet based on a feedstuff with the starch removed (distillers grain). The diet was fed in two experiments with different truckloads of cattle (86 and 97 steers) at Pawhuska.
Table 1. Performance and health during 28 day receiving study.
| Diet | Ad lib hay | Ad lib hay | Ad lib hay | Limit hay & |
|-----------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|---------------|
| Supplement | 1.5 lb 40%CP | 2 Ib 40%CP | 4 Ib 20%CP | low starch |
| Feed, lb/d | 13.2b | 13.7b | 16.0a | 12.4c |
| Hay, lb/d | 11.7a | 11.7a | 12.0a | 1.3b |
| Supplement, lb/d | 1.5d | 2.0c | 4.0b | 11.1a |
| Gain, lb/d | .77b | .81b | 1.05b | 1.85a |
| Feed/gain | 27.3 | 29.6 | 27.4 | 7.3 |
| Gain/feed (times 100) | 5.7b | 5.7b | 6.5b | 14.9a |
| Morbidity, % | 32.7 | 30.4 | 12.9 | 21.6 |
a,b,c,d Means with different superscripts differ (P
## Materials and Methods
The test diet consisted of 43% corn distillers grain, 36% rolled milo grain, 10% cottonseed hulls, 5% alfalfa pellets, 4% molasses plus vitamins, minerals and monensin. Calves fed this diet were given access to hay on the first day but hay supply was restricted to 1 lb per head daily thereafter. Three control diets consisted of free choice access to prairie hay plus either 1.5 or 2 lb daily of a 40% protein supplement or 4 lb of a 20% protein supplement. The protein supplement was based on soybean meal plus wheat middlings. All steers were weighed on arrival and at 28 days with 10 to 13 steers being fed in each of the eight pens in each of the two trials. Standard vaccine and health treatments were employed. Morbidity was detected or confirmed by body temperature (rectal temperature over 104°F being considered sick). Standard medical treatments were employed. Data were analyzed using a linear model that included the main effects of diet, and load.
## Results and Discussion
Results are presented in Table 1. Rate and efficiency of gain (gain/feed) were markedly superior for calves fed the concentrate diet as would be expected from their higher energy intake. For calves given access to hay, hay intake tended to be similar regardless of the amount of supplement fed. Morbidity was no greater for calves fed the concentrate diet than for calves given ad libitum access to hay. This suggests that the high starch content of receiving diets may be responsible for the increase in morbidity often noted with concentrate diets. Further studies with other grain-substitute feeds low in starch content (middlings, corn gluten feed) and a high-starch control diet will be conducted. If results prove repeatable, feedables may find it useful to substitute low starch feeds for part of the grain and most of the roughage in starting diets. A highstarch control diet has not yet been compared. Compared with high roughage diets, concentrate feeds low in starch content should enhance performance of shipping-stressed calves and simplify feed handling while not increasing morbidity. Recently, the milo in the test diet has been replaced with corn. Both pellet quality and animal acceptance of the feed are improved. The pellet is being fed without hay after the first few days with no apparent problems.
## Literature Cited
D'Offay, J.M. et al. 1992. Conference of Research Works on Animal Diseases. p 41. Chicago, IL.
Lofgreen, G.P. 1982. Clayton Livestock Research Center Progress Report. p 46.
Richey, E. J. et al. 1981. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. MP-112:81-83. | |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/fruit-cooler | Fruit Cooler | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Fruit Cooler
## Fruit Cooler
BUILDING&CONSTRUCTION PLANSARCHIVE
Publication Number: 5860
View as PDF: 5860.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/itchgrass-rottboellia-chochinchinensis-lour-wd-clayton | Itchgrass [Rottboellia chochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton] | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"John D. Byrd Jr.",
"Victor Maddox",
"Randy Westbrooks"
] | null | [
"Weed Control",
"Agriculture",
"Invasive Species"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s Itchgrass [Rottboellia chochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton]
## Itchgrass [Rottboellia chochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton]
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under: Weed Control for Crops, Weed Control for Forages
Publication Number: P3186
View as PDF: P3186.pdf
Itchgrass [Rottboellia chochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton] is a nonnative, warm-season, annual grass introduced to Miami, Florida, in the 1920s. It is a federal noxious weed and is listed as a state noxious weed in 12 states including Mississippi, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas. Itchgrass is a profusely tillering grass that can be very competitive in row crops and pastures as well as along roadsides (Figure 1). It is spread primarily by seed. Itchgrass germinates in summer, with new plants emerging for extended periods.
## Description
## Vegetative Growth
Some texts indicate potentially 4 species of Rottboelli L.f., but through recent taxonomic revision, that number is probably closer to 2 or 3. Itchgrass can reach 10 feet or more in height and t illers profusely. Itchgrass has short, stiff hairs on the sheaths (Figure 2), especially near the collar. These
hairs can puncture or irritate skin when handled-hence the name itchgrass. The flat leaves are around 1 inch wide, taper to a point, and have short hairs on the leaf surface.
## Flowering
The inflorescence is a raceme approximately 4 inches long, with spikelets in pairs and no awns (Figure 3). One of each spikelet is stalked and sterile; the other is stalkless and fertile. Each is attached to a thickened axis. The fertile, stalkless spikelet is oblong and around ¼ inch long. Plant growth is extremely rapid under good conditions, with seed production initiated 6 to 7 weeks after emergence. Seed production continues throughout the growing season. Seeds break off as they mature, but during the after-ripening process, they require a 5-to 6-month period for germination. Seeds may retain viability in the soil for up to 4 years.
## Dispersal
Since itchgrass often frequents rights-of-way, the most probable mechanism of dispersal is movement on maintenance equipment, such as mowers. It may also occur in other managed habitats, such as pastures and row crops.
Itchgrass is a problem weed in row crops, especially grass crops and pastures, and in railroad, highway, and other rights-of-way (Figure 1).
## Distribution
Roettboella is not native to the United States. Itchgrass is native to the Old World tropics, probably India. It is now widespread in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. It was introduced into the United States for potential forage in the 1920s. Since that time, the grass has been reported in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. Field studies indicate that itchgrass may grow and produce seed as far north as Minnesota. Despite efforts to map and monitor its spread, the full extent of its invasion is not clear.
## Control Methods
There are no effective biological control methods; however, chemical and mechanical methods can be used.
## Chemical
Several herbicides can be used for itchgrass pre-emergence and post-emergence control (Tables 1a and 1b). Pre-emergence herbicide options include clomazone + diuron or metribuzin, and pendimethalin. Post-emergence herbicide options include asulam, glyphosate, nicosulfuron, glufosinate, clethodim, fluzafop, quizalozop, setoxydim, sulfometuron, and trifloxysulfuron + asulam. See Tables 1a and 1b for trade names and rates.
## Mechanical
Cultivation has been used to control itchgrass in row crops, although the addition of chemical controls may greatly enhance results in row-cropping systems. Small patches of itchgrass may be removed by hand. Take precautions to avoid the stiff hairs, which may irritate or pierce the skin.
| Method | Herbicide | Rate (ounces per acre or spot treatment) |
|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| clomazone + diuron | Command 3ME + Diuron, Direx, etc., 4L | 32-43 oz/A + 80 oz/A |
| clomazone + metribuzin | Command 3ME + Sencor, Metribuzin, etc., 4L | |
| pendimethalin | Pendulum 3.3EC, Prowl H$_{2}$O, Prowl 3.3EC, etc. | 19-58 oz/A |
| Method | Herbicide | Rate (ounces per acre or spot treatment) |
|----------------------------|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| asulam | Asulox, Asulam, etc. | 128 oz/A |
| glyphosate | Roundup, etc. | 32 oz/A of 3 lb ae/gal formulation |
| nicosulfuron | Accent | 0.67 oz/A |
| glufosinate | Liberty, Finale, Lifeline, etc. | 28-34 oz/A |
| clethodim | Select | 6-16 oz/A or 0.5% |
| clethodim | Envoy | 12-32 oz/A or 1% |
| fluazifop | Fusilade II | 6-12 oz/A or 0.5% |
| sethoxydim | Poast | 12-40 oz/A or 1% |
| sethoxydim | Vantage, Poast Plus, Sethoxydim, etc. | 24-36 oz/A or 1.5% |
| sulfometuron | Oust, SMS, etc. | 4 oz/A |
| trifloxysulfuron + asulam | Envoke, Monument + Asulox, Asulam, etc. | 0.2 oz/A + 96 oz/A |
## Reference
USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. http://plants.usda.gov
## Publication 3186 (POD-02-24)
By John D. Byrd Jr., PhD, Extension/Research Professor, Plant and Soil Sciences; Victor Maddox, PhD, Senior Research Associate, Plant and Soil Sciences; and Randy Westbrooks, PhD, former Invasive
Species Specialist, U.S. Geological Survey. Department: Plant and Soil Sciences
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
| SELECT A COUNTY | ▶ |
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| Authors | Dr. John D. Byrd, Jr. Extension/Research Professor Weed Scientist/Weed Control - Agronomic and Horticultural Crops and noncropland |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. Jason Bond Extension/Research Professor | D. Johnson D. Byrd, Jr. Extension/Research Professor Related News MARCH 6, 2025 Careful management limits chemical resistance in weeds |
| MARCH 6, 2020 Extension offers pesticide training online, in person JANUARY 11, 2019 Restitute applicator certification required for dicamba training | Extension offers pesticide training online, in person |
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/camel-crickets | Camel Crickets | NC State Extension | [
"Michael Waldvogel",
"Patricia Alder",
"Christopher Hayes"
] | null | [
"Household Pests",
"Insect Pest",
"Camel Cricket"
] | NC | ## Camel Crickets
Household Pests
Camel crickets get their name because of their slightly humpbacked appearance (Figure 1). Their long legs give them a spider-like appearance. Unlike other crickets, they do not have wings as adults. There are actually several species called camel crickets, but most of them are unimportant as pests. One species, Tachycines asynamorous or "greenhouse stone cricket" frequently becomes a nuisance indoors. As its name suggests, this species is frequently found in greenhouses. Unlike most cricket species that we see, camel crickets do not "chirp". If you are hearing chirping sounds indoors, then you likely have field crickets, which can be controlled in the same manner, as outlined below. Outdoors, camel crickets are typically found in moist areas including under stones and logs, or in stacks of firewood. Areas that are overgrown with vegetation such as ivy and other ground covers provide excellent hiding places (harborages). Camel crickets pass the winter as nymphs (immatures) or adults. The nymphs looks almost identical to the adult, except that they are smaller. In early spring, adult females begin to lay eggs in the soil. A few weeks later, the nymphs hatch from these eggs.
Attribution: Univar, Inc.
## Problems with Camel Crickets
Camel crickets often become a problem when we have extremes in weather conditions, i.e., excessive rainfall or extended periods of hot, dry weather. Like many insect pests, camel crickets are attracted to cool, moist / humid areas in and around our homes. The crickets often invade storage buildings, crawlspaces, basements, garages and indoor areas where moisture may be a problem (e.g., bathrooms, laundry rooms, etc.). A ttellale sign of a heavy infestation is the presence of dark fecal smears on surfaces (such as on the floor joist in Figure 2). Although they are mostly a nuisance pest, they can damage stored items, such as garments and linens packed in boxes in a garage or basement if the problem goes unchecked for some time and the crickets cannot find suitable food.
EXTENSION
## Non-Chemical Control Methods
Although pesticides can help reduce the nuisance problems with camel crickets, they are not a longterm solution. Effective control starts with eliminating harborage sites, reducing conditions that are conducive or attractive to these pests and by excluding these insects from our homes:
- 1. Caulk or seal gaps and openings around windows frames, doors, foundation and clothes dryer vents, crawlspace access doors (Figure 3), soffits, as well as where heating / AC and plumbing lines pass through the foundation.
- 2. Install weather-stripping along the bottom of house and garage doors so that it fits tightly against the threshold.
- 3. Stack boxes and other items off of the ground and away from the walls in a garage or storage building. This helps improve airflow and makes it easier to check for crickets and other pests, including termites.
- 4. Reduce moisture indoors, as well as in other critical areas such as basements or crawlspaces.
- 5. Keep ground cover and mulch at least 12 inches or more away from the foundation. When possible, use an inorganic cover such as gravel up near the foundation.
- 6. Keep ground cover and shrubs away from the foundation and siding. Do not stack firewood against the house. Remove piles of lumber or other clutter under decks that night attract crickets and other pests.
- 7. Place sticky boards, such as those used for cockroaches and mice, in corners and behind appliances to catch crickets that enter your home.
## Outdoors
Any chemical control should focus first on outdoor barrier treatments. Sprays applied to foundation walls, around vents crawlspace accesses, basement doors and windows, and insecticidal baits applied along the perimeter can be quite effective unless there are heavy rains. In crawlspaces, insecticidal baits placed in corners or along the sill plate will be most effective. Spraying in a confined area, such as a crawlspace, requires caution and the proper application and safety equipment. Granular baits are a better choice for use in a crawlspace, but these products are not readily available to the general public. You can or else contact a licensed pest control company for assistance. Consult your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center or the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual for a list of appropriate pesticides.
## Indoors
Any of the common household (indoor) insecticides can be applied to baseboards, and areas behind appliances. However, if you follow the steps outlined earlier for excluding these pests, the need for indoor applications should be reduced.
## Authors
Michael Waldvogel Extension Specialist (Household & Structural Entomology) Entomology and Plant Pathology
Patricia Alder | Entomology & Plant Pathology Training Coordinator Entomology & Plant Pathology
Christopher Hayes
Christopher Hayes
Christopher Hayes
Postdoctoral Research Scholar Entomology & Plant Pathology Publication date: June 1, 2018
Reviewed/Revised: June 14, 2023
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/2006/lachmann.pdf | Reducing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretion Through Dietary Manipulation | Oklahoma State University | [
"Mariela Lachmann"
] | Error: time data "D:20100105115503-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Influence of Dietary Manipulation on DM, N, and P Excretion of Pigs during an Entire Finishing Period.
M.B. Lachmann, S.D. Carter, T.A. Buhay, R.P. Cueno, S.K. Jenkins, and Z. Marable
## Story in Brief
The size of swine operations has grown dramatically and, with it, the volume of manure produced in specific geographic areas. The fate of manure is land application. Nutrients applied in excess of crop requirements can be associated with environmental pollution. Excess of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), can leach or runoff into water bodies. Therefore, in order to reduce N and P excretion in swine manure, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of reducing dietary levels of protein (CP) and P on dry matter (DM), N, and P excretion during an entire finishing period. A total of 48 Yorkshire barrows weighing 66.4 lb, were housed in an environmentally-controlled building, with a shallow pit, pull plug system. A typical corn-soybean meal diet served as the control, and a low excretion diet (LED) with 4% unit reduction in CP and 0.1% unit reduction in P served as the experimental diet. Pigs were weighed every week, feed intake was measured and slurry samples were taken. Feed and slurry samples were analyzed for DM, N and P. The data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design including the effects of diet, repetition and the interaction. Pigs fed the LED took 7 d longer to reach slaughter weight. Daily and cumulative DM excretion was not affected by dietary treatment. N and P excretion were reduced by 40 and 25% daily, and 38 and 20% cumulative during the 112-d experiment, respectively. The use of LED resulted in a reduction of 1.36 kg of N/pig and 0.14 kg of P/pig during the finishing period.
Key Words: Nutrient Excretion, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Pigs.
## Introduction
It is well known that nutrients applied to the land in excess of crop requirements can result in environmental pollution. Application of excessive N and P can cause these nutrients to runoff into surface water or leach into ground water. If N and P concentration in water increases, it can induce algae growth and, with it, the reduction of oxygen needed to preserve aquatic life. In order to decrease N and P excretion in swine manure, some dietary manipulations have been proposed, including a reduction in the dietary level of CP with the addition of crystalline amino acids (Kerr et al., 2003a, Kerr et al., 2003b, Otto et al., 2003) and reduction of P level in the diet (Cromwell et al., 1995). However, most experiments have been performed using individually-fed animals, and very little data is available for N and P excretion under commercial conditions.
Therefore, the overall objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of reducing dietary levels of CP and P on DM, N and P excretion during the finishing period.
## Materials and Methods
A total of 48 Yorkshire barrows weighing 66.4 lb, were housed in an environmentally-controlled building, with 4 identical rooms. Each room contained a shallow pit, pull plug system. Pigs were blocked by weight and assigned to a diet, using 12 pigs per room and 2 rooms per treatment. The dietary treatments consisted of a typical corn soybean meal diet (control), and a low excretion
diet (LED) with 4% unit reduction in CP and 0.1% unit reduction in P. The composition of the diets is presented in Table 1.
| | Table 1. Composition of diets | Table 1. Composition of diets | Table 1. Composition of diets | Table 1. Composition of diets | Table 1. Composition of diets | Table 1. Composition of diets |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Phase | 1 (66 - 112 lb) | 2 (112 - 187 lb) | 3 (187 - 240 lb) | 3 (187 - 240 lb) | 3 (187 - 240 lb) | 3 (187 - 240 lb) |
| Diet | Control | LED | Control | LED | Control | LED |
| Ingredients, % | Ingredients, % | Ingredients, % | Ingredients, % | Ingredients, % | Ingredients, % | Ingredients, % |
| Corn | 68.98 | 80.11 | 74.44 | 85.39 | 79.73 | 90.68 |
| Soybean meal | 25.84 | 14.51 | 20.68 | 9.33 | 15.54 | 4.19 |
| L-lysine | - | .35 | - | .36 | - | .36 |
| DL-methionine | - | .01 | - | .01 | - | - |
| L-threonine | - | .10 | - | .11 | - | .10 |
| L-tryptophan | - | .03 | - | .03 | - | .04 |
| Soybean oil | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.10 | 3.00 | 3.10 |
| Dicalcium phosphate | .68 | .39 | .52 | .24 | .36 | .08 |
| Limestone | .96 | .95 | .82 | .78 | .82 | .81 |
| Salt | .25 | .25 | .25 | .25 | .25 | .25 |
| Vitamin Mix | .15 | .15 | .15 | .15 | .15 | .15 |
| Trace Mineral Mix | .10 | .10 | .10 | .10 | .10 | .10 |
| Calculated composition, % | Calculated composition, % | Calculated composition, % | Calculated composition, % | Calculated composition, % | Calculated composition, % | Calculated composition, % |
| CP | 18.00 | 14.00 | 16.00 | 12.00 | 14.00 | 10.00 |
| True digestible lysine | .83 | .83 | .71 | .71 | .58 | .58 |
| p | .50 | .40 | .45 | .35 | .40 | .30 |
Pigs were weighed, feed intake was measured, and slurry samples were taken each week during the entire finishing period (112 d). The finishing period ended when pigs reached a target weight of 240 lb. Feed and slurry samples were analyzed for DM, N, and P. The data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design including the effects of treatment, block and the interaction.
## Results and Discussion
All pigs were fed to a target weight of 240 lb. The finishing period for pigs fed the LED was 7 d longer (P
DM intake and daily excretion were similar for both treatments. Also, when DM excretion was analyzed as percentage of intake, it was similar between diets, mainly due to similar feed intake and DM content of the diets. The data is presented in Table 2.
| Diet | Control | LED | P value | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------|-----------|-------|-----------|----------------------|------|------|----------|-----------------------------|----|----|----------|----|----|----|
| Pig's final Wt, lb | 239.8 | 237.6 | >.1 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Duration of finishing period, d | 105 | 112 | <.05<nl> | DM intake, kg/pig/d | 1.89 | 1.83 | >.1 | | | | | | | |
| DM excretion, g/pig/d | 274 | 269 | >.1 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| DM excretion, as % of intake | 14.5 | 14.5 | >.1 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| N intake, g/pig/d | 53 | 38 | <.01<nl> | N excretion, g/pig/d | 34.7 | 20.6 | <.02<nl> | N excretion, as % of intake | 65 | 53 | <.01<nl> | | | |
N intake was reduced by 28% (P
P intake was reduced by 24% (P
When cumulative excretion was analyzed, N and P excretion for the entire finishing period tended to decrease by 38 and 20%, respectively, as presented in Figure 1. The use of the LED resulted in a reduction of 1.36 kg of N and 0.14 kg of P per finisher pig. These reductions in N and P excretion represent a possibility to reduce the total amount of N and P excreted in swine manure in US commercial operations per year. If the total number of head slaughtered in 2005 (103.4 million) is used to estimate the possible reduction in nutrients excreted per year, N and P
excreted could be reduced by 140,624 and 14,476 metric tons, respectively.
In summary, a reduction of 4% unit of CP and 0.1% unit of P in grower-finisher diets decreased daily N and P excretion by 40 and 25%, respectively. It also tended to decrease cumulative N and P excreted by 38% and 20%, respectively, during a 112-day finishing period.
## Literature Cited
Carter et al. 2003. Animal Agricultural and Food Processing Waste IX. 285-295.
Cromwell et al. 1995. J. Anim. Sci. 73:449-456.
Kerr and Easter. 1995. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3000-3008.
Kerr et al. 2003a. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1998-2007.
Kerr et al. 2003b. J. Anim. Sci. 81:3075-3087.
Kornegay and Harper. 1997. The Professional Animal Scientist. 13:99-111.
Otto et al., 2003. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1743-1753.
Shriver et al. 2003. J. Anim. Sci. 81:492-502.
## Acknowledgements
The authors express special thanks to USDA-CSREES and the Oklahoma Pork Council for their support of this experiment.
Copyright 2006 Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.
Authors
M.B. Lachmann. - Graduate Research Assistant.
S.D. Carter. - Associate Professor
T.A. Buhay. - Graduate Research Assistant
R.P. Cueno. - Graduate Research Assistant
S.K. Jenkins. - Graduate Research Assistant.
Z. Marable. - Undergraduate Research Assistant |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/beef-cattle/post-peeler | Post Peeler | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Beef Cattle"
] | MS | Home » Publications »
Building & Construction Plans Archive » Beef Cattle » Post Peeler
## Post Peeler
BEEF CATTLE
Publication Number: 5961-B
View as PDF: 5961-B.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/washington-county-forestry-impacts-2018 | Washington County Forestry Impacts 2018 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Morgan Hoy",
"Olakunle Sodiya",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Forest Economics"
] | NC | ## Washington County Forestry Impacts 2018
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
July 13, 2020
Authors
Rajan Parajuli
Stephanie Chizmar
Morgan Hoy
Olakunle Sodiya
Robert Bardon
□ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=washington- county-forestry-impacts-2018#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/leaf-and-sheath-blight-in-turf | Leaf and Sheath Blight in Turf | NC State Extension | [
"Lee Butler",
"Jim Kerns"
] | null | [
"Turf",
"Turf Disease",
"Blight",
"Turf Pathology"
] | NC | ## Leaf and Sheath Blight in Turf
Turffiles
## Symptoms
Leaf and sheath blight (a.k.a. mini ring), caused by Rhizoctonia zeae , appears in late summer as yellowing or bronzing of turf in patches and/or rings ranging from 3 to 24 inches in diameter. There are no distinct spots or lesions on the leaf blade, but lower leaves may appear bleached or blighted. When stand symptoms are severe, leaf sheaths, stolons, and nodes will be necrotic. Symptoms are often most prevalent from late July through October. Patches/rings are very distinct and are challenging to heal when symptoms coincide with shorter days and cooler temperatures. Although symptom development occurs in late summer/early fall, patches/rings can persist through spring.
## Development Factors
R. zeae is most active July through September based on isolations from ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens. The pathogen was thought to only infect leaves and sheaths, but recent research demonstrates colonization of roots and other below ground tissue. The optimal temperature for R. zeae growth is between 83 and 97°F. Low nitrogen fertility and mechanical damage (aerification and/or verticting) amplify symptom expression. Symptoms are most severe during prolonged dry spells. The epidemiology of this disease is not well understood.
## Cultural Control
This disease is most severe when the turf is under stress. Therefore, management strategies that reduce stress such as raising mowing heights, limiting extreme plant growth regulation, and avoiding aggressive verticiting during July and August help minimize symptom development.
The most important management strategy for this disease is using urea as the nitrogen source. Research demonstrated that rates from 0.1 to 0.3 lb nitrogen/1,000 square feet weekly dramatically reduced disease severity. In this research, urea was solely applied from June 1 to September 30. Sites with a history of this disease should lean more towards the 0.3 lb nitrogen/1,000 square feet rate. Simply switching to urea as a nitrogen source may not be sufficient if rates are too low or only used sporadically. Conversely, using ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source enhanced disease severity.
## Chemical Control
Fungicides for leaf and sheath spot are most effective when applied preventatively and using urea as a nitrogen source during the summer months (as mentioned above in cultural control). The pathogen is primarily found in stolons, nodes, and roots. Therefore, fungicides must be watered-in immediately with 1/8" irrigation. There is limited information on fungicide efficacy for this disease. However, R. zeae is most sensitive in vitro to the DMI and SDHI fungicide families.
| Fungicide and Formulation$^{1}$ | Amount of Formulation$^{2}$ | Application Interval (Days)$^{3}$ | Efficacy Rating | Resistance Risk | FRAC Code$^{4}$ |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|---------------------------------------|--------------------|--------------------|--------------------|
| azoxystrobin (Heritage TL) | 2 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Low | 11 |
| azoxystrobin + acibenzolar-S- methyl (Heritage Action)* | 0.2 to 0.4 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Low | 11/P01 |
| azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (Briskway)* | 0.5 to 1.2 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Low | 11/3 |
| azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Headway) | 1.5 to 3 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Low | 11/3 |
| azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Compendium) | 1.3 to 2.6 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Low | 11/3 |
| benzovindiflupyr + difenoconazole (Ascernity)* | 1.0 | 14 to 21 | +++ | Low | 7/3 |
| fluindapyr + flutriafol (Kalida) | 0.25 to 0.4 | 14 to 21 | ++ | Low | 7/3 |
| flutolanil (Prostar) (Pedigree) | 2.2 to 4.5 3.25 to 6.6 | 14 to 21 14 to 21 | +++ ++ | Low Low | 7 |
| fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (Lexicon) | 0.34 to 0.47 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Low | 7/11 |
| mefentrifluconazole + pyraclostrobin (Navicon)* | 0.7 to 0.85 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Low | 3/11 |
| penthiopyrad (Velista) | 0.3 to 0.5 | 14 | +++ | Low | 7 |
| polyoxin D (Affirm) | 0.88 | 7 to 14 | +++ | Low | 19 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|------------|-----------|-------|-------|--------|
| prothiconazole (Densicor)* | 0.196 | 14 to 21 | +++++ | Low | 3 |
| pydiflumetofen + azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Posterity XT)* | 1.5 to 3 | 14 to 28 | +++++ | Low | 7/11/3 |
| pyracelostrobin (Insignia) | 0.4 to 0.7 | 14 to 28 | +++++ | Low | 11 |
disease pressure is moderate
- + = good control when disease pressure is moderate, excellent control when
disease pressure is low
- + = good control when disease pressure is low
? = not rated due to insufficient data
## Resistance Risk
Low = Rotate to different chemical class after 3-4 applications; tank mixing not
necessary
Medium = Rotate to different chemical class after 1-2 applications; tank-mixing
with low or medium risk product recommended
High = Rotate to different chemical class after EVERY application; tank-mix
with low or medium risk product for EVERY application
? = not rated due to insufficient data
## Photos
Leaf and sheath blight, a.ka. mini ring, on an ultradwarf bermudagrass putting green.
## Authors
Lee Butler
Extension Coordinator Entomology and Plant Pathology
Jim Kerns
Associate Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Dec. 17, 2019
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/home-family/ticks-tick-borne-illnesses-in-alabama/ | Ticks & Tick-borne Illnesses in Alabama | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Emily Merritt",
"Arnold Beau Brodbeck"
] | 2018-07-25 | [
"Ticks",
"Health",
"Alabama",
"Public Health"
] | AL | ## Ticks & Tick-borne Illnesses in Alabama
## What is a tick, why does ticks bite, and why does it matter?
Ticks are very small external parasites that feed by sucking blood from animals (hosts), including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Most ticks go through four life stages: egg, sixlegged larva, eight-legged nymph, and adult. After hatching from eggs, ticks must consume blood at every stage to survive and most ticks prefer a different host at each life stage.
In Alabama, there are several tick species, some of which carry illness-causing bacteria that can be transferred to the hosts on which they feed. While we do not know the percentage of infected ticks in Alabama, we do know that many people become ill from them every year.
All people who spend time outdoors, either in their backyard or the wilderness, are at risk of exposure to ticks and contracting a tick-borne illness. Hikers, hunters, outdoor workers, and other groups are more likely to be bitten by ticks because their activities usually take place in prime ticking habitats. Horses, dogs, cats, and other pets that spend time outdoors can be bitten by ticks and infected with a tick-bone illness. If those pets come inside, they can bring ticks into your home and put you at greater risk of being bitten.
What species of ticks are found in Alabama, anci wlhai hossto sd othe(thedwited/www.auburn.eduadministration/oaop/privacyapiphip) (tyyoxoninejardisfecuing.
## How do ticks find and stay attached to hosts?
## What happens when ticks are attached?
During feeding, a tick will slowly suck its host's blood for several days. If the tick contains an infectious organism (pathogen), it could be transmitted to the host during this time. At its next feeding, an infected tick can transmit pathogens to a new host, potentially causing illness.
## What illnesses can ticks cause?
Spotted fever. This illness caused by the spotted fever group of Rickettsia bacteria is the most commonly reported tick-borne illness in Alabama. The best known and most severe form of the illness is Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Symptoms begin to present in a few days to 2 weeks after infection and include fever, headache, muscle pain, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Most people develop a spotted red rash, typically around the wrists and ankles at first. This rash can spread to the entire body (figure 3).
## Cookie Notice: These are not antibiotics. These illnesses, like Lyme disease, are difficult to diagnose because of their napsacid symptoms. This is particularly true.
Rash is associated with synctiosis. This is paritus lyae - tue. When ihle rash is associated with hppersir. It cnapc.t.atiy.i.panc.d.of. https://www.aaubursedmedicationadministration that is not treated quickly. Dogs may also get spotted fever infections if bitten by an infected tick.
Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics. If caught early enough, recovery is usually quick. If treatment is not immediately received, infection can spread to other parts of the body, and cause serious chronic medical issues.
Because Lyme disease can be mistaken for other illnesses, such as arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, ALS, fibromyalgia, mental illnesses, and more, it is important to watch for other symptoms and educate yourself. Remember, too, that horses and dogs can acquire this disease from tick bites.
Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) . STARI , also known as Masters disease, is an emerging tick-borne illness found particularly in the South. While symptoms are similar to Lyme disease, not much is known about its cause or long-term effects. Symptoms occur within approximately 7 days of infection and include fatigue, fever, headache, and muscle and joint pain. A red bull's-eye rash may form on the skin at the location of the bite. Antibiotics are used in treatment.
Ehrlichiosis. This is another emerging tick-bone illness that is more common in the South, particularly in dogs. Symptoms commonly occur within 5 to 10 days of infection and may include fever, headache, muscle ache, lethargy, confusion, nausea, and vomiting. Less than 30 percent of infected adults develop a body rash. Serous, lifelong illness and possible fatality can occur if antibiotic treatment is not administered quickly.
| Pets at risk of becoming infected with some of these illnesses. If your pet spends time outdoors, check them regularly for ticks and be on the lookout for signs of lethargy, arthritis, lameness, fever, fatigue and change in appetite. |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Because illness is more difficult to detect in pets. it is important to closely watch their behavior. See a veterinarian immediately if you have reason to believe they are infected. |
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oaa/privacy.php)
## When are ticks active and which illnesses do they transmit?
Because of the warm, southern climate, ticks in all life stages may be active year-round in Alabama. The table on page 5 shows when each tick species is most active throughout the year and what illnesses they have the ability to transmit.
## Where can you be exposed to ticks?
Ticks are commonly found in the following habitats:
- tall grasses and prairies
- shrubs and brush
- low-lying branches
- leaf litter
- rotten logs or stumps
- wooded areas and their edges
- moist/humid areas
- beaches and dunes
- areas of lawn adjacent to woods or fields
- stone walls and woodpiles where small mammals live
Be on the lookout for brown dog ticks on your pets and in your home, furniture, animal pens, and dog kennels.
## Where are the most common places to find ticks attached on the body?
## How is a tick properly removed from the body?
If you find an attached tick on yourself or your pet, remove it as soon as you can. The longer the tick is attached, the greater the chance it will transmit disease or cause illness. Proper removal is incredibly important, because improper removal can increase your risk of infection.
To properly remove and dispose of a tick, grasp the tick as close to the skin as you can get with sterile tweezers or a tick tool (figure 8) and pull upward on the tick with a steady, even tug. After the tick is removed, wash and disinfect the area on the skin where the tick was attached. Wash your hands. Dispose of the tick by submersing it in rubbing alcohol for more than 1 day, wrapping it tightly in tape and throwing it away, or flushing it down the toilet.
## These are the don'ts of tick removal:
- Don't try to scrape off a tick.
- Don't twist or squeeze the tick; this can cause the mouthparts to break off in the skin.
- Don't burn a tick with a hot match while it is still attached.
- Don't apply a substance such as nail polish remover, petroleum jelly, gasoline, or soap to the tick in an attempt to kill it while it is still attached.
- Don't touch the tick with your fingers.
- Don't wash the tick down a drain; it can crawl back up the drain and into your home.
## How can tick encounters and bites be prevented?
There is currently no vaccination against Lyme disease or other tick- borne illnesses for humans.
It is incredibly important, therefore, to take preventative measures year-round when you are outside.
## Follow these guidelines before going outside:
- · Wear light-colored long pants and long-sleeved shirts. Tuck the shirt tail into the pants, and tuck the pants legs into socks.
- · Put long hair in a bun or pull it up into a hat.
- · Wear close-toed shoes.
- · Use repellents that contain greater than 20 percent DEET on exposed skin and clothing.
- · Treat clothing and gear with products containing 0.5 percent permethrin. This is the most effective preventative measure when used according to the label.
## Follow these guidelines while outside:
- · Walk along the center of a trail to avoid questing ticks at trail edges.
- · Do not sit on rioten logs or stumps; that is where ticks seek refuge.
- · Wear protective gloves when handling dead animals.
- · Follow these guidelines immediately after coming indoors:
- · Carefully examine clothing, gear, and pets. Ticks can ride into your home on something and attach later.
- · Tumble clothes in a dryer on high heat for a half an hour to kill undiscovered ticks.
- · Conduct a full body check in the shower or by using a partner or a mirror. You should do this for several days following potential exposure or make it part of your daily routine.
- · Check skin for any bumps, scabs, or dirt specks that might indicate a tick, especially on the scalp. If you feel something, don't squeeze or press it. Check it.
## Follow these guidelines for pets:
- · Use a brush to facilitate full body checks.
- · Consult with your veterinarian for effective tick control products such as oral medication, impregnated collars, or topical treatments.
- · Prevent tick-borne illnesses in your pets--this may also prevent illness in you!
## Tick Danger Zones
- · Wear light-colored long pants and long-sleeved shirts. Tuck the shirt tail into the pants, and tuck the pants legs into socks.
- · Put long hair in a bun or pull it up into a hat.
- · Wear close-toed shoes.
- · Use repellents that contain greater than 20 percent DEET on exposed skin and clothing.
- · Treat clothing and gear with products containing 0.5 percent permethrin. This is the most effective preventative measure when used according to the label.
## Follow these guidelines while outside:
- · Walk along the center of a trail to avoid questing ticks at trail edges.
- · Do not sit on rotten logs or stumps; that is where ticks seek refuge.
- · Wear protective gloves when handling dead animals.
- · Follow these guidelines immediately after coming indoors:
- · Carefully examine clothing, gear, and pets. Ticks can ride into your home on something and attach later.
- · Tumble clothes in a dryer on high heat for a half an hour to kill undiscovered ticks.
- · Conduct a full body check in the shower or by using a partner or a mirror. You should do this for several days following potential exposure or make it part of your daily routine.
- · Check skin for any bumps, scabs, or dirt specks that might indicate a tick, especially on the scalp. If you feel something, don't squeeze or press it. Check it.
## Emily Merritt, Research Associate, School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, and Arnold Beau Brodbeck , Regional Extension Agent, Forestry, Wildlife and Natural Resource Management
Reviewed January 2024, Ticks & Tick-borne Illnesses in Alabama, ANR-2315
## [PDF]
Download this article as a PDF
(https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ANR-2315.pdf) Ticks & Tick-borne Illnesses in Alabama . ANR-2315 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ANR-2315.pdf)
## Cookie Notice
## (https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/the-economic-contributions-forestry-and-forest-products-newton-county | The Economic Contributions of Forestry and Forest Products - Newton County | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Shaun M. Tanger, PhD, Assistant Extension Professor, Forestry",
"Marcus K. Measells, MS, Senior Extension Associate, Forestry",
"James E. Henderson, PhD, Extension Professor and Head, Coastal Research and Extension Center",
"Ian A. Munn, PhD, Associate Dean and Professor, Forestry"
] | null | [
"Forest Economics",
"Forestry Impacts",
"Miscellaneous"
] | MS | " Publications " Miscellaneous
The Economic Contributions of Forestry and Forest Products - Newton County
## The Economic Contributions of Forestry and Forest Products
## - Newton County
MISCELLANEOUS
Filed Under: Forest Economics, Forestry Impacts
Publication Number: M1736
View as PDF: M1736.pdf
## Newton County
Forestry and forest products are a major component of Newton County's economy. Forest-related economic sectors generate value not only within the forest-related sectors but also in other sectors of the economy. The economic contributions of forest-related sectors and their contributions on other sectors can be estimated using input-output analysis. Using 2018 data, this study estimates the total economic contributions of forestry and the forest products industry to Newton County, Mississippi.
## Employment and Income Contributions
Forest-related economic activity in Newton County during 2018 generated 1,005 jobs and over $45.5 million in income. That's about 11.4% of jobs and 14.2% of income in the county. Employment is the number of full- and part-time jobs in all sectors of the economy. Income includes all forms of employment income, including employee compensation (wages and benefits) and proprietor income, also referred to as labor income.
## Total Output and Value Added Contributions
Forestry and the forest products industry generated over $174.0 million, or about 16.9% of economic output in Newton County. Forest-related value added amounted to over $62.3 million, or about 13.8% of all value added in the county. The value of all goods and services produced is defined as total output. Value added is a portion of total output and represents the creation of new wealth.
## Tax Contributions
Forest-related economic activity contributed an estimated $12.36 million in tax revenue for federal, state, and local governments. This represents an estimated tax revenue of $8.69 million for federal and $3.67 million for state and local governments.
Contributions from forest-related sectors on employment and income in Newton County, Mississippi , 2018.
| | Number of Jobs | % of County | Income ($) | % of County |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors |
| Misc. Forest Products | 4 | 0.04 | 152,759 | 0.05 |
| Logging | 77 | 0.87 | 5,316,655 | 1.66 |
| Solid Wood Products | 30 | 0.34 | 1,964,407 | 0.61 |
| Wood Furniture | 635 | 7.19 | 30,011,794 | 9.35 |
| Pulp & Paper | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Subtotal | 747 | 8.45 | 37,445,614 | 11.67 |
| Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors |
| Wholesale & Retail Trade | 57 | 0.65 | 1,804,318 | 0.56 |
| Misc. Services | 51 | 0.57 | 1,111,603 | 0.35 |
| Transport. & Comm. Services | 40 | 0.45 | 1,883,164 | 0.59 |
| Misc. Manufacturing | 31 | 0.35 | 598,311 | 0.19 |
| Resource Services | 26 | 0.29 | 839,319 | 0.26 |
| Financial & Real Estate | 23 | 0.27 | 474,693 | 0.15 |
| Health Services | 18 | 0.21 | 830,359 | 0.26 |
| | Number of Jobs | % of County | Income ($) | % of County |
|--------------------------|------------------|---------------|--------------|---------------|
| Government | 2 | 0.02 | 132,749 | 0.04 |
| Domestic Services | 2 | 0.02 | 77,192 | 0.02 |
| Utility Services | 2 | 0.02 | 145,538 | 0.05 |
| Construction | 2 | 0.02 | 65,979 | 0.02 |
| Recreation & Amusement | 2 | 0.02 | 14,227 | 0 |
| Education | 2 | 0.02 | 34,723 | 0.01 |
| Agricultural Products | 1 | 0.01 | 45,464 | 0.01 |
| Mining | 0 | 0 | 189 | 0 |
| Transportation Equipment | 0 | 0 | 2,092 | 0 |
| Metal Industries | 0 | 0 | 406 | 0 |
| Food Processing | 0 | 0 | 152 | 0 |
| Petroleum & Chemicals | 0 | 0 | -74 | 0 |
| Agricultural Processing | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
| Glass, Stone, & Clay | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Fabric Mills & Leather | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Number of Jobs | % of County | Income ($) | % of County |
|-------------------------|------------------|---------------|--------------|---------------|
| Farm Inputs & Machinery | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Machinery & Equipment | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Technology Industries | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Subtotal | 259 | 2.93 | 8,060,424 | 2.51 |
| TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS | 1,005 | 11.38 | 45,506,038 | 14.18 |
| Rest of County | 7,830 | 88.62 | 275,395,839 | 85.82 |
| Total in County | 8,836 | 100 | 320,901,877 | 100 |
Contributions from forest-related sectors on total output and value added in Newton County, Mississippi , 2018.
| | Output ($) | % of County | Value Added ($) | % of County |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors |
| Misc. Forest Products | 229,060 | 0.02 | 155,077 | 0.03 |
| Logging | 7,829,614 | 0.76 | 5,323,685 | 1.17 |
| Solid Wood Products | 7,188,266 | 0.70 | 3,345,520 | 0.74 |
| Wood Furniture | 126,201,864 | 12.26 | 38,747,643 | 8.54 |
| Pulp & Paper | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| | Output ($) | % of County | Value Added ($) | % of County |
|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Subtotal | 141,448,804 | 13.75 | 47,571,926 | 10.48 |
| Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors |
| Wholesale & Retail Trade | 6,924,888 | 0.67 | 3,286,575 | 0.72 |
| Misc. Services | 3,622,189 | 0.35 | 1,695,839 | 0.37 |
| Transport. & Comm. Services | 6,226,123 | 0.61 | 2,487,414 | 0.55 |
| Misc. Manufacturing | 2,075,731 | 0.20 | 742,083 | 0.16 |
| Resource Services | 917,477 | 0.09 | 720,942 | 0.16 |
| Financial & Real Estate | 7,426,740 | 0.72 | 3,809,822 | 0.84 |
| Health Services | 1,864,744 | 0.18 | 905,624 | 0.20 |
| Government | 217,733 | 0.02 | 149,468 | 0.03 |
| Domestic Services | 625,810 | 0.06 | 218,245 | 0.05 |
| Utility Services | 2,057,910 | 0.20 | 633,116 | 0.14 |
| Construction | 325,322 | 0.03 | 92,988 | 0.02 |
| Recreation & Amusement | 60,773 | 0.01 | 30,183 | 0.01 |
| Education | 48,880 | 0.00 | 31,887 | 0.01 |
| | Output ($) | % of County | Value Added ($) | % of County |
|--------------------------|--------------|---------------|-------------------|---------------|
| Agricultural Products | 118,259 | 0.01 | 11,473 | 0 |
| Mining | 85,737 | 0.01 | 3,531 | 0 |
| Transportation Equipment | 12,312 | 0 | 2,676 | 0 |
| Metal Industries | 2,031 | 0 | 699 | 0 |
| Food Processing | 860 | 0 | 244 | 0 |
| Petroleum & Chemicals | 2,178 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Agricultural Processing | 223 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
| Glass, Stone, & Clay | 38 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Fabric Mills & Leather | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Farm Inputs & Machinery | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Machinery & Equipment | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Technology Industries | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Subtotal | 32,615,958 | 3.17 | 14,822,716 | 3.27 |
| TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS | 174,064,762 | 16.92 | 62,394,641 | 13.75 |
| Rest of County | 854,959,498 | 83.08 | 391,408,018 | 86.25 |
| | Output (%) | % of County | Value Added ($) | % of County |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Total in County | 1,029,024,260 | 100.00 | 453,802,659 | 100.00 |
| Economic contributions developed using 2018 IMPLAN® software and data (reported in 2020 dollars). | Economic contributions developed using 2018 IMPLAN® software and data (reported in 2020 dollars). | Economic contributions developed using 2018 IMPLAN® software and data (reported in 2020 dollars). | Economic contributions developed using 2018 IMPLAN® software and data (reported in 2020 dollars). | Economic contributions developed using 2018 IMPLAN® software and data (reported in 2020 dollars). |
| Newton County forestland acreage, ownership, value, and taxes collected. | Newton County forestland acreage, ownership, value, and taxes collected. | Newton County forestland acreage, ownership, value, and taxes collected. | Newton County forestland acreage, ownership, value, and taxes collected. | Newton County forestland acreage, ownership, value, and taxes collected. |
| Total forestland acres, 2018 | Total forestland acres, 2018 | Total forestland acres, 2018 | 300,750 | 300,750 |
| Private ownership acres | Private ownership acres | Private ownership acres | 298,770 | 298,770 |
| Public ownership acres | Public ownership acres | Public ownership acres | 1,981 | 1,981 |
| Forestland assessed value, 2018 | Forestland assessed value, 2018 | Forestland assessed value, 2018 | $7,758,810 | $7,758,810 |
| Ad valorem tax collections from forestland, 2018 | Ad valorem tax collections from forestland, 2018 | Ad valorem tax collections from forestland, 2018 | $997,162 | $997,162 |
| Value of standing timber, 2018 | Value of standing timber, 2018 | Value of standing timber, 2018 | $310,141,712 | $310,141,712 |
| Value of timber harvested, 2019 | Value of timber harvested, 2019 | Value of timber harvested, 2019 | $29,759,921 | $29,759,921 |
| Timber severance tax collections (100%), 2019 | Timber severance tax collections (100%), 2019 | Timber severance tax collections (100%), 2019 | $94,074 | $94,074 |
| Tax to Forest Resource Development Program (80%) | Tax to Forest Resource Development Program (80%) | Tax to Forest Resource Development Program (80%) | $75,259 | $75,259 |
| Tax returned to county government (20%) | Tax returned to county government (20%) | Tax returned to county government (20%) | $18,815 | $18,815 |
Sources: Forestland ownership, acreage, and timber volumes were estimated using the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, Forest Inventory EVALDator web application Version 1.8.0.01. Tax collections according to Mississippi Tax Commission and Mississippi Department of Revenue. Timber harvest values according to the Mississippi Harvest of Forest Products Report.
By Shaun M. Tanger, PhD, Assistant Extension Professor, Forestry; Marcus K. Measells, MS, Senior Extension Associate, Forestry; James E. Henderson, PhD, Extension Professor and Head, Coastal Research and Extension Center; and Ian A. Munn, PhD, Associate Dean and Professor, Forestry. Department: MSU Extension-Newton County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
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Authors
APRIL 28, 2023
Trying to salvage timber? Call a forestry specialist
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Consider temps, soil makeup when planting loblolly pines
FEBRUARY 17, 2023
Timberland upkeep can help lower tax bills
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/leptospirosis-in-cattle/ | Leptospirosis in Cattle | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Soren P. Rodning",
"Misty A. Edmondson",
"Julie A. Gard",
"Andrew S. Lovelady"
] | 2018-09-05 | [
"Beef",
"Livestock",
"Cattle",
"Health"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style id='ninja_table_custom_css_15372' type='text/css'>
#footable_15372 {
font-family: ;
font-size: px;
}
</style>
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
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<article id="post-6187" class="post-6187 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-beef category-farming category-beef-health category-livestock tag-alabama-beef-cattle tag-anr-0858 tag-beef tag-cattle tag-cows tag-health tag-leptospirosis tag-leptospirosis-in-cattle first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Leptospirosis in Cattle">
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<h1>Beef</h1>
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Leptospirosis in Cattle </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>September 5, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Soren P. Rodning, Misty A. Edmondson, Julie A. Gard, and Andrew S. Lovelady</li>
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<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/livestock/beef/">Beef</a>
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<p>Learn about leptospirosis, the signs of infection, how it transmits, prevention, and treatment.</p>
<p>Leptospirosis, commonly referred to as “Lepto,” is caused by the spiral-shaped bacteria <em>Leptospira</em>, which has more than 400 subclassifications called “serovars.” Some examples of different serovars include <em>hardjo</em>, <em>pomona, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae</em>, and <em>grippotyphosa</em>, all of which are included in the commonly used “five-way Lepto” vaccines.</p>
<p>Serovars are typically associated with one or more maintenance hosts that serve as reservoirs of infection. In other words, maintenance hosts carry the bacteria and expose other susceptible animals. Maintenance hosts can be wildlife species or domestic animals, including livestock (see table below). An animal may be infected by serovars maintained by its own species (maintenance host infection or host-adapted infection) or serovars maintained by other species (incidental infection or nonhost-adapted infection).</p>
<p>Leptospirosis is also a zoonotic disease. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that can be passed among animals (wild or domesticated) and humans. Therefore, people should take extra precautions to protect themselves when handling animals suspected of having a Lepto infection.</p>
<h1>Clinical Signs</h1>
<p>The clinical signs of Lepto depend on the herd’s degree of resistance or immunity, the infecting serovar, and the age of the animal infected. In herds with adequate resistance, ideally developed through a good vaccination program or in some cases natural exposure, cattle may be infected with the organism but not show signs of disease. However, in herds with low resistance, animals infected with the organism may show mild to severe signs of disease. Disease usually takes one of two forms: chronic (long lasting) or acute (short lasting), often depending on whether animals are infected with host-adapted or nonhost-adapted serovars, respectively.</p>
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<th scope="col" class="ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_leptospira_serovar "><i>Leptospira</i> serovar</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_maintenance_host ">Maintenance host</th></tr>
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<td>hardjo-bovis</td><td>cattle</td> </tr>
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<td>pomona</td><td>pigs, skunks</td> </tr>
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<td>icterohaemorrhagiae</td><td>rats, other rodents</td> </tr>
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<li><em>Leptospira hardjo-bovis</em> is the only <strong>host-adapted</strong> Lepto serovar in cattle and can infect animals at any age, including young calves. Because cattle are the maintenance host for <em>hardjo-bovis</em>, infection with this serovar will often produce a carrier state in the kidneys associated with long-term urinary shedding. In addition, infections with <em>hardjo-bovis</em> can persist in the reproductive tract. The infertility that can result from persistent reproductive tract infections is perhaps the most economically damaging aspect of leptospirosis in the United States. Low antibody titers are typically associated with <em>hardjo-bovis</em> infections, making detection and diagnosis difficult.</li>
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<li><strong>Nonhost-adapted</strong> Lepto serovars include <em>Leptospira pomona</em>, <em>icterohaemorrhagiae</em>, <em>canicola</em>, and <em>grippotyphosa</em>. Because cattle are incidental hosts for these Lepto serovars, the clinical signs are typically very different than infection with <em>hardjo-bovis</em>. When leptospirosis associated with nonhost-adapted Lepto serovars occurs in calves, the result is high fever, anemia, red urine, jaundice, and sometimes death in three to five days. In older cattle, the initial symptoms such as fever and lethargy are often milder and usually go unnoticed. In addition, older animals usually do not die from leptospirosis. Lactating cows produce less milk, and, for a week or more, the milk they produce is thick and yellow. However, unlike many other udder infections, leptospirosis does not usually cause any firmness of the udder. Leptospirosis with nonhost-adapted Lepto serovars also affects pregnant cows causing embryonic death, abortions, stillbirths, retained placenta, and the birth of weak calves. Abortions usually occur three to ten weeks after infection. The more severe clinical signs and higher antibody titers that are usually associated with nonhost-adapted Lepto serovars make diagnosis easier.</li>
</ul>
<h1>Transmission</h1>
<p>Leptospirosis is transmitted either directly between animals or indirectly through the environment. The <em>Leptospira</em> organism is most commonly shed in the urine of an infected animal and can be shed through aborted fetuses as well, thus infecting animals directly or contaminating the environment. The source of infection can therefore be an infected animal or water/ feed that has been contaminated with infected urine. The organisms gain entry to the body though the membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, and even the skin, especially if it is injured or water softened. Infected animals also commonly shed the bacteria in placental fluids and milk. In addition, some <em>Leptospira</em> serovars can be transmitted venereally through sexual contact.</p>
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<p><em>Leptospira</em> organisms can survive in the environment for weeks to months depending on environmental conditions, and some organisms have been shown to survive in stagnant, standing water or in wet soil for longer than six months if the temperature is favorable (between 50 degrees and 93 degrees F). Moisture and warm temperatures are conducive to <em>Leptospira</em> survival, while dry, freezing, and extremely high temperatures often kill the bacteria.</p>
<h1>Treatment and Prevention</h1>
<p>Because of the presence of <em>Leptospira</em> carrier states in both cattle and wildlife, avoiding all exposure to leptospirosis is not possible for most beef cattle operations. Your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotic therapy for animals with leptospirosis, when necessary. However, attempting to prevent leptospirosis through regular herd vaccination is the best approach. At a minimum, annual vaccination of bulls, cows, and replacement heifers at least six to eight weeks before the breeding season with a five-way Lepto vaccine is recommended after initial primary and booster vaccinations, according to label directions. Because all Lepto vaccines are killed, or inactivated, it is critical that animals receive the initial primary and booster vaccinations according to label directions, which include the proper time interval between the initial and booster vaccinations (usually about four weeks).</p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Soren P. Rodning</strong>, <em>Extension Veterinarian</em>, Assistant Professor, Animal Sciences at Auburn University; and <strong>Misty A. Edmondson</strong>, Veterinarian, Associate Professor; <strong>Julie A. Gard</strong>, Veterinarian, Associate Professor; and <strong>Andrew S. Lovelady</strong>, Veterinarian, all in Clinical Sciences at Auburn University</p>
<p>Reviewed September 2018, <strong>Leptospirosis in Cattle</strong>, ANR-0858</p>
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/management-of-soybean-cyst-nematode | Management of Soybean Cyst Nematode | NC State Extension | [
"Adrienne Gorny",
"LeAnn Lux"
] | null | [
"Soybean Production",
"Plant Pathology",
"Soybean",
"Soybean Cyst Nematode",
"Disease",
"Field Crop",
"Soybean Disease",
"Legume",
"Nematode",
"Field Crop Disease"
] | NC | ## Soybean Cyst Nematode
Soybean Disease Information
## Introduction
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) was first reported in the United States (U.S.) in 1954 in New Hanover County, North Carolina. Since then, SCN has spread to almost all soybean-growing regions in the U.S. and is one of the most destructive pathogens affecting soybean production. SCN can cause substantial yield and economic losses acrossthe U.S., resulting in estimated annual losses of over one billion dollars. In North Carolina, the highest populations of SCN have previously been found throughout the coastal plains, as the nematode prefers sandy soil type. However, SCN can establish and cause yield loss in any soil type.
Unlike some other types of nematodes such as lesion ( Pratylenchus spp.) and root-knot ( Meloidogyne spp.) nematode, SCN has a narrow host range. Soybean cyst nematode only infects soybean and other bean crops.
Attribution: Image courtesy of Dr. Weinim Ye and NC Soybean Producers Board
## Cause-Nematode and Life Cycle
Soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines ) is a microscopic, plant-parasitic roundworm. The nematode damages the soybean roots by penetrating, feeding and reproducing on the root tissue. SCN is primarily spread through the movement of soil and, once established in favorable conditions, the nematode can reproduce rapidly. SCN has three main stages of its life cycle consisting of an egg, a juvenile stage, and the adult stage. This cycle can often be repeated numerous times throughout the season in favorable environments as egg development occurs 21 to 28 days after juvenile establishment in the root. Optimal conditions for numerous life cycles to take place consist of soil temperatures between 75- and 82-degrees Fahrenheit. In North Carolina, there may be up to five SCN generations in one year.
SCN eggs develop inside a cyst, which is the body of an adult female. Juvenile nematodes will hatch from an egg and migrate through the soil to root tissue. If there is no root tissue present, the juveniles die within a few weeks. It has been reported that when roots are present the root exudates stimulate the hatching of eggs and attraction of the juveniles to the root systems. The juveniles then penetrate the roots using a stylet, a hollow spear-like mouth structure. The juvenile penetration alone can result in considerable damage resulting in increased susceptibility to other soil-borne
diseases that may be cause by opportunistic pathogens such as Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Macrophromina. The juvenile continues to penetrate the root and migrate towards the vascular tissue to locate and establish a feeding site called a syncytium. Once established, the nematode becomes sedentary. Nutrients are then diverted from the host to the nematode resulting in nutritional deficiencies of the soybean. The sedentary nematode molts three time developing into the adult female stage. The adult male nematodes migrate to the sedentary females to fertilize the female. After fertilization, eggs develop within the female increasing in size. The nematodes body will break through the roots of the soybean forming a yellow, lemon-shaped cyst on the root of the soybean. As the female matures and egg development stops, the cyst turns brown and detaches from the root. Cysts can contain anywhere from 25 eggs to 200 eggs and can survive for many years within the soil.
View through a microscope of white females of the soybean cyst nematode on soybean root (the long diagonal structure). Female is about the size of the head of a pin.
Attribution: NC State Plant Pathology
## Population and Races
Different populations of SCN have evolved to overcome resistant soybean cultivars, and these populations were historically characterized as races 1 through 16. However, the race classification scheme was limited in the type of virulent populations that it could describe. Therefore, a new classification scheme called the "HG Types" was developed and named after the genus and species name of SCN ( Heterodera glycines ). HG Types, while conceptually similar to races, use a more robust test to characterize SCN populations that includes seven different breeding lines conferring different sources of resistance to SCN. These breeding lines consist of Peking, PI88788, PI90763, PI437654, PI209332, PI89772, and Cloud. Understanding HG Type population distribution and levels within a field can assist with selecting resistant soybean varieties. PI88788 has been widely
used as the primary source of resistance putting pressure on nematode populations adapting to overcome resistance. Therefore, it is recommended to rotate resistant varieties with the different breeding backgrounds.
A soil survey conducted in 2017 for better understanding of what HG Types were predominant in soybean fields in North Carolina. Of the 18 counties sampled in the survey, HG Type 1.2 (87%), HG Type 1.2.3 (10%), and HG Type 2 (3%) were identified.
## Signs and Symptoms
As with many nematode issues, SCN can often go undetected due to subtle or complete lack of above ground symptoms. Even without conspicuous above ground symptoms, studies have reported yield losses up to 30% in infested fields. If and when symptoms are seen they may appear as patches and/or 'hot spots' distributed throughout the field. Above ground symptoms of SCN in these hot spots may include stunting, wilting, chlorosis (yellowing)The hot spots are often stunted, and yellowing soybeans typically seen in elliptical shaped patterns.
Signs (the visual indication of the pathogen itself) of SCN can be seen below ground often in the middle to late part of the growing season. White or cream colored lemon-shaped SCN cysts on the soybean root can be seen with the naked eye. The cysts are approximately the size of a pen tip or smaller. As the cysts mature, they will turn from yellow to brown.
Aerial view of soybean cyst nematode damage in the field.
Attribution: Photo: Greg Tylka, Iowa State
## Sampling and Diagnosis
If SCN is suspected in a field, a few plants should be dug up, taking care to handle the root system gently - SCN cysts are loosely attached to the outside of the root and may become dislodged. Visually inspect the roots, looking for the cysts. Use of a hand lens or magnifying glass can help you look for the small cysts. Although the presence of SCN cysts on the soybean roots is sufficient to diagnose SCN in the field, this will not indicate the level of SCN pressure (nematode population counts) in the field. Diagnosis can be confirmed through assessment of soil samples for SCN by a plant disease diagnostic laboratory or nematode assay laboratory.
Soil sampling for SCN is important to document the presence, distribution, and population levels within the field. Understanding the risk SCN poses within the field will help determine what management tools are best to employ. Soil sampling for nematode analysis is recommended either in the spring before planting to make management decisions for the current season, or in the fall at
Attribution: Jeremy Martin, Sandhills Research Station Superintendent
harvest time, to prepare for the next cropping cycle. Soil samples should be collected using a hand trowel or soil probe of at least 1-inch diameter, to a depth of 6 to 8 inches. Soil samples conducted prior to harvest should be angled towards the root zone.
Since SCN distribution within a field is generally uneven, there are different strategies to determine where locations of soil samples should be taken. It is recommended that for each of these, one composite sample be collected for each 4-5 acre block being sampled.
- 1.) If sampling a field for SCN for the first time: target high risk areas or areas where the nematode could first be int4-5-acre (i.e., flooded areas, low spots, and field entryways);
- 2.) If sampling to determine egg counts in fields known to have SCN- separate the field into 4-5acre sections and collect 20 to 30 soil samples in a zig-zag pattern throughout each section. Bulk soil cores together and remove one composite sample for analysis.
- 3.) To evaluate effectiveness of management tools - divide the field into sections and monitor populations as different management practices are used.
## Management
Management of SCN is best accomplished using an integrated approach including tactics such as reducing the spread of SCN from field to field, soil sampling and monitoring, planting resistant varieties, rotating to non-host crops, and using a nematicide treatments where economically feasible. Using an integrated "toolbox" approach reduces reliance on a single tactic, minimizes costs, and minimizes risk of developing resistance to a variety or pesticide.
## Cultural Practices
SCN is not seedborne, but rather is spread through the movement of infested soil from field to field. Cleaning equipment between fields can limit the rate of the spread of SCN. Proactive scouting and soil sampling can provide early detection of SCN that can be critical when making informed management decisions. Crop rotation with non-host crops (corn, cotton, tobacco, peanut, sorghum, and most vegetables) is the most effective management tool used to reduce SCN population levels. Incorporating a management plan that rotates crops and resistant varieties with varying SCN resistant genetics can keep populations at manageable levels.
In North Carolina, soybean maturity group may also contribute to the degree of SCN reproduction in the fall. Late maturing group like Vll and VIII, which mature in late October or November in North Carolina, allows for additional generations of SCN to develop on the living plant roots. Under optimal conditions, this can double or triple the nematode population. Reducing this reproduction by using a earlier maturity group can help to keep population levels of SCN low for following years.
## Host Resistance
Planting SCN-resistant soybean varieties can limit SCN reproduction, thus minimizing egg levels for following growing seasons. Using resistant varieties will protect yield in the current season as well as preventing further yield loss in future seasons and this technique will be more effective if the variety is planted according to the SCN HG-type. The HG-type is a classification system that allows categorization of different SCN populations based on what known soybean resistance the population overcomes. The newer HG-type system of classifying SCN population replaces an older, narrower SCN race system. Even if the exact HG-type is not known, use of a soybean variety with some resistance will reduce SCN reproduction compared to a fully susceptible variety. However, repetitive use of the same resistant variety can consequently result in shift of SCN populations or lead to the nematodes ability to adapt to the resistance. Rotating different sources of resistance is important to limit this selection pressure.
## Biological and Chemical Management
Nematicide fumigant, in-furrow, seed treatments products are available, though effectiveness is variable, especially under elevated SCN pressure. These chemical controls for SCN and other nematodes are often expensive and may not always results in a yield response. Chemical and biological nematicicide produces are summarized in Table 1 and additional information may be found in the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual .
| Nematicide and formulation | Trade name | Amount of formulation | Notes |
|-----------------------------------------------------|------------------|-------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1,3-dichloropropene | Telone II | 3 to 6 gal/Ac | Pre-plant fumigant. Apply at least 14 days prior to planting. Inject 10-12 inc deep. |
| Aldicarb | AgLogic | 7.0 lbs/Ac | Apply granules in furrow and immediately cover with soil, or apply a 4-6 inch band in furrow and immediately cover with soil. |
| Fluopyram | Velum | 3.0 to 6.0 fl oz/Ac | Apply in furrow, via drip or trickle germination with sufficient water to move product into root zone. Minimum 7 day interval between application; do not exceed 13.7 fl oz/Ac/year of Velum |
| Pasteuria nishizawae | Clariva | 1 ro 3 oz/100 lbs seed | Seed treatment |
| Abamectin | Avicta Beans 500 | 6.2 fl oz/100 lbs seed | Seed treatment |
| clothianidin 40.30% + Bacillus firmus I- 1582 8.10% | Poncho/Volitovo | 1.02 fl oz per 140,000 seed | Seed treatment. |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Aveo EZ | 0.1 fl oz per 140,000 seeds | Seed treatment. |
| fluopyram | Ilevo | 0.6 to 1.97 fl oz per 140,000 seeds | Seed treatment. |
| Nematicide and formulat ion | Trade name | Amount of formulation | Notes |
|-------------------------------|--------------|---------------------------------------|----------------|
| pydiflumetofen | Saltro | 0.714 fl oz per 140,000 soybean seeds | Seed treatment |
## Additional Resources
- · NCDA&CS Nematode Assay Lab provides soil detection and diagnostics
- · NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostic and control recommendations
- · NC State Extension Plant Pathology.portal provides information on crop disease management
- · NCCES Educational Resources
- · APS Plant Disease Lessons: Soybean Cyst Nematode
- · For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension agent.
## Authors
Adrienne Gorny
Extension Specialist (Nematology) & Assistant Professor Entomology & Plant Pathology
LeAnn Lux
Extension Specialist and Assistant Professor Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Feb. 19, 2018
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 11, 2023
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2012/07/22/biophilic-design/ | Biophilic Design | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2012-07-22 | [
"Uncategorized"
] | GA | ## Biophilic Design
Written by
July 22, 2012
Pamela Turner
Biophilic Design suggests that suggests that there is an instinctive bond between human beings and other living systems. We heard much at the Healthy Building Conference about the need to rethink our living spaces - beyond community gardens, bike paths, and public transport - though each idea is important it is about an holistic approach to living as we are a part of the system not just the driver. This video gives a beautiful view of what can be achieved.
Read more about Biophilic Urbanism in Tim Beatley's article posted in the William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review .
Question for today: What do we want for tomorrow? What do we want our country to be like? Certainly not one of poverty, lagging behind the rest of the world- We need to look at what is happening in places like Singapore, China and India. No, they are not perfect but they are investing is a new world -a world of alternative energy and education.
## What do we want our tomorrow to be?
Posted in: Uncategorized
Tags: alternatives, Australia, Biophilic, Brisbane, Child, children, climate, climate change, community, conservation, design, energy, food, garden, gardening, green, green living, Healthy Buildings, nature, simple ideas, singapore, tomorrow, travel, UGA, UGAAGreenWay, UniversityofGeorgia
Pamela Turner
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS314 | Dietary Fiber and Chronic Disease | University of Florida | [
"Wendy J. Dahl"
] | 2022-07-20 | [
"Nutrition, Health and Food Safety"
] | FL | ## Dietary Fiber and Chronic Disease
Wendy J. Dahl
Dietary fibers are carbohydrates that are not digestible-they are what is left over after we digest proteins, fats, starches, and sugars from plant-based foods. Plant foods contain dietary fiber, and sources include whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.
When we eat foods containing dietary fiber, the fiber moves unchanged through the stomach and small intestine to the colon (large intestine). Once in the colon, fiber works to promote laxation and prevent constipation. However, dietary fiber has many more positive effects on health. This publication describes the relationships between dietary fiber and the prevention and treatment of chronic disease.
## How does fiber work to prevent disease?
Dietary fiber is broken down by bacteria in the colon, a process called "fermentation." Fermentation of fiber supports the growth of a healthy balance of good bacteria in the colon. Additionally, the process of fermentation produces substances that promote health of the colon and body as a whole (Dahl et al., 2017).
## What chronic diseases might dietary fiber help to prevent?
Consuming a diet higher in dietary fiber is linked to a decreased risk of developing cardiovascular vascular (health) disease (Threepelton et al., 2013), type 2 diabetes (Yao et al., 2014), bowel disease (Liu et al., 2015), and chronic kidney disease (Xu et al., 2014). Each additional 5 g of fiber per day (e.g., ¼ cup oatmeal or 1 large potato with skin) decreases the risk of developing chronic kidney disease by more than 10% Higher dietary fiber intakes also linked to overall survival. Each additional 10 g of fiber per day (e.g., ½ cups of bran flakes or ½ cup of lentils) reduces the risk of death by 10% Yang et al., 2015). Higher intakes of dietary fiber are also related to lower body weight (Shay et al., 2012).
## How does dietary fiber help with chronic disease?
Diets high in dietary fiber promote better health in a number of ways (Dahl and Stewart 2015). A higher dietary fiber intake will help to bulk the stool and promote regularity. Some dietary fibers, such as those found in oatmeal and legumans, can help to reduce total blood cholesterol and LDL (tad) cholesterol; lower LDL cholesterol helps to reduce the risk of heart disease. Dietary fiber may also help reduce blood glucose and blood insulin levels, which is helpful for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. Fermentation of dietary fiber produces substances known as 'short chain fatty acids' that may help reduce inflammation that contributes to most chronic diseases (Dahl et al., 2016). This reduced inflammation related to consuming dietary fiber is thought to be especially important for those with chronic kidney disease (Krishnamurthy et al., 2012).
## How can I increase my dietary fiber intake?
There are many ways to increase dietary fiber intake. Here are a few suggestions:
- · Choose whole-grain bread, cereals, and pasta instead of refined grain foods.
- · Double vegetable servings at lunch and dinner.
- · Choose whole fruit, nuts, and seeds snacks.
- · Choose beans, peas, or lentils as a protein source for meals.
Dietary fiber intake can also be increased by choosing foods with added fiber, such as breakfast cereals and bread with added brans or hull fibers (e.g. wheat bran, oat bran, pea hull, and oat hull).
## Summary
Dietary fiber is helpful in the prevention and management of many chronic diseases. Choosing foods higher in dietary fiber, such as whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds, is a positive step towards good health.
## References
Dahl, W. J., and M. L. Stewart. 2015. "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Health Implications of Dietary Fiber." J Acad Nutr Dieti. 115(11): 1861-70. doi:
10.1016/j.jand.2015.09.003.
Dahl, W. J., N. C. Agro, Eliaason, A. M., Mialki K., Olivera J. D., C. T. Rusch, and C. N. Young. 2016. "Health benefits of fiber fermentation." Journal of the American College of Nutrition.
Dahl, Wendy, J. Nicole C. Agro, A. Asa M. Elisson, Kaley L. Mialki, Joseph D. Olivera, Carley T. Rusch, and Carly N. Young. 2017. "Health Benefits of Fiber Fermentation." Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1-10. doi: 10.1080/1752476.2011.188737.
Krishnamurthy, V. M., Wei G. B. Caird, M. Burdat, M. Chboncho, K. L. Raphael, T. Greene, and S. Bedduh. 2012. "High dietary fiber intake is associated with decreased
inflammation and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease." Kidney Int . 81(3): 300 - 6. doi: 10.1038/k110.200555.
Luz, X., Yu, F., Wu, Y. Li, and D. Zhang. 2015. "Dietary fiber intake reduces risk of inflammatory bowel disease: result from a meta-analysis." Nutr Res. 35(9): 753-8. doi:
10.1016/j.nutres.2015.05.021.
Shaya, C. M., L. Van Horn Jr., Jamster A. Dyer, J. B. Rown, Q. Chan, K. Murai, Z. Noho, K. Ouda, M. L. Gavillasus, and P. Elliott. 2012. "Food and nutrient intakes and their associations with lower BMI in middle-aged US adults: International Study of Macro/Microenutrients and Blood Pressure INTERMAP," Am J Clin Nutr. 96(3): 483-91. doi: 10.3945/ajlcn.2015.110.
Therapon, E. D., E. C. Greenwood, E. Evans, C. Evans, L. Cloekman, C. Nguyen, K. Woodhead, E. J. Cade, P. Galle, and J. V. Burley. 2013. "Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ . 347: f6897. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b89.
Xu, H., II., X. Huang, U. Riserus, V. M. Krishnamurthiy, T. Coderholm, J. Arnolv, B. Lindholm, P. Siggren, and J. J. Carrero. 2014. "Dietary fiber, kidney function, inflammation, and mortality risk." Clin J An Soc Nephrol . 9(12): 2104-10. doi: 10.2215/jcm.02260314.
Yang, Y., L. G. Zhao, Q. J. Wu, X. Ma, and Y. B. Xiang. 2015. "Association between dietary fiber and lower risk of all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies." Am J Epidemiol . 181(2): 83-91. doi: 10.1093/ajkeuw257.
Yao, B., H. Fang, W. Xu, Y. Yan, H. Il, Yu, X. Lu, M. Mo, H. Zhang, and Y. Zhao. 2014. "Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose-response analysis of prospective studies." Eur J Epidemiol . 29(2): 79-88. doi: 10.1007/s10654-013-9876-x.
Release Date:
July 21, 2022
DOI: doi.org/10.32473/edis-fks314-2018
Critical Issue: Nutrition, Health and Food Safety
Contact: Wendy Dahl
View PDF
## Also Available in
## Español
## About this Publication
This document is FSISHN18-11, one of a series of the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2018. Revised July 2022. Visit the EDIS website at https://dise.iias.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Wendy J. Dahl, associate professor, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Fiber |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/overview-of-the-agricultural-improvement-act-of-2018.html | Overview of the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Amy Hagerman"
] | 2019-01-01 | [] | OK | ## Overview of the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018
Published Jan. 2019 |
Id: AGC-1082
By Amy Hagerman
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print- publications/agec/overview-ofthe-agricultural-improvement-actoff-2018-agec-1082.pdf)
JUMP TO:
Commodity Revenue and Price Support Programs /
Eligibility and Family Definitions / Elections /
Grassland with Crop Base / Yields /
Reference Price /
County and Sub-county Units for ARC payments /
Marketing Loans /
Supplemental Agricultural Disaster Programs /
Conservation / Crop Insurance / Final Thoughts
President Trump signed the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018, commonly called the 2018 farm bill, into law on
December 20, 2018 after a relative fast development process compared to the previous farm bill. The 2014 farm bill took over two years to pass, from first introduction by the House Ag Committee to final signature by President Obama. The 2018 farm bill was first introduced in the House in April, 2018. After failing the first vote, it was passed on June 21, 2018. The Senate passed their version of the bill on June 28. After a vote to send the bill to a conference committee for reconciliation, and the nomination of the conference committee members from both the House and the Senate, the reconciliation process began on September 5. On November 28, the conference committee announced an agreement in principle. Committee members signed the conference report on
December 10. The 2018 farm bill passed with strong bipartisan support in the Senate on December 11 (87 votes for and 13 votes against) and the House on December 12 (369 votes for and 47 votes against).
This fact sheet provides an overview of commodity, conservation, crop insurance and disaster assistance. All information is based on an initial interpretation of the bill language and is subject to change, once more detailed information is released by the program implementing agencies. For additional information on these changes and other programs, please refer to fact sheets specific to each title.
## Commodity Revenue and Price Support Programs
The 2014 farm bill introduced two new programs to the farm safety net-a price protection program, Price Loss Coverage (PLC); and a revenue protection program, Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC). In doing so, the 2014 farm bill eliminated direct payments, count-cyclical payments and ACRE payments. The 2018 farm bill maintains PLC and ARC with some technical changes in elections, yields and reference prices.
## Eligibility and Family Definitions
The 2018 farm bill maintains the same eligibility requirements (e.g. Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) levels and conservation requirements),and many of the same payment limitations levels. However, Loan Deficiency Payments and Marketing Loan Gains will not count toward the payment limitation going forward. The rules for being actively engaged in farming were maintained as well, but the definition of family was expanded to include first cousins, nieces and nephews.
## Elections
Farmers have the opportunity to re-elect to ARC or PLC for the 2019-2023 crop years, with the exception of land that has been in grass since 2009 (see "Grassland with Crop Base"
below). Producers will again have the option to elect farm level coverage under ARC, commonly called ARC-IC, or county level coverage, commonly called ARC-CO. Less than 1 percent of base acres nationally were enrolled in ARC-IC. The ARC county level coverage option is still available.
The 2018 farm bill also offers flexibility in the election decision. Farmers will elect to ARC or PLC for the 2019-2023 crop years; however, starting in the 2021 crop year, they will have the option to switch from their initial election at their discretion. If a farmer feels PLC would be the better option in 2019 and 2020, but that ARC would be better in 2021, they may contact their Farm Service Agency office about switching starting with the 2021 crop year. If that same farmer wants to continue with PLC for the entire five-year period, they may do so.
## Grassland with Crop Base
No update to base acres was included in the 2018 farm bill. Base acres planted to grass instead of being planted or prevented planted to a covered commodity from 2009 to 2017, will not be eligible for ARC or PLC payments from 2019 to 2023. Instead, those base acres can be placed in a Grassland Incentives Program for the five-year period for a rate of $18 per acre. The land may still be used to graze livestock. If any portion of a farm was planted in a covered commodity at any point from 2009 to 2017, the base acres may be enrolled in ARC or PLC.
## Yields
The 2014 farm bill contained a one-time yield update. The 2018 farm bill also offers a one-time yield update starting in crop year 2020 for farms enrolled in PLC. This may be particularly meaningful for counties experiencing more than 20 consecutive weeks of drought, which includes much of western Oklahoma, but the yield update is not limited to those counties that experienced drought. The updated yield is 90 percent of the average yield per planted acres from 20132017 multiplied by a yield update factor in the farm bill that ranges from 0.90 for corn, upland cotton and grain sorghum to 1 for large chickpeas, flaxseed, lentils, rapeseed and safflower. A year where the covered commodity was not planted on the farm is excluded from the calculation. In addition, the 2018 farm bill maintained the "plug" yield option from the 2014 farm bill. For a farm that has a yield less than 75 percent of the county average yield from 2013-2017, farmers may "plug" their yield using 75 percent of the county yield rather than their farm yield.
For the ARC program, the plug yield increased to 80 percent of the county transitional yield.
## Reference Price
The 2014 farm bill published commodity reference prices for PLC and ARC. The 2018 farm bill maintains those reference prices, but allows prices to increase with sustained market price increases. The PLC payment calculation uses the current reference prices established with the 2014 farm bill when they are lower than the "effective" reference price, but will equal the effective reference price otherwise. The effective reference price is 85 percent of the five-year rolling average price, with the highest and lowest price taken out (Olympic average). However, the effective reference price cannot exceed 115 percent of the current reference prices. For example, the PLC reference price for wheat is $5.50, so the effective reference price cannot exceed $6.33.
## County and Sub-county Units for ARC payments
The Secretary of Agriculture has the flexibility to create subcounty units for ARC payments in counties with more than 4,000 square miles of area and more then 190,000 base acres. However, no more than 25 counties in the U.S. will be divided and priority will be given to counties with highly divergent weather or soil types.
## Marketing Loans
Marketing assistance loans continued under much of the same conditions as the 2008 and 2014 farm bills. The loan rates increased for certain commodities including corn, oats, peanuts, soybeans and wheat, among others.
## Dairy
The 2018 Bipartisan Budget Act made several changes to the Margin Protection Program for dairy producers, including lifting the cap on dairy insurance. The 2018 farm bill made additional changes and renamed the program the Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC) program. The DMC expands coverage through additional coverage levels on the first 5 million pounds of milk production, and catastrophic coverage levels will be more affordable. Additional details will be provided as the DMC program guidance is released. In addition, dairy producers will no longer be restricted to choosing either DMC or Livestock Gross Margin insurance.
## Supplemental Agricultural Disaster Programs
The 2018 farm bill maintains the primary disaster programs available to farmers and ranchers: the Livestock Forage Program (LFP); the Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP); the Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees, and Farmraised Fish Program (ELAP); and the Tree Assistance Program (TAP). The 2014 farm bill limited the LFP, LIP and ELAP payments to a combined total of $125,000. The 2018 Biparistan Budget Act moved LIP from that payment cap and left LIP payments uncapped. The 2018 farm bill, similarly, moved ELAP from that payment cap and left ELAP payments uncapped. This leaves the LFP payment to have a cap of $125,000. Further, the LIP program covers unweaned livestock for the first time, so all livestock that die or are injured due to eligible disasters are covered under one program. The TAP program will cover more of the damages (up to 75 percent) to orchards for beginning and military veteran farmers.
## Conservation
The Conservation Title expands the working farmlands philosophy that has been in place for some time now. Participation in conservations programs have increased with program flexibility, working farmslands, public-private partnerships and focuses on short and long-term issues, such as drought, wildlife habitat, watershed management and water quality. The 2018 farm bill maintains the conservation programs, and mainly shifts funding between programs. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) expanded to a maximum 27 million acres, and the rental rate decreased from 100 percent to 90 percent to reduce competition with working land. The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) was maintained with increased funding levels, and the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) was maintained
with decreased funding. The Grassland Incentive Program payments are expected to be funded under the CSP program. The Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) and
the Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) also continued in the 2018 farm bill. New programs include watershed and flood prevention, small watershed rehabilitation and a feral swine eradication and control pilot program.
## Crop Insurance
The 2018 farm bill maintains the crop insurance options made available under the 2014 farm bill with few changes. The Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) will continue to be available for those that elect to PLC coverage. Farmers who grow crops that can be both grazed and used for forage have additional flexibility in the 2018 farm bill, as they can now have separate policies for each function. For example, a winter wheat producer who also grazes stocker cattle could have Pasture, Range and Forage (RF) insurance for the grazing period, as well as yield or revenue protection for the wheat crop. Changes were also made to the Whole Farm Revenue Protection Program (WFRP) with additional discounts for beginning farmers and ranchers. The WFRP was not widely utilized in the 2014-2018 crop years.
## Final Thoughts
The 2018 farm bill looks a great deal like the 2014 farm bill, and options will look similar. However, some of the small technical changes could have big consequences. Talk to your local Extension educator, USDA county personnel or crop insurance agent and utilize only decision aids like the one developed by OSU and Kansas State to better understand what these changes could mean for your operation. Additional information on the 2018 farm bill programs will be provided as implementing agencies begin releasing guidance.
Amy Hagerman Assistant Professor, Ag and Food Policy
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print- publications/agec/overview-ofthe-agricultural-improvement-actof-2018-agec-1082.pdf)
## Topics:
Ag Law, Taxes, & Insurance /topics/business-and-community/ag-law-taxes-andsun insurance/)
Ag Policy & Regulations /topics/business-and-community/ag-law-taxes-andsun insurance/ag-policy-and-regulations/)
Natural Disaster Recovery /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/weatherand-disaster-preparedness/natural-disaster-recovery/)
Weather & Disaster Preparedness /topics/environment-and-naturalresources/weather-and-disaster-preparedness/)
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/standing-pine-census-profile-2010-2020 | Standing Pine Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications » Publications » Standing Pine Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Standing Pine Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-393 | |
## Presentation File:
standing\_pine\_census\_presentation.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Leake County.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/specialty-cover-crops-soils/vegetable-planter-for-high-residue-systems/ | Vegetable Planter for High-Residue Systems | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-08-01 | [
"Cover Crops",
"Farming",
"Healthy Soils",
"Specialty Crops Soil"
] | AL | ## Vegetable Planter for High-Residue Systems
Farmers can modify conventional vegetable planters for use in high-residue conservation systems.
Because conservation systems do not plow, the transplanter must be able to:
- · Break compacted soil layers, while disturbing surface soil as little as possible.
- · Push cover crop residues aside to prevent jamming.
- Provide good soil to seedling contact.
For more information on machine modification download a PDE (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS09. |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2013/06/14/journeying-to-spain/ | Journeying to Spain | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2013-06-14 | [
"Spain"
] | GA | ## Journeying to Spain
Written by
June 14, 2013
Pamela Turner
I am leaving the family behind and flying off to Spain in a few days to participate in the European Network for Housing Research conference. I have attended this conference one other time - in Prague - and it was fantastic!
I am looking forward to learning and sharing what I learn about housing and sustainability with all of you. See you online soon!
Posted in: Spain
Tags: Athens, energy-efficiency, ENHR, ENHR 2013, Europe, Georgia, housing, sustainability, sustainable, Tarragona, UGA, Weatherization
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/row-cover-crop-soils/rollers-for-terminating-cover-crops/ | Rollers for Terminating Cover Crops | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | 2018-08-01 | [] | AL | ## Rollers for Terminating Cover Crops
Rollers are an option used by farmers to flatten and kill cover crops before planting a cash crop, alone or in conjunction with chemical termination.
Rollers differ in several ways:
- · Cost and ease of assembly.
- · Weight and horsepower requirements.
- · Vibration to the tractor and driver.
- · Operating speed.
- · Termination effectiveness.
Multiple roller designs exist for traditional row crop agriculture and vegetable and organic production requiring small-scale tractors. Consult with local extension agents or farm services offices to determine the best roller option for your operation.
To view examples of roller types and their specific benefits download a PDF .
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/hatley-census-profile-2010-2020 | Hatley Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
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## Hatley Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-219 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-219.pdf | |
| Presentation File: | |
| hatley_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Monroe County. | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to | |
| all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
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## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
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Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
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https://extension.okstate.edu/announcements/stephens-county-announcements/site-files/west_district_south_region_culinary_contests_2022.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"Monsees",
"Shari"
] | Error: time data "D:20220406135059-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## West District South Region 2-H Food Showdown
Intermediate & Senior Divisions Only
When:
June 1, 2022
Location:
Stephens County Fairgrounds 2002 S. 13 th Street Duncan, OK
Cost:
$45 per team
8:30 - 9:00 a.m.
Registration for Food Showdown Contest
9:00 a.m.
Orientation
9:30 a.m.
Contest with awards immediately after contest
Each county may enter two Intermediate Division Teams and two Senior Division Teams.
Contact the Stephens County OSU Extension Office, at 580-255-0510, if you would like to enter a team.
Registration to be completed for Food Showdown by County Educators only no later than 4:00 p.m. May 16, 2022
## West District South Region Food Showdown Contest
## Food Showdown
## 4-H Food Showdown guidelines for Intermediate and Senior Teams
- 1. Participants must be currently enrolled in 4-H.
- 2. Age is determined by a participant's age as of September 1, 2021.
- 3. Sr. Teams: Participants in the 4-H Food Showdown at State 4-H Roundup must be Roundup delegates. Since the district 4-H Food Showdown is the qualifying event for Roundup, all team members should be planning to attend Round-up. Two teams will advance from the district contest to Roundup.
- 4. Intermediate Teams must be in the 6th grade to 8th grade. Senior Teams: must be in the 9th grade to 12th grade.
- 5. Each team will have a maximum of 3 members and all team members must be from the same county.
- 6. Substitution of team members should be made only if necessary and substitute must be on Roundup delegate from the same country for senior teams. Only the same number of 4-H members qualifying at the prior competition level will be eligible to compete at the Roundup Food Showdown. No more than one team member may be substituted up to the dayof the event. The substitute 4-H member must have competed in a prior 4-H Food Showdown event.
- 7. An Entry Fee may be required to cover the cost of ingredients for the contest - see registration information for details.
- 8. All team members will be assigned the same category and given the same ingredients. Category, secret ingredients, andthe clue will not be announced until the start of the category. There will be four possible food categories:
- A. Main Dish
- B. Fruits and Vegetables
- C. Breads and Cereals
- D. Nutritious Snacks
- 9. Attire participants should wear the following:
- A. Mask and gloves
- B. Clean aprons, lab coats or chef's coats
- C. Closed Toe Shoes
- D. Long pants
- E. Hair coverings (caps, bandanas, skull caps, hair nets) are required and long hair must be tied back.Each team will have the option of wearing coordinated clothing
- 10. Resource materials provided for each team at the contest include:
- A. MyPlate for Kids
- B. FightBac
- C. Cooking Food Safely is a Matter of Degrees, Nutrient Needs at a Glance
- D. Altering recipes for Good Health
- E. Kitchen Safety
- F. 4-H Food Showdown Worksheet
- G. Copies of grocery receipts
- No other resource materials will be allowed. Cell phones or other electronic devices will not be permitted in the contest area. Teams may not use their personal copies of the resources during the contest.
- 11. Supply Box. There are two supply boxes in the district for use; however, teams may choose to bring their own items from home as long as the items appear on the supply box list. Any extra equipment will be confiscated, and the team may be disqualified. You must make arrangements yourself to use the District Kits.
- 12. Judges reserve the right to disqualify teams practicing dangerous use of the equipment.
- 13. Participants with disabilities. Any participant who requires auxiliary aids, special accommodations or has food allergiesmust contact the District 4-H Office at least two weeks prior to the competition.
- 14. Participants will not have the opportunity to clean the kits.
## West District South Region
## Food Showdown Contest
## Food Showdown
## Rules of Play
- 1. Teams will report to the designated location for check-in during their assigned time
- 2. Each team will be directed to a cooking/preparation station. There will be a written clue and a covered set of secret ingredients at each station. Amounts of secret ingredients will be provided, but no recipe. Do not uncover your secret ingredient box or read the clue until directed. The secret ingredients will represent a recipe from one of the following categories:Main Dish, Fruits and Vegetables, Breads and Cereal and Nutritious Snacks.
- 3. Educational Resources will be located at each station.
- 4. Each team will have 40 minutes to prepare the dish, plan a presentation and clean up the preparation area.
- 5. Each team may be given a challenge/obstacle to overcome during the contest.
- 6. Only participants and contest officials will be allowed in food preparation areas.
- 7. Preparation of food and presentation
- A. Preparation: Each team will be given secret ingredients and will create a dish using the clue provided and items fromtheprovidedcommonpantry. Note cards and the food showdown worksheet may be used to write down the recipe
- theteaminventals , along with notes related to nutrition, food safety and cost analysis. Teams need to be exact on ingredients used, preparation steps, cooking time, temperature, etc.
- B. Kitchen safety : Each station will have kitchen safety resources. Follow the steps listed to ensure proper
- Kitchen safety : Each station will have kitchen safety resources. Follow the steps listed to ensure proper
- kitchen safety. Be prepared to discuss safety practices used in the team presentation to the judges. C. Nutrition: Each station will have a variety of nutrition resources/references. Each team must name key
- nutrients in their dish and their functions and identify where the dish belongs on MyPlate. Refer to the nutritional information pro videat each station.
- D. Cost Analysis: Prices will be available for each secret ingredient. Find the secret ingredient on the list and calculate theprice of the dish along with the price per serving. Teams will determine the number of servings per recipe
- E. Presentation: When time is called, each team will present their dish, to a panel of at least two judges, according to thecriteria on the scorecard. Teams must be able to communicate with the judges effectively. All team members must participate in the presentation, with at least two of them having a speaking role. Judging time will include:
- i. 5 minutes for the presentation:
- 1) Introduction
- 2) What did you prepare and why did you select that method?
- 3) How does the dish fit into a healthy diet and MyPlate?
- 4) How food safety concerns were addressed
- 5) Serving Size and cost per serving (of secret ingredients only)
- ii. Judges' questions (approximately 3 minutes)
- iii. Time between team presentations for judges to score and write comments
- F. Clean-up: Teams must clean up their preparation areas. Clean-up time is included in the 40 minute preparation allotment. Teams should plan to not have access to a kitchen facility; therefore, dirty dishes should be placed into a designateddirty dish plastic container or box to be cleaned at the conclusion of the contest. Leftover food should be disposed of
- property. Common pantry items not used must be returned to the common pantry area.
- property. Common pantry items not used must be returned to the common pantry area.
- property. Common pantry items not used must be returned to the common pantry area.
- property. Common pantry items not used must be returned to the common pantry area.
- property. Common pantry items not used must be returned to the common pantry area.
## West District South Region
## Food Showdown
Supply Kit - Intermediate and Senior Teams
Each team will bring an equipment box containing only the following items:
Measuring cup, liquid (1)
Whisk (1)
Measuring cups, dry (1 set)
Aprons (3)
Measuring spoons (1 set)
Baking Sheet (1)
Mixing Bowls (2)
Calculator (1)
Non-Stick cooking spray (1)
Can Opener (1)
Note cards (4x6)
Colander, medium (1)
Pancake turner (1)
Cutting boards/mats (2)
Pencil (1)
Bowl, small (1)
Plastic tub for dirty dishes (1)
Disposable tasting spoons
Paper towels (1 roll)
Extension Cord (1)
Rolling Pin (1)
Food Thermometer (1)
Rubber Spatula (1)
Fork (1)
Sanitizing wipes
Garlic press (1)
Saucepan w/lid (1)
Grater (1)
Serving bowl, medium (1)
Hand Sanitizer (1)
Serving platter (1)
Heat Source (can use one of the following)
Serving Utensil (1)
Two single-burner hot plates
Skillet (1)
One double-burner hot plate
Stirring Spoon (1)
One 12" electric skillet
Stock Pot (1)
Hot pads (2)
Storage bags or contains
Kitchen Shears (1)
Tongs (1)
Kitchen Timer (1)
Vegetable Peeler
Kitchen Towels and Wash Cloths (2 of each)
Heat Source (can use one of the following)
## 2022 West District South Region 4-H
Fruit/Vegetable Sculpting/Arrangements June 1, 2022
Stephens County Fairgrounds 2002 S. 13 th Street, Duncan, OK
Registration via Microsoft Form due before 5:00 p.m. on May 16, 2022, with this link:
https://forms.gle/YPKYAp9V7ZRkkNxT8
## Registration fee is $21.00 per team
Please make checks payable to the West District OSU Extension and mail to West District 4-H, 205 W Maple, Suite 510, Enid, OK 73701
1:00 p.m.
1:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m.
Registration and check equipment/supplies brought in. (Participants set out their stuff at their table.)
Orientation for participants and judges
Contest Begins
Judging/presentations begins
Awards announced when each division is done
Conclusion
PLEASE NOTE: All participants must be bona fide members of 4-H.
Rules Of PLAY: (Teams will consist of 2-3 team members.)
-Four minutes for the presentation (NO TASTING)
## 2022 West District South Region 4-H Cupcake War
June 1, 2022
Stephens County Fairgrounds 2002 S. 13 th Street, Duncan, OK
Registration via Microsoft Form due before 5:00 p.m. on May 16, 2022, with this link:
https://forms.gle/YPKyAP9V7ZRkkNxT8
## Registration fee is $21.00 per team
Please make checks payable to the West District OSU Extension and mail to West District 4-H, 205 W Maple, Suite 510, Enid, OK 73701
| 1:00 p.m. | Registration and check equipment/supplies brought in. (Participants set out their stuff at their table.) |
|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1:30 P.M. | Orientation for participants and judges |
| Contest Begins | |
| Judging/presentations begins | |
| Awards announced when each division is done | |
| Conclude | |
PLEASE NOTE : All participants must be bona fide members of 4-H.
RULES OF PLAY (Teams will consist of 2-3 team members.)
- Each team will display three cupcakes.
- Each team will bring "naked" cupcakes. The cupcakes should have no frosting and be in the paper wrappers only.
- Each team will bring the frosting mixed in bowls. The frosting should not be tintedprior to contest. Teams will tint and place in frosting bags, if needed at the contest. Frosting can be either store bought or homemade. If store bought, can be either whiteor chocolate frosting.
- If teams are using fondant, they can use either homemade or purchased fondant. Teams are allowed to purchase tinted (colored) fondant to use or may tint fondant off site.
- Teams are allowed to use purchased edible decorating items. Only edible items can beused on the cupcakes.
- The age and grade will be as of September 1, 2021
Junior Division: minimum age 8 years old and in 3 rd grade, grades 3, 4 and 5
Intermediate Division: grades 6, 7 and 8
Senior Division: grades 9, 10, 11 and 12
Creative dish name
Two major nutrients
Food preparation principles
Food Safety
## Judging time will include:
Four minutes for the presentation (THERE WILL BE NO TASTING)
One minute for judges to score (No comments will be given)
No talking and no writing allowed among any individuals while waiting to give their presentation.
## 2022 West District South Region 4-H Table Setting
June 1, 2022
Stephens County Fairgrounds 2002 S. 13 th Street, Duncan, OK
Registration via Microsoft Form due before 5:00 p.m. on May 16, 2022, with this link:
https://forms.gle/YPKYap9V7ZRkkNxT8
## Registration fee is $7.00 per person
Please make checks payable to the West District OSU Extension and mail to West District 4-H, 205 W Maple, Suite 510, Enid, OK 73701
| 11:00 a.m. | Registration and check equipment/supplies brought in. (Participants set out their stuff at their table.) |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Orientation for participants and judges |
| 11:30 a.m. | Contest Begins |
| | Judging/presentations begins |
| | Awards announced when each division is done |
| | Silent Auction of Desserts |
## Basic Rules for 4-H Table Setting Contest
- · All contestants must pre-register by the deadline for this event and have an Active Status in ZSuite.
- Must compete in their grade division
- Contestants will be given a contest start time and have 30 minutes to complete their set-up.
- Parents or adult may help the contestant carry in supplies but will not be allowed to assist with any part of set-up and will not be allowed in the room during set-up.
- Judge will be able to watch as you set-up.
- After set-up, the judge will visit each contestant. Contestants will give their oral presentation and the judge can ask questions afterwards.
- Table setting must remain in place until judging is complete.
- Contestants will be given 10 minutes to pack and leave the contest area after judging is complete.
## ***New Contest Addition!!****
Please prepare a dessert to follow your theme that will also need to be listed as a part of your menu. Items can be made from scratch or commercial mixes. They must be individually wrapped and will be sold/auctioned to benefit Change for Change.
## Tips for Oral Presentation
Contestants should play the role of the host for the meal they have planned and should be dressed appropriately. They should introduce themselves and describe the meal as they envision it, including the type of occasion and theme they have chosen. The presentation should also include basic nutrition and "My Plate" information, their favorite part of the table setting and meal, and one possible etiquette downfall associated with their meal.
## Table Setting Information
## Select a Theme and Occasion
What is the occasion…a family dinner, a holiday, or lunch with friends? Is this a casual or formal occasion? Select a theme which fits the occasion. Possibilities can run from picnic in the park to a formal Mother's Day dinner.
Formal - use candles (may or may not be able to lit for competition), more than three pieces of flatware, china (no stoneware), tablecloth and/or mats are acceptable and cloth napkins.
Casual - be creative! Theme can be indoors or outdoors. Use any type of cover (tablecloth, paper etc.) and any type of table service. Overall place setting should be an expression of your creativity; homemade touches are encouraged.
## Table Covering
This is the background for the meal. It protects the table and makes for less noise. Placemats and/or tablecloths may be used. Choose a covering which is appropriate for the occasion. You may match or blend colors and textures in the dishes - or use something quite different for contrast.
## Centerpiece
The centerpiece (if used) should be coordinated with the place setting and be appropriate for the occasion. Even though a single place setting is set, the centerpiece should be visible to all as if the entire table was set and should not obstruct anyone's view of each other.
## Menu Planning
An appropriately planned men should follow the MyPlate guidelines. As a general guideline, a meal should have at least 3different food groups to balance what the body needs each day. MyPlate illustrates the five food groups that are the building blocks for a healthy diet. For more information about MyPlate, go to www.choosemyplate.gov/.
## Place Setting
Allow at least 20 inches of space for each person's place setting. The place setting or cover contains the dinnerware and flatware for the meal. Remember that only utensils used in the meal should be included in the table setting.
- · The flatware, plate and napkin should be one inch from the edge of the table. Please refer to the following diagram
- · The plate (2) is always in the center of the place setting.
- · The dinner fork (3) is placed at the left of the plate.
## Etiquette Information
Here are few Etiquette tips for napkin, table setting and soup, etiquette scholar (https://www.etiquettescholar.com/dining\_etiquette/business\_etiquette.html) has a complete guide to table manners and setting for a variety of occasions. This would be an excellent website for contestants to review.
## Napkin
At informal meals, place the napkin in your lap immediately upon seating. During formal occasions, before unfolding the napkin wait for the host or hostess to remove his or her napkin from the table and unfold it in his or her lap.
- Place the napkin in your lap upon seating.
- When leaving the table temporarily, put the napkin on your chair.
- At the meal's end, fold your napkin and place it to the left of your place setting.
## Table Setting
Deciding which knife, fork or spoon to use is made easier by the outside-in rule -use utensils on the outside first and work your way inward. So, if you are served a salad first, use the fork set to the far left of your plate.
Your water glass is the one above the knife in your place setting and your bread plate is to the left. To
remember which bread plate belongs to you and if the glass in front of you belongs to you or your neighbor, use "b" and "d". Touch the index finger on your right hand to your right thumb. Touch the index finger on your left hand to your left thumb. The "b" formed by your left hand is for "bread" (your bread plate is always at the left of your place setting). The "d" formed by your right hand is for "drink" (your drinking glasses are always at the right of your place setting).
## Soup Etiquette
Hold the soup spoon by resting the end of the handle on your middle finger, with your thumb on top. Dip the spoon sideways at the near edge of the bowl, then skim away from you. Sip from the side of the spoon. To retrieve the last spoonful of soup, slightly tip the bowl away from you.
## Informal dinner party men
Plan a well-balanced meal.
Don't serve heavy, sweet, or spice dishes back-to-back.
Balance rich dishes with a simple one. | |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/bayco/2020/04/07/helping-buyers-and-sellers-connect-during-covid-19-disruptions-to-florida-food-markets/ | Helping Buyers and Sellers Connect During COVID-19 Disruptions to Florida Food Markets | University of Florida | [
"Kevin Athearn"
] | 2020-04-07 | [
"Agribusiness",
"Agriculture",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"coronavirus",
"Covid-19",
"Florida",
"food markets",
"Local Food"
] | FL | Home » UF/IFAS Extension BayCounty » Helping Buyers And Sellers Connect During COVID-19 Disruptions To Florida Food Markets
## Helping Buyers and Sellers Connect During COVID-19 Disruptions to Florida Food Markets
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruptions to Florida food markets. Sales of food products to restaurants and schools have fallen drastically. Some farmers markets have closed. Sales through grocery stores spiked upward initially, but recent limits on the number of shoppers have dampened demand at stores. Online food sales and home delivery have increased. Consumers are changing purchasing patterns, and farmers and distributors who lost markets are trying to adapt. More farmers are trying to sell online. Wholesale distributors are selling produce boxes directly to consumers. Drive-through farmers markets have opened.
## Helping Buyers and Sellers Connect
Various initiatives have been launched in Florida to help sellers and buyers connect under these new circumstances. Some efforts focus on the availability of individual products. Other efforts provide lists or directories of places where consumers can buy local food, beyond the grocery store.
## Available Products
The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) created an Agricultural and Seafood Availability Noticeform to collect information on available products. Product suppliers can submit individual commodities they have available, and FDACS will post the information on their website.
Hillsborough County Extension is creating a surplus produce directory for that part of the state. Hillsborough-area produce sellers can fill out an online Surplus Produce form and list individual products available.
The EDACS Fresh From Florida program has a website listing various types of markets and suppliers of Florida agricultural products
Feeding Florida created a map and directory of Fresh Access Bucks (FAB)markets currently operating. The FAB program provides discounts (doubles your money) on Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) purchases of Florida-grown produce.
Edible South Florida created a list of places to buy local food products in South Florida. Their list includes online and drivethrough markets.
The Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association(FFV&A)hasa website to help publicize Florida farms selling produce directly to consumers.You can email them at information@ffva.com to be added to their site.
FDACS and UF/IFAS are creating a statewide list of farms, distributors, and online markets selling Florida-grown food directly to final consumers. Local food sellers can use a Direct and Online Seller Form to be added to the list. The list will be made public on an FDACS website.
Local Harvest and Eat Wild are two other websites that list local direct-market farmers.
These and other initiatives are trying to help Florida sellers and buyers connect and adapt to food market disruptions.
```
o
by Kevin Athearn
Posted: April 7, 2020
```
## Category: Agribusiness, Agriculture, UE/IFAS Extension
Tags: Coronavirus, Covid-19, Florida, Food Markets, Local Food
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · New Artificial Reefs For Bay County Coming This Fall
- · Gearing Up For Snapper Season!
- · Finding Solutions For Florida's Agriculture Impacted By COVID-19
- · Disaster Preparation For Pets: Don't Forget The Rest Of Your Family |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SC095 | Biology and Control of Coast Cockspur in Sugarcane | University of Florida | [
"Calvin Odero",
"Ron Rice",
"Leslie Baucum"
] | 2020-01-12 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Biology and Control of Coast Cockspur in Sugarcane
Calvin Odero, Ron Rice, and Leslie Bœcum
Coast cockspur (Echinochla walteri) is a relative of barnyardgrass that is native to North America (Tiner 1993), It is also referred to as Walters' millet and is widely distributed throughout the eastern United States from Massachusetts inland to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas (USDA-NRCs 2012). Coast copsur is widespread throughout Florida and is commonly found in moist to wet cultivated fields, marshes, swamps, as well as along canals, ditch banks, and the edges of water bodies (CAIP 2012). In south Florida, coast copsur typically begins to infest sugarcane during the onset of rainfall in late spring.
## Biology and Life Cycle
Coast copsur is an erect annual grass that can grow up to 6 feet tall (Figure 1). Seedling leaves are rolled in a bud and have no ligule. Leaf blades are flat, linear, and smooth to sandpapery. The leaf blades typically grow approximately 34-1 inch wide and up to 24 inches long. Like barnyardgrass, coast copsur has no ligule (Figure 2). Leaf sheaths are covered with very dense stiff, hairs that can prick the skin (Figure 3). The stem is thick and somewhat flattened. The inflorescence is a conspicuous, erect bristle head. It is somewhat branched, open, and made up of many 3- to 12-inch spikellets (Figure 4). Seeds are on the lower side of the branches and are brightly with long, stiff hair at the tip. Coast copsur propagates by seed. It is highly productive and an abundant seed source for migratory birds.
Figure 4. Coast cockspur inflorescence. Credit: D. C. Odero, UFIFAS
## Control
Currently, no herbicides are labeled for selective control of coast cockspur in sugarcane. The best control options are tillage between the row middles, crop rotation, or spot treatments with glyphosate. Glyphosate at a 2% solution is effective on seedling and mature coast cockspur. Control with glyphosate can be improved by adding ammonium sulfate to the spray solution, especially for glyphosate formulations not loaded with adjuvants.
## References
Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (CAIP), University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. "Walter's Milet, Coast Cockspur." Accessed September 8, 2022. https://plants.ifus.ufl.edu/plant-directory/echinochloa-wieri .
Tiner, R. W. W. 1993. Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Southeastern United States. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). ("Pursh"). A. Heller Coast Cockspur Grass. "September 8, 2022. https://plants.ifsus.ufl.edu/prow/profile/symbol-ccwa .
Publication #SS-AGR-366 Release Date: January 13, 2020
Reviewed At: July 24, 2023
DOI: doi.org/10.32473/edis-sc@95-2013
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Dennis Odero
View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is SSAC.AR-366, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date December 2012. Revised December 2019. Visit the EDIS website at https://diseas.iafs.edu/lg for the currently supported version of this publication. This publication is a part of the Florida Sugarcane Handbook. For more information, contact the editor of the Sugarcane Handbook, Hardev Sandhu hasndu@ui.edu.
## About the Authors
Calvin Odero, associate professor, Agronomy Department, Everglades Research and Education Center, Ron Rice, county Extension director, UF/IFAS Extension Palm Beach County; and Leslie Bacum, sugarcane agronomist, United States Sugar Corporation; UF/IFS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
'Agronomy
Everglades REC |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/products-programs-urban/hype-helping-youth-promote-empathy/ | HYPE: Helping Youth Promote Empathy | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Angela Williams"
] | 2018-09-17 | [
"Bullying",
"Empathy",
"Youth Development",
"Education"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-6419 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-62451578"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
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HYPE: Helping Youth Promote Empathy </div>
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<li>December 5, 2024</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Angela Williams</li>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/products-programs-urban/hype-helping-youth-promote-empathy/"></div><p><span style="font-size: 16px"><span class="s1"><b>Resource for youth ages 5 through 18</b></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><span class="s1">Developing tools to reduce bullying through empathy and understanding.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">The National Center for Education Statistics reports that one in four children in America is bullied each year. Bullying causes physical and emotional harm to children. The HYPE program works by promoting empathy as a method of bullying prevention. The HYPE sessions identify the four types of bullying (verbal, social, physical, and cyberbullying) and practice strategies to stop bullying when it happens. </span></p>
<h1>What is the goal of HYPE?</h1>
<ul>
<li>HYPE works to build a safe school environment by decreasing harassment, victimization, and bullying.</li>
</ul>
<h1>What is HYPE?</h1>
<ul>
<li>HYPE is the acronym for Helping Youth Promote Empathy.</li>
<li>HYPE is a series of six lessons designed to reduce bullying in schools and communities.</li>
<li>Each lesson includes videos and role-playing scenarios that encourage youth to talk about bullying and bullying behaviors.</li>
<li>Participants learn how to identify bullying behaviors, develop intervention strategies to combat bullying, and recognize the impact bullying and violence have on mental health.</li>
</ul>
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<p>Content below reflects text within the graphics of the video above.</p>
<ul>
<li>HYPE: Helping Youth Promote Empathy</li>
<li>1 in 4 children are bullied.</li>
<li>HYPE works to build a safe school environment</li>
<li>by decreasing harassment</li>
<li>and teaching intervention strategies.</li>
<li>Stop bullying. Create impact. Promote empathy.</li>
<li>Alabama Extension, more in our cities. aces.edu/urban.</li>
</ul>
<h1>Who is HYPE for?</h1>
<ul>
<li>HYPE works with all school-age children, 5 through 18.</li>
<li>The HYPE series can be reserved for your classroom or other youth groups.</li>
</ul>
<h1>How much does HYPE cost?</h1>
<ul>
<li>The HYPE program is free.</li>
<li>Alabama Extension personnel will come to your class or community facility.</li>
<li>We take care of everything for the session from set-up, teaching the session, and follow-up data analysis.</li>
</ul>
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<h1 class="p1">Contact Us</h1>
<p><b>Alabama Extension serves all 67 Alabama counties.</b> If your county isn’t listed below, contact the nearest county on the list or the program <a href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/u/Angela-Williams-jgt344FY/">specialist</a> in the state office.</p>
<p><strong>State Office, </strong><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/about-us/aamu/">Alabama A&M University</a></p>
<p><a href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/u/Angela-Williams-jgt344FY/">Angela Williams,</a> Youth Development Specialist</p>
<p><strong>Office:</strong> (256) 372-5713; <strong><span class="s3">Email: </span></strong><span class="s4"><a href="mailto:arw0033@aces.edu">arw0033@aces.edu</a></span></p>
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<th scope="col" class="ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_city ">City</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_office ">Office</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_educator ">Educator</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_3 ninja_clmn_nm_phone_number ">Phone Number</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_4 ninja_clmn_nm_email ">Email</th></tr>
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<td>Huntsville</td><td><a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/madison/">Madison County Extension</a></td><td><p class="p1"><a href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/u/Layale-Davis-bdJ3dwpE/"><span data-olk-copy-source="MessageBody">Layale Davis</span></a></p></td><td><a href="tel:(256) 532-1581">(256) 532-1581</a></td><td><a href="mailto:lbd0025@aces.edu">lbd0025@aces.edu</a></td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="40661" class="ninja_table_row_1 nt_row_id_40661">
<td>Florence</td><td><a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/lauderdale/">Lauderdale County Extension</a></td><td><p class="p1"><a href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/u/Tyler-Thompson-m000RRnD/">Tyler Thomson</a></p></td><td><a href="tel:(256) 766-6223">(256) 766-6223</a></td><td><p class="p1"><a href="mailto:ttt0024@aces.edu">ttt0024@aces.edu</a></p></td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="40663" class="ninja_table_row_2 nt_row_id_40663">
<td>Montgomery</td><td><a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/montgomery/">Montgomery County Extension</a></td><td><p class="p1"><a href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/u/Angela-Kelly-gJU044XK/#emailaddress">Angela Kelly</a></p></td><td><a href="tel:(334) 245-8053">(334) 245-8053</a></td><td><a href="mailto:ask0081@aces.edu">ask0081@aces.edu</a></td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="42491" class="ninja_table_row_3 nt_row_id_42491">
<td>Madison-Statewide</td><td><a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/madison/">Madison County Extension</a></td><td><a href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/u/Deanna-Patton-yHH0buLP/">Deanna Patton</a></td><td><a href="tel:(256) 532-1578">(256) 532-1578</a></td><td><a href="mailto:ddp0024@aces.edu">ddp0024@aces.edu</a></td> </tr>
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<p><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-56781 alignnone" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/HYPElogo-600x238.jpg" alt="HYPE Logo" width="200" height="79" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/HYPElogo-600x238.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/HYPElogo-768x305.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/HYPElogo.jpg 1340w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /></p>
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/pick-rack | Pick-Up Rack | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Pick-Up Rack
## Pick-Up Rack
BUILDING&CONSTRUCTION PLANSARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6192
View as PDF: 6192.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/alabama-soils-flood-plains-terraces-and-coastal-marshes/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | 2018-08-21 | [] | AL | A typical area consists of cultivated crops on the nearly level terraces and bottomland, and the hardwood forests in the floodplain of streams. Soils of the coastal marshes and beaches are poorly drained and may have dark grayish brown, mucky sandy loam surfaces over a gray sandy loam subsoil. Because theses soils are in the early stages of development (flooding may deposit new parent material), they don't always show the typical A-B-C soil profile development of older soils. Humanmade lakes on upland rivers have flooded most of the alluvial soils in the Piedmont, Sandstone Plateau, and Limestone Valley regions of the state.
## Characteristics and Considerations
## Cookie Notice |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/t/nutrition-and-heart-health-in-the-fire-service-t-3624.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20211014095907-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## EXTENSION
Jill Joyce, PhD, RD Assistant Professor
## Katie Strait
Graduate Student and Dietetic Intern
## Deana Hildebrand, PhD, RD, LD Associate Professor & Extension Specialist
Jay Dawes, PhD Associate Professor
A heart attack is the leading cause of on-duty death in the fire service.'
## Limited nutrition classes available through work
## October 2021
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at extension.okstate.edu
The most common personal health issues and heart disease risk factors among firefighters are high cholesterol and high blood pressure. 3
Most heart disease among fire fighters is due to lifestyle. The good news - it is largely preventable by adopting healthy habits, like healthy eating and regular physical activity.
## Nutrition Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) among Fire Fighters:
- · Many firefighters are unaware of their unhealthy weight. 4
- About 75% of firefighters are overweight.
- o About 40% of firefighters are obese.
- Firefighters are interestedinlearningabouthealthyeating, but do not feel that health habits are being addressed by their employer. 4,5
- There are unique barriers to healthy eating among fire fighters. 6
## Next Steps
We know heart disease is a major concern among fire fighters. We also know many of the nutrition risk factors fire fighters experience. How do we address these factors to prevent heart disease deaths? Here are some ideas:
## References
Sotos P.M., S. Cash, C. Christophi, S. Tolta, S. Moffatt, C. Muegge, et al. Rationale and design of feeding America's bravest: Mediterranean diet based intervention to change firefighters' eating habits and improve cardiovascular risk profiles. Contemporary Clinical Trials . 2017;61:101-107.
Laxmi S.M., T.M. Beckie, H.A. DeVon, C.L. Grines, H.M. Krumholz and M.N. Johnson, et al. Acute Myocardial Infarction in Women A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation . 2016;916-947. Eastlake AC, B.S. Knipper, X. He, B.M. Alexander and K.G. Davis. Lifestyle and safety practices of firefight-
ers and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors. Work. 2015;285-294
Kay BF, M.M. Lund, P.N. Taylor and N.H. Herbold. Assessment of firefighters' cardiovascular disease-related knowledge and behaviors. Journal of American Diet Association . 2001;101(7):807-9.
Yang J.A., M. Farioli and S.N.N., Korre. Cales. Dietary Preferences and Nutritional Information Needs Among Career Firefighters in the United States. Global Advances in Health and Medicine . 2015;4(4):16-23.
Frattoliaro K.M. Pollack, M. Bailey, H. Schafer, L.J. Cheskin and D.R. Holtgrave. Working inside the firehouse: developing a participant-driven intervention to enhance health-promoting behaviors. Health Promotion Practice . 2013;14(3):451-8. | |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE941 | Floriculture Crops Economic Outlook for 2014 | University of Florida | [
"Hayk Khachatryan",
"Alan W. Hodges",
"Shawn Steed"
] | 2023-01-24 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Floriculture Crops Economic Outlook for 2014
Hayk Khachatryan, Alan W. Hodges, and Shawn Steed
## Introduction
This report summarizes industry statistics using data from primary and secondary sources and highlights production and sales trends in the US environmental horticulture industry in 2014. Data sources include the United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS), US Census Bureau, the IBIS World Industry Reports, National Association of Home Builders, S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Indices, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research, AIA Economics and Market Research Group, and Florida Realtors® . Primary data is collected through the National Nursery Survey, conducted by the Green Industry Research Consortium.
## Overview
The environmental horticulture industry reflected the sluggish economic recovery, strong import competition, and slow pace of technological change in the US industry throughout 2013. According to a recent floriculture crops report (USDA/NASS 2013), the leading states in terms of year-over-year percentage increase in wholesale value in 2012 were Pennsylvania (20.7%), Ohio (15.6%), North Carolina (13.5%) and Texas (11.1%). Among the top ten production states, the laggards were California and Florida, each down by 2.6 percent. However, in terms of wholesale value of sales (i.e., market share), California and Florida remain the top two states in the country, with $974.2 million (M) and $820.6 M, respectively (all dollar amounts in US dollars). When small producers (growers with less than $100,000 annual sales) are included, total estimated sales in California and Florida rise to $985 M and $812 M, respectively. Together these two states account for more than 44 percent of the total wholesale value of sales in the United States.
The environmental horticulture industry in Florida is among the most important sectors of the state's agricultural economy, with total output or revenue impacts (i.e., the dollar value of a good or service produced or sold; equivalent to sales revenues plus changes in business inventories) in 2010 estimated at $16.29 billion (B). This figure includes $11.87 B in direct output impacts of industry sales, $692 M in indirect output impacts from firms that supply inputs to the horticulture sectors, and
$3.72 B in induced impacts associated with spending by industry employee and proprietor households (Hodges et al. 2011). More specifically, total output (or revenue) impacts were $8.12 B for nurseries, $6.24 B for landscape services, $1.68 B for horticultural retailers, and $243 M for allied horticultural suppliers. Of the four environmental horticulture sectors, nurseries and greenhouses generated the largest share of indirect and induced multiplier impacts (i.e., impact from firms that supply inputs to the horticulture sectors) due to their large exports to the domestic and international markets.
## Floriculture Crops Production
## Number of Growers
The number of horticultural producers continues its downward trajectory that started with the economic slowdown in 20082009 (Table 1). The total number of producers in the 15 states included in the USDA survey (USDA/NASS 2013) declined by 6 percent in 2012 to 5,419 growers (for comparison, the decline from 2010 to 2011 was 6.5 percent). The number of producers declined in all 15 states surveyed, with the exception of Maryland and Hawaii, where the number increased by 3.2 and 1.7 percent, respectively. The 2012 rate of decline of fruit crops produced by some states, as compared with 2011, was as follows: California (3.2% vs. 9.2 %), Illinois (3.9% vs. 10.9 %), New York (6.2% vs. 6.5 %), Ohio (8.1% vs. 9.1 %) and Washington (5.8% vs. 12.8 %). However, the year-over-year (2011 to 2012) comparison showed that the number of growers in the majority of states in the USDA fifteen-state program declined considerably. For example, the total number of growers in Florida declined by 9.7 percent in 2012, while the decline in 2011 was only 6.3 percent.
The number of growers also declined in New Jersey (7.7 % in 2012; 4.4 % in 2011), Oregon (12.7 % in 2012; 6.5 % in 2011), South Carolina (23.1 % in 2012; 10.3 % in 2011) and Texas (8.4 % in 2012; 0.7 % in 2011). The total number of growers included in the USDA/NASS fifteen-state program declined by 745 in the years between 2010 and 2012 (i.e., 401 growers from 2010 to 2011, and 344 growers from 2011 to 2012) (Table 1).
## Area Used for Production
## Covered Area
The total area of floriculture crops produced under cover declined in most of the 15 states included in the USDA/NASS report (2013), averaging a 1.4 percent decline from 2011 to 2012 (Table 2). The average rate of decline in 2011-2012 is slightly lower (1.4%), compared with 2010-2011, which exhibited a 2.5 percent decline. Only three states saw an increase in production areas: Oregon (13.9%), New Jersey (4.1%), and Washington (0.5%) (Note: for New Jersey and Oregon, the positive trend in the area used for covered production continues from 2011, when the area increased in comparison with 2010 by 7.0% for New Jersey and 0.1% for Oregon). South Carolina and North Carolina reported the largest reductions, 24.6 and 15.4 percent, respectively. The decline in the South Carolina covered area of production is consistent with the decline from 2010 to 2011 (27.9%; however, the decline in North Carolina from 2010 to 2011 was only 1.3 percent. Overall, the decline in the covered area used for production declined 1.4 percent from 2011 to 2012, which is 0.9 percent less than the decline from 2010 to 2011 (2.5%).
## Open Ground
From 2011 to 2012, the largest increased acreages of open-grown floricultural crops were observed in Washington (78%), Illinois (64.4%), and Oregon (18.9%). The number of acres used for open-ground operations increased in Texas (8.4%), Hawaii (6.8%), and North Carolina (3.8%). In contrast, from 2010 to 2011, only three states had reported increased acres for open-ground production: Pennsylvania (17.5%, Michigan (11.3%), and Texas (3%). The largest reductions in open-ground production in 2012 were reported by the growers in South Carolina (82.1%), Maryland (58.1%), Ohio (25.7%), and Pennsylvania (17.6%). The total decline in open acres from 2011 to 2012 for all 15 states studied was 2.1 percent, which is 4.5 percent lower than the decline from 2010 to 2011 (Table 2).
## Other Type of Cover
Annual production statistics for horticultural crops from additional operations such as greenhouses (including those made of glass, film plastic, fiberglass, and other rigid materials) and shade cloth and other temporary covers are provided later (see Tables 6-10, Appendix I).
## Wholesale Value
The wholesale value of all plant category sales in 2012 increased 1.5 percent to $3.993 (B). Similar to changes in the number of growers, there were noticeable variations among the 15 states and across plant categories (i.e., annuals, perennials, potted flowering plants, foliage, cut flowers, or propagative material). From 2011 to 2012, the floriculture crops' wholesale value in Florida and California (top two producing states) decreased 2.6 percent to $802.6 M and $974.2 M, respectively (Table 3). In
contrast, significant year-over-year increases in the wholesale value of sales were observed in North Carolina (13.5%, to $254 M), Ohio (15.6%, to $222.3 M), Pennsylvania (20.7%, to 148.9 M) and Texas (11.1%, to $275.7 M).
The variation in sales figures can also be seen across plant categories. For example, from 2011 to 2012, annual bedding/garden plant sales increased by two percent, to $1.36 B (Table 11, Appendix II); perennials increased by 5.7 percent, to $594.5 M (Table 12, Appendix III); foliage increased by 4.6 percent, to $64.8 M (Table 14, Appendix II); and propagative material increased by three percent, to $366 M (Table 17, Appendix II). On the other hand, wholesale value of containerized floriculture decreased by 3.5 percent (to $617.8 M) in 2012 (Table 13, Appendix II). Similarly, cut flowers' wholesale value decreased by 4.7 percent, to $342.1 M (Table 15, Appendix II), and cut cultivated greens' sales decreased by 1.5 percent, to $71 M (Table 16, Appendix II).
## Nursery and Floriculture Industry Consolidations
Production of nursery and floriculture crops in the United States continues to have a low level of market concentration and relatively moderate barriers to entry. There were more than 59,000 establishments in 2004, which declined by 17 percent by 2008 (to 49,215), and by 23 percent by 2012 (to 45,565). In contrast, the number of enterprises dropped by 11 percent from 42,000 to 37,375 by 2008, and by 15 percent by 2012 (to 35,636) (Figure 2). Although small businesses cover the largest part of the industry (in terms of the number of firms), consolidation changes the industry toward large-scale operations, following the same trend in other agricultural industries. Larger producers enjoy lower per-unit costs of production and distribution made possible by economies of scale and scope (e.g., innovative supply chains, direct marketing opportunities). With increasing global opportunities, reaching out to international export markets may also favor larger producers.
Figure 2. Number of enterprises and establishments in the US plant and flower production industry, 2004-2012. Credit: IBIS World Reports: 2013 Plant & Flower Growing in the United States. Note: An enterprise is a division that is managed separately and may consist of one or more establishments. An establishment is the smallest unit within an enterprise and has a si
## Housing Market Situations
## Single-Family New Houses Sold in the United States
The economic performance of the nursery and greenhouse industry is closely related to developments in the housing market, namely new construction starts and sales of existing houses. Sales of new houses generate the greatest demand for the products and services provided by the nursery and greenhouse industry. Housing market trends in states such as California or Florida (states with the highest number of foreclosures) are important considerations for the estimation of consumer demand
for horticultural products and services at the national level (indoor and outdoor plants, landscaping and related supplies). Figure 3 presents quarterly median sales prices trends of new houses sold, by US regions. Median values for the housing market represent a useful parameter for horticultural sales because mean prices can be affected by large deviations (e.g., very high- or low-priced house sales) in the house sales data.
Prices for new houses in the South and the Midwest regions have historically trended lower than the US median prices (Figure 3). Although median prices for new houses sold in the West significantly declined after the peak of the market around 2005/06, the trend has generally been above the overall US median prices. The median sales price trend in the Northeast region has been fluctuating since 2005, and there is no deterministic trend. Median sales prices of new houses in the West, however, show a considerable upward trend since 2011. The sales prices in the South and Midwest regions are lower than the national average, but an upward trend is observed from 2011. The overall increase in the median sales prices may lead to increased construction and higher demand for environmental horticulture products in the next years.
## Single-Family House Construction Starts in the United States
As with sales of new houses, new construction starts will contribute to the economic recovery of the nursery and floriculture industry. The main difference, however, is that demand associated with new construction starts is delayed by almost one year until houses are constructed and the demand for the horticultural products and services is generated. As shown in Figure 4, the construction starts trend in the Northeast, Midwest, and West was relatively flat between 2011 and 2013. Housing starts in the South, however, were relatively higher, ranging between 20 thousand to over 30 thousand units since January 2012. Since December 2012 (the second lowest point of the total US line), the number of single-family housing starts has significantly increased. The highest number of single-family homes construction starts was in June 2013 (60,900 units). The total number of single-family homes construction in 2013 was 576,200, a 7.6 percent increase from the 535,300 figure in 2012.
Architectural Billing Index
Compiled by the American Institute of Architects Economics and Market Research Group, the Architecture Billing Index (ABI) is another useful economic indicator that can be used to predict construction activity. More precisely, the ABI is a seasonally adjusted, leading economic indicator of potential non-residential construction spending for one year into the future. The American Institute of Architects surveys approximately 300 member firms to identify significant (+5%) monthly changes in client billings (Baker and Saltes 2005). An ABI value of 50.0 indicates no difference from the aggregate firms' previous month's billings. Movements of the index away from the 50 value indicate that architectural client billings are either increasing or decreasing. This turn would be visible in nonresidential construction spending at a future date because architectural services is the first step in the process of building construction. For most of 2013, the ABI was in a position above 50, except for the month of April (48.6) (Figure 5). November and December of 2013 saw the index fall below 50 to values of 49.8 and 48.5 respectively, indicating a reduction in the demand for architectural services with a potential slowdown in nonresidential construction spending late into 2014.
Single-Family New House Sales in Florida
According to a recent report compiled by Florida Realts® (2013), the number of single-family houses sold in Florida increased by 17.3 percent in the third quarter (Q3) in 2013 compared with the same period in 2012 (Table 4), reaching 60,661 houses. The one-year median sales price for single-family houses increased by 18.6 percent (reaching to $175,000). In Q3 in 2013, pending sales of single-family homes in Florida increased by 18.4 percent, to 69,483 houses (compared with Q3 in 2012), while cash and sales increased by 13.9 percent, to 25,442 houses. Short-sale transactions (an indicator of consumer distress) were down 30.9 percent, to 7,935 houses, with an increase in the median price by $16,000 (to $130,000 in Q3 2013). Sales of foreclosure or real-estate-owned (REO) houses were up by 14.3%, to 10,332 houses. Traditional sales increased by 35.8%, to 42,394 units (Table 5).
## Consumer Confidence
Following the survey model by the University of Michigan Survey of Consumers conducted since 1952 (http://www.sca.isj.umich.edu), the UE Bureau of Economic and Business Research has measured consumers' confidence and optimism for over the next five years (BEBR 2013). The consumer confidence index measures consumer attitudes and buying intentions each month and is benchmarked to the index in 1985. About 40 percent of the index is based on questions about current economic conditions, and 60 percent is concerned with expectations of future conditions. The questionnaire used by the BEBR consists of five questions, and responses from approximately 500 households in Florida are collected monthly. As shown in Figure 6, consumers' expectations for national economic conditions from 2012 throughout 2013 were relatively higher than in 2011. Expectations over the next five years were higher in 2012, but both short and long term converged in 2013. Overall, the expectations for national economic conditions were within a higher range and there is less variation throughout 2012 and 2013 compared with the previous five years.
Changes in the consumer confidence index have important implications for the environmental horticulture industry because the index reflects the degree of optimism that the consumers express about the state of the economy, and their degree of optimism is closely associated with their spending and savings behaviors. The more confident consumers feel about the stability of their personal incomes and the state of the economy overall, the more likely they are to purchase goods and services. To understand the significance of consumer spending to the national economy, consider spending as part of the leading economic indicators, such as the gross domestic product (GDP). In the United States, the proportion of household private consumption (i.e., the market value of all goods and services purchased by households) is estimated at 69 percent of the gross domestic product (The World Bank 2013). The demand for horticultural products and services, therefore, can be explained partially by changes in the level of consumers' expectations of the state of the economy.
## Conclusions
In order to communicate the recent developments and future trends in the US environmental horticulture industry to the stakeholders, this report combined data related to the production and wholesale value of floriculture crops in the United States. The nursery and floriculture production and wholesale trends discussion was complemented by a review of the US housing market situation, specifically focusing on the housing market trends in Florida, as an important indicator of the industry's economic performance. According to the USDA/NASS fifteen-state statistics, the number of floriculture crop growers from 2010 to 2012 declined by 12.1 percent to 5,419. Although glass greenhouse production area increase by 3.7 percent in 2012, the total greenhouse production area (including film plastic, fiberglass, and other rigid covers) declined by 2.9 percent in 2012. Open-ground production acres followed the same trend as 3.6 and 2.1 percent in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Total wholesale value across all plant categories, however, increased by 1.5% in 2012, to $3.99 B, which can partly be explained by improved sales of new and existing houses, which generated additional demand for the floriculture crops. With the significant improvements in the US housing market situation, as shown by the national quarterly medial sales prices and the number of single-family housing construction starts, it is expected that the demand for floriculture and nursery crops and landscaping services will likely increase in the next several years.
## References
Baker, K. and D. Saltes. 2005. Architectural billings as a leading indicator of construction: Analysis of the relation-ship between billings index and construction spending. Business Economics, 40(4): 67-73. https://content.iaa.org/sites/default/files/2016-04/Arch-Billing-Leading-Indicator\_2005.pdf
BEBR. 2013. Florida Indicators: Consumer Confidence 2013. Bureau of Economic and Business Research (BEBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (November).
Hodges, A.W., T. Stevens, M. Rahmani, and H. Khachatryan. 2011. Economic Contributions of the Florida Environmental Horticulture Industry in 2010 . Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (September). http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/economic-impactanalysis/Economic\_Contributions\_Florida\_Environmental\_Horticulture\_Industry\_2010.pdf
USDA/NASS. 2012. Floriculture Crops 2011 Summary . United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS) (May). http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsdaviewDocumentInfo.do? documentID=1072
USDA/NASS. 2013. Floriculture Crops 2012 Summary . United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS) (April). http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsdaviewDocumentInfo.do? documentID=1072
The World Bank. 2013. World Development Indicators: Household Final Consumption Expenditure. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PETC.ZS
## Appendices
## Appendix I. Area Used in Production by Different Types of Greenhouse Operations
## Appendix II. Wholesale Value by Plant Types
| Table 3. |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Wholesale value and percentage change of all floriculture crop sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012. |
Florida new single-family house sales by type in Q3 2012 and 2013.
Area used and percentage change for total greenhouse cover production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.
View Table
Area used and percentage change for glass greenhouse production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.
View Table
Area used and percentage change for fiberglass and other rigid greenhouse production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.
Area used and percentage change for film plastic greenhouse production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.
View Table
Wholesale value and percentage change of cut flowers sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.
View Table
Wholesale value and percentage change of propagative floriculture material sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.
View Table
Publication #FE941
Release Date:
January 25, 2023
DOI: 10.32473/edis-fe941-2014
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Hayk Khachatryan
View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is FE941, one of a series of the Food and Resource Economics Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 2014. Revised May 2017 and January 2023. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Hayk Khachatryan, associate professor, Food and Resource Economics Department, UF/IFAS Mid-Florida Research and Education Center; Alan W. Hodges, Extension scientist emeritus, Food and Resource Economics; and Shawn Steed, Extension agent, Environmental Horticulture Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Food and Resource Economics
Environmental Horticulture Industry |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/fredept/2022/05/25/do-plastic-warning-labels-reduce-consumers-willingness-to-pay-for-plastic-egg-packaging-new-fre-research-study-finds-out/ | Do Plastic Warning Labels Reduce Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Plastic Egg Packaging? New FRE research study finds out. | University of Florida | [
"Alena Poulin"
] | 2022-05-25 | [
"Agribusiness",
"Food Safety",
"Health & Nutrition",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"Food & Economics Research",
"Food and Resource Economics",
"Student Research",
"sustainability"
] | FL | ## Do Plastic Warning Labels Reduce Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Plastic Egg Packaging? New FRE research study finds out.
Reducing plastic waste is often proposed as an action item when it comes to sustainability. Since product packaging makes up almost the largest category of plastic waste (41%) in the United States, it makes sense that looking at alternative packaging materials or the use of warning labels may be one way to improve sustainability for agribusinesses.
For the newly published research, scientists studied consumer perception of eggs, egg cartons, and warning labels about the dangers of plastic waste.
## The Impact of Single-Use Plastics
Plastic waste poses many threats to human, animal, and environmental health. For example, it can become a choking hazard for wildlife when not disposed of properly. In addition, as plastics break down into smaller microplastics they can also pollute water supplies impacting human and animal health alike.
In 2019, 24% of United States citizens said they purchased products packaged in alternative materials to avoid buying single-use plastics.
The researchers hope this study can determine how packaging changes to include warning labels can benefit the environment by decreasing plastic use in the United States.
Since 2014, eight states have enacted state-wide bans on single-use plastic bags (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2012). Vermont and Virginia have also banned polystyrene containers packed in the state. At the same time, however, 17 states have made it illegal for municipalities to place bans or fees on plastics (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2021).
'Given this regulatory environment, policymakers will have to find ways other than bans and fees to stem the flow of plastic waste,' van Asselt said. 'Labels may be one way of doing this. Warning labels may successfully inform consumers about the potential hazards of a product or packaging and alter consumers' preference for the product. If they can do this, they should be able to decrease plastic use in the long-term in the food and beverage sector. This is key to making the sector more sustainable.'
## Does Packaging Matter?
For this choice experiment, researchers presented study participants with images of different egg cartons, one clear plastic, one foam, and one pulp-based.
"Eggs are one of the few foods that are sold in three package options: plastic, foam, and pulp," van Asselt said. "While the three crates have different levels of recyclability, they are similar in functionality. We felt that the different crate materials have little effect on the quality, lifespan, or breakability of the eggs."
Respondents looked at a picture of the different options alongside a price and then responded either yes or no as to if they would buy the eggs at that price point. Researchers then compared that price point to see how it changed after being shown the warning label.
When deciding on how to get their product to consumers, egg producers and sellers must take many things into consideration, including the price of materials and how the looks of a product may appeal to the customer and make their product stand out from the rest when people are making their choices at the store.
Customer preference for the clear plastic packaging was clear when they were given no other information or warning labels. However, some consumers preferred the foam, believing it was more protective of the eggs.
Egg purchases did not prefer foam to pulp packaging, suggesting that egg sellers currently using foam packaging could switch to pulp-based packaging without significantly reducing demand.
## How do warning labels impact price?
Warning labels are an effective way of influencing a customer's willingness to purchase, changing their preference away from plastic towards alternative materials that are more eco-conscious.
In this study, participants read one of three randomly assigned warning labels. One label focused on the health impacts of plastics, one on the environmental impacts, and one on safety which mentioned both.
Results clearly showed that the information in the warning labels was effective at shifting customer preference toward sustainable packaging, with an apparent decrease in willingness to purchase both plastic and foam egg cartons.
However, it differed by messaging used, with the most drastic decrease in willingness to purchase when participants read a health-focused product label.
Clear plastic decreased by $1.02 on average with a health warning label and foam by $5 cents.
In contrast, there was no decrease in willingness to purchase the foam packaging when shown the environmental-only message, suggesting that messaging informing consumers of their direct, personal risks may be more effective in changing purchasing behavior.
'Our results indicate that warning labels may be considered as a part of a broader policy toolkit to reduce plastic use in the U.S.,' van Asselt said. 'For example, the FDA could require plastic packaging to carry away sharing labels. They can educate consumers of the potential harm of plastic consumption, nudge consumers away from purchasing single-use plastic, and in turn incentivize lower plastic production and use across the agro-food supply chain. We hope to conduct more research in this area to confirm our findings and to help propose a strategy to reduce plastic waste in the U.S.'
FRE graduate students Joanna van Asselt, Moonwon Soh, and Yefan Nian conducted this study alongside FREE professor Zhifeng Gao and USDA economist Steven Morgan.
Download and read the full research article at ScienceDirect
```
O
by Alena Poulin
Posted: May 25, 2022
Category: Agribusiness. Food Safety. Health & Nutrition. UF/IAS. Research
Tags: Food&EconomicsResearch.FoodAndResource Economics. Student Research. Sustainability
``` |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/UW436 | Land Trusts in Florida: A Brief Guide to Land Trusts to Protect Land in Your Community | University of Florida | [
"Benjamin W. North",
"Elizabeth F. Pienaar"
] | 2018-05-14 | [
"3. Natural Resources and Environmental Quality"
] | FL | ## Land Trusts in Florida: A Brief Guide to Land Trusts to Protect Land in Your Community
Benjamin W. North and Elizabeth F. Pienaar
## Land Trusts Defined
A land trust is a private nonprofit organization that owns and manages land to protect its natural, economic, and cultural value. Land trusts may also educate the public about local conservation efforts.
## The Role of Land Trusts in Your Community
Land trusts create a way for community members to protect land that is important to them but that is not protected through public acquisition (for example as a park or nature preserve), and thus may be vulnerable to conversion to development.
Several possible benefits to protecting land through land trusts include:
- · securing access to clean water and air;
- · protecting the land's historical and cultural value;
- · supporting food and timber production by keeping lands in agricultural and rangeland uses; and
- · providing corridors and habitat for wildlife and spaces for recreation.
Land trusts protect land either by owning a conservation easement on all or a part of a property or by owning the land "in fee"-which means that the land trust owns the land outright. Conservation easements are legal agreements wherein the land enrolled in the easement must be conserved according to the terms of the agreement (Demers and Carter 2017). Land trusts uphold the terms of conservation easements by assuming the development rights of the property, either by purchasing them or being given them by the property owner. Ownership of the property remains with the individual or entity selling or donating the easement. Land trusts can acquire land or conservation easements using private donations from community members and grants from government programs or private foundations.
## Finding a Land Trust to Help Protect Land
There may already be a land trust operating in your municipality or county. Land trusts operate at a range of levels, from municipal land trusts to national land trusts. To find a list of land trusts in Florida that are accredited by the Land Trust Alliance go to: https://findalandtrust.org/land-trusts/gaining-ground/florida#land-trusts .
## Establishing a Land Trust In Your Community
Any group of people with an interest protecting land can establish a local land trust in their community. Land trusts can range from small all-volunteer organizations to large organizations with paid staff. If you are interested in setting up a land trust, then information on land trust standards and practices can be accessed at:
https://s3.amazonaws.com/landtrustalliance.org/LandTrustStandardsandPractices.pdf.
## Reference
Demers, C., and D. R. Carter. 2017. Conservation Easements: Options for Preserving Current Land Uses . SS-FOR-21. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FR149
Publication #WEC391
Release Date:
May 15, 2018
Reviewed At: August 29, 2024
DOI: doi.org/10.32473/edis-uw436-2017
Critical Issue: 3. Natural Resources and Environmental Quality
Contacts: Eric Hellgren
View PDF
About this Publication
This document is WEC391, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 2017. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Benjamin W. North, PhD student; and Elizabeth F. Pienaar, assistant professor and Extension specialist; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Pienaar, Elizabeth Frances
external
University of Florida
Hellgren, Eric C
Specialist
University of Florida
Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
## Environmental Stewardship |
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