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Osteoporosis affects over 44 million Americans leading to direct annual expenditures in excess of $20 billion. Measuring the success of bone-sparing therapies requires not only sensitive tests but also convenient patient procedures since many osteoporosis sufferers are elderly. In the present study, we propose to test ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The purpose of this Medication Development Research Center grant is to systematically and comprehensively test different potentially therapeutic drugs using human laboratory models of drug abuse for opiates, cocaine and cigarette smoking. This center grant will also examine how the results from human laboratory models ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Mitochondrial generation of ATP, and the processes which control it, are crucial to nearly every function performed by cells. Uncoupling proteins 2 (UCP2) and 3 (UCP3) are homologues of UCP1 which provide an important level of control over mitochondrial generation of ATP. Accordingly, there has been much interest in di...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The aim of this project is to test the hypothesis that smooth muscle cells from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis induce expression of CD1d on intestinal epithelial cells, which in turn leads to an inappropriate inflammatory response. We propose to determine if certain candidate cytokines are respons...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system and play a critical role in white matter formation. Serious clinical disorders affect central nervous system white matter during early development. These conditions include periventricular white matter injury (PWMI), which affects up to 20% ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The proposal deals with the mechanism of transduction in mammalian taste reception. A new method for detecting the effects of tastants at the single cell level is introduced. The method permits tastants to be applied to the normal taste-sensitive regions of the taste-bud while at the same time recording the cell electr...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Bordetella pertussis, the microorganism which causes the disease commonly known as whooping cough, produces several toxins (i.e., pertussis toxin (PT) and heat labile or dermonecratic toxin) which appear to play important roles in pathogenesis of the organism. PT in addition is a major protective antigen which is a pro...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Our goal is to understand the role of scaffold proteins in the organization of signal transduction. Scaffolds determine the outcome of signal transduction by controlling the location of cell surface receptors and connecting them to downstream effectors. This proposal focuses on post-synaptic glutamate signaling, which ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Evidence in both humans and mice shows that immunoregulatory mechanisms are transmitted from mothers to their newborns via breast milk. However, early childhood infections by certain pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) compromise these protective mechanisms thereby predisposing to disease (asthma) later...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The large majority of older patients with autoimmune Graves' hyperthyroidism and atrial fibrillation (AF) have coexisting activating autoantibodies (AA) to the beta1-adrenergic (B1AR) and M2 muscarinic receptors (M2R). Adrenergic and muscarinic agonists are known to enhance the likelihood for developing AF. HYPOTHESIS:...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The human T-cell lymphoma virus, HTLV-I, has been found to be associated with patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Studies are underway to understand the mechanism of malignant transformation and immunologic response of individuals infected with this virus. An HLA class I epitope is expressed when cells are infected wi...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Experiments have been performed that demonstrate an active non- specific immunosuppressive factor(s) in human cord blood and in the serum of rats transplanted with Morris hepatoma 7777. The factor appears to be concentrated in the fractions containing the highest concentration of alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP). These fractio...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The goals of this program are to use biological characteristics of tumor cells as a means for improving grading of human cancer through use of more objective parameters. The object of grading tumors is to estimate the potential of the tumor for growth, invasion, and metastasis, which are important factors to clinicians...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Stimulus equivalence, the ability to categorize stimuli on the basis of relations shared through associative contingencies and not physical features, may be a necessary prerequisite for symbolic Functioning and language development. Monkeys, chimpanzees, and sea lions can form some of the emergent relations that determ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Our work over the past year has been in collaborative support of NICHD protocol 06-CH-0038, "Body Heat Content and Dissipation in Obese and Normal Weight Adults". Activities included:[unreadable] [unreadable] 1. Further refinement of a "recovery-enhanced infrared imaging" method, to gauge the reaction of human subjects...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Glucocorticoids (GC) produced by the adrenal cortex mediate the body's adaptive response to stress. The synthesis and secretion of these steroids is regulated by the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary system. In response to stressful stimuli, the hypothalamus is induced to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). CR...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Numerous studies have shown that there are endocrine abnormalities associated with endogenous depression. The major alterations include resistance of the serum cortisol rhythm to suppression by dexamethasone (dex), alterations in the circadian secretion pattern of serum cortisol, and a blunted thyrotropin stimulating h...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Our long term objective is to understand the roles of regulatory carboxypeptidases in physiological and pathological processes. Membrane-bound carboxypeptidase (CP) M is an important regulator of the kallikrein- kinin system via its ability to generate des-Arg-kinin agonists of the G-protein coupled kinin B1 receptor (...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Inflammation is a process essential for host defense and tissue repair. However, exuberant defense may cause pathogenic changes leading to vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. The primary goal of this renewal application is to build from the previous granting period to characterize proinflammatory cytokines such ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The three research projects will be supported by an Administrative Core that will help to coordinate the smooth exchange of compounds and data between the projects and facilitate the interface with NIH scientific and administrative personnel. The Core will be led by Dr. Kellar, the PI for the overall Program. An Execut...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Sexual transmission is the primary route by which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is acquired. In the prevailing hypothesis about the initial events of infection, dendritic cells (DC) serve as a major vehicle for trafficking HIV across the mucosa and to secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes (LN), where robu...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The aim of this project is to assess muscle triglyceride content in human subjects non-invasively using 1H and 13C NMR-spectroscopy in order to evaluate whether defects in lipid metabolism might be responsible for alterations in glucose metabolism in people with insulin resistance.	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Major histocompatibility (MHC) Class I gene activation occurs during embryonic development, so that at birth most of somatic cells express the antigens derived from both paternal and the maternal MHC genes. The precise timing, and the types of Class I antigens expressed during embryonic development have been so far con...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
PROJECT SUMMARY Depression is a chronic and debilitating mental illness. Anhedonia, one of the two core symptoms of major depression, is particularly difficult to treat. Individuals can experience one or more types of anhedonia, defined as a loss of interest or a loss of pleasure. However, the neural circuits and molec...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The fushi tarazu (ftz) gene of Drosophila melanogaster functions in determining the formation of alternating segmental primordia during the early stages of embryogenesis. Ftz mutations affect the expression of engrailed (en), a gene required for the determination of posterior segment primordia, and Antennapedia (Antp) ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This application is a request for a Scientist Development Award for New Minority Faculty (K01) that will enable Dr. Nyborg to continue to develop her programmatic line of research in the prevention of aggressive/violent behaviors in males of African descent. African American males are particularly at risk for negative ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. Primary support for the subproject and the subproject's principal investigator may have been provided by other sources, including other NIH sources. The Total Cost listed for the subproject likely ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's. Heavily implicated in its molecular pathology is the abundantly-expressed and intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) a- synuclein (a -syn). While the precise role played by a -syn in PD is unknown, its aggregation into fila...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic lower urinary tract disorder characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pressure and pain. Although various pathological mechanisms have been proposed to account for IC, the etiology of the disorder is unknown. Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to speculate that IC i...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Clinical trials for neurodegenerative diseases are hampered by the lack of quantitative and objective biomarkers that reflect treatment effects in the brain. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has potential to directly assess disease-modifying effects of therapeutic interventions in the brain. However, MRS has not m...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
It is particularly important that donor and recipient be well matched for tooth transplantation because immunosuppressive drugs cannot be used to prolong their survival. At the present time it is not known to what degree humans be matched in order to assure the long-term survival of tooth allografts. The purpose of thi...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body and is responsible for diverse functions including regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, generation of bile, and detoxification of ingested substances. The primary cell type that is responsible for these functions is the hepatocyte. However, in order to generat...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The reactivities of various reagents in proton transfer and nucleophilic substitution reactions in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents will be studied. The comparative behavior of neutral and charged acids and bases acting in the Lewis, and in the Bronsted sense will be determined from the results. The goal of the re...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Thyroid hormone has major effects on the development, regeneration and function of skeletal muscle. Thyroid hormone receptor ?1 is the predominant mediator of muscle T3 action, and transcriptionally regulates a number of important genes including SERCA A1 and A2, UCP 3 and GLUT 4, as well as the muscle differentiation ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The proposed research project involves the study of the molecular and cellular mechanism of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a family of neurological disorders characterized by the unpredictable but recurrent occurrence of seizures, which are uncontrolled sudden attacks triggered by unusually intense neuronal firing. The model sy...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Tissue functional properties are governed by physical and chemical processes occurring at cellular and subcellular length scales. Specifically, the physical state of tissues (e.g., osmotic and mechanical properties, state of hydration, charge density) must be characterized on distance scales below 100 nm. Understanding...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
High temporal resolution ECG-gated scintigraphic angiocardiography (radionuclide cineangiography) is a computer-based, radiotracer imaging procedure that allows non-invasive visualization of the chambers of the working heart, at rest, during bicycle exercise, during therapeutic intervention, etc. The procedure yields q...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Over half of all U.S. citizens will be exposed to a potentially traumatic event (PTE) during their lifetime. The recent, unprecedented man-made and natural disasters of 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina catastrophically illustrate that lifetime trauma exposure rates are rising. The psychiatric response associated with traumat...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
: The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has launched a series of research training activities in Genomics and Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI), comprising the Research Training Consortium (RTC), with a focus on increasing the successful participation of individuals from Under Represented Minoriti...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
We seek support for the development of technologies that will help elucidate the three-dimensional (3-D) fine structure of cells and tissues. Two approaches to imaging will be employed: (1) thick samples of biological material will be studied in a JEM-1000 high voltage electron microscope (HVEM), and serial tilted view...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Platelets play a central role in cardiovascular, stroke, and bleeding disease through their quantity, activation, and interaction with the inflammatory and vascular systems. The Wiskott -Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X- linked disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, eczema and an increased risk of ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Existing mRNA quantification methods As it is becoming increasingly apparent that gene expression in individuai cells deviates substantially from the average behavior of cell populations (Raj and van Oudenaarden, 2008), new methods that provide accurate integer counts of mRNA copy numbers in individual cells are needed...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This proposal seeks to renew an Asthma and Allergic Diseases Cooperative Research Center that has been focusing on the mechanisms of initiation and persistence of allergic asthma. During the course of these studies and earlier work done in our laboratories and multiple other labs, it has become clear that two cytokines...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Project 3: Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging. This technique provides non-invasive assessment of tissue/tumor redox status using redox sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents called nitroxides. We have now examining new molecules as reporters of oxidative stress, which are precursors of nitroxides ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
PROJECT SUMMARY As a computational biologist, my long-term goal is to develop methods and tools to discover new or better therapeutics for cancers. In the past few years, I have identified drug-repositioning candidates for a number of primary cancers using Big Data approaches. These candidates have been validated succe...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Publication of the revision of the DSM-III sets the occasion for a series of additional studies on the phenomenology, reliability, validity, and nature of anxiety disorder categories. Building on a series of studies on these topics conducted over the past several years we propose to examine a number of these issues. Th...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Eukaryotic chromosomal replication is an intricate process that requires the coordinated and tightly regulated action of numerous molecular machines. Failure to ensure once only replication initiation per cell cycle can result in uncontrolled proliferation and genomic instability, two hallmarks of tumor genesis. The or...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The proposed project will develop a set of three interrelated research-based products: (1) an archive of exemplary behavioral and social research data on HIV/AIDS, (2) HIV/AIDS teaching modules for the university classroom, and (3) a Web-based learning center for promoting best practices in HIV/AIDS prevention program ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major clinical health problem. We have developed a significant and unique solution. During the current award period, we have designed, constructed and successfully tested a novel prototype system which integrates, in real-time, all image and associated physiological variables, device signals a...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Neuroblastoma (NB), a disease of trunk neural crest cells (NCC), represents the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. While amplification of MYCN is the strongest marker of poor prognosis in NB patients, no clinical inhibitors exist to directly target MYCN. Instead, targeting a cooperating genetic partner ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
We propose to establish an Advanced Center to Improve Pediatric Mental Health Care (ACIPMHC) that will be located within the Child and Adolescent Services Research Center (CASRC) at Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego. The ACIPMHC will have strong linkage to the intervention development program at the Center for Researc...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is adapted to grow in alveolar macrophages that provide an essential niche to establish infection in the host. After phagocytosis, Mtb virulence mechanisms block phagosome maturation permitting intracellular bacillary replication. We previously discovered that attenuated Mtb H37Ra and M...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD), which is reliably associated with poor DM outcomes. Compared to Caucasians, African Americans are more likely to develop DM and to have poor DM outcomes. They are also more likely to have untreated MDD, and to hold beliefs a...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Project Summary. Background: Insomnia is a highly prevalent and interfering comorbidity to HIV infection. Nearly 70% of PLWHA experience significant sleep difficulties characteristic of insomnia. Efforts have been made to identify factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of insomnia in PLWHA. Extant s...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The long-term objective of the proposed research is to elucidate the mechanisms and role of genetic toxicity in chemical carcinogenesis. In multidisciplinary integrated studies, various complementary markers of genetic toxicity will be investigated: carcinogen-DNA and protein adducts using immunological methods, sister...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Increased development and use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) procedures demand improvements in endoscopic imaging to provide a more comprehensive view of the operating field. Current trends in enhancing endoscopic imaging are toward stereoscopic viewing and true or pseudo 3D perception. However, such systems curre...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The long term objective of this proposal is to understand the function of the human retinoblastoma (Rb) gene(s). It is postulated that the loss of function in both alleles of this gene located in chromosomal region 13q14 is responsible for the development of both Rb and secondary malignancies in patients carrying the m...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Human melanocytes are neural crest derived cells that perform a unique function in the skin. While they are a minority of the population of the epidermis, they are responsible for the majority of photoprotection of the skin from ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through the production and transfer of melanin to keratinocytes...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Despite numerous studies that have been carried out on plaque, saliva and tooth mineral, very little is known about events taking place in the model which permits the determination of many of the relevant physicochemical parameters on the ultramicro scale within "white spots" and sound enamel under a wide variety of co...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Objective 1: Develop a FV-based gene therapy approach for the treatment of subjects with LAD-1. 1.1 Pre-clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of FV in human LAD-1 CD34+ cells. We have conducted extensive pre-clinical studies to investigate the efficacy of clinical grade FV expressing the human CD18 cDNA (FV-hCD18) ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Despite recent advances, development of nucleic acid (NA) therapies continues to be impeded by the challenges of effective delivery. GeneSegues, Inc. (GSI) has developed a nonviral delivery technology, sub-50 nanometer (s50) capsules, which co-opt the raft/caveolar uptake path for efficient intracellular delivery of NA...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Benzene is an important industrial chemical (greater than 2 billion pounds produced annually in U.S.) And component of gasoline. It is also an established human leukemogen. The shape of the dose-response curve for benzene-induced leukemia at exposures below 10 ppm is highly controversial and a key public policy and ris...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Carnitine is important in normal oxidation of fatty acids for energy. It is provided to mammals from animal protein foods and by de novo synthesis from lysine incorporated into tissue proteins that then is trimethylated. Such proteins are degraded so that tissues including liver, heart, kidney and especially skeletal m...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. Primary support for the subproject and the subproject's principal investigator may have been provided by other sources, including other NIH sources. The Total Cost listed for the subproject likely ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The overall goal of this continuing project is to develop efficient algorithms which will permit the construction of realistic and comprehensive mathematical models that relate normal and pathological renal function to the underlying membrane transport and flow processes in the renal tubules and their associated vascul...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Several recent studies indicate that tissue-derived stem cells can not only differentiate into cells of the tissue from which they are obtained, but also those from other tissues. We have been interested in the range of differentiative capacity (which we term plasticity) of CNS derived stem cells and hypothesized that ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The primary goal of the Coordinating Center (CC) for the State and Community Tobacco Control Policy and Media Research initiative is to provide support to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and its funded projects as they shape national priorities and fill important gaps in the evidence and practice base of tobacco co...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Specific Aims: The principal objective of this study is to validate a new measure of patient outcome. The proposed instrument is a scale of cognitive functional status which is readily applicable to clinical practice and research in the elderly. This study will test the reproducibility, validity, and responsiveness of ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Using a combination of organic chemistry, molecular biology, enzymology, and NMR spectroscopy the details of the biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III (the precursor of heme and chlorophyll) and its subsequent transformation to vitamin B12, the anti-perinicious anemia factor, will be elucidated. Knowledge of the pathway...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Altering the course of the diabetes epidemic requires a diverse array of effective changes in policies and the environments in which people live, work, and play. While prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a critical public health goal, little is known about the effectiveness of large-scale policies and programs that ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The major objective of the project is to identify the host factors associated with resistance to dental caries. Adults with no history of dental caries, despite environmental challenge, will serve as the focus for comparative studies with matched subjects with high caries activity. Separately collected salivary secreti...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The gastrointestinal epithelium functions as a dynamic barrier that serves as an interface between luminal contents and underlying tissue compartments, and is thus vital in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Mucosal wounds have been observed following enteric infection, inflammatory bowel disease and ischemic insults. Di...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
In the rat pituitary tumor cell line GH3, the expression of the prolactin gene is stimulated by the sex steroid 17 Beta-estradiol and the hypothalamic factor thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The expression of the growth hormone gene in this tumor line is stimulated by corticosteroids and thyroid hormones. At presen...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Research is divided into studies concerning the regulation of i) humoral immune responses to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, ii) virus replication in murine models of AIDS and iii) B cell activation in retrovirus- induced and autoimmune diseases. i) Serum and cells were obtained from mice and humans immunized with purifi...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The proposed study addresses critical gaps in research that have impeded efforts to improve intervention and address mental health disparities for diverse, urban, low-SES infants and their families. Compelling longitudinal data have shown that insecure infant attachment is linked to later psychopathology (e.g., Sroufe ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The importance of Th1 and Th2 cells in the normal physiology and pathology of the immune system is well established. Th2-derived cytokines play a central role in the pathophysiology of allergy and asthma. Past studies have documented differences in T cell receptor (TCR)-initiated early signaling between Th1 and Th2 cel...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
In order to account for the remarkable catalytic power of enzymes, it is generally considered that the activation free energy is contributed both by binding of the substrate to the enzyme (step 1) and by chemical manipulation of the bound substrate (bond-making and breaking, step 2). Popular opinion holds that most of ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Project Summary: Metastatic prostate cancer will claim the lives of over 30,000 men this year alone. There are no effective treatments that prevents disease progression. In prostate cancer, lipid production is known to drive tumor growth throughout the early and late stages. In addition to providing building blocks for...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important viral pathogen causing acute lower respiratory- tract infections (bronchiolitis) in children. No vaccine or specific therapy is currently licensed to prevent and treat RSV infections. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been identified as a ri...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
DESCRIPTION: (Applicant's Abstract) The exposure of an opioid receptor to opioid peptides or opiate alkaloids initiates a biological response. A long-term or repeated exposure to opioids causes a decreased sensitivity to the drug, leading to a reduced cellular response; this desensitization is regulated by multiple mec...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
A. Mouse Homeobox And POU-Domain Genes. A novel mouse homeobox gene NKx-1, was cloned and approximately 8 kb was sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Nkx-1 homeodomain differs from the Drosophila NK-1 homeodomain by only 3 of 60 amino acid residues. Both Nkx-1 and NK-1 proteins contain an acidic region bef...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Introduction The Jackson Laboratory (J/\X) founded in 1929, is an independent, nonprofit institute dedicated to research and education in mammalian genetics and its application to precision medicine, as well as to empowering others in their scientific enterprise through access to our genetic resources. The JAX Cancer C...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This project focuses on the effects of fatty acid oxidation on recovery from myocardial ischemia. Exposure of the myocardium to long chain fatty acids has long been known to increase myocardial oxygen consumption and to impair functional recovery from ischemia. For example, perhexiline, a putative inhibitor of fatty ac...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The proposed studies examine the morphology and metabolism of adipose tissue from nonobese and obese patients and correlate the in vitro tissue findings with various metabolic functions of the whole individual as measured in vivo. Morphologic studies of the adipose tissue include determination of adipose cell size and ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This is an application for an Academic Research Enhancement Award to investigate growth factor mediated differentiation of granulosa cells. Specifically, the growth factors, transforming growth factor B (TGFb), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and leptin will be investigated with respect to their respective signaling pa...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The NAEPP Guidelines were released in 1991 to foster evidence-based clinical management of asthma to improve patient outcomes. Despite widespread dissemination and regular updates, most recently in 2007, uptake of evidence-based management strategies among healthcare providers and patients with asthma remains suboptima...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The overall objective of this research proposal is to determine if prior stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by hypoglycemia or exercise blunts subsequent neuroendocrine, autonomic nervous system (ANS), and metabolic counterregulatory responses to these stresses. We are nearing completion of this stud...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The main objectives of these studies are (1) to identify and characterize all proteins that are specified by the defective human parvovirus (AAV) and to determine similarities and differences with autonomous parvovirus proteins, (2) to define the mechanism(s) by which the AAV proteins arise, and (3) to define specific ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The mechanisms underlying the profound modulation of parasite antigen-specific human T cell responses in lymphatic filariasis have been addressed by demonstrating the multiple pathways involved. In terms of APC dysfunction, human monocytes from patients with patent filarial infections are studded with filarial antigen ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Deductive reasoning is central to human intelligence and plays a fundamental role in the learning and understanding of fundamental concepts during childhood. Deductions also contribute significantly to mathematical and language learning. Given the central role of deductive reasoning in education, it is critical to adva...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This study is concerned with the ways certain physiological and behavioral signs of arousal or irritability (e.g., heart rate variability, vagal tone, colic, sleeplessness, crying) in the first five months of life are related to measures of the child's temperament, emotional expressiveness, and physiology at later ages...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
We have continued our study of the insulin-like growth factor, rat IGF-II. During the past year, we have demonstrated that: (1) multiple IGF-II RNAs (1.2 to 5 kb) arise from a single gene through the use of 2 promoters and alternate polyA addition sites; (2) the IGF-II gene is transcribed from both promoters in 11 feta...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This proposal describes our plans to build a set of software tools and an online capability for generating high-resolution, study-specific atlases from the ADNI database of images and patient data. The proposed tools will rely on the technology for large deformation diffeomorphic metric mappings (LDDMMs), to generate h...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) produces factor Xa (FXa)-dependent feedback inhibition of factor VIIa/tissue factor (FVIIa/TF)-induced coagulation. In humans, TFPI is expressed as two isoforms. TFPI1 contains three tandem Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domains, Kunitz-1 binds FVIIa in the FVIIa/TF complex and th...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
The inheritance of variability in the behavioral and physiologic effects of psychopharmacologic agents in clinical use will be studied. The initial project will be on pharmacogenetics of d-amphetamine. Heritability and intra-individual stability of pharmacokinetic data and of the following parameters of response will b...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Elderly people (age 65 years and older) are the most rapidly growing segment of the US population and the incidence of epilepsy is greatest in this age group. Little information is available about the use or outcomes associated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) by these vulnerable persons. We will examine pattems of AED ...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Many patients take their medications with meals to minimize side effects and/or improve adherence to the administration schedule. This conventional strategy may be deleterious if an interaction occurs between the drug(s) and dietary substance(s). Currently, such interactions are largely unrecognized. Cranberry juice (C...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
HBV X protein has been shown to have a transactivating effect on the expression of a variety of viral and cellular genes. The expression of tumor suppressor gene RB was studied in a transient expression system by transfecting HBV X gene into Hep G2 cells. The HBV X open reading frame was generated by PCR from plasmid c...	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

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