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1960s
-----
There was no Bermuda Bowl in 1960, 1964 or 1968 to avoid conflict with the [World Team Olympiad](/wiki/World_Team_Olympiad "World Team Olympiad").
### 1961 [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), Argentina
The Blue Team won its fourth Bermuda Bowl, with Benito Garozzo now in the same lineup. This began a new string of annual world championships for Italy, after ranking only sixth in the inaugural [World Team Olympiad](/wiki/World_Team_Olympiad "World Team Olympiad"), won by France.[World Team Olympiad](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=21) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727024313/http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid\=21 \|date\=27 July 2011 }} (to Date table). WBF.
At the same time, the Bermuda Bowl tournament expanded to include the defending champions. Throughout the 1960s that would mean Italy plus one from the rest of Europe. Italy would use the European Team Championships to give some international experience to new players or new partnerships.[European Team Championships (to Date table)](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=4) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130021/http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european\_championships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid\=4 \|date\=27 September 2011 }}. European Bridge League. Retrieved 2011\-08\-19\.
Select "Venue" city name, then "Open series" team name, to see a list of team members. Unfortunately the listings cover only first and second place Open teams before 1979\.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1961[10th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=198), 1961\. WBF.
4 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli "Walter Avarelli"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Eugenio Chiaradia](/wiki/Eugenio_Chiaradia "Eugenio Chiaradia"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio "Massimo D'Alelio"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[John Gerber](/wiki/John_Gerber_%28bridge%29 "John Gerber (bridge)") (USA), [Paul Hodge](/wiki/Paul_Hodge "Paul Hodge") (USA), [Norman Kay](/wiki/Norman_Kay_%28bridge%29 "Norman Kay (bridge)") (USA), [Peter Leventritt](/wiki/Peter_Leventritt "Peter Leventritt") (USA), [Howard Schenken](/wiki/Howard_Schenken "Howard Schenken") (USA), [Sidney Silodor](/wiki/Sidney_Silodor "Sidney Silodor") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|France}} **France**[René Bacherich](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bacherich "René Bacherich"), [Claude Deruy](/wiki/Claude_Deruy "Claude Deruy"), [Pierre Ghestem](/wiki/Pierre_Ghestem "Pierre Ghestem"), [José Le Dentu](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Le_Dentu "José Le Dentu"), [Roger Trézel](/wiki/Roger_Tr%C3%A9zel "Roger Trézel") |
{{flagicon\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.
### 1962 New York City, USA
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1962[11th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=199), 1962\. WBF.
4 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli "Walter Avarelli"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Eugenio Chiaradia](/wiki/Eugenio_Chiaradia "Eugenio Chiaradia"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio "Massimo D'Alelio"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} {{flagicon\|Canada}} **North America**[Charles Coon](/wiki/Charles_Coon_%28bridge%29 "Charles Coon (bridge)") (USA), [Mervin Key](/wiki/Mervin_Key "Mervin Key") (USA), [Lew Mathe](/wiki/Lew_Mathe "Lew Mathe") (USA), [Eric Murray](/wiki/Eric_Murray_%28bridge%29 "Eric Murray (bridge)") (CAN), [G. Robert Nail](/wiki/G._Robert_Nail "G. Robert Nail") (USA), Ron Von der Porten (USA), [John Gerber](/wiki/John_Gerber_%28bridge%29 "John Gerber (bridge)"), npc (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Great Britain}} **Great Britain**[Nico Gardener](/wiki/Nico_Gardener "Nico Gardener"), [Kenneth Konstam](/wiki/Kenneth_Konstam "Kenneth Konstam"), [Tony Priday](/wiki/Tony_Priday "Tony Priday"), [Claude Rodrigue](/wiki/Claude_Rodrigue "Claude Rodrigue"), [Albert Rose](/wiki/Albert_Rose_%28bridge%29 "Albert Rose (bridge)"), [Alan Truscott](/wiki/Alan_Truscott "Alan Truscott") |
{{flagicon\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.
### 1963 [Saint\-Vincent, Italy](/wiki/Saint-Vincent%2C_Italy "Saint-Vincent, Italy")
Italy won again. This was the last for "Professor" Eugenio Chiaradia and the only one of the ten in a row that Walter Avarelli missed.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1963[12th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=200), 1963\. WBF.
4 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Eugenio Chiaradia](/wiki/Eugenio_Chiaradia "Eugenio Chiaradia"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio "Massimo D'Alelio"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci "Camillo Pabis Ticci") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[James Jacoby](/wiki/James_Jacoby "James Jacoby") (USA), [Robert Jordan](/wiki/Robert_F._Jordan "Robert F. Jordan") (USA), [Peter Leventritt](/wiki/Peter_Leventritt "Peter Leventritt") (USA), [G. Robert Nail](/wiki/G._Robert_Nail "G. Robert Nail") (USA), [Arthur Robinson](/wiki/Arthur_G._Robinson "Arthur G. Robinson") (USA), [Howard Schenken](/wiki/Howard_Schenken "Howard Schenken") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|France}} **France**[René Bacherich](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bacherich "René Bacherich"), [Gérard Desrousseaux](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Desrousseaux "Gérard Desrousseaux"), [Pierre Ghestem](/wiki/Pierre_Ghestem "Pierre Ghestem"), [Jacques Stetten](/wiki/Jacques_Stetten "Jacques Stetten"), [Georges Théron](/wiki/Georges_Th%C3%A9ron "Georges Théron"), [Léon Tintner](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tintner "Léon Tintner") |
{{flagicon\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.
### 1965 [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), Argentina
Playing at home, Argentina represented South America for the sixth time and finally defeated one of the Europeans or Americans, namely Great Britain.
This was the fifth consecutive world championship for the Blue Team, as it had won the second Olympiad in 1964\. Italy would continue to win annually with the identical lineup through 1969, plus a successful comeback in 1972\.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1965[13th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=201), 1965\. WBF.
4 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli "Walter Avarelli"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio "Massimo D'Alelio"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci "Camillo Pabis Ticci") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[B. Jay Becker](/wiki/B._Jay_Becker "B. Jay Becker") (USA), [Ivan Erdos](/wiki/Ivan_Erdos "Ivan Erdos") (USA), [Dorothy Hayden](/wiki/Dorothy_Hayden_Truscott "Dorothy Hayden Truscott") (USA), [Peter Leventritt](/wiki/Peter_Leventritt "Peter Leventritt") (USA), [Kelsey Petterson](/wiki/Kelsey_Petterson "Kelsey Petterson") (USA), [Howard Schenken](/wiki/Howard_Schenken "Howard Schenken") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Argentina}} **Argentina**[Luis Attaguile](/wiki/Luis_Attaguile "Luis Attaguile"), [Alberto Berisso](/wiki/Alberto_Berisso "Alberto Berisso"), [Carlos Cabanne](/wiki/Carlos_Cabanne "Carlos Cabanne"), [Marcelo Lerner](/wiki/Marcelo_Lerner "Marcelo Lerner"), [Egisto Rocchi](/wiki/Egisto_Rocchi "Egisto Rocchi"), [Agustín Santamarina](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Santamarina "Agustín Santamarina") |
{{flagicon\|Great Britain}} **Great Britain** finished fourth. The event was marred by a cheating scandal involving the British pair [Terence Reese](/wiki/Terence_Reese "Terence Reese") and [Boris Schapiro](/wiki/Boris_Schapiro "Boris Schapiro"), known as the "[Buenos Aires affair"](/wiki/Terence_Reese%23The_Buenos_Aires_affair "Terence Reese#The Buenos Aires affair").
### 1966 [Saint\-Vincent, Italy](/wiki/Saint-Vincent%2C_Italy "Saint-Vincent, Italy")
The tournament expanded to five with Asia, represented by Thailand. Venezuela took Argentina's usual place and won another third for South America. Canadians Sami Kehela and Eric Murray joined four US Americans for North America.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1966[14th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=202), 1966\. WBF.
5 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli "Walter Avarelli"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio "Massimo D'Alelio"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci "Camillo Pabis Ticci") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} {{flagicon\|Canada}} **North America**[Phillip Feldesman](/wiki/Phillip_Feldesman "Phillip Feldesman") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman") (USA), [Sami Kehela](/wiki/Sami_Kehela "Sami Kehela") (CAN), [Lew Mathe](/wiki/Lew_Mathe "Lew Mathe") (USA), [Eric Murray](/wiki/Eric_Murray_%28bridge%29 "Eric Murray (bridge)") (CAN), [Ira Rubin](/wiki/Ira_Rubin "Ira Rubin") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Venezuela}} **Venezuela**[Roberto Benaim](/wiki/Roberto_Benaim "Roberto Benaim"), [David Berah](/wiki/David_Berah "David Berah"), [Mario Onorati](/wiki/Mario_Onorati "Mario Onorati"), [Roger Rossignol](/wiki/Roger_Rossignol "Roger Rossignol"), [Renato Straziota](/wiki/Renato_Straziota "Renato Straziota"), [Francis Vernon](/wiki/Francis_Vernon_%28bridge%29 "Francis Vernon (bridge)") |
{{flagicon\|Netherlands}} **Netherlands** finished fourth and Thailand fifth.
### 1967 [Miami Beach](/wiki/Miami_Beach%2C_Florida "Miami Beach, Florida"), USA
Thailand and Venezuela returned to the field. More than forty years later, 1966/1967 remain their best national performances.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1967[15th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=203), 1967\. WBF.
5 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli "Walter Avarelli"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio "Massimo D'Alelio"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci "Camillo Pabis Ticci") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} {{flagicon\|Canada}} **North America**[Edgar Kaplan](/wiki/Edgar_Kaplan "Edgar Kaplan") (USA), [Norman Kay](/wiki/Norman_Kay_%28bridge%29 "Norman Kay (bridge)") (USA), [Sami Kehela](/wiki/Sami_Kehela "Sami Kehela") (CAN), [Eric Murray](/wiki/Eric_Murray_%28bridge%29 "Eric Murray (bridge)") (CAN), [Bill Root](/wiki/Bill_Root_%28bridge%29 "Bill Root (bridge)") (USA), [Alvin Roth](/wiki/Alvin_Roth_%28bridge%29 "Alvin Roth (bridge)") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|France}} **France**[Jean\-Michel Boulenger](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Boulenger "Jean-Michel Boulenger"), [Jacques Parienté](/wiki/Jacques_Parient%C3%A9 "Jacques Parienté"), [Jean\-Marc Roudinesco](/wiki/Jean-Marc_Roudinesco "Jean-Marc Roudinesco"), [Jacques Stetten](/wiki/Jacques_Stetten "Jacques Stetten"), [Henri Szwarc](/wiki/Henri_Szwarc "Henri Szwarc"), [Léon Tintner](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tintner "Léon Tintner") |
{{flagicon\|Thailand}} **Thailand** finished fourth and Venezuela fifth.
### 1969 [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), Brazil
Taiwan appeared on the world bridge scene with a shocking second\-place performance, represented by six players using the [Precision Club](/wiki/Precision_Club "Precision Club") [bidding system](/wiki/Bidding_system "Bidding system") recently invented by [C. C. Wei](/wiki/C._C._Wei "C. C. Wei").{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}}
The [Blue Team of Italy](/wiki/Blue_Team_%28bridge%29 "Blue Team (bridge)") retired after winning its tenth consecutive Bermuda Bowl (from 1957\) and ninth consecutive annual world championship in open teams (from 1961\).
The United States team included two members of the professional [Dallas Aces](/wiki/Dallas_Aces "Dallas Aces"), Eisenberg–Goldman and two young players who would be Aces, Hamman and Kantar.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1969[16th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=204), 1969\. WBF.
5 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli "Walter Avarelli"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio "Massimo D'Alelio"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci "Camillo Pabis Ticci") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Taiwan}} **Taiwan**Frank Huang, [Patrick Huang](/wiki/Patrick_Huang "Patrick Huang"), [C. S. Shen](/wiki/Shen_Chun-shan "Shen Chun-shan"), [K. W. Shen](/wiki/K._W._Shen "K. W. Shen") (THA), [Kovit Suchartkul](/wiki/Kovit_Suchartkul "Kovit Suchartkul") (THA), [Min\-Fang Tai](/wiki/Min-Fang_Tai "Min-Fang Tai") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg "Billy Eisenberg") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman "Bobby Goldman") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman") (USA), [Edwin Kantar](/wiki/Edwin_Kantar "Edwin Kantar") (USA), [Sidney Lazard](/wiki/Sidney_Lazard "Sidney Lazard") (USA), [George Rapée](/wiki/George_Rap%C3%A9e "George Rapée") (USA) |
{{flagicon\|France}} **France** finished fourth and Brazil fifth.
|
[
"1960s\n-----",
"There was no Bermuda Bowl in 1960, 1964 or 1968 to avoid conflict with the [World Team Olympiad](/wiki/World_Team_Olympiad \"World Team Olympiad\").",
"### 1961 [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"), Argentina",
"The Blue Team won its fourth Bermuda Bowl, with Benito Garozzo now in the same lineup. This began a new string of annual world championships for Italy, after ranking only sixth in the inaugural [World Team Olympiad](/wiki/World_Team_Olympiad \"World Team Olympiad\"), won by France.[World Team Olympiad](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=21) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727024313/http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid\\=21 \\|date\\=27 July 2011 }} (to Date table). WBF.",
"At the same time, the Bermuda Bowl tournament expanded to include the defending champions. Throughout the 1960s that would mean Italy plus one from the rest of Europe. Italy would use the European Team Championships to give some international experience to new players or new partnerships.[European Team Championships (to Date table)](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=4) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130021/http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european\\_championships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid\\=4 \\|date\\=27 September 2011 }}. European Bridge League. Retrieved 2011\\-08\\-19\\. \nSelect \"Venue\" city name, then \"Open series\" team name, to see a list of team members. Unfortunately the listings cover only first and second place Open teams before 1979\\.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1961[10th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=198), 1961\\. WBF.",
"4 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli \"Walter Avarelli\"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Eugenio Chiaradia](/wiki/Eugenio_Chiaradia \"Eugenio Chiaradia\"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio \"Massimo D'Alelio\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[John Gerber](/wiki/John_Gerber_%28bridge%29 \"John Gerber (bridge)\") (USA), [Paul Hodge](/wiki/Paul_Hodge \"Paul Hodge\") (USA), [Norman Kay](/wiki/Norman_Kay_%28bridge%29 \"Norman Kay (bridge)\") (USA), [Peter Leventritt](/wiki/Peter_Leventritt \"Peter Leventritt\") (USA), [Howard Schenken](/wiki/Howard_Schenken \"Howard Schenken\") (USA), [Sidney Silodor](/wiki/Sidney_Silodor \"Sidney Silodor\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|France}} **France**[René Bacherich](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bacherich \"René Bacherich\"), [Claude Deruy](/wiki/Claude_Deruy \"Claude Deruy\"), [Pierre Ghestem](/wiki/Pierre_Ghestem \"Pierre Ghestem\"), [José Le Dentu](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Le_Dentu \"José Le Dentu\"), [Roger Trézel](/wiki/Roger_Tr%C3%A9zel \"Roger Trézel\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.",
"### 1962 New York City, USA",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1962[11th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=199), 1962\\. WBF.",
"4 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli \"Walter Avarelli\"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Eugenio Chiaradia](/wiki/Eugenio_Chiaradia \"Eugenio Chiaradia\"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio \"Massimo D'Alelio\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} {{flagicon\\|Canada}} **North America**[Charles Coon](/wiki/Charles_Coon_%28bridge%29 \"Charles Coon (bridge)\") (USA), [Mervin Key](/wiki/Mervin_Key \"Mervin Key\") (USA), [Lew Mathe](/wiki/Lew_Mathe \"Lew Mathe\") (USA), [Eric Murray](/wiki/Eric_Murray_%28bridge%29 \"Eric Murray (bridge)\") (CAN), [G. Robert Nail](/wiki/G._Robert_Nail \"G. Robert Nail\") (USA), Ron Von der Porten (USA), [John Gerber](/wiki/John_Gerber_%28bridge%29 \"John Gerber (bridge)\"), npc (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Great Britain}} **Great Britain**[Nico Gardener](/wiki/Nico_Gardener \"Nico Gardener\"), [Kenneth Konstam](/wiki/Kenneth_Konstam \"Kenneth Konstam\"), [Tony Priday](/wiki/Tony_Priday \"Tony Priday\"), [Claude Rodrigue](/wiki/Claude_Rodrigue \"Claude Rodrigue\"), [Albert Rose](/wiki/Albert_Rose_%28bridge%29 \"Albert Rose (bridge)\"), [Alan Truscott](/wiki/Alan_Truscott \"Alan Truscott\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.",
"### 1963 [Saint\\-Vincent, Italy](/wiki/Saint-Vincent%2C_Italy \"Saint-Vincent, Italy\")",
"Italy won again. This was the last for \"Professor\" Eugenio Chiaradia and the only one of the ten in a row that Walter Avarelli missed.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1963[12th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=200), 1963\\. WBF.",
"4 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Eugenio Chiaradia](/wiki/Eugenio_Chiaradia \"Eugenio Chiaradia\"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio \"Massimo D'Alelio\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci \"Camillo Pabis Ticci\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[James Jacoby](/wiki/James_Jacoby \"James Jacoby\") (USA), [Robert Jordan](/wiki/Robert_F._Jordan \"Robert F. Jordan\") (USA), [Peter Leventritt](/wiki/Peter_Leventritt \"Peter Leventritt\") (USA), [G. Robert Nail](/wiki/G._Robert_Nail \"G. Robert Nail\") (USA), [Arthur Robinson](/wiki/Arthur_G._Robinson \"Arthur G. Robinson\") (USA), [Howard Schenken](/wiki/Howard_Schenken \"Howard Schenken\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|France}} **France**[René Bacherich](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bacherich \"René Bacherich\"), [Gérard Desrousseaux](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Desrousseaux \"Gérard Desrousseaux\"), [Pierre Ghestem](/wiki/Pierre_Ghestem \"Pierre Ghestem\"), [Jacques Stetten](/wiki/Jacques_Stetten \"Jacques Stetten\"), [Georges Théron](/wiki/Georges_Th%C3%A9ron \"Georges Théron\"), [Léon Tintner](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tintner \"Léon Tintner\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.",
"### 1965 [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"), Argentina",
"Playing at home, Argentina represented South America for the sixth time and finally defeated one of the Europeans or Americans, namely Great Britain.",
"This was the fifth consecutive world championship for the Blue Team, as it had won the second Olympiad in 1964\\. Italy would continue to win annually with the identical lineup through 1969, plus a successful comeback in 1972\\.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1965[13th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=201), 1965\\. WBF.",
"4 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli \"Walter Avarelli\"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio \"Massimo D'Alelio\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci \"Camillo Pabis Ticci\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[B. Jay Becker](/wiki/B._Jay_Becker \"B. Jay Becker\") (USA), [Ivan Erdos](/wiki/Ivan_Erdos \"Ivan Erdos\") (USA), [Dorothy Hayden](/wiki/Dorothy_Hayden_Truscott \"Dorothy Hayden Truscott\") (USA), [Peter Leventritt](/wiki/Peter_Leventritt \"Peter Leventritt\") (USA), [Kelsey Petterson](/wiki/Kelsey_Petterson \"Kelsey Petterson\") (USA), [Howard Schenken](/wiki/Howard_Schenken \"Howard Schenken\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Argentina}} **Argentina**[Luis Attaguile](/wiki/Luis_Attaguile \"Luis Attaguile\"), [Alberto Berisso](/wiki/Alberto_Berisso \"Alberto Berisso\"), [Carlos Cabanne](/wiki/Carlos_Cabanne \"Carlos Cabanne\"), [Marcelo Lerner](/wiki/Marcelo_Lerner \"Marcelo Lerner\"), [Egisto Rocchi](/wiki/Egisto_Rocchi \"Egisto Rocchi\"), [Agustín Santamarina](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Santamarina \"Agustín Santamarina\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Great Britain}} **Great Britain** finished fourth. The event was marred by a cheating scandal involving the British pair [Terence Reese](/wiki/Terence_Reese \"Terence Reese\") and [Boris Schapiro](/wiki/Boris_Schapiro \"Boris Schapiro\"), known as the \"[Buenos Aires affair\"](/wiki/Terence_Reese%23The_Buenos_Aires_affair \"Terence Reese#The Buenos Aires affair\").",
"### 1966 [Saint\\-Vincent, Italy](/wiki/Saint-Vincent%2C_Italy \"Saint-Vincent, Italy\")",
"The tournament expanded to five with Asia, represented by Thailand. Venezuela took Argentina's usual place and won another third for South America. Canadians Sami Kehela and Eric Murray joined four US Americans for North America.",
"",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1966[14th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=202), 1966\\. WBF.",
"5 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli \"Walter Avarelli\"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio \"Massimo D'Alelio\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci \"Camillo Pabis Ticci\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} {{flagicon\\|Canada}} **North America**[Phillip Feldesman](/wiki/Phillip_Feldesman \"Phillip Feldesman\") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\") (USA), [Sami Kehela](/wiki/Sami_Kehela \"Sami Kehela\") (CAN), [Lew Mathe](/wiki/Lew_Mathe \"Lew Mathe\") (USA), [Eric Murray](/wiki/Eric_Murray_%28bridge%29 \"Eric Murray (bridge)\") (CAN), [Ira Rubin](/wiki/Ira_Rubin \"Ira Rubin\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Venezuela}} **Venezuela**[Roberto Benaim](/wiki/Roberto_Benaim \"Roberto Benaim\"), [David Berah](/wiki/David_Berah \"David Berah\"), [Mario Onorati](/wiki/Mario_Onorati \"Mario Onorati\"), [Roger Rossignol](/wiki/Roger_Rossignol \"Roger Rossignol\"), [Renato Straziota](/wiki/Renato_Straziota \"Renato Straziota\"), [Francis Vernon](/wiki/Francis_Vernon_%28bridge%29 \"Francis Vernon (bridge)\") |",
"",
"{{flagicon\\|Netherlands}} **Netherlands** finished fourth and Thailand fifth.",
"### 1967 [Miami Beach](/wiki/Miami_Beach%2C_Florida \"Miami Beach, Florida\"), USA",
"Thailand and Venezuela returned to the field. More than forty years later, 1966/1967 remain their best national performances.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1967[15th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=203), 1967\\. WBF.",
"5 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli \"Walter Avarelli\"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio \"Massimo D'Alelio\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci \"Camillo Pabis Ticci\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} {{flagicon\\|Canada}} **North America**[Edgar Kaplan](/wiki/Edgar_Kaplan \"Edgar Kaplan\") (USA), [Norman Kay](/wiki/Norman_Kay_%28bridge%29 \"Norman Kay (bridge)\") (USA), [Sami Kehela](/wiki/Sami_Kehela \"Sami Kehela\") (CAN), [Eric Murray](/wiki/Eric_Murray_%28bridge%29 \"Eric Murray (bridge)\") (CAN), [Bill Root](/wiki/Bill_Root_%28bridge%29 \"Bill Root (bridge)\") (USA), [Alvin Roth](/wiki/Alvin_Roth_%28bridge%29 \"Alvin Roth (bridge)\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|France}} **France**[Jean\\-Michel Boulenger](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Boulenger \"Jean-Michel Boulenger\"), [Jacques Parienté](/wiki/Jacques_Parient%C3%A9 \"Jacques Parienté\"), [Jean\\-Marc Roudinesco](/wiki/Jean-Marc_Roudinesco \"Jean-Marc Roudinesco\"), [Jacques Stetten](/wiki/Jacques_Stetten \"Jacques Stetten\"), [Henri Szwarc](/wiki/Henri_Szwarc \"Henri Szwarc\"), [Léon Tintner](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tintner \"Léon Tintner\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Thailand}} **Thailand** finished fourth and Venezuela fifth.",
"### 1969 [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), Brazil",
"Taiwan appeared on the world bridge scene with a shocking second\\-place performance, represented by six players using the [Precision Club](/wiki/Precision_Club \"Precision Club\") [bidding system](/wiki/Bidding_system \"Bidding system\") recently invented by [C. C. Wei](/wiki/C._C._Wei \"C. C. Wei\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}",
"The [Blue Team of Italy](/wiki/Blue_Team_%28bridge%29 \"Blue Team (bridge)\") retired after winning its tenth consecutive Bermuda Bowl (from 1957\\) and ninth consecutive annual world championship in open teams (from 1961\\).",
"The United States team included two members of the professional [Dallas Aces](/wiki/Dallas_Aces \"Dallas Aces\"), Eisenberg–Goldman and two young players who would be Aces, Hamman and Kantar.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1969[16th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=204), 1969\\. WBF.",
"5 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Walter Avarelli](/wiki/Walter_Avarelli \"Walter Avarelli\"), [Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Massimo D'Alelio](/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alelio \"Massimo D'Alelio\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Camillo Pabis Ticci](/wiki/Camillo_Pabis_Ticci \"Camillo Pabis Ticci\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Taiwan}} **Taiwan**Frank Huang, [Patrick Huang](/wiki/Patrick_Huang \"Patrick Huang\"), [C. S. Shen](/wiki/Shen_Chun-shan \"Shen Chun-shan\"), [K. W. Shen](/wiki/K._W._Shen \"K. W. Shen\") (THA), [Kovit Suchartkul](/wiki/Kovit_Suchartkul \"Kovit Suchartkul\") (THA), [Min\\-Fang Tai](/wiki/Min-Fang_Tai \"Min-Fang Tai\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg \"Billy Eisenberg\") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman \"Bobby Goldman\") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\") (USA), [Edwin Kantar](/wiki/Edwin_Kantar \"Edwin Kantar\") (USA), [Sidney Lazard](/wiki/Sidney_Lazard \"Sidney Lazard\") (USA), [George Rapée](/wiki/George_Rap%C3%A9e \"George Rapée\") (USA) |",
"{{flagicon\\|France}} **France** finished fourth and Brazil fifth.",
""
] |
1970s
-----
### 1970 [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Sweden
The Aces won the 17th Bermuda Bowl, the first for a United States or North America team since they won the first four. Taiwan finished second again, with only five players and only two veterans from 1969\. Norway and Brazil also finished ahead of Italy, the defending champion bridge nation represented by a wholly new team.[World Team Championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=20) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615133957/http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid\=20 \|date\=15 June 2006 }} (To Date table). WBF.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1970[17th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=205), 1970\. WBF.
5 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg "Billy Eisenberg") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman "Bobby Goldman") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman") (USA), [James Jacoby](/wiki/James_Jacoby "James Jacoby") (USA), [Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 "Michael Lawrence (bridge)") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") (USA) |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Taiwan}} **Taiwan**[Conrad Cheng](/wiki/Conrad_Cheng "Conrad Cheng"), [Elmer Hsiao](/wiki/Elmer_Hsiao "Elmer Hsiao"), [Patrick Huang](/wiki/Patrick_Huang "Patrick Huang"), [Harry Lin](/wiki/Harry_Lin "Harry Lin"), [Min\-Fang Tai](/wiki/Min-Fang_Tai "Min-Fang Tai"), [David Yp Mao](/wiki/David_Yp_Mao "David Yp Mao") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Norway}} **Norway**[Erik Høie](/wiki/Erik_H%C3%B8ie "Erik Høie"), [Tore Jensen](/wiki/Tore_Jensen "Tore Jensen"), [Knut Koppang](/wiki/Knut_Koppang "Knut Koppang"), [Bjørn Larsen](/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Larsen "Bjørn Larsen"), [Louis André Strøm](/wiki/Louis_Andr%C3%A9_Str%C3%B8m "Louis André Strøm"), [Willy Varnås](/wiki/Willy_Varn%C3%A5s "Willy Varnås") |
{{flagicon\|Brazil}} **Brazil** finished fourth and the new Italy fifth.
### 1971 [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei"), Taiwan
The Aces won as defending champions while the field expanded to include Australia.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1971[18th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=206), 1971\. WBF.
6 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **Aces**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg "Billy Eisenberg") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman "Bobby Goldman") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman") (USA), James Jacoby (USA), [Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 "Michael Lawrence (bridge)") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") (USA) |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|France}} **France**[Jean\-Michel Boulenger](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Boulenger "Jean-Michel Boulenger"), [Pierre Jaïs](/wiki/Pierre_Ja%C3%AFs "Pierre Jaïs"), [Jean\-Marc Roudinesco](/wiki/Jean-Marc_Roudinesco "Jean-Marc Roudinesco"), [Jean\-Louis Stoppa](/wiki/Jean-Louis_Stoppa "Jean-Louis Stoppa"), [Henri Szwarc](/wiki/Henri_Szwarc "Henri Szwarc"), [Roger Trézel](/wiki/Roger_Tr%C3%A9zel "Roger Trézel") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Australia}} **Australia**[Jim Borin](/wiki/Jim_Borin "Jim Borin"), [Norma Borin](/wiki/Norma_Borin "Norma Borin"), [Richard Cummings](/wiki/Richard_Cummings_%28bridge%29 "Richard Cummings (bridge)"), [Denis Howard](/wiki/Denis_Howard_%28bridge%29 "Denis Howard (bridge)"), [Tim Seres](/wiki/Tim_Seres "Tim Seres"), [Roelof Smilde](/wiki/Roelof_Smilde "Roelof Smilde") |
{{flagicon\|Taiwan}} **Taiwan** finished fourth at home, one year after finishing second.
### 1973 [Guarujá](/wiki/Guaruj%C3%A1 "Guarujá"), Brazil
The Blue Team had successfully completed a comeback by winning the 1972 Olympiad with its 1964–69 lineup. Three then retired permanently but its three greatest players continued to play for Italy (Belladonna, Forquet, and Garozzo), and to win.
The second\-place Aces were defending champions with one personnel change.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1973[19th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=207), 1973\. WBF.
5 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Benito Bianchi](/wiki/Benito_Bianchi "Benito Bianchi"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Giuseppe Garabello](/wiki/Giuseppe_Garabello "Giuseppe Garabello"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Vito Pittalà](/wiki/Vito_Pittal%C3%A0 "Vito Pittalà") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **Aces**[Mark Blumenthal](/wiki/Mark_Blumenthal "Mark Blumenthal") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman "Bobby Goldman") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman") (USA), [James Jacoby](/wiki/James_Jacoby "James Jacoby") (USA), [Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 "Michael Lawrence (bridge)") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Brazil}} **Brazil**[Pedro Paulo Assumpção](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Assump%C3%A7%C3%A3o "Pedro Paulo Assumpção"), [Marcelo Branco](/wiki/Marcelo_Branco "Marcelo Branco"), [Pedro Paulo Branco](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Branco "Pedro Paulo Branco"), [Gabriel Chagas](/wiki/Gabriel_Chagas "Gabriel Chagas"), [Gabino Cintra](/wiki/Gabino_Cintra "Gabino Cintra"), [Christiano Fonseca](/wiki/Christiano_Fonseca "Christiano Fonseca") |
**North America** finished fourth, represented by a team of six men from the US.
### 1974 [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"), Italy
Italy defended its championship at home. The World Bridge Federation inaugurated its [Venice Cup](/wiki/Venice_Cup "Venice Cup") for "Women Teams", which increased in size and frequency to match the biennial Bermuda Bowl tournament for "Open Teams" in 1985\. No woman had played for a Bermuda Bowl winner; only two had finished second.{{efn\|Two women had been Bermuda Bowl runners\-up, \[\[Helen Sobel]] playing with no fixed partner in 1957 and \[\[Dorothy Hayden]] playing with \[\[B. Jay Becker]] in 1965, whose American teams were both defeated by Italy in the final. The foursome comprising Sobel with Charles Vogelhofer and \[\[Josephine Culbertson]] with her husband Ely, one of two teams representing North America, had been defeated by Austria in the 1937 final.}} Meanwhile, the quadrennial Olympiad ran two tournaments, open and women, side by side from its start in 1960\.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1974[20th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=208), 1974\. WBF.
6 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Benito Bianchi](/wiki/Benito_Bianchi "Benito Bianchi"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo") ([Dano De Falco](/wiki/Dano_De_Falco "Dano De Falco"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco "Arturo Franco"))\* |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} {{flagicon\|Canada}} **North America**[Mark Blumenthal](/wiki/Mark_Blumenthal "Mark Blumenthal") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman "Bobby Goldman") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman") (USA), [Sami Kehela](/wiki/Sami_Kehela "Sami Kehela") (CAN), [Eric Murray](/wiki/Eric_Murray_%28bridge%29 "Eric Murray (bridge)") (CAN), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Brazil}} **Brazil**[Pedro Paulo Assumpção](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Assump%C3%A7%C3%A3o "Pedro Paulo Assumpção"), [Marcelo Branco](/wiki/Marcelo_Branco "Marcelo Branco"), [Pedro Paulo Branco](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Branco "Pedro Paulo Branco"), [Gabriel Chagas](/wiki/Gabriel_Chagas "Gabriel Chagas"), [Gabino Cintra](/wiki/Gabino_Cintra "Gabino Cintra"), [Christiano Fonseca](/wiki/Christiano_Fonseca "Christiano Fonseca") |
\* De Falco and Franco did not play enough boards to qualify for the title of World Champion.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}}
{{flagicon\|Indonesia}} **Indonesia** finished fourth.
### 1975 [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Parish%2C_Bermuda "Southampton Parish, Bermuda"), Bermuda
For the 25th anniversary of the inaugural tournament, the 21st returned to Bermuda, as the 34th tournament would do for the 50th anniversary. Italy won its thirteenth Bermuda Bowl, its third in a row, and its last before 2005\. Pietro Forquet missed this one, leaving Giorgio Belladonna alone with 13 Bowls.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1975[21st World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=209), 1975\. WBF.
5 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Gianfranco Facchini](/wiki/Gianfranco_Facchini "Gianfranco Facchini"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco "Arturo Franco"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Vito Pittalà](/wiki/Vito_Pittal%C3%A0 "Vito Pittalà"), [Sergio Zucchelli](/wiki/Sergio_Zucchelli "Sergio Zucchelli") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg "Billy Eisenberg") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman") (USA), [Edwin Kantar](/wiki/Edwin_Kantar "Edwin Kantar") (USA), [Paul Soloway](/wiki/Paul_Soloway "Paul Soloway") (USA), [John Swanson](/wiki/John_Swanson_%28bridge%29 "John Swanson (bridge)") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|France}} **France**[Jean\-Michel Boulenger](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Boulenger "Jean-Michel Boulenger"), [Michel Lebel](/wiki/Michel_Lebel "Michel Lebel"), [François Leenhardt](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Leenhardt "François Leenhardt"), [Christian Mari](/wiki/Christian_Mari "Christian Mari"), [Henri Szwarc](/wiki/Henri_Szwarc "Henri Szwarc"), [Edmond Vial](/wiki/Edmond_Vial "Edmond Vial") |
{{flagicon\|Indonesia}} **Indonesia** finished fourth, Brazil fifth.
### 1976 [Monte Carlo](/wiki/Monte_Carlo "Monte Carlo"), Monaco
The 22nd was the only Bermuda Bowl contested during a [World Team Olympiad](/wiki/World_Team_Olympiad "World Team Olympiad") year. The two Open tournaments were played back to back during three weeks in May, with Italy beaten first by the United States and then by Brazil in the finals.[Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=242), 5th World Team Olympiad, 1976\. WBF.
Israel finished third as the second representative of Europe.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1976[22nd World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=210), 1976\. WBF.
6 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg "Billy Eisenberg") (USA), [Fred Hamilton](/wiki/Fred_Hamilton_%28bridge%29 "Fred Hamilton (bridge)") (USA), Erik Paulsen (USA), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 "Hugh Ross (bridge)")(USA), [Ira Rubin](/wiki/Ira_Rubin "Ira Rubin") (USA), [Paul Soloway](/wiki/Paul_Soloway "Paul Soloway") (USA) |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet "Pietro Forquet"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco "Arturo Franco"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Vito Pittalà](/wiki/Vito_Pittal%C3%A0 "Vito Pittalà"), [Antonio Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi "Antonio Vivaldi") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Israel}} **Israel**[Julian Frydrich](/wiki/Julian_Frydrich "Julian Frydrich"), [Michael Hochzeit](/wiki/Michael_Hochzeit "Michael Hochzeit"), [Sam Lev](/wiki/Sam_Lev "Sam Lev"), [Yeshayahu Levit](/wiki/Yeshayahu_Levit "Yeshayahu Levit"), [Pinhas Romik](/wiki/Pinhas_Romik "Pinhas Romik"), [Eliakim Shaufel](/wiki/Eliakim_Shaufel "Eliakim Shaufel") |
{{flagicon\|Brazil}} **Brazil** finished fourth with the same lineup that placed third in 1973 and 1974\. With one personnel change they won the Open Olympiad tournament that immediately following this exceptional Bermuda Bowl. It remains the only year with two world champion teams in the open category.
### 1977 [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila"), Philippines
Both teams "North America" and "Defending Champions" comprised six men from the US. The six defending champion *players* divided two and four, as the Aces with defending players Eisenberg and Soloway regrouped as "North America". (Under double representation for the United States beginning in 1991, the two USA teams must face each other if both advance to the semifinal.){{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}}
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1977[23rd World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=211), 1977\. WBF.
6 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg "Billy Eisenberg") (USA), [Edwin Kantar](/wiki/Edwin_Kantar "Edwin Kantar") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman") (USA), [Paul Soloway](/wiki/Paul_Soloway "Paul Soloway") (USA), [John Swanson](/wiki/John_Swanson_%28bridge%29 "John Swanson (bridge)") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") (USA) |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **Defending Champions**[Fred Hamilton](/wiki/Fred_Hamilton_%28bridge%29 "Fred Hamilton (bridge)") (USA), [Mike Passell](/wiki/Mike_Passell "Mike Passell") (USA), Erik Paulsen (USA), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 "Hugh Ross (bridge)") (USA), [Ira Rubin](/wiki/Ira_Rubin "Ira Rubin") (USA), [Ron Von der Porten](/wiki/Ron_Von_der_Porten "Ron Von der Porten") (USA) |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Sweden}} **Sweden**[Anders Brunzell](/wiki/Anders_Brunzell "Anders Brunzell"), [Sven\-Olov Flodqvist](/wiki/Sven-Olov_Flodqvist "Sven-Olov Flodqvist"), [Hans Göthe](/wiki/Hans_G%C3%B6the "Hans Göthe"), [Jörgen Lindqvist](/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Lindqvist "Jörgen Lindqvist"), [Anders Morath](/wiki/Anders_Morath "Anders Morath"), [Per Olof Sundelin](/wiki/Per_Olof_Sundelin "Per Olof Sundelin") |
{{flagicon\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.
### 1979 [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), Brazil
The 24th Bermuda Bowl was the first to be decided by a margin that is commonly scored on a single deal, merely 5 [IMPs](/wiki/Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms%23IMP "Glossary of contract bridge terms#IMP"). Malcolm Brachman's professional team of US Americans defeated Italy by that much.
The defending champion team was not invited after 1977, so the tournament again matched one team from each WBF geographic zone that chose to participate. The number of teams remained at six because "Central America \& the Caribbean" sent a team for the first time, three players from Panama and three from Venezuela with a Guadeloupe captain. Brachman from North America and national teams from Italy, Australia, Taiwan, and host Brazil represented the other four zones.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1979[24th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=212), 1979\. WBF.
6 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **North America**[Malcolm Brachman](/wiki/Malcolm_Brachman "Malcolm Brachman") (USA), [Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg "Billy Eisenberg") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman "Bobby Goldman") (USA), [Edwin Kantar](/wiki/Edwin_Kantar "Edwin Kantar") (USA), [Mike Passell](/wiki/Mike_Passell "Mike Passell") (USA), [Paul Soloway](/wiki/Paul_Soloway "Paul Soloway") (USA) |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Dano De Falco](/wiki/Dano_De_Falco "Dano De Falco"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco "Arturo Franco"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Lorenzo Lauria](/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauria "Lorenzo Lauria"), [Vito Pittalà](/wiki/Vito_Pittal%C3%A0 "Vito Pittalà") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Australia}} **Australia**[Jim Borin](/wiki/Jim_Borin "Jim Borin"), [Norma Borin](/wiki/Norma_Borin "Norma Borin"), [Richard Cummings](/wiki/Richard_Cummings_%28bridge%29 "Richard Cummings (bridge)"), [Andrew Reiner](/wiki/Andrew_Reiner "Andrew Reiner"), [Bobby Richman](/wiki/Bobby_Richman "Bobby Richman"), [Tim Seres](/wiki/Tim_Seres "Tim Seres") |
{{flagicon\|Taiwan}} **Taiwan** finished fourth.
{{anchor\|1980s–2000s}}
|
[
"1970s\n-----",
"### 1970 [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), Sweden",
"The Aces won the 17th Bermuda Bowl, the first for a United States or North America team since they won the first four. Taiwan finished second again, with only five players and only two veterans from 1969\\. Norway and Brazil also finished ahead of Italy, the defending champion bridge nation represented by a wholly new team.[World Team Championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=20) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615133957/http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid\\=20 \\|date\\=15 June 2006 }} (To Date table). WBF.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1970[17th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=205), 1970\\. WBF.",
"5 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg \"Billy Eisenberg\") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman \"Bobby Goldman\") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\") (USA), [James Jacoby](/wiki/James_Jacoby \"James Jacoby\") (USA), [Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 \"Michael Lawrence (bridge)\") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") (USA) |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Taiwan}} **Taiwan**[Conrad Cheng](/wiki/Conrad_Cheng \"Conrad Cheng\"), [Elmer Hsiao](/wiki/Elmer_Hsiao \"Elmer Hsiao\"), [Patrick Huang](/wiki/Patrick_Huang \"Patrick Huang\"), [Harry Lin](/wiki/Harry_Lin \"Harry Lin\"), [Min\\-Fang Tai](/wiki/Min-Fang_Tai \"Min-Fang Tai\"), [David Yp Mao](/wiki/David_Yp_Mao \"David Yp Mao\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Norway}} **Norway**[Erik Høie](/wiki/Erik_H%C3%B8ie \"Erik Høie\"), [Tore Jensen](/wiki/Tore_Jensen \"Tore Jensen\"), [Knut Koppang](/wiki/Knut_Koppang \"Knut Koppang\"), [Bjørn Larsen](/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Larsen \"Bjørn Larsen\"), [Louis André Strøm](/wiki/Louis_Andr%C3%A9_Str%C3%B8m \"Louis André Strøm\"), [Willy Varnås](/wiki/Willy_Varn%C3%A5s \"Willy Varnås\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Brazil}} **Brazil** finished fourth and the new Italy fifth.",
"### 1971 [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"), Taiwan",
"The Aces won as defending champions while the field expanded to include Australia.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1971[18th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=206), 1971\\. WBF.",
"6 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **Aces**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg \"Billy Eisenberg\") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman \"Bobby Goldman\") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\") (USA), James Jacoby (USA), [Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 \"Michael Lawrence (bridge)\") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") (USA) |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|France}} **France**[Jean\\-Michel Boulenger](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Boulenger \"Jean-Michel Boulenger\"), [Pierre Jaïs](/wiki/Pierre_Ja%C3%AFs \"Pierre Jaïs\"), [Jean\\-Marc Roudinesco](/wiki/Jean-Marc_Roudinesco \"Jean-Marc Roudinesco\"), [Jean\\-Louis Stoppa](/wiki/Jean-Louis_Stoppa \"Jean-Louis Stoppa\"), [Henri Szwarc](/wiki/Henri_Szwarc \"Henri Szwarc\"), [Roger Trézel](/wiki/Roger_Tr%C3%A9zel \"Roger Trézel\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Australia}} **Australia**[Jim Borin](/wiki/Jim_Borin \"Jim Borin\"), [Norma Borin](/wiki/Norma_Borin \"Norma Borin\"), [Richard Cummings](/wiki/Richard_Cummings_%28bridge%29 \"Richard Cummings (bridge)\"), [Denis Howard](/wiki/Denis_Howard_%28bridge%29 \"Denis Howard (bridge)\"), [Tim Seres](/wiki/Tim_Seres \"Tim Seres\"), [Roelof Smilde](/wiki/Roelof_Smilde \"Roelof Smilde\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Taiwan}} **Taiwan** finished fourth at home, one year after finishing second.",
"### 1973 [Guarujá](/wiki/Guaruj%C3%A1 \"Guarujá\"), Brazil",
"The Blue Team had successfully completed a comeback by winning the 1972 Olympiad with its 1964–69 lineup. Three then retired permanently but its three greatest players continued to play for Italy (Belladonna, Forquet, and Garozzo), and to win.",
"The second\\-place Aces were defending champions with one personnel change.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1973[19th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=207), 1973\\. WBF.",
"5 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Benito Bianchi](/wiki/Benito_Bianchi \"Benito Bianchi\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Giuseppe Garabello](/wiki/Giuseppe_Garabello \"Giuseppe Garabello\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Vito Pittalà](/wiki/Vito_Pittal%C3%A0 \"Vito Pittalà\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **Aces**[Mark Blumenthal](/wiki/Mark_Blumenthal \"Mark Blumenthal\") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman \"Bobby Goldman\") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\") (USA), [James Jacoby](/wiki/James_Jacoby \"James Jacoby\") (USA), [Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 \"Michael Lawrence (bridge)\") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Brazil}} **Brazil**[Pedro Paulo Assumpção](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Assump%C3%A7%C3%A3o \"Pedro Paulo Assumpção\"), [Marcelo Branco](/wiki/Marcelo_Branco \"Marcelo Branco\"), [Pedro Paulo Branco](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Branco \"Pedro Paulo Branco\"), [Gabriel Chagas](/wiki/Gabriel_Chagas \"Gabriel Chagas\"), [Gabino Cintra](/wiki/Gabino_Cintra \"Gabino Cintra\"), [Christiano Fonseca](/wiki/Christiano_Fonseca \"Christiano Fonseca\") |",
"**North America** finished fourth, represented by a team of six men from the US.",
"### 1974 [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), Italy",
"Italy defended its championship at home. The World Bridge Federation inaugurated its [Venice Cup](/wiki/Venice_Cup \"Venice Cup\") for \"Women Teams\", which increased in size and frequency to match the biennial Bermuda Bowl tournament for \"Open Teams\" in 1985\\. No woman had played for a Bermuda Bowl winner; only two had finished second.{{efn\\|Two women had been Bermuda Bowl runners\\-up, \\[\\[Helen Sobel]] playing with no fixed partner in 1957 and \\[\\[Dorothy Hayden]] playing with \\[\\[B. Jay Becker]] in 1965, whose American teams were both defeated by Italy in the final. The foursome comprising Sobel with Charles Vogelhofer and \\[\\[Josephine Culbertson]] with her husband Ely, one of two teams representing North America, had been defeated by Austria in the 1937 final.}} Meanwhile, the quadrennial Olympiad ran two tournaments, open and women, side by side from its start in 1960\\.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1974[20th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=208), 1974\\. WBF.",
"6 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Benito Bianchi](/wiki/Benito_Bianchi \"Benito Bianchi\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\") ([Dano De Falco](/wiki/Dano_De_Falco \"Dano De Falco\"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco \"Arturo Franco\"))\\* |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} {{flagicon\\|Canada}} **North America**[Mark Blumenthal](/wiki/Mark_Blumenthal \"Mark Blumenthal\") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman \"Bobby Goldman\") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\") (USA), [Sami Kehela](/wiki/Sami_Kehela \"Sami Kehela\") (CAN), [Eric Murray](/wiki/Eric_Murray_%28bridge%29 \"Eric Murray (bridge)\") (CAN), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Brazil}} **Brazil**[Pedro Paulo Assumpção](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Assump%C3%A7%C3%A3o \"Pedro Paulo Assumpção\"), [Marcelo Branco](/wiki/Marcelo_Branco \"Marcelo Branco\"), [Pedro Paulo Branco](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Branco \"Pedro Paulo Branco\"), [Gabriel Chagas](/wiki/Gabriel_Chagas \"Gabriel Chagas\"), [Gabino Cintra](/wiki/Gabino_Cintra \"Gabino Cintra\"), [Christiano Fonseca](/wiki/Christiano_Fonseca \"Christiano Fonseca\") |",
"\\* De Falco and Franco did not play enough boards to qualify for the title of World Champion.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}\n{{flagicon\\|Indonesia}} **Indonesia** finished fourth.",
"### 1975 [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Parish%2C_Bermuda \"Southampton Parish, Bermuda\"), Bermuda",
"For the 25th anniversary of the inaugural tournament, the 21st returned to Bermuda, as the 34th tournament would do for the 50th anniversary. Italy won its thirteenth Bermuda Bowl, its third in a row, and its last before 2005\\. Pietro Forquet missed this one, leaving Giorgio Belladonna alone with 13 Bowls.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1975[21st World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=209), 1975\\. WBF.",
"5 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Gianfranco Facchini](/wiki/Gianfranco_Facchini \"Gianfranco Facchini\"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco \"Arturo Franco\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Vito Pittalà](/wiki/Vito_Pittal%C3%A0 \"Vito Pittalà\"), [Sergio Zucchelli](/wiki/Sergio_Zucchelli \"Sergio Zucchelli\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg \"Billy Eisenberg\") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\") (USA), [Edwin Kantar](/wiki/Edwin_Kantar \"Edwin Kantar\") (USA), [Paul Soloway](/wiki/Paul_Soloway \"Paul Soloway\") (USA), [John Swanson](/wiki/John_Swanson_%28bridge%29 \"John Swanson (bridge)\") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|France}} **France**[Jean\\-Michel Boulenger](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Boulenger \"Jean-Michel Boulenger\"), [Michel Lebel](/wiki/Michel_Lebel \"Michel Lebel\"), [François Leenhardt](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Leenhardt \"François Leenhardt\"), [Christian Mari](/wiki/Christian_Mari \"Christian Mari\"), [Henri Szwarc](/wiki/Henri_Szwarc \"Henri Szwarc\"), [Edmond Vial](/wiki/Edmond_Vial \"Edmond Vial\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Indonesia}} **Indonesia** finished fourth, Brazil fifth.",
"### 1976 [Monte Carlo](/wiki/Monte_Carlo \"Monte Carlo\"), Monaco",
"The 22nd was the only Bermuda Bowl contested during a [World Team Olympiad](/wiki/World_Team_Olympiad \"World Team Olympiad\") year. The two Open tournaments were played back to back during three weeks in May, with Italy beaten first by the United States and then by Brazil in the finals.[Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=242), 5th World Team Olympiad, 1976\\. WBF.\nIsrael finished third as the second representative of Europe.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1976[22nd World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=210), 1976\\. WBF.",
"6 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg \"Billy Eisenberg\") (USA), [Fred Hamilton](/wiki/Fred_Hamilton_%28bridge%29 \"Fred Hamilton (bridge)\") (USA), Erik Paulsen (USA), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 \"Hugh Ross (bridge)\")(USA), [Ira Rubin](/wiki/Ira_Rubin \"Ira Rubin\") (USA), [Paul Soloway](/wiki/Paul_Soloway \"Paul Soloway\") (USA) |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Pietro Forquet](/wiki/Pietro_Forquet \"Pietro Forquet\"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco \"Arturo Franco\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Vito Pittalà](/wiki/Vito_Pittal%C3%A0 \"Vito Pittalà\"), [Antonio Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi \"Antonio Vivaldi\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Israel}} **Israel**[Julian Frydrich](/wiki/Julian_Frydrich \"Julian Frydrich\"), [Michael Hochzeit](/wiki/Michael_Hochzeit \"Michael Hochzeit\"), [Sam Lev](/wiki/Sam_Lev \"Sam Lev\"), [Yeshayahu Levit](/wiki/Yeshayahu_Levit \"Yeshayahu Levit\"), [Pinhas Romik](/wiki/Pinhas_Romik \"Pinhas Romik\"), [Eliakim Shaufel](/wiki/Eliakim_Shaufel \"Eliakim Shaufel\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Brazil}} **Brazil** finished fourth with the same lineup that placed third in 1973 and 1974\\. With one personnel change they won the Open Olympiad tournament that immediately following this exceptional Bermuda Bowl. It remains the only year with two world champion teams in the open category.",
"### 1977 [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\"), Philippines",
"Both teams \"North America\" and \"Defending Champions\" comprised six men from the US. The six defending champion *players* divided two and four, as the Aces with defending players Eisenberg and Soloway regrouped as \"North America\". (Under double representation for the United States beginning in 1991, the two USA teams must face each other if both advance to the semifinal.){{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1977[23rd World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=211), 1977\\. WBF.",
"6 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg \"Billy Eisenberg\") (USA), [Edwin Kantar](/wiki/Edwin_Kantar \"Edwin Kantar\") (USA), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\") (USA), [Paul Soloway](/wiki/Paul_Soloway \"Paul Soloway\") (USA), [John Swanson](/wiki/John_Swanson_%28bridge%29 \"John Swanson (bridge)\") (USA), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") (USA) |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **Defending Champions**[Fred Hamilton](/wiki/Fred_Hamilton_%28bridge%29 \"Fred Hamilton (bridge)\") (USA), [Mike Passell](/wiki/Mike_Passell \"Mike Passell\") (USA), Erik Paulsen (USA), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 \"Hugh Ross (bridge)\") (USA), [Ira Rubin](/wiki/Ira_Rubin \"Ira Rubin\") (USA), [Ron Von der Porten](/wiki/Ron_Von_der_Porten \"Ron Von der Porten\") (USA) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Sweden}} **Sweden**[Anders Brunzell](/wiki/Anders_Brunzell \"Anders Brunzell\"), [Sven\\-Olov Flodqvist](/wiki/Sven-Olov_Flodqvist \"Sven-Olov Flodqvist\"), [Hans Göthe](/wiki/Hans_G%C3%B6the \"Hans Göthe\"), [Jörgen Lindqvist](/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Lindqvist \"Jörgen Lindqvist\"), [Anders Morath](/wiki/Anders_Morath \"Anders Morath\"), [Per Olof Sundelin](/wiki/Per_Olof_Sundelin \"Per Olof Sundelin\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.",
"### 1979 [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), Brazil",
"The 24th Bermuda Bowl was the first to be decided by a margin that is commonly scored on a single deal, merely 5 [IMPs](/wiki/Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms%23IMP \"Glossary of contract bridge terms#IMP\"). Malcolm Brachman's professional team of US Americans defeated Italy by that much.\nThe defending champion team was not invited after 1977, so the tournament again matched one team from each WBF geographic zone that chose to participate. The number of teams remained at six because \"Central America \\& the Caribbean\" sent a team for the first time, three players from Panama and three from Venezuela with a Guadeloupe captain. Brachman from North America and national teams from Italy, Australia, Taiwan, and host Brazil represented the other four zones.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1979[24th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=212), 1979\\. WBF.",
"6 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **North America**[Malcolm Brachman](/wiki/Malcolm_Brachman \"Malcolm Brachman\") (USA), [Billy Eisenberg](/wiki/Billy_Eisenberg \"Billy Eisenberg\") (USA), [Bobby Goldman](/wiki/Bobby_Goldman \"Bobby Goldman\") (USA), [Edwin Kantar](/wiki/Edwin_Kantar \"Edwin Kantar\") (USA), [Mike Passell](/wiki/Mike_Passell \"Mike Passell\") (USA), [Paul Soloway](/wiki/Paul_Soloway \"Paul Soloway\") (USA) |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Dano De Falco](/wiki/Dano_De_Falco \"Dano De Falco\"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco \"Arturo Franco\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Lorenzo Lauria](/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauria \"Lorenzo Lauria\"), [Vito Pittalà](/wiki/Vito_Pittal%C3%A0 \"Vito Pittalà\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Australia}} **Australia**[Jim Borin](/wiki/Jim_Borin \"Jim Borin\"), [Norma Borin](/wiki/Norma_Borin \"Norma Borin\"), [Richard Cummings](/wiki/Richard_Cummings_%28bridge%29 \"Richard Cummings (bridge)\"), [Andrew Reiner](/wiki/Andrew_Reiner \"Andrew Reiner\"), [Bobby Richman](/wiki/Bobby_Richman \"Bobby Richman\"), [Tim Seres](/wiki/Tim_Seres \"Tim Seres\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Taiwan}} **Taiwan** finished fourth.",
"{{anchor\\|1980s–2000s}}",
""
] |
1980s
-----
The Bermuda Bowl made several changes around 1980\. The defending champion team was dropped in 1979\. For 1981 Europe was awarded two places in the tournament, the first expansion beyond zonal champions (plus the world champion, 1961 to 1977\). There would be nine teams if every WBF zone sent a champion. For 1983, European and North American champions would have two places in the 4\-team semifinal round. European and North American runners up would contend with champions of the other zones and the host country for two other semifinal slots. (Europe and North America had won all the Bermuda Bowls. Outsiders had finished second in 1969–70 and 1981\.) Beginning in 1985, the Bermuda Bowl for open teams and Venice Cup for women would run side by side with the same structure in a venue outside Europe and North America (maintained until 2001\).... OEB "Bermuda Bowl"? ... —
### 1981 New York City, USA
Pakistan represented "Asia and the Middle East", a novelty, and finished second, a shock. This was the third silver medal for teams from outside Europe and North America, joining Taiwan 1969–70\. "Pakistani preempts" were notable and team's best player [Zia Mahmood](/wiki/Zia_Mahmood "Zia Mahmood") was recognized as a great one.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}}
For the United States, led by Bud Reinhold—who played, but not enough to qualify personally as a world champion— Levin, Rodwell, and Meckstroth made their international debuts at 23 to 25 years old, Levin being the youngest winner on record.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}}
Europe was represented by both Poland and Great Britain, first and second in the 18\-team open flight of the [European championships](/wiki/European_Teams_Championship_%28bridge%29 "European Teams Championship (bridge)").[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=45), 35th European Team Championships, 1981\. [European Bridge League](/wiki/European_Bridge_League "European Bridge League") (**EBL**).
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1981[25th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=213), 1981\. WBF.
7 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA**[Russ Arnold](/wiki/Russ_Arnold "Russ Arnold"), [Bobby Levin](/wiki/Bobby_Levin "Bobby Levin"), [Jeff Meckstroth](/wiki/Jeff_Meckstroth "Jeff Meckstroth"), [Eric Rodwell](/wiki/Eric_Rodwell "Eric Rodwell"), [John Solodar](/wiki/John_Solodar "John Solodar") (Bud Reinhold)\* |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Pakistan}} **Pakistan**[Nishat Abedi](/wiki/Nishat_Abedi "Nishat Abedi"), [Nisar Ahmed](/wiki/Nisar_Ahmed_%28bridge%29 "Nisar Ahmed (bridge)"), [Munir Attaullah](/wiki/Munir_Attaullah "Munir Attaullah"), [Jan\-e\-Alam Fazli](/wiki/Jan-e-Alam_Fazli "Jan-e-Alam Fazli"), [Zia Mahmood](/wiki/Zia_Mahmood "Zia Mahmood"), [Masood Saleem](/wiki/Masood_Saleem "Masood Saleem") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Poland}} **Poland**[Aleksander Jezioro](/wiki/Aleksander_Jezioro "Aleksander Jezioro"), [Julian Klukowski](/wiki/Julian_Klukowski "Julian Klukowski"), [Marek Kudła](/wiki/Marek_Kud%C5%82a "Marek Kudła"), [Krzysztof Martens](/wiki/Krzysztof_Martens "Krzysztof Martens"), [Andrzej Milde](/wiki/Andrzej_Milde "Andrzej Milde"), [Tomasz Przybora](/wiki/Tomasz_Przybora "Tomasz Przybora") |
\* Reinhold did not play enough boards to qualify for the title of World Champion.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}}
{{flagicon\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.
### 1983 [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Sweden
Beginning in 1983, North America joined Europe with double representation, and the host country was automatically included too, so the potential size of the field increased by two. United States teams finished first and second in North America while France, Italy, and world host Sweden ranked 1, 2, and 7 among 24 teams in the open European championship.[Results \& Participants, 36th European Team Championships](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=44), 1983, EBL. Under the new structure, USA1 and France earned [byes](/wiki/Bye_%28sports%29 "Bye (sports)") to the Bermuda Bowl semifinal while USA2, Italy, and Sweden contended with the champions of other zones for two more semifinal slots. Five other zones were represented, ten teams in all.
USA2 and Italy won the preliminary stage; USA1 and Italy won semifinal matches to meet in the final, the international [swan song](/wiki/Swan_song "Swan song") for Giorgio Belladonna and for the legendary Belladonna–Garozzo partnership.{{WBFpeople \|1112 \|Giorgio BELLADONNA}}
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1983[26th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=214), 1983\. WBF.
10 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 1**{{efn\|name\=usa}} [Michael Becker](/wiki/Mike_Becker "Mike Becker"), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman"), [Ron Rubin](/wiki/Ron_Rubin_%28bridge%29 "Ron Rubin (bridge)"), [Alan Sontag](/wiki/Alan_Sontag "Alan Sontag"), [Peter Weichsel](/wiki/Peter_Weichsel "Peter Weichsel"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna "Giorgio Belladonna"), [Dano De Falco](/wiki/Dano_De_Falco "Dano De Falco"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco "Arturo Franco"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo "Benito Garozzo"), [Lorenzo Lauria](/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauria "Lorenzo Lauria"), [Carlo Mosca](/wiki/Carlo_Mosca "Carlo Mosca") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|France}} **France**[Michel Corn](/wiki/Michel_Corn "Michel Corn"), [Philippe Cronier](/wiki/Philippe_Cronier "Philippe Cronier"), [Michel Lebel](/wiki/Michel_Lebel "Michel Lebel"), [Hervé Mouiel](/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Mouiel "Hervé Mouiel"), [Philippe Soulet](/wiki/Philippe_Soulet "Philippe Soulet"), [Henri Szwarc](/wiki/Henri_Szwarc "Henri Szwarc") |
{{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\|name\=usa\|1\=
Annual rankings published by the WBF show double representation for the US in 1983 and from 1991 to date. Select "Venue" links at \[http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid\=20 "World Team Championships to Date"]. Confirmed 2011\-08\-17\.
• Sometimes before 1983, there was one "North America" team representing the \[\[American Contract Bridge League]] rather than any national team representing USA, Canada, Mexico, or Bermuda.
}}
finished fourth.
The size of the field increased by three, not two, because "Asia and the Middle East" (debut 1981\) and "Central America and the Caribbean" (debut 1979\) were both represented, by Pakistan and a transnational squad including four men from [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica "Jamaica"). Only Africa among the eight modern geographic zones was not yet represented.
### 1985 [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Paulo"), Brazil
Beginning in 1985 the Bermuda Bowl and the Venice Cup for women have been side\-by\-side tournaments with the same structure. From 1985 to 2000 they were always sited outside Europe and North America.
For three cycles, 1985 to 1989, one team each from the United States and Canada represented North America. All three US teams were based on the San Francisco\-area team anchored by [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel "Chip Martel")–[Lew Stansby](/wiki/Lew_Stansby "Lew Stansby") and Peter Pender–Hugh Ross. They won the annual US [Grand National Teams](/wiki/Grand_National_Teams "Grand National Teams") in 1982\-83\-85\-87 (with another pair in '82, with Mike Lawrence in '87\).
Austria and Israel finished 1–2 among 21 open teams in Europe and placed 2–3 behind USA in São Paulo.[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=43), 37th European Team Championships, 1985\. EBL.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1985[27th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=215), 1985\. WBF.
10 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA**[Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman"), [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel "Chip Martel"), [Peter Pender](/wiki/Peter_Pender "Peter Pender"), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 "Hugh Ross (bridge)"), [Lew Stansby](/wiki/Lew_Stansby "Lew Stansby"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Austria}} **Austria**Heinrich Berger, Kurt Feichtinger, Jan Fucik, Wolfgang Meinl, Karl Rohan, Franz Terraneo |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Israel}} **Israel**[David Birman](/wiki/David_Birman "David Birman"), [Sam Lev](/wiki/Sam_Lev "Sam Lev"), [Eliakim Shaufel](/wiki/Eliakim_Shaufel "Eliakim Shaufel"), [Shalom Zeligman](/wiki/Shalom_Zeligman "Shalom Zeligman"), [Julian Frydrich](/wiki/Julian_Frydrich "Julian Frydrich")\*, [Michael Hochzeit](/wiki/Michael_Hochzeit "Michael Hochzeit")\*[27th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampMembers.aspx?qteamid=3459&qmenudetid=215) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152610/http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampMembers.aspx?qteamid\=3459\&qmenudetid\=215 \|date\=17 May 2014 }}, 1985\. WBF. |
\* Frydrich and Hochzeit did not play enough boards to qualify for third place.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}}
{{flagicon\|Brazil}} **Brazil** finished fourth.Infrequent entries Canada, New Zealand, and India finished 8–9–10, having qualified in the familiar places of "USA 2", Australia, and Pakistan.
### 1987 [Ocho Ríos](/wiki/Ocho_R%C3%ADos "Ocho Ríos"), Jamaica
The "San Francisco" GNT with world veterans Hamman–Wolff defended successfully. Great Britain and Sweden reversed their European finish.[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=42), 38th European Team Championships, 1987\. EBL.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1987[28th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=216), 1987\. WBF.
10 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA**[Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman"), [Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 "Michael Lawrence (bridge)"), [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel "Chip Martel"), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 "Hugh Ross (bridge)"), [Lew Stansby](/wiki/Lew_Stansby "Lew Stansby"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Great Britain}} **Great Britain**[John Armstrong](/wiki/John_Armstrong_%28bridge%29 "John Armstrong (bridge)"), [Raymond Brock](/wiki/Raymond_Brock "Raymond Brock"), [Jeremy Flint](/wiki/Jeremy_Flint "Jeremy Flint"), [Tony Forrester](/wiki/Tony_Forrester "Tony Forrester"), [Graham Kirby](/wiki/Graham_Kirby "Graham Kirby"), [Robert Sheehan](/wiki/Robert_Sheehan "Robert Sheehan") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Sweden}} **Sweden**[Björn Fallenius](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Fallenius "Björn Fallenius"), [Sven\-Olov Flodqvist](/wiki/Sven-Olov_Flodqvist "Sven-Olov Flodqvist"), [Hans Göthe](/wiki/Hans_G%C3%B6the "Hans Göthe"), [Tommy Gullberg](/wiki/Tommy_Gullberg "Tommy Gullberg"), [Magnus Lindkvist](/wiki/Magnus_Lindkvist "Magnus Lindkvist"), [Per Olof Sundelin](/wiki/Per_Olof_Sundelin "Per Olof Sundelin") |
{{flagicon\|Chinese Taipei}} **Chinese Taipei** finished fourth.
### 1989 [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Western_Australia "Perth, Western Australia"), Australia
Brazil won its first Bermuda Bowl, defeating a team of three "San Francisco" pairs in the final.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1989[29th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=217), 1989\. WBF.
10 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Brazil}} **Brazil**[Marcelo Branco](/wiki/Marcelo_Branco "Marcelo Branco"), [Pedro Paulo Branco](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Branco "Pedro Paulo Branco"), [Carlos Camacho](/wiki/Carlos_Camacho "Carlos Camacho"), [Gabriel Chagas](/wiki/Gabriel_Chagas "Gabriel Chagas"), [Ricardo Janz](/wiki/Ricardo_Janz "Ricardo Janz"), [Roberto Mello](/wiki/Roberto_Mello "Roberto Mello") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA**[Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 "Michael Lawrence (bridge)"), [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel "Chip Martel"), [Peter Pender](/wiki/Peter_Pender "Peter Pender"), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 "Hugh Ross (bridge)"), [Lew Stansby](/wiki/Lew_Stansby "Lew Stansby"), [Kit Woolsey](/wiki/Kit_Woolsey "Kit Woolsey") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Poland}} **Poland**[Cezary Balicki](/wiki/Cezary_Balicki "Cezary Balicki"), [Julian Klukowski](/wiki/Julian_Klukowski "Julian Klukowski"), [Krzysztof Martens](/wiki/Krzysztof_Martens "Krzysztof Martens"), [Krzysztof Moszczyński](/wiki/Krzysztof_Moszczy%C5%84ski "Krzysztof Moszczyński"), [Marek Szymanowski](/wiki/Marek_Szymanowski "Marek Szymanowski"), [Adam Żmudziński](/wiki/Adam_%C5%BBmudzi%C5%84ski "Adam Żmudziński") |
{{flagicon\|Australia}} **Australia** finished fourth at home.Egypt and Colombia represented Asia–Middle East and Central America–Caribbean. Poland and France, the best of 25 teams in Europe, finished only 3rd and 6th.
|
[
"1980s\n-----",
"The Bermuda Bowl made several changes around 1980\\. The defending champion team was dropped in 1979\\. For 1981 Europe was awarded two places in the tournament, the first expansion beyond zonal champions (plus the world champion, 1961 to 1977\\). There would be nine teams if every WBF zone sent a champion. For 1983, European and North American champions would have two places in the 4\\-team semifinal round. European and North American runners up would contend with champions of the other zones and the host country for two other semifinal slots. (Europe and North America had won all the Bermuda Bowls. Outsiders had finished second in 1969–70 and 1981\\.) Beginning in 1985, the Bermuda Bowl for open teams and Venice Cup for women would run side by side with the same structure in a venue outside Europe and North America (maintained until 2001\\).... OEB \"Bermuda Bowl\"? ... —",
"### 1981 New York City, USA",
"Pakistan represented \"Asia and the Middle East\", a novelty, and finished second, a shock. This was the third silver medal for teams from outside Europe and North America, joining Taiwan 1969–70\\. \"Pakistani preempts\" were notable and team's best player [Zia Mahmood](/wiki/Zia_Mahmood \"Zia Mahmood\") was recognized as a great one.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}",
"For the United States, led by Bud Reinhold—who played, but not enough to qualify personally as a world champion— Levin, Rodwell, and Meckstroth made their international debuts at 23 to 25 years old, Levin being the youngest winner on record.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}",
"Europe was represented by both Poland and Great Britain, first and second in the 18\\-team open flight of the [European championships](/wiki/European_Teams_Championship_%28bridge%29 \"European Teams Championship (bridge)\").[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=45), 35th European Team Championships, 1981\\. [European Bridge League](/wiki/European_Bridge_League \"European Bridge League\") (**EBL**).",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1981[25th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=213), 1981\\. WBF.",
"7 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA**[Russ Arnold](/wiki/Russ_Arnold \"Russ Arnold\"), [Bobby Levin](/wiki/Bobby_Levin \"Bobby Levin\"), [Jeff Meckstroth](/wiki/Jeff_Meckstroth \"Jeff Meckstroth\"), [Eric Rodwell](/wiki/Eric_Rodwell \"Eric Rodwell\"), [John Solodar](/wiki/John_Solodar \"John Solodar\") (Bud Reinhold)\\* |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Pakistan}} **Pakistan**[Nishat Abedi](/wiki/Nishat_Abedi \"Nishat Abedi\"), [Nisar Ahmed](/wiki/Nisar_Ahmed_%28bridge%29 \"Nisar Ahmed (bridge)\"), [Munir Attaullah](/wiki/Munir_Attaullah \"Munir Attaullah\"), [Jan\\-e\\-Alam Fazli](/wiki/Jan-e-Alam_Fazli \"Jan-e-Alam Fazli\"), [Zia Mahmood](/wiki/Zia_Mahmood \"Zia Mahmood\"), [Masood Saleem](/wiki/Masood_Saleem \"Masood Saleem\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Poland}} **Poland**[Aleksander Jezioro](/wiki/Aleksander_Jezioro \"Aleksander Jezioro\"), [Julian Klukowski](/wiki/Julian_Klukowski \"Julian Klukowski\"), [Marek Kudła](/wiki/Marek_Kud%C5%82a \"Marek Kudła\"), [Krzysztof Martens](/wiki/Krzysztof_Martens \"Krzysztof Martens\"), [Andrzej Milde](/wiki/Andrzej_Milde \"Andrzej Milde\"), [Tomasz Przybora](/wiki/Tomasz_Przybora \"Tomasz Przybora\") |",
"\\* Reinhold did not play enough boards to qualify for the title of World Champion.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}\n{{flagicon\\|Argentina}} **Argentina** finished fourth.",
"### 1983 [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), Sweden",
"Beginning in 1983, North America joined Europe with double representation, and the host country was automatically included too, so the potential size of the field increased by two. United States teams finished first and second in North America while France, Italy, and world host Sweden ranked 1, 2, and 7 among 24 teams in the open European championship.[Results \\& Participants, 36th European Team Championships](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=44), 1983, EBL. Under the new structure, USA1 and France earned [byes](/wiki/Bye_%28sports%29 \"Bye (sports)\") to the Bermuda Bowl semifinal while USA2, Italy, and Sweden contended with the champions of other zones for two more semifinal slots. Five other zones were represented, ten teams in all.",
"USA2 and Italy won the preliminary stage; USA1 and Italy won semifinal matches to meet in the final, the international [swan song](/wiki/Swan_song \"Swan song\") for Giorgio Belladonna and for the legendary Belladonna–Garozzo partnership.{{WBFpeople \\|1112 \\|Giorgio BELLADONNA}}",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1983[26th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=214), 1983\\. WBF.",
"10 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 1**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} [Michael Becker](/wiki/Mike_Becker \"Mike Becker\"), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\"), [Ron Rubin](/wiki/Ron_Rubin_%28bridge%29 \"Ron Rubin (bridge)\"), [Alan Sontag](/wiki/Alan_Sontag \"Alan Sontag\"), [Peter Weichsel](/wiki/Peter_Weichsel \"Peter Weichsel\"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Italy}} **Italy**[Giorgio Belladonna](/wiki/Giorgio_Belladonna \"Giorgio Belladonna\"), [Dano De Falco](/wiki/Dano_De_Falco \"Dano De Falco\"), [Arturo Franco](/wiki/Arturo_Franco \"Arturo Franco\"), [Benito Garozzo](/wiki/Benito_Garozzo \"Benito Garozzo\"), [Lorenzo Lauria](/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauria \"Lorenzo Lauria\"), [Carlo Mosca](/wiki/Carlo_Mosca \"Carlo Mosca\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|France}} **France**[Michel Corn](/wiki/Michel_Corn \"Michel Corn\"), [Philippe Cronier](/wiki/Philippe_Cronier \"Philippe Cronier\"), [Michel Lebel](/wiki/Michel_Lebel \"Michel Lebel\"), [Hervé Mouiel](/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Mouiel \"Hervé Mouiel\"), [Philippe Soulet](/wiki/Philippe_Soulet \"Philippe Soulet\"), [Henri Szwarc](/wiki/Henri_Szwarc \"Henri Szwarc\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\\|name\\=usa\\|1\\=\nAnnual rankings published by the WBF show double representation for the US in 1983 and from 1991 to date. Select \"Venue\" links at \\[http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid\\=20 \"World Team Championships to Date\"]. Confirmed 2011\\-08\\-17\\.\n \n• Sometimes before 1983, there was one \"North America\" team representing the \\[\\[American Contract Bridge League]] rather than any national team representing USA, Canada, Mexico, or Bermuda.\n}}\nfinished fourth.",
"The size of the field increased by three, not two, because \"Asia and the Middle East\" (debut 1981\\) and \"Central America and the Caribbean\" (debut 1979\\) were both represented, by Pakistan and a transnational squad including four men from [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\"). Only Africa among the eight modern geographic zones was not yet represented.",
"### 1985 [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"São Paulo\"), Brazil",
"Beginning in 1985 the Bermuda Bowl and the Venice Cup for women have been side\\-by\\-side tournaments with the same structure. From 1985 to 2000 they were always sited outside Europe and North America.",
"For three cycles, 1985 to 1989, one team each from the United States and Canada represented North America. All three US teams were based on the San Francisco\\-area team anchored by [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel \"Chip Martel\")–[Lew Stansby](/wiki/Lew_Stansby \"Lew Stansby\") and Peter Pender–Hugh Ross. They won the annual US [Grand National Teams](/wiki/Grand_National_Teams \"Grand National Teams\") in 1982\\-83\\-85\\-87 (with another pair in '82, with Mike Lawrence in '87\\).",
"Austria and Israel finished 1–2 among 21 open teams in Europe and placed 2–3 behind USA in São Paulo.[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=43), 37th European Team Championships, 1985\\. EBL.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1985[27th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=215), 1985\\. WBF.",
"10 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA**[Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\"), [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel \"Chip Martel\"), [Peter Pender](/wiki/Peter_Pender \"Peter Pender\"), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 \"Hugh Ross (bridge)\"), [Lew Stansby](/wiki/Lew_Stansby \"Lew Stansby\"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Austria}} **Austria**Heinrich Berger, Kurt Feichtinger, Jan Fucik, Wolfgang Meinl, Karl Rohan, Franz Terraneo |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Israel}} **Israel**[David Birman](/wiki/David_Birman \"David Birman\"), [Sam Lev](/wiki/Sam_Lev \"Sam Lev\"), [Eliakim Shaufel](/wiki/Eliakim_Shaufel \"Eliakim Shaufel\"), [Shalom Zeligman](/wiki/Shalom_Zeligman \"Shalom Zeligman\"), [Julian Frydrich](/wiki/Julian_Frydrich \"Julian Frydrich\")\\*, [Michael Hochzeit](/wiki/Michael_Hochzeit \"Michael Hochzeit\")\\*[27th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampMembers.aspx?qteamid=3459&qmenudetid=215) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152610/http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampMembers.aspx?qteamid\\=3459\\&qmenudetid\\=215 \\|date\\=17 May 2014 }}, 1985\\. WBF. |",
"\\* Frydrich and Hochzeit did not play enough boards to qualify for third place.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}\n{{flagicon\\|Brazil}} **Brazil** finished fourth.Infrequent entries Canada, New Zealand, and India finished 8–9–10, having qualified in the familiar places of \"USA 2\", Australia, and Pakistan.",
"",
"",
"### 1987 [Ocho Ríos](/wiki/Ocho_R%C3%ADos \"Ocho Ríos\"), Jamaica",
"The \"San Francisco\" GNT with world veterans Hamman–Wolff defended successfully. Great Britain and Sweden reversed their European finish.[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=42), 38th European Team Championships, 1987\\. EBL.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1987[28th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=216), 1987\\. WBF.",
"10 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA**[Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\"), [Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 \"Michael Lawrence (bridge)\"), [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel \"Chip Martel\"), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 \"Hugh Ross (bridge)\"), [Lew Stansby](/wiki/Lew_Stansby \"Lew Stansby\"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Great Britain}} **Great Britain**[John Armstrong](/wiki/John_Armstrong_%28bridge%29 \"John Armstrong (bridge)\"), [Raymond Brock](/wiki/Raymond_Brock \"Raymond Brock\"), [Jeremy Flint](/wiki/Jeremy_Flint \"Jeremy Flint\"), [Tony Forrester](/wiki/Tony_Forrester \"Tony Forrester\"), [Graham Kirby](/wiki/Graham_Kirby \"Graham Kirby\"), [Robert Sheehan](/wiki/Robert_Sheehan \"Robert Sheehan\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Sweden}} **Sweden**[Björn Fallenius](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Fallenius \"Björn Fallenius\"), [Sven\\-Olov Flodqvist](/wiki/Sven-Olov_Flodqvist \"Sven-Olov Flodqvist\"), [Hans Göthe](/wiki/Hans_G%C3%B6the \"Hans Göthe\"), [Tommy Gullberg](/wiki/Tommy_Gullberg \"Tommy Gullberg\"), [Magnus Lindkvist](/wiki/Magnus_Lindkvist \"Magnus Lindkvist\"), [Per Olof Sundelin](/wiki/Per_Olof_Sundelin \"Per Olof Sundelin\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Chinese Taipei}} **Chinese Taipei** finished fourth.",
"### 1989 [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Western_Australia \"Perth, Western Australia\"), Australia",
"Brazil won its first Bermuda Bowl, defeating a team of three \"San Francisco\" pairs in the final.",
"",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1989[29th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=217), 1989\\. WBF.",
"10 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Brazil}} **Brazil**[Marcelo Branco](/wiki/Marcelo_Branco \"Marcelo Branco\"), [Pedro Paulo Branco](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Branco \"Pedro Paulo Branco\"), [Carlos Camacho](/wiki/Carlos_Camacho \"Carlos Camacho\"), [Gabriel Chagas](/wiki/Gabriel_Chagas \"Gabriel Chagas\"), [Ricardo Janz](/wiki/Ricardo_Janz \"Ricardo Janz\"), [Roberto Mello](/wiki/Roberto_Mello \"Roberto Mello\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA**[Mike Lawrence](/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_%28bridge%29 \"Michael Lawrence (bridge)\"), [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel \"Chip Martel\"), [Peter Pender](/wiki/Peter_Pender \"Peter Pender\"), [Hugh Ross](/wiki/Hugh_Ross_%28bridge%29 \"Hugh Ross (bridge)\"), [Lew Stansby](/wiki/Lew_Stansby \"Lew Stansby\"), [Kit Woolsey](/wiki/Kit_Woolsey \"Kit Woolsey\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Poland}} **Poland**[Cezary Balicki](/wiki/Cezary_Balicki \"Cezary Balicki\"), [Julian Klukowski](/wiki/Julian_Klukowski \"Julian Klukowski\"), [Krzysztof Martens](/wiki/Krzysztof_Martens \"Krzysztof Martens\"), [Krzysztof Moszczyński](/wiki/Krzysztof_Moszczy%C5%84ski \"Krzysztof Moszczyński\"), [Marek Szymanowski](/wiki/Marek_Szymanowski \"Marek Szymanowski\"), [Adam Żmudziński](/wiki/Adam_%C5%BBmudzi%C5%84ski \"Adam Żmudziński\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Australia}} **Australia** finished fourth at home.Egypt and Colombia represented Asia–Middle East and Central America–Caribbean. Poland and France, the best of 25 teams in Europe, finished only 3rd and 6th.",
""
] |
1990s
-----
### 1991 [Yokohama](/wiki/Yokohama "Yokohama"), Japan
Iceland won the Bermuda Bowl after finishing fourth in Europe, the last to qualify from Zone 1\. Europe's fourth, third, and second place teams won all three medals while European champion Great Britain finished 5th to 8th in the world.[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=40), 40th European Team Championships, 1991\. EBL.
The tournament expanded from 10 teams with a 4\-team knockout conclusion to 16 teams with an 8\-team KO, without any playoffs to distinguish the four quarterfinal losers. Defending champion Brazil finished fourth, Argentina 5th to 8th. The two USA teams also finished 5th to 8th.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1991[30th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=218), 1991\. WBF.
16 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Iceland}} **Iceland**[Guðmundur Páll Arnarson](/wiki/Gu%C3%B0mundur_P%C3%A1ll_Arnarson "Guðmundur Páll Arnarson"), [Örn Arnþórsson](/wiki/%C3%96rn_Arn%C3%BE%C3%B3rsson "Örn Arnþórsson"), [Jón Baldursson](/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Baldursson "Jón Baldursson"), [Guðlaugur Jóhannsson](/wiki/Gu%C3%B0laugur_J%C3%B3hannsson "Guðlaugur Jóhannsson"), [Þorlákur Jónsson](/wiki/%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1kur_J%C3%B3nsson "Þorlákur Jónsson"), [Aðalsteinn Jörgensen](/wiki/A%C3%B0alsteinn_J%C3%B6rgensen "Aðalsteinn Jörgensen") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Poland}} **Poland**[Cezary Balicki](/wiki/Cezary_Balicki "Cezary Balicki"), [Piotr Gawryś](/wiki/Piotr_Gawry%C5%9B "Piotr Gawryś"), [Krzysztof Lasocki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Lasocki "Krzysztof Lasocki"), [Krzysztof Martens](/wiki/Krzysztof_Martens "Krzysztof Martens"), [Marek Szymanowski](/wiki/Marek_Szymanowski "Marek Szymanowski"), [Adam Żmudziński](/wiki/Adam_%C5%BBmudzi%C5%84ski "Adam Żmudziński") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Sweden}} **Sweden**[Sven\-Åke Bjerregård](/wiki/Sven-%C3%85ke_Bjerreg%C3%A5rd "Sven-Åke Bjerregård"), [Björn Fallenius](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Fallenius "Björn Fallenius"), [Tommy Gullberg](/wiki/Tommy_Gullberg "Tommy Gullberg"), [Anders Morath](/wiki/Anders_Morath "Anders Morath"), [Mats Nilsland](/wiki/Mats_Nilsland "Mats Nilsland"), [Per Olof Sundelin](/wiki/Per_Olof_Sundelin "Per Olof Sundelin") |
{{flagicon\|Brazil}} **Brazil** finished fourth with the same lineup that won in 1989\. With expansion from 10 to 16 teams, a third entry was awarded to North America, and the American Contract Bridge League settled on two United States teams, who both finished 5th to 8th. (The two US teams are determined under the auspices of the United States Bridge Federation. The other team from Zone 2 is determined by a playoff of other national teams, if necessary.){{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}}
### 1993 [Santiago, Chile](/wiki/Santiago%2C_Chile "Santiago, Chile")
Netherlands won its first Bermuda Bowl. Netherlands and Norway were fourth and third in Europe, as finalists Iceland and Poland had been two years earlier.[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=39), 41st European Team Championships, 1993\. EBL.
De Boer, Leufkens, and Westra had played on the Netherlands [1987 world champion junior team](/wiki/World_Junior_Teams_Championship%23Results "World Junior Teams Championship#Results"). Helgemo of Norway played on the contemporary junior team and thus won two silver medals in 1993\.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1993[31st World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=219), 1993\. WBF.
16 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|Netherlands}} **Netherlands**Wubbo de Boer, Piet Jansen, [Enri Leufkens](/wiki/Enri_Leufkens "Enri Leufkens"), [Bauke Muller](/wiki/Bauke_Muller "Bauke Muller"), [Jan Westerhof](/wiki/Jan_Westerhof "Jan Westerhof"), [Berry Westra](/wiki/Berry_Westra "Berry Westra") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Norway}} **Norway**[Terje Aa](/wiki/Terje_Aa "Terje Aa"), [Glenn Grøtheim](/wiki/Glenn_Gr%C3%B8theim "Glenn Grøtheim"), [Geir Helgemo](/wiki/Geir_Helgemo "Geir Helgemo"), [Tor Helness](/wiki/Tor_Helness "Tor Helness"), [Arild Rasmussen](/wiki/Arild_Rasmussen "Arild Rasmussen"), [Jon Sveindal](/wiki/Jon_Sveindal "Jon Sveindal") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Brazil}} **Brazil**[Marcelo Amaral](/wiki/Marcelo_Amaral "Marcelo Amaral"), [José Barbosa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Barbosa "José Barbosa"), [Pedro Paulo Branco](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Branco "Pedro Paulo Branco"), [Carlos Camacho](/wiki/Carlos_Camacho "Carlos Camacho"), [Gabriel Chagas](/wiki/Gabriel_Chagas "Gabriel Chagas"), [Roberto Mello](/wiki/Roberto_Mello "Roberto Mello") |
{{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\|name\=usa}} finished fourth.South Africa represented Africa for the first time. Mexico won the third slot from North America. Host Chile finished last, as Japan and Jamaica had done.
### 1995 Beijing, China
This was the first win for [Nick Nickell](/wiki/Nick_Nickell "Nick Nickell")'s professional team ("Nickell" in North American tournaments).
Canada made its best showing by far and South Africa finished fifth while the European and US champions did not reach the quarterfinal.[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=38), 42nd European Team Championships, 1995\. EBL.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1995[32nd World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=220), 1995\. WBF.
16 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\|name\=usa}} [Richard Freeman](/wiki/Richard_Freeman_%28bridge%29 "Richard Freeman (bridge)"), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman"), [Jeff Meckstroth](/wiki/Jeff_Meckstroth "Jeff Meckstroth"), [Nick Nickell](/wiki/Nick_Nickell "Nick Nickell"), [Eric Rodwell](/wiki/Eric_Rodwell "Eric Rodwell"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|Canada}} **Canada**[Boris Baran](/wiki/Boris_Baran "Boris Baran"), [Fred Gitelman](/wiki/Fred_Gitelman "Fred Gitelman"), [Eric Kokish](/wiki/Eric_Kokish "Eric Kokish"), [George Mittelman](/wiki/George_Mittelman "George Mittelman"), [Mark Molson](/wiki/Mark_Molson "Mark Molson"), [Joey Silver](/wiki/Joey_Silver "Joey Silver") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|France}} **France**[Paul Chemla](/wiki/Paul_Chemla "Paul Chemla"), [Philippe Cronier](/wiki/Philippe_Cronier "Philippe Cronier"), [Michel Lebel](/wiki/Michel_Lebel "Michel Lebel"), [Michel Perron](/wiki/Michel_Perron "Michel Perron"), [Robert Reiplinger](/wiki/Robert_Reiplinger "Robert Reiplinger"), [Philippe Soulet](/wiki/Philippe_Soulet "Philippe Soulet") |
{{flagicon\|Sweden}} **Sweden** finished fourth.
### 1997 [Hammamet, Tunisia](/wiki/Hammamet%2C_Tunisia "Hammamet, Tunisia")
France won its second Bermuda Bowl as the fifth and last qualifier from Europe following another Bermuda Bowl tournament expansion.[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=37), 43rd European Team Championships, 1997\. EBL.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997[33rd World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=221), 1997\. WBF.[1997 World Bridge Championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Tunisia.97/hammamet.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412024530/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Tunisia.97/hammamet.htm \|date\=12 April 2012 }} contemporary coverage, 1997\. WBF.
18 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|France}} **France**[Paul Chemla](/wiki/Paul_Chemla "Paul Chemla"), [Alain Lévy](/wiki/Alain_L%C3%A9vy_%28bridge%29 "Alain Lévy (bridge)"), [Christian Mari](/wiki/Christian_Mari "Christian Mari"), [Hervé Mouiel](/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Mouiel "Hervé Mouiel"), [Franck Multon](/wiki/Franck_Multon "Franck Multon"), [Michel Perron](/wiki/Michel_Perron "Michel Perron") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\|name\=usa}} [Richard Freeman](/wiki/Richard_Freeman_%28bridge%29 "Richard Freeman (bridge)"), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman "Bob Hamman"), [Jeff Meckstroth](/wiki/Jeff_Meckstroth "Jeff Meckstroth"), [Nick Nickell](/wiki/Nick_Nickell "Nick Nickell"), [Eric Rodwell](/wiki/Eric_Rodwell "Eric Rodwell"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff "Bobby Wolff") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|Norway}} **Norway**[Terje Aa](/wiki/Terje_Aa "Terje Aa"), [Boye Brogeland](/wiki/Boye_Brogeland "Boye Brogeland"), [Glenn Grøtheim](/wiki/Glenn_Gr%C3%B8theim "Glenn Grøtheim"), [Geir Helgemo](/wiki/Geir_Helgemo "Geir Helgemo"), [Tor Helness](/wiki/Tor_Helness "Tor Helness"), Erik Sælensminde |
{{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 1**{{efn\|name\=usa}} finished fourth.
Host Tunisia finished last and South Africa second\-last.
|
[
"1990s\n-----",
"### 1991 [Yokohama](/wiki/Yokohama \"Yokohama\"), Japan",
"Iceland won the Bermuda Bowl after finishing fourth in Europe, the last to qualify from Zone 1\\. Europe's fourth, third, and second place teams won all three medals while European champion Great Britain finished 5th to 8th in the world.[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=40), 40th European Team Championships, 1991\\. EBL.\nThe tournament expanded from 10 teams with a 4\\-team knockout conclusion to 16 teams with an 8\\-team KO, without any playoffs to distinguish the four quarterfinal losers. Defending champion Brazil finished fourth, Argentina 5th to 8th. The two USA teams also finished 5th to 8th.",
"",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1991[30th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=218), 1991\\. WBF.",
"16 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Iceland}} **Iceland**[Guðmundur Páll Arnarson](/wiki/Gu%C3%B0mundur_P%C3%A1ll_Arnarson \"Guðmundur Páll Arnarson\"), [Örn Arnþórsson](/wiki/%C3%96rn_Arn%C3%BE%C3%B3rsson \"Örn Arnþórsson\"), [Jón Baldursson](/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Baldursson \"Jón Baldursson\"), [Guðlaugur Jóhannsson](/wiki/Gu%C3%B0laugur_J%C3%B3hannsson \"Guðlaugur Jóhannsson\"), [Þorlákur Jónsson](/wiki/%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1kur_J%C3%B3nsson \"Þorlákur Jónsson\"), [Aðalsteinn Jörgensen](/wiki/A%C3%B0alsteinn_J%C3%B6rgensen \"Aðalsteinn Jörgensen\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Poland}} **Poland**[Cezary Balicki](/wiki/Cezary_Balicki \"Cezary Balicki\"), [Piotr Gawryś](/wiki/Piotr_Gawry%C5%9B \"Piotr Gawryś\"), [Krzysztof Lasocki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Lasocki \"Krzysztof Lasocki\"), [Krzysztof Martens](/wiki/Krzysztof_Martens \"Krzysztof Martens\"), [Marek Szymanowski](/wiki/Marek_Szymanowski \"Marek Szymanowski\"), [Adam Żmudziński](/wiki/Adam_%C5%BBmudzi%C5%84ski \"Adam Żmudziński\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Sweden}} **Sweden**[Sven\\-Åke Bjerregård](/wiki/Sven-%C3%85ke_Bjerreg%C3%A5rd \"Sven-Åke Bjerregård\"), [Björn Fallenius](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Fallenius \"Björn Fallenius\"), [Tommy Gullberg](/wiki/Tommy_Gullberg \"Tommy Gullberg\"), [Anders Morath](/wiki/Anders_Morath \"Anders Morath\"), [Mats Nilsland](/wiki/Mats_Nilsland \"Mats Nilsland\"), [Per Olof Sundelin](/wiki/Per_Olof_Sundelin \"Per Olof Sundelin\") |",
"",
"{{flagicon\\|Brazil}} **Brazil** finished fourth with the same lineup that won in 1989\\. With expansion from 10 to 16 teams, a third entry was awarded to North America, and the American Contract Bridge League settled on two United States teams, who both finished 5th to 8th. (The two US teams are determined under the auspices of the United States Bridge Federation. The other team from Zone 2 is determined by a playoff of other national teams, if necessary.){{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}",
"### 1993 [Santiago, Chile](/wiki/Santiago%2C_Chile \"Santiago, Chile\")",
"Netherlands won its first Bermuda Bowl. Netherlands and Norway were fourth and third in Europe, as finalists Iceland and Poland had been two years earlier.[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=39), 41st European Team Championships, 1993\\. EBL.",
"De Boer, Leufkens, and Westra had played on the Netherlands [1987 world champion junior team](/wiki/World_Junior_Teams_Championship%23Results \"World Junior Teams Championship#Results\"). Helgemo of Norway played on the contemporary junior team and thus won two silver medals in 1993\\.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1993[31st World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=219), 1993\\. WBF.",
"16 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|Netherlands}} **Netherlands**Wubbo de Boer, Piet Jansen, [Enri Leufkens](/wiki/Enri_Leufkens \"Enri Leufkens\"), [Bauke Muller](/wiki/Bauke_Muller \"Bauke Muller\"), [Jan Westerhof](/wiki/Jan_Westerhof \"Jan Westerhof\"), [Berry Westra](/wiki/Berry_Westra \"Berry Westra\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Norway}} **Norway**[Terje Aa](/wiki/Terje_Aa \"Terje Aa\"), [Glenn Grøtheim](/wiki/Glenn_Gr%C3%B8theim \"Glenn Grøtheim\"), [Geir Helgemo](/wiki/Geir_Helgemo \"Geir Helgemo\"), [Tor Helness](/wiki/Tor_Helness \"Tor Helness\"), [Arild Rasmussen](/wiki/Arild_Rasmussen \"Arild Rasmussen\"), [Jon Sveindal](/wiki/Jon_Sveindal \"Jon Sveindal\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Brazil}} **Brazil**[Marcelo Amaral](/wiki/Marcelo_Amaral \"Marcelo Amaral\"), [José Barbosa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Barbosa \"José Barbosa\"), [Pedro Paulo Branco](/wiki/Pedro_Paulo_Branco \"Pedro Paulo Branco\"), [Carlos Camacho](/wiki/Carlos_Camacho \"Carlos Camacho\"), [Gabriel Chagas](/wiki/Gabriel_Chagas \"Gabriel Chagas\"), [Roberto Mello](/wiki/Roberto_Mello \"Roberto Mello\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} finished fourth.South Africa represented Africa for the first time. Mexico won the third slot from North America. Host Chile finished last, as Japan and Jamaica had done.",
"### 1995 Beijing, China",
"This was the first win for [Nick Nickell](/wiki/Nick_Nickell \"Nick Nickell\")'s professional team (\"Nickell\" in North American tournaments).",
"Canada made its best showing by far and South Africa finished fifth while the European and US champions did not reach the quarterfinal.[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=38), 42nd European Team Championships, 1995\\. EBL.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1995[32nd World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=220), 1995\\. WBF.",
"16 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} [Richard Freeman](/wiki/Richard_Freeman_%28bridge%29 \"Richard Freeman (bridge)\"), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\"), [Jeff Meckstroth](/wiki/Jeff_Meckstroth \"Jeff Meckstroth\"), [Nick Nickell](/wiki/Nick_Nickell \"Nick Nickell\"), [Eric Rodwell](/wiki/Eric_Rodwell \"Eric Rodwell\"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|Canada}} **Canada**[Boris Baran](/wiki/Boris_Baran \"Boris Baran\"), [Fred Gitelman](/wiki/Fred_Gitelman \"Fred Gitelman\"), [Eric Kokish](/wiki/Eric_Kokish \"Eric Kokish\"), [George Mittelman](/wiki/George_Mittelman \"George Mittelman\"), [Mark Molson](/wiki/Mark_Molson \"Mark Molson\"), [Joey Silver](/wiki/Joey_Silver \"Joey Silver\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|France}} **France**[Paul Chemla](/wiki/Paul_Chemla \"Paul Chemla\"), [Philippe Cronier](/wiki/Philippe_Cronier \"Philippe Cronier\"), [Michel Lebel](/wiki/Michel_Lebel \"Michel Lebel\"), [Michel Perron](/wiki/Michel_Perron \"Michel Perron\"), [Robert Reiplinger](/wiki/Robert_Reiplinger \"Robert Reiplinger\"), [Philippe Soulet](/wiki/Philippe_Soulet \"Philippe Soulet\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|Sweden}} **Sweden** finished fourth.",
"### 1997 [Hammamet, Tunisia](/wiki/Hammamet%2C_Tunisia \"Hammamet, Tunisia\")",
"France won its second Bermuda Bowl as the fifth and last qualifier from Europe following another Bermuda Bowl tournament expansion.[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=37), 43rd European Team Championships, 1997\\. EBL.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1997[33rd World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/competitions/worldchampionships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=221), 1997\\. WBF.[1997 World Bridge Championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Tunisia.97/hammamet.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412024530/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Tunisia.97/hammamet.htm \\|date\\=12 April 2012 }} contemporary coverage, 1997\\. WBF.",
"18 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|France}} **France**[Paul Chemla](/wiki/Paul_Chemla \"Paul Chemla\"), [Alain Lévy](/wiki/Alain_L%C3%A9vy_%28bridge%29 \"Alain Lévy (bridge)\"), [Christian Mari](/wiki/Christian_Mari \"Christian Mari\"), [Hervé Mouiel](/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Mouiel \"Hervé Mouiel\"), [Franck Multon](/wiki/Franck_Multon \"Franck Multon\"), [Michel Perron](/wiki/Michel_Perron \"Michel Perron\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} [Richard Freeman](/wiki/Richard_Freeman_%28bridge%29 \"Richard Freeman (bridge)\"), [Bob Hamman](/wiki/Bob_Hamman \"Bob Hamman\"), [Jeff Meckstroth](/wiki/Jeff_Meckstroth \"Jeff Meckstroth\"), [Nick Nickell](/wiki/Nick_Nickell \"Nick Nickell\"), [Eric Rodwell](/wiki/Eric_Rodwell \"Eric Rodwell\"), [Bobby Wolff](/wiki/Bobby_Wolff \"Bobby Wolff\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|Norway}} **Norway**[Terje Aa](/wiki/Terje_Aa \"Terje Aa\"), [Boye Brogeland](/wiki/Boye_Brogeland \"Boye Brogeland\"), [Glenn Grøtheim](/wiki/Glenn_Gr%C3%B8theim \"Glenn Grøtheim\"), [Geir Helgemo](/wiki/Geir_Helgemo \"Geir Helgemo\"), [Tor Helness](/wiki/Tor_Helness \"Tor Helness\"), Erik Sælensminde |",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 1**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} finished fourth.",
"Host Tunisia finished last and South Africa second\\-last.",
""
] |
2010s
-----
### 2011 [Veldhoven](/wiki/Veldhoven "Veldhoven"), Netherlands
The 40th Bermuda Bowl tournament concluded Saturday, 29 October.Italy had routed the USA champions 167–69 in a one\-day match for the bronze medal while the host Netherlands faced USA 2 in a three\-day final. The Dutch hosts led by 55 IMP after two days (96 deals) and scored very well in the first session on Saturday to lead by 83 and coast to victory.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2011[40th World Team Championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Veldhoven.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519094011/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Veldhoven.htm \|date\=19 May 2011 }} contemporary coverage, 2011\. WBF. Retrieved 2011\-07\-10\.[40th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampRP.aspx?qmenudetid=513). WBF. Retrieved 2011\-12\-01\.
22 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|NED}} **Netherlands** [Sjoert Brink](/wiki/Sjoert_Brink "Sjoert Brink"), [Bas Drijver](/wiki/Bas_Drijver "Bas Drijver"), [Bauke Muller](/wiki/Bauke_Muller "Bauke Muller"), [Ricco van Prooijen](/wiki/Ricco_van_Prooijen "Ricco van Prooijen"), [Louk Verhees](/wiki/Louk_Verhees "Louk Verhees"), [Simon de Wijs](/wiki/Simon_de_Wijs "Simon de Wijs") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\|name\=usa}} [Kevin Bathurst](/wiki/Kevin_Bathurst "Kevin Bathurst"), [Joe Grue](/wiki/Joe_Grue "Joe Grue"), John Hurd, [Justin Lall](/wiki/Justin_Lall "Justin Lall"), [Joel Wooldridge](/wiki/Joel_Wooldridge "Joel Wooldridge"), [Daniel Zagorin](/wiki/Daniel_Zagorin "Daniel Zagorin") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|ITA}} **Italy** [Norberto Bocchi](/wiki/Norberto_Bocchi "Norberto Bocchi"), [Agustín Madala](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Madala "Agustín Madala"), [Giorgio Duboin](/wiki/Giorgio_Duboin "Giorgio Duboin"), [Antonio Sementa](/wiki/Antonio_Sementa "Antonio Sementa"), [Lorenzo Lauria](/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauria "Lorenzo Lauria"), [Alfredo Versace](/wiki/Alfredo_Versace "Alfredo Versace") |
{{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 1**{{efn\|name\=usa}} finished fourth. The losing quarterfinalists were Israel, Sweden, Iceland, and China.
Netherlands won the 2011 Bermuda Bowl by 300 to 255
{{gcb\|IMP}} in three days play against USA 2,[40th Bermuda Bowl Knockout: Final](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=FF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225124252/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\=885\&qphase\=FF \|date\=25 December 2011 }}, 2011\. WBF.
the second of two entries from the United States.{{efn\|name\=usa}}
| \+Final match, IMP scores in eight segments |
| --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Total |
|**USA 2** 0 | 44 | 43 | 21 | 16 | 32 | 33 | 26 | 40 | **255** |
|**Netherlands** 1 | 31 | 35 | 63 | 54 | 37 | 23 | 47 | 9 | **300** |
| | {{gcb\|carryover\|Carry}} | day 1 | | | day 2 | | | day 3 | | |
The final eight segments of 16 {{gcb\|deal}}s each started with an insignificant one IMP {{gcb\|carryover}} advantage for Dutch home team. The one IMP represented half the margin in their short match, a 25–23 win for Netherlands in round two.[Open round\-robin, round 2](http://www.worldbridge1.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?redirect=1&qtournid=881&qroundno=2) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045123/http://www.worldbridge1\.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?redirect\=1\&qtournid\=881\&qroundno\=2 \|date\=26 April 2012 }}.
With a strong third segment, Netherlands surged to a 130–108 lead after one day and then extended the difference to as much as 65 on day two ultimately finishing 55 IMPs ahead after six segments. After day three's seventh segment, the margin increased to 76 IMPs, nearly decisive with only 16 deals to play. The Americans rebounded in the last segment but the gains were "too small" as time ran out.[Open final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?qmatchid=40231&qphase=FF){{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. WBF.
Preliminary
There were 22 national teams in the field, who represented the eight WBF zones as follows.
[40th World Teams](/wiki/%2340th "#40th"), "Participants".
The regular quota for Europe is six teams, seven at Veldhoven because the host country qualifies automatically.\#
**Europe**: Italy, Poland, Israel, Iceland, Sweden, Netherlands, Bulgaria —ranks 1 to 7 in the European championship
[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=486), 50th European Team Championships, 2010\. [European Bridge League](/wiki/European_Bridge_League "European Bridge League").
**North America**: Canada, USA 1, USA 2{{efn\|name\=usa}}
**South America**: Brazil, Chile
**Asia \& Middle East**: India, Pakistan
**C. America \& Carib.**: Guadeloupe
**Pacific Asia**: China, Japan, Singapore
**South Pacific**: Australia, New Zealand
**Africa**: Egypt, South Africa
The first stage was a full round\-robin. Every team played 21 short matches of 16 deals, three daily, scheduled in advance.{{efn\|
\[http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Documents/ScheduleOfPlay\_BermudaBowl.pdf Schedule of Play / Bermuda Bowl]. 2011\. WBF.
Given the full round\-robin structure, the particular schedule should make no difference in the outcome of the first stage.
}}
Italy, Netherlands, USA 2, and Israel earned the first four places comfortably, each almost a full match ahead of the next place. The US champions finished fifth by scoring 340\.5 {{gcb\|victorypoints\|Victory Points}}, or 16\.2 per match where a draw is worth 15\. Sweden, China, and Iceland qualified with fewer than 16 VP per match while Japan, New Zealand, and Australia made strong showings as the first three also\-rans, ahead of two Europeans, Poland and Bulgaria.[Open round\-robin standings](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?qtournid=881&qroundno=21){{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}.
(All six Europeans had qualified for knockout play two years earlier.)
Italy, Netherlands, and USA 2 selected quarterfinal opponents China, Iceland, and Sweden leaving Israel to face USA 1\. Italy and China, second and fourth in 2009, played the only close match, where Italy built a 5 IMP lead to 26 during the last segment. During the same segment Sweden trailed USA 2 by at least 30, Iceland trailed by almost 100, and Israel conceded to USA 1 without play.[Open quarterfinals](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=QF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227200250/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\=885\&qphase\=QF \|date\=27 December 2011 }}. WBF.[Sweden–USA 2 final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge1.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?redirect=1&qmatchid=39669&qphase=QF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426044513/http://www.worldbridge1\.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?redirect\=1\&qmatchid\=39669\&qphase\=QF \|date\=26 April 2012 }}. WBF.
Two US American entries in a Zonal Teams knockout always meet in one semifinal match, if they survive so long (and they never meet earlier).\# In Veldhoven a strong fifth segment was almost decisive for USA 2, who extended a lead from 12 to 62 IMP with 16 deals to play, and won by 60\. Meanwhile, Italy and Netherlands were nearly even at the end of every segment, the only time players know the score precisely. After five Netherlands led by 3\+ IMP including 2\+ carryover, having bettered Italy 155 to 154 on 80 deals. They "won" the final segment by 26 and the match by 199\+ to 170\.[Open semifinals](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=SF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201120759/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\=885\&qphase\=SF \|date\=1 December 2011 }}.
In retrospect, two "slam swings" were decisive. On the 87th and 90th deals (\#23, \#29\), Netherlands bid 6{{spades}} and 6{{hearts}} while Italy bid 4{{spades}} and 4{{hearts}}. All four declarers took the twelve tricks for slam, worth twice 13 IMP for the winners.
[Netherlands–Italy final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?qmatchid=39081&qphase=SF){{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}.
While Netherlands and USA 2 played for the Bowl, Italy easily beat the US champions in 48 deals and earned the bronze medal, 167–69\.
### 2013 [Bali](/wiki/Bali "Bali"), Indonesia
Italy won its 15th Bermuda Bowl with a 210–126 defeat of Monaco, represented by Pierre Zimmermann's immigrant professional team. Poland won the bronze medal by a fraction less than 5 IMPs.[World Bridge Bulletin, 2013 championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/repository/tourn/bali.13/microsite/bulletins/Bul_14.pdf)
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2013
22 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|ITA}} **Italy** |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|MON}} **Monaco**{{efn\|name\=usa}} [Fulvio Fantoni](/wiki/Fulvio_Fantoni "Fulvio Fantoni"){{ref\|a}}, [Claudio Nunes](/wiki/Claudio_Nunes "Claudio Nunes"){{ref\|a}}, [Geir Helgemo](/wiki/Geir_Helgemo "Geir Helgemo"), [Tor Helness](/wiki/Tor_Helness "Tor Helness"), [Franck Multon](/wiki/Franck_Multon "Franck Multon"), [Pierre Zimmermann](/wiki/Pierre_Zimmermann_%28bridge%29 "Pierre Zimmermann (bridge)") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|POL}} **Poland** [Cezary Balicki](/wiki/Cezary_Balicki "Cezary Balicki"), [Krzysztof Buras](/wiki/Krzysztof_Buras "Krzysztof Buras"), [Krzysztof Jassem](/wiki/Krzysztof_Jassem "Krzysztof Jassem"), [Marcin Mazurkiewicz](/wiki/Marcin_Mazurkiewicz "Marcin Mazurkiewicz"), [Grzegorz Narkiewicz](/wiki/Grzegorz_Narkiewicz "Grzegorz Narkiewicz"), [Adam Żmudziński](/wiki/Adam_%C5%BBmudzi%C5%84ski "Adam Żmudziński") |
{{flagicon\|USA}} **USA1** finished fourth.{{efn\|name\=usa}}
### 2015 Chennai, India
The two\-week tournament in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai"), India (formerly Madras), began on Sunday, 27 September, with one week of round\-robin play through Saturday, 3 October.{{cite web\|title\=42nd World Championships\|url\=http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampRP.aspx?qmenudetid\=2047\|website\=World Bridge Federation\|access\-date\=5 August 2016}}
During the preceding month, revelations of cheating by two of the leading pairs, at events including the 2014 European Team Championships, had led to withdrawal from the Bermuda Bowl by the Israel and Monaco teams that had placed first and second in that event. Germany had dropped from the 22\-team field after one of its three pairs confessed "preemptively".["Big, Rich Cheaters! Bridge World Rocked as Top Players Busted"](http://www.newsweek.com/big-rich-cheaters-bridge-world-rocked-top-players-busted-375414). John Walters. *Newsweek*. 23 September 2015\. Retrieved 2015\-09\-27\. On the last day before the first matches in Chennai, the World Bridge Federation had announced its withdrawal of credentials for one of three pairs on the Poland team, making that pair ineligible to play, however Poland were not forced to withdraw.["Communication from the WBF Credentials Committee"](http://wbchampbulletin.org/communication-from-the-wbf-credentials-committee). World Bridge Champ Bulletin (wbchampbulletin.org). WBF. 26 September 2015\. Retrieved 2015\-09\-27\. (Two pairs from each team participate in each segment.)
The Bermuda Bowl was won by Poland, who defeated Sweden in the final by 308\.5 IMPs to 293\. The bronze medal went to USA2, who defeated England in the third\-place match 252\.3 to 243\.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2015
22 | 1\. | {{POL}} Piotr Gawrys, Krzysztof Jassem, [Jacek Kalita](/wiki/Jacek_Kalita "Jacek Kalita"), Michal Klukowski, Marcin Mazurkiewicz, [Michal Nowosadzki](/wiki/Michal_Nowosadzki "Michal Nowosadzki"), Piotr Walczak npc |
| | | 2\. | {{SWE}} Tommy Bergdahl, Fredrik Nyström, Johan Sylvan, Johan Upmark, Niklas Warne, Frederic Wrang, Jan Lagerman npc |
| | | 3\. | {{USA}} 2Vincent Demuy, Paul Fireman, John Hurd, John Kranyak, Gavin Wolpert, Joel Wooldridge, Shane Blanchard npc |
{{flagicon\|ENG}} **England** finished fourth.
### 2017 Lyon, France
[43rd World Bridge Teams Championships: the Winners](http://championships.worldbridge.org/lyonwt17/43rd-world-bridge-teams-championships-the-winners)
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2017
22 | 1\. | {{USA}} 2 [Martin Fleisher](/wiki/Martin_Fleisher "Martin Fleisher"), [Joe Grue](/wiki/Joe_Grue "Joe Grue"), [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel "Chip Martel"), [Brad Moss](/wiki/Brad_Moss "Brad Moss"), [Jacek Pszczoła](/wiki/Jacek_Pszczo%C5%82a "Jacek Pszczoła"), [Michael Rosenberg](/wiki/Michael_Rosenberg "Michael Rosenberg"), [Jan Martel](/wiki/Jan_Martel_%28bridge%29 "Jan Martel (bridge)") npc |
| | | 2\. | {{FRA}} [Thomas Bessis](/wiki/Thomas_Bessis "Thomas Bessis"), [Francois Combescure](/wiki/Francois_Combescure "Francois Combescure"), [Cédric Lorenzini](/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Lorenzini "Cédric Lorenzini"), [Jean\-Christophe Quantin](/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Quantin "Jean-Christophe Quantin"), [Jerome Rombaut](/wiki/Jerome_Rombaut "Jerome Rombaut"), [Frederic Volcker](/wiki/Frederic_Volcker "Frederic Volcker"), [Lionel Sebbane](/wiki/Lionel_Sebbane "Lionel Sebbane") npc |
| | | 3\. | {{BUL}} [Viktor Aronov](/wiki/Viktor_Aronov "Viktor Aronov"), [Diana Damianova](/wiki/Diana_Damianova "Diana Damianova"), [Georgi Karakolev](/wiki/Georgi_Karakolev "Georgi Karakolev"), [Vladimir Mihov](/wiki/Vladimir_Mihov "Vladimir Mihov"), [Ivan Nanev](/wiki/Ivan_Nanev "Ivan Nanev"), [Julian Stefanov](/wiki/Julian_Stefanov "Julian Stefanov"), Viktor Aronov pc, Marta Nikolova coach |
{{flagicon\|NZL}} **New Zealand** finished fourth.
### 2019 Wuhan, China
[44th World Team Championships](http://championships.worldbridge.org/wuhanwt19)
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2019
24 | 1\. | {{POL}} [Krzysztof Buras](/wiki/Krzysztof_Buras "Krzysztof Buras"), [Bartosz Chmurski](/wiki/Bartosz_Chmurski "Bartosz Chmurski"), [Jacek Kalita](/wiki/Jacek_Kalita "Jacek Kalita"), [Grzegorz Narkiewicz](/wiki/Grzegorz_Narkiewicz "Grzegorz Narkiewicz"), [Michal Nowosadzki](/wiki/Michal_Nowosadzki "Michal Nowosadzki"), [Piotr Tuczynski](/wiki/Piotr_Tuczynski "Piotr Tuczynski"), [Marek Pietrasek](/wiki/Marek_Pietrasek "Marek Pietrasek") (npc), [Marek Wojcicki](/wiki/Marek_Wojcicki "Marek Wojcicki") (coach) |
| | | 2\. | {{NED}} [Simon De Wijs](/wiki/Simon_De_Wijs "Simon De Wijs"), [Bob Drijver](/wiki/Bob_Drijver "Bob Drijver"), [Bauke Muller](/wiki/Bauke_Muller "Bauke Muller"), [Bart Nab](/wiki/Bart_Nab "Bart Nab"), [Ricco van Prooijen](/wiki/Ricco_van_Prooijen "Ricco van Prooijen"), [Louk Verhees Jr.](/wiki/Louk_Verhees_Jr. "Louk Verhees Jr."), [Anton Maas](/wiki/Anton_Maas "Anton Maas") (npc), [Ton Bakkeren](/wiki/Ton_Bakkeren "Ton Bakkeren") (coach) |
| | | 3\. | {{NOR}} [Terje Aa](/wiki/Terje_Aa "Terje Aa"), [Boye Brogeland](/wiki/Boye_Brogeland "Boye Brogeland"), [Nils Kare Kvangraven](/wiki/Nils_Kare_Kvangraven "Nils Kare Kvangraven"), [Espen Lindqvist](/wiki/Espen_Lindqvist "Espen Lindqvist"), [Allan Livgard](/wiki/Allan_Livgard "Allan Livgard"), [Ulf Haakon Tundal](/wiki/Ulf_Haakon_Tundal "Ulf Haakon Tundal"), [Christian Venneroed](/wiki/Christian_Venneroed "Christian Venneroed") (npc), [Sten Bjertnes](/wiki/Sten_Bjertnes "Sten Bjertnes") (coach) |
{{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 1** finished fourth.
|
[
"2010s\n-----",
"### 2011 [Veldhoven](/wiki/Veldhoven \"Veldhoven\"), Netherlands",
"The 40th Bermuda Bowl tournament concluded Saturday, 29 October.Italy had routed the USA champions 167–69 in a one\\-day match for the bronze medal while the host Netherlands faced USA 2 in a three\\-day final. The Dutch hosts led by 55 IMP after two days (96 deals) and scored very well in the first session on Saturday to lead by 83 and coast to victory.",
"",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|2011[40th World Team Championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Veldhoven.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519094011/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Veldhoven.htm \\|date\\=19 May 2011 }} contemporary coverage, 2011\\. WBF. Retrieved 2011\\-07\\-10\\.[40th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampRP.aspx?qmenudetid=513). WBF. Retrieved 2011\\-12\\-01\\.",
"22 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|NED}} **Netherlands** [Sjoert Brink](/wiki/Sjoert_Brink \"Sjoert Brink\"), [Bas Drijver](/wiki/Bas_Drijver \"Bas Drijver\"), [Bauke Muller](/wiki/Bauke_Muller \"Bauke Muller\"), [Ricco van Prooijen](/wiki/Ricco_van_Prooijen \"Ricco van Prooijen\"), [Louk Verhees](/wiki/Louk_Verhees \"Louk Verhees\"), [Simon de Wijs](/wiki/Simon_de_Wijs \"Simon de Wijs\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} [Kevin Bathurst](/wiki/Kevin_Bathurst \"Kevin Bathurst\"), [Joe Grue](/wiki/Joe_Grue \"Joe Grue\"), John Hurd, [Justin Lall](/wiki/Justin_Lall \"Justin Lall\"), [Joel Wooldridge](/wiki/Joel_Wooldridge \"Joel Wooldridge\"), [Daniel Zagorin](/wiki/Daniel_Zagorin \"Daniel Zagorin\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} **Italy** [Norberto Bocchi](/wiki/Norberto_Bocchi \"Norberto Bocchi\"), [Agustín Madala](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Madala \"Agustín Madala\"), [Giorgio Duboin](/wiki/Giorgio_Duboin \"Giorgio Duboin\"), [Antonio Sementa](/wiki/Antonio_Sementa \"Antonio Sementa\"), [Lorenzo Lauria](/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauria \"Lorenzo Lauria\"), [Alfredo Versace](/wiki/Alfredo_Versace \"Alfredo Versace\") |",
"",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 1**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} finished fourth. The losing quarterfinalists were Israel, Sweden, Iceland, and China.",
"Netherlands won the 2011 Bermuda Bowl by 300 to 255\n{{gcb\\|IMP}} in three days play against USA 2,[40th Bermuda Bowl Knockout: Final](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=FF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225124252/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\\=885\\&qphase\\=FF \\|date\\=25 December 2011 }}, 2011\\. WBF.\nthe second of two entries from the United States.{{efn\\|name\\=usa}}",
"",
"| \\+Final match, IMP scores in eight segments |\n| --- |\n| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Total |\n|**USA 2** 0 | 44 | 43 | 21 | 16 | 32 | 33 | 26 | 40 | **255** |\n|**Netherlands** 1 | 31 | 35 | 63 | 54 | 37 | 23 | 47 | 9 | **300** |\n| | {{gcb\\|carryover\\|Carry}} | day 1 | | | day 2 | | | day 3 | | |",
"The final eight segments of 16 {{gcb\\|deal}}s each started with an insignificant one IMP {{gcb\\|carryover}} advantage for Dutch home team. The one IMP represented half the margin in their short match, a 25–23 win for Netherlands in round two.[Open round\\-robin, round 2](http://www.worldbridge1.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?redirect=1&qtournid=881&qroundno=2) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045123/http://www.worldbridge1\\.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?redirect\\=1\\&qtournid\\=881\\&qroundno\\=2 \\|date\\=26 April 2012 }}.\nWith a strong third segment, Netherlands surged to a 130–108 lead after one day and then extended the difference to as much as 65 on day two ultimately finishing 55 IMPs ahead after six segments. After day three's seventh segment, the margin increased to 76 IMPs, nearly decisive with only 16 deals to play. The Americans rebounded in the last segment but the gains were \"too small\" as time ran out.[Open final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?qmatchid=40231&qphase=FF){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. WBF.",
"Preliminary\nThere were 22 national teams in the field, who represented the eight WBF zones as follows.\n[40th World Teams](/wiki/%2340th \"#40th\"), \"Participants\".",
"The regular quota for Europe is six teams, seven at Veldhoven because the host country qualifies automatically.\\#\n**Europe**: Italy, Poland, Israel, Iceland, Sweden, Netherlands, Bulgaria —ranks 1 to 7 in the European championship\n[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=486), 50th European Team Championships, 2010\\. [European Bridge League](/wiki/European_Bridge_League \"European Bridge League\").\n**North America**: Canada, USA 1, USA 2{{efn\\|name\\=usa}}\n**South America**: Brazil, Chile\n**Asia \\& Middle East**: India, Pakistan\n**C. America \\& Carib.**: Guadeloupe\n**Pacific Asia**: China, Japan, Singapore\n**South Pacific**: Australia, New Zealand\n**Africa**: Egypt, South Africa\nThe first stage was a full round\\-robin. Every team played 21 short matches of 16 deals, three daily, scheduled in advance.{{efn\\|\n\\[http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Documents/ScheduleOfPlay\\_BermudaBowl.pdf Schedule of Play / Bermuda Bowl]. 2011\\. WBF.\n \nGiven the full round\\-robin structure, the particular schedule should make no difference in the outcome of the first stage.\n}}\nItaly, Netherlands, USA 2, and Israel earned the first four places comfortably, each almost a full match ahead of the next place. The US champions finished fifth by scoring 340\\.5 {{gcb\\|victorypoints\\|Victory Points}}, or 16\\.2 per match where a draw is worth 15\\. Sweden, China, and Iceland qualified with fewer than 16 VP per match while Japan, New Zealand, and Australia made strong showings as the first three also\\-rans, ahead of two Europeans, Poland and Bulgaria.[Open round\\-robin standings](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?qtournid=881&qroundno=21){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}.\n(All six Europeans had qualified for knockout play two years earlier.)\nItaly, Netherlands, and USA 2 selected quarterfinal opponents China, Iceland, and Sweden leaving Israel to face USA 1\\. Italy and China, second and fourth in 2009, played the only close match, where Italy built a 5 IMP lead to 26 during the last segment. During the same segment Sweden trailed USA 2 by at least 30, Iceland trailed by almost 100, and Israel conceded to USA 1 without play.[Open quarterfinals](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=QF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227200250/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\\=885\\&qphase\\=QF \\|date\\=27 December 2011 }}. WBF.[Sweden–USA 2 final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge1.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?redirect=1&qmatchid=39669&qphase=QF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426044513/http://www.worldbridge1\\.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?redirect\\=1\\&qmatchid\\=39669\\&qphase\\=QF \\|date\\=26 April 2012 }}. WBF.",
"Two US American entries in a Zonal Teams knockout always meet in one semifinal match, if they survive so long (and they never meet earlier).\\# In Veldhoven a strong fifth segment was almost decisive for USA 2, who extended a lead from 12 to 62 IMP with 16 deals to play, and won by 60\\. Meanwhile, Italy and Netherlands were nearly even at the end of every segment, the only time players know the score precisely. After five Netherlands led by 3\\+ IMP including 2\\+ carryover, having bettered Italy 155 to 154 on 80 deals. They \"won\" the final segment by 26 and the match by 199\\+ to 170\\.[Open semifinals](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=SF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201120759/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\\=885\\&qphase\\=SF \\|date\\=1 December 2011 }}.\nIn retrospect, two \"slam swings\" were decisive. On the 87th and 90th deals (\\#23, \\#29\\), Netherlands bid 6{{spades}} and 6{{hearts}} while Italy bid 4{{spades}} and 4{{hearts}}. All four declarers took the twelve tricks for slam, worth twice 13 IMP for the winners.\n[Netherlands–Italy final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?qmatchid=39081&qphase=SF){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}.",
"While Netherlands and USA 2 played for the Bowl, Italy easily beat the US champions in 48 deals and earned the bronze medal, 167–69\\.",
"### 2013 [Bali](/wiki/Bali \"Bali\"), Indonesia",
"Italy won its 15th Bermuda Bowl with a 210–126 defeat of Monaco, represented by Pierre Zimmermann's immigrant professional team. Poland won the bronze medal by a fraction less than 5 IMPs.[World Bridge Bulletin, 2013 championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/repository/tourn/bali.13/microsite/bulletins/Bul_14.pdf)",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|2013 \n \n 22 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} **Italy** |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|MON}} **Monaco**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} [Fulvio Fantoni](/wiki/Fulvio_Fantoni \"Fulvio Fantoni\"){{ref\\|a}}, [Claudio Nunes](/wiki/Claudio_Nunes \"Claudio Nunes\"){{ref\\|a}}, [Geir Helgemo](/wiki/Geir_Helgemo \"Geir Helgemo\"), [Tor Helness](/wiki/Tor_Helness \"Tor Helness\"), [Franck Multon](/wiki/Franck_Multon \"Franck Multon\"), [Pierre Zimmermann](/wiki/Pierre_Zimmermann_%28bridge%29 \"Pierre Zimmermann (bridge)\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|POL}} **Poland** [Cezary Balicki](/wiki/Cezary_Balicki \"Cezary Balicki\"), [Krzysztof Buras](/wiki/Krzysztof_Buras \"Krzysztof Buras\"), [Krzysztof Jassem](/wiki/Krzysztof_Jassem \"Krzysztof Jassem\"), [Marcin Mazurkiewicz](/wiki/Marcin_Mazurkiewicz \"Marcin Mazurkiewicz\"), [Grzegorz Narkiewicz](/wiki/Grzegorz_Narkiewicz \"Grzegorz Narkiewicz\"), [Adam Żmudziński](/wiki/Adam_%C5%BBmudzi%C5%84ski \"Adam Żmudziński\") |",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA1** finished fourth.{{efn\\|name\\=usa}}",
"### 2015 Chennai, India",
"The two\\-week tournament in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\"), India (formerly Madras), began on Sunday, 27 September, with one week of round\\-robin play through Saturday, 3 October.{{cite web\\|title\\=42nd World Championships\\|url\\=http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampRP.aspx?qmenudetid\\=2047\\|website\\=World Bridge Federation\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2016}}\nDuring the preceding month, revelations of cheating by two of the leading pairs, at events including the 2014 European Team Championships, had led to withdrawal from the Bermuda Bowl by the Israel and Monaco teams that had placed first and second in that event. Germany had dropped from the 22\\-team field after one of its three pairs confessed \"preemptively\".[\"Big, Rich Cheaters! Bridge World Rocked as Top Players Busted\"](http://www.newsweek.com/big-rich-cheaters-bridge-world-rocked-top-players-busted-375414). John Walters. *Newsweek*. 23 September 2015\\. Retrieved 2015\\-09\\-27\\. On the last day before the first matches in Chennai, the World Bridge Federation had announced its withdrawal of credentials for one of three pairs on the Poland team, making that pair ineligible to play, however Poland were not forced to withdraw.[\"Communication from the WBF Credentials Committee\"](http://wbchampbulletin.org/communication-from-the-wbf-credentials-committee). World Bridge Champ Bulletin (wbchampbulletin.org). WBF. 26 September 2015\\. Retrieved 2015\\-09\\-27\\. (Two pairs from each team participate in each segment.)",
"The Bermuda Bowl was won by Poland, who defeated Sweden in the final by 308\\.5 IMPs to 293\\. The bronze medal went to USA2, who defeated England in the third\\-place match 252\\.3 to 243\\.",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|2015 \n \n 22 | 1\\. | {{POL}} Piotr Gawrys, Krzysztof Jassem, [Jacek Kalita](/wiki/Jacek_Kalita \"Jacek Kalita\"), Michal Klukowski, Marcin Mazurkiewicz, [Michal Nowosadzki](/wiki/Michal_Nowosadzki \"Michal Nowosadzki\"), Piotr Walczak npc |\n| | | 2\\. | {{SWE}} Tommy Bergdahl, Fredrik Nyström, Johan Sylvan, Johan Upmark, Niklas Warne, Frederic Wrang, Jan Lagerman npc |\n| | | 3\\. | {{USA}} 2Vincent Demuy, Paul Fireman, John Hurd, John Kranyak, Gavin Wolpert, Joel Wooldridge, Shane Blanchard npc |",
"{{flagicon\\|ENG}} **England** finished fourth.",
"### 2017 Lyon, France",
"[43rd World Bridge Teams Championships: the Winners](http://championships.worldbridge.org/lyonwt17/43rd-world-bridge-teams-championships-the-winners)",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|2017 \n \n 22 | 1\\. | {{USA}} 2 [Martin Fleisher](/wiki/Martin_Fleisher \"Martin Fleisher\"), [Joe Grue](/wiki/Joe_Grue \"Joe Grue\"), [Chip Martel](/wiki/Chip_Martel \"Chip Martel\"), [Brad Moss](/wiki/Brad_Moss \"Brad Moss\"), [Jacek Pszczoła](/wiki/Jacek_Pszczo%C5%82a \"Jacek Pszczoła\"), [Michael Rosenberg](/wiki/Michael_Rosenberg \"Michael Rosenberg\"), [Jan Martel](/wiki/Jan_Martel_%28bridge%29 \"Jan Martel (bridge)\") npc |\n| | | 2\\. | {{FRA}} [Thomas Bessis](/wiki/Thomas_Bessis \"Thomas Bessis\"), [Francois Combescure](/wiki/Francois_Combescure \"Francois Combescure\"), [Cédric Lorenzini](/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Lorenzini \"Cédric Lorenzini\"), [Jean\\-Christophe Quantin](/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Quantin \"Jean-Christophe Quantin\"), [Jerome Rombaut](/wiki/Jerome_Rombaut \"Jerome Rombaut\"), [Frederic Volcker](/wiki/Frederic_Volcker \"Frederic Volcker\"), [Lionel Sebbane](/wiki/Lionel_Sebbane \"Lionel Sebbane\") npc |\n| | | 3\\. | {{BUL}} [Viktor Aronov](/wiki/Viktor_Aronov \"Viktor Aronov\"), [Diana Damianova](/wiki/Diana_Damianova \"Diana Damianova\"), [Georgi Karakolev](/wiki/Georgi_Karakolev \"Georgi Karakolev\"), [Vladimir Mihov](/wiki/Vladimir_Mihov \"Vladimir Mihov\"), [Ivan Nanev](/wiki/Ivan_Nanev \"Ivan Nanev\"), [Julian Stefanov](/wiki/Julian_Stefanov \"Julian Stefanov\"), Viktor Aronov pc, Marta Nikolova coach |",
"{{flagicon\\|NZL}} **New Zealand** finished fourth.",
"### 2019 Wuhan, China",
"[44th World Team Championships](http://championships.worldbridge.org/wuhanwt19)",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|2019 \n \n 24 | 1\\. | {{POL}} [Krzysztof Buras](/wiki/Krzysztof_Buras \"Krzysztof Buras\"), [Bartosz Chmurski](/wiki/Bartosz_Chmurski \"Bartosz Chmurski\"), [Jacek Kalita](/wiki/Jacek_Kalita \"Jacek Kalita\"), [Grzegorz Narkiewicz](/wiki/Grzegorz_Narkiewicz \"Grzegorz Narkiewicz\"), [Michal Nowosadzki](/wiki/Michal_Nowosadzki \"Michal Nowosadzki\"), [Piotr Tuczynski](/wiki/Piotr_Tuczynski \"Piotr Tuczynski\"), [Marek Pietrasek](/wiki/Marek_Pietrasek \"Marek Pietrasek\") (npc), [Marek Wojcicki](/wiki/Marek_Wojcicki \"Marek Wojcicki\") (coach) |\n| | | 2\\. | {{NED}} [Simon De Wijs](/wiki/Simon_De_Wijs \"Simon De Wijs\"), [Bob Drijver](/wiki/Bob_Drijver \"Bob Drijver\"), [Bauke Muller](/wiki/Bauke_Muller \"Bauke Muller\"), [Bart Nab](/wiki/Bart_Nab \"Bart Nab\"), [Ricco van Prooijen](/wiki/Ricco_van_Prooijen \"Ricco van Prooijen\"), [Louk Verhees Jr.](/wiki/Louk_Verhees_Jr. \"Louk Verhees Jr.\"), [Anton Maas](/wiki/Anton_Maas \"Anton Maas\") (npc), [Ton Bakkeren](/wiki/Ton_Bakkeren \"Ton Bakkeren\") (coach) |\n| | | 3\\. | {{NOR}} [Terje Aa](/wiki/Terje_Aa \"Terje Aa\"), [Boye Brogeland](/wiki/Boye_Brogeland \"Boye Brogeland\"), [Nils Kare Kvangraven](/wiki/Nils_Kare_Kvangraven \"Nils Kare Kvangraven\"), [Espen Lindqvist](/wiki/Espen_Lindqvist \"Espen Lindqvist\"), [Allan Livgard](/wiki/Allan_Livgard \"Allan Livgard\"), [Ulf Haakon Tundal](/wiki/Ulf_Haakon_Tundal \"Ulf Haakon Tundal\"), [Christian Venneroed](/wiki/Christian_Venneroed \"Christian Venneroed\") (npc), [Sten Bjertnes](/wiki/Sten_Bjertnes \"Sten Bjertnes\") (coach) |",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 1** finished fourth.",
""
] |
### 2011 [Veldhoven](/wiki/Veldhoven "Veldhoven"), Netherlands
The 40th Bermuda Bowl tournament concluded Saturday, 29 October.Italy had routed the USA champions 167–69 in a one\-day match for the bronze medal while the host Netherlands faced USA 2 in a three\-day final. The Dutch hosts led by 55 IMP after two days (96 deals) and scored very well in the first session on Saturday to lead by 83 and coast to victory.
| Year | Entries | Rank | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2011[40th World Team Championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Veldhoven.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519094011/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Veldhoven.htm \|date\=19 May 2011 }} contemporary coverage, 2011\. WBF. Retrieved 2011\-07\-10\.[40th World Team Championships: Results \& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampRP.aspx?qmenudetid=513). WBF. Retrieved 2011\-12\-01\.
22 | 1\. | {{flagicon\|NED}} **Netherlands** [Sjoert Brink](/wiki/Sjoert_Brink "Sjoert Brink"), [Bas Drijver](/wiki/Bas_Drijver "Bas Drijver"), [Bauke Muller](/wiki/Bauke_Muller "Bauke Muller"), [Ricco van Prooijen](/wiki/Ricco_van_Prooijen "Ricco van Prooijen"), [Louk Verhees](/wiki/Louk_Verhees "Louk Verhees"), [Simon de Wijs](/wiki/Simon_de_Wijs "Simon de Wijs") |
| | | 2\. | {{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\|name\=usa}} [Kevin Bathurst](/wiki/Kevin_Bathurst "Kevin Bathurst"), [Joe Grue](/wiki/Joe_Grue "Joe Grue"), John Hurd, [Justin Lall](/wiki/Justin_Lall "Justin Lall"), [Joel Wooldridge](/wiki/Joel_Wooldridge "Joel Wooldridge"), [Daniel Zagorin](/wiki/Daniel_Zagorin "Daniel Zagorin") |
| | | 3\. | {{flagicon\|ITA}} **Italy** [Norberto Bocchi](/wiki/Norberto_Bocchi "Norberto Bocchi"), [Agustín Madala](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Madala "Agustín Madala"), [Giorgio Duboin](/wiki/Giorgio_Duboin "Giorgio Duboin"), [Antonio Sementa](/wiki/Antonio_Sementa "Antonio Sementa"), [Lorenzo Lauria](/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauria "Lorenzo Lauria"), [Alfredo Versace](/wiki/Alfredo_Versace "Alfredo Versace") |
{{flagicon\|USA}} **USA 1**{{efn\|name\=usa}} finished fourth. The losing quarterfinalists were Israel, Sweden, Iceland, and China.
Netherlands won the 2011 Bermuda Bowl by 300 to 255
{{gcb\|IMP}} in three days play against USA 2,[40th Bermuda Bowl Knockout: Final](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=FF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225124252/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\=885\&qphase\=FF \|date\=25 December 2011 }}, 2011\. WBF.
the second of two entries from the United States.{{efn\|name\=usa}}
| \+Final match, IMP scores in eight segments |
| --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Total |
|**USA 2** 0 | 44 | 43 | 21 | 16 | 32 | 33 | 26 | 40 | **255** |
|**Netherlands** 1 | 31 | 35 | 63 | 54 | 37 | 23 | 47 | 9 | **300** |
| | {{gcb\|carryover\|Carry}} | day 1 | | | day 2 | | | day 3 | | |
The final eight segments of 16 {{gcb\|deal}}s each started with an insignificant one IMP {{gcb\|carryover}} advantage for Dutch home team. The one IMP represented half the margin in their short match, a 25–23 win for Netherlands in round two.[Open round\-robin, round 2](http://www.worldbridge1.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?redirect=1&qtournid=881&qroundno=2) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045123/http://www.worldbridge1\.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?redirect\=1\&qtournid\=881\&qroundno\=2 \|date\=26 April 2012 }}.
With a strong third segment, Netherlands surged to a 130–108 lead after one day and then extended the difference to as much as 65 on day two ultimately finishing 55 IMPs ahead after six segments. After day three's seventh segment, the margin increased to 76 IMPs, nearly decisive with only 16 deals to play. The Americans rebounded in the last segment but the gains were "too small" as time ran out.[Open final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?qmatchid=40231&qphase=FF){{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. WBF.
Preliminary
There were 22 national teams in the field, who represented the eight WBF zones as follows.
[40th World Teams](/wiki/%2340th "#40th"), "Participants".
The regular quota for Europe is six teams, seven at Veldhoven because the host country qualifies automatically.\#
**Europe**: Italy, Poland, Israel, Iceland, Sweden, Netherlands, Bulgaria —ranks 1 to 7 in the European championship
[Results \& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=486), 50th European Team Championships, 2010\. [European Bridge League](/wiki/European_Bridge_League "European Bridge League").
**North America**: Canada, USA 1, USA 2{{efn\|name\=usa}}
**South America**: Brazil, Chile
**Asia \& Middle East**: India, Pakistan
**C. America \& Carib.**: Guadeloupe
**Pacific Asia**: China, Japan, Singapore
**South Pacific**: Australia, New Zealand
**Africa**: Egypt, South Africa
The first stage was a full round\-robin. Every team played 21 short matches of 16 deals, three daily, scheduled in advance.{{efn\|
\[http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Documents/ScheduleOfPlay\_BermudaBowl.pdf Schedule of Play / Bermuda Bowl]. 2011\. WBF.
Given the full round\-robin structure, the particular schedule should make no difference in the outcome of the first stage.
}}
Italy, Netherlands, USA 2, and Israel earned the first four places comfortably, each almost a full match ahead of the next place. The US champions finished fifth by scoring 340\.5 {{gcb\|victorypoints\|Victory Points}}, or 16\.2 per match where a draw is worth 15\. Sweden, China, and Iceland qualified with fewer than 16 VP per match while Japan, New Zealand, and Australia made strong showings as the first three also\-rans, ahead of two Europeans, Poland and Bulgaria.[Open round\-robin standings](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?qtournid=881&qroundno=21){{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}.
(All six Europeans had qualified for knockout play two years earlier.)
Italy, Netherlands, and USA 2 selected quarterfinal opponents China, Iceland, and Sweden leaving Israel to face USA 1\. Italy and China, second and fourth in 2009, played the only close match, where Italy built a 5 IMP lead to 26 during the last segment. During the same segment Sweden trailed USA 2 by at least 30, Iceland trailed by almost 100, and Israel conceded to USA 1 without play.[Open quarterfinals](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=QF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227200250/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\=885\&qphase\=QF \|date\=27 December 2011 }}. WBF.[Sweden–USA 2 final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge1.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?redirect=1&qmatchid=39669&qphase=QF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426044513/http://www.worldbridge1\.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?redirect\=1\&qmatchid\=39669\&qphase\=QF \|date\=26 April 2012 }}. WBF.
Two US American entries in a Zonal Teams knockout always meet in one semifinal match, if they survive so long (and they never meet earlier).\# In Veldhoven a strong fifth segment was almost decisive for USA 2, who extended a lead from 12 to 62 IMP with 16 deals to play, and won by 60\. Meanwhile, Italy and Netherlands were nearly even at the end of every segment, the only time players know the score precisely. After five Netherlands led by 3\+ IMP including 2\+ carryover, having bettered Italy 155 to 154 on 80 deals. They "won" the final segment by 26 and the match by 199\+ to 170\.[Open semifinals](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=SF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201120759/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\=885\&qphase\=SF \|date\=1 December 2011 }}.
In retrospect, two "slam swings" were decisive. On the 87th and 90th deals (\#23, \#29\), Netherlands bid 6{{spades}} and 6{{hearts}} while Italy bid 4{{spades}} and 4{{hearts}}. All four declarers took the twelve tricks for slam, worth twice 13 IMP for the winners.
[Netherlands–Italy final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?qmatchid=39081&qphase=SF){{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}.
While Netherlands and USA 2 played for the Bowl, Italy easily beat the US champions in 48 deals and earned the bronze medal, 167–69\.
|
[
"### 2011 [Veldhoven](/wiki/Veldhoven \"Veldhoven\"), Netherlands",
"The 40th Bermuda Bowl tournament concluded Saturday, 29 October.Italy had routed the USA champions 167–69 in a one\\-day match for the bronze medal while the host Netherlands faced USA 2 in a three\\-day final. The Dutch hosts led by 55 IMP after two days (96 deals) and scored very well in the first session on Saturday to lead by 83 and coast to victory.",
"",
"",
"| Year | Entries | Rank | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|2011[40th World Team Championships](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Veldhoven.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519094011/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Veldhoven.htm \\|date\\=19 May 2011 }} contemporary coverage, 2011\\. WBF. Retrieved 2011\\-07\\-10\\.[40th World Team Championships: Results \\& Participants](http://www.worldbridge.org/TeamChampRP.aspx?qmenudetid=513). WBF. Retrieved 2011\\-12\\-01\\.",
"22 | 1\\. | {{flagicon\\|NED}} **Netherlands** [Sjoert Brink](/wiki/Sjoert_Brink \"Sjoert Brink\"), [Bas Drijver](/wiki/Bas_Drijver \"Bas Drijver\"), [Bauke Muller](/wiki/Bauke_Muller \"Bauke Muller\"), [Ricco van Prooijen](/wiki/Ricco_van_Prooijen \"Ricco van Prooijen\"), [Louk Verhees](/wiki/Louk_Verhees \"Louk Verhees\"), [Simon de Wijs](/wiki/Simon_de_Wijs \"Simon de Wijs\") |\n| | | 2\\. | {{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 2**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} [Kevin Bathurst](/wiki/Kevin_Bathurst \"Kevin Bathurst\"), [Joe Grue](/wiki/Joe_Grue \"Joe Grue\"), John Hurd, [Justin Lall](/wiki/Justin_Lall \"Justin Lall\"), [Joel Wooldridge](/wiki/Joel_Wooldridge \"Joel Wooldridge\"), [Daniel Zagorin](/wiki/Daniel_Zagorin \"Daniel Zagorin\") |\n| | | 3\\. | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} **Italy** [Norberto Bocchi](/wiki/Norberto_Bocchi \"Norberto Bocchi\"), [Agustín Madala](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Madala \"Agustín Madala\"), [Giorgio Duboin](/wiki/Giorgio_Duboin \"Giorgio Duboin\"), [Antonio Sementa](/wiki/Antonio_Sementa \"Antonio Sementa\"), [Lorenzo Lauria](/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauria \"Lorenzo Lauria\"), [Alfredo Versace](/wiki/Alfredo_Versace \"Alfredo Versace\") |",
"",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} **USA 1**{{efn\\|name\\=usa}} finished fourth. The losing quarterfinalists were Israel, Sweden, Iceland, and China.",
"Netherlands won the 2011 Bermuda Bowl by 300 to 255\n{{gcb\\|IMP}} in three days play against USA 2,[40th Bermuda Bowl Knockout: Final](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=FF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225124252/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\\=885\\&qphase\\=FF \\|date\\=25 December 2011 }}, 2011\\. WBF.\nthe second of two entries from the United States.{{efn\\|name\\=usa}}",
"",
"| \\+Final match, IMP scores in eight segments |\n| --- |\n| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Total |\n|**USA 2** 0 | 44 | 43 | 21 | 16 | 32 | 33 | 26 | 40 | **255** |\n|**Netherlands** 1 | 31 | 35 | 63 | 54 | 37 | 23 | 47 | 9 | **300** |\n| | {{gcb\\|carryover\\|Carry}} | day 1 | | | day 2 | | | day 3 | | |",
"The final eight segments of 16 {{gcb\\|deal}}s each started with an insignificant one IMP {{gcb\\|carryover}} advantage for Dutch home team. The one IMP represented half the margin in their short match, a 25–23 win for Netherlands in round two.[Open round\\-robin, round 2](http://www.worldbridge1.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?redirect=1&qtournid=881&qroundno=2) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045123/http://www.worldbridge1\\.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?redirect\\=1\\&qtournid\\=881\\&qroundno\\=2 \\|date\\=26 April 2012 }}.\nWith a strong third segment, Netherlands surged to a 130–108 lead after one day and then extended the difference to as much as 65 on day two ultimately finishing 55 IMPs ahead after six segments. After day three's seventh segment, the margin increased to 76 IMPs, nearly decisive with only 16 deals to play. The Americans rebounded in the last segment but the gains were \"too small\" as time ran out.[Open final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?qmatchid=40231&qphase=FF){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. WBF.",
"Preliminary\nThere were 22 national teams in the field, who represented the eight WBF zones as follows.\n[40th World Teams](/wiki/%2340th \"#40th\"), \"Participants\".",
"The regular quota for Europe is six teams, seven at Veldhoven because the host country qualifies automatically.\\#\n**Europe**: Italy, Poland, Israel, Iceland, Sweden, Netherlands, Bulgaria —ranks 1 to 7 in the European championship\n[Results \\& Participants](http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampRP.asp?qmenudetid=486), 50th European Team Championships, 2010\\. [European Bridge League](/wiki/European_Bridge_League \"European Bridge League\").\n**North America**: Canada, USA 1, USA 2{{efn\\|name\\=usa}}\n**South America**: Brazil, Chile\n**Asia \\& Middle East**: India, Pakistan\n**C. America \\& Carib.**: Guadeloupe\n**Pacific Asia**: China, Japan, Singapore\n**South Pacific**: Australia, New Zealand\n**Africa**: Egypt, South Africa\nThe first stage was a full round\\-robin. Every team played 21 short matches of 16 deals, three daily, scheduled in advance.{{efn\\|\n\\[http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Documents/ScheduleOfPlay\\_BermudaBowl.pdf Schedule of Play / Bermuda Bowl]. 2011\\. WBF.\n \nGiven the full round\\-robin structure, the particular schedule should make no difference in the outcome of the first stage.\n}}\nItaly, Netherlands, USA 2, and Israel earned the first four places comfortably, each almost a full match ahead of the next place. The US champions finished fifth by scoring 340\\.5 {{gcb\\|victorypoints\\|Victory Points}}, or 16\\.2 per match where a draw is worth 15\\. Sweden, China, and Iceland qualified with fewer than 16 VP per match while Japan, New Zealand, and Australia made strong showings as the first three also\\-rans, ahead of two Europeans, Poland and Bulgaria.[Open round\\-robin standings](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/RoundTeams.asp?qtournid=881&qroundno=21){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}.\n(All six Europeans had qualified for knockout play two years earlier.)\nItaly, Netherlands, and USA 2 selected quarterfinal opponents China, Iceland, and Sweden leaving Israel to face USA 1\\. Italy and China, second and fourth in 2009, played the only close match, where Italy built a 5 IMP lead to 26 during the last segment. During the same segment Sweden trailed USA 2 by at least 30, Iceland trailed by almost 100, and Israel conceded to USA 1 without play.[Open quarterfinals](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=QF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227200250/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\\=885\\&qphase\\=QF \\|date\\=27 December 2011 }}. WBF.[Sweden–USA 2 final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge1.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?redirect=1&qmatchid=39669&qphase=QF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426044513/http://www.worldbridge1\\.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?redirect\\=1\\&qmatchid\\=39669\\&qphase\\=QF \\|date\\=26 April 2012 }}. WBF.",
"Two US American entries in a Zonal Teams knockout always meet in one semifinal match, if they survive so long (and they never meet earlier).\\# In Veldhoven a strong fifth segment was almost decisive for USA 2, who extended a lead from 12 to 62 IMP with 16 deals to play, and won by 60\\. Meanwhile, Italy and Netherlands were nearly even at the end of every segment, the only time players know the score precisely. After five Netherlands led by 3\\+ IMP including 2\\+ carryover, having bettered Italy 155 to 154 on 80 deals. They \"won\" the final segment by 26 and the match by 199\\+ to 170\\.[Open semifinals](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid=885&qphase=SF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201120759/http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/knockoutphase.asp?qtournid\\=885\\&qphase\\=SF \\|date\\=1 December 2011 }}.\nIn retrospect, two \"slam swings\" were decisive. On the 87th and 90th deals (\\#23, \\#29\\), Netherlands bid 6{{spades}} and 6{{hearts}} while Italy bid 4{{spades}} and 4{{hearts}}. All four declarers took the twelve tricks for slam, worth twice 13 IMP for the winners.\n[Netherlands–Italy final segment scorecard](http://www.worldbridge.org/tourn/Veldhoven.11/Microsite/Results/BoardDetailsKO.asp?qmatchid=39081&qphase=SF){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}.",
"While Netherlands and USA 2 played for the Bowl, Italy easily beat the US champions in 48 deals and earned the bronze medal, 167–69\\.",
""
] |
Health aspects
--------------
### Adherence
It has been repeatedly found that in the long\-term, all diets with the same calorific value perform the same for weight loss, except for the one differentiating factor of how well people can faithfully follow the dietary programme.{{cite book \|title\=Dietary intervention approaches to the treatment of obesity \|vauthors\=Nonas CA, Dolins KR \|display\-editors\=etal \|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons\|year\=2012 \|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-65588\-7\|pages\=295–309}} A study comparing groups taking low\-fat, low\-carbohydrate and [Mediterranean diets](/wiki/Mediterranean_diet "Mediterranean diet") found at six months the low\-carbohydrate diet still had most people adhering to it, but thereafter the situation reversed: at two years the low\-carbohydrate group had the highest incidence of lapses and dropouts. This may be due to the comparatively limited food choice of low\-carbohydrate diets.
### Body weight
In the short and medium term, people taking a low\-carbohydrate diet can experience more weight loss than people taking a [low\-fat diet](/wiki/Low-fat_diet "Low-fat diet").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ludwig DS, Willett WC, Volek JS, Neuhouser ML \| title \= Dietary fat: From foe to friend? \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 362 \| issue \= 6416 \| pages \= 764–770 \| date \= November 2018 \| pmid \= 30442800 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.aau2096 \| type \= Review \| doi\-access \= free \| bibcode \= 2018Sci...362\..764L }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Leibel RL \| title \= Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement \| journal \= Endocrine Reviews \| volume \= 38 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 267–296 \| date \= August 2017 \| pmid \= 28898979 \| pmc \= 5546881 \| doi \= 10\.1210/er.2017\-00111 \| type \= Scientific statement }} The [Endocrine Society](/wiki/Endocrine_Society "Endocrine Society") stated that "when calorie intake is held constant ... body\-fat accumulation does not appear to be affected by even very pronounced changes in the amount of fat vs. carbohydrate in the diet". People on such a diet have very slightly more weight loss initially, equivalent to approximately 100kcal/day, but that advantage diminishes over time and is ultimately insignificant. A Cochrane review from 2022 looked into longer periods of two years and found no benefit for adhering to a low\-carbohydrate diet in comparison to balanced diets.
Much of the research comparing low\-fat vs. low\-carbohydrate dieting has been of poor quality and studies which reported large effects have garnered disproportionate attention in comparison to those which are methodologically sound. A 2018 review said "higher\-quality meta\-analyses reported little or no difference in weight loss between the two diets." Low\-quality [meta\-analyses](/wiki/Meta-analyses "Meta-analyses") have tended to report favourably on the effect of low\-carbohydrate diets: a [systematic review](/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") reported that 8 out of 10 meta\-analyses assessed whether weight loss outcomes could have been affected by [publication bias](/wiki/Publication_bias "Publication bias"), and 7 of them concluded positively. A 2017 review concluded that a variety of diets, including low\-carbohydrate diets, achieve similar weight loss outcomes, which are mainly determined by [calorie restriction](/wiki/Calorie_restriction "Calorie restriction") and adherence rather than the type of diet.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Thom G, Lean M \| title \= Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health? \| journal \= Gastroenterology \| volume \= 152 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 1739–1751 \| date \= May 2017 \| pmid \= 28214525 \| doi \= 10\.1053/j.gastro.2017\.01\.056 \| url \= http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/137779/7/137779\.pdf \| access\-date \= 24 October 2019 \| url\-status \= live \| type \= Review \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20180719104604/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/137779/7/137779\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 19 July 2018 }}
### Cardiovascular health
Eating a low\-carbohydrate diet for less than two years was found to not worsen markers for cardiovascular health.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Naude CE, Brand A, Schoonees A, Nguyen KA, Chaplin M, Volmink J \| title \= Low\-carbohydrate versus balanced\-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume \= 1 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= CD013334 \| date \= January 2022 \| pmid \= 35088407 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD013334\.pub2 \| pmc \= 8795871 \| type \= Systematic Review \| eissn \= 1465\-1858 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Chawla S, Tessarolo Silva F, Amaral Medeiros S, Mekary RA, Radenkovic D \| title \= The Effect of Low\-Fat and Low\-Carbohydrate Diets on Weight Loss and Lipid Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta\-Analysis \| journal \= Nutrients \| volume \= 12 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= E3774 \| date \= December 2020 \| pmid \= 33317019 \| pmc \= 7763365 \| doi \= 10\.3390/nu12123774 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Dong T, Guo M, Zhang P, Sun G, Chen B \| title \= The effects of low\-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta\-analysis \| journal \= PLOS ONE \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= e0225348 \| date \= 14 January 2020 \| pmid \= 31935216 \| pmc \= 6959586 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0225348 \| bibcode \= 2020PLoSO..1525348D \| doi\-access \= free }} However, following a low\-carb diet for many years is associated with dying from heart disease.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mazidi M, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Sattar N, Banach M \| title \= Lower carbohydrate diets and all\-cause and cause\-specific mortality: a population\-based cohort study and pooling of prospective studies \| journal \= European Heart Journal \| volume \= 40 \| issue \= 34 \| pages \= 2870–2879 \| date \= September 2019 \| pmid \= 31004146 \| doi \= 10\.1093/eurheartj/ehz174 \| doi\-access \= free }} Low\-carbohydrate diets in the long\-term have detrimental effects on lipid parameters such as increase in total and LDL cholesterol.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Dinu M, Pagliai G, Angelino D, Rosi A, Dall'Asta M, Bresciani L, Ferraris C, Guglielmetti M, Godos J, Del Bo' C, Nucci D, Meroni E, Landini L, Martini D, Sofi F \| title \= Effects of Popular Diets on Anthropometric and Cardiometabolic Parameters: An Umbrella Review of Meta\-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials \| journal \= Advances in Nutrition \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 815–833 \| date \= July 2020 \| pmid \= 32059053 \| pmc \= 7360456 \| doi \= 10\.1093/advances/nmaa006 }} This is because most people on low\-carbohydrate diets eat more [animal source foods](/wiki/Animal_source_foods "Animal source foods") and less fruits and vegetables rich in [fiber](/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") and micronutrients.
The [American College of Cardiology](/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology "American College of Cardiology") recommends a clinician\-patient discussion for people who want to go on a very low\-carbohydrate diet. People on the diet should be informed that it may worsen LDL\-C levels and cardiovascular health in the long\-term. Those with atherosclerosis should be counseled to avoid low\-carbohydrate diets.{{Cite web\|title\=Very Low Carbohydrate and Ketogenic Diets and Cardiometabolic Risk\|url\=https://www.acc.org/latest\-in\-cardiology/articles/2020/10/07/13/54/http%3a%2f%2fwww.acc.org%2flatest\-in\-cardiology%2farticles%2f2020%2f10%2f07%2f13%2f54%2fvery\-low\-carbohydrate\-and\-ketogenic\-diets\-and\-cardiometabolic\-risk\|access\-date\=24 February 2022\|website\=American College of Cardiology\|archive\-date\=24 February 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224175923/https://www.acc.org/Error/Error?400\|url\-status\=live}}
### Diabetes
There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of low\-carbohydrate diets for people with [type 1 diabetes](/wiki/Type_1_diabetes "Type 1 diabetes"). For certain individuals, it may be feasible to follow a low\-carbohydrate regime combined with carefully managed [insulin](/wiki/Insulin "Insulin") dosing. This can be hard to maintain and there are concerns about potential adverse health effects caused by the diet. In general, people with type 1 diabetes are advised to follow an individualized eating plan.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M, King BR, Smart CE \| title \= The ups and downs of low\-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes \| journal \= Diabetic Medicine \| volume \= 36 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 326–334 \| date \= March 2019 \| pmid \= 30362180 \| doi \= 10\.1111/dme.13845 \| type \= Review \| s2cid \= 53102654 \| quote \= Low‐carbohydrate diets are of interest for improving glycaemic outcomes in the management of Type 1 diabetes. There is limited evidence to support their routine use in the management of Type 1 diabetes. }}
The proportion of carbohydrate in a diet is not linked to the risk of [type 2 diabetes](/wiki/Type_2_diabetes "Type 2 diabetes"), although there is some evidence that diets containing certain high\-carbohydrate items – such as sugar\-sweetened drinks or white rice – are associated with an increased risk.{{cite report \|title\=Carbohydrates and Health \|publisher\=Scientific Advisory Council on Nutrition \|author\=Public Health England \|via\=The Stationery Office \|pages\=57, 85 \|quote\=No significant association was found between total carbohydrate intake as g/day and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. \|url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn\-carbohydrates\-and\-health\-report \|type\=Report \|year\=2015 \|access\-date\=21 December 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221163405/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn\-carbohydrates\-and\-health\-report \|archive\-date\=21 December 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} Some evidence indicates that consuming fewer carbohydrate foods may reduce [biomarkers](/wiki/Biomarker "Biomarker") of type 2 diabetes.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Kuijpers T, Pijl H \| title \= Effects of low\-carbohydrate\- compared with low\-fat\-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assessments \| journal \= The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition \| volume \= 108 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 300–331 \| date \= August 2018 \| pmid \= 30007275 \| doi \= 10\.1093/ajcn/nqy096 \| doi\-access \= free \| hdl \= 1887/75479 \| hdl\-access \= free }}
A 2019 consensus report on nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes and prediabetes the [American Diabetes Association](/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association "American Diabetes Association") (ADA) states "Reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia (blood sugar) and may be applied in a variety of eating patterns that meet individual needs and preferences." However, another source states that there is no good evidence that low\-carbohydrate diets are better than a conventional [healthy diet](/wiki/Healthy_diet "Healthy diet") in which carbohydrates typically account for more than 40% of calories consumed.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Brouns F \| title \= Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low\-carbohydrate\-high\-fat diet recommendable? \| journal \= European Journal of Nutrition \| volume \= 57 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 1301–1312 \| date \= June 2018 \| pmid \= 29541907 \| pmc \= 5959976 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00394\-018\-1636\-y \| type \= Review }} Low\-carbohydrate dieting has no effect on the [kidney function](/wiki/Kidney_function "Kidney function") of people who have type 2 diabetes.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Suyoto PS \| title \= Effect of low\-carbohydrate diet on markers of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta\-analysis \| journal \= Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews \| volume \= 34 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= e3032 \| date \= October 2018 \| pmid \= 29904998 \| doi \= 10\.1002/dmrr.3032 \| type \= Meta\-analysis \| s2cid \= 49215700 }}
Limiting carbohydrate consumption generally results in improved glucose control, although without long\-term weight loss.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Meng Y, Bai H, Wang S, Li Z, Wang Q, Chen L \| title \= Efficacy of low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review and meta\-analysis of randomized controlled trials \| journal \= Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice \| volume \= 131 \| pages \= 124–131 \| date \= September 2017 \| pmid \= 28750216 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.diabres.2017\.07\.006 }} Low\-carbohydrate diets can be useful to help people with type 2 diabetes lose weight, but "no single approach has been proven to be consistently superior."{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Neumiller JJ, Cannon CP, Crandall J, D'Alessio D, de Boer IH, de Groot M, Fradkin J, Kreider KE \| collaboration \= American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee \| title \= 5\. Lifestyle Management: ''Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\-2019'' \| journal \= Diabetes Care \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= Suppl 1 \| pages \= S46–S60 \| date \= January 2019 \| pmid \= 30559231 \| doi \= 10\.2337/dc19\-S005 \| url \= http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement\_1/S46 \| access\-date \= 18 December 2018 \| url\-status \= live \| doi\-access \= free \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145626/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement\_1/S46 \| archive\-date \= 18 December 2018 }} According to the ADA, people with diabetes should be "developing healthy eating patterns rather than focusing on individual macronutrients, micronutrients, or single foods." They recommended that the carbohydrates in a diet should come from "vegetables, legumes, fruits, dairy (milk and yogurt), and whole grains", while highly refined foods and sugary drinks should be avoided. For individuals with type 2 diabetes who can't meet the glycemic targets or where reducing anti\-glycemic medications is a priority, the ADA says that low or very\-low carbohydrate diets are a viable approach.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS \| title \= Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report \| journal \= Diabetes Care \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 731–754 \| date \= May 2019 \| pmid \= 31000505 \| pmc \= 7011201 \| doi \= 10\.2337/dci19\-0014 \| type \= Professional society guidelines \| doi\-access \= free }}
A 2021 umbrella review found that low\-carbohydrate diets are no better for weight loss than higher\-carbohydrate or low\-fat diets in diabetic patients.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Churuangsuk C, Hall J, Reynolds A, Griffin SJ, Combet E, Lean ME \| title \= Diets for weight management in adults with type 2 diabetes: an umbrella review of published meta\-analyses and systematic review of trials of diets for diabetes remission \| journal \= Diabetologia \| volume \= 65 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 14–36 \| date \= January 2022 \| pmid \= 34796367 \| pmc \= 8660762 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00125\-021\-05577\-2 }}
### Exercise and fatigue
A low\-carbohydrate diet has been found to reduce [endurance](/wiki/Endurance "Endurance") capacity for intense exercise efforts,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Burke LM, Sharma AP, Heikura IA, Forbes SF, Holloway M, McKay AK, Bone JL, Leckey JJ, Welvaert M, Ross ML \| title \= Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible \| journal \= PLOS ONE \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= e0234027 \| date \= 4 June 2020 \| pmid \= 32497061 \| pmc \= 7272074 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0234027 \| bibcode \= 2020PLoSO..1534027B \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Burke LM \| title \= Ketogenic low\-CHO, high\-fat diet: the future of elite endurance sport? \| journal \= The Journal of Physiology \| volume \= 599 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 819–843 \| date \= February 2021 \| pmid \= 32358802 \| pmc \= 7891323 \| doi \= 10\.1113/JP278928 }} and depleted muscle [glycogen](/wiki/Glycogen "Glycogen") following such efforts is only slowly replenished if a low\-carbohydrate diet is taken. Inadequate carbohydrate intake during athletic training causes [metabolic acidosis](/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis "Metabolic acidosis"), which may be responsible for the impaired performance which has been observed.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Maughan RJ, Greenhaff PL, Leiper JB, Ball D, Lambert CP, Gleeson M \| title \= Diet composition and the performance of high\-intensity exercise \| journal \= Journal of Sports Sciences \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 265–275 \| date \= June 1997 \| pmid \= 9232552 \| doi \= 10\.1080/026404197367272 \| type \= Review }}
### Safety
A low\-carbohydrate diet causes extensive metabolism of fatty acids, which are used by the liver to make [ketone bodies](/wiki/Ketone_bodies "Ketone bodies"), which provide energy to important organs, including the brain, heart, and kidneys, in a condition called [ketosis](/wiki/Ketosis "Ketosis"). Ketosis can have other causes such as [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism") and [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes "Diabetes"). Excessive accumulation of ketone bodies occurs when its production is greater than consumption, leading to [ketoacidosis](/wiki/Ketoacidosis "Ketoacidosis"), a potentially life\-threatening condition. Rarely, a low\-carbohydrate ketogenic diet can also give rise to ketoacidosis, especially in patients with comorbid conditions.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ullah W, Hamid M, Mohammad Ammar Abdullah H, Ur Rashid M, Inayat F \| title \= Another "D" in MUDPILES? A Review of Diet\-Associated Nondiabetic Ketoacidosis \| journal \= Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports \| volume \= 6 \| pages \= 2324709618796261 \| date \= January 2018 \| pmid \= 30151400 \| pmc \= 6108016 \| doi \= 10\.1177/2324709618796261 }} There are infrequent case reports of ketoacidosis occurring in people who follow low\-carbohydrate diets such as the [Atkins](/wiki/Atkins_diet "Atkins diet") and [South Beach diets](/wiki/South_Beach_diet "South Beach diet"). This has led to the suggestion that ketoacidosis should be considered a potential hazard of low\-carbohydrate dieting.
High\- and low\-carbohydrate diets that are rich in animal\-derived proteins and fats may be associated with increased mortality. Conversely, with plant\-derived proteins and fats, there may be a decrease of mortality.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S, Henglin M, Shah A, Steffen LM, Folsom AR, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Solomon SD \| title \= Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta\-analysis \| journal \= The Lancet. Public Health \| volume \= 3 \| issue \= 9 \| pages \= e419–e428 \| date \= September 2018 \| pmid \= 30122560 \| pmc \= 6339822 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S2468\-2667(18\)30135\-X \| type \= Meta\-analysis }} A 2021 study from Japan looked at the long\-term aspects of low\-carb eating. The study included 90,171 participants with a median 17 years of follow\-up. The study found that a high adherence to low\-carb eating was associated with increased overall cancer risk. Looking at the diet composition the authors found that eating more animals foods was associated with an increased cancer risk while plant fat consumption was not.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Cai H, Sobue T, Kitamura T, Ishihara J, Nanri A, Mizoue T, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Inoue M, Tsugane S, Sawada N \| title \= Low\-carbohydrate diet and risk of cancer incidence: The Japan Public Health Center\-based prospective study \| journal \= Cancer Science \| volume \= 113 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 744–755 \| date \= February 2022 \| pmid \= 34821435 \| doi \= 10\.1111/cas.15215 \| pmc \= 8819285 }}
{{as of\|2018}}, research has paid insufficient attention to the potential [adverse effects](/wiki/Adverse_effect "Adverse effect") of carbohydrate restricted dieting, particularly for [micronutrient](/wiki/Micronutrient "Micronutrient") sufficiency, [bone health](/wiki/Bone_health "Bone health") and [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer") risk.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Churuangsuk C, Kherouf M, Combet E, Lean M \| title \= Low\-carbohydrate diets for overweight and obesity: a systematic review of the systematic reviews \| journal \= Obesity Reviews \| volume \= 19 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= 1700–1718 \| date \= December 2018 \| pmid \= 30194696 \| doi \= 10\.1111/obr.12744 \| url \= http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/168899/1/168899\.pdf \| access\-date \= 4 October 2019 \| url\-status \= live \| type \= Systematic review \| s2cid \= 52174104 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923071822/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/168899/1/168899\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 23 September 2019 }} One low\-quality meta\-analysis reported that adverse effects could include "[constipation](/wiki/Constipation "Constipation"), [headache](/wiki/Headache "Headache"), [halitosis](/wiki/Halitosis "Halitosis"), [muscle cramps](/wiki/Muscle_cramps "Muscle cramps") and general weakness".
In a comprehensive [systematic review](/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") of 2018, Churuangsuk and colleagues reported that other [case reports](/wiki/Case_report "Case report") give rise to concerns of other potential risks of low\-carbohydrate dieting including [hyperosmolar coma](/wiki/Hyperosmolar_coma "Hyperosmolar coma"), [Wernicke's encephalopathy](/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy "Wernicke's encephalopathy"), [optic neuropathy](/wiki/Optic_neuropathy "Optic neuropathy") from [thiamine deficiency](/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency "Thiamine deficiency"), [acute coronary syndrome](/wiki/Acute_coronary_syndrome "Acute coronary syndrome") and [anxiety disorder](/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "Anxiety disorder").
Significantly restricting the proportion of carbohydrate in diet risks causing [malnutrition](/wiki/Malnutrition "Malnutrition"), and can make it difficult to get enough [dietary fiber](/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") to stay healthy.{{cite web \|publisher\=National Health Service \|date\=19 December 2018 \|title\=Healthy Weight—The truth about carbs \|url\=https://www.nhs.uk/live\-well/healthy\-weight/why\-we\-need\-to\-eat\-carbs/ \|access\-date\=21 December 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182915/https://www.nhs.uk/live\-well/healthy\-weight/why\-we\-need\-to\-eat\-carbs/ \|archive\-date\=21 December 2018 \|url\-status\=live }}
As of 2014, it appeared that with respect to the risk of death for people with cardiovascular disease, the kind of carbohydrates consumed are important; diets relatively higher in fiber and whole grains lead to reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease compared to diets high in refined grains.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hu T, Bazzano LA \| title \= The low\-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from epidemiologic studies \| journal \= Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases \| volume \= 24 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 337–343 \| date \= April 2014 \| pmid \= 24613757 \| pmc \= 4351995 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.numecd.2013\.12\.008 }}
|
[
"Health aspects\n--------------",
"### Adherence",
"It has been repeatedly found that in the long\\-term, all diets with the same calorific value perform the same for weight loss, except for the one differentiating factor of how well people can faithfully follow the dietary programme.{{cite book \\|title\\=Dietary intervention approaches to the treatment of obesity \\|vauthors\\=Nonas CA, Dolins KR \\|display\\-editors\\=etal \\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons\\|year\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-65588\\-7\\|pages\\=295–309}} A study comparing groups taking low\\-fat, low\\-carbohydrate and [Mediterranean diets](/wiki/Mediterranean_diet \"Mediterranean diet\") found at six months the low\\-carbohydrate diet still had most people adhering to it, but thereafter the situation reversed: at two years the low\\-carbohydrate group had the highest incidence of lapses and dropouts. This may be due to the comparatively limited food choice of low\\-carbohydrate diets.",
"### Body weight",
"In the short and medium term, people taking a low\\-carbohydrate diet can experience more weight loss than people taking a [low\\-fat diet](/wiki/Low-fat_diet \"Low-fat diet\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ludwig DS, Willett WC, Volek JS, Neuhouser ML \\| title \\= Dietary fat: From foe to friend? \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 362 \\| issue \\= 6416 \\| pages \\= 764–770 \\| date \\= November 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30442800 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.aau2096 \\| type \\= Review \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| bibcode \\= 2018Sci...362\\..764L }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Leibel RL \\| title \\= Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement \\| journal \\= Endocrine Reviews \\| volume \\= 38 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 267–296 \\| date \\= August 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28898979 \\| pmc \\= 5546881 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1210/er.2017\\-00111 \\| type \\= Scientific statement }} The [Endocrine Society](/wiki/Endocrine_Society \"Endocrine Society\") stated that \"when calorie intake is held constant ... body\\-fat accumulation does not appear to be affected by even very pronounced changes in the amount of fat vs. carbohydrate in the diet\". People on such a diet have very slightly more weight loss initially, equivalent to approximately 100kcal/day, but that advantage diminishes over time and is ultimately insignificant. A Cochrane review from 2022 looked into longer periods of two years and found no benefit for adhering to a low\\-carbohydrate diet in comparison to balanced diets.",
"Much of the research comparing low\\-fat vs. low\\-carbohydrate dieting has been of poor quality and studies which reported large effects have garnered disproportionate attention in comparison to those which are methodologically sound. A 2018 review said \"higher\\-quality meta\\-analyses reported little or no difference in weight loss between the two diets.\" Low\\-quality [meta\\-analyses](/wiki/Meta-analyses \"Meta-analyses\") have tended to report favourably on the effect of low\\-carbohydrate diets: a [systematic review](/wiki/Systematic_review \"Systematic review\") reported that 8 out of 10 meta\\-analyses assessed whether weight loss outcomes could have been affected by [publication bias](/wiki/Publication_bias \"Publication bias\"), and 7 of them concluded positively. A 2017 review concluded that a variety of diets, including low\\-carbohydrate diets, achieve similar weight loss outcomes, which are mainly determined by [calorie restriction](/wiki/Calorie_restriction \"Calorie restriction\") and adherence rather than the type of diet.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Thom G, Lean M \\| title \\= Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health? \\| journal \\= Gastroenterology \\| volume \\= 152 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 1739–1751 \\| date \\= May 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28214525 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1053/j.gastro.2017\\.01\\.056 \\| url \\= http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/137779/7/137779\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 24 October 2019 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| type \\= Review \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180719104604/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/137779/7/137779\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 19 July 2018 }}",
"### Cardiovascular health",
"Eating a low\\-carbohydrate diet for less than two years was found to not worsen markers for cardiovascular health.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Naude CE, Brand A, Schoonees A, Nguyen KA, Chaplin M, Volmink J \\| title \\= Low\\-carbohydrate versus balanced\\-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| volume \\= 1 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= CD013334 \\| date \\= January 2022 \\| pmid \\= 35088407 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD013334\\.pub2 \\| pmc \\= 8795871 \\| type \\= Systematic Review \\| eissn \\= 1465\\-1858 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Chawla S, Tessarolo Silva F, Amaral Medeiros S, Mekary RA, Radenkovic D \\| title \\= The Effect of Low\\-Fat and Low\\-Carbohydrate Diets on Weight Loss and Lipid Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta\\-Analysis \\| journal \\= Nutrients \\| volume \\= 12 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= E3774 \\| date \\= December 2020 \\| pmid \\= 33317019 \\| pmc \\= 7763365 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3390/nu12123774 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Dong T, Guo M, Zhang P, Sun G, Chen B \\| title \\= The effects of low\\-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= PLOS ONE \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= e0225348 \\| date \\= 14 January 2020 \\| pmid \\= 31935216 \\| pmc \\= 6959586 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0225348 \\| bibcode \\= 2020PLoSO..1525348D \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} However, following a low\\-carb diet for many years is associated with dying from heart disease.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mazidi M, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Sattar N, Banach M \\| title \\= Lower carbohydrate diets and all\\-cause and cause\\-specific mortality: a population\\-based cohort study and pooling of prospective studies \\| journal \\= European Heart Journal \\| volume \\= 40 \\| issue \\= 34 \\| pages \\= 2870–2879 \\| date \\= September 2019 \\| pmid \\= 31004146 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/eurheartj/ehz174 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Low\\-carbohydrate diets in the long\\-term have detrimental effects on lipid parameters such as increase in total and LDL cholesterol.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Dinu M, Pagliai G, Angelino D, Rosi A, Dall'Asta M, Bresciani L, Ferraris C, Guglielmetti M, Godos J, Del Bo' C, Nucci D, Meroni E, Landini L, Martini D, Sofi F \\| title \\= Effects of Popular Diets on Anthropometric and Cardiometabolic Parameters: An Umbrella Review of Meta\\-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials \\| journal \\= Advances in Nutrition \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 815–833 \\| date \\= July 2020 \\| pmid \\= 32059053 \\| pmc \\= 7360456 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/advances/nmaa006 }} This is because most people on low\\-carbohydrate diets eat more [animal source foods](/wiki/Animal_source_foods \"Animal source foods\") and less fruits and vegetables rich in [fiber](/wiki/Dietary_fiber \"Dietary fiber\") and micronutrients.",
"The [American College of Cardiology](/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology \"American College of Cardiology\") recommends a clinician\\-patient discussion for people who want to go on a very low\\-carbohydrate diet. People on the diet should be informed that it may worsen LDL\\-C levels and cardiovascular health in the long\\-term. Those with atherosclerosis should be counseled to avoid low\\-carbohydrate diets.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Very Low Carbohydrate and Ketogenic Diets and Cardiometabolic Risk\\|url\\=https://www.acc.org/latest\\-in\\-cardiology/articles/2020/10/07/13/54/http%3a%2f%2fwww.acc.org%2flatest\\-in\\-cardiology%2farticles%2f2020%2f10%2f07%2f13%2f54%2fvery\\-low\\-carbohydrate\\-and\\-ketogenic\\-diets\\-and\\-cardiometabolic\\-risk\\|access\\-date\\=24 February 2022\\|website\\=American College of Cardiology\\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224175923/https://www.acc.org/Error/Error?400\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Diabetes",
"There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of low\\-carbohydrate diets for people with [type 1 diabetes](/wiki/Type_1_diabetes \"Type 1 diabetes\"). For certain individuals, it may be feasible to follow a low\\-carbohydrate regime combined with carefully managed [insulin](/wiki/Insulin \"Insulin\") dosing. This can be hard to maintain and there are concerns about potential adverse health effects caused by the diet. In general, people with type 1 diabetes are advised to follow an individualized eating plan.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M, King BR, Smart CE \\| title \\= The ups and downs of low\\-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes \\| journal \\= Diabetic Medicine \\| volume \\= 36 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 326–334 \\| date \\= March 2019 \\| pmid \\= 30362180 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/dme.13845 \\| type \\= Review \\| s2cid \\= 53102654 \\| quote \\= Low‐carbohydrate diets are of interest for improving glycaemic outcomes in the management of Type 1 diabetes. There is limited evidence to support their routine use in the management of Type 1 diabetes. }}",
"The proportion of carbohydrate in a diet is not linked to the risk of [type 2 diabetes](/wiki/Type_2_diabetes \"Type 2 diabetes\"), although there is some evidence that diets containing certain high\\-carbohydrate items – such as sugar\\-sweetened drinks or white rice – are associated with an increased risk.{{cite report \\|title\\=Carbohydrates and Health \\|publisher\\=Scientific Advisory Council on Nutrition \\|author\\=Public Health England \\|via\\=The Stationery Office \\|pages\\=57, 85 \\|quote\\=No significant association was found between total carbohydrate intake as g/day and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. \\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn\\-carbohydrates\\-and\\-health\\-report \\|type\\=Report \\|year\\=2015 \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221163405/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn\\-carbohydrates\\-and\\-health\\-report \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Some evidence indicates that consuming fewer carbohydrate foods may reduce [biomarkers](/wiki/Biomarker \"Biomarker\") of type 2 diabetes.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Kuijpers T, Pijl H \\| title \\= Effects of low\\-carbohydrate\\- compared with low\\-fat\\-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assessments \\| journal \\= The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition \\| volume \\= 108 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 300–331 \\| date \\= August 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30007275 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/ajcn/nqy096 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| hdl \\= 1887/75479 \\| hdl\\-access \\= free }}\n \nA 2019 consensus report on nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes and prediabetes the [American Diabetes Association](/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association \"American Diabetes Association\") (ADA) states \"Reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia (blood sugar) and may be applied in a variety of eating patterns that meet individual needs and preferences.\" However, another source states that there is no good evidence that low\\-carbohydrate diets are better than a conventional [healthy diet](/wiki/Healthy_diet \"Healthy diet\") in which carbohydrates typically account for more than 40% of calories consumed.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Brouns F \\| title \\= Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low\\-carbohydrate\\-high\\-fat diet recommendable? \\| journal \\= European Journal of Nutrition \\| volume \\= 57 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 1301–1312 \\| date \\= June 2018 \\| pmid \\= 29541907 \\| pmc \\= 5959976 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00394\\-018\\-1636\\-y \\| type \\= Review }} Low\\-carbohydrate dieting has no effect on the [kidney function](/wiki/Kidney_function \"Kidney function\") of people who have type 2 diabetes.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Suyoto PS \\| title \\= Effect of low\\-carbohydrate diet on markers of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews \\| volume \\= 34 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= e3032 \\| date \\= October 2018 \\| pmid \\= 29904998 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/dmrr.3032 \\| type \\= Meta\\-analysis \\| s2cid \\= 49215700 }}",
"Limiting carbohydrate consumption generally results in improved glucose control, although without long\\-term weight loss.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Meng Y, Bai H, Wang S, Li Z, Wang Q, Chen L \\| title \\= Efficacy of low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review and meta\\-analysis of randomized controlled trials \\| journal \\= Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice \\| volume \\= 131 \\| pages \\= 124–131 \\| date \\= September 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28750216 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.diabres.2017\\.07\\.006 }} Low\\-carbohydrate diets can be useful to help people with type 2 diabetes lose weight, but \"no single approach has been proven to be consistently superior.\"{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Neumiller JJ, Cannon CP, Crandall J, D'Alessio D, de Boer IH, de Groot M, Fradkin J, Kreider KE \\| collaboration \\= American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee \\| title \\= 5\\. Lifestyle Management: ''Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\\-2019'' \\| journal \\= Diabetes Care \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= Suppl 1 \\| pages \\= S46–S60 \\| date \\= January 2019 \\| pmid \\= 30559231 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2337/dc19\\-S005 \\| url \\= http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement\\_1/S46 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 December 2018 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145626/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement\\_1/S46 \\| archive\\-date \\= 18 December 2018 }} According to the ADA, people with diabetes should be \"developing healthy eating patterns rather than focusing on individual macronutrients, micronutrients, or single foods.\" They recommended that the carbohydrates in a diet should come from \"vegetables, legumes, fruits, dairy (milk and yogurt), and whole grains\", while highly refined foods and sugary drinks should be avoided. For individuals with type 2 diabetes who can't meet the glycemic targets or where reducing anti\\-glycemic medications is a priority, the ADA says that low or very\\-low carbohydrate diets are a viable approach.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS \\| title \\= Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report \\| journal \\= Diabetes Care \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 731–754 \\| date \\= May 2019 \\| pmid \\= 31000505 \\| pmc \\= 7011201 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2337/dci19\\-0014 \\| type \\= Professional society guidelines \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"A 2021 umbrella review found that low\\-carbohydrate diets are no better for weight loss than higher\\-carbohydrate or low\\-fat diets in diabetic patients.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Churuangsuk C, Hall J, Reynolds A, Griffin SJ, Combet E, Lean ME \\| title \\= Diets for weight management in adults with type 2 diabetes: an umbrella review of published meta\\-analyses and systematic review of trials of diets for diabetes remission \\| journal \\= Diabetologia \\| volume \\= 65 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 14–36 \\| date \\= January 2022 \\| pmid \\= 34796367 \\| pmc \\= 8660762 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00125\\-021\\-05577\\-2 }}",
"### Exercise and fatigue",
"A low\\-carbohydrate diet has been found to reduce [endurance](/wiki/Endurance \"Endurance\") capacity for intense exercise efforts,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Burke LM, Sharma AP, Heikura IA, Forbes SF, Holloway M, McKay AK, Bone JL, Leckey JJ, Welvaert M, Ross ML \\| title \\= Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible \\| journal \\= PLOS ONE \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= e0234027 \\| date \\= 4 June 2020 \\| pmid \\= 32497061 \\| pmc \\= 7272074 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0234027 \\| bibcode \\= 2020PLoSO..1534027B \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Burke LM \\| title \\= Ketogenic low\\-CHO, high\\-fat diet: the future of elite endurance sport? \\| journal \\= The Journal of Physiology \\| volume \\= 599 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 819–843 \\| date \\= February 2021 \\| pmid \\= 32358802 \\| pmc \\= 7891323 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1113/JP278928 }} and depleted muscle [glycogen](/wiki/Glycogen \"Glycogen\") following such efforts is only slowly replenished if a low\\-carbohydrate diet is taken. Inadequate carbohydrate intake during athletic training causes [metabolic acidosis](/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis \"Metabolic acidosis\"), which may be responsible for the impaired performance which has been observed.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Maughan RJ, Greenhaff PL, Leiper JB, Ball D, Lambert CP, Gleeson M \\| title \\= Diet composition and the performance of high\\-intensity exercise \\| journal \\= Journal of Sports Sciences \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 265–275 \\| date \\= June 1997 \\| pmid \\= 9232552 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1080/026404197367272 \\| type \\= Review }}",
"### Safety",
"A low\\-carbohydrate diet causes extensive metabolism of fatty acids, which are used by the liver to make [ketone bodies](/wiki/Ketone_bodies \"Ketone bodies\"), which provide energy to important organs, including the brain, heart, and kidneys, in a condition called [ketosis](/wiki/Ketosis \"Ketosis\"). Ketosis can have other causes such as [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism \"Alcoholism\") and [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes \"Diabetes\"). Excessive accumulation of ketone bodies occurs when its production is greater than consumption, leading to [ketoacidosis](/wiki/Ketoacidosis \"Ketoacidosis\"), a potentially life\\-threatening condition. Rarely, a low\\-carbohydrate ketogenic diet can also give rise to ketoacidosis, especially in patients with comorbid conditions.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ullah W, Hamid M, Mohammad Ammar Abdullah H, Ur Rashid M, Inayat F \\| title \\= Another \"D\" in MUDPILES? A Review of Diet\\-Associated Nondiabetic Ketoacidosis \\| journal \\= Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports \\| volume \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 2324709618796261 \\| date \\= January 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30151400 \\| pmc \\= 6108016 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1177/2324709618796261 }} There are infrequent case reports of ketoacidosis occurring in people who follow low\\-carbohydrate diets such as the [Atkins](/wiki/Atkins_diet \"Atkins diet\") and [South Beach diets](/wiki/South_Beach_diet \"South Beach diet\"). This has led to the suggestion that ketoacidosis should be considered a potential hazard of low\\-carbohydrate dieting.",
"High\\- and low\\-carbohydrate diets that are rich in animal\\-derived proteins and fats may be associated with increased mortality. Conversely, with plant\\-derived proteins and fats, there may be a decrease of mortality.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S, Henglin M, Shah A, Steffen LM, Folsom AR, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Solomon SD \\| title \\= Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= The Lancet. Public Health \\| volume \\= 3 \\| issue \\= 9 \\| pages \\= e419–e428 \\| date \\= September 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30122560 \\| pmc \\= 6339822 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S2468\\-2667(18\\)30135\\-X \\| type \\= Meta\\-analysis }} A 2021 study from Japan looked at the long\\-term aspects of low\\-carb eating. The study included 90,171 participants with a median 17 years of follow\\-up. The study found that a high adherence to low\\-carb eating was associated with increased overall cancer risk. Looking at the diet composition the authors found that eating more animals foods was associated with an increased cancer risk while plant fat consumption was not.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Cai H, Sobue T, Kitamura T, Ishihara J, Nanri A, Mizoue T, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Inoue M, Tsugane S, Sawada N \\| title \\= Low\\-carbohydrate diet and risk of cancer incidence: The Japan Public Health Center\\-based prospective study \\| journal \\= Cancer Science \\| volume \\= 113 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 744–755 \\| date \\= February 2022 \\| pmid \\= 34821435 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/cas.15215 \\| pmc \\= 8819285 }}",
"{{as of\\|2018}}, research has paid insufficient attention to the potential [adverse effects](/wiki/Adverse_effect \"Adverse effect\") of carbohydrate restricted dieting, particularly for [micronutrient](/wiki/Micronutrient \"Micronutrient\") sufficiency, [bone health](/wiki/Bone_health \"Bone health\") and [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\") risk.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Churuangsuk C, Kherouf M, Combet E, Lean M \\| title \\= Low\\-carbohydrate diets for overweight and obesity: a systematic review of the systematic reviews \\| journal \\= Obesity Reviews \\| volume \\= 19 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 1700–1718 \\| date \\= December 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30194696 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/obr.12744 \\| url \\= http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/168899/1/168899\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 4 October 2019 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| type \\= Systematic review \\| s2cid \\= 52174104 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923071822/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/168899/1/168899\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 23 September 2019 }} One low\\-quality meta\\-analysis reported that adverse effects could include \"[constipation](/wiki/Constipation \"Constipation\"), [headache](/wiki/Headache \"Headache\"), [halitosis](/wiki/Halitosis \"Halitosis\"), [muscle cramps](/wiki/Muscle_cramps \"Muscle cramps\") and general weakness\".",
"In a comprehensive [systematic review](/wiki/Systematic_review \"Systematic review\") of 2018, Churuangsuk and colleagues reported that other [case reports](/wiki/Case_report \"Case report\") give rise to concerns of other potential risks of low\\-carbohydrate dieting including [hyperosmolar coma](/wiki/Hyperosmolar_coma \"Hyperosmolar coma\"), [Wernicke's encephalopathy](/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy \"Wernicke's encephalopathy\"), [optic neuropathy](/wiki/Optic_neuropathy \"Optic neuropathy\") from [thiamine deficiency](/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency \"Thiamine deficiency\"), [acute coronary syndrome](/wiki/Acute_coronary_syndrome \"Acute coronary syndrome\") and [anxiety disorder](/wiki/Anxiety_disorder \"Anxiety disorder\").",
"Significantly restricting the proportion of carbohydrate in diet risks causing [malnutrition](/wiki/Malnutrition \"Malnutrition\"), and can make it difficult to get enough [dietary fiber](/wiki/Dietary_fiber \"Dietary fiber\") to stay healthy.{{cite web \\|publisher\\=National Health Service \\|date\\=19 December 2018 \\|title\\=Healthy Weight—The truth about carbs \\|url\\=https://www.nhs.uk/live\\-well/healthy\\-weight/why\\-we\\-need\\-to\\-eat\\-carbs/ \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182915/https://www.nhs.uk/live\\-well/healthy\\-weight/why\\-we\\-need\\-to\\-eat\\-carbs/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"As of 2014, it appeared that with respect to the risk of death for people with cardiovascular disease, the kind of carbohydrates consumed are important; diets relatively higher in fiber and whole grains lead to reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease compared to diets high in refined grains.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hu T, Bazzano LA \\| title \\= The low\\-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from epidemiologic studies \\| journal \\= Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases \\| volume \\= 24 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 337–343 \\| date \\= April 2014 \\| pmid \\= 24613757 \\| pmc \\= 4351995 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.numecd.2013\\.12\\.008 }}",
""
] |
Career
------
In the early 1970s, Bate became a sought after dancer. She was cast in [Guys and Dolls](/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls "Guys and Dolls") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas"), in a company that included [Clifton Davis](/wiki/Clifton_Davis "Clifton Davis"), [Leslie Uggams](/wiki/Leslie_Uggams "Leslie Uggams"), [Ruth Brown](/wiki/Ruth_Brown "Ruth Brown") and [Judy Pace](/wiki/Judy_Pace "Judy Pace"). She worked with Uggams again in [West Side Story](/wiki/West_Side_Story "West Side Story") and then Uggams asked her to join her Cotton Club Revue act as one of her four dancers. This act toured the US, Canada and Australia, playing in 1975 at the Thunderbird Hotel in Las Vegas.Jet magazine, Vol. 47, No. 19, p63, 30 Jan 1975, ISSN 0021\-5996, published by Johnson Publishing Company
Following the Uggams tour, Bate then spent 10 weeks in [Monte Carlo](/wiki/Monte_Carlo "Monte Carlo") and returned home to appear in [The Monte Carlo Show](/wiki/The_Monte_Carlo_Show "The Monte Carlo Show") in the [Aladdin Hotel, Las Vegas](/wiki/Aladdin_%28hotel_and_casino%29 "Aladdin (hotel and casino)"), hosted by [David Wayne](/wiki/David_Wayne "David Wayne"), the son of [John Wayne](/wiki/John_Wayne "John Wayne"). She then toured Europe with [JoJo Smith](/wiki/JoJo_Smith "JoJo Smith") in The Saturday Night Fever show, appearing in Spain, Italy and France.
Bate then worked with [Ralph MacDonald](/wiki/Ralph_MacDonald "Ralph MacDonald") in the [Apollo Theater, New York](/wiki/Apollo_Theater "Apollo Theater") and was cast in NBC's Diamond Jubilee production and following that appeared at the Academy Awards in the Salute to Dancers troupe.
Her first film role came in the 1976 musical drama [Sparkle](/wiki/Sparkle "Sparkle"), where she played [Zola Taylor](/wiki/Zola_Taylor "Zola Taylor"), a member of [The Platters](/wiki/The_Platters "The Platters") singing group. She subsequently appeared in the 1979 satirical comedy [Americathon](/wiki/Americathon "Americathon"). Bate is now perhaps best known for her role as one of the immortal Muses in the 1980 musical [Xanadu](/wiki/Xanadu_%28film%29 "Xanadu (film)"),Parish, J. R., Pitts, M. R. (1992\). The Great Hollywood Musical Pictures. p772, United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. her third motion picture, which highlighted her dance abilities. In Xanadu, Bate's hair\-do was a distinguishing Top\-Knot designed by Flowers, the hair designer and make\-up artist. In an interview, Bate recalled that the most thrilling aspect of working on Xanadu was working with [Kenny Ortega](/wiki/Kenny_Ortega "Kenny Ortega") the choreographer. In the same 1980 featured interview with [Sepia magazine](/wiki/Sepia_%28magazine%29 "Sepia (magazine)"), she expressed her preference for live shows and stage performances over television and film.
Bate also worked with renowned director [William Friedkin](/wiki/William_Friedkin "William Friedkin"), appearing in his 1985 crime thriller [To Live and Die in L.A.](/wiki/To_Live_and_Die_in_L.A._%28film%29 "To Live and Die in L.A. (film)").Segaloff, N. (1990\). Hurricane Billy: the stormy life and films of [William Friedkin](/wiki/William_Friedkin "William Friedkin"). p298, New York: Morrow. That same year, she appeared in the musical drama [Copacabana](/wiki/Copacabana_%281985_film%29 "Copacabana (1985 film)")Marill, A. H. (1987\). Movies Made for Television: The Telefeature and the Mini\-series, 1964\-1986\. p84, United States: New York Zoetrope. and later appeared in [The Color Purple](/wiki/The_Color_Purple "The Color Purple").
In addition to her film work, Bate modeled for and appeared in [Popular Photography](/wiki/Popular_Photography "Popular Photography") in 1979Popular Photography. (1979\). Volume 84, p109, United States: CBS Magazines. and placed third in the Miss Black California competition.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In the early 1970s, Bate became a sought after dancer. She was cast in [Guys and Dolls](/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls \"Guys and Dolls\") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\"), in a company that included [Clifton Davis](/wiki/Clifton_Davis \"Clifton Davis\"), [Leslie Uggams](/wiki/Leslie_Uggams \"Leslie Uggams\"), [Ruth Brown](/wiki/Ruth_Brown \"Ruth Brown\") and [Judy Pace](/wiki/Judy_Pace \"Judy Pace\"). She worked with Uggams again in [West Side Story](/wiki/West_Side_Story \"West Side Story\") and then Uggams asked her to join her Cotton Club Revue act as one of her four dancers. This act toured the US, Canada and Australia, playing in 1975 at the Thunderbird Hotel in Las Vegas.Jet magazine, Vol. 47, No. 19, p63, 30 Jan 1975, ISSN 0021\\-5996, published by Johnson Publishing Company",
"Following the Uggams tour, Bate then spent 10 weeks in [Monte Carlo](/wiki/Monte_Carlo \"Monte Carlo\") and returned home to appear in [The Monte Carlo Show](/wiki/The_Monte_Carlo_Show \"The Monte Carlo Show\") in the [Aladdin Hotel, Las Vegas](/wiki/Aladdin_%28hotel_and_casino%29 \"Aladdin (hotel and casino)\"), hosted by [David Wayne](/wiki/David_Wayne \"David Wayne\"), the son of [John Wayne](/wiki/John_Wayne \"John Wayne\"). She then toured Europe with [JoJo Smith](/wiki/JoJo_Smith \"JoJo Smith\") in The Saturday Night Fever show, appearing in Spain, Italy and France.",
"Bate then worked with [Ralph MacDonald](/wiki/Ralph_MacDonald \"Ralph MacDonald\") in the [Apollo Theater, New York](/wiki/Apollo_Theater \"Apollo Theater\") and was cast in NBC's Diamond Jubilee production and following that appeared at the Academy Awards in the Salute to Dancers troupe.",
"Her first film role came in the 1976 musical drama [Sparkle](/wiki/Sparkle \"Sparkle\"), where she played [Zola Taylor](/wiki/Zola_Taylor \"Zola Taylor\"), a member of [The Platters](/wiki/The_Platters \"The Platters\") singing group. She subsequently appeared in the 1979 satirical comedy [Americathon](/wiki/Americathon \"Americathon\"). Bate is now perhaps best known for her role as one of the immortal Muses in the 1980 musical [Xanadu](/wiki/Xanadu_%28film%29 \"Xanadu (film)\"),Parish, J. R., Pitts, M. R. (1992\\). The Great Hollywood Musical Pictures. p772, United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. her third motion picture, which highlighted her dance abilities. In Xanadu, Bate's hair\\-do was a distinguishing Top\\-Knot designed by Flowers, the hair designer and make\\-up artist. In an interview, Bate recalled that the most thrilling aspect of working on Xanadu was working with [Kenny Ortega](/wiki/Kenny_Ortega \"Kenny Ortega\") the choreographer. In the same 1980 featured interview with [Sepia magazine](/wiki/Sepia_%28magazine%29 \"Sepia (magazine)\"), she expressed her preference for live shows and stage performances over television and film.",
"Bate also worked with renowned director [William Friedkin](/wiki/William_Friedkin \"William Friedkin\"), appearing in his 1985 crime thriller [To Live and Die in L.A.](/wiki/To_Live_and_Die_in_L.A._%28film%29 \"To Live and Die in L.A. (film)\").Segaloff, N. (1990\\). Hurricane Billy: the stormy life and films of [William Friedkin](/wiki/William_Friedkin \"William Friedkin\"). p298, New York: Morrow. That same year, she appeared in the musical drama [Copacabana](/wiki/Copacabana_%281985_film%29 \"Copacabana (1985 film)\")Marill, A. H. (1987\\). Movies Made for Television: The Telefeature and the Mini\\-series, 1964\\-1986\\. p84, United States: New York Zoetrope. and later appeared in [The Color Purple](/wiki/The_Color_Purple \"The Color Purple\").",
"In addition to her film work, Bate modeled for and appeared in [Popular Photography](/wiki/Popular_Photography \"Popular Photography\") in 1979Popular Photography. (1979\\). Volume 84, p109, United States: CBS Magazines. and placed third in the Miss Black California competition.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Shantanu, a [Central Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation "Central Bureau of Investigation") (CBI) officer is called in to investigate a plane crash in a remote area of [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal "West Bengal"). News flashes that a militant group has hijacked a plane with many dignitaries. Initially, CBI suspects that the crashed plane is the same one that has been hijacked. However, Shantanu and his colleague Gaurango are baffled to find that the crashed plane is Flight JL50, which went missing 35 years ago. When much evidence indicates that the plane is actually 35 years old, Shantanu still feels that this has been somehow staged. During the crash, the cockpit breaks from the main plane and crashes separately having two survivors; all of the other passengers died. The two survivors are pilot Bihu Ghosh and professor Biswajit Chandra Mitra. When Bihu wakes up, she is surprised to see the whole world has changed. Mitra is jubilant and demands celebration and since doctors assume he is mentally unstable, they sedate him.
Shantanu finds information about Mitra, his works as professor and his inclination towards the communist ideology. He visits his home for enquiry and finds plan drawings of plane in Mitra's old files. Through a University professor, he learns that Mitra was working on a "Project A". Centuries ago when [Emperor Ashoka](/wiki/Ashoka "Ashoka") witnessed the [Kalinga War](/wiki/Kalinga_War "Kalinga War"), he was deeply moved by it and adopted non\-violent [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism"), he used to call it DhammaVijaya . He collected all the information on science and technology which he felt were harmful if left with mankind and buried them. One such secret was of time\-travel on which Mitra's father was working since the British era. However, post independence, his funding were reduced and Mitra continued his work further. Shantanu gets info that Subroto Das was Mitra's assistant and confidant.
Upon further enquiry to Das, he reveals Mitra's plan which involved hijacking a plane and travelling through a [wormhole](/wiki/Wormhole "Wormhole"). Through the code breaking in Project A, Mitra had discovered the coordinates of a wormhole which were in the sky. But due to some miscalculations, the plane went 35 years ahead in time and landed now and accidentally crashed. Shantanu is in two minds when Professor Das, a quantum physics expert, tries to persuade him that it is a case of time travel and that they must fly back in time to the past via the same wormhole and prevent the hijacking by Mitra. He tells Shantanu that he can prove it if they go to the same coordinates which Bihu Ghosh had flown into. Das further promises that if they go back in time and stop the plane from taking off, the crash would never happen in the present day and the other plane AO26 would not get hijacked. He further assures that the demands of the hijackers to free their political leader would not have to be dealt with in the present. Bihu agrees and they fly back into the past and inadvertently change the future.
The concluding episode shows Shantanu, Professor Das and Bihu Ghosh travelling back to August 1984\. They are able to stop Professor Mitra—via a shootout in a ramshackled factory godown—from boarding JL50, hence preventing the flight from getting hijacked and further, preventing its crash in the year 2019\. This also means that everything in the moment from then on changes, providing a completely different and alternate future.
It is also revealed in the last episode of the series that Shantanu was left at an orphanage when he was only 15 days old. He visits the orphanage and witnesses an elderly man abandoning an infant and identifies that it is he who is the baby. Earlier episodes reveal that Bihu is told she had given birth to a stillborn out of wedlock. However, in the last episode he sees that the car Bihu gets from her house when they go to stop Prof. Mitra, has the same number\-plate as the older man's who had come to abandon the infant at the orphanage the previous night—thus making Shantanu realize that Bihu is his own Mother and the older man was his grandfather. The subsequent hijack and disappearance of flight JL50 and Bihu along with it in 1984 means that Shantanu grows up an orphan and goes on to join the CBI. But before Shantanu can reveal this reality from the year 2019 to Bihu outside the godown, the time changes and their lives change.
The ending sequences show Shantanu travelling in AO26 with his wife, and their plane is not hijacked. In fact, no plane is hijacked as the villains of the series were killed back in 1984 in the godown shootout. Characters of Shantanu and Gaurango (the CBI officials and friends in the earlier episodes) even run into each other in the plane but do not greet each other. This means that the two never became friends in this alternate reality and probably Shantanu did not even get to join the CBI. It is also shown that Bihu's mother feels guilty about lying to her about the stillborn and thus reveals the orphanage where the baby was abandoned. The new, alternate reality ending sequence shows Shantanu calling a now aged Bihu his mother and asking her, “had grandmother not told you that I was at this orphanage, how would you have taken me back?” Meaning, since Shantanu was able to kill Professor Mitra, the course of everyone's future changed altogether. Thus, the JL50 that Bihu had piloted in 1984 never got hijacked, she never went missing and hence she never went 35 years into the future via time\-travel. Instead, she recovered Shantanu back from the orphanage thus allowing him to grow up as a normal child with his own birth mother, rather than as an orphan. This worked out very well for Shantanu in the alternate reality as he is now shown so much happier, content and peaceful rather than the orphaned and hence disturbed, morose, hurt CBI official of the earlier episodes from a different reality.
The final scene shows an elderly Bihu and Shantanu in 2019—both empathetic, happy and grateful—distributing gifts on his recovery\-day, to the orphans at that same orphanage. Shantanu is the only person who has a recollection of both the parallel, alternate realities that diverged from 1984 till 2019\. In the end credits at 5 pm in 1984, it is 22 years Das from the year 1984 walks into the warehouse and picks the unburnt portion of the papers.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Shantanu, a [Central Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Central Bureau of Investigation\") (CBI) officer is called in to investigate a plane crash in a remote area of [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal \"West Bengal\"). News flashes that a militant group has hijacked a plane with many dignitaries. Initially, CBI suspects that the crashed plane is the same one that has been hijacked. However, Shantanu and his colleague Gaurango are baffled to find that the crashed plane is Flight JL50, which went missing 35 years ago. When much evidence indicates that the plane is actually 35 years old, Shantanu still feels that this has been somehow staged. During the crash, the cockpit breaks from the main plane and crashes separately having two survivors; all of the other passengers died. The two survivors are pilot Bihu Ghosh and professor Biswajit Chandra Mitra. When Bihu wakes up, she is surprised to see the whole world has changed. Mitra is jubilant and demands celebration and since doctors assume he is mentally unstable, they sedate him.",
"Shantanu finds information about Mitra, his works as professor and his inclination towards the communist ideology. He visits his home for enquiry and finds plan drawings of plane in Mitra's old files. Through a University professor, he learns that Mitra was working on a \"Project A\". Centuries ago when [Emperor Ashoka](/wiki/Ashoka \"Ashoka\") witnessed the [Kalinga War](/wiki/Kalinga_War \"Kalinga War\"), he was deeply moved by it and adopted non\\-violent [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), he used to call it DhammaVijaya . He collected all the information on science and technology which he felt were harmful if left with mankind and buried them. One such secret was of time\\-travel on which Mitra's father was working since the British era. However, post independence, his funding were reduced and Mitra continued his work further. Shantanu gets info that Subroto Das was Mitra's assistant and confidant.",
"Upon further enquiry to Das, he reveals Mitra's plan which involved hijacking a plane and travelling through a [wormhole](/wiki/Wormhole \"Wormhole\"). Through the code breaking in Project A, Mitra had discovered the coordinates of a wormhole which were in the sky. But due to some miscalculations, the plane went 35 years ahead in time and landed now and accidentally crashed. Shantanu is in two minds when Professor Das, a quantum physics expert, tries to persuade him that it is a case of time travel and that they must fly back in time to the past via the same wormhole and prevent the hijacking by Mitra. He tells Shantanu that he can prove it if they go to the same coordinates which Bihu Ghosh had flown into. Das further promises that if they go back in time and stop the plane from taking off, the crash would never happen in the present day and the other plane AO26 would not get hijacked. He further assures that the demands of the hijackers to free their political leader would not have to be dealt with in the present. Bihu agrees and they fly back into the past and inadvertently change the future.",
"The concluding episode shows Shantanu, Professor Das and Bihu Ghosh travelling back to August 1984\\. They are able to stop Professor Mitra—via a shootout in a ramshackled factory godown—from boarding JL50, hence preventing the flight from getting hijacked and further, preventing its crash in the year 2019\\. This also means that everything in the moment from then on changes, providing a completely different and alternate future.",
"It is also revealed in the last episode of the series that Shantanu was left at an orphanage when he was only 15 days old. He visits the orphanage and witnesses an elderly man abandoning an infant and identifies that it is he who is the baby. Earlier episodes reveal that Bihu is told she had given birth to a stillborn out of wedlock. However, in the last episode he sees that the car Bihu gets from her house when they go to stop Prof. Mitra, has the same number\\-plate as the older man's who had come to abandon the infant at the orphanage the previous night—thus making Shantanu realize that Bihu is his own Mother and the older man was his grandfather. The subsequent hijack and disappearance of flight JL50 and Bihu along with it in 1984 means that Shantanu grows up an orphan and goes on to join the CBI. But before Shantanu can reveal this reality from the year 2019 to Bihu outside the godown, the time changes and their lives change.",
"The ending sequences show Shantanu travelling in AO26 with his wife, and their plane is not hijacked. In fact, no plane is hijacked as the villains of the series were killed back in 1984 in the godown shootout. Characters of Shantanu and Gaurango (the CBI officials and friends in the earlier episodes) even run into each other in the plane but do not greet each other. This means that the two never became friends in this alternate reality and probably Shantanu did not even get to join the CBI. It is also shown that Bihu's mother feels guilty about lying to her about the stillborn and thus reveals the orphanage where the baby was abandoned. The new, alternate reality ending sequence shows Shantanu calling a now aged Bihu his mother and asking her, “had grandmother not told you that I was at this orphanage, how would you have taken me back?” Meaning, since Shantanu was able to kill Professor Mitra, the course of everyone's future changed altogether. Thus, the JL50 that Bihu had piloted in 1984 never got hijacked, she never went missing and hence she never went 35 years into the future via time\\-travel. Instead, she recovered Shantanu back from the orphanage thus allowing him to grow up as a normal child with his own birth mother, rather than as an orphan. This worked out very well for Shantanu in the alternate reality as he is now shown so much happier, content and peaceful rather than the orphaned and hence disturbed, morose, hurt CBI official of the earlier episodes from a different reality.",
"The final scene shows an elderly Bihu and Shantanu in 2019—both empathetic, happy and grateful—distributing gifts on his recovery\\-day, to the orphans at that same orphanage. Shantanu is the only person who has a recollection of both the parallel, alternate realities that diverged from 1984 till 2019\\. In the end credits at 5 pm in 1984, it is 22 years Das from the year 1984 walks into the warehouse and picks the unburnt portion of the papers.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|A monument commemorating the [Battle of Newburn](/wiki/Battle_of_Newburn "Battle of Newburn") at Newburn Country Park](/wiki/File:Monument_commemorating_the_Battle_of_Newburn_Ford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1987178.jpg "Monument commemorating the Battle of Newburn Ford - geograph.org.uk - 1987178.jpg")
Though some claim the area's name comes from the [Old English](/wiki/Old_English "Old English") for "New [Fort](/wiki/Fort "Fort") or [Castle](/wiki/Castle "Castle")" (*burh* or *burg* being the Old English for *fort* or *castle*), the name is more commonly thought to have come from the Dewley or New Burn, which runs through the area. This is somewhat substantiated by the fact that the settlement was recorded as Neuburna in 1121, rather than Neuburh.{{cite web
\| title \= Newburn
\| work \= Steve Ellwood
\| url \= http://steveellwood.tripod.com/photographsofnortheastofengland/id3\.html
\| access\-date \= 2008\-07\-02
}}{{cite book
\| last \= Beckensall
\| first \= Stan
\| title \= Northumberland Place\-Names
\| year \= 2004
\| publisher \= Butler Publishing
\| location \= Morpeth
\| isbn \= 0\-946928\-41\-X
}}
Newburn was originally considered to have pre\-eminence over Newcastle, as Newburn was the first point up from the mouth of the river that was [fordable](/wiki/Ford_%28crossing%29 "Ford (crossing)"). The [Romans](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") marked this ford with a framework of stones, and may have built a fort to command the crossing. The area has other Roman connections, with the route of [Hadrian's Wall](/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall "Hadrian's Wall") cutting across its northern half, before running toward [Throckley](/wiki/Throckley "Throckley").{{cite book
\| first1 \= John \| last1 \= Edminson
\| first2 \= Drew \| last2 \= Edminson
\| title \= Old Tyneside from Throckley to Walker
\| year \= 2002
\| publisher \= Stenlake Publishing
\| location \= United Kingdom
\| isbn \= 1\-84033\-214\-X
\| pages \= 8–15
}} From the eighth century, Newburn was a [royal vill](/wiki/Royal_vill "Royal vill") or town, and Newcastle didn't become a more important settlement until [Plantagenet](/wiki/Plantagenet "Plantagenet") times.
Between 1332 and 1974 the [Percy family](/wiki/House_of_Percy "House of Percy") were associated with Newburn, and [Hugh Percy](/wiki/Hugh_Percy%2C_10th_Duke_of_Northumberland "Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland") was the last to inherit Newburn Manor House, which was built in the 16th century. Also in the area at this time was Newburn Hall, which was built in the 15th century.
On 28 August 1640, the [Battle of Newburn](/wiki/Battle_of_Newburn "Battle of Newburn") took place. The [Scottish](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") [Covenanters](/wiki/Covenanter "Covenanter"), led by [Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven](/wiki/Alexander_Leslie%2C_1st_Earl_of_Leven "Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven"), planted [guns](/wiki/Gun "Gun") at Newburn to protect them while [fording the river](/wiki/Ford_%28crossing%29 "Ford (crossing)"), after which they defeated the [English](/wiki/England "England") on the south side of the river at Stellahaugh, and subsequently occupied Newcastle upon Tyne.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/local\-news/ten\-interesting\-facts\-newburn\-\-1342310 \|title \= Ten interesting facts about Newburn \& Walbottle\|date \= January 2012}} The Scottish claim this occupation to have been the prologue to the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War"). The name of Scotswood, one of the [manufacturing](/wiki/Manufacturing "Manufacturing") areas between Newburn and the city centre, commemorates one of their positions.
Newburn and nearby [Lemington](/wiki/Lemington "Lemington") had always been considered among the greenest areas of Newcastle, and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the majority of vegetables supplied to local markets came from Newburn and [Hexham](/wiki/Hexham "Hexham"). Prior to the early 19th century, the majority of employment in the Newburn area was for [fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen "Fishermen"), [keelmen](/wiki/Keelmen "Keelmen") and [miners](/wiki/Miner "Miner").
The district has many associations with the [early development of the railway](/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_to_1830 "History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830"). The famous engineer [George Stephenson](/wiki/George_Stephenson "George Stephenson"), who was born in [Wylam](/wiki/Wylam "Wylam") a few miles to the west of Newburn, was twice married in Newburn Church, though he is buried in [Chesterfield](/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church%2C_Chesterfield "Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield") in Derbyshire, and worked in the Water Row [pit](/wiki/Coal_mining "Coal mining") in Newburn. The area is also the birthplace of an earlier steam pioneer [William Hedley](/wiki/William_Hedley "William Hedley"), whose first locomotive [*Puffing Billy*](/wiki/Puffing_Billy_%28locomotive%29 "Puffing Billy (locomotive)") was built in 1812, two years prior to his rival's first locomotive [*Blücher*](/wiki/Killingworth_locomotives%23Bl%C3%BCcher "Killingworth locomotives#Blücher"). A gravestone in Newburn churchyard marks Hedley's burial in 1843\. The future railway engineers [Joseph](/wiki/Joseph_Armstrong_%28engineer%29 "Joseph Armstrong (engineer)") and [George Armstrong](/wiki/George_Armstrong_%28engineer%29 "George Armstrong (engineer)") both lived in the village from 1824, and found their first employment at nearby [Walbottle](/wiki/Walbottle "Walbottle") Colliery.
In 1855, William Whellan's *History, Topography, and Directory of Northumberland* described the banks of the Tyne at this point having extensive [iron works](/wiki/Iron_works "Iron works"), [coal staithes](/wiki/Wharf "Wharf"), [brickyards](/wiki/Brickyard "Brickyard"), [chemical works](/wiki/Chemical_industry "Chemical industry") and other manufactories.{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.genuki.bpears.org.uk/NBL/Newburn/
\| title \= Newburn
\| first \= Brian
\| last \= Pears
\| date \= 3 August 2010
\| work \= \[\[GENUKI]]
\| access\-date \= 29 August 2010
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100804062227/http://www.genuki.bpears.org.uk/NBL/Newburn/
\| archive\-date \= 4 August 2010
\| url\-status \= dead
}}
In 1822 John Spencer established [Newburn Steelworks](/wiki/Newburn_Steelworks "Newburn Steelworks") in a small mill for grinding [files](/wiki/File_%28tool%29 "File (tool)"), on the Dewley Burn in the north of Newburn. Over the course of next hundred or so years his mill grew to take over much of Newburn as the demand for steel boomed with the growth of railways and other industries. By the late 19th century, the works had spread to the east of the area along the banks of the Tyne to such an extent Newburn Hall was "embedded" in them. In 1916 the mill had a weekly output of 1,500 tons. Steel plates for the liner [RMS *Mauretania*](/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_%281906%29 "RMS Mauretania (1906)") were made by Spencers. However the industry was hit hard by the depression after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") and the steel works closed between 1924 and 1926, despite a large effort to raise £75,000 needed to save the works. The works' large number of {{convert\|130\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} high chimneys were demolished in 1933\. A number of buildings connected with the works still stand today, although with new uses, including two large sheds which are now owned by H. Pringle, used as a large indoor scrapyard, and offices which are now used by the Multi\-Lab company.
In the 1850s, the Newburn Brickworks was built as part of the North Wallbottle and Blucher Colliery Company. The works were situated near Spencer's early mill in the north of Newburn. It was connected to the colliery at Blucher by a small railway, which continued onto the [staithes](/wiki/Staithes "Staithes") at Lemington. Newburn bricks were mainly used for industrial buildings such as sewers, tunnels and arches. The works closed in 1965 and demolished in 1979 to make way for a council\-run [recycling centre](/wiki/Civic_amenity_site "Civic amenity site"). Its sister plant, Throckley Brick Works, still operates.{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.penmorfa.com/bricks/england5\.html
\| title \= Old Bricks \- history at your feet
\| work \= penmorfa.com
\| access\-date \= 29 May 2011
}}
In the early twentieth century, around 4,000 people lived in the area. A [working men's club](/wiki/Working_men%27s_club "Working men's club") was built, comprising a [library](/wiki/Library "Library"), [reading rooms](/wiki/Reading_room "Reading room") and [lecture rooms](/wiki/Classroom "Classroom") for community meetings. By 1925 the building was used as a [dole office](/wiki/Unemployment_benefits "Unemployment benefits"), and in 1990 adapted for use as a [residential care home](/wiki/Nursing_home "Nursing home").
In 1922, Newburn U.D.C. High Street Fire Station was built. The building still stands today, but the [Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service") moved to [West Denton](/wiki/West_Denton "West Denton") in December 1980\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A monument commemorating the [Battle of Newburn](/wiki/Battle_of_Newburn \"Battle of Newburn\") at Newburn Country Park](/wiki/File:Monument_commemorating_the_Battle_of_Newburn_Ford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1987178.jpg \"Monument commemorating the Battle of Newburn Ford - geograph.org.uk - 1987178.jpg\")\nThough some claim the area's name comes from the [Old English](/wiki/Old_English \"Old English\") for \"New [Fort](/wiki/Fort \"Fort\") or [Castle](/wiki/Castle \"Castle\")\" (*burh* or *burg* being the Old English for *fort* or *castle*), the name is more commonly thought to have come from the Dewley or New Burn, which runs through the area. This is somewhat substantiated by the fact that the settlement was recorded as Neuburna in 1121, rather than Neuburh.{{cite web\n \\| title \\= Newburn\n \\| work \\= Steve Ellwood\n \\| url \\= http://steveellwood.tripod.com/photographsofnortheastofengland/id3\\.html\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-07\\-02\n}}{{cite book\n\\| last \\= Beckensall\n\\| first \\= Stan\n\\| title \\= Northumberland Place\\-Names\n\\| year \\= 2004\n\\| publisher \\= Butler Publishing\n\\| location \\= Morpeth\n\\| isbn \\= 0\\-946928\\-41\\-X\n}}",
"Newburn was originally considered to have pre\\-eminence over Newcastle, as Newburn was the first point up from the mouth of the river that was [fordable](/wiki/Ford_%28crossing%29 \"Ford (crossing)\"). The [Romans](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") marked this ford with a framework of stones, and may have built a fort to command the crossing. The area has other Roman connections, with the route of [Hadrian's Wall](/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall \"Hadrian's Wall\") cutting across its northern half, before running toward [Throckley](/wiki/Throckley \"Throckley\").{{cite book\n\\| first1 \\= John \\| last1 \\= Edminson\n\\| first2 \\= Drew \\| last2 \\= Edminson\n\\| title \\= Old Tyneside from Throckley to Walker\n\\| year \\= 2002\n\\| publisher \\= Stenlake Publishing\n\\| location \\= United Kingdom\n\\| isbn \\= 1\\-84033\\-214\\-X\n\\| pages \\= 8–15\n}} From the eighth century, Newburn was a [royal vill](/wiki/Royal_vill \"Royal vill\") or town, and Newcastle didn't become a more important settlement until [Plantagenet](/wiki/Plantagenet \"Plantagenet\") times.",
"Between 1332 and 1974 the [Percy family](/wiki/House_of_Percy \"House of Percy\") were associated with Newburn, and [Hugh Percy](/wiki/Hugh_Percy%2C_10th_Duke_of_Northumberland \"Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland\") was the last to inherit Newburn Manor House, which was built in the 16th century. Also in the area at this time was Newburn Hall, which was built in the 15th century.",
"On 28 August 1640, the [Battle of Newburn](/wiki/Battle_of_Newburn \"Battle of Newburn\") took place. The [Scottish](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") [Covenanters](/wiki/Covenanter \"Covenanter\"), led by [Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven](/wiki/Alexander_Leslie%2C_1st_Earl_of_Leven \"Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven\"), planted [guns](/wiki/Gun \"Gun\") at Newburn to protect them while [fording the river](/wiki/Ford_%28crossing%29 \"Ford (crossing)\"), after which they defeated the [English](/wiki/England \"England\") on the south side of the river at Stellahaugh, and subsequently occupied Newcastle upon Tyne.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/local\\-news/ten\\-interesting\\-facts\\-newburn\\-\\-1342310 \\|title \\= Ten interesting facts about Newburn \\& Walbottle\\|date \\= January 2012}} The Scottish claim this occupation to have been the prologue to the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\"). The name of Scotswood, one of the [manufacturing](/wiki/Manufacturing \"Manufacturing\") areas between Newburn and the city centre, commemorates one of their positions.",
"Newburn and nearby [Lemington](/wiki/Lemington \"Lemington\") had always been considered among the greenest areas of Newcastle, and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the majority of vegetables supplied to local markets came from Newburn and [Hexham](/wiki/Hexham \"Hexham\"). Prior to the early 19th century, the majority of employment in the Newburn area was for [fishermen](/wiki/Fishermen \"Fishermen\"), [keelmen](/wiki/Keelmen \"Keelmen\") and [miners](/wiki/Miner \"Miner\").",
"The district has many associations with the [early development of the railway](/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_to_1830 \"History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830\"). The famous engineer [George Stephenson](/wiki/George_Stephenson \"George Stephenson\"), who was born in [Wylam](/wiki/Wylam \"Wylam\") a few miles to the west of Newburn, was twice married in Newburn Church, though he is buried in [Chesterfield](/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church%2C_Chesterfield \"Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield\") in Derbyshire, and worked in the Water Row [pit](/wiki/Coal_mining \"Coal mining\") in Newburn. The area is also the birthplace of an earlier steam pioneer [William Hedley](/wiki/William_Hedley \"William Hedley\"), whose first locomotive [*Puffing Billy*](/wiki/Puffing_Billy_%28locomotive%29 \"Puffing Billy (locomotive)\") was built in 1812, two years prior to his rival's first locomotive [*Blücher*](/wiki/Killingworth_locomotives%23Bl%C3%BCcher \"Killingworth locomotives#Blücher\"). A gravestone in Newburn churchyard marks Hedley's burial in 1843\\. The future railway engineers [Joseph](/wiki/Joseph_Armstrong_%28engineer%29 \"Joseph Armstrong (engineer)\") and [George Armstrong](/wiki/George_Armstrong_%28engineer%29 \"George Armstrong (engineer)\") both lived in the village from 1824, and found their first employment at nearby [Walbottle](/wiki/Walbottle \"Walbottle\") Colliery.",
"In 1855, William Whellan's *History, Topography, and Directory of Northumberland* described the banks of the Tyne at this point having extensive [iron works](/wiki/Iron_works \"Iron works\"), [coal staithes](/wiki/Wharf \"Wharf\"), [brickyards](/wiki/Brickyard \"Brickyard\"), [chemical works](/wiki/Chemical_industry \"Chemical industry\") and other manufactories.{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://www.genuki.bpears.org.uk/NBL/Newburn/\n\\| title \\= Newburn\n\\| first \\= Brian\n\\| last \\= Pears\n\\| date \\= 3 August 2010\n\\| work \\= \\[\\[GENUKI]]\n\\| access\\-date \\= 29 August 2010\n\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100804062227/http://www.genuki.bpears.org.uk/NBL/Newburn/\n\\| archive\\-date \\= 4 August 2010\n\\| url\\-status \\= dead\n}}",
"In 1822 John Spencer established [Newburn Steelworks](/wiki/Newburn_Steelworks \"Newburn Steelworks\") in a small mill for grinding [files](/wiki/File_%28tool%29 \"File (tool)\"), on the Dewley Burn in the north of Newburn. Over the course of next hundred or so years his mill grew to take over much of Newburn as the demand for steel boomed with the growth of railways and other industries. By the late 19th century, the works had spread to the east of the area along the banks of the Tyne to such an extent Newburn Hall was \"embedded\" in them. In 1916 the mill had a weekly output of 1,500 tons. Steel plates for the liner [RMS *Mauretania*](/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_%281906%29 \"RMS Mauretania (1906)\") were made by Spencers. However the industry was hit hard by the depression after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") and the steel works closed between 1924 and 1926, despite a large effort to raise £75,000 needed to save the works. The works' large number of {{convert\\|130\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} high chimneys were demolished in 1933\\. A number of buildings connected with the works still stand today, although with new uses, including two large sheds which are now owned by H. Pringle, used as a large indoor scrapyard, and offices which are now used by the Multi\\-Lab company.",
"In the 1850s, the Newburn Brickworks was built as part of the North Wallbottle and Blucher Colliery Company. The works were situated near Spencer's early mill in the north of Newburn. It was connected to the colliery at Blucher by a small railway, which continued onto the [staithes](/wiki/Staithes \"Staithes\") at Lemington. Newburn bricks were mainly used for industrial buildings such as sewers, tunnels and arches. The works closed in 1965 and demolished in 1979 to make way for a council\\-run [recycling centre](/wiki/Civic_amenity_site \"Civic amenity site\"). Its sister plant, Throckley Brick Works, still operates.{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://www.penmorfa.com/bricks/england5\\.html\n\\| title \\= Old Bricks \\- history at your feet\n\\| work \\= penmorfa.com\n\\| access\\-date \\= 29 May 2011\n}}",
"In the early twentieth century, around 4,000 people lived in the area. A [working men's club](/wiki/Working_men%27s_club \"Working men's club\") was built, comprising a [library](/wiki/Library \"Library\"), [reading rooms](/wiki/Reading_room \"Reading room\") and [lecture rooms](/wiki/Classroom \"Classroom\") for community meetings. By 1925 the building was used as a [dole office](/wiki/Unemployment_benefits \"Unemployment benefits\"), and in 1990 adapted for use as a [residential care home](/wiki/Nursing_home \"Nursing home\").",
"In 1922, Newburn U.D.C. High Street Fire Station was built. The building still stands today, but the [Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service\") moved to [West Denton](/wiki/West_Denton \"West Denton\") in December 1980\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The Yakans reside in the Sulu Archipelago, situated to the west of Zamboanga in [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao"). Traditionally they wear colorful, handwoven clothes. The women wear tight fitting short blouses and both sexes wear narrowcut pants resembling breeches. The women covers it partly with a wrap\-around material while the man wraps a sash\-like cloth around the waist where he places his weapon – usually a long knife. Nowadays most Yakans wear western clothes and use their traditional clothes only for cultural festivals.
The Spaniards called the Yakan, "*Sameacas*" and considered them an aloof and sometimes hostile [hill people](/wiki/Hill_people "Hill people") (Wulff 1978:149; Haylaya 1980:13\).
In the early 1970s, some of the Yakan settled in [Zamboanga City](/wiki/Zamboanga_City "Zamboanga City") due to political unrest that led to armed conflict between militant Muslim groups and government soldiers. The Yakan Village in Upper [Calarian](/wiki/Calarian "Calarian") is famous among Filipino and foreign tourists because of their art of weaving. Traditionally, they have used plants such as pineapple and [abaca](/wiki/Abaca "Abaca") converted into fibers as basic material for weaving. Using herbal extracts from leaves, roots and barks, the Yakans dyed the fibers and produced colorful combinations and intricate designs.
[thumb\|180px\|right\|Filipino Americans portraying the traditional makeup and attire of a newlywed Yakan couple.](/wiki/File:Yakan.jpg "Yakan.jpg")
The *Seputangan* is the most intricate design worn by the women around their waist or as a head cloth. The Palipattang is patterned after the color of the rainbow while the *bunga\-sama*, after the python. Almost every Yakan fabric can be described as unique since the finished materials are not exactly identical. Differences may be seen in the pattern or in the design or in the distribution of colors.
Contacts with settlers from [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon"), [Visayas](/wiki/Visayas "Visayas"), and the [American Peace Corps](/wiki/Peace_Corps "Peace Corps") brought about changes in the art and style of weaving. Many resorted to using chemical dyes, which are more convenient, and started weaving table runners, placemats, wall decor, purses, and other items that are not present in a traditional Yakan house. In other words, Yakan communities, for economic reason, catered to the needs of their customers, demonstrating their trading acumen. New designs were introduced, such as *kenna\-kenna*, patterned after a fish; *dawen\-dawen*, after the leaf of a vine; *pene mata\-mata*, after the shape of an eye or the *kabang buddi*, a diamond\-shaped design.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Yakans reside in the Sulu Archipelago, situated to the west of Zamboanga in [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao \"Mindanao\"). Traditionally they wear colorful, handwoven clothes. The women wear tight fitting short blouses and both sexes wear narrowcut pants resembling breeches. The women covers it partly with a wrap\\-around material while the man wraps a sash\\-like cloth around the waist where he places his weapon – usually a long knife. Nowadays most Yakans wear western clothes and use their traditional clothes only for cultural festivals.",
"The Spaniards called the Yakan, \"*Sameacas*\" and considered them an aloof and sometimes hostile [hill people](/wiki/Hill_people \"Hill people\") (Wulff 1978:149; Haylaya 1980:13\\).",
"In the early 1970s, some of the Yakan settled in [Zamboanga City](/wiki/Zamboanga_City \"Zamboanga City\") due to political unrest that led to armed conflict between militant Muslim groups and government soldiers. The Yakan Village in Upper [Calarian](/wiki/Calarian \"Calarian\") is famous among Filipino and foreign tourists because of their art of weaving. Traditionally, they have used plants such as pineapple and [abaca](/wiki/Abaca \"Abaca\") converted into fibers as basic material for weaving. Using herbal extracts from leaves, roots and barks, the Yakans dyed the fibers and produced colorful combinations and intricate designs.",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|right\\|Filipino Americans portraying the traditional makeup and attire of a newlywed Yakan couple.](/wiki/File:Yakan.jpg \"Yakan.jpg\")",
"The *Seputangan* is the most intricate design worn by the women around their waist or as a head cloth. The Palipattang is patterned after the color of the rainbow while the *bunga\\-sama*, after the python. Almost every Yakan fabric can be described as unique since the finished materials are not exactly identical. Differences may be seen in the pattern or in the design or in the distribution of colors.",
"Contacts with settlers from [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\"), [Visayas](/wiki/Visayas \"Visayas\"), and the [American Peace Corps](/wiki/Peace_Corps \"Peace Corps\") brought about changes in the art and style of weaving. Many resorted to using chemical dyes, which are more convenient, and started weaving table runners, placemats, wall decor, purses, and other items that are not present in a traditional Yakan house. In other words, Yakan communities, for economic reason, catered to the needs of their customers, demonstrating their trading acumen. New designs were introduced, such as *kenna\\-kenna*, patterned after a fish; *dawen\\-dawen*, after the leaf of a vine; *pene mata\\-mata*, after the shape of an eye or the *kabang buddi*, a diamond\\-shaped design.",
""
] |
Gameplay and synopsis
---------------------
[thumb\|left\|*Silver Surfer* is widely regarded as one of the hardest video games on the NES, a quintessential example of a “[Nintendo hard](/wiki/Nintendo_hard "Nintendo hard")” game.](/wiki/File:Silver_Surfer_gameplay.gif "Silver Surfer gameplay.gif")
In *Silver Surfer*, the player controls the character [Silver Surfer](/wiki/Silver_Surfer "Silver Surfer") through various levels that alternate between a side\-scrolling and an overhead perspective.
Each stage is divided into sections. At the end of each section, a mini\-boss appears, and the Silver Surfer must shoot the main enemy while many other enemies attack as well. These are the only times where the screen stops scrolling forward. The third and final section contains a super\-villain from the comic book series who will take more hits to defeat. The villains featured in the game are [Reptyl](/wiki/Reptyl "Reptyl"), [Mephisto](/wiki/Mephisto_%28comics%29 "Mephisto (comics)"), [Possessor](/wiki/Possessor_%28comics%29 "Possessor (comics)"), [Fire Lord](/wiki/Firelord_%28comics%29 "Firelord (comics)"), and [Kylor, the self\-proclaimed emperor of the Skrull](/wiki/Skrull "Skrull").
After the first set of levels is complete, [Galactus](/wiki/Galactus "Galactus") appears and sends Silver Surfer on a final mission into the Magik Domain to collect a "Cosmic Device" from a villain whose identity is less than clear. Despite previous claims, the final boss is actually a giant purple being with a handgun that does not appear to have been in the comics, although the image near the boss's health bar suggests that the main antagonist is X\-Men villain [Mister Sinister](/wiki/Mister_Sinister "Mister Sinister"). Once Silver Surfer defeats him, the rest of the Cosmic Device is his; he tells Galactus that no one must have access to it and hides it for safe keeping so it may not fall into the wrong hands.
The game has a password feature that allows a number of upgrades, such as invincibility. The game has cut\-scenes between the levels to move the story line ahead, and allows the player to pick the levels in any order, similar to the *[Mega Man](/wiki/Mega_Man_%28series%29 "Mega Man (series)")* games. The game also features two additional 'quests', the first of which is unlocked by entering a password given to the player upon completing the "Magik Domain" mission.
Silver Surfer is armed with silver pellets that shoot out of his hands to destroy enemies and their projectiles. The player can collect silver spheres that serve as "options", which shoot additional pellets alongside the Silver Surfer. By pressing the B button, the spheres switch position to shoot forward, sideways or backward, while the Silver Surfer continues to fire forward.
There are two other kinds of power\-ups: collecting squares with an "F" can make shots gradually stronger to make the shots look like fire pellets. Up to five can be collected before they give bonus points instead. Collecting squares with a "B" will stock screen\-clearing bombs, used by pressing the Select button; every life starts with one of these in stock.
When a life is lost, all spheres, firepower, and extra bombs are lost and must be re\-obtained.
|
[
"Gameplay and synopsis\n---------------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|*Silver Surfer* is widely regarded as one of the hardest video games on the NES, a quintessential example of a “[Nintendo hard](/wiki/Nintendo_hard \"Nintendo hard\")” game.](/wiki/File:Silver_Surfer_gameplay.gif \"Silver Surfer gameplay.gif\")",
"In *Silver Surfer*, the player controls the character [Silver Surfer](/wiki/Silver_Surfer \"Silver Surfer\") through various levels that alternate between a side\\-scrolling and an overhead perspective.",
"Each stage is divided into sections. At the end of each section, a mini\\-boss appears, and the Silver Surfer must shoot the main enemy while many other enemies attack as well. These are the only times where the screen stops scrolling forward. The third and final section contains a super\\-villain from the comic book series who will take more hits to defeat. The villains featured in the game are [Reptyl](/wiki/Reptyl \"Reptyl\"), [Mephisto](/wiki/Mephisto_%28comics%29 \"Mephisto (comics)\"), [Possessor](/wiki/Possessor_%28comics%29 \"Possessor (comics)\"), [Fire Lord](/wiki/Firelord_%28comics%29 \"Firelord (comics)\"), and [Kylor, the self\\-proclaimed emperor of the Skrull](/wiki/Skrull \"Skrull\").",
"After the first set of levels is complete, [Galactus](/wiki/Galactus \"Galactus\") appears and sends Silver Surfer on a final mission into the Magik Domain to collect a \"Cosmic Device\" from a villain whose identity is less than clear. Despite previous claims, the final boss is actually a giant purple being with a handgun that does not appear to have been in the comics, although the image near the boss's health bar suggests that the main antagonist is X\\-Men villain [Mister Sinister](/wiki/Mister_Sinister \"Mister Sinister\"). Once Silver Surfer defeats him, the rest of the Cosmic Device is his; he tells Galactus that no one must have access to it and hides it for safe keeping so it may not fall into the wrong hands.",
"The game has a password feature that allows a number of upgrades, such as invincibility. The game has cut\\-scenes between the levels to move the story line ahead, and allows the player to pick the levels in any order, similar to the *[Mega Man](/wiki/Mega_Man_%28series%29 \"Mega Man (series)\")* games. The game also features two additional 'quests', the first of which is unlocked by entering a password given to the player upon completing the \"Magik Domain\" mission.",
"Silver Surfer is armed with silver pellets that shoot out of his hands to destroy enemies and their projectiles. The player can collect silver spheres that serve as \"options\", which shoot additional pellets alongside the Silver Surfer. By pressing the B button, the spheres switch position to shoot forward, sideways or backward, while the Silver Surfer continues to fire forward.",
"There are two other kinds of power\\-ups: collecting squares with an \"F\" can make shots gradually stronger to make the shots look like fire pellets. Up to five can be collected before they give bonus points instead. Collecting squares with a \"B\" will stock screen\\-clearing bombs, used by pressing the Select button; every life starts with one of these in stock.",
"When a life is lost, all spheres, firepower, and extra bombs are lost and must be re\\-obtained.",
""
] |
'Costume as a Second Skin' series
---------------------------------
Oh began her "Costume as a Second Skin' series while attaining her undergraduate degree at [Kyoto City University of Arts](/wiki/Kyoto_City_University_of_Arts "Kyoto City University of Arts"). In these earlier works, the artist explored various facets of Korean and Japanese [traditional garments](/wiki/Folk_costume "Folk costume") as a way to visualize her transnational identity and excavate her [Zainichi Korean roots](/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan "Koreans in Japan") through the art of textile making.{{Cite journal\|last\=OH\|first\=Haji\|date\=2011\|title\=What does the Ethnic Costume Represent?\|journal\=Asia Colloquia Papers\|pages\=1}} Oh approached clothing as inseparable from daily life, and ethnic costume in particular as a strong way to express one's ethnic, cultural, religious, and gender identity. In her own words, "ethnic costumes have two features—one as a private “second skin” and the other as a “symbol” of social belonging." The artist insists that her works are not an exploration of fashion, but are rather about culture and ethnicity expressed through clothing. Through labor\-intensive processes, Oh's artworks reflect the accumulation of time that begins with a single yarn that offers the possibility of connecting people to their roots, and over time can forge new, inclusive narratives out of once\-rigid national signs.{{Cite web\|date\=2017\|title\=ORIENTITY (since 2004\)\|url\=https://starkimproject.com/oirentity\-2004/\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-09\|website\=star\~kim project (\[\[kimura byol\-nathalie lemoine]])\|language\=en}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=JIN\|first1\=Eun\-young\|last2\=SHIM\|first2\=Bo\-seon\|date\=2015\|title\=The Politics and Aesthetics of the Wound: Performative Narratives of the People by ''Zainichi'' Korean Artists\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.25024/kj.2015\.55\.1\.86\|journal\=Korea Journal\|volume\=55\|issue\=1\|pages\=86–111\|doi\=10\.25024/kj.2015\.55\.1\.86\|issn\=0023\-3900\|doi\-access\=free}}
### *Wedding Dress for Minority Race* (2000\)
For *Wedding Dress for Minority Race*, Oh deconstructed a used Japanese [kimono](/wiki/Kimono "Kimono") and reconstructed it into a Korean [hanbok](/wiki/Hanbok "Hanbok") dress that would typically be worn for a [wedding ceremony](/wiki/Korean_wedding "Korean wedding").{{Cite journal\|last\=Yamamoto\|first\=Hiroki\|date\=2019\|title\=Decolonial Possibilities of Transnationalism in Contemporary Zainichi Korean Art\|journal\=Situations\|pages\=111}} Oh also used fabric from a nagajuban, the slip worn beneath a kimono, to fashion a red undergarment that viewers could glimpse beneath the finished hanbok. By joining traditional garments from Japan and Korea into one single dress, Oh created a symbol of cross\-national hybridity that highlighted the existence of an ethnic minority. The hybrid wedding dress introduced multiple ways of interpretation—it may look like a kimono to Koreans, but in the eyes of Japanese viewers it may look like a hanbok.{{Cite journal\|last1\=JIN\|first1\=Eun\-young\|last2\=SHIM\|first2\=Bo\-seon\|date\=2015\|title\=The Politics and Aesthetics of the Wound: Performative Narratives of the People by Zainichi Korean Artists\|journal\=Korea Journal\|pages\=100–101}}
Oh created this piece during the final year of her undergraduate degree. Oh has written that creating *Wedding Dress for Minority Race* offered the artist her first chance to think deeply about the meaning of Zainichi Koreans' position in Japanese society. She was specifically trying to create an [ethnic costume](/wiki/Folk_costume "Folk costume") representing the identity of a Zainichi woman living in Japan, and created the [wedding dress](/wiki/Wedding_dress "Wedding dress") to explore the meaning of belonging to a [minority race](/wiki/Minority_group "Minority group").
### *Roots* (2000\)
Oh created *Roots* as an artistic reflection on her decision to begin using both her Korean and Japanese name in public at the end of her undergraduate degree. She sewed a white garment inspired by the motif of a [chima jeogori](/wiki/Chima_jeogori "Chima jeogori"), a traditional Korean outfit for woman that pairs a skirt (chima) and short jacket (jeogori), and meticulously silkscreened and embroidered her paternal family tree onto the surface of the finished dress as a way to visualize the transnational ancestry of her Zainichi Korean roots.{{Cite journal\|last\=Yamamoto\|first\=Hiroki\|date\=2019\|title\=Decolonial Possibilities of Transnationalism in Contemporary Zainichi Korean Art\|journal\=Situations\|pages\=112}} Next to the finished dress, Oh hung a necklace from the ceiling with a pendant that had a photograph belonging to the artist inside.
Through the painstaking process of producing the garment and embroidering her family tree onto the dress, Oh was able to consider the political and social impacts of using her Korean name, creating layers of memories, time, and thought while giving material expression to her "in\-between" position in Japanese society.
### *Sange* (2005\)
Oh created her installation artwork *Sange* (sometimes referred to as *Scattered Flowers*) to explore the socio\-political implications of wearing a [chima jeogori](/wiki/Chima_jeogori "Chima jeogori") for Zainichi Korean women in Japan.{{Cite journal\|last\=OH\|first\=Haji\|date\=2011\|title\=What does the Ethnic Costume Represent?\|journal\=Asia Colloquia Papers\|pages\=6–8}} Although chima jeogori were often worn by Koreans residing in Japan for different ceremonies such as [weddings](/wiki/Wedding "Wedding"), commencements, and [coming\-of\-age\-ceremonies](/wiki/Coming_of_age "Coming of age"), the outfit would inevitably reveal the wearers' identity as Zainichi, inviting negative social and sexual associations about Korean women within Japanese society. The artist considers the chima jeogori "not as a dress to be worn on a special day or even daily wear, but as a representation of the history between Japan and Korea." For *Sange*, Oh consciously explored the historical and contemporary meanings of the identities associated with particular ethnic clothing by creating a garment similar to a chima jeogori, but with significant differences that prevented it from being fully identified with the traditional garment.
Oh's chima jeogori\-like dress was installed beneath a sheer [organdy](/wiki/Organdy "Organdy") curtain that surrounded the garment. Beneath the skirt and jacket, a long, silk Japanese nagajuban (traditional undergarment for a Japanese [kimono](/wiki/Kimono "Kimono")) that Oh had dyed a deep red was visible. The dress also had a distinctive collar that appeared to be inspired by Chinese traditional clothing.{{Cite journal\|last\=Yamamoto\|first\=Hiroki\|date\=2019\|title\=Decolonial Possibilities of Transnationalism in Contemporary Zainichi Korean Art\|journal\=Situations\|pages\=113}} Oh placed red flower petals made from silk on the ground surrounding the dress, and on each petal the artist had meticulously stitched the lyrics from an old Korean song in [katakana](/wiki/Katakana "Katakana") (Japanese alphabet primarily used for the pronunciation of foreign words). Next to the dress was a television monitor displaying a close\-up video of hands working continuously on a [loom](/wiki/Loom "Loom"). By combining multiple characteristics that drew from the traditional clothing of different nations, Oh envisions the ethnic costume of a community that exists beyond the borders of the nation, imagining traditions for those that encapsulate plural societies and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds.
|
[
"'Costume as a Second Skin' series\n---------------------------------",
"Oh began her \"Costume as a Second Skin' series while attaining her undergraduate degree at [Kyoto City University of Arts](/wiki/Kyoto_City_University_of_Arts \"Kyoto City University of Arts\"). In these earlier works, the artist explored various facets of Korean and Japanese [traditional garments](/wiki/Folk_costume \"Folk costume\") as a way to visualize her transnational identity and excavate her [Zainichi Korean roots](/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan \"Koreans in Japan\") through the art of textile making.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=OH\\|first\\=Haji\\|date\\=2011\\|title\\=What does the Ethnic Costume Represent?\\|journal\\=Asia Colloquia Papers\\|pages\\=1}} Oh approached clothing as inseparable from daily life, and ethnic costume in particular as a strong way to express one's ethnic, cultural, religious, and gender identity. In her own words, \"ethnic costumes have two features—one as a private “second skin” and the other as a “symbol” of social belonging.\" The artist insists that her works are not an exploration of fashion, but are rather about culture and ethnicity expressed through clothing. Through labor\\-intensive processes, Oh's artworks reflect the accumulation of time that begins with a single yarn that offers the possibility of connecting people to their roots, and over time can forge new, inclusive narratives out of once\\-rigid national signs.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2017\\|title\\=ORIENTITY (since 2004\\)\\|url\\=https://starkimproject.com/oirentity\\-2004/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-09\\|website\\=star\\~kim project (\\[\\[kimura byol\\-nathalie lemoine]])\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=JIN\\|first1\\=Eun\\-young\\|last2\\=SHIM\\|first2\\=Bo\\-seon\\|date\\=2015\\|title\\=The Politics and Aesthetics of the Wound: Performative Narratives of the People by ''Zainichi'' Korean Artists\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.25024/kj.2015\\.55\\.1\\.86\\|journal\\=Korea Journal\\|volume\\=55\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=86–111\\|doi\\=10\\.25024/kj.2015\\.55\\.1\\.86\\|issn\\=0023\\-3900\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"### *Wedding Dress for Minority Race* (2000\\)",
"For *Wedding Dress for Minority Race*, Oh deconstructed a used Japanese [kimono](/wiki/Kimono \"Kimono\") and reconstructed it into a Korean [hanbok](/wiki/Hanbok \"Hanbok\") dress that would typically be worn for a [wedding ceremony](/wiki/Korean_wedding \"Korean wedding\").{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Yamamoto\\|first\\=Hiroki\\|date\\=2019\\|title\\=Decolonial Possibilities of Transnationalism in Contemporary Zainichi Korean Art\\|journal\\=Situations\\|pages\\=111}} Oh also used fabric from a nagajuban, the slip worn beneath a kimono, to fashion a red undergarment that viewers could glimpse beneath the finished hanbok. By joining traditional garments from Japan and Korea into one single dress, Oh created a symbol of cross\\-national hybridity that highlighted the existence of an ethnic minority. The hybrid wedding dress introduced multiple ways of interpretation—it may look like a kimono to Koreans, but in the eyes of Japanese viewers it may look like a hanbok.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=JIN\\|first1\\=Eun\\-young\\|last2\\=SHIM\\|first2\\=Bo\\-seon\\|date\\=2015\\|title\\=The Politics and Aesthetics of the Wound: Performative Narratives of the People by Zainichi Korean Artists\\|journal\\=Korea Journal\\|pages\\=100–101}}",
"Oh created this piece during the final year of her undergraduate degree. Oh has written that creating *Wedding Dress for Minority Race* offered the artist her first chance to think deeply about the meaning of Zainichi Koreans' position in Japanese society. She was specifically trying to create an [ethnic costume](/wiki/Folk_costume \"Folk costume\") representing the identity of a Zainichi woman living in Japan, and created the [wedding dress](/wiki/Wedding_dress \"Wedding dress\") to explore the meaning of belonging to a [minority race](/wiki/Minority_group \"Minority group\").",
"### *Roots* (2000\\)",
"Oh created *Roots* as an artistic reflection on her decision to begin using both her Korean and Japanese name in public at the end of her undergraduate degree. She sewed a white garment inspired by the motif of a [chima jeogori](/wiki/Chima_jeogori \"Chima jeogori\"), a traditional Korean outfit for woman that pairs a skirt (chima) and short jacket (jeogori), and meticulously silkscreened and embroidered her paternal family tree onto the surface of the finished dress as a way to visualize the transnational ancestry of her Zainichi Korean roots.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Yamamoto\\|first\\=Hiroki\\|date\\=2019\\|title\\=Decolonial Possibilities of Transnationalism in Contemporary Zainichi Korean Art\\|journal\\=Situations\\|pages\\=112}} Next to the finished dress, Oh hung a necklace from the ceiling with a pendant that had a photograph belonging to the artist inside.",
"Through the painstaking process of producing the garment and embroidering her family tree onto the dress, Oh was able to consider the political and social impacts of using her Korean name, creating layers of memories, time, and thought while giving material expression to her \"in\\-between\" position in Japanese society.",
"### *Sange* (2005\\)",
"Oh created her installation artwork *Sange* (sometimes referred to as *Scattered Flowers*) to explore the socio\\-political implications of wearing a [chima jeogori](/wiki/Chima_jeogori \"Chima jeogori\") for Zainichi Korean women in Japan.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=OH\\|first\\=Haji\\|date\\=2011\\|title\\=What does the Ethnic Costume Represent?\\|journal\\=Asia Colloquia Papers\\|pages\\=6–8}} Although chima jeogori were often worn by Koreans residing in Japan for different ceremonies such as [weddings](/wiki/Wedding \"Wedding\"), commencements, and [coming\\-of\\-age\\-ceremonies](/wiki/Coming_of_age \"Coming of age\"), the outfit would inevitably reveal the wearers' identity as Zainichi, inviting negative social and sexual associations about Korean women within Japanese society. The artist considers the chima jeogori \"not as a dress to be worn on a special day or even daily wear, but as a representation of the history between Japan and Korea.\" For *Sange*, Oh consciously explored the historical and contemporary meanings of the identities associated with particular ethnic clothing by creating a garment similar to a chima jeogori, but with significant differences that prevented it from being fully identified with the traditional garment.",
"Oh's chima jeogori\\-like dress was installed beneath a sheer [organdy](/wiki/Organdy \"Organdy\") curtain that surrounded the garment. Beneath the skirt and jacket, a long, silk Japanese nagajuban (traditional undergarment for a Japanese [kimono](/wiki/Kimono \"Kimono\")) that Oh had dyed a deep red was visible. The dress also had a distinctive collar that appeared to be inspired by Chinese traditional clothing.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Yamamoto\\|first\\=Hiroki\\|date\\=2019\\|title\\=Decolonial Possibilities of Transnationalism in Contemporary Zainichi Korean Art\\|journal\\=Situations\\|pages\\=113}} Oh placed red flower petals made from silk on the ground surrounding the dress, and on each petal the artist had meticulously stitched the lyrics from an old Korean song in [katakana](/wiki/Katakana \"Katakana\") (Japanese alphabet primarily used for the pronunciation of foreign words). Next to the dress was a television monitor displaying a close\\-up video of hands working continuously on a [loom](/wiki/Loom \"Loom\"). By combining multiple characteristics that drew from the traditional clothing of different nations, Oh envisions the ethnic costume of a community that exists beyond the borders of the nation, imagining traditions for those that encapsulate plural societies and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds.",
""
] |
Explorations into family history and Jeju Island
------------------------------------------------
In June 2001, Oh's grandmother passed away only two weeks before the artist's first solo exhibition, an event that deeply impacted the trajectory of Oh's artistic practice.{{Cite journal\|last\=Jennison\|first\=Rebecca\|date\=2007\|title\=Personal Geographies, Public Spaces: Contemporary Art on "the Borderlines" in Japan\|journal\=Journal of Kyoto Seika University\|pages\=205–207}} Shortly after her grandmother's passing, Oh left Japan for [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul") to study [Korean](/wiki/Korean_language "Korean language") and traditional Korean textiles and [stitching](/wiki/Stitching_awl "Stitching awl") techniques from 2002\-2004\.
The death of her grandmother and the experience of living in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") for the first time prompted Oh to further explore her own family history and incorporate more themes of history and memory in her artwork.{{Cite journal\|last\=Jennison\|first\=Rebecca\|date\=2017\|title\=Reimagining Islands: Notes on Selected Works by Oh Haji, Soni Kum, and Yamashiro Chikako\|journal\=Asian Diasporic Visual Cultures and the Americas\|pages\=160–161}} Oh and her late grandmother had been unable to communicate with each other well, due to her inability to speak Korean and her grandmother's inability to speak Japanese. As a way to recollect the gaps and silences in their communication, Oh conducted field research in [Jeju Island](/wiki/Jeju_Island "Jeju Island"), her grandmother's ancestral home. These experiences became the focus of a series of photographic and textile works that addressed Oh's sense of loss, cross\-generational memory, and transnational migration. This series addressed the intersection of Oh's experiences as a third\-generation [Zainichi Korean](/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan "Koreans in Japan") who had spent her whole life in Japan, and the "unknowable" memories of her grandmother's life before and after her move to Japan.
Oh's mixed media installations *Three Generations,* *Three Generations of Time*, and *Three Flowers* were included in an exhibition titled "Orientity" at the Kyoto Arts Center that Oh co\-curated in 2004\. The exhibit provided a platform for emerging artists of the Korean diaspora from Japan, the US, and Europe to publicly debut artworks that “problematiz\[ed] the closed and oppressive structure of the nation\-state.”
### *Three Generations* (2004\)
For *Three Generations,* Oh presented a row of five simple wooden frames. The frames on the end of the row were left empty and the three central frames contained photographic self portraits of Oh donning three different *[hanbok](/wiki/Hanbok "Hanbok")* or *[chima jeogori](/wiki/Chima_jeogori "Chima jeogori")*. In the background of each portrait, a road vanished into the distance behind the artist in an homage to [Jeju Island](/wiki/Jeju_Island "Jeju Island"), the ancestral home her grandmother left behind when she migrated to Japan.{{Cite book\|last\=Jennison\|first\=Rebecca\|url\=\|title\="Postmemory" in the Work of Oh Haji and Soni Kum\|date\=2015\|isbn\=\|location\=\|pages\=119–120\|oclc\=}} The three portraits embodied three generations of women in the artists' family: Oh wearing her grandmother's chima jeogori made of white, synthetic fabric popular among older generations; Oh wearing a bright red hanbok she made by hand; and Oh wearing her mother's hanbok. By bringing the three garments together through self portraiture, Oh forged a connection between the women of three different generations and life experiences and imagined what her grandmother's prewar journey from Jeju to Japan may have been like. By leaving the two outer frames empty, Oh drew more attention to the repeated motif of her own image, leaving the past and future of her ancestral line ambiguous and open\-ended.
### *Three Generations of Time* (2004\)
Oh used a photo silkscreen technique to create *Three Generations of Time* (sometimes referred to as *Three Times*), printing images of herself wearing the three garments from *Three Generations* (2004\), on a [sambe](/wiki/Sambe "Sambe"), a long strip of linen cloth traditionally used to honor the dead at [funerals.](/wiki/Funeral "Funeral") Oh’s grandmother had prepared this sambe for use at her funeral. The images of Oh in the long strip of photos depict her walking down the same [Jeju](/wiki/Jeju_Island "Jeju Island") road pictured in *Three Generations* (2004\), sometimes with her back turned and sometimes approaching the camera. By imprinting her own image onto the ceremonial cloth, Oh again attempted to connect to the disparate times that the three generations of women in her family lived through, in an act that the artist has referred to as “the process of remembering (or actively not forgetting) the history of Korean residents in Japan and passing on that history.”
### *Three Flowers* (2004\)
Oh carefully unraveled her grandmother's [chima jeogori](/wiki/Chima_jeogori "Chima jeogori") and reconstructed it into a new garment entitled *Three Flowers*. The title of the piece refers to the embroidered floral pattern the artist added throughout the original fabric of her grandmother's chima jeogori, then painted with brightly\-colored red and pink dye on the inside of the sheer garment, and finally connected by embroidering another layer of colored yarn.{{Cite book\|url\=https://s3images.coroflot.com/user\_files/individual\_files/397129\_71zDZ2181MIj9TiPY7QlJeVcg.pdf\|title\=Orientity: OH / OKAMURA Haji\|pages\=56}} The red and pink flowers are visually reminiscent of [azaleas](/wiki/Azalea "Azalea") flowers common in Korea, a connection that the artist may have associated with her own sense of loss and her grandmother's longing to return to her motherland and mother tongue in Korea. Oh refused to allow her grandmother's untold stories, desires, and memories to fade away, instead engaging in this meditative and labor\-intensive process as a way of reviving and solidifying her grandmother's presence in her life.
### *Inside of her Skirt* / *Memory* (2006\)
In 2006, Oh created a large mixed\-media installation titled *Inside her Skirt* (also exhibited as *Memory*) in which she used a combination of textiles, photographs, and wall\-inscriptions to continue engaging with the question of silence and memories across generations of women in her family, with a particular focus on imaginatively recalling the life of her grandmother after her death in 2001\.{{Cite web\|last1\=Hein\|first1\=Lauren\|last2\=Jennison\|first2\=Rebecca\|date\=July 2011\|title\=Against Forgetting: Three Generations of Artists in Japan in Dialogue about the Legacies of World War II\|url\=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/30/Laura\-Hein/3573/article.html\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-08\|website\=The Asia\-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus}}{{Cite journal\|last\=OH\|first\=Haji\|date\=2011\|title\=What does the Ethnic Costume Represent?\|journal\=Asia Colloquia Papers\|pages\=9–10}}
The centerpiece of the installation was a large, sheer [organdy](/wiki/Organdy "Organdy") skirt with a long train that spread itself across the floor. Oh spent hours imprinting the entirety of the skirt with a delicate floral pattern similar to the pattern of skirts once worn by her grandmother. On a small table with a glass mirror top, the artist placed a spool of white cord that had long threads suspending up to the ceiling and also sweeping down to the floor in a twisted, unraveling form reminiscent of long, white hair or an umbilical cord.{{Cite book\|last\=Jennison\|first\=Rebecca\|title\="Postmemory" in the Work of Oh Haji and Soni Kum\|year\=2015\|pages\=120–121\|chapter\=}} On one wall, Oh also hung three black and white photographs of her grandmother’s [jeogori](/wiki/Jeogori "Jeogori") as a way to produce soft, yet striking images that conveyed a sense of her grandmother's bodily presence in the exhibition space.
The artist created *Inside her Skirt* as a way to offer "redress" for her own youthful obliviousness to her grandmother's linguistic isolation as a Japanese resident who could not speak Japanese well—literally "re\-clothing" the memory of her grandmother by undertaking the meticulous process of imprinting the skirt with the floral pattern by hand. Without a way to communicate, Oh had never learned much about her grandmother's life or feelings. Although they had a shared an identity as Zainichi Koreans living in Japan, Oh and her grandmother shared little else until her death, when the artist wondered how she must have felt about her life in Japan and decided to explore the "gaps" and "silences" in their past communication.
|
[
"Explorations into family history and Jeju Island\n------------------------------------------------",
"In June 2001, Oh's grandmother passed away only two weeks before the artist's first solo exhibition, an event that deeply impacted the trajectory of Oh's artistic practice.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Jennison\\|first\\=Rebecca\\|date\\=2007\\|title\\=Personal Geographies, Public Spaces: Contemporary Art on \"the Borderlines\" in Japan\\|journal\\=Journal of Kyoto Seika University\\|pages\\=205–207}} Shortly after her grandmother's passing, Oh left Japan for [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\") to study [Korean](/wiki/Korean_language \"Korean language\") and traditional Korean textiles and [stitching](/wiki/Stitching_awl \"Stitching awl\") techniques from 2002\\-2004\\.",
"The death of her grandmother and the experience of living in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\") for the first time prompted Oh to further explore her own family history and incorporate more themes of history and memory in her artwork.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Jennison\\|first\\=Rebecca\\|date\\=2017\\|title\\=Reimagining Islands: Notes on Selected Works by Oh Haji, Soni Kum, and Yamashiro Chikako\\|journal\\=Asian Diasporic Visual Cultures and the Americas\\|pages\\=160–161}} Oh and her late grandmother had been unable to communicate with each other well, due to her inability to speak Korean and her grandmother's inability to speak Japanese. As a way to recollect the gaps and silences in their communication, Oh conducted field research in [Jeju Island](/wiki/Jeju_Island \"Jeju Island\"), her grandmother's ancestral home. These experiences became the focus of a series of photographic and textile works that addressed Oh's sense of loss, cross\\-generational memory, and transnational migration. This series addressed the intersection of Oh's experiences as a third\\-generation [Zainichi Korean](/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan \"Koreans in Japan\") who had spent her whole life in Japan, and the \"unknowable\" memories of her grandmother's life before and after her move to Japan.",
"Oh's mixed media installations *Three Generations,* *Three Generations of Time*, and *Three Flowers* were included in an exhibition titled \"Orientity\" at the Kyoto Arts Center that Oh co\\-curated in 2004\\. The exhibit provided a platform for emerging artists of the Korean diaspora from Japan, the US, and Europe to publicly debut artworks that “problematiz\\[ed] the closed and oppressive structure of the nation\\-state.”",
"### *Three Generations* (2004\\)",
"For *Three Generations,* Oh presented a row of five simple wooden frames. The frames on the end of the row were left empty and the three central frames contained photographic self portraits of Oh donning three different *[hanbok](/wiki/Hanbok \"Hanbok\")* or *[chima jeogori](/wiki/Chima_jeogori \"Chima jeogori\")*. In the background of each portrait, a road vanished into the distance behind the artist in an homage to [Jeju Island](/wiki/Jeju_Island \"Jeju Island\"), the ancestral home her grandmother left behind when she migrated to Japan.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Jennison\\|first\\=Rebecca\\|url\\=\\|title\\=\"Postmemory\" in the Work of Oh Haji and Soni Kum\\|date\\=2015\\|isbn\\=\\|location\\=\\|pages\\=119–120\\|oclc\\=}} The three portraits embodied three generations of women in the artists' family: Oh wearing her grandmother's chima jeogori made of white, synthetic fabric popular among older generations; Oh wearing a bright red hanbok she made by hand; and Oh wearing her mother's hanbok. By bringing the three garments together through self portraiture, Oh forged a connection between the women of three different generations and life experiences and imagined what her grandmother's prewar journey from Jeju to Japan may have been like. By leaving the two outer frames empty, Oh drew more attention to the repeated motif of her own image, leaving the past and future of her ancestral line ambiguous and open\\-ended.",
"### *Three Generations of Time* (2004\\)",
"Oh used a photo silkscreen technique to create *Three Generations of Time* (sometimes referred to as *Three Times*), printing images of herself wearing the three garments from *Three Generations* (2004\\), on a [sambe](/wiki/Sambe \"Sambe\"), a long strip of linen cloth traditionally used to honor the dead at [funerals.](/wiki/Funeral \"Funeral\") Oh’s grandmother had prepared this sambe for use at her funeral. The images of Oh in the long strip of photos depict her walking down the same [Jeju](/wiki/Jeju_Island \"Jeju Island\") road pictured in *Three Generations* (2004\\), sometimes with her back turned and sometimes approaching the camera. By imprinting her own image onto the ceremonial cloth, Oh again attempted to connect to the disparate times that the three generations of women in her family lived through, in an act that the artist has referred to as “the process of remembering (or actively not forgetting) the history of Korean residents in Japan and passing on that history.”",
"### *Three Flowers* (2004\\)",
"Oh carefully unraveled her grandmother's [chima jeogori](/wiki/Chima_jeogori \"Chima jeogori\") and reconstructed it into a new garment entitled *Three Flowers*. The title of the piece refers to the embroidered floral pattern the artist added throughout the original fabric of her grandmother's chima jeogori, then painted with brightly\\-colored red and pink dye on the inside of the sheer garment, and finally connected by embroidering another layer of colored yarn.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://s3images.coroflot.com/user\\_files/individual\\_files/397129\\_71zDZ2181MIj9TiPY7QlJeVcg.pdf\\|title\\=Orientity: OH / OKAMURA Haji\\|pages\\=56}} The red and pink flowers are visually reminiscent of [azaleas](/wiki/Azalea \"Azalea\") flowers common in Korea, a connection that the artist may have associated with her own sense of loss and her grandmother's longing to return to her motherland and mother tongue in Korea. Oh refused to allow her grandmother's untold stories, desires, and memories to fade away, instead engaging in this meditative and labor\\-intensive process as a way of reviving and solidifying her grandmother's presence in her life.",
"### *Inside of her Skirt* / *Memory* (2006\\)",
"In 2006, Oh created a large mixed\\-media installation titled *Inside her Skirt* (also exhibited as *Memory*) in which she used a combination of textiles, photographs, and wall\\-inscriptions to continue engaging with the question of silence and memories across generations of women in her family, with a particular focus on imaginatively recalling the life of her grandmother after her death in 2001\\.{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Hein\\|first1\\=Lauren\\|last2\\=Jennison\\|first2\\=Rebecca\\|date\\=July 2011\\|title\\=Against Forgetting: Three Generations of Artists in Japan in Dialogue about the Legacies of World War II\\|url\\=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/30/Laura\\-Hein/3573/article.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-08\\|website\\=The Asia\\-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=OH\\|first\\=Haji\\|date\\=2011\\|title\\=What does the Ethnic Costume Represent?\\|journal\\=Asia Colloquia Papers\\|pages\\=9–10}}",
"The centerpiece of the installation was a large, sheer [organdy](/wiki/Organdy \"Organdy\") skirt with a long train that spread itself across the floor. Oh spent hours imprinting the entirety of the skirt with a delicate floral pattern similar to the pattern of skirts once worn by her grandmother. On a small table with a glass mirror top, the artist placed a spool of white cord that had long threads suspending up to the ceiling and also sweeping down to the floor in a twisted, unraveling form reminiscent of long, white hair or an umbilical cord.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Jennison\\|first\\=Rebecca\\|title\\=\"Postmemory\" in the Work of Oh Haji and Soni Kum\\|year\\=2015\\|pages\\=120–121\\|chapter\\=}} On one wall, Oh also hung three black and white photographs of her grandmother’s [jeogori](/wiki/Jeogori \"Jeogori\") as a way to produce soft, yet striking images that conveyed a sense of her grandmother's bodily presence in the exhibition space.",
"The artist created *Inside her Skirt* as a way to offer \"redress\" for her own youthful obliviousness to her grandmother's linguistic isolation as a Japanese resident who could not speak Japanese well—literally \"re\\-clothing\" the memory of her grandmother by undertaking the meticulous process of imprinting the skirt with the floral pattern by hand. Without a way to communicate, Oh had never learned much about her grandmother's life or feelings. Although they had a shared an identity as Zainichi Koreans living in Japan, Oh and her grandmother shared little else until her death, when the artist wondered how she must have felt about her life in Japan and decided to explore the \"gaps\" and \"silences\" in their past communication.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The story begins with a Special Forces unit being briefed on a terrorist takeover of a chemical plant, led by a man known as Derbec. The Special Forces unit, consisting of veteran Kyle Rivers, rookie Jack Hooper, bomb expert Ed Reagan, and two others, soon prepares to infiltrate the plant. Elsewhere, news cameraman Ben Harrison begins to head to the chemical plant as well, via helicopter. Inside the plant, secretary Tanya Shaw and security guard Dave Wilson quickly comprehend the situation, both managing to evade the terrorists before they can kill them or take them as hostages. Upon reaching the chemical plant, the two minor Special Forces members are killed in a terrorist ambush, and the remaining three are separated from each other. They quickly continue forward through the plant.
Meanwhile, Dave soon finds a colleague and friend of his shot dead within the plant. Vowing revenge, he decides to eliminate the terrorists throughout the facility. Elsewhere, Tanya tries to sneak out of the chemical plant, successfully managing to reach a large courtyard. She signals to the helicopter carrying Ben, in hope of being rescued, but as it approaches her, it is shot down by a terrorist. It is, however, revealed that Ben has managed to survive the crash. More concerned about winning the Pulitzer prize as opposed to his own safety, Ben's obsession pushes him throughout the chemical plant, filming the activities of the terrorists with his camera, rather than trying to escape.
With the Special Forces unit soon discovering that numerous sections of the chemical plant are rigged to blow, Ed begins to defuse them, while Jack starts rewiring electrical boxes throughout the plant to allow the team access to all areas. Meanwhile, Kyle continues to try and regain control of the plant. Eventually, Ed succumbs to a bomb as he fails to defuse it in time. With the bomb expert dead, the task of defusing the bombs is given to Jack. Tanya eventually manages to escape the plant without harm, while elsewhere, as Dave continues to repel the terrorists, he is injured by a grenade. Unable to move, the terrorists are about to finish him off when Kyle reaches him and fends them off. Still wounded, Dave has no choice but to stay where he is as Kyle leaves him to continue through the plant.
Eventually, it is revealed that Derbec's reason for taking over the plant are simply about revenge, and that he had intended to blow up the plant from the beginning. With this new insight, Jack races against time to defuse the bombs before the terrorists finish planting them and detonate them, while Kyle continues to hunt down Derbec. With Ben satisfied with the footage he has collected, including footage showing Derbec's current whereabouts, he progresses to a computer in order to upload them to the Internet and show them to the world. Just as he is about confirm his upload, he is discovered by a terrorist, who subsequently holds him at gunpoint. Briefly considering his options, Ben soon opts to confirm his upload as opposed to surrendering, resulting in his death.
With Ben's footage now showing all over the world, Kyle heads over to where Derbec was reported to have been last seen, but is eventually injured in ambush. Unable to fight, he is approached by Derbec, who has come out of hiding now that the threat of Kyle is over. Kyle remains strong\-willed against the terrorist leader, but Derbec soon shoots him in the head. Having disarmed the bomb threat, Jack decides to go after Derbec. Despite heavy resistance from what's left of Derbec's terrorists, he manages to eliminate them all and confront Derbec. Jack wins the ensuing gunfight, and with the terrorist threat finally over, Jack extracts himself and Dave out of the chemical plant, where aid is waiting for them outside.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The story begins with a Special Forces unit being briefed on a terrorist takeover of a chemical plant, led by a man known as Derbec. The Special Forces unit, consisting of veteran Kyle Rivers, rookie Jack Hooper, bomb expert Ed Reagan, and two others, soon prepares to infiltrate the plant. Elsewhere, news cameraman Ben Harrison begins to head to the chemical plant as well, via helicopter. Inside the plant, secretary Tanya Shaw and security guard Dave Wilson quickly comprehend the situation, both managing to evade the terrorists before they can kill them or take them as hostages. Upon reaching the chemical plant, the two minor Special Forces members are killed in a terrorist ambush, and the remaining three are separated from each other. They quickly continue forward through the plant.",
"Meanwhile, Dave soon finds a colleague and friend of his shot dead within the plant. Vowing revenge, he decides to eliminate the terrorists throughout the facility. Elsewhere, Tanya tries to sneak out of the chemical plant, successfully managing to reach a large courtyard. She signals to the helicopter carrying Ben, in hope of being rescued, but as it approaches her, it is shot down by a terrorist. It is, however, revealed that Ben has managed to survive the crash. More concerned about winning the Pulitzer prize as opposed to his own safety, Ben's obsession pushes him throughout the chemical plant, filming the activities of the terrorists with his camera, rather than trying to escape.",
"With the Special Forces unit soon discovering that numerous sections of the chemical plant are rigged to blow, Ed begins to defuse them, while Jack starts rewiring electrical boxes throughout the plant to allow the team access to all areas. Meanwhile, Kyle continues to try and regain control of the plant. Eventually, Ed succumbs to a bomb as he fails to defuse it in time. With the bomb expert dead, the task of defusing the bombs is given to Jack. Tanya eventually manages to escape the plant without harm, while elsewhere, as Dave continues to repel the terrorists, he is injured by a grenade. Unable to move, the terrorists are about to finish him off when Kyle reaches him and fends them off. Still wounded, Dave has no choice but to stay where he is as Kyle leaves him to continue through the plant.",
"Eventually, it is revealed that Derbec's reason for taking over the plant are simply about revenge, and that he had intended to blow up the plant from the beginning. With this new insight, Jack races against time to defuse the bombs before the terrorists finish planting them and detonate them, while Kyle continues to hunt down Derbec. With Ben satisfied with the footage he has collected, including footage showing Derbec's current whereabouts, he progresses to a computer in order to upload them to the Internet and show them to the world. Just as he is about confirm his upload, he is discovered by a terrorist, who subsequently holds him at gunpoint. Briefly considering his options, Ben soon opts to confirm his upload as opposed to surrendering, resulting in his death.",
"With Ben's footage now showing all over the world, Kyle heads over to where Derbec was reported to have been last seen, but is eventually injured in ambush. Unable to fight, he is approached by Derbec, who has come out of hiding now that the threat of Kyle is over. Kyle remains strong\\-willed against the terrorist leader, but Derbec soon shoots him in the head. Having disarmed the bomb threat, Jack decides to go after Derbec. Despite heavy resistance from what's left of Derbec's terrorists, he manages to eliminate them all and confront Derbec. Jack wins the ensuing gunfight, and with the terrorist threat finally over, Jack extracts himself and Dave out of the chemical plant, where aid is waiting for them outside.",
""
] |
Fate of Took Leng How
---------------------
{{Infobox murderer
\| name \= Took Leng How
\| birth\_date \= {{birth date\|1981\|12\|16\|df\=y}}
\| image \= Image:TookLengHow.jpg
\| birth\_place \= \[\[Penang]], \[\[Malaysia]]
\| death\_date \= {{death date and age\|2006\|11\|3\|1981\|12\|16\|df\=y}}
\| death\_place \= \[\[Changi Prison]], \[\[Changi, Singapore]]
\| death\_cause \= \[\[Execution by hanging]]
\| partners \=
\| conviction \= \[\[Murder]]
\| sentence \= \[\[Capital punishment in Singapore\|Death]] (date of sentencing: 27 August 2005\)
\| apprehended \= 30 October 2004
\| victims \= 1
\| date \= 10 October 2004
\| country \= \[\[Singapore]]
\| states \=
\| criminal status \= \[\[Executed]]
\| alias \= Ah How/Ah Took
}}
### Trial at High Court
The 14\-day trial of Took began on 11 July 2005, before Justice [Lai Kew Chai](/wiki/Lai_Kew_Chai "Lai Kew Chai") in the High Court. Took was represented by prominent lawyer [Subhas Anandan](/wiki/Subhas_Anandan "Subhas Anandan") and two other lawyers, Sunil Sudheesan and Anand Nalachandran. The prosecution relied on 76 witnesses, a video in which Took re\-enacted the murder, [forensic evidence](/wiki/Forensic_identification "Forensic identification") and an [autopsy](/wiki/Autopsy "Autopsy") that found several bruises on Huang Na's head. Based on the evidence, the prosecution, led by [Deputy Public Prosecutor](/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore "Judicial system of Singapore") [Lawrence Ang](/wiki/Lawrence_Ang "Lawrence Ang"), alleged that Took lured Huang Na to the storeroom, then stripped and sexually assaulted her. After smothering and stomping on her to ensure her death, he stored her body in nine layers of plastic bags stuffed into a sealed cardboard box."A bag of mangoes led Huang Na to her death", *TODAY*, 12 July 2005\.{{Cite book\|last\=Porter\|first\=Liz\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Fb5IDwAAQBAJ\|title\=Crime Scene Asia: When forensic evidence becomes the silent witness\|date\=15 November 2017\|publisher\=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd\|isbn\=978\-981\-4794\-54\-1\|language\=en\|chapter\=Little girl lost}} However, there was no conclusive proof that Huang Na had been sexually assaulted due to her body’s high state of decomposition and the absence of semen in her vaginal area. The cause of her death was also determined inconclusive due to the possibility that she had died from a seizure or other cause unrelated to Took's alleged actions. The principal determination was that asyphxia was the cause of her death.
The defence relied on the claim of [diminished responsibility](/wiki/Diminished_responsibility "Diminished responsibility"). Psychiatrist R. Nagulendran argued that Took was [schizophrenic](/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia"), as some of his behaviour, such as frequently smiling to himself and talking of spirits, was inappropriate, and that he had no motive for the murder. Nagulendran also called Took's story about the three Chinese men a delusion. Anandan said that during his conversations with Took, the defendant would frequently start ranting about irrelevant things the lawyer could not understand. This resulted in his decision to keep Took from taking the stand. Instead, he allowed a psychiatrist to testify on Took’s behalf. Took’s police statements contained numerous discrepancies from the many different accounts of what happened to Huang Na. Took's low IQ of 76 was also noted by his defence. However, the prosecution's psychiatrist, G. Sathyadevan, insisted that Took did not suffer from any abnormality of mind.
On 27 August 2005, Justice Lai found Took guilty of murder and sentenced him to death. In his judgement, Justice Lai noted that Took had no history of mental abnormality, the behaviour the defence cited was "not necessarily abnormal", and the murder was "clearly the product of a cold and calculating mind". Justice Lai also said it was unnecessary to determine the motive for the murder or whether a sexual assault had taken place."Why hang him?", *The New Paper*, 28 August 2005\.
### Execution
Took [appealed](/wiki/Appeal "Appeal") the death sentence, but the [Court of Appeal of Singapore](/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore "Court of Appeal of Singapore") upheld the decision in January 2006 by a 2–1 decision. [Chief Justice of Singapore](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore "Chief Justice of Singapore") [Yong Pung How](/wiki/Yong_Pung_How "Yong Pung How") and Judge of Appeal [Chao Hick Tin](/wiki/Chao_Hick_Tin "Chao Hick Tin") agreed with Justice Lai's decision to convict Took of murder, while High Court judge [Kan Ting Chiu](/wiki/Kan_Ting_Chiu "Kan Ting Chiu") disagreed with the murder conviction due to the cause of death being inconclusive. In his dissenting judgement, Justice Kan felt that the appropriate conviction for Took should be voluntarily causing hurt and the maximum penalty Took should receive would be a year's imprisonment.
Later, Took's family and relatives decided to submit a [clemency](/wiki/Pardon "Pardon") plea to the [President of Singapore](/wiki/President_of_Singapore "President of Singapore"), [S. R. Nathan](/wiki/S._R._Nathan "S. R. Nathan"), which would allow Took's sentence to be commuted to life imprisonment if accepted. Eventually, they gathered 35,000 signatures from members of the public and submitted it to Nathan, who took eight months to consider before he decided to reject the plea in October 2006\."Took's clemency plea rejected", *TODAY*, 24 October 2006\.
On the morning of 3 November 2006, 24\-year\-old Took Leng How was hanged in [Changi Prison](/wiki/Changi_Prison "Changi Prison").
|
[
"Fate of Took Leng How\n---------------------",
"{{Infobox murderer\n\\| name \\= Took Leng How\n\\| birth\\_date \\= {{birth date\\|1981\\|12\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\| image \\= Image:TookLengHow.jpg\n\\| birth\\_place \\= \\[\\[Penang]], \\[\\[Malaysia]]\n\\| death\\_date \\= {{death date and age\\|2006\\|11\\|3\\|1981\\|12\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\| death\\_place \\= \\[\\[Changi Prison]], \\[\\[Changi, Singapore]]\n\\| death\\_cause \\= \\[\\[Execution by hanging]]\n\\| partners \\= \n\\| conviction \\= \\[\\[Murder]]\n\\| sentence \\= \\[\\[Capital punishment in Singapore\\|Death]] (date of sentencing: 27 August 2005\\)\n\\| apprehended \\= 30 October 2004\n\\| victims \\= 1\n\\| date \\= 10 October 2004\n\\| country \\= \\[\\[Singapore]]\n\\| states \\= \n\\| criminal status \\= \\[\\[Executed]]\n\\| alias \\= Ah How/Ah Took\n}}",
"### Trial at High Court",
"The 14\\-day trial of Took began on 11 July 2005, before Justice [Lai Kew Chai](/wiki/Lai_Kew_Chai \"Lai Kew Chai\") in the High Court. Took was represented by prominent lawyer [Subhas Anandan](/wiki/Subhas_Anandan \"Subhas Anandan\") and two other lawyers, Sunil Sudheesan and Anand Nalachandran. The prosecution relied on 76 witnesses, a video in which Took re\\-enacted the murder, [forensic evidence](/wiki/Forensic_identification \"Forensic identification\") and an [autopsy](/wiki/Autopsy \"Autopsy\") that found several bruises on Huang Na's head. Based on the evidence, the prosecution, led by [Deputy Public Prosecutor](/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore \"Judicial system of Singapore\") [Lawrence Ang](/wiki/Lawrence_Ang \"Lawrence Ang\"), alleged that Took lured Huang Na to the storeroom, then stripped and sexually assaulted her. After smothering and stomping on her to ensure her death, he stored her body in nine layers of plastic bags stuffed into a sealed cardboard box.\"A bag of mangoes led Huang Na to her death\", *TODAY*, 12 July 2005\\.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Porter\\|first\\=Liz\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Fb5IDwAAQBAJ\\|title\\=Crime Scene Asia: When forensic evidence becomes the silent witness\\|date\\=15 November 2017\\|publisher\\=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd\\|isbn\\=978\\-981\\-4794\\-54\\-1\\|language\\=en\\|chapter\\=Little girl lost}} However, there was no conclusive proof that Huang Na had been sexually assaulted due to her body’s high state of decomposition and the absence of semen in her vaginal area. The cause of her death was also determined inconclusive due to the possibility that she had died from a seizure or other cause unrelated to Took's alleged actions. The principal determination was that asyphxia was the cause of her death.",
"The defence relied on the claim of [diminished responsibility](/wiki/Diminished_responsibility \"Diminished responsibility\"). Psychiatrist R. Nagulendran argued that Took was [schizophrenic](/wiki/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\"), as some of his behaviour, such as frequently smiling to himself and talking of spirits, was inappropriate, and that he had no motive for the murder. Nagulendran also called Took's story about the three Chinese men a delusion. Anandan said that during his conversations with Took, the defendant would frequently start ranting about irrelevant things the lawyer could not understand. This resulted in his decision to keep Took from taking the stand. Instead, he allowed a psychiatrist to testify on Took’s behalf. Took’s police statements contained numerous discrepancies from the many different accounts of what happened to Huang Na. Took's low IQ of 76 was also noted by his defence. However, the prosecution's psychiatrist, G. Sathyadevan, insisted that Took did not suffer from any abnormality of mind.",
"On 27 August 2005, Justice Lai found Took guilty of murder and sentenced him to death. In his judgement, Justice Lai noted that Took had no history of mental abnormality, the behaviour the defence cited was \"not necessarily abnormal\", and the murder was \"clearly the product of a cold and calculating mind\". Justice Lai also said it was unnecessary to determine the motive for the murder or whether a sexual assault had taken place.\"Why hang him?\", *The New Paper*, 28 August 2005\\.",
"### Execution",
"Took [appealed](/wiki/Appeal \"Appeal\") the death sentence, but the [Court of Appeal of Singapore](/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore \"Court of Appeal of Singapore\") upheld the decision in January 2006 by a 2–1 decision. [Chief Justice of Singapore](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore \"Chief Justice of Singapore\") [Yong Pung How](/wiki/Yong_Pung_How \"Yong Pung How\") and Judge of Appeal [Chao Hick Tin](/wiki/Chao_Hick_Tin \"Chao Hick Tin\") agreed with Justice Lai's decision to convict Took of murder, while High Court judge [Kan Ting Chiu](/wiki/Kan_Ting_Chiu \"Kan Ting Chiu\") disagreed with the murder conviction due to the cause of death being inconclusive. In his dissenting judgement, Justice Kan felt that the appropriate conviction for Took should be voluntarily causing hurt and the maximum penalty Took should receive would be a year's imprisonment.",
"Later, Took's family and relatives decided to submit a [clemency](/wiki/Pardon \"Pardon\") plea to the [President of Singapore](/wiki/President_of_Singapore \"President of Singapore\"), [S. R. Nathan](/wiki/S._R._Nathan \"S. R. Nathan\"), which would allow Took's sentence to be commuted to life imprisonment if accepted. Eventually, they gathered 35,000 signatures from members of the public and submitted it to Nathan, who took eight months to consider before he decided to reject the plea in October 2006\\.\"Took's clemency plea rejected\", *TODAY*, 24 October 2006\\.",
"On the morning of 3 November 2006, 24\\-year\\-old Took Leng How was hanged in [Changi Prison](/wiki/Changi_Prison \"Changi Prison\").",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|President Bill Clinton signs Executive Order 13125 creating the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders on June 7, 1999](/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_signs_Executive_Order_13125.jpg "President Bill Clinton signs Executive Order 13125.jpg")
### Clinton Administration
On June 7, 1999, President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") signed [Executive Order 13125](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1999-06-10/pdf/99-14901.pdf) to establish the first White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders "in order to improve the quality of life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders through increased participation in federal programs where they may be underserved (e.g., health, human services, education, housing, labor, transportation, and economic and community development)."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-1999\-06\-10/pdf/99\-14901\.pdf\| title\=Executive Order 13125}} The [Executive Order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 "Executive order (United States)") called on all federal departments to mobilize their resources to address the unmet needs of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.
Prior to the signing of Executive Order 13125, the last United States Presidential Executive Order related to AAPIs was [Executive Order 9066](/wiki/Executive_Order_9066 "Executive Order 9066"), which led to the [internment of Japanese Americans](/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans "Internment of Japanese Americans") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
Under the Clinton Administration, the Executive Order housed the Initiative under the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"), in the [Health Resources and Services Administration](/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration "Health Resources and Services Administration").
#### Executive director and commission
The first Initiative Executive Director [Shamina Singh](https://www.mastercardcenter.org/our-team/shamina-singh) was appointed by [Secretary of Health and Human Services](/wiki/Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Secretary of Health and Human Services") [Donna Shalala](/wiki/Donna_Shalala "Donna Shalala").{{cite web\|title\=New Executive Director for White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Begins New Duties\|url\=http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/1999pres/990927\.html\|publisher\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}} Prior to her work at the Initiative, Singh served as special assistant to the Secretary at the [U.S. Department of Labor](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor "U.S. Department of Labor") and worked on specialized health care issues for the [Service Employees International Union](/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union "Service Employees International Union").
[thumb\|Executive Director Shamina Singh meets with the inaugural members of the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.](/wiki/File:Shamina-and-commissioners.jpg "Shamina-and-commissioners.jpg")
The first President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders was chaired by former Congressman [Norman Mineta](/wiki/Norman_Mineta "Norman Mineta").{{cite web\|last1\=Bau\|first1\=Ignatius\|title\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \& Pacific Islanders\|date\=October 14, 2011\|url\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\-by\-and\-for\-the\-people\-my\-reflections\-on\-the\-white\-house\-initiative\-on\-asian\-americans\-pacific\-islanders/}} The 15\-member President's Advisory Commission was seated through June 7, 2001\.
#### Priorities
The Interagency Working Group under the Clinton Administration was chaired by then Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Kevin Thurm. The IWG was composed of leaders from 32 federal agencies and departments.{{cite web\|last1\=Bau\|first1\=Ignatius\|title\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \& Pacific Islanders\|date\=October 14, 2011\|url\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\-by\-and\-for\-the\-people\-my\-reflections\-on\-the\-white\-house\-initiative\-on\-asian\-americans\-pacific\-islanders/}} As part of the Executive Order, each federal agency and department was required to draft an integrated agency plan including measurable objectives and implementation goals to better serve the AAPI community.
The first commission report highlighted four key themes:{{cite web\|last1\=Bau\|first1\=Ignatius\|title\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \& Pacific Islanders\|date\=October 14, 2011\|url\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\-by\-and\-for\-the\-people\-my\-reflections\-on\-the\-white\-house\-initiative\-on\-asian\-americans\-pacific\-islanders/}}
* AAPIs have been "MIH" – "Missing In History" – as taught in classrooms, as reflected in the media and the arts and as understood by government policymakers and program planners. In much of the data used by the federal government, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are invisible, relegated to a residual category of "Other."
* Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) often remain a footnote or asterisk as part of the broad "Asian American and Pacific Islander" category, ignoring their importance and dignity as diverse, [indigenous peoples](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples "Indigenous peoples"). Barely ever noted is the manner in which the United States acquired [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"), [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam"), [the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands](/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands"), and [American Samoa](/wiki/American_Samoa "American Samoa").
* Asian Americans are stereotyped as a "[model minority](/wiki/Model_minority "Model minority")": passive, compliant, overachieving and without problems or needs.
* Asian Americans continue to be viewed as perpetual foreigners, forever "[aliens](/wiki/Alien_%28law%29 "Alien (law)")" whose loyalty and place in America is always questioned.
The report left several recommendations, including that federal agencies improve data collection measures, ensure linguistic access in AAPI languages, protect civil rights and equal opportunity for AAPIs, strengthen community capacity, and recognize NHPIs in federal programs and services.{{cite web\|title\=A People Looking Forward: Action for Access and Partnerships in the 21st Century\|date\=September 2, 2010\|url\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2010/09/02/a\-people\-looking\-forward\-first\-interim\-report\-from\-the\-presidents\-advisory\-commission\-on\-asian\-americans\-and\-pacific\-islanders/\|publisher\=The White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders}}
### Bush Administration
[thumb\|President George W. Bush signs Executive Order 13339 to increase economic opportunities for and improve the quality of life AAPIs on June 6, 2001\.](/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_with_the_President%E2%80%99s_Advisory_Commission_on_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islanders_-_2014.jpg "President George W. Bush with the President’s Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders - 2014.jpg")
On June 6, 2001, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") signed [Executive Order 13216](http://www.epa.gov/aapi/documents/EO13216.htm), renewing the Initiative and changing the Order's title from: "Increasing Participation of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Federal Programs" to "Increasing Opportunity and Improving Quality of Life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders."{{cite web \|title\=Executive Order 13216 (Amendment to Executive Order 13125\) \|url\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/WCPD\-2001\-06\-11/pdf/WCPD\-2001\-06\-11\-Pg856\.pdf \|publisher\=EPA}} At this time, Deputy Secretary Claude A. Allen of the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services") was named Chair of the Interagency Working Group.
On May 17, 2004, President Bush signed [Executive Order 13339](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2004-05-17/pdf/04-11271.pdf), superseding Executive Order 13125 and moving the Initiative from the Department of Health and Human Services to the [U.S. Department of Commerce](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce "U.S. Department of Commerce").
President Bush signed [Executive Order 13403](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2006-05-16/pdf/06-4652.pdf%20) on May 12, 2006, once again reauthorizing the Initiative.
#### Executive director and commission
In 2001, [John Quoc Duong](/wiki/John_Quoc_Duong "John Quoc Duong") was named executive director of the initiative. Prior to assuming his appointment, Duong served as vice president of Bridgecreek Group, Inc. and was deputy director of the Office of Community Relations for California Governor [Pete Wilson](/wiki/Pete_Wilson "Pete Wilson"). Under Duong's leadership, there were 4 staff members and 15 members on the commission.{{cite web \|last1\=Bong\-Wright \|first1\=Jackie \|title\=Young Vietnamese Heads White House Initiative on AAPI \|url\=https://www.asianamerican.net/bios/Duong\-John.html}}{{cite web\|title\=Duong Will Head White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Isladners\|url\=http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010601a.html\|publisher\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}
In 2004, Eddy Badrina was appointed as executive director of the Initiative.{{cite news\|last1\=Chow\|first1\=May\|title\=From Houston to the White House: Eddy Badrina leads Initiative on AAPIs\|url\=http://www.asianweek.com/2004/06/11/from\-houston\-to\-the\-white\-house\-eddy\-badrina\-leads\-initiative\-on\-aapis/\|website\=Asian Week}} Prior to joining the initiative, Badrina was an appointee to the White House Liaison Office at the [U.S. Department of State](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State "U.S. Department of State"), working on the Bush Administration's transition efforts.
In 2006, Jimmy D. Lee began his term as executive director for the initiative.{{Cite book \|last\=Yu Danico \|first\=Mary \|title\=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia \|publisher\=Sage Publications \|year\=2014 \|pages\=951}} Before joining the initiative as executive director, Lee was a commissioner on the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and served as executive director of the Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce and a former special assistant to the governor in the State of Illinois. He left the position to run for Congress in the State of Illinois.{{cite web\|title\=Jimmy D. Lee\|url\=http://www.frssec.com/aboutus/staffbios.asp}}
The executive order included new criteria for selecting Commissioners to serve on the President's Advisory Commission for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, including requirements that candidates "have a history of involvement with the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities; are from the business enterprise sector; are from civic associations representing one or more of the diverse Asian American and Pacific Islander communities; are from the fields of economic, social, and community development; or have such other experience as the President deems appropriate."{{cite web\|title\=Executive Order 13339\|url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-2004\-05\-17/pdf/04\-11271\.pdf\|publisher\=U.S. Government and Printing Office}}
#### Priorities
Under the Bush Administration economic development became the priority of the Initiative. Executive Order 13339 stated its purpose as "providing equal economic opportunities for full participation of Asian American and Pacific Islander businesses in our free market economy where they may be underserved and thus improving the quality of life for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders."{{cite web\|title\=Executive Order 13339\|url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-2004\-05\-17/pdf/04\-11271\.pdf\|publisher\=Federal Register}}
The President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islander and the Federal Interagency Working Group worked primarily on the following goals during this time:{{cite web\|title\=Executive Order 13339\|url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-2004\-05\-17/pdf/04\-11271\.pdf\|publisher\=Federal Register}}
* Developed, monitored and coordinated federal efforts to improve Asian American and Pacific Islander participation in government programs;
* Fostered research and data collection for Asian American and Pacific Islander businesses and communities; and
* Increased their level of participation in the national economy and their economic and community development.
### Obama Administration
On October 14, 2009, President Obama signed [Executive Order 13515](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/imagefield_thumbs/image_image_file/2009aapi1.eo_.rel_.pdf), reestablishing the Initiative and superseding Executive Orders 13125 and 13339\. The Executive Order moved the Initiative from the Department of Commerce to the Department of Education. President Obama appointed then Secretary of Education [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan "Arne Duncan") along with then Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke as heads of the Interagency Working Group.
Amendments to the Executive Order include [Executive Order 13585](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-07/pdf/2011-26141.pdf), [Executive Order 13652](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-04/pdf/2013-24388.pdf), and [Executive Order 13652](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-04/pdf/2013-24388.pdf) which all ensure the continuance of the [Federal Advisory Committees](/wiki/Federal_Advisory_Committee_Act "Federal Advisory Committee Act").{{cite web\|title\=2009 Executive Orders Disposition Tables Barack Obama \- 2009\|date\=August 15, 2016\|url\=https://www.archives.gov/federal\-register/executive\-orders/2009\-obama.html\|publisher\=National Archives}}
#### Executive director and commission
[thumb\|Kiran Ahuja delivers opening remarks at the Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month Opening Ceremony on May 6, 2014\.](/wiki/File:Kiran_Ahuja_Opening_Ceremony.jpg "Kiran Ahuja Opening Ceremony.jpg")
Kiran Ahuja was appointed on December 14, 2009, to the position of Executive Director of the Initiative. Prior to her work at the Initiative, Ahuja served as founding Executive Director of the National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum (NAPAWF) and worked at the [U.S. Department of Justice](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice "U.S. Department of Justice") [Civil Rights Division](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Division "Civil Rights Division").
In 2015, Doua Thor became the Executive Director of the Initiative, following the departure of Ahuja. Prior to taking on the position, Thor had worked with the Initiative as a senior advisor and member of the President's Advisory Commission. A refugee herself, Thor is the former Executive Director of the Southeast Asian Resource Action Center (SEARAC).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian\-america/laos\-dc\-doua\-thor\-talks\-refugee\-story\-public\-service\-power\-n501336\|title\=From Laos to DC: Doua Thor Talks Refugee Story, Public Service, and the Power of Community\|website\=\[\[NBC News]]\|date\=January 22, 2016 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
The commission included 20 members and was chaired by Dr. Tung Thanh Nguyen with Dr. Mary Ann Young Okada as Vice Chair. Other Commissioners include: Dr. Nina Ahmad; Michael Byun; Lt. Col. Ravi Chaudhary; Lian Cheun; [Billy Dec](/wiki/Billy_Dec "Billy Dec"); Jacob James Fitisemanu, Jr.; Bill Imada, Kathy Ko Chin, Daphne Kwok, Dee Jay Mailer, Diane Narasaki, Shekar Narasimhan, [Maulik Pancholy](/wiki/Maulik_Pancholy "Maulik Pancholy"), Linda X. Phan, Sanjita Pradhan, Lorna May Ho Randlett, [Bo Thao\-Urabe](/wiki/Bo_Thao-Urabe "Bo Thao-Urabe"), and Dr. Paul Y. Watanabe.
Past Administration co\-chairs of the Initiative are [Chris Lu](/wiki/Chris_Lu "Chris Lu"), who served with Secretary Arne Duncan during his tenure as Cabinet Secretary and Assistant to President Obama, and [Gary Locke](/wiki/Gary_Locke "Gary Locke") during his term as Secretary of Commerce.
#### Priorities
Under the Obama Administration, the Initiative has worked to expand the outreach capacity of the Commission and IWG. The IWG created and implemented agency plans to increase the AAPI community's access to federal programs and services, housing four subcommittees that coincide with the initiative's four cross\-cutting goal areas of research and data disaggregation, language access, workforce diversity, and capacity building. These subcommittees respond to the community, share best practices, and recommend strategic goals that can be incorporated into agency plans
The Initiative also formed a regional IWG, called the Regional Network, of more than 250 regional administrators, district directors, and regional staff to help facilitate information sharing and coordinate community engagement with the AAPI community across the federal regional agencies. The Regional Network meets quarterly to share information and discuss ways in which regional offices can work together, convenes regional roundtables with local AAPI communities, builds partnerships between the federal regional offices, the commission, and the local and state commissions, and submits an annual progress report on its engagement efforts.
The Initiative has also worked more extensively on data disaggregation, hosting a national symposium in partnership with National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education to relay best practices for data collection, analysis, and dissemination.
In addition, the Initiative has advised federal agencies on disaster response efforts after the Gulf Coast Oil Spill, released an AAPI women's record, developed educational tools and resources on the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act "Affordable Care Act"), and helped launch the [Senior Executive Service](/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service "Senior Executive Service") (SES) Development Program.{{cite web\|title\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Highlights\|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]]\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whiaapi\_accomplishment\_highlights.pdf }} The initiative has also seen the creation of a Nail Salon Interagency Working Group, created a federal resources page with grants and training information, and worked with the Federal Asian Pacific American Council (FAPAC) on challenge issues for the community.
Other key accomplishments and priorities of the Initiative under the Obama Administration include:
* **Organizing the first\-ever White House Summit on AAPIs**. Nearly 2,000 community members and federal officials from over 40 states and the Pacific Islands came together to share their experiences and gain tools to mobilize their communities to further expand opportunities for AAPIs through federal resources and programs. Six Cabinet Secretaries and multiple federal agency leaders joined the Summit and highlighted their work benefiting the AAPI community.{{Cite web\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/05/14/historic\-gathering\-white\-house\-summit\-asian\-americans\-and\-pacific\-islanders\|title\=A Historic Gathering: The White House Summit on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders\|date\=2015\-05\-14\|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]]\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Advancing data collection, analysis, and dissemination on AAPI communities**. The Initiative launched Data.gov/AAPI, the most comprehensive hub of government data on AAPIs. The Initiative also convened data experts during two iCount Symposiums and released a best practices report to promote innovative approaches and methodologies to further disaggregate race and ethnicity data within federal agencies.{{Cite web \|title\=AAPI Data Catalog \- Data.gov \|url\=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset?q\=AAPI\&sort\=score\+desc%2C\+name\+asc\&as\_sfid\=AAAAAAXSVS\-VDjXNbMFAAG6kfnoYvjq0j2r9CBdNVLxiM3iBLoHN5WkOXXitsEuB0uDB\-MmWJ8u\-nLkv0hgoXX9CxJsJcnZGjxzobsNzqbSWo1BFaM28PyiR3W1tkMfj19Wlwlo%3D\&as\_fid\=5d5b0264d62542279a8dfdbea8da3175f8b05434 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23 \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ed.gov/news/media\-advisories/white\-house\-initiative\-asian\-americans\-and\-pacific\-islanders\-hold\-symposium\-discuss\-data\-disaggregation\-aapi\-students\|title\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders to Hold Symposium to Discuss Data Disaggregation for AAPI Students \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Education \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Supporting Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander communities.** The Initiative led the Administration's first\-ever regional summit in Guam to discuss specific needs of the community for grant programs, capacity building, and technical assistance. The Commission held its first\-ever listening session in Hawaii to discuss Native Hawaiian needs and opportunities. In addition, the Initiative supported the Department of Interior in its engagements to create an administrative procedure for re\-establishing a government\-to\-government relationship.{{Cite web \|last1\=Garcia \|first1\=J. Nadine \|last2\=Wu \|first2\=Samuel \|date\=May 28, 2014 \|title\=Taking Action to Achieve Health Equity in the Pacific Islands \|url\=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/blog/BlogPost.aspx?BlogID\=3094 \|website\=National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}
* **Promoting Public\-Private Partnerships.** During the first\-ever National Philanthropic Briefing on AAPIs in 2012, the Ford Foundation, W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and Kresge Foundation made a commitment of $1 million, the first\-of\-its\-kind coordinated public and philanthropic investment in the AAPI community.{{Cite web\|url\=http://aapip.org/our\-stories/white\-house\-initiative\-on\-asian\-americans\-and\-pacific\-islanders\-convenes\-first\|title\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Convenes First Philanthropic Briefing Focused on AAPI Community \|publisher\=AAPIP \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Engaging a new generation of young leaders** in understanding the federal resources dedicated to college affordability, bullying prevention, mental health, pathways to public service, naturalization, and the [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals") policy through the E3! Ambassadors Program and annual White House AAPI Youth Forums.
* **Expanding healthcare access for AAPI communities.** Nearly 2 million previously uninsured AAPIs became eligible for coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and the Initiative worked to get AAPIs covered under the ACA through collaboration with the Department of Health and Human Services, community health centers, and ethnic media.{{Cite web\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/11/15/bringing\-health\-equity\-and\-affordable\-care\-act\-aapis\-new\-york\|title\=Bringing Health Equity and the Affordable Care Act to AAPIs in New York\|date\=2014\-11\-15\|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]]\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Welcoming and creating opportunity for immigrants and new Americans** through the Stand Stronger Citizenship Awareness Campaign, in\-language outreach around the DACA program, and roundtables with the [Task Force on New Americans](/wiki/Task_Force_on_New_Americans "Task Force on New Americans").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/white\-house\-announces\-stand\-stronger\-citizenship\-awareness\-campaign\-n429076\|title\=White House Announces 'Stand Stronger' Citizenship Awareness Campaign\|website\=\[\[NBC News]]\|date\=September 17, 2015 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Forging educational equity for AAPI students** through support of Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander\-Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs).
* **Supporting AAPI\-owned businesses**. Through coordination with the [Minority Business Development Agency](/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency "Minority Business Development Agency") and AAPI chambers of commerce, the Initiative works to ensure AAPI businesses are equipped with the knowledge to compete for grants and government contracts.
* **Protecting vulnerable AAPI workers.** The Initiative participates in two interagency working groups addressing the needs of vulnerable workers in high\-risk and low\-wage industries and the myriad of health and safety issues affecting AAPI nail salon workers, who account for 40 percent of the national nail salon workforce.
* **Protecting the civil rights of AAPI communities**. The Initiative launched the interagency AAPI Bullying Prevention Task Force to analyze data and formulate effective policies to better understand and address bullying. The Task Force hosted more than 25 listening sessions, and the Initiative launched the Act To Change national public awareness campaign with translated resources and a coalition of 50\+ supporting organizations and influencers, including [George Takei](/wiki/George_Takei "George Takei") and [Jeremy Lin](/wiki/Jeremy_Lin "Jeremy Lin"), encouraging youth to take the pledge against bullying.{{Cite web\|url\=https://acttochange.org/\|title\=Act to Change \|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
### Trump Administration
[thumb\|President Donald Trump signs Executive Order 13872 to help broaden access to economic resources for the AAPI community on May 13, 2019\.On](/wiki/File:President_Trump_Signed_an_Executive_Order_on_the_Economic_Empowerment_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islanders_%2840876365703%29.jpg "President Trump Signed an Executive Order on the Economic Empowerment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (40876365703).jpg") May 13, 2019, President Trump signed Executive Order 13872 once again reestablishing the Initiative.{{Cite web \|title\=Executive Order on Economic Empowerment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders – The White House \|url\=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential\-actions/executive\-order\-economic\-empowerment\-asian\-americans\-pacific\-islanders/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-21 \|website\=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}} The order effectively reversed the transfer made by President Obama and moved the Initiative from the Department of Education back to the Department of Commerce. President Trump appointed then Secretary of Commerce [Wilbur Ross](/wiki/Wilbur_Ross "Wilbur Ross") and then Secretary of Transportation [Elaine Chao](/wiki/Elaine_Chao "Elaine Chao") serve as the Co\-Chairs of the Initiative.{{Cite web \|title\=Vice President Mike Pence Swears in New Commissioners to the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans \& Pacific Islanders with Three Cabinet Members Present to Celebrate Lunar New Year at the White House \|url\=https://www.mbda.gov/news/press\-releases/2020/01/vice\-president\-mike\-pence\-swears\-new\-commissioners\-presidents\-advisory \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-21 \|website\=Minority Business Development Agency \|date\=January 27, 2020 \|language\=en}}
The order also established an Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) to help broaden access to more employers and other economic resources for the AAPI community.{{cite web \|title\=Executive Order on Economic Empowerment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders \|url\=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential\-actions/executive\-order\-economic\-empowerment\-asian\-americans\-pacific\-islanders/ \|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]] \|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]}}
#### Executive director and commission
On November 13, 2017, [Holly Ham](/wiki/Holly_Ham "Holly Ham") was appointed as Executive Director of the Initiative. Prior to this appointment, Ham served as Assistant Secretary for Management at the [U.S. Department of Education](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education "U.S. Department of Education"), also in the Trump Administration.{{cite web \|title\=Holly Ham, Executive Director, White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders — Biography \|url\=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USED/bulletins/1c4c38a \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Education}}{{cite web \|title\=White House Asian\-American, Pacific Islander initiative names new leader \|date\=November 30, 2017 \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian\-america/white\-house\-asian\-american\-pacific\-islander\-initiative\-names\-new\-leader\-n825326 \|publisher\=NBC News \|language\=en}}
On December 17, 2019, the Department of Commerce confirmed that Tina Wei Smith, a former Department of Labor appointee, would replace Ham as Executive Director.{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-12\-17 \|title\=Exclusive: White House Initiative on AAPIs gets new executive director \|url\=https://theyappie.com/white\-house\-initiative\-on\-aapis\-gets\-new\-executive\-director/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-21 \|website\=The Yappie \|language\=en\-US}}
On January 27, 2020, Vice President Mike Pence swore in 13 members of the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders including Paul S. Hsu, Congresswoman [Amata C. Radewagen](/wiki/Amata_Coleman_Radewagen "Amata Coleman Radewagen"), Herman Martir, Governor [Eddie Calvo](/wiki/Eddie_Baza_Calvo "Eddie Baza Calvo"), Doris Flores Brooks, Grace Y. Lee, Prem Parameswaran, Michelle P. Steel, Chiling Tong, Jennifer Carnahan, George Leing, Jan\-Ie Low, and Keiko Orrall.
### Publications
The [FY 2016\-2017 federal Agency Plans](https://www.osec.doc.gov/ocr/civilrights/aapi/AAPI.html) incorporating a strategic outline for addressing AAPI needs are publicly available on the Initiative website.
The Initiative also highlights the yearly progress federal departments and agencies have made in attaining agency plan benchmarks and goals. It has also released a report of its own accomplishments over the past four years.
In September 2011, the Initiative produced a Guide to Federal Agency Resources.{{Cite web \|date\=2011\-10\-11 \|title\=Announcing the Guide to Federal Agency Resources: Promoting a Healthy, Vibrant Asian American and Pacific Islander Community \|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/10/11/announcing\-guide\-federal\-agency\-resources\-promoting\-healthy\-vibrant\-asian\-american\-a \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-15 \|website\=whitehouse.gov \|language\=en}}
In May 2014, the Initiative published the Report from the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders titled "[Building the American Mosaic](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/american-mosaic_digital.pdf)." The report communicates the current role of commissioners and also offers recommendations to federal departments and agencies in building a stronger federal infrastructure for AAPIs.
As of May 2021, the Initiative has compiled several resources for AAPI and NH communities on its [website](https://www.hhs.gov/about/whiaanhpi/resources/index.html).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|President Bill Clinton signs Executive Order 13125 creating the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders on June 7, 1999](/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_signs_Executive_Order_13125.jpg \"President Bill Clinton signs Executive Order 13125.jpg\")",
"### Clinton Administration",
"On June 7, 1999, President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") signed [Executive Order 13125](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1999-06-10/pdf/99-14901.pdf) to establish the first White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders \"in order to improve the quality of life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders through increased participation in federal programs where they may be underserved (e.g., health, human services, education, housing, labor, transportation, and economic and community development).\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-1999\\-06\\-10/pdf/99\\-14901\\.pdf\\| title\\=Executive Order 13125}} The [Executive Order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 \"Executive order (United States)\") called on all federal departments to mobilize their resources to address the unmet needs of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.",
"Prior to the signing of Executive Order 13125, the last United States Presidential Executive Order related to AAPIs was [Executive Order 9066](/wiki/Executive_Order_9066 \"Executive Order 9066\"), which led to the [internment of Japanese Americans](/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans \"Internment of Japanese Americans\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"Under the Clinton Administration, the Executive Order housed the Initiative under the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\"), in the [Health Resources and Services Administration](/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration \"Health Resources and Services Administration\").",
"#### Executive director and commission",
"The first Initiative Executive Director [Shamina Singh](https://www.mastercardcenter.org/our-team/shamina-singh) was appointed by [Secretary of Health and Human Services](/wiki/Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"Secretary of Health and Human Services\") [Donna Shalala](/wiki/Donna_Shalala \"Donna Shalala\").{{cite web\\|title\\=New Executive Director for White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Begins New Duties\\|url\\=http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/1999pres/990927\\.html\\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}} Prior to her work at the Initiative, Singh served as special assistant to the Secretary at the [U.S. Department of Labor](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor \"U.S. Department of Labor\") and worked on specialized health care issues for the [Service Employees International Union](/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union \"Service Employees International Union\").",
"[thumb\\|Executive Director Shamina Singh meets with the inaugural members of the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.](/wiki/File:Shamina-and-commissioners.jpg \"Shamina-and-commissioners.jpg\")\nThe first President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders was chaired by former Congressman [Norman Mineta](/wiki/Norman_Mineta \"Norman Mineta\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bau\\|first1\\=Ignatius\\|title\\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \\& Pacific Islanders\\|date\\=October 14, 2011\\|url\\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\\-by\\-and\\-for\\-the\\-people\\-my\\-reflections\\-on\\-the\\-white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-pacific\\-islanders/}} The 15\\-member President's Advisory Commission was seated through June 7, 2001\\.",
"#### Priorities",
"The Interagency Working Group under the Clinton Administration was chaired by then Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Kevin Thurm. The IWG was composed of leaders from 32 federal agencies and departments.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bau\\|first1\\=Ignatius\\|title\\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \\& Pacific Islanders\\|date\\=October 14, 2011\\|url\\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\\-by\\-and\\-for\\-the\\-people\\-my\\-reflections\\-on\\-the\\-white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-pacific\\-islanders/}} As part of the Executive Order, each federal agency and department was required to draft an integrated agency plan including measurable objectives and implementation goals to better serve the AAPI community.",
"The first commission report highlighted four key themes:{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bau\\|first1\\=Ignatius\\|title\\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \\& Pacific Islanders\\|date\\=October 14, 2011\\|url\\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\\-by\\-and\\-for\\-the\\-people\\-my\\-reflections\\-on\\-the\\-white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-pacific\\-islanders/}}\n* AAPIs have been \"MIH\" – \"Missing In History\" – as taught in classrooms, as reflected in the media and the arts and as understood by government policymakers and program planners. In much of the data used by the federal government, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are invisible, relegated to a residual category of \"Other.\"\n* Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) often remain a footnote or asterisk as part of the broad \"Asian American and Pacific Islander\" category, ignoring their importance and dignity as diverse, [indigenous peoples](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples \"Indigenous peoples\"). Barely ever noted is the manner in which the United States acquired [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"), [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\"), [the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands](/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands\"), and [American Samoa](/wiki/American_Samoa \"American Samoa\").\n* Asian Americans are stereotyped as a \"[model minority](/wiki/Model_minority \"Model minority\")\": passive, compliant, overachieving and without problems or needs.\n* Asian Americans continue to be viewed as perpetual foreigners, forever \"[aliens](/wiki/Alien_%28law%29 \"Alien (law)\")\" whose loyalty and place in America is always questioned.",
"The report left several recommendations, including that federal agencies improve data collection measures, ensure linguistic access in AAPI languages, protect civil rights and equal opportunity for AAPIs, strengthen community capacity, and recognize NHPIs in federal programs and services.{{cite web\\|title\\=A People Looking Forward: Action for Access and Partnerships in the 21st Century\\|date\\=September 2, 2010\\|url\\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2010/09/02/a\\-people\\-looking\\-forward\\-first\\-interim\\-report\\-from\\-the\\-presidents\\-advisory\\-commission\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-and\\-pacific\\-islanders/\\|publisher\\=The White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders}}",
"### Bush Administration",
"[thumb\\|President George W. Bush signs Executive Order 13339 to increase economic opportunities for and improve the quality of life AAPIs on June 6, 2001\\.](/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_with_the_President%E2%80%99s_Advisory_Commission_on_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islanders_-_2014.jpg \"President George W. Bush with the President’s Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders - 2014.jpg\")",
"On June 6, 2001, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") signed [Executive Order 13216](http://www.epa.gov/aapi/documents/EO13216.htm), renewing the Initiative and changing the Order's title from: \"Increasing Participation of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Federal Programs\" to \"Increasing Opportunity and Improving Quality of Life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Executive Order 13216 (Amendment to Executive Order 13125\\) \\|url\\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/WCPD\\-2001\\-06\\-11/pdf/WCPD\\-2001\\-06\\-11\\-Pg856\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=EPA}} At this time, Deputy Secretary Claude A. Allen of the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\") was named Chair of the Interagency Working Group.",
"On May 17, 2004, President Bush signed [Executive Order 13339](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2004-05-17/pdf/04-11271.pdf), superseding Executive Order 13125 and moving the Initiative from the Department of Health and Human Services to the [U.S. Department of Commerce](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce \"U.S. Department of Commerce\").",
"President Bush signed [Executive Order 13403](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2006-05-16/pdf/06-4652.pdf%20) on May 12, 2006, once again reauthorizing the Initiative.",
"#### Executive director and commission",
"In 2001, [John Quoc Duong](/wiki/John_Quoc_Duong \"John Quoc Duong\") was named executive director of the initiative. Prior to assuming his appointment, Duong served as vice president of Bridgecreek Group, Inc. and was deputy director of the Office of Community Relations for California Governor [Pete Wilson](/wiki/Pete_Wilson \"Pete Wilson\"). Under Duong's leadership, there were 4 staff members and 15 members on the commission.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bong\\-Wright \\|first1\\=Jackie \\|title\\=Young Vietnamese Heads White House Initiative on AAPI \\|url\\=https://www.asianamerican.net/bios/Duong\\-John.html}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Duong Will Head White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Isladners\\|url\\=http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010601a.html\\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}",
"In 2004, Eddy Badrina was appointed as executive director of the Initiative.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Chow\\|first1\\=May\\|title\\=From Houston to the White House: Eddy Badrina leads Initiative on AAPIs\\|url\\=http://www.asianweek.com/2004/06/11/from\\-houston\\-to\\-the\\-white\\-house\\-eddy\\-badrina\\-leads\\-initiative\\-on\\-aapis/\\|website\\=Asian Week}} Prior to joining the initiative, Badrina was an appointee to the White House Liaison Office at the [U.S. Department of State](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State \"U.S. Department of State\"), working on the Bush Administration's transition efforts.",
"In 2006, Jimmy D. Lee began his term as executive director for the initiative.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Yu Danico \\|first\\=Mary \\|title\\=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia \\|publisher\\=Sage Publications \\|year\\=2014 \\|pages\\=951}} Before joining the initiative as executive director, Lee was a commissioner on the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and served as executive director of the Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce and a former special assistant to the governor in the State of Illinois. He left the position to run for Congress in the State of Illinois.{{cite web\\|title\\=Jimmy D. Lee\\|url\\=http://www.frssec.com/aboutus/staffbios.asp}}",
"The executive order included new criteria for selecting Commissioners to serve on the President's Advisory Commission for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, including requirements that candidates \"have a history of involvement with the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities; are from the business enterprise sector; are from civic associations representing one or more of the diverse Asian American and Pacific Islander communities; are from the fields of economic, social, and community development; or have such other experience as the President deems appropriate.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Executive Order 13339\\|url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-2004\\-05\\-17/pdf/04\\-11271\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=U.S. Government and Printing Office}}",
"#### Priorities",
"Under the Bush Administration economic development became the priority of the Initiative. Executive Order 13339 stated its purpose as \"providing equal economic opportunities for full participation of Asian American and Pacific Islander businesses in our free market economy where they may be underserved and thus improving the quality of life for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Executive Order 13339\\|url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-2004\\-05\\-17/pdf/04\\-11271\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=Federal Register}}",
"The President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islander and the Federal Interagency Working Group worked primarily on the following goals during this time:{{cite web\\|title\\=Executive Order 13339\\|url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-2004\\-05\\-17/pdf/04\\-11271\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=Federal Register}}\n* Developed, monitored and coordinated federal efforts to improve Asian American and Pacific Islander participation in government programs;\n* Fostered research and data collection for Asian American and Pacific Islander businesses and communities; and\n* Increased their level of participation in the national economy and their economic and community development.",
"### Obama Administration",
"On October 14, 2009, President Obama signed [Executive Order 13515](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/imagefield_thumbs/image_image_file/2009aapi1.eo_.rel_.pdf), reestablishing the Initiative and superseding Executive Orders 13125 and 13339\\. The Executive Order moved the Initiative from the Department of Commerce to the Department of Education. President Obama appointed then Secretary of Education [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan \"Arne Duncan\") along with then Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke as heads of the Interagency Working Group.",
"Amendments to the Executive Order include [Executive Order 13585](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-07/pdf/2011-26141.pdf), [Executive Order 13652](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-04/pdf/2013-24388.pdf), and [Executive Order 13652](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-04/pdf/2013-24388.pdf) which all ensure the continuance of the [Federal Advisory Committees](/wiki/Federal_Advisory_Committee_Act \"Federal Advisory Committee Act\").{{cite web\\|title\\=2009 Executive Orders Disposition Tables Barack Obama \\- 2009\\|date\\=August 15, 2016\\|url\\=https://www.archives.gov/federal\\-register/executive\\-orders/2009\\-obama.html\\|publisher\\=National Archives}}",
"#### Executive director and commission",
"[thumb\\|Kiran Ahuja delivers opening remarks at the Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month Opening Ceremony on May 6, 2014\\.](/wiki/File:Kiran_Ahuja_Opening_Ceremony.jpg \"Kiran Ahuja Opening Ceremony.jpg\")\nKiran Ahuja was appointed on December 14, 2009, to the position of Executive Director of the Initiative. Prior to her work at the Initiative, Ahuja served as founding Executive Director of the National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum (NAPAWF) and worked at the [U.S. Department of Justice](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice \"U.S. Department of Justice\") [Civil Rights Division](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Division \"Civil Rights Division\").",
"In 2015, Doua Thor became the Executive Director of the Initiative, following the departure of Ahuja. Prior to taking on the position, Thor had worked with the Initiative as a senior advisor and member of the President's Advisory Commission. A refugee herself, Thor is the former Executive Director of the Southeast Asian Resource Action Center (SEARAC).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian\\-america/laos\\-dc\\-doua\\-thor\\-talks\\-refugee\\-story\\-public\\-service\\-power\\-n501336\\|title\\=From Laos to DC: Doua Thor Talks Refugee Story, Public Service, and the Power of Community\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|date\\=January 22, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}",
"The commission included 20 members and was chaired by Dr. Tung Thanh Nguyen with Dr. Mary Ann Young Okada as Vice Chair. Other Commissioners include: Dr. Nina Ahmad; Michael Byun; Lt. Col. Ravi Chaudhary; Lian Cheun; [Billy Dec](/wiki/Billy_Dec \"Billy Dec\"); Jacob James Fitisemanu, Jr.; Bill Imada, Kathy Ko Chin, Daphne Kwok, Dee Jay Mailer, Diane Narasaki, Shekar Narasimhan, [Maulik Pancholy](/wiki/Maulik_Pancholy \"Maulik Pancholy\"), Linda X. Phan, Sanjita Pradhan, Lorna May Ho Randlett, [Bo Thao\\-Urabe](/wiki/Bo_Thao-Urabe \"Bo Thao-Urabe\"), and Dr. Paul Y. Watanabe.",
"Past Administration co\\-chairs of the Initiative are [Chris Lu](/wiki/Chris_Lu \"Chris Lu\"), who served with Secretary Arne Duncan during his tenure as Cabinet Secretary and Assistant to President Obama, and [Gary Locke](/wiki/Gary_Locke \"Gary Locke\") during his term as Secretary of Commerce.",
"#### Priorities",
"Under the Obama Administration, the Initiative has worked to expand the outreach capacity of the Commission and IWG. The IWG created and implemented agency plans to increase the AAPI community's access to federal programs and services, housing four subcommittees that coincide with the initiative's four cross\\-cutting goal areas of research and data disaggregation, language access, workforce diversity, and capacity building. These subcommittees respond to the community, share best practices, and recommend strategic goals that can be incorporated into agency plans",
"The Initiative also formed a regional IWG, called the Regional Network, of more than 250 regional administrators, district directors, and regional staff to help facilitate information sharing and coordinate community engagement with the AAPI community across the federal regional agencies. The Regional Network meets quarterly to share information and discuss ways in which regional offices can work together, convenes regional roundtables with local AAPI communities, builds partnerships between the federal regional offices, the commission, and the local and state commissions, and submits an annual progress report on its engagement efforts.",
"The Initiative has also worked more extensively on data disaggregation, hosting a national symposium in partnership with National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education to relay best practices for data collection, analysis, and dissemination.",
"In addition, the Initiative has advised federal agencies on disaster response efforts after the Gulf Coast Oil Spill, released an AAPI women's record, developed educational tools and resources on the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"), and helped launch the [Senior Executive Service](/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service \"Senior Executive Service\") (SES) Development Program.{{cite web\\|title\\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Highlights\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]]\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whiaapi\\_accomplishment\\_highlights.pdf }} The initiative has also seen the creation of a Nail Salon Interagency Working Group, created a federal resources page with grants and training information, and worked with the Federal Asian Pacific American Council (FAPAC) on challenge issues for the community.",
"Other key accomplishments and priorities of the Initiative under the Obama Administration include:\n* **Organizing the first\\-ever White House Summit on AAPIs**. Nearly 2,000 community members and federal officials from over 40 states and the Pacific Islands came together to share their experiences and gain tools to mobilize their communities to further expand opportunities for AAPIs through federal resources and programs. Six Cabinet Secretaries and multiple federal agency leaders joined the Summit and highlighted their work benefiting the AAPI community.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/05/14/historic\\-gathering\\-white\\-house\\-summit\\-asian\\-americans\\-and\\-pacific\\-islanders\\|title\\=A Historic Gathering: The White House Summit on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-14\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]]\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Advancing data collection, analysis, and dissemination on AAPI communities**. The Initiative launched Data.gov/AAPI, the most comprehensive hub of government data on AAPIs. The Initiative also convened data experts during two iCount Symposiums and released a best practices report to promote innovative approaches and methodologies to further disaggregate race and ethnicity data within federal agencies.{{Cite web \\|title\\=AAPI Data Catalog \\- Data.gov \\|url\\=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset?q\\=AAPI\\&sort\\=score\\+desc%2C\\+name\\+asc\\&as\\_sfid\\=AAAAAAXSVS\\-VDjXNbMFAAG6kfnoYvjq0j2r9CBdNVLxiM3iBLoHN5WkOXXitsEuB0uDB\\-MmWJ8u\\-nLkv0hgoXX9CxJsJcnZGjxzobsNzqbSWo1BFaM28PyiR3W1tkMfj19Wlwlo%3D\\&as\\_fid\\=5d5b0264d62542279a8dfdbea8da3175f8b05434 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ed.gov/news/media\\-advisories/white\\-house\\-initiative\\-asian\\-americans\\-and\\-pacific\\-islanders\\-hold\\-symposium\\-discuss\\-data\\-disaggregation\\-aapi\\-students\\|title\\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders to Hold Symposium to Discuss Data Disaggregation for AAPI Students \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Education \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Supporting Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander communities.** The Initiative led the Administration's first\\-ever regional summit in Guam to discuss specific needs of the community for grant programs, capacity building, and technical assistance. The Commission held its first\\-ever listening session in Hawaii to discuss Native Hawaiian needs and opportunities. In addition, the Initiative supported the Department of Interior in its engagements to create an administrative procedure for re\\-establishing a government\\-to\\-government relationship.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Garcia \\|first1\\=J. Nadine \\|last2\\=Wu \\|first2\\=Samuel \\|date\\=May 28, 2014 \\|title\\=Taking Action to Achieve Health Equity in the Pacific Islands \\|url\\=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/blog/BlogPost.aspx?BlogID\\=3094 \\|website\\=National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}\n* **Promoting Public\\-Private Partnerships.** During the first\\-ever National Philanthropic Briefing on AAPIs in 2012, the Ford Foundation, W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and Kresge Foundation made a commitment of $1 million, the first\\-of\\-its\\-kind coordinated public and philanthropic investment in the AAPI community.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://aapip.org/our\\-stories/white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-and\\-pacific\\-islanders\\-convenes\\-first\\|title\\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Convenes First Philanthropic Briefing Focused on AAPI Community \\|publisher\\=AAPIP \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Engaging a new generation of young leaders** in understanding the federal resources dedicated to college affordability, bullying prevention, mental health, pathways to public service, naturalization, and the [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals \"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\") policy through the E3! Ambassadors Program and annual White House AAPI Youth Forums.\n* **Expanding healthcare access for AAPI communities.** Nearly 2 million previously uninsured AAPIs became eligible for coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and the Initiative worked to get AAPIs covered under the ACA through collaboration with the Department of Health and Human Services, community health centers, and ethnic media.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/11/15/bringing\\-health\\-equity\\-and\\-affordable\\-care\\-act\\-aapis\\-new\\-york\\|title\\=Bringing Health Equity and the Affordable Care Act to AAPIs in New York\\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-15\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]]\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Welcoming and creating opportunity for immigrants and new Americans** through the Stand Stronger Citizenship Awareness Campaign, in\\-language outreach around the DACA program, and roundtables with the [Task Force on New Americans](/wiki/Task_Force_on_New_Americans \"Task Force on New Americans\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/white\\-house\\-announces\\-stand\\-stronger\\-citizenship\\-awareness\\-campaign\\-n429076\\|title\\=White House Announces 'Stand Stronger' Citizenship Awareness Campaign\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|date\\=September 17, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Forging educational equity for AAPI students** through support of Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander\\-Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs).\n* **Supporting AAPI\\-owned businesses**. Through coordination with the [Minority Business Development Agency](/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency \"Minority Business Development Agency\") and AAPI chambers of commerce, the Initiative works to ensure AAPI businesses are equipped with the knowledge to compete for grants and government contracts.\n* **Protecting vulnerable AAPI workers.** The Initiative participates in two interagency working groups addressing the needs of vulnerable workers in high\\-risk and low\\-wage industries and the myriad of health and safety issues affecting AAPI nail salon workers, who account for 40 percent of the national nail salon workforce.\n* **Protecting the civil rights of AAPI communities**. The Initiative launched the interagency AAPI Bullying Prevention Task Force to analyze data and formulate effective policies to better understand and address bullying. The Task Force hosted more than 25 listening sessions, and the Initiative launched the Act To Change national public awareness campaign with translated resources and a coalition of 50\\+ supporting organizations and influencers, including [George Takei](/wiki/George_Takei \"George Takei\") and [Jeremy Lin](/wiki/Jeremy_Lin \"Jeremy Lin\"), encouraging youth to take the pledge against bullying.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://acttochange.org/\\|title\\=Act to Change \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}",
"### Trump Administration",
"[thumb\\|President Donald Trump signs Executive Order 13872 to help broaden access to economic resources for the AAPI community on May 13, 2019\\.On](/wiki/File:President_Trump_Signed_an_Executive_Order_on_the_Economic_Empowerment_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islanders_%2840876365703%29.jpg \"President Trump Signed an Executive Order on the Economic Empowerment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (40876365703).jpg\") May 13, 2019, President Trump signed Executive Order 13872 once again reestablishing the Initiative.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Executive Order on Economic Empowerment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders – The White House \\|url\\=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential\\-actions/executive\\-order\\-economic\\-empowerment\\-asian\\-americans\\-pacific\\-islanders/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-21 \\|website\\=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}} The order effectively reversed the transfer made by President Obama and moved the Initiative from the Department of Education back to the Department of Commerce. President Trump appointed then Secretary of Commerce [Wilbur Ross](/wiki/Wilbur_Ross \"Wilbur Ross\") and then Secretary of Transportation [Elaine Chao](/wiki/Elaine_Chao \"Elaine Chao\") serve as the Co\\-Chairs of the Initiative.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vice President Mike Pence Swears in New Commissioners to the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans \\& Pacific Islanders with Three Cabinet Members Present to Celebrate Lunar New Year at the White House \\|url\\=https://www.mbda.gov/news/press\\-releases/2020/01/vice\\-president\\-mike\\-pence\\-swears\\-new\\-commissioners\\-presidents\\-advisory \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-21 \\|website\\=Minority Business Development Agency \\|date\\=January 27, 2020 \\|language\\=en}}",
"The order also established an Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) to help broaden access to more employers and other economic resources for the AAPI community.{{cite web \\|title\\=Executive Order on Economic Empowerment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders \\|url\\=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential\\-actions/executive\\-order\\-economic\\-empowerment\\-asian\\-americans\\-pacific\\-islanders/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]] \\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]}}",
"#### Executive director and commission",
"On November 13, 2017, [Holly Ham](/wiki/Holly_Ham \"Holly Ham\") was appointed as Executive Director of the Initiative. Prior to this appointment, Ham served as Assistant Secretary for Management at the [U.S. Department of Education](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education \"U.S. Department of Education\"), also in the Trump Administration.{{cite web \\|title\\=Holly Ham, Executive Director, White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders — Biography \\|url\\=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USED/bulletins/1c4c38a \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Education}}{{cite web \\|title\\=White House Asian\\-American, Pacific Islander initiative names new leader \\|date\\=November 30, 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian\\-america/white\\-house\\-asian\\-american\\-pacific\\-islander\\-initiative\\-names\\-new\\-leader\\-n825326 \\|publisher\\=NBC News \\|language\\=en}}",
"On December 17, 2019, the Department of Commerce confirmed that Tina Wei Smith, a former Department of Labor appointee, would replace Ham as Executive Director.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-17 \\|title\\=Exclusive: White House Initiative on AAPIs gets new executive director \\|url\\=https://theyappie.com/white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-aapis\\-gets\\-new\\-executive\\-director/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-21 \\|website\\=The Yappie \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"On January 27, 2020, Vice President Mike Pence swore in 13 members of the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders including Paul S. Hsu, Congresswoman [Amata C. Radewagen](/wiki/Amata_Coleman_Radewagen \"Amata Coleman Radewagen\"), Herman Martir, Governor [Eddie Calvo](/wiki/Eddie_Baza_Calvo \"Eddie Baza Calvo\"), Doris Flores Brooks, Grace Y. Lee, Prem Parameswaran, Michelle P. Steel, Chiling Tong, Jennifer Carnahan, George Leing, Jan\\-Ie Low, and Keiko Orrall.\n### Publications",
"The [FY 2016\\-2017 federal Agency Plans](https://www.osec.doc.gov/ocr/civilrights/aapi/AAPI.html) incorporating a strategic outline for addressing AAPI needs are publicly available on the Initiative website.",
"The Initiative also highlights the yearly progress federal departments and agencies have made in attaining agency plan benchmarks and goals. It has also released a report of its own accomplishments over the past four years.",
"In September 2011, the Initiative produced a Guide to Federal Agency Resources.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-11 \\|title\\=Announcing the Guide to Federal Agency Resources: Promoting a Healthy, Vibrant Asian American and Pacific Islander Community \\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/10/11/announcing\\-guide\\-federal\\-agency\\-resources\\-promoting\\-healthy\\-vibrant\\-asian\\-american\\-a \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-15 \\|website\\=whitehouse.gov \\|language\\=en}}",
"In May 2014, the Initiative published the Report from the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders titled \"[Building the American Mosaic](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/american-mosaic_digital.pdf).\" The report communicates the current role of commissioners and also offers recommendations to federal departments and agencies in building a stronger federal infrastructure for AAPIs.",
"As of May 2021, the Initiative has compiled several resources for AAPI and NH communities on its [website](https://www.hhs.gov/about/whiaanhpi/resources/index.html).",
""
] |
### Clinton Administration
On June 7, 1999, President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") signed [Executive Order 13125](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1999-06-10/pdf/99-14901.pdf) to establish the first White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders "in order to improve the quality of life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders through increased participation in federal programs where they may be underserved (e.g., health, human services, education, housing, labor, transportation, and economic and community development)."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-1999\-06\-10/pdf/99\-14901\.pdf\| title\=Executive Order 13125}} The [Executive Order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 "Executive order (United States)") called on all federal departments to mobilize their resources to address the unmet needs of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.
Prior to the signing of Executive Order 13125, the last United States Presidential Executive Order related to AAPIs was [Executive Order 9066](/wiki/Executive_Order_9066 "Executive Order 9066"), which led to the [internment of Japanese Americans](/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans "Internment of Japanese Americans") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
Under the Clinton Administration, the Executive Order housed the Initiative under the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"), in the [Health Resources and Services Administration](/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration "Health Resources and Services Administration").
#### Executive director and commission
The first Initiative Executive Director [Shamina Singh](https://www.mastercardcenter.org/our-team/shamina-singh) was appointed by [Secretary of Health and Human Services](/wiki/Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Secretary of Health and Human Services") [Donna Shalala](/wiki/Donna_Shalala "Donna Shalala").{{cite web\|title\=New Executive Director for White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Begins New Duties\|url\=http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/1999pres/990927\.html\|publisher\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}} Prior to her work at the Initiative, Singh served as special assistant to the Secretary at the [U.S. Department of Labor](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor "U.S. Department of Labor") and worked on specialized health care issues for the [Service Employees International Union](/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union "Service Employees International Union").
[thumb\|Executive Director Shamina Singh meets with the inaugural members of the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.](/wiki/File:Shamina-and-commissioners.jpg "Shamina-and-commissioners.jpg")
The first President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders was chaired by former Congressman [Norman Mineta](/wiki/Norman_Mineta "Norman Mineta").{{cite web\|last1\=Bau\|first1\=Ignatius\|title\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \& Pacific Islanders\|date\=October 14, 2011\|url\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\-by\-and\-for\-the\-people\-my\-reflections\-on\-the\-white\-house\-initiative\-on\-asian\-americans\-pacific\-islanders/}} The 15\-member President's Advisory Commission was seated through June 7, 2001\.
#### Priorities
The Interagency Working Group under the Clinton Administration was chaired by then Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Kevin Thurm. The IWG was composed of leaders from 32 federal agencies and departments.{{cite web\|last1\=Bau\|first1\=Ignatius\|title\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \& Pacific Islanders\|date\=October 14, 2011\|url\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\-by\-and\-for\-the\-people\-my\-reflections\-on\-the\-white\-house\-initiative\-on\-asian\-americans\-pacific\-islanders/}} As part of the Executive Order, each federal agency and department was required to draft an integrated agency plan including measurable objectives and implementation goals to better serve the AAPI community.
The first commission report highlighted four key themes:{{cite web\|last1\=Bau\|first1\=Ignatius\|title\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \& Pacific Islanders\|date\=October 14, 2011\|url\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\-by\-and\-for\-the\-people\-my\-reflections\-on\-the\-white\-house\-initiative\-on\-asian\-americans\-pacific\-islanders/}}
* AAPIs have been "MIH" – "Missing In History" – as taught in classrooms, as reflected in the media and the arts and as understood by government policymakers and program planners. In much of the data used by the federal government, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are invisible, relegated to a residual category of "Other."
* Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) often remain a footnote or asterisk as part of the broad "Asian American and Pacific Islander" category, ignoring their importance and dignity as diverse, [indigenous peoples](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples "Indigenous peoples"). Barely ever noted is the manner in which the United States acquired [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"), [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam"), [the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands](/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands"), and [American Samoa](/wiki/American_Samoa "American Samoa").
* Asian Americans are stereotyped as a "[model minority](/wiki/Model_minority "Model minority")": passive, compliant, overachieving and without problems or needs.
* Asian Americans continue to be viewed as perpetual foreigners, forever "[aliens](/wiki/Alien_%28law%29 "Alien (law)")" whose loyalty and place in America is always questioned.
The report left several recommendations, including that federal agencies improve data collection measures, ensure linguistic access in AAPI languages, protect civil rights and equal opportunity for AAPIs, strengthen community capacity, and recognize NHPIs in federal programs and services.{{cite web\|title\=A People Looking Forward: Action for Access and Partnerships in the 21st Century\|date\=September 2, 2010\|url\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2010/09/02/a\-people\-looking\-forward\-first\-interim\-report\-from\-the\-presidents\-advisory\-commission\-on\-asian\-americans\-and\-pacific\-islanders/\|publisher\=The White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders}}
|
[
"### Clinton Administration",
"On June 7, 1999, President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") signed [Executive Order 13125](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1999-06-10/pdf/99-14901.pdf) to establish the first White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders \"in order to improve the quality of life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders through increased participation in federal programs where they may be underserved (e.g., health, human services, education, housing, labor, transportation, and economic and community development).\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-1999\\-06\\-10/pdf/99\\-14901\\.pdf\\| title\\=Executive Order 13125}} The [Executive Order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 \"Executive order (United States)\") called on all federal departments to mobilize their resources to address the unmet needs of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.",
"Prior to the signing of Executive Order 13125, the last United States Presidential Executive Order related to AAPIs was [Executive Order 9066](/wiki/Executive_Order_9066 \"Executive Order 9066\"), which led to the [internment of Japanese Americans](/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans \"Internment of Japanese Americans\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"Under the Clinton Administration, the Executive Order housed the Initiative under the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\"), in the [Health Resources and Services Administration](/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration \"Health Resources and Services Administration\").",
"#### Executive director and commission",
"The first Initiative Executive Director [Shamina Singh](https://www.mastercardcenter.org/our-team/shamina-singh) was appointed by [Secretary of Health and Human Services](/wiki/Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"Secretary of Health and Human Services\") [Donna Shalala](/wiki/Donna_Shalala \"Donna Shalala\").{{cite web\\|title\\=New Executive Director for White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Begins New Duties\\|url\\=http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/1999pres/990927\\.html\\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}} Prior to her work at the Initiative, Singh served as special assistant to the Secretary at the [U.S. Department of Labor](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor \"U.S. Department of Labor\") and worked on specialized health care issues for the [Service Employees International Union](/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union \"Service Employees International Union\").",
"[thumb\\|Executive Director Shamina Singh meets with the inaugural members of the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.](/wiki/File:Shamina-and-commissioners.jpg \"Shamina-and-commissioners.jpg\")\nThe first President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders was chaired by former Congressman [Norman Mineta](/wiki/Norman_Mineta \"Norman Mineta\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bau\\|first1\\=Ignatius\\|title\\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \\& Pacific Islanders\\|date\\=October 14, 2011\\|url\\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\\-by\\-and\\-for\\-the\\-people\\-my\\-reflections\\-on\\-the\\-white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-pacific\\-islanders/}} The 15\\-member President's Advisory Commission was seated through June 7, 2001\\.",
"#### Priorities",
"The Interagency Working Group under the Clinton Administration was chaired by then Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Kevin Thurm. The IWG was composed of leaders from 32 federal agencies and departments.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bau\\|first1\\=Ignatius\\|title\\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \\& Pacific Islanders\\|date\\=October 14, 2011\\|url\\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\\-by\\-and\\-for\\-the\\-people\\-my\\-reflections\\-on\\-the\\-white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-pacific\\-islanders/}} As part of the Executive Order, each federal agency and department was required to draft an integrated agency plan including measurable objectives and implementation goals to better serve the AAPI community.",
"The first commission report highlighted four key themes:{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bau\\|first1\\=Ignatius\\|title\\=Of, By and For the People: My Reflections on the White House Initiative on Asian Americans \\& Pacific Islanders\\|date\\=October 14, 2011\\|url\\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2011/10/14/of\\-by\\-and\\-for\\-the\\-people\\-my\\-reflections\\-on\\-the\\-white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-pacific\\-islanders/}}\n* AAPIs have been \"MIH\" – \"Missing In History\" – as taught in classrooms, as reflected in the media and the arts and as understood by government policymakers and program planners. In much of the data used by the federal government, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are invisible, relegated to a residual category of \"Other.\"\n* Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) often remain a footnote or asterisk as part of the broad \"Asian American and Pacific Islander\" category, ignoring their importance and dignity as diverse, [indigenous peoples](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples \"Indigenous peoples\"). Barely ever noted is the manner in which the United States acquired [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"), [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\"), [the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands](/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands\"), and [American Samoa](/wiki/American_Samoa \"American Samoa\").\n* Asian Americans are stereotyped as a \"[model minority](/wiki/Model_minority \"Model minority\")\": passive, compliant, overachieving and without problems or needs.\n* Asian Americans continue to be viewed as perpetual foreigners, forever \"[aliens](/wiki/Alien_%28law%29 \"Alien (law)\")\" whose loyalty and place in America is always questioned.",
"The report left several recommendations, including that federal agencies improve data collection measures, ensure linguistic access in AAPI languages, protect civil rights and equal opportunity for AAPIs, strengthen community capacity, and recognize NHPIs in federal programs and services.{{cite web\\|title\\=A People Looking Forward: Action for Access and Partnerships in the 21st Century\\|date\\=September 2, 2010\\|url\\=http://ignatiusbau.com/2010/09/02/a\\-people\\-looking\\-forward\\-first\\-interim\\-report\\-from\\-the\\-presidents\\-advisory\\-commission\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-and\\-pacific\\-islanders/\\|publisher\\=The White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders}}",
""
] |
### Bush Administration
[thumb\|President George W. Bush signs Executive Order 13339 to increase economic opportunities for and improve the quality of life AAPIs on June 6, 2001\.](/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_with_the_President%E2%80%99s_Advisory_Commission_on_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islanders_-_2014.jpg "President George W. Bush with the President’s Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders - 2014.jpg")
On June 6, 2001, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") signed [Executive Order 13216](http://www.epa.gov/aapi/documents/EO13216.htm), renewing the Initiative and changing the Order's title from: "Increasing Participation of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Federal Programs" to "Increasing Opportunity and Improving Quality of Life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders."{{cite web \|title\=Executive Order 13216 (Amendment to Executive Order 13125\) \|url\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/WCPD\-2001\-06\-11/pdf/WCPD\-2001\-06\-11\-Pg856\.pdf \|publisher\=EPA}} At this time, Deputy Secretary Claude A. Allen of the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services") was named Chair of the Interagency Working Group.
On May 17, 2004, President Bush signed [Executive Order 13339](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2004-05-17/pdf/04-11271.pdf), superseding Executive Order 13125 and moving the Initiative from the Department of Health and Human Services to the [U.S. Department of Commerce](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce "U.S. Department of Commerce").
President Bush signed [Executive Order 13403](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2006-05-16/pdf/06-4652.pdf%20) on May 12, 2006, once again reauthorizing the Initiative.
#### Executive director and commission
In 2001, [John Quoc Duong](/wiki/John_Quoc_Duong "John Quoc Duong") was named executive director of the initiative. Prior to assuming his appointment, Duong served as vice president of Bridgecreek Group, Inc. and was deputy director of the Office of Community Relations for California Governor [Pete Wilson](/wiki/Pete_Wilson "Pete Wilson"). Under Duong's leadership, there were 4 staff members and 15 members on the commission.{{cite web \|last1\=Bong\-Wright \|first1\=Jackie \|title\=Young Vietnamese Heads White House Initiative on AAPI \|url\=https://www.asianamerican.net/bios/Duong\-John.html}}{{cite web\|title\=Duong Will Head White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Isladners\|url\=http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010601a.html\|publisher\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}
In 2004, Eddy Badrina was appointed as executive director of the Initiative.{{cite news\|last1\=Chow\|first1\=May\|title\=From Houston to the White House: Eddy Badrina leads Initiative on AAPIs\|url\=http://www.asianweek.com/2004/06/11/from\-houston\-to\-the\-white\-house\-eddy\-badrina\-leads\-initiative\-on\-aapis/\|website\=Asian Week}} Prior to joining the initiative, Badrina was an appointee to the White House Liaison Office at the [U.S. Department of State](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State "U.S. Department of State"), working on the Bush Administration's transition efforts.
In 2006, Jimmy D. Lee began his term as executive director for the initiative.{{Cite book \|last\=Yu Danico \|first\=Mary \|title\=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia \|publisher\=Sage Publications \|year\=2014 \|pages\=951}} Before joining the initiative as executive director, Lee was a commissioner on the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and served as executive director of the Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce and a former special assistant to the governor in the State of Illinois. He left the position to run for Congress in the State of Illinois.{{cite web\|title\=Jimmy D. Lee\|url\=http://www.frssec.com/aboutus/staffbios.asp}}
The executive order included new criteria for selecting Commissioners to serve on the President's Advisory Commission for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, including requirements that candidates "have a history of involvement with the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities; are from the business enterprise sector; are from civic associations representing one or more of the diverse Asian American and Pacific Islander communities; are from the fields of economic, social, and community development; or have such other experience as the President deems appropriate."{{cite web\|title\=Executive Order 13339\|url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-2004\-05\-17/pdf/04\-11271\.pdf\|publisher\=U.S. Government and Printing Office}}
#### Priorities
Under the Bush Administration economic development became the priority of the Initiative. Executive Order 13339 stated its purpose as "providing equal economic opportunities for full participation of Asian American and Pacific Islander businesses in our free market economy where they may be underserved and thus improving the quality of life for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders."{{cite web\|title\=Executive Order 13339\|url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-2004\-05\-17/pdf/04\-11271\.pdf\|publisher\=Federal Register}}
The President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islander and the Federal Interagency Working Group worked primarily on the following goals during this time:{{cite web\|title\=Executive Order 13339\|url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-2004\-05\-17/pdf/04\-11271\.pdf\|publisher\=Federal Register}}
* Developed, monitored and coordinated federal efforts to improve Asian American and Pacific Islander participation in government programs;
* Fostered research and data collection for Asian American and Pacific Islander businesses and communities; and
* Increased their level of participation in the national economy and their economic and community development.
|
[
"### Bush Administration",
"[thumb\\|President George W. Bush signs Executive Order 13339 to increase economic opportunities for and improve the quality of life AAPIs on June 6, 2001\\.](/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_with_the_President%E2%80%99s_Advisory_Commission_on_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islanders_-_2014.jpg \"President George W. Bush with the President’s Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders - 2014.jpg\")",
"On June 6, 2001, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") signed [Executive Order 13216](http://www.epa.gov/aapi/documents/EO13216.htm), renewing the Initiative and changing the Order's title from: \"Increasing Participation of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Federal Programs\" to \"Increasing Opportunity and Improving Quality of Life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Executive Order 13216 (Amendment to Executive Order 13125\\) \\|url\\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/WCPD\\-2001\\-06\\-11/pdf/WCPD\\-2001\\-06\\-11\\-Pg856\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=EPA}} At this time, Deputy Secretary Claude A. Allen of the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\") was named Chair of the Interagency Working Group.",
"On May 17, 2004, President Bush signed [Executive Order 13339](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2004-05-17/pdf/04-11271.pdf), superseding Executive Order 13125 and moving the Initiative from the Department of Health and Human Services to the [U.S. Department of Commerce](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce \"U.S. Department of Commerce\").",
"President Bush signed [Executive Order 13403](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2006-05-16/pdf/06-4652.pdf%20) on May 12, 2006, once again reauthorizing the Initiative.",
"#### Executive director and commission",
"In 2001, [John Quoc Duong](/wiki/John_Quoc_Duong \"John Quoc Duong\") was named executive director of the initiative. Prior to assuming his appointment, Duong served as vice president of Bridgecreek Group, Inc. and was deputy director of the Office of Community Relations for California Governor [Pete Wilson](/wiki/Pete_Wilson \"Pete Wilson\"). Under Duong's leadership, there were 4 staff members and 15 members on the commission.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bong\\-Wright \\|first1\\=Jackie \\|title\\=Young Vietnamese Heads White House Initiative on AAPI \\|url\\=https://www.asianamerican.net/bios/Duong\\-John.html}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Duong Will Head White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Isladners\\|url\\=http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010601a.html\\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}",
"In 2004, Eddy Badrina was appointed as executive director of the Initiative.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Chow\\|first1\\=May\\|title\\=From Houston to the White House: Eddy Badrina leads Initiative on AAPIs\\|url\\=http://www.asianweek.com/2004/06/11/from\\-houston\\-to\\-the\\-white\\-house\\-eddy\\-badrina\\-leads\\-initiative\\-on\\-aapis/\\|website\\=Asian Week}} Prior to joining the initiative, Badrina was an appointee to the White House Liaison Office at the [U.S. Department of State](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State \"U.S. Department of State\"), working on the Bush Administration's transition efforts.",
"In 2006, Jimmy D. Lee began his term as executive director for the initiative.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Yu Danico \\|first\\=Mary \\|title\\=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia \\|publisher\\=Sage Publications \\|year\\=2014 \\|pages\\=951}} Before joining the initiative as executive director, Lee was a commissioner on the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and served as executive director of the Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce and a former special assistant to the governor in the State of Illinois. He left the position to run for Congress in the State of Illinois.{{cite web\\|title\\=Jimmy D. Lee\\|url\\=http://www.frssec.com/aboutus/staffbios.asp}}",
"The executive order included new criteria for selecting Commissioners to serve on the President's Advisory Commission for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, including requirements that candidates \"have a history of involvement with the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities; are from the business enterprise sector; are from civic associations representing one or more of the diverse Asian American and Pacific Islander communities; are from the fields of economic, social, and community development; or have such other experience as the President deems appropriate.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Executive Order 13339\\|url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-2004\\-05\\-17/pdf/04\\-11271\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=U.S. Government and Printing Office}}",
"#### Priorities",
"Under the Bush Administration economic development became the priority of the Initiative. Executive Order 13339 stated its purpose as \"providing equal economic opportunities for full participation of Asian American and Pacific Islander businesses in our free market economy where they may be underserved and thus improving the quality of life for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Executive Order 13339\\|url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-2004\\-05\\-17/pdf/04\\-11271\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=Federal Register}}",
"The President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islander and the Federal Interagency Working Group worked primarily on the following goals during this time:{{cite web\\|title\\=Executive Order 13339\\|url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-2004\\-05\\-17/pdf/04\\-11271\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=Federal Register}}\n* Developed, monitored and coordinated federal efforts to improve Asian American and Pacific Islander participation in government programs;\n* Fostered research and data collection for Asian American and Pacific Islander businesses and communities; and\n* Increased their level of participation in the national economy and their economic and community development.",
""
] |
### Obama Administration
On October 14, 2009, President Obama signed [Executive Order 13515](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/imagefield_thumbs/image_image_file/2009aapi1.eo_.rel_.pdf), reestablishing the Initiative and superseding Executive Orders 13125 and 13339\. The Executive Order moved the Initiative from the Department of Commerce to the Department of Education. President Obama appointed then Secretary of Education [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan "Arne Duncan") along with then Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke as heads of the Interagency Working Group.
Amendments to the Executive Order include [Executive Order 13585](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-07/pdf/2011-26141.pdf), [Executive Order 13652](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-04/pdf/2013-24388.pdf), and [Executive Order 13652](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-04/pdf/2013-24388.pdf) which all ensure the continuance of the [Federal Advisory Committees](/wiki/Federal_Advisory_Committee_Act "Federal Advisory Committee Act").{{cite web\|title\=2009 Executive Orders Disposition Tables Barack Obama \- 2009\|date\=August 15, 2016\|url\=https://www.archives.gov/federal\-register/executive\-orders/2009\-obama.html\|publisher\=National Archives}}
#### Executive director and commission
[thumb\|Kiran Ahuja delivers opening remarks at the Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month Opening Ceremony on May 6, 2014\.](/wiki/File:Kiran_Ahuja_Opening_Ceremony.jpg "Kiran Ahuja Opening Ceremony.jpg")
Kiran Ahuja was appointed on December 14, 2009, to the position of Executive Director of the Initiative. Prior to her work at the Initiative, Ahuja served as founding Executive Director of the National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum (NAPAWF) and worked at the [U.S. Department of Justice](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice "U.S. Department of Justice") [Civil Rights Division](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Division "Civil Rights Division").
In 2015, Doua Thor became the Executive Director of the Initiative, following the departure of Ahuja. Prior to taking on the position, Thor had worked with the Initiative as a senior advisor and member of the President's Advisory Commission. A refugee herself, Thor is the former Executive Director of the Southeast Asian Resource Action Center (SEARAC).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian\-america/laos\-dc\-doua\-thor\-talks\-refugee\-story\-public\-service\-power\-n501336\|title\=From Laos to DC: Doua Thor Talks Refugee Story, Public Service, and the Power of Community\|website\=\[\[NBC News]]\|date\=January 22, 2016 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
The commission included 20 members and was chaired by Dr. Tung Thanh Nguyen with Dr. Mary Ann Young Okada as Vice Chair. Other Commissioners include: Dr. Nina Ahmad; Michael Byun; Lt. Col. Ravi Chaudhary; Lian Cheun; [Billy Dec](/wiki/Billy_Dec "Billy Dec"); Jacob James Fitisemanu, Jr.; Bill Imada, Kathy Ko Chin, Daphne Kwok, Dee Jay Mailer, Diane Narasaki, Shekar Narasimhan, [Maulik Pancholy](/wiki/Maulik_Pancholy "Maulik Pancholy"), Linda X. Phan, Sanjita Pradhan, Lorna May Ho Randlett, [Bo Thao\-Urabe](/wiki/Bo_Thao-Urabe "Bo Thao-Urabe"), and Dr. Paul Y. Watanabe.
Past Administration co\-chairs of the Initiative are [Chris Lu](/wiki/Chris_Lu "Chris Lu"), who served with Secretary Arne Duncan during his tenure as Cabinet Secretary and Assistant to President Obama, and [Gary Locke](/wiki/Gary_Locke "Gary Locke") during his term as Secretary of Commerce.
#### Priorities
Under the Obama Administration, the Initiative has worked to expand the outreach capacity of the Commission and IWG. The IWG created and implemented agency plans to increase the AAPI community's access to federal programs and services, housing four subcommittees that coincide with the initiative's four cross\-cutting goal areas of research and data disaggregation, language access, workforce diversity, and capacity building. These subcommittees respond to the community, share best practices, and recommend strategic goals that can be incorporated into agency plans
The Initiative also formed a regional IWG, called the Regional Network, of more than 250 regional administrators, district directors, and regional staff to help facilitate information sharing and coordinate community engagement with the AAPI community across the federal regional agencies. The Regional Network meets quarterly to share information and discuss ways in which regional offices can work together, convenes regional roundtables with local AAPI communities, builds partnerships between the federal regional offices, the commission, and the local and state commissions, and submits an annual progress report on its engagement efforts.
The Initiative has also worked more extensively on data disaggregation, hosting a national symposium in partnership with National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education to relay best practices for data collection, analysis, and dissemination.
In addition, the Initiative has advised federal agencies on disaster response efforts after the Gulf Coast Oil Spill, released an AAPI women's record, developed educational tools and resources on the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act "Affordable Care Act"), and helped launch the [Senior Executive Service](/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service "Senior Executive Service") (SES) Development Program.{{cite web\|title\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Highlights\|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]]\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whiaapi\_accomplishment\_highlights.pdf }} The initiative has also seen the creation of a Nail Salon Interagency Working Group, created a federal resources page with grants and training information, and worked with the Federal Asian Pacific American Council (FAPAC) on challenge issues for the community.
Other key accomplishments and priorities of the Initiative under the Obama Administration include:
* **Organizing the first\-ever White House Summit on AAPIs**. Nearly 2,000 community members and federal officials from over 40 states and the Pacific Islands came together to share their experiences and gain tools to mobilize their communities to further expand opportunities for AAPIs through federal resources and programs. Six Cabinet Secretaries and multiple federal agency leaders joined the Summit and highlighted their work benefiting the AAPI community.{{Cite web\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/05/14/historic\-gathering\-white\-house\-summit\-asian\-americans\-and\-pacific\-islanders\|title\=A Historic Gathering: The White House Summit on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders\|date\=2015\-05\-14\|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]]\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Advancing data collection, analysis, and dissemination on AAPI communities**. The Initiative launched Data.gov/AAPI, the most comprehensive hub of government data on AAPIs. The Initiative also convened data experts during two iCount Symposiums and released a best practices report to promote innovative approaches and methodologies to further disaggregate race and ethnicity data within federal agencies.{{Cite web \|title\=AAPI Data Catalog \- Data.gov \|url\=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset?q\=AAPI\&sort\=score\+desc%2C\+name\+asc\&as\_sfid\=AAAAAAXSVS\-VDjXNbMFAAG6kfnoYvjq0j2r9CBdNVLxiM3iBLoHN5WkOXXitsEuB0uDB\-MmWJ8u\-nLkv0hgoXX9CxJsJcnZGjxzobsNzqbSWo1BFaM28PyiR3W1tkMfj19Wlwlo%3D\&as\_fid\=5d5b0264d62542279a8dfdbea8da3175f8b05434 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23 \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ed.gov/news/media\-advisories/white\-house\-initiative\-asian\-americans\-and\-pacific\-islanders\-hold\-symposium\-discuss\-data\-disaggregation\-aapi\-students\|title\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders to Hold Symposium to Discuss Data Disaggregation for AAPI Students \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Education \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Supporting Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander communities.** The Initiative led the Administration's first\-ever regional summit in Guam to discuss specific needs of the community for grant programs, capacity building, and technical assistance. The Commission held its first\-ever listening session in Hawaii to discuss Native Hawaiian needs and opportunities. In addition, the Initiative supported the Department of Interior in its engagements to create an administrative procedure for re\-establishing a government\-to\-government relationship.{{Cite web \|last1\=Garcia \|first1\=J. Nadine \|last2\=Wu \|first2\=Samuel \|date\=May 28, 2014 \|title\=Taking Action to Achieve Health Equity in the Pacific Islands \|url\=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/blog/BlogPost.aspx?BlogID\=3094 \|website\=National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}
* **Promoting Public\-Private Partnerships.** During the first\-ever National Philanthropic Briefing on AAPIs in 2012, the Ford Foundation, W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and Kresge Foundation made a commitment of $1 million, the first\-of\-its\-kind coordinated public and philanthropic investment in the AAPI community.{{Cite web\|url\=http://aapip.org/our\-stories/white\-house\-initiative\-on\-asian\-americans\-and\-pacific\-islanders\-convenes\-first\|title\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Convenes First Philanthropic Briefing Focused on AAPI Community \|publisher\=AAPIP \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Engaging a new generation of young leaders** in understanding the federal resources dedicated to college affordability, bullying prevention, mental health, pathways to public service, naturalization, and the [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals") policy through the E3! Ambassadors Program and annual White House AAPI Youth Forums.
* **Expanding healthcare access for AAPI communities.** Nearly 2 million previously uninsured AAPIs became eligible for coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and the Initiative worked to get AAPIs covered under the ACA through collaboration with the Department of Health and Human Services, community health centers, and ethnic media.{{Cite web\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/11/15/bringing\-health\-equity\-and\-affordable\-care\-act\-aapis\-new\-york\|title\=Bringing Health Equity and the Affordable Care Act to AAPIs in New York\|date\=2014\-11\-15\|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]]\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Welcoming and creating opportunity for immigrants and new Americans** through the Stand Stronger Citizenship Awareness Campaign, in\-language outreach around the DACA program, and roundtables with the [Task Force on New Americans](/wiki/Task_Force_on_New_Americans "Task Force on New Americans").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/white\-house\-announces\-stand\-stronger\-citizenship\-awareness\-campaign\-n429076\|title\=White House Announces 'Stand Stronger' Citizenship Awareness Campaign\|website\=\[\[NBC News]]\|date\=September 17, 2015 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
* **Forging educational equity for AAPI students** through support of Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander\-Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs).
* **Supporting AAPI\-owned businesses**. Through coordination with the [Minority Business Development Agency](/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency "Minority Business Development Agency") and AAPI chambers of commerce, the Initiative works to ensure AAPI businesses are equipped with the knowledge to compete for grants and government contracts.
* **Protecting vulnerable AAPI workers.** The Initiative participates in two interagency working groups addressing the needs of vulnerable workers in high\-risk and low\-wage industries and the myriad of health and safety issues affecting AAPI nail salon workers, who account for 40 percent of the national nail salon workforce.
* **Protecting the civil rights of AAPI communities**. The Initiative launched the interagency AAPI Bullying Prevention Task Force to analyze data and formulate effective policies to better understand and address bullying. The Task Force hosted more than 25 listening sessions, and the Initiative launched the Act To Change national public awareness campaign with translated resources and a coalition of 50\+ supporting organizations and influencers, including [George Takei](/wiki/George_Takei "George Takei") and [Jeremy Lin](/wiki/Jeremy_Lin "Jeremy Lin"), encouraging youth to take the pledge against bullying.{{Cite web\|url\=https://acttochange.org/\|title\=Act to Change \|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-23}}
|
[
"### Obama Administration",
"On October 14, 2009, President Obama signed [Executive Order 13515](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/imagefield_thumbs/image_image_file/2009aapi1.eo_.rel_.pdf), reestablishing the Initiative and superseding Executive Orders 13125 and 13339\\. The Executive Order moved the Initiative from the Department of Commerce to the Department of Education. President Obama appointed then Secretary of Education [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan \"Arne Duncan\") along with then Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke as heads of the Interagency Working Group.",
"Amendments to the Executive Order include [Executive Order 13585](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-07/pdf/2011-26141.pdf), [Executive Order 13652](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-04/pdf/2013-24388.pdf), and [Executive Order 13652](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-04/pdf/2013-24388.pdf) which all ensure the continuance of the [Federal Advisory Committees](/wiki/Federal_Advisory_Committee_Act \"Federal Advisory Committee Act\").{{cite web\\|title\\=2009 Executive Orders Disposition Tables Barack Obama \\- 2009\\|date\\=August 15, 2016\\|url\\=https://www.archives.gov/federal\\-register/executive\\-orders/2009\\-obama.html\\|publisher\\=National Archives}}",
"#### Executive director and commission",
"[thumb\\|Kiran Ahuja delivers opening remarks at the Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month Opening Ceremony on May 6, 2014\\.](/wiki/File:Kiran_Ahuja_Opening_Ceremony.jpg \"Kiran Ahuja Opening Ceremony.jpg\")\nKiran Ahuja was appointed on December 14, 2009, to the position of Executive Director of the Initiative. Prior to her work at the Initiative, Ahuja served as founding Executive Director of the National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum (NAPAWF) and worked at the [U.S. Department of Justice](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice \"U.S. Department of Justice\") [Civil Rights Division](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Division \"Civil Rights Division\").",
"In 2015, Doua Thor became the Executive Director of the Initiative, following the departure of Ahuja. Prior to taking on the position, Thor had worked with the Initiative as a senior advisor and member of the President's Advisory Commission. A refugee herself, Thor is the former Executive Director of the Southeast Asian Resource Action Center (SEARAC).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian\\-america/laos\\-dc\\-doua\\-thor\\-talks\\-refugee\\-story\\-public\\-service\\-power\\-n501336\\|title\\=From Laos to DC: Doua Thor Talks Refugee Story, Public Service, and the Power of Community\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|date\\=January 22, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}",
"The commission included 20 members and was chaired by Dr. Tung Thanh Nguyen with Dr. Mary Ann Young Okada as Vice Chair. Other Commissioners include: Dr. Nina Ahmad; Michael Byun; Lt. Col. Ravi Chaudhary; Lian Cheun; [Billy Dec](/wiki/Billy_Dec \"Billy Dec\"); Jacob James Fitisemanu, Jr.; Bill Imada, Kathy Ko Chin, Daphne Kwok, Dee Jay Mailer, Diane Narasaki, Shekar Narasimhan, [Maulik Pancholy](/wiki/Maulik_Pancholy \"Maulik Pancholy\"), Linda X. Phan, Sanjita Pradhan, Lorna May Ho Randlett, [Bo Thao\\-Urabe](/wiki/Bo_Thao-Urabe \"Bo Thao-Urabe\"), and Dr. Paul Y. Watanabe.",
"Past Administration co\\-chairs of the Initiative are [Chris Lu](/wiki/Chris_Lu \"Chris Lu\"), who served with Secretary Arne Duncan during his tenure as Cabinet Secretary and Assistant to President Obama, and [Gary Locke](/wiki/Gary_Locke \"Gary Locke\") during his term as Secretary of Commerce.",
"#### Priorities",
"Under the Obama Administration, the Initiative has worked to expand the outreach capacity of the Commission and IWG. The IWG created and implemented agency plans to increase the AAPI community's access to federal programs and services, housing four subcommittees that coincide with the initiative's four cross\\-cutting goal areas of research and data disaggregation, language access, workforce diversity, and capacity building. These subcommittees respond to the community, share best practices, and recommend strategic goals that can be incorporated into agency plans",
"The Initiative also formed a regional IWG, called the Regional Network, of more than 250 regional administrators, district directors, and regional staff to help facilitate information sharing and coordinate community engagement with the AAPI community across the federal regional agencies. The Regional Network meets quarterly to share information and discuss ways in which regional offices can work together, convenes regional roundtables with local AAPI communities, builds partnerships between the federal regional offices, the commission, and the local and state commissions, and submits an annual progress report on its engagement efforts.",
"The Initiative has also worked more extensively on data disaggregation, hosting a national symposium in partnership with National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education to relay best practices for data collection, analysis, and dissemination.",
"In addition, the Initiative has advised federal agencies on disaster response efforts after the Gulf Coast Oil Spill, released an AAPI women's record, developed educational tools and resources on the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"), and helped launch the [Senior Executive Service](/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service \"Senior Executive Service\") (SES) Development Program.{{cite web\\|title\\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Highlights\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]]\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whiaapi\\_accomplishment\\_highlights.pdf }} The initiative has also seen the creation of a Nail Salon Interagency Working Group, created a federal resources page with grants and training information, and worked with the Federal Asian Pacific American Council (FAPAC) on challenge issues for the community.",
"Other key accomplishments and priorities of the Initiative under the Obama Administration include:\n* **Organizing the first\\-ever White House Summit on AAPIs**. Nearly 2,000 community members and federal officials from over 40 states and the Pacific Islands came together to share their experiences and gain tools to mobilize their communities to further expand opportunities for AAPIs through federal resources and programs. Six Cabinet Secretaries and multiple federal agency leaders joined the Summit and highlighted their work benefiting the AAPI community.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/05/14/historic\\-gathering\\-white\\-house\\-summit\\-asian\\-americans\\-and\\-pacific\\-islanders\\|title\\=A Historic Gathering: The White House Summit on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-14\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]]\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Advancing data collection, analysis, and dissemination on AAPI communities**. The Initiative launched Data.gov/AAPI, the most comprehensive hub of government data on AAPIs. The Initiative also convened data experts during two iCount Symposiums and released a best practices report to promote innovative approaches and methodologies to further disaggregate race and ethnicity data within federal agencies.{{Cite web \\|title\\=AAPI Data Catalog \\- Data.gov \\|url\\=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset?q\\=AAPI\\&sort\\=score\\+desc%2C\\+name\\+asc\\&as\\_sfid\\=AAAAAAXSVS\\-VDjXNbMFAAG6kfnoYvjq0j2r9CBdNVLxiM3iBLoHN5WkOXXitsEuB0uDB\\-MmWJ8u\\-nLkv0hgoXX9CxJsJcnZGjxzobsNzqbSWo1BFaM28PyiR3W1tkMfj19Wlwlo%3D\\&as\\_fid\\=5d5b0264d62542279a8dfdbea8da3175f8b05434 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ed.gov/news/media\\-advisories/white\\-house\\-initiative\\-asian\\-americans\\-and\\-pacific\\-islanders\\-hold\\-symposium\\-discuss\\-data\\-disaggregation\\-aapi\\-students\\|title\\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders to Hold Symposium to Discuss Data Disaggregation for AAPI Students \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Education \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Supporting Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander communities.** The Initiative led the Administration's first\\-ever regional summit in Guam to discuss specific needs of the community for grant programs, capacity building, and technical assistance. The Commission held its first\\-ever listening session in Hawaii to discuss Native Hawaiian needs and opportunities. In addition, the Initiative supported the Department of Interior in its engagements to create an administrative procedure for re\\-establishing a government\\-to\\-government relationship.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Garcia \\|first1\\=J. Nadine \\|last2\\=Wu \\|first2\\=Samuel \\|date\\=May 28, 2014 \\|title\\=Taking Action to Achieve Health Equity in the Pacific Islands \\|url\\=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/blog/BlogPost.aspx?BlogID\\=3094 \\|website\\=National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}\n* **Promoting Public\\-Private Partnerships.** During the first\\-ever National Philanthropic Briefing on AAPIs in 2012, the Ford Foundation, W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and Kresge Foundation made a commitment of $1 million, the first\\-of\\-its\\-kind coordinated public and philanthropic investment in the AAPI community.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://aapip.org/our\\-stories/white\\-house\\-initiative\\-on\\-asian\\-americans\\-and\\-pacific\\-islanders\\-convenes\\-first\\|title\\=White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Convenes First Philanthropic Briefing Focused on AAPI Community \\|publisher\\=AAPIP \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Engaging a new generation of young leaders** in understanding the federal resources dedicated to college affordability, bullying prevention, mental health, pathways to public service, naturalization, and the [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals \"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\") policy through the E3! Ambassadors Program and annual White House AAPI Youth Forums.\n* **Expanding healthcare access for AAPI communities.** Nearly 2 million previously uninsured AAPIs became eligible for coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and the Initiative worked to get AAPIs covered under the ACA through collaboration with the Department of Health and Human Services, community health centers, and ethnic media.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/11/15/bringing\\-health\\-equity\\-and\\-affordable\\-care\\-act\\-aapis\\-new\\-york\\|title\\=Bringing Health Equity and the Affordable Care Act to AAPIs in New York\\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-15\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]]\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Welcoming and creating opportunity for immigrants and new Americans** through the Stand Stronger Citizenship Awareness Campaign, in\\-language outreach around the DACA program, and roundtables with the [Task Force on New Americans](/wiki/Task_Force_on_New_Americans \"Task Force on New Americans\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/white\\-house\\-announces\\-stand\\-stronger\\-citizenship\\-awareness\\-campaign\\-n429076\\|title\\=White House Announces 'Stand Stronger' Citizenship Awareness Campaign\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|date\\=September 17, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}\n* **Forging educational equity for AAPI students** through support of Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander\\-Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs).\n* **Supporting AAPI\\-owned businesses**. Through coordination with the [Minority Business Development Agency](/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency \"Minority Business Development Agency\") and AAPI chambers of commerce, the Initiative works to ensure AAPI businesses are equipped with the knowledge to compete for grants and government contracts.\n* **Protecting vulnerable AAPI workers.** The Initiative participates in two interagency working groups addressing the needs of vulnerable workers in high\\-risk and low\\-wage industries and the myriad of health and safety issues affecting AAPI nail salon workers, who account for 40 percent of the national nail salon workforce.\n* **Protecting the civil rights of AAPI communities**. The Initiative launched the interagency AAPI Bullying Prevention Task Force to analyze data and formulate effective policies to better understand and address bullying. The Task Force hosted more than 25 listening sessions, and the Initiative launched the Act To Change national public awareness campaign with translated resources and a coalition of 50\\+ supporting organizations and influencers, including [George Takei](/wiki/George_Takei \"George Takei\") and [Jeremy Lin](/wiki/Jeremy_Lin \"Jeremy Lin\"), encouraging youth to take the pledge against bullying.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://acttochange.org/\\|title\\=Act to Change \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}",
""
] |
Election results
----------------
### Elections in the 1830s
{{Election box begin no change\|title\=\[\[1830 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1830]]: Buteshire{{cite web \|last1\=Fisher \|first1\=David R. \|title\=Buteshire \|url\=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820\-1832/constituencies/buteshire \|website\=The History of Parliament \|accessdate\=8 May 2020}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Tories (British political party)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\|William Rae]]
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change\|
\|reg. electors \= 21
}}
{{Election box gain no swing\|
\|winner \= Tories (British political party)
\|loser \= Non Partisan
}}
{{Election box end}}
* Gain from Non Partisan at {{constlk\|Caithness}}, which returned the 1826 MP as this seat's alternating pair
For the 1831 election, Caithness returned the MP.
{{Election box begin no change\|title\=\[\[1832 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1832]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Tories (British political party)
\|candidate\=\[\[Charles Stuart (British Army officer, born 1810\)\|Charles Stuart]]
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change\|
\|reg. electors \= 279
}}
{{Election box new seat win\|
\|winner \= Tories (British political party)
}}
{{Election box end}}
* Considered a 'new seat' as the constituency did not elect an MP in 1831
Stuart resigned, causing a by\-election.
{{Election box begin no change\|title\=\[\[1833 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 4 September 1833]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Tories (British political party)
\|candidate\= \[\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\|William Rae]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
\|winner \= Tories (British political party)
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change\|title\=\[\[1835 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1835]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\|William Rae]]
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change\|
\|reg. electors \= 310
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change\|title\=\[\[1837 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1837]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\|William Rae]]
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change\|
\|reg. electors \= 345
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Elections in the 1840s
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1841 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1841]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\|William Rae]]
\|votes \= 134
\|percentage \= 65\.0
\|change \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[Henry Dunlop of Craigton\|Henry Dunlop]]{{cite news \|title\=Northern Warder and General Advertiser for the Counties of Fife, Perth and Forfar \|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001268/18410713/049/0004 \|accessdate\=18 August 2019 \|date\=13 July 1841 \|page\=4 \|via \= \[\[British Newspaper Archive]] \|url\-access\=subscription}}
\|votes \= 72
\|percentage \= 35\.0
\|change \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 62
\|percentage \= 30\.0
\|change \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 206
\|percentage \= 54\.2
\|change \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 380
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}
Rae was appointed [Lord Advocate](/wiki/Lord_Advocate "Lord Advocate"), requiring a by\-election.
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1841 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 23 September 1841]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\|William Rae]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
Rae's death caused a by\-election.
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1842 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 1 December 1842]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[James Stuart\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\|James Stuart\-Wortley]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
Stuart\-Wortley was appointed [Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Armed_Forces "Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces"), requiring a by\-election.
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1846 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 7 February 1846]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[James Stuart\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\|James Stuart\-Wortley]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1847 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1847]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[James Stuart\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\|James Stuart\-Wortley]]
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 410
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Elections in the 1850s
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1852 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1852]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Peelite
\|candidate\=\[\[James Stuart\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\|James Stuart\-Wortley]]
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 491
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Peelite
\|loser \= Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
Stuart\-Wortley was appointed [Solicitor General for England and Wales](/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales "Solicitor General for England and Wales"), requiring a by\-election.
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1857 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 12 February 1857]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Peelite
\|candidate\=\[\[James Stuart\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\|James Stuart\-Wortley]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Peelite
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1857 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1857]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\= Peelite
\|candidate\=\[\[James Stuart\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\|James Stuart\-Wortley]]
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 489
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Peelite
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1859 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1859]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[David Mure, Lord Mure\|David Mure]]
\|votes\= 138
\|percentage\= 51\.7
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\= Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[James Lamont (explorer)\|James Lamont]]
\|votes\= 129
\|percentage\= 48\.3
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 9
\|percentage \= 3\.4
\|change \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 267
\|percentage \= 55\.7
\|change \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 479
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Peelite
\|swing \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Elections in the 1860s
Mure's appointment as a Senator of the College of Justice, becoming Lord Mure, caused a by\-election.
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1865 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 16 Feb 1865]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[George Boyle, 6th Earl of Glasgow\|George Boyle]]
\|votes\= 205
\|percentage\= 51\.9
\|change\= \+0\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\= Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[James Lamont (explorer)\|James Lamont]]
\|votes\= 190
\|percentage\= 48\.1
\|change\= \-0\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 15
\|percentage \= 3\.8
\|change \= \+0\.4
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 395
\|percentage \= 77\.0
\|change \= \+21\.3
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 513
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1865 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1865]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\= Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[James Lamont (explorer)\|James Lamont]]
\|votes\= 203
\|percentage\= 51\.4
\|change\= \+3\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[George Boyle, 6th Earl of Glasgow\|George Boyle]]
\|votes\= 192
\|percentage\= 48\.6
\|change\= \-3\.1
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 11
\|percentage \= 2\.8
\|change \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 395
\|percentage \= 77\.0
\|change \= \+21\.3
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 513
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Liberal Party (UK)
\|loser \=Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1868 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1868]]: ButeshireDebrett's House of Commons, 1870}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\|Charles Dalrymple]]
\|votes\=527
\|percentage\=59\.3
\|change\= \+10\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\= Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\= John William Burns{{cite news\|title\=To the Electors of the County of Bute\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000472/18681107/016/0002\|accessdate\=31 January 2018\|work\=\[\[Greenock Telegraph\|Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette]]\|date\=7 November 1868\|page\=2\|via \= \[\[British Newspaper Archive]]\|url\-access\=subscription }}
\|votes\=362
\|percentage\=40\.7
\|change\= −10\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes \= 165
\|percentage \= 18\.6
\|change \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes \= 889
\|percentage \= 82\.9
\|change \= \+5\.9
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 1,073
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Party (UK)
\|swing \= \+10\.7
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Elections in the 1870s
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1874 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1874]]: Buteshire
}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\|Charles Dalrymple]]
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 1,113
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Elections in the 1880s
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1880 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1880]]: Buteshire{{cite book\|editor1\-last\=Craig\|editor1\-first\=F. W. S.\|editor\-link\=F. W. S. Craig\|title\=British Parliamentary Election Results 1832\-1885\|date\=1977\|publisher\=Macmillan Press\|location\=London\|isbn\=978\-1\-349\-02349\-3\|edition\=1st\|type\=e\-book}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[Thomas Russell (Glasgow MP)\|Thomas Russell]]
\|votes\= 568
\|percentage\= 50\.8
\|change\= ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\|Charles Dalrymple]]
\|votes\= 551
\|percentage\= 49\.2
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\= 17
\|percentage\= 1\.6
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\= 1,119
\|percentage\= 85\.4
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 1,311
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|loser \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}
Russell was disqualified due to his holding of a government contract at the time of the election, causing a by\-election.
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1880 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 6 Jul 1880]]: Buteshire
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\|Charles Dalrymple]]
\|votes\= 585
\|percentage\= 52\.0
\|change\= \+2\.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[Thomas Russell (Glasgow MP)\|Thomas Russell]]
\|votes\= 540
\|percentage\= 48\.0
\|change\= −2\.8
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\= 45
\|percentage\= 4\.0
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\= 1,125
\|percentage\= 85\.8
\|change\= \+0\.4
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 1,311
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|swing\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}
Dalrymple was appointed a [Lord Commissioner of the Treasury](/wiki/Lord_Commissioner_of_the_Treasury "Lord Commissioner of the Treasury"), requiring a by\-election.
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1885 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 3 Jul 1885]]: Buteshire
}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\|Charles Dalrymple]]
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser \= Liberal Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1885 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1885]]: ButeshireBritish Parliamentary Election Results 1885\-1918, FWS Craig}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[James Robertson, Baron Robertson\|James Robertson]]
\|votes\=1,374
\|percentage\=55\.8
\|change\=\+6\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\=Robert Allan Maclean
\|votes\=1,090
\|percentage\=44\.2
\|change\=−6\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\=284
\|percentage\=11\.6
\|change\=''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\=2,464
\|percentage\=83\.7
\|change\=−1\.7
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 2,943
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|swing\=\+6\.6
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1886 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1886]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[James Robertson, Baron Robertson\|James Robertson]]
\|votes\=1,364
\|percentage\=62\.5
\|change\=\+6\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\=Nigel MacNeill
\|votes\=819
\|percentage\=37\.5
\|change\=\-6\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\=545
\|percentage\=25\.0
\|change\=\+13\.4
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\=2,183
\|percentage\=74\.2
\|change\=\-9\.5
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 2,943
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing\=\+6\.7
}}
{{Election box end}}
Robertson was appointed as [Solicitor General for Scotland](/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland "Solicitor General for Scotland"), requiring a by\-election.
{{Election box begin\| title\=\[\[1886 Buteshire by\-election\|By\-election, 12 Aug 1886]]: ButeshireDebrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, 1889
}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[James Robertson, Baron Robertson\|James Robertson]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner\=Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Elections in the 1890s
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1891 Buteshire by\-election]]The Liberal Year Book, 1908}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin\|Andrew Murray]]
\|votes\=1,335
\|percentage\=57\.4
\|change\= −5\.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\=John McCulloch{{cite news\|title\=Representation of Buteshire\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000902/18911006/039/0003\|accessdate\=16 December 2017\|work\=\[\[South Wales Echo]]\|date\=6 October 1891\|page\=3\|via \= \[\[British Newspaper Archive]]\|url\-access\=subscription }}
\|votes\=990
\|percentage\=42\.6
\|change\= \+5\.1
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\=345
\|percentage\=14\.8
\|change\= −10\.2
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\=2,325
\|percentage\=73\.6
\|change\= −0\.6
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 3,159
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner\=Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1892 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1892]]: ButeshireWhitaker's Almanack, 1893}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin\|Andrew Murray]]
\|votes\=1,466
\|percentage\=59\.1
\|change\= \-3\.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\=Robert Earle M Smith
\|votes\=1,013
\|percentage\=40\.9
\|change\= \+3\.4
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\=453
\|percentage\=18\.2
\|change\= \-6\.8
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\=2,479
\|percentage\=77\.6
\|change\= \+3\.4
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 3,195
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing\=\+1\.7
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1895 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1895]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin\|Andrew Murray]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|
\|winner\=Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Elections in the 1900s
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1900 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1900]]: ButeshireDebrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, 1901}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin\|Andrew Murray]]
\|votes\=1,241
\|percentage\=54\.3
\|change\=''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet\|Norman Lamont]]
\|votes\=1,046
\|percentage\=45\.7
\|change\=''New''
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\=195
\|percentage\=8\.6
\|change\=''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\=2,287
\|percentage\=67\.0
\|change\=''N/A''
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 3,412
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1905 Buteshire by\-election]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet\|Norman Lamont]]
\|votes\=1,460
\|percentage\=50\.6
\|change\=\+4\.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\= Liberal Unionist Party
\|candidate\=\[\[Edward Theodore Salvesen]]
\|votes\=1,426
\|percentage\=49\.4
\|change\= −4\.9
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\=34
\|percentage\=1\.2
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\=2,886
\|percentage\=80\.7
\|change\=\+13\.7
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 3,578
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|loser\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing\=\+4\.9
}}
{{Election box end}}
[thumb\|120px\|Lamont](/wiki/File:Norman_Lamont.jpg "Norman Lamont.jpg")
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[1906 United Kingdom general election\|General election 1906]]: ButeshireWhitaker's Almanack, 1907}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\= \[\[Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet\|Norman Lamont]]
\|votes\=1,637
\|percentage\=51\.9
\|change\= \+6\.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\= Guy Thomas Speir
\|votes\=1,517
\|percentage\=48\.1
\|change\= −6\.2
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\=120
\|percentage\=3\.8
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\= 3,154
\|percentage\=82\.7
\|change \= \+15\.7
}}
{{Election box registered electors\|
\|reg. electors \= 3,816
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|loser \= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing \= \+6\.2
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Elections in the 1910s
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[January 1910 United Kingdom general election\|General election January 1910]]: Buteshire}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Harry Hope, 1st Baronet\|Harry Hope]]
\|votes\=1,531
\|percentage\=52\.7
\|change\=\+4\.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet\|Norman Lamont]]
\|votes\=1,372
\|percentage\=47\.3
\|change\=\-4\.6
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\= 159
\|percentage\= 5\.4
\|change\= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\= 2,903
\|percentage\=81\.5
\|change\=\-1\.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link\|
\|winner\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|loser\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|swing\=
}}
{{Election box end}}
[thumb\|120px\|Mitchell](/wiki/File:Edward_Rosslyn_Mitchell.jpg "Edward Rosslyn Mitchell.jpg")
{{Election box begin\|title\=\[\[December 1910 United Kingdom general election\|General election December 1910]]: ButeshireDebrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, 1916}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Conservative Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Sir Harry Hope, 1st Baronet\|Harry Hope]]
\|votes\=1,569
\|percentage\=54\.4
\|change\=\+1\.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party\=Liberal Party (UK)
\|candidate\=\[\[Edward Mitchell (Scottish politician)\|Edward Mitchell]]
\|votes\=1,316
\|percentage\=45\.6
\|change\=\-1\.7
}}
{{Election box majority\|
\|votes\=253
\|percentage\=8\.8
\|change\= \+3\.4
}}
{{Election box turnout\|
\|votes\= 2,885
\|percentage\= 81\.9
\|change\= \+0\.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link\|
\|winner\= Conservative Party (UK)
\|swing\= \+1\.7
}}
{{Election box end}}
|
[
"Election results\n----------------",
"### Elections in the 1830s",
"{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=\\[\\[1830 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1830]]: Buteshire{{cite web \\|last1\\=Fisher \\|first1\\=David R. \\|title\\=Buteshire \\|url\\=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820\\-1832/constituencies/buteshire \\|website\\=The History of Parliament \\|accessdate\\=8 May 2020}}}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Tories (British political party)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\\|William Rae]]\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors no change\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 21\n}}\n{{Election box gain no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Tories (British political party)\n \\|loser \\= Non Partisan\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"* Gain from Non Partisan at {{constlk\\|Caithness}}, which returned the 1826 MP as this seat's alternating pair",
"For the 1831 election, Caithness returned the MP.",
"{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=\\[\\[1832 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1832]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Tories (British political party)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Charles Stuart (British Army officer, born 1810\\)\\|Charles Stuart]]\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors no change\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 279\n}}\n{{Election box new seat win\\|\n \\|winner \\= Tories (British political party)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"* Considered a 'new seat' as the constituency did not elect an MP in 1831",
"Stuart resigned, causing a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=\\[\\[1833 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 4 September 1833]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Tories (British political party)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\\|William Rae]]\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\n \\|winner \\= Tories (British political party)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=\\[\\[1835 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1835]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\\|William Rae]]\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors no change\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 310\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=\\[\\[1837 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1837]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\\|William Rae]]\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors no change\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 345\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Elections in the 1840s",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1841 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1841]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\\|William Rae]]\n\\|votes \\= 134\n\\|percentage \\= 65\\.0\n\\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[Henry Dunlop of Craigton\\|Henry Dunlop]]{{cite news \\|title\\=Northern Warder and General Advertiser for the Counties of Fife, Perth and Forfar \\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001268/18410713/049/0004 \\|accessdate\\=18 August 2019 \\|date\\=13 July 1841 \\|page\\=4 \\|via \\= \\[\\[British Newspaper Archive]] \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}\n\\|votes \\= 72\n\\|percentage \\= 35\\.0\n\\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes \\= 62\n\\|percentage \\= 30\\.0\n\\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes \\= 206\n\\|percentage \\= 54\\.2\n\\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 380\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Rae was appointed [Lord Advocate](/wiki/Lord_Advocate \"Lord Advocate\"), requiring a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1841 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 23 September 1841]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[Sir William Rae, 3rd Baronet\\|William Rae]]\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Rae's death caused a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1842 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 1 December 1842]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Stuart\\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\\|James Stuart\\-Wortley]]\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Stuart\\-Wortley was appointed [Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Armed_Forces \"Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces\"), requiring a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1846 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 7 February 1846]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Stuart\\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\\|James Stuart\\-Wortley]]\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1847 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1847]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Stuart\\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\\|James Stuart\\-Wortley]]\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 410\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Elections in the 1850s",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1852 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1852]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Peelite\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Stuart\\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\\|James Stuart\\-Wortley]]\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 491\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Peelite\n \\|loser \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Stuart\\-Wortley was appointed [Solicitor General for England and Wales](/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales \"Solicitor General for England and Wales\"), requiring a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1857 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 12 February 1857]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Peelite\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Stuart\\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\\|James Stuart\\-Wortley]]\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Peelite\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1857 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1857]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Peelite\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Stuart\\-Wortley (Conservative politician)\\|James Stuart\\-Wortley]]\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 489\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Peelite\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1859 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1859]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[David Mure, Lord Mure\\|David Mure]]\n\\|votes\\= 138\n\\|percentage\\= 51\\.7\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[James Lamont (explorer)\\|James Lamont]]\n\\|votes\\= 129\n\\|percentage\\= 48\\.3\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 9\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.4\n \\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 267\n \\|percentage \\= 55\\.7\n \\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 479\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Peelite\n \\|swing \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Elections in the 1860s",
"Mure's appointment as a Senator of the College of Justice, becoming Lord Mure, caused a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1865 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 16 Feb 1865]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[George Boyle, 6th Earl of Glasgow\\|George Boyle]]\n\\|votes\\= 205\n\\|percentage\\= 51\\.9\n\\|change\\= \\+0\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[James Lamont (explorer)\\|James Lamont]]\n\\|votes\\= 190\n\\|percentage\\= 48\\.1\n\\|change\\= \\-0\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 15\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.8\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.4 \n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 395\n \\|percentage \\= 77\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+21\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 513\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1865 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1865]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[James Lamont (explorer)\\|James Lamont]]\n\\|votes\\= 203\n\\|percentage\\= 51\\.4\n\\|change\\= \\+3\\.1 \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[George Boyle, 6th Earl of Glasgow\\|George Boyle]]\n\\|votes\\= 192\n\\|percentage\\= 48\\.6\n\\|change\\= \\-3\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 11\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.8\n \\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 395\n \\|percentage \\= 77\\.0\n \\|change \\= \\+21\\.3\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 513\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\=Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1868 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1868]]: ButeshireDebrett's House of Commons, 1870}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\\|Charles Dalrymple]]\n\\|votes\\=527\n\\|percentage\\=59\\.3\n\\|change\\= \\+10\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= John William Burns{{cite news\\|title\\=To the Electors of the County of Bute\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000472/18681107/016/0002\\|accessdate\\=31 January 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Greenock Telegraph\\|Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette]]\\|date\\=7 November 1868\\|page\\=2\\|via \\= \\[\\[British Newspaper Archive]]\\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}\n\\|votes\\=362\n\\|percentage\\=40\\.7\n\\|change\\= −10\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n \\|votes \\= 165\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.6\n \\|change \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n \\|votes \\= 889\n \\|percentage \\= 82\\.9\n \\|change \\= \\+5\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 1,073\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n \\|loser \\= Liberal Party (UK)\n \\|swing \\= \\+10\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Elections in the 1870s",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1874 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1874]]: Buteshire\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\\|Charles Dalrymple]]\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 1,113\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n \\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Elections in the 1880s",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1880 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1880]]: Buteshire{{cite book\\|editor1\\-last\\=Craig\\|editor1\\-first\\=F. W. S.\\|editor\\-link\\=F. W. S. Craig\\|title\\=British Parliamentary Election Results 1832\\-1885\\|date\\=1977\\|publisher\\=Macmillan Press\\|location\\=London\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-349\\-02349\\-3\\|edition\\=1st\\|type\\=e\\-book}}\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[Thomas Russell (Glasgow MP)\\|Thomas Russell]]\n\\|votes\\= 568\n\\|percentage\\= 50\\.8\n\\|change\\= ''New''\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\\|Charles Dalrymple]]\n\\|votes\\= 551\n\\|percentage\\= 49\\.2\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\= 17\n\\|percentage\\= 1\\.6\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\= 1,119\n\\|percentage\\= 85\\.4\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 1,311\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n\\|winner\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|loser \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|swing\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Russell was disqualified due to his holding of a government contract at the time of the election, causing a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1880 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 6 Jul 1880]]: Buteshire\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\\|Charles Dalrymple]]\n\\|votes\\= 585\n\\|percentage\\= 52\\.0\n\\|change\\= \\+2\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[Thomas Russell (Glasgow MP)\\|Thomas Russell]]\n\\|votes\\= 540\n\\|percentage\\= 48\\.0\n\\|change\\= −2\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\= 45\n\\|percentage\\= 4\\.0\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\= 1,125\n\\|percentage\\= 85\\.8\n\\|change\\= \\+0\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 1,311\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n\\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|loser\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|swing\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Dalrymple was appointed a [Lord Commissioner of the Treasury](/wiki/Lord_Commissioner_of_the_Treasury \"Lord Commissioner of the Treasury\"), requiring a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1885 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 3 Jul 1885]]: Buteshire\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\\|Charles Dalrymple]]\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link no swing\\|\n\\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|loser \\= Liberal Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1885 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1885]]: ButeshireBritish Parliamentary Election Results 1885\\-1918, FWS Craig}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Robertson, Baron Robertson\\|James Robertson]]\n\\|votes\\=1,374\n\\|percentage\\=55\\.8\n\\|change\\=\\+6\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=Robert Allan Maclean\n\\|votes\\=1,090\n\\|percentage\\=44\\.2\n\\|change\\=−6\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\=284\n\\|percentage\\=11\\.6\n\\|change\\=''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\=2,464\n\\|percentage\\=83\\.7\n\\|change\\=−1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 2,943\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n\\|winner \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|loser\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|swing\\=\\+6\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1886 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1886]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Robertson, Baron Robertson\\|James Robertson]]\n\\|votes\\=1,364\n\\|percentage\\=62\\.5\n\\|change\\=\\+6\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=Nigel MacNeill\n\\|votes\\=819\n\\|percentage\\=37\\.5\n\\|change\\=\\-6\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\=545\n\\|percentage\\=25\\.0\n\\|change\\=\\+13\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\=2,183\n\\|percentage\\=74\\.2\n\\|change\\=\\-9\\.5\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 2,943\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n\\|winner\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|swing\\=\\+6\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Robertson was appointed as [Solicitor General for Scotland](/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland \"Solicitor General for Scotland\"), requiring a by\\-election.",
"{{Election box begin\\| title\\=\\[\\[1886 Buteshire by\\-election\\|By\\-election, 12 Aug 1886]]: ButeshireDebrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, 1889\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[James Robertson, Baron Robertson\\|James Robertson]]\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n\\|winner\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Elections in the 1890s",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1891 Buteshire by\\-election]]The Liberal Year Book, 1908}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin\\|Andrew Murray]]\n\\|votes\\=1,335\n\\|percentage\\=57\\.4\n\\|change\\= −5\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=John McCulloch{{cite news\\|title\\=Representation of Buteshire\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000902/18911006/039/0003\\|accessdate\\=16 December 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[South Wales Echo]]\\|date\\=6 October 1891\\|page\\=3\\|via \\= \\[\\[British Newspaper Archive]]\\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}\n\\|votes\\=990\n\\|percentage\\=42\\.6\n\\|change\\= \\+5\\.1\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\=345\n\\|percentage\\=14\\.8\n\\|change\\= −10\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\=2,325\n\\|percentage\\=73\\.6\n\\|change\\= −0\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 3,159\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n\\|winner\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1892 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1892]]: ButeshireWhitaker's Almanack, 1893}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin\\|Andrew Murray]]\n\\|votes\\=1,466\n\\|percentage\\=59\\.1\n\\|change\\= \\-3\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=Robert Earle M Smith\n\\|votes\\=1,013\n\\|percentage\\=40\\.9\n\\|change\\= \\+3\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\=453\n\\|percentage\\=18\\.2\n\\|change\\= \\-6\\.8\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\=2,479\n\\|percentage\\=77\\.6\n\\|change\\= \\+3\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 3,195\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n\\|winner\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|swing\\=\\+1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1895 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1895]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin\\|Andrew Murray]]\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link no swing\\|\n\\|winner\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Elections in the 1900s",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1900 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1900]]: ButeshireDebrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, 1901}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin\\|Andrew Murray]]\n\\|votes\\=1,241\n\\|percentage\\=54\\.3\n\\|change\\=''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet\\|Norman Lamont]]\n\\|votes\\=1,046\n\\|percentage\\=45\\.7\n\\|change\\=''New''\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\=195\n\\|percentage\\=8\\.6\n\\|change\\=''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\=2,287\n\\|percentage\\=67\\.0\n\\|change\\=''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 3,412\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n\\|winner\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|swing \\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1905 Buteshire by\\-election]]\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet\\|Norman Lamont]]\n\\|votes\\=1,460\n\\|percentage\\=50\\.6\n\\|change\\=\\+4\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\= Liberal Unionist Party\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Edward Theodore Salvesen]]\n\\|votes\\=1,426\n\\|percentage\\=49\\.4\n\\|change\\= −4\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\=34\n\\|percentage\\=1\\.2\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\=2,886\n\\|percentage\\=80\\.7\n\\|change\\=\\+13\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 3,578\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n\\|winner\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|loser\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|swing\\=\\+4\\.9\n}}\n{{Election box end}}\n[thumb\\|120px\\|Lamont](/wiki/File:Norman_Lamont.jpg \"Norman Lamont.jpg\")\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[1906 United Kingdom general election\\|General election 1906]]: ButeshireWhitaker's Almanack, 1907}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= \\[\\[Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet\\|Norman Lamont]]\n\\|votes\\=1,637\n\\|percentage\\=51\\.9\n\\|change\\= \\+6\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\= Guy Thomas Speir\n\\|votes\\=1,517\n\\|percentage\\=48\\.1\n\\|change\\= −6\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\=120\n\\|percentage\\=3\\.8\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\= 3,154\n\\|percentage\\=82\\.7\n\\|change \\= \\+15\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box registered electors\\|\n \\|reg. electors \\= 3,816\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n\\|winner\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|loser \\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|swing \\= \\+6\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Elections in the 1910s",
"{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[January 1910 United Kingdom general election\\|General election January 1910]]: Buteshire}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Harry Hope, 1st Baronet\\|Harry Hope]]\n\\|votes\\=1,531\n\\|percentage\\=52\\.7\n\\|change\\=\\+4\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet\\|Norman Lamont]]\n\\|votes\\=1,372\n\\|percentage\\=47\\.3\n\\|change\\=\\-4\\.6\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\= 159\n\\|percentage\\= 5\\.4\n\\|change\\= ''N/A''\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\= 2,903\n\\|percentage\\=81\\.5\n\\|change\\=\\-1\\.2\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link\\|\n\\|winner\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|loser\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|swing\\=\n}}\n{{Election box end}}\n[thumb\\|120px\\|Mitchell](/wiki/File:Edward_Rosslyn_Mitchell.jpg \"Edward Rosslyn Mitchell.jpg\")\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=\\[\\[December 1910 United Kingdom general election\\|General election December 1910]]: ButeshireDebrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, 1916}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Sir Harry Hope, 1st Baronet\\|Harry Hope]]\n\\|votes\\=1,569\n\\|percentage\\=54\\.4\n\\|change\\=\\+1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n\\|party\\=Liberal Party (UK)\n\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Edward Mitchell (Scottish politician)\\|Edward Mitchell]]\n\\|votes\\=1,316\n\\|percentage\\=45\\.6\n\\|change\\=\\-1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box majority\\|\n\\|votes\\=253\n\\|percentage\\=8\\.8\n\\|change\\= \\+3\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box turnout\\|\n\\|votes\\= 2,885\n\\|percentage\\= 81\\.9\n\\|change\\= \\+0\\.4\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link\\|\n\\|winner\\= Conservative Party (UK)\n\\|swing\\= \\+1\\.7\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
""
] |
Recurring characters
--------------------
### Bring M. Backalive
**Bring M. Backalive** is an intrepid poacher who hunts in the Palombian jungles, obsessed with achieving his career's last remaining elusive triumph, to capture a live specimen [Marsupilami](/wiki/Marsupilami "Marsupilami"). The character appeared in two Franquin stories, and later featured in the Marsupilami spin\-off series.{{cite web \| last \=franquin.com \| title \= Bring M. Backalive \| url \=http://www.franquin.com/marsu/perso\_backalive\_marsu.php }}{{in lang\|fr}}
#### Appearances
* 24\. *La cage* (in *[Tembo Tabou](/wiki/Tembo_Tabou "Tembo Tabou")*) (Franquin)
* M0\. *Capturer un Marsupilami* (in *[Capturez un Marsupilami](/wiki/Capturez_un_Marsupilami "Capturez un Marsupilami")*) (Franquin)
### The Count of Champignac
**Pacôme Hégésippe Adélard Ladislas de Champignac** is an old, castle\-dwelling aristocrat, genius of a [scientist](/wiki/Scientist "Scientist"). He works in many fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, but most frequently he creates chemical substances from various mushrooms found in his castle's park. These experiments may have extraordinary effects such as softening metal, allowing the body to resist water pressure, speeding or reversing the body's ageing, giving people super\-strength, or even turning people black. Also a skilled engineer, he has constructed numerous incredible machines such as individual dolphin\-like submarines, and other handy gadgets. He is also proven to be a paleontologist, an astronomer and an astrophysicist.
Champignac is connected to several almost as eccentric scientists who frequently visit him at the castle, bringing new inventions and experiments that often bring about troublesome consequences. Due to his overall brilliance, he has several times been the victim of [industrial espionage](/wiki/Industrial_espionage "Industrial espionage").
A wife of some time in his past has been mentioned, but no explanation of her absence was ever given. He has no children, but would eventually have a near\-identical looking nephew, Aurélien de Champignac (*L'horloger de la comète*).
#### Appearances
* {{0}}2\. *[Il y a un sorcier à Champignac](/wiki/Il_y_a_un_sorcier_%C3%A0_Champignac "Il y a un sorcier à Champignac")*
* {{0}}5\. *[Les voleurs du Marsupilami](/wiki/Les_voleurs_du_Marsupilami "Les voleurs du Marsupilami")*
* {{0}}7\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon "Le dictateur et le champignon")*
* {{0}}9\. *[Le repaire de la murène](/wiki/Le_repaire_de_la_mur%C3%A8ne "Le repaire de la murène")*
* 10\. *[Les pirates du silence](/wiki/Les_pirates_du_silence "Les pirates du silence")*
* 13\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque "Le voyageur du Mésozoïque")*
* 14\. *[Le prisonnier du Bouddha](/wiki/Le_prisonnier_du_Bouddha "Le prisonnier du Bouddha")*
* 15\. *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub "Z comme Zorglub")*
* 16\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z "L'ombre du Z")*
* 17\. *[Spirou et les hommes\-bulles](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_hommes-bulles "Spirou et les hommes-bulles")*
* 19\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac "Panade à Champignac")*
* HS4 *Fantasio et le fantôme et 4 autres aventures*
(incomplete)
### Célestin Dupilon
**Célestin Dupilon** is a former [veterinarian](/wiki/Veterinarian "Veterinarian") of Champignac\-en\-Cambrousse, who after retirement has assumed the role of town alcoholic. He paces about the town in a constant state of drunkenness, though he remains impeccably dressed.{{cite web \| last \=spirou.com \| title \= Dupilon \| url \=http://www.spirou.com/spirou/albums/15/index.htm\#persos }}{{in lang\|fr}} He was first introduced in *Le voyageur du Mésozoïque* (1957\), by Franquin.
### Cyanide
A gynoid, built by Louis LaGarne{{Explain\|date\=April 2020}}, but turned maverick and is bent on conquering humanity by any opportunity she can get. Created by Tome and Janry.
### Don Vito Cortizone
Recurring maffia boss character, created by Tome and Janry.
### Duplumier
This mild\-mannered, timid official is the Mayor's assistant and right hand man. He was first introduced in *Il y a un sorcier à Champignac* (1951\), by Franquin and Henri Gillain.
### Gaston Lagaffe
{{Main\|Gaston Lagaffe}}
**Gaston Lagaffe** first made a discrete appearance in *Le voyageur du Mésozoïque*, a slightly more noticeable appearance in *Vacances sans histoires*, and had an active role in *La foire aux gangsters*, before appearing in Franquin's two final Spirou adventures. He is better known as the hero of [his own series](/wiki/Gaston_%28comics%29 "Gaston (comics)"), where Spirou and Fantasio appear regularly as well. Because Franquin kept the rights to this character, he hasn't appeared in any *Spirou et Fantasio* adventures since Franquin abandoned the series.
#### Appearances
* 11\. *Vacances sans histoires* (in *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine "Le gorille a bonne mine")*) (Franquin)
* 12\. *La foire aux gangsters* (in *[Le nid des Marsupilamis](/wiki/Le_nid_des_Marsupilamis "Le nid des Marsupilamis")*) (Franquin)
* 13\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque "Le voyageur du Mésozoïque")* (Franquin)
* 19\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac "Panade à Champignac")* and *Bravo les Brothers*. (Franquin)
### John Helena
**John Helena** nicknamed "The Moray" is a criminal character encountered in Spirou's maritime adventures. Initially introduced in *[Le repaire de la murène](/wiki/Le_repaire_de_la_mur%C3%A8ne "Le repaire de la murène")* as "the good captain" of the sunk vessel *Le Discret*, he is eventually revealed to be a hardened antagonist of the worst sort. During this adventure, he elaborates on his nickname, describing the moray as a fish with teeth that bothers no\-one unless a fool comes by to disturb (i.e. Spirou). In his final appearance in the album "Virus" we find him after doing his time behind bars. He redeems himself by exposing an international gang of viral arms traders. At the end of the story he has started up a tourist organisation that shows people the abandoned base where the clandestine operation took place, a changed man who's earning his money the honest way.
#### Appearances
* {{0}}9\. *[Le repaire de la murène](/wiki/Le_repaire_de_la_mur%C3%A8ne "Le repaire de la murène")* (Franquin)
* 17\. *[Spirou et les hommes\-bulles](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_hommes-bulles "Spirou et les hommes-bulles")* (Franquin)
* 33\. *[Virus](/wiki/Virus_%28Spirou_et_Fantasio%29 "Virus (Spirou et Fantasio)")* (Tome \& Janry)
### Ibn\-Mah\-Zoud
**Ibn\-Mah\-Zoud** is a character who makes a strong impression, despite appearing in a single *Spirou* adventure: *Vacances sans histoires*. A wealthy [sheikh](/wiki/Sheikh "Sheikh"), he suffers from colour blindness and is notoriously the world's worst driver. This is proved during the course of *Vacances*, once he has slipped away from his driver's guardianship and mistakes Spirou and Fantasio's blue *Turbotraction:Turbot\-Rhino I* for his own red one. Surviving the catastrophic results of his joyride, he later proves himself to be a man of honour, replacing the destroyed car with a brand new prototype *Turbot 2*.
#### Appearances
* 11\. *Vacances sans histoires* (in *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine "Le gorille a bonne mine")*) (Franquin)
* 50\. *Aux Sources du Z.* (Cameo part, Morvan and Munuera)
### Marsupilami
{{Main\|Marsupilami}}
The **Marsupilami** is first encountered in the third act of *Spirou et les héritiers*, and from then on remained a near\-constant character fixture in the following Franquin adventures. After this he featured in Fournier's first story, *Le faiseur d'or* under Franquin's supervision, and never appeared again, save for depictions as plush animal toys and in framed photos. This is because Franquin kept the rights to the character to himself, while the other characters belonged to publisher [Dupuis](/wiki/Dupuis "Dupuis"). Since 1987, the specimen from [Le nid des Marsupilamis](/wiki/Le_nid_des_Marsupilamis "Le nid des Marsupilamis") stars in [his own comics](/wiki/Marsupilami%23Marsupilami "Marsupilami#Marsupilami").
#### Appearances
* {{0}}4\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers "Spirou et les héritiers")*
* {{0}}5\. *[Les voleurs du Marsupilami](/wiki/Les_voleurs_du_Marsupilami "Les voleurs du Marsupilami")*
* {{0}}7\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon "Le dictateur et le champignon")*
* {{0}}8\. *Touchez pas aux rouges\-gorges* (in *[La mauvaise tête](/wiki/La_mauvaise_t%C3%AAte "La mauvaise tête")*)
* {{0}}9\. *[Le repaire de la murène](/wiki/Le_repaire_de_la_mur%C3%A8ne "Le repaire de la murène")*
* 10\. *[Les pirates du silence](/wiki/Les_pirates_du_silence "Les pirates du silence")*
* 11\. *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine "Le gorille a bonne mine")* and *Vacances sans histoires*
* 12\. *[Le nid des Marsupilamis](/wiki/Le_nid_des_Marsupilamis "Le nid des Marsupilamis")*
* 13\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque "Le voyageur du Mésozoïque")*
* 14\. *[Le prisonnier du Bouddha](/wiki/Le_prisonnier_du_Bouddha "Le prisonnier du Bouddha")*
* 15\. *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub "Z comme Zorglub")*
* 16\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z "L'ombre du Z")*
* 17\. *[Spirou et les hommes\-bulles](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_hommes-bulles "Spirou et les hommes-bulles")* and *Les petits formats*
* 18\. *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg "QRN sur Bretzelburg")*
* 19\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac "Panade à Champignac")* and *Bravo les Brothers*
* 20\. *[Le faiseur d'or](/wiki/Le_faiseur_d%27or "Le faiseur d'or")* (Fournier)
* 24\. *[Tembo Tabou](/wiki/Tembo_Tabou "Tembo Tabou")* and *La cage* (in *[Capturez un Marsupilami](/wiki/Capturez_un_Marsupilami "Capturez un Marsupilami")*)
* 25\. *[La Colère du Marsupilami](/wiki/La_Col%C3%A8re_du_Marsupilami "La Colère du Marsupilami")*
### Martin
Character created by Franquin in 1952 in *Spirou et les Héritiers*.
Motor racing driver, **Martin** is the first driver (and driving instructor) of the firm Turbot. With his teammate Roulebille, he participated in the construction and development of the Turbotraction, powered by a gas turbine, and the emblematic car of the series.
#### Appearances
* {{0}}4\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers "Spirou et les héritiers")* (Franquin)
* {{0}}6\. *[La Corne de rhinocéros](/wiki/La_Corne_de_rhinoc%C3%A9ros "La Corne de rhinocéros")* (Franquin)
### The Mayor of Champignac
**Gustave Labarbe** is usually referred to by the title of his office, the Mayor of Champignac. He is notable for his large ego, his pompous and nonsensical speeches, and his suspicion of all things from out\-of\-town, in particular Spirou and Fantasio themselves. A man who loves to hear himself speak, a simple conversation can turn into a speech in itself. He was first introduced in *Il y a un sorcier à Champignac* (1951\).
#### Appearances
* {{0}}2\. *[Il y a un sorcier à Champignac](/wiki/Il_y_a_un_sorcier_%C3%A0_Champignac "Il y a un sorcier à Champignac")*
* {{0}}7\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon "Le dictateur et le champignon")*
* 13\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque "Le voyageur du Mésozoïque")*
* 14\. *[Le prisonnier du Bouddha](/wiki/Le_prisonnier_du_Bouddha "Le prisonnier du Bouddha")*
* 15\. *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub "Z comme Zorglub")*
* 16\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z "L'ombre du Z")*
* 17\. *[Spirou et les hommes\-bulles](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_hommes-bulles "Spirou et les hommes-bulles")*
* 19\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac "Panade à Champignac")*
(incomplete)
### Notary Mordicus
**Maître Mordicus** is the attorney in charge of fulfilling [Fantasio](/wiki/Fantasio "Fantasio")'s uncle's will, functioning as arbiter in the battle of skills and wits between Fantasio and [Zantafio](/wiki/Zantafio "Zantafio").
#### Appearances
* {{0}}4\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers "Spirou et les héritiers")* (Franquin)
### Le Petit Noël
**Le Petit Noël** ([Little Noël](/wiki/Little_No%C3%ABl "Little Noël")) is a melancholic, dreamy boy who lives in *Champignac\-en\-Cambrousse*. He was created for the 1958 [Spirou](/wiki/Spirou_%28magazine%29 "Spirou (magazine)") Christmas special issue.{{cite web \| last \=franquin.com \| title \= Noël et L'Elaoin \| url \=http://www.franquin.com/univers/noel\_univers.php }}{{in lang\|fr}} He would receive several small cameo appearances and become a good friend to Marsupilami during his stay near the village, the pair appearing in a few short stories together.
#### Appearances
* 14\. *[Le prisonnier du bouddha](/wiki/Le_prisonnier_du_bouddha "Le prisonnier du bouddha")* (Franquin)
* 19\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac "Panade à Champignac")* (Franquin)
* M0\. *[Capturez un Marsupilami](/wiki/Capturez_un_Marsupilami "Capturez un Marsupilami")* (several short stories) (Franquin)
### Ororéa
**Ororéa** is a brave female reporter of [Polynesian](/wiki/Polynesia "Polynesia") descent, first introduced in *Tora Torapa*. [Fournier](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Fournier "Jean-Claude Fournier"), who was not interested in using Seccotine, replaced her with this new female character, also a journalist, but more friendly with Fantasio. His infatuation with Ororea contrasts with his frequent exasperation at Seccotine.
#### Appearances
* 23\. *[Tora Torapa](/wiki/Tora_Torapa "Tora Torapa")* (Fournier)
* 25\. *[Le gri\-gri du Niokolo\-Koba](/wiki/Le_gri-gri_du_Niokolo-Koba "Le gri-gri du Niokolo-Koba")* (Fournier)
* 27\. *[L'Ankou](/wiki/L%27Ankou "L'Ankou")* (Fournier)
* 30\. *[Des haricots partout](/wiki/Des_haricots_partout "Des haricots partout")* (Fournier) (Note: she appears only on the last/final page)
### Roulebille
Character created by André Franquin in 1952 in *Spirou et les Héritiers*.
**Roulebille** is a racing driver at Turbot.
With Martin, he participated in the construction and development of the Turbotraction, powered by a gas turbine, and the emblematic car of the series, which is at the center of the story *La Corne de rhinocéros*. He also makes a short appearance in *Vacances sans histoires* and appears in a few pages of *Aux sources du Z*, a story following the end of *La Corne de rhinocéros*.
#### Appearances
* {{0}}4\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers "Spirou et les héritiers")* (Franquin)
* {{0}}6\. *[La corne de rhinocéros](/wiki/La_corne_de_rhinoc%C3%A9ros "La corne de rhinocéros")* (Franquin)
* 11\. *Vacances sans histoires* (in *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine "Le gorille a bonne mine")*) (Franquin)
### Seccotine
{{Main\|Seccotine}}
**Seccotine** is a strong\-willed reporter, and was the first major female character in the series. She was created by [André Franquin](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Franquin "André Franquin"), and made her first appearance in *La turbotraction*, serialised in 1953 and published in the album *[La corne de rhinocéros](/wiki/La_corne_de_rhinoc%C3%A9ros "La corne de rhinocéros")* in 1955\.{{Cite web\|last\=franquin.com\|title\=Un vie \- 1953\|url\=http://franquin.com/bio/1953\.php\|language\=French\|access\-date\=2008\-01\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123230242/http://www.franquin.com/bio/1953\.php\|archive\-date\=2008\-01\-23\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Appearances
* {{0}}6\. *[La corne de rhinocéros](/wiki/La_corne_de_rhinoc%C3%A9ros "La corne de rhinocéros")* (Franquin)
* {{0}}7\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon "Le dictateur et le champignon")* (Franquin)
* 11\. *Vacances sans histoires* (in *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine "Le gorille a bonne mine")*) (Franquin)
* 12\. *[Le nid des Marsupilamis](/wiki/Le_nid_des_Marsupilamis "Le nid des Marsupilamis")* (Franquin)
* HS4\. *Joyeuses Pâques, Papa!* (*Fantasio et le fantôme et 4 autres aventures*) (Fournier)
* 34\. *[Aventure en Australie](/wiki/Aventure_en_Australie "Aventure en Australie")* (Tome \& Janry)
* 38\. *[La jeunesse de Spirou](/wiki/La_jeunesse_de_Spirou "La jeunesse de Spirou")* (Tome \& Janry)
* 46\. *Machine qui rêve* (Tome \& Janry)
* 47\. *Paris\-sous\-Seine* (Morvan \& Munuera)
### Le Snouffelaire
A strange animal from the future that has been suggested to look like the cross breed of a tapir and a vacuum cleaner.{{cite web \| last \=spirou.com \| title \= Le Snouffelaire \| url \=http://www.spirou.com/spirou/albums/36/index.htm\#persos }}{{in lang\|fr}} It has appetite to devour nearly anything, and by flatulent biology, is able to quickly pass out what it ate, encapsulated in bubbles.
#### Appearances
* 36\. *[L'horloger de la comète](/wiki/L%27horloger_de_la_com%C3%A8te "L'horloger de la comète")* (Tome \& Janry)
* 37\. *[Le réveil du Z](/wiki/Le_r%C3%A9veil_du_Z "Le réveil du Z")* (Tome \& Janry)
### Spip
**[Spip](/wiki/Spip_%28comics_character%29 "Spip (comics character)")** is one of the central characters of the series, Spirou's domesticated, courageous and sharp, grouchy pet squirrel. As his companion in all his adventures. Spip cannot talk, but his thoughts, often witty or sarcastic, are displayed to the reader, reflecting his usually grouchy mood. He's not pleased to frequently find himself in danger, but will be helpful in any situation as much as he can. Over the several authorship periods the character has evolved:
#### Rob\-Vel and Jijé periods
Spip is saved by Spirou in Rob\-Vel's and Jijé's first joint adventure *L'Héritage de Bill Money* (*The Inheritance of Bill Money*, 1938\), and from then on he stands by his master's side. Under Rob\-vel his presence is just visual, occasionally serving to gnaw ropes that bind his master, or adding to a comical detail. It is under Jijé's authorship he gains the capacity to speak through "thought balloons" (similar to [Snoopy](/wiki/Snoopy "Snoopy") and [Garfield](/wiki/Garfield "Garfield")). From this point he is given to state his opinion on any situation, often in a comical manner, and his communications appear to be understood.
#### Franquin period
Under Franquin's authorship, Spirou and Fantasio lose the ability to understand Spip, and when the Marsupilami joins the family, he also loses a great deal of attention but gains the perspective to feel ignored and underappreciated. In the shadow of his extraordinary fellow pet, he is less influential, although there are exceptions. In *La corne de rhinoceros*, he saves his friends from an angry elephant, earning him the title "king of creation".{{cite web \| last \=Franquin \| title \=Excerpt from ''La corne de rhinoceros'' \| publisher \= Dupuis \| year \=1953 \| url \=http://www.franquin.com/spirou\_fantasio/album6\_spirou.php \| format \=comic book}}{{in lang\|fr}} Near the end of this era, in *QRN sur Bretzelburg*, he is allowed to shine.
#### Fournier period
Fournier's Spip continues where Franquin's left off, his sarcasms becoming more frequent and self\-pitying. He occasionally breaks the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall "Fourth wall"), acknowledging that he is in a comic book and sometimes even complaining that Spirou and Fantasio are not exactly his idea of comic book heroes. Complaints aside, he was still an active (if often unwilling) participant in the stories, even saving the day on a few occasions, such as in *L'abbaye truquée*.
#### Tome \& Janry period
In the beginning, Tome and Janry continued Spip much as Fournier had, letting him make biting remarks about whatever situation he was in, providing comedy relief and occasionally contributing to the plots. However, as the series evolved and grew more dramatic and mature, Spip's role was greatly reduced, his comments becoming less frequent until he stopped talking entirely. In later albums he's more or less a background character, still always by Spirou's side but seldom noticed by anyone. This was even parodied in *Spirou à Moscou*, where he after a kidnapping spends much of the story with a [Band\-Aid](/wiki/Adhesive_bandage "Adhesive bandage") covering his mouth, and Spirou and Fantasio don't notice it.
### Sprtschk
**Sprtschk** is an atomic scientist genius, whose mind is constantly fixed on physics formulas in pursuit of discovering the solution to create the ultimate bomb. Invited to [The Count](/wiki/%23The_Count_of_Champignac "#The Count of Champignac")'s castle for reason's unknown during the hatching of the [Mesozoic](/wiki/Mesozoic "Mesozoic") egg, the Count appears to quite dislike this scientist, and he spends most of the time by himself to ponder his scientific riddle. Sprtschk's appearance in the *Spirou* adventures is very brief, though memorable and ironic. Having presumably just discovered the great goal of his career with sinister satisfaction, he is suddenly eaten, accidentally, by a vegetarian dinosaur. The Count feigns some guilt about his part in Sprtschk's death, but is more distraught when his trees are destroyed.
#### Appearances
* 13\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque "Le voyageur du Mésozoïque")* (Franquin)
### Marcelin Switch
Marcelin Switch appeared in *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg "QRN sur Bretzelburg")*.
Switch was a [ham radio](/wiki/Ham_radio "Ham radio") operator who got in touch with King Ladislas of Bretzelburg who was being kept a virtual prisoner in his palace by General Schmetterling. Ladislas wanted Switch to inform world opinion of his plight but the Bretzelburg secret police intercepted their communications and set out to kidnap Switch. By mistake however they captured Fantasio instead. Spirou resolved to go to Bretzelburg in order to rescue Fantasio and dragged the reluctant Switch along with him.
Switch was terrified from the start, and became even more so as they progressed through Bretzelburg, being convinced that they last hour had come at every minute. Disguised as [window cleaners](/wiki/Window_cleaner "Window cleaner") he and Spirou managed to sneak into the Royal palace during which a nervous Switch wrote out his [will](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 "Will (law)"). He even fainted when he overheard an outburst by the intimidating General Schmetterling.
Switch, Spirou, Fantasio and the local rebel movement opposed to Schmetterling eventually succeeded in overthrowing him and restoring the King to his authority. Ladislas subsequently introduced reforms to overcome the economic plight caused by the General who had been fraudulently [embezzling](/wiki/Embezzling "Embezzling") the state's coffers. The King even awarded Switch the Bretzelburg Medal of Courage!
Switch had a sister whose children enjoyed comics. In a breach of the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall "Fourth wall") Switch got the characters of *[Spirou](/wiki/Spirou_%28magazine%29 "Spirou (magazine)")* magazine mixed up with those of rival publication *[Tintin](/wiki/Tintin_%28magazine%29 "Tintin (magazine)")* magazine.
#### Appearances
* 18\. *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg "QRN sur Bretzelburg")* (Franquin)
### Zantafio
{{Main\|Zantafio}}
**Zantafio** is a recurring antagonist in the series. He was created by Franquin and first appeared in *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers "Spirou et les héritiers")* (1952\). Zantafio bears a strong resemblance to Fantasio, because they are cousins.
#### Appearances
* {{0}}4\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers "Spirou et les héritiers")* (Franquin)
* {{0}}7\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon "Le dictateur et le champignon")* (Franquin)
* {{0}}8\. *[La mauvaise tête](/wiki/La_mauvaise_t%C3%AAte "La mauvaise tête")* (Franquin)
* 16\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z "L'ombre du Z")* (Franquin)
* 20\. *[Le faiseur d'or](/wiki/Le_faiseur_d%27or "Le faiseur d'or")* (Fournier)
* 23\. *[Tora Torapa](/wiki/Tora_Torapa "Tora Torapa")* (Fournier)
* 42\. *[Spirou à Moscou](/wiki/Spirou_%C3%A0_Moscou "Spirou à Moscou")* (Tome \& Janry)
* 48\. *L'homme qui ne voulait pas mourir* (Morvan \& Munuera)
* 55\. *La colère du Marsupilami* (Yoann \& Vehlmann)
### Zorglub
{{Main\| Zorglub}}
**Zorglub** was created by [Greg](/wiki/Greg_%28comics%29 "Greg (comics)") and Franquin, and first appeared in the story *Z comme Zorglub* serialised in 1959, published in the diptych albums *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub "Z comme Zorglub")* (1961\) and *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z "L'ombre du Z")* (1962\). Initially Zorglub's character was that of a sinister megalomaniac, [mad scientist](/wiki/Mad_scientist "Mad scientist"), but later becomes a reformed villain.
#### Appearances
* 15\. *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub "Z comme Zorglub")* (Franquin)
* 16\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z "L'ombre du Z")* (Franquin)
* 19\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac "Panade à Champignac")* (Franquin)
* 20\. *[Le faiseur d'or](/wiki/Le_faiseur_d%27or "Le faiseur d'or")* (Fournier)
* 23\. *[Tora Torapa](/wiki/Tora_Torapa "Tora Torapa")* (Fournier)
* 37\. *Le réveil du Z* (Tome \& Janry)
* 50\. *Au source du Z* (Morvan \& Munuera)
* *Les géants pétrifiés*, but only for brief moments
### Itoh Kata
Japanese magician created by Fournier, and used heavily in his stories, but largely forgotten by later authors, until Morvan and Munuera re\-used him in *[Spirou à Tokyo](/wiki/Spirou_%C3%A0_Tokyo "Spirou à Tokyo")*.
{{Expand section\|date\=December 2009}}
|
[
"Recurring characters\n--------------------",
"### Bring M. Backalive",
"**Bring M. Backalive** is an intrepid poacher who hunts in the Palombian jungles, obsessed with achieving his career's last remaining elusive triumph, to capture a live specimen [Marsupilami](/wiki/Marsupilami \"Marsupilami\"). The character appeared in two Franquin stories, and later featured in the Marsupilami spin\\-off series.{{cite web \\| last \\=franquin.com \\| title \\= Bring M. Backalive \\| url \\=http://www.franquin.com/marsu/perso\\_backalive\\_marsu.php }}{{in lang\\|fr}}",
"#### Appearances",
"* 24\\. *La cage* (in *[Tembo Tabou](/wiki/Tembo_Tabou \"Tembo Tabou\")*) (Franquin)\n* M0\\. *Capturer un Marsupilami* (in *[Capturez un Marsupilami](/wiki/Capturez_un_Marsupilami \"Capturez un Marsupilami\")*) (Franquin)",
"### The Count of Champignac",
"**Pacôme Hégésippe Adélard Ladislas de Champignac** is an old, castle\\-dwelling aristocrat, genius of a [scientist](/wiki/Scientist \"Scientist\"). He works in many fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, but most frequently he creates chemical substances from various mushrooms found in his castle's park. These experiments may have extraordinary effects such as softening metal, allowing the body to resist water pressure, speeding or reversing the body's ageing, giving people super\\-strength, or even turning people black. Also a skilled engineer, he has constructed numerous incredible machines such as individual dolphin\\-like submarines, and other handy gadgets. He is also proven to be a paleontologist, an astronomer and an astrophysicist.",
"Champignac is connected to several almost as eccentric scientists who frequently visit him at the castle, bringing new inventions and experiments that often bring about troublesome consequences. Due to his overall brilliance, he has several times been the victim of [industrial espionage](/wiki/Industrial_espionage \"Industrial espionage\").",
"A wife of some time in his past has been mentioned, but no explanation of her absence was ever given. He has no children, but would eventually have a near\\-identical looking nephew, Aurélien de Champignac (*L'horloger de la comète*).",
"#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}2\\. *[Il y a un sorcier à Champignac](/wiki/Il_y_a_un_sorcier_%C3%A0_Champignac \"Il y a un sorcier à Champignac\")*\n* {{0}}5\\. *[Les voleurs du Marsupilami](/wiki/Les_voleurs_du_Marsupilami \"Les voleurs du Marsupilami\")*\n* {{0}}7\\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon \"Le dictateur et le champignon\")*\n* {{0}}9\\. *[Le repaire de la murène](/wiki/Le_repaire_de_la_mur%C3%A8ne \"Le repaire de la murène\")*\n* 10\\. *[Les pirates du silence](/wiki/Les_pirates_du_silence \"Les pirates du silence\")*\n* 13\\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque \"Le voyageur du Mésozoïque\")*\n* 14\\. *[Le prisonnier du Bouddha](/wiki/Le_prisonnier_du_Bouddha \"Le prisonnier du Bouddha\")*\n* 15\\. *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub \"Z comme Zorglub\")*\n* 16\\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z \"L'ombre du Z\")*\n* 17\\. *[Spirou et les hommes\\-bulles](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_hommes-bulles \"Spirou et les hommes-bulles\")*\n* 19\\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac \"Panade à Champignac\")*\n* HS4 *Fantasio et le fantôme et 4 autres aventures*\n(incomplete)",
"### Célestin Dupilon",
"**Célestin Dupilon** is a former [veterinarian](/wiki/Veterinarian \"Veterinarian\") of Champignac\\-en\\-Cambrousse, who after retirement has assumed the role of town alcoholic. He paces about the town in a constant state of drunkenness, though he remains impeccably dressed.{{cite web \\| last \\=spirou.com \\| title \\= Dupilon \\| url \\=http://www.spirou.com/spirou/albums/15/index.htm\\#persos }}{{in lang\\|fr}} He was first introduced in *Le voyageur du Mésozoïque* (1957\\), by Franquin.",
"### Cyanide",
"A gynoid, built by Louis LaGarne{{Explain\\|date\\=April 2020}}, but turned maverick and is bent on conquering humanity by any opportunity she can get. Created by Tome and Janry.",
"### Don Vito Cortizone",
"Recurring maffia boss character, created by Tome and Janry.",
"### Duplumier",
"This mild\\-mannered, timid official is the Mayor's assistant and right hand man. He was first introduced in *Il y a un sorcier à Champignac* (1951\\), by Franquin and Henri Gillain.",
"### Gaston Lagaffe",
"{{Main\\|Gaston Lagaffe}}\n**Gaston Lagaffe** first made a discrete appearance in *Le voyageur du Mésozoïque*, a slightly more noticeable appearance in *Vacances sans histoires*, and had an active role in *La foire aux gangsters*, before appearing in Franquin's two final Spirou adventures. He is better known as the hero of [his own series](/wiki/Gaston_%28comics%29 \"Gaston (comics)\"), where Spirou and Fantasio appear regularly as well. Because Franquin kept the rights to this character, he hasn't appeared in any *Spirou et Fantasio* adventures since Franquin abandoned the series.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 11\\. *Vacances sans histoires* (in *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine \"Le gorille a bonne mine\")*) (Franquin)\n* 12\\. *La foire aux gangsters* (in *[Le nid des Marsupilamis](/wiki/Le_nid_des_Marsupilamis \"Le nid des Marsupilamis\")*) (Franquin)\n* 13\\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque \"Le voyageur du Mésozoïque\")* (Franquin)\n* 19\\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac \"Panade à Champignac\")* and *Bravo les Brothers*. (Franquin)",
"### John Helena",
"**John Helena** nicknamed \"The Moray\" is a criminal character encountered in Spirou's maritime adventures. Initially introduced in *[Le repaire de la murène](/wiki/Le_repaire_de_la_mur%C3%A8ne \"Le repaire de la murène\")* as \"the good captain\" of the sunk vessel *Le Discret*, he is eventually revealed to be a hardened antagonist of the worst sort. During this adventure, he elaborates on his nickname, describing the moray as a fish with teeth that bothers no\\-one unless a fool comes by to disturb (i.e. Spirou). In his final appearance in the album \"Virus\" we find him after doing his time behind bars. He redeems himself by exposing an international gang of viral arms traders. At the end of the story he has started up a tourist organisation that shows people the abandoned base where the clandestine operation took place, a changed man who's earning his money the honest way.",
"#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}9\\. *[Le repaire de la murène](/wiki/Le_repaire_de_la_mur%C3%A8ne \"Le repaire de la murène\")* (Franquin)\n* 17\\. *[Spirou et les hommes\\-bulles](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_hommes-bulles \"Spirou et les hommes-bulles\")* (Franquin)\n* 33\\. *[Virus](/wiki/Virus_%28Spirou_et_Fantasio%29 \"Virus (Spirou et Fantasio)\")* (Tome \\& Janry)",
"### Ibn\\-Mah\\-Zoud",
"**Ibn\\-Mah\\-Zoud** is a character who makes a strong impression, despite appearing in a single *Spirou* adventure: *Vacances sans histoires*. A wealthy [sheikh](/wiki/Sheikh \"Sheikh\"), he suffers from colour blindness and is notoriously the world's worst driver. This is proved during the course of *Vacances*, once he has slipped away from his driver's guardianship and mistakes Spirou and Fantasio's blue *Turbotraction:Turbot\\-Rhino I* for his own red one. Surviving the catastrophic results of his joyride, he later proves himself to be a man of honour, replacing the destroyed car with a brand new prototype *Turbot 2*.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 11\\. *Vacances sans histoires* (in *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine \"Le gorille a bonne mine\")*) (Franquin)\n* 50\\. *Aux Sources du Z.* (Cameo part, Morvan and Munuera)",
"### Marsupilami",
"{{Main\\|Marsupilami}}\nThe **Marsupilami** is first encountered in the third act of *Spirou et les héritiers*, and from then on remained a near\\-constant character fixture in the following Franquin adventures. After this he featured in Fournier's first story, *Le faiseur d'or* under Franquin's supervision, and never appeared again, save for depictions as plush animal toys and in framed photos. This is because Franquin kept the rights to the character to himself, while the other characters belonged to publisher [Dupuis](/wiki/Dupuis \"Dupuis\"). Since 1987, the specimen from [Le nid des Marsupilamis](/wiki/Le_nid_des_Marsupilamis \"Le nid des Marsupilamis\") stars in [his own comics](/wiki/Marsupilami%23Marsupilami \"Marsupilami#Marsupilami\").",
"#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}4\\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers \"Spirou et les héritiers\")*\n* {{0}}5\\. *[Les voleurs du Marsupilami](/wiki/Les_voleurs_du_Marsupilami \"Les voleurs du Marsupilami\")*\n* {{0}}7\\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon \"Le dictateur et le champignon\")*\n* {{0}}8\\. *Touchez pas aux rouges\\-gorges* (in *[La mauvaise tête](/wiki/La_mauvaise_t%C3%AAte \"La mauvaise tête\")*)\n* {{0}}9\\. *[Le repaire de la murène](/wiki/Le_repaire_de_la_mur%C3%A8ne \"Le repaire de la murène\")*\n* 10\\. *[Les pirates du silence](/wiki/Les_pirates_du_silence \"Les pirates du silence\")*\n* 11\\. *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine \"Le gorille a bonne mine\")* and *Vacances sans histoires*\n* 12\\. *[Le nid des Marsupilamis](/wiki/Le_nid_des_Marsupilamis \"Le nid des Marsupilamis\")*\n* 13\\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque \"Le voyageur du Mésozoïque\")*\n* 14\\. *[Le prisonnier du Bouddha](/wiki/Le_prisonnier_du_Bouddha \"Le prisonnier du Bouddha\")*\n* 15\\. *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub \"Z comme Zorglub\")*\n* 16\\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z \"L'ombre du Z\")*\n* 17\\. *[Spirou et les hommes\\-bulles](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_hommes-bulles \"Spirou et les hommes-bulles\")* and *Les petits formats*\n* 18\\. *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg \"QRN sur Bretzelburg\")*\n* 19\\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac \"Panade à Champignac\")* and *Bravo les Brothers*\n* 20\\. *[Le faiseur d'or](/wiki/Le_faiseur_d%27or \"Le faiseur d'or\")* (Fournier)\n* 24\\. *[Tembo Tabou](/wiki/Tembo_Tabou \"Tembo Tabou\")* and *La cage* (in *[Capturez un Marsupilami](/wiki/Capturez_un_Marsupilami \"Capturez un Marsupilami\")*)\n* 25\\. *[La Colère du Marsupilami](/wiki/La_Col%C3%A8re_du_Marsupilami \"La Colère du Marsupilami\")*",
"### Martin",
"Character created by Franquin in 1952 in *Spirou et les Héritiers*.",
"Motor racing driver, **Martin** is the first driver (and driving instructor) of the firm Turbot. With his teammate Roulebille, he participated in the construction and development of the Turbotraction, powered by a gas turbine, and the emblematic car of the series.",
"#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}4\\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers \"Spirou et les héritiers\")* (Franquin)\n* {{0}}6\\. *[La Corne de rhinocéros](/wiki/La_Corne_de_rhinoc%C3%A9ros \"La Corne de rhinocéros\")* (Franquin)",
"### The Mayor of Champignac",
"**Gustave Labarbe** is usually referred to by the title of his office, the Mayor of Champignac. He is notable for his large ego, his pompous and nonsensical speeches, and his suspicion of all things from out\\-of\\-town, in particular Spirou and Fantasio themselves. A man who loves to hear himself speak, a simple conversation can turn into a speech in itself. He was first introduced in *Il y a un sorcier à Champignac* (1951\\).",
"#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}2\\. *[Il y a un sorcier à Champignac](/wiki/Il_y_a_un_sorcier_%C3%A0_Champignac \"Il y a un sorcier à Champignac\")*\n* {{0}}7\\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon \"Le dictateur et le champignon\")*\n* 13\\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque \"Le voyageur du Mésozoïque\")*\n* 14\\. *[Le prisonnier du Bouddha](/wiki/Le_prisonnier_du_Bouddha \"Le prisonnier du Bouddha\")*\n* 15\\. *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub \"Z comme Zorglub\")*\n* 16\\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z \"L'ombre du Z\")*\n* 17\\. *[Spirou et les hommes\\-bulles](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_hommes-bulles \"Spirou et les hommes-bulles\")*\n* 19\\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac \"Panade à Champignac\")*\n(incomplete)",
"### Notary Mordicus",
"**Maître Mordicus** is the attorney in charge of fulfilling [Fantasio](/wiki/Fantasio \"Fantasio\")'s uncle's will, functioning as arbiter in the battle of skills and wits between Fantasio and [Zantafio](/wiki/Zantafio \"Zantafio\").",
"#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}4\\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers \"Spirou et les héritiers\")* (Franquin)",
"### Le Petit Noël",
"**Le Petit Noël** ([Little Noël](/wiki/Little_No%C3%ABl \"Little Noël\")) is a melancholic, dreamy boy who lives in *Champignac\\-en\\-Cambrousse*. He was created for the 1958 [Spirou](/wiki/Spirou_%28magazine%29 \"Spirou (magazine)\") Christmas special issue.{{cite web \\| last \\=franquin.com \\| title \\= Noël et L'Elaoin \\| url \\=http://www.franquin.com/univers/noel\\_univers.php }}{{in lang\\|fr}} He would receive several small cameo appearances and become a good friend to Marsupilami during his stay near the village, the pair appearing in a few short stories together.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 14\\. *[Le prisonnier du bouddha](/wiki/Le_prisonnier_du_bouddha \"Le prisonnier du bouddha\")* (Franquin)\n* 19\\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac \"Panade à Champignac\")* (Franquin)\n* M0\\. *[Capturez un Marsupilami](/wiki/Capturez_un_Marsupilami \"Capturez un Marsupilami\")* (several short stories) (Franquin)",
"### Ororéa",
"**Ororéa** is a brave female reporter of [Polynesian](/wiki/Polynesia \"Polynesia\") descent, first introduced in *Tora Torapa*. [Fournier](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Fournier \"Jean-Claude Fournier\"), who was not interested in using Seccotine, replaced her with this new female character, also a journalist, but more friendly with Fantasio. His infatuation with Ororea contrasts with his frequent exasperation at Seccotine.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 23\\. *[Tora Torapa](/wiki/Tora_Torapa \"Tora Torapa\")* (Fournier)\n* 25\\. *[Le gri\\-gri du Niokolo\\-Koba](/wiki/Le_gri-gri_du_Niokolo-Koba \"Le gri-gri du Niokolo-Koba\")* (Fournier)\n* 27\\. *[L'Ankou](/wiki/L%27Ankou \"L'Ankou\")* (Fournier)\n* 30\\. *[Des haricots partout](/wiki/Des_haricots_partout \"Des haricots partout\")* (Fournier) (Note: she appears only on the last/final page)",
"### Roulebille",
"Character created by André Franquin in 1952 in *Spirou et les Héritiers*.",
"**Roulebille** is a racing driver at Turbot.\nWith Martin, he participated in the construction and development of the Turbotraction, powered by a gas turbine, and the emblematic car of the series, which is at the center of the story *La Corne de rhinocéros*. He also makes a short appearance in *Vacances sans histoires* and appears in a few pages of *Aux sources du Z*, a story following the end of *La Corne de rhinocéros*.\n#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}4\\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers \"Spirou et les héritiers\")* (Franquin)\n* {{0}}6\\. *[La corne de rhinocéros](/wiki/La_corne_de_rhinoc%C3%A9ros \"La corne de rhinocéros\")* (Franquin)\n* 11\\. *Vacances sans histoires* (in *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine \"Le gorille a bonne mine\")*) (Franquin)",
"### Seccotine",
"{{Main\\|Seccotine}}\n**Seccotine** is a strong\\-willed reporter, and was the first major female character in the series. She was created by [André Franquin](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Franquin \"André Franquin\"), and made her first appearance in *La turbotraction*, serialised in 1953 and published in the album *[La corne de rhinocéros](/wiki/La_corne_de_rhinoc%C3%A9ros \"La corne de rhinocéros\")* in 1955\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=franquin.com\\|title\\=Un vie \\- 1953\\|url\\=http://franquin.com/bio/1953\\.php\\|language\\=French\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123230242/http://www.franquin.com/bio/1953\\.php\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-23\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}6\\. *[La corne de rhinocéros](/wiki/La_corne_de_rhinoc%C3%A9ros \"La corne de rhinocéros\")* (Franquin)\n* {{0}}7\\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon \"Le dictateur et le champignon\")* (Franquin)\n* 11\\. *Vacances sans histoires* (in *[Le gorille a bonne mine](/wiki/Le_gorille_a_bonne_mine \"Le gorille a bonne mine\")*) (Franquin)\n* 12\\. *[Le nid des Marsupilamis](/wiki/Le_nid_des_Marsupilamis \"Le nid des Marsupilamis\")* (Franquin)\n* HS4\\. *Joyeuses Pâques, Papa!* (*Fantasio et le fantôme et 4 autres aventures*) (Fournier)\n* 34\\. *[Aventure en Australie](/wiki/Aventure_en_Australie \"Aventure en Australie\")* (Tome \\& Janry)\n* 38\\. *[La jeunesse de Spirou](/wiki/La_jeunesse_de_Spirou \"La jeunesse de Spirou\")* (Tome \\& Janry)\n* 46\\. *Machine qui rêve* (Tome \\& Janry)\n* 47\\. *Paris\\-sous\\-Seine* (Morvan \\& Munuera)",
"### Le Snouffelaire",
"A strange animal from the future that has been suggested to look like the cross breed of a tapir and a vacuum cleaner.{{cite web \\| last \\=spirou.com \\| title \\= Le Snouffelaire \\| url \\=http://www.spirou.com/spirou/albums/36/index.htm\\#persos }}{{in lang\\|fr}} It has appetite to devour nearly anything, and by flatulent biology, is able to quickly pass out what it ate, encapsulated in bubbles.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 36\\. *[L'horloger de la comète](/wiki/L%27horloger_de_la_com%C3%A8te \"L'horloger de la comète\")* (Tome \\& Janry)\n* 37\\. *[Le réveil du Z](/wiki/Le_r%C3%A9veil_du_Z \"Le réveil du Z\")* (Tome \\& Janry)",
"### Spip",
"**[Spip](/wiki/Spip_%28comics_character%29 \"Spip (comics character)\")** is one of the central characters of the series, Spirou's domesticated, courageous and sharp, grouchy pet squirrel. As his companion in all his adventures. Spip cannot talk, but his thoughts, often witty or sarcastic, are displayed to the reader, reflecting his usually grouchy mood. He's not pleased to frequently find himself in danger, but will be helpful in any situation as much as he can. Over the several authorship periods the character has evolved:",
"#### Rob\\-Vel and Jijé periods",
"Spip is saved by Spirou in Rob\\-Vel's and Jijé's first joint adventure *L'Héritage de Bill Money* (*The Inheritance of Bill Money*, 1938\\), and from then on he stands by his master's side. Under Rob\\-vel his presence is just visual, occasionally serving to gnaw ropes that bind his master, or adding to a comical detail. It is under Jijé's authorship he gains the capacity to speak through \"thought balloons\" (similar to [Snoopy](/wiki/Snoopy \"Snoopy\") and [Garfield](/wiki/Garfield \"Garfield\")). From this point he is given to state his opinion on any situation, often in a comical manner, and his communications appear to be understood.",
"#### Franquin period",
"Under Franquin's authorship, Spirou and Fantasio lose the ability to understand Spip, and when the Marsupilami joins the family, he also loses a great deal of attention but gains the perspective to feel ignored and underappreciated. In the shadow of his extraordinary fellow pet, he is less influential, although there are exceptions. In *La corne de rhinoceros*, he saves his friends from an angry elephant, earning him the title \"king of creation\".{{cite web \\| last \\=Franquin \\| title \\=Excerpt from ''La corne de rhinoceros'' \\| publisher \\= Dupuis \\| year \\=1953 \\| url \\=http://www.franquin.com/spirou\\_fantasio/album6\\_spirou.php \\| format \\=comic book}}{{in lang\\|fr}} Near the end of this era, in *QRN sur Bretzelburg*, he is allowed to shine.",
"#### Fournier period",
"Fournier's Spip continues where Franquin's left off, his sarcasms becoming more frequent and self\\-pitying. He occasionally breaks the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall \"Fourth wall\"), acknowledging that he is in a comic book and sometimes even complaining that Spirou and Fantasio are not exactly his idea of comic book heroes. Complaints aside, he was still an active (if often unwilling) participant in the stories, even saving the day on a few occasions, such as in *L'abbaye truquée*.",
"#### Tome \\& Janry period",
"In the beginning, Tome and Janry continued Spip much as Fournier had, letting him make biting remarks about whatever situation he was in, providing comedy relief and occasionally contributing to the plots. However, as the series evolved and grew more dramatic and mature, Spip's role was greatly reduced, his comments becoming less frequent until he stopped talking entirely. In later albums he's more or less a background character, still always by Spirou's side but seldom noticed by anyone. This was even parodied in *Spirou à Moscou*, where he after a kidnapping spends much of the story with a [Band\\-Aid](/wiki/Adhesive_bandage \"Adhesive bandage\") covering his mouth, and Spirou and Fantasio don't notice it.",
"### Sprtschk",
"**Sprtschk** is an atomic scientist genius, whose mind is constantly fixed on physics formulas in pursuit of discovering the solution to create the ultimate bomb. Invited to [The Count](/wiki/%23The_Count_of_Champignac \"#The Count of Champignac\")'s castle for reason's unknown during the hatching of the [Mesozoic](/wiki/Mesozoic \"Mesozoic\") egg, the Count appears to quite dislike this scientist, and he spends most of the time by himself to ponder his scientific riddle. Sprtschk's appearance in the *Spirou* adventures is very brief, though memorable and ironic. Having presumably just discovered the great goal of his career with sinister satisfaction, he is suddenly eaten, accidentally, by a vegetarian dinosaur. The Count feigns some guilt about his part in Sprtschk's death, but is more distraught when his trees are destroyed.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 13\\. *[Le voyageur du Mésozoïque](/wiki/Le_voyageur_du_M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque \"Le voyageur du Mésozoïque\")* (Franquin)",
"### Marcelin Switch",
"Marcelin Switch appeared in *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg \"QRN sur Bretzelburg\")*.",
"Switch was a [ham radio](/wiki/Ham_radio \"Ham radio\") operator who got in touch with King Ladislas of Bretzelburg who was being kept a virtual prisoner in his palace by General Schmetterling. Ladislas wanted Switch to inform world opinion of his plight but the Bretzelburg secret police intercepted their communications and set out to kidnap Switch. By mistake however they captured Fantasio instead. Spirou resolved to go to Bretzelburg in order to rescue Fantasio and dragged the reluctant Switch along with him.",
"Switch was terrified from the start, and became even more so as they progressed through Bretzelburg, being convinced that they last hour had come at every minute. Disguised as [window cleaners](/wiki/Window_cleaner \"Window cleaner\") he and Spirou managed to sneak into the Royal palace during which a nervous Switch wrote out his [will](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 \"Will (law)\"). He even fainted when he overheard an outburst by the intimidating General Schmetterling.",
"Switch, Spirou, Fantasio and the local rebel movement opposed to Schmetterling eventually succeeded in overthrowing him and restoring the King to his authority. Ladislas subsequently introduced reforms to overcome the economic plight caused by the General who had been fraudulently [embezzling](/wiki/Embezzling \"Embezzling\") the state's coffers. The King even awarded Switch the Bretzelburg Medal of Courage!",
"Switch had a sister whose children enjoyed comics. In a breach of the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall \"Fourth wall\") Switch got the characters of *[Spirou](/wiki/Spirou_%28magazine%29 \"Spirou (magazine)\")* magazine mixed up with those of rival publication *[Tintin](/wiki/Tintin_%28magazine%29 \"Tintin (magazine)\")* magazine.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 18\\. *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg \"QRN sur Bretzelburg\")* (Franquin)",
"### Zantafio",
"{{Main\\|Zantafio}}\n**Zantafio** is a recurring antagonist in the series. He was created by Franquin and first appeared in *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers \"Spirou et les héritiers\")* (1952\\). Zantafio bears a strong resemblance to Fantasio, because they are cousins.",
"#### Appearances",
"* {{0}}4\\. *[Spirou et les héritiers](/wiki/Spirou_et_les_h%C3%A9ritiers \"Spirou et les héritiers\")* (Franquin)\n* {{0}}7\\. *[Le dictateur et le champignon](/wiki/Le_dictateur_et_le_champignon \"Le dictateur et le champignon\")* (Franquin)\n* {{0}}8\\. *[La mauvaise tête](/wiki/La_mauvaise_t%C3%AAte \"La mauvaise tête\")* (Franquin)\n* 16\\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z \"L'ombre du Z\")* (Franquin)\n* 20\\. *[Le faiseur d'or](/wiki/Le_faiseur_d%27or \"Le faiseur d'or\")* (Fournier)\n* 23\\. *[Tora Torapa](/wiki/Tora_Torapa \"Tora Torapa\")* (Fournier)\n* 42\\. *[Spirou à Moscou](/wiki/Spirou_%C3%A0_Moscou \"Spirou à Moscou\")* (Tome \\& Janry)\n* 48\\. *L'homme qui ne voulait pas mourir* (Morvan \\& Munuera)\n* 55\\. *La colère du Marsupilami* (Yoann \\& Vehlmann)",
"### Zorglub",
"{{Main\\| Zorglub}}\n**Zorglub** was created by [Greg](/wiki/Greg_%28comics%29 \"Greg (comics)\") and Franquin, and first appeared in the story *Z comme Zorglub* serialised in 1959, published in the diptych albums *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub \"Z comme Zorglub\")* (1961\\) and *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z \"L'ombre du Z\")* (1962\\). Initially Zorglub's character was that of a sinister megalomaniac, [mad scientist](/wiki/Mad_scientist \"Mad scientist\"), but later becomes a reformed villain.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 15\\. *[Z comme Zorglub](/wiki/Z_comme_Zorglub \"Z comme Zorglub\")* (Franquin)\n* 16\\. *[L'ombre du Z](/wiki/L%27ombre_du_Z \"L'ombre du Z\")* (Franquin)\n* 19\\. *[Panade à Champignac](/wiki/Panade_%C3%A0_Champignac \"Panade à Champignac\")* (Franquin)\n* 20\\. *[Le faiseur d'or](/wiki/Le_faiseur_d%27or \"Le faiseur d'or\")* (Fournier)\n* 23\\. *[Tora Torapa](/wiki/Tora_Torapa \"Tora Torapa\")* (Fournier)\n* 37\\. *Le réveil du Z* (Tome \\& Janry)\n* 50\\. *Au source du Z* (Morvan \\& Munuera)\n* *Les géants pétrifiés*, but only for brief moments",
"### Itoh Kata",
"Japanese magician created by Fournier, and used heavily in his stories, but largely forgotten by later authors, until Morvan and Munuera re\\-used him in *[Spirou à Tokyo](/wiki/Spirou_%C3%A0_Tokyo \"Spirou à Tokyo\")*.\n{{Expand section\\|date\\=December 2009}}",
""
] |
### Marcelin Switch
Marcelin Switch appeared in *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg "QRN sur Bretzelburg")*.
Switch was a [ham radio](/wiki/Ham_radio "Ham radio") operator who got in touch with King Ladislas of Bretzelburg who was being kept a virtual prisoner in his palace by General Schmetterling. Ladislas wanted Switch to inform world opinion of his plight but the Bretzelburg secret police intercepted their communications and set out to kidnap Switch. By mistake however they captured Fantasio instead. Spirou resolved to go to Bretzelburg in order to rescue Fantasio and dragged the reluctant Switch along with him.
Switch was terrified from the start, and became even more so as they progressed through Bretzelburg, being convinced that they last hour had come at every minute. Disguised as [window cleaners](/wiki/Window_cleaner "Window cleaner") he and Spirou managed to sneak into the Royal palace during which a nervous Switch wrote out his [will](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 "Will (law)"). He even fainted when he overheard an outburst by the intimidating General Schmetterling.
Switch, Spirou, Fantasio and the local rebel movement opposed to Schmetterling eventually succeeded in overthrowing him and restoring the King to his authority. Ladislas subsequently introduced reforms to overcome the economic plight caused by the General who had been fraudulently [embezzling](/wiki/Embezzling "Embezzling") the state's coffers. The King even awarded Switch the Bretzelburg Medal of Courage!
Switch had a sister whose children enjoyed comics. In a breach of the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall "Fourth wall") Switch got the characters of *[Spirou](/wiki/Spirou_%28magazine%29 "Spirou (magazine)")* magazine mixed up with those of rival publication *[Tintin](/wiki/Tintin_%28magazine%29 "Tintin (magazine)")* magazine.
#### Appearances
* 18\. *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg "QRN sur Bretzelburg")* (Franquin)
|
[
"### Marcelin Switch",
"Marcelin Switch appeared in *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg \"QRN sur Bretzelburg\")*.",
"Switch was a [ham radio](/wiki/Ham_radio \"Ham radio\") operator who got in touch with King Ladislas of Bretzelburg who was being kept a virtual prisoner in his palace by General Schmetterling. Ladislas wanted Switch to inform world opinion of his plight but the Bretzelburg secret police intercepted their communications and set out to kidnap Switch. By mistake however they captured Fantasio instead. Spirou resolved to go to Bretzelburg in order to rescue Fantasio and dragged the reluctant Switch along with him.",
"Switch was terrified from the start, and became even more so as they progressed through Bretzelburg, being convinced that they last hour had come at every minute. Disguised as [window cleaners](/wiki/Window_cleaner \"Window cleaner\") he and Spirou managed to sneak into the Royal palace during which a nervous Switch wrote out his [will](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 \"Will (law)\"). He even fainted when he overheard an outburst by the intimidating General Schmetterling.",
"Switch, Spirou, Fantasio and the local rebel movement opposed to Schmetterling eventually succeeded in overthrowing him and restoring the King to his authority. Ladislas subsequently introduced reforms to overcome the economic plight caused by the General who had been fraudulently [embezzling](/wiki/Embezzling \"Embezzling\") the state's coffers. The King even awarded Switch the Bretzelburg Medal of Courage!",
"Switch had a sister whose children enjoyed comics. In a breach of the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall \"Fourth wall\") Switch got the characters of *[Spirou](/wiki/Spirou_%28magazine%29 \"Spirou (magazine)\")* magazine mixed up with those of rival publication *[Tintin](/wiki/Tintin_%28magazine%29 \"Tintin (magazine)\")* magazine.",
"#### Appearances",
"* 18\\. *[QRN sur Bretzelburg](/wiki/QRN_sur_Bretzelburg \"QRN sur Bretzelburg\")* (Franquin)"
] |
Demographics
------------
{{Historical populations
\|title\= Historical populations
\|type\= USA
\|align\= left
\|1930\|814
\|1940\|616
\|1950\|294
\|1960\|262
\|1970\|216
\|1980\|210
\|1990\|166
\|2000\|163
\|2010\|152
\|2020\|120
\|source\={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}}}\|footnote\=Source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|title\=U.S. Census website\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-29}} and \[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\.pdf Iowa Data Center]
}}
### 2020 census
As of the 2020 [Census](/wiki/Census "Census"),{{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data \|url\=https://data.census.gov/profile/Williamson\_city,\_Iowa?g\=1600000US1985935 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-07 \|website\=data.census.gov}} the total population was 120 people. The population density was 375 people per square mile, spread over 0\.32 miles. Of those 120 people, the median age was 29\.5 years old, with 41\.8% of the town's population under the age of 18, 52\.8% between the ages of 18 and 64, and 5\.4% of the population over the age of 65\. There were a total of 57 households, with an average of 4\.67 people per household.
51% of the town's population was male, with the remaining 49% of the population female. The racial makeup of the town was 96\.6% White, 2\.5% Hispanic, and the remaining 0\.9% identified as other.
61\.9% of the population of the town is identified as currently married.
90\.4% of the Williamson population has received a high school degree, which is 2\.2 percentage points lower than the rest of the state. Williamson has a lower\-than\-average percentage of the population having received college degrees, with only 1% of the town's population having received a bachelor's degree compared to the state average of 30\.5%.{{Cite web \|title\=Census profile: Williamson, IA \|url\=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US1985935\-williamson\-ia/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-07 \|website\=Census Reporter \|language\=en}}
6\.5% of the town's population were veterans.
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-05\-11}} of 2010, there were 152 people, 63 households, and 40 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|475\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 82 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|256\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.7% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), and 3\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 4\.6% of the population.
There were 63 households, of which 28\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 14\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 14\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\.5% were non\-families. 25\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.41 and the average family size was 2\.85\.
The median age in the city was 40 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\.4% were from 25 to 44; 30\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 55\.9% male and 44\.1% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 163 people, 71 households, and 46 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|510\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 84 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|263\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)").
There were 71 households, out of which 25\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35\.2% were non\-families. 31\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.30 and the average family size was 2\.76\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23\.3% under the age of 18, 7\.4% from 18 to 24, 27\.0% from 25 to 44, 25\.2% from 45 to 64, and 17\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 132\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115\.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $20,000, and the median income for a family was $25,833\. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $22,083 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $10,456\. About 28\.6% of families and 26\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 40\.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 18\.8% of those 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{Historical populations\n\\|title\\= Historical populations\n\\|type\\= USA\n\\|align\\= left\n\\|1930\\|814\n\\|1940\\|616\n\\|1950\\|294\n\\|1960\\|262\n\\|1970\\|216\n\\|1980\\|210\n\\|1990\\|166\n\\|2000\\|163\n\\|2010\\|152\n\\|2020\\|120\n\\|source\\={{center\\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}}}\\|footnote\\=Source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-29}} and \\[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\\.pdf Iowa Data Center]\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"As of the 2020 [Census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/profile/Williamson\\_city,\\_Iowa?g\\=1600000US1985935 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-07 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} the total population was 120 people. The population density was 375 people per square mile, spread over 0\\.32 miles. Of those 120 people, the median age was 29\\.5 years old, with 41\\.8% of the town's population under the age of 18, 52\\.8% between the ages of 18 and 64, and 5\\.4% of the population over the age of 65\\. There were a total of 57 households, with an average of 4\\.67 people per household.",
"51% of the town's population was male, with the remaining 49% of the population female. The racial makeup of the town was 96\\.6% White, 2\\.5% Hispanic, and the remaining 0\\.9% identified as other.",
"61\\.9% of the population of the town is identified as currently married.",
"90\\.4% of the Williamson population has received a high school degree, which is 2\\.2 percentage points lower than the rest of the state. Williamson has a lower\\-than\\-average percentage of the population having received college degrees, with only 1% of the town's population having received a bachelor's degree compared to the state average of 30\\.5%.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Census profile: Williamson, IA \\|url\\=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US1985935\\-williamson\\-ia/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-07 \\|website\\=Census Reporter \\|language\\=en}}",
"6\\.5% of the town's population were veterans.",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-11}} of 2010, there were 152 people, 63 households, and 40 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|475\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 82 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|256\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.7% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), and 3\\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 4\\.6% of the population.",
"There were 63 households, of which 28\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 14\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 14\\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\\.5% were non\\-families. 25\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.41 and the average family size was 2\\.85\\.",
"The median age in the city was 40 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 30\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17\\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 55\\.9% male and 44\\.1% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 163 people, 71 households, and 46 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|510\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 84 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|263\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 71 households, out of which 25\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35\\.2% were non\\-families. 31\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.30 and the average family size was 2\\.76\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 23\\.3% under the age of 18, 7\\.4% from 18 to 24, 27\\.0% from 25 to 44, 25\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 132\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115\\.5 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $20,000, and the median income for a family was $25,833\\. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $22,083 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $10,456\\. About 28\\.6% of families and 26\\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 40\\.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 18\\.8% of those 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Before Shannon Gaels
The first club was formed in May 1887 under the name Labasheeda. Their first ever game was played against Kilmacduane (Cooraclare) on the 21st of that month. The game ended with a victory to Kilmacduane on a scoreline of 0–1 to 0\-0\. The club continued for another 13 years without any success, until 1900 when a parish team under the name St Patricks captured the county title from Kilmihil by a winning margin of six points. It wasn't until 1930 that the whole parish united as one club (Labasheeda).{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2023}}
### 1940s
The name Shannon Gaels did not appear until 1940, however once again there was a split in the parish. The Shannon Gaels club won the Junior A championship in 1941 defeating Clohanes in a game played at Kilmurry McMahon. The following year, Shannon Gaels completed in the intermediate division and reached the final before being defeated by Kilmihil. With the split continuing, players from the parish captured the Cusack Cup in 1944 playing for Coolmeen. For a period of three years (1946–1948\) there was no club in the parish until 1949 when the parish once again united, this time under the name of Shannon Gaels. And it has remained so to this day.
### 1950s
The fifties brought success which was based on a good youth policy under the stewardship of Vincent McGarry. A minor title was won in 1957 with a juvenile title being won the following year and numerous other finals were reached throughout the decade. In 1959 the club annexed its first Junior championship beating Kilfenora by a solitary goal. The club was in Senior ranks for the first time now since 1945\.
### 1960s
In 1963, Shannon Gaels contested its first county Senior final since 1907, however the team met its match on the day losing to a more experienced Kilmurry Ibrickane team despite outplaying them for over fifty minutes. Underage success continued notably two under 21 titles in 67 and 69\. Shannon Gaels appeared in another county final in 1969 and were defeated by Doonbeg.
### 1970s
The following year success arrived, when the parish had its first Senior county championship success since 1900\. On 16 August 1970, Arthur Ford lifted the Jack Daly Cup in the Square in Miltown Malbay after a hard\-fought victory over Kilrush Shamrocks. Shannon Gaels won the Senior Championship again in 1971 defeating Doonbeg. P.J. Murphy was on hand to accept the Jack Daly trophy on behalf of the club.
This should have been the beginning of something of a famine for the other teams in the county but the following years did not bring the success the tremendous talent which existed in the parish deserved. 1973 saw another final defeat at the hands of Doonbeg. The Cusack Cup was won in '75 and '76 but this was scant consolation for what should have been numerous additions to the Roll of Honour list for the Senior title.
### 1980s
Barren years followed and the only major success of the 1980s was the Banner cup victory in 1986\.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}} On 15 May 1984 the club opened Shannon Gaels Park. It was the brainchild of Tommy Lorigan who died before it was completed.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
The updated facilities included additions to the clubhouse, four changing rooms with shower facilities, a meeting room and a referees changing room.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
### 1990s
In the nineties, where the club had a number of under\-age successes. One u\-12 title, four u\-16 titles, and three u\-21 titles were won, while in 1999 Noel Kennedy captained the Intermediate team to glory.{{tone\-inline\|date\=July 2023}}{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
### 2000s
The year 2001 brought about a new structure for the senior championship. Groups of four were to play off in a round robin series with the top two teams going forward to the quarter\-finals. A victory in the round\-robin stage (over Wolfe Tones) was followed by defeats to Éire Óg and Miltown Malbay and this saw the Gaels competing in the Senior B championship. Defeats by Liscannor (after a replay), St Breckan's and, finally, Corofin resulted in relegation back to Intermediate level.
The Intermediate Championship was annexed in 2002 after victories over Kildysart, Kilfenora, Coolmeen and Michael Cusack's. So the Gaels were back in Senior ranks once again. In the 2003 Senior Championship the Gaels exceeded the expectations of many by qualifying from their group and reaching the quarter\-final. Led by a management team of Anthony Daly, Mickey Cahill and Mick O'Shea, the Gaels fought an amazing battle with St Senan's Kilkee in the quarter\-final and were unlucky not to proceed to the semi\-final as they drew their first match with Kilkee. The Gaels were defeated by Kilkee in the replay and Kilkee went on to win the county title.
The following year, the club reached the semi\-final where they faced eventual champions Kilmurry Ibrickane. After a bright start, the Gaels challenge faltered and were eventually well beaten.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
In 2005, a new management team were put in place. Promotion to Division 1 of the league followed. However, the senior team were unable to reach the quarter\-finals for the first time in three years. The Senior B championship beckoned and after good wins over Kilrush and Kildysart, the Gaels defeated O'Curry's to win the Scales Cup for the first time.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
In 2006, the club beat Liscannor to set up a quarter final tie with Lissycasey. The Gaels led by three points with time running out before an opportunist goal for Lissycasey resulted in a replay. The Gaels again led in the replay before the game was tied at the end of normal time before Lissycasey ran out winners in extra time.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
The Gaels' 2007 season saw relegation from Cusack Cup and also a failure to reach the quarter\-finals after a defeat to Doonbeg in the last round robin match.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
In 2008, Shannon Gaels reached the quarter\-final where they were beaten by St. Senan's Kilkee. The club regained their Cusack Cup status despite losing the Garry Cup final to Cooraclare.
In 2009, relegation battles resulted in both the Cusack Cup and the Senior championship and the club survived at both levels.{{fact\|date\=July 2023}}
### 2010s
Peter O'Connell, Michael Crehan and Michael Madigan were appointed as senior management team but the senior team started off on a bad note with a defeat in the first round of the Cusack Cup at the hands of Clondegad. However, subsequent victories over St Joseph's Miltown Malbay, Liscannor, Cooraclare, Éire Óg Inis \& St Senan's Kilkee saw Shannon Gaels qualify for the semi\-finals of the Cusack Cup with two games to spare. The last two games of the round series saw heavy defeats at the hands of Doonbeg and Kilmurry Ibrickane.
In the first round of the senior championship, Shannon Gaels overcame a seven\-point deficit with ten minutes to go win by a point against Kilmihil on a scoreline of 2–10 to 2–9\.
In the semi\-final of the Cusack Cup Shannon Gaels played Kilmurry Ibrickane. The teams were level at half time but second half goals from Ruairi Norrby and JP O Neill saw the Gaels emerge victorious on a scoreline of 2–9 to 0–10\. Shannon Gaels met St Joseph's Miltown Malbay in the final in Kilmihil on 26 July and led by 0–4 to 0–3 at half time. However, St. Joseph's scored the game's only goal halfway through the second half, and this score proved decisive as the game finished 1–7 to 0–7 in favour of St Joseph's.
The second round of the senior championship saw the Gaels defeated Wolfe Tones na Sionna on a scoreline of 1–10 to 0\-7 which resulted in qualification for the quarter\-final of the senior football championship with a game to spare. In the final round robin game against Éire Óg, the Gaels ran up a strong seven\-point lead early in the second half only to lose by three points. In the quarter\-final the Gaels suffered disappointment losing by a point to Doonbeg on a scoreline of 0–7 to 0–6\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Before Shannon Gaels",
"The first club was formed in May 1887 under the name Labasheeda. Their first ever game was played against Kilmacduane (Cooraclare) on the 21st of that month. The game ended with a victory to Kilmacduane on a scoreline of 0–1 to 0\\-0\\. The club continued for another 13 years without any success, until 1900 when a parish team under the name St Patricks captured the county title from Kilmihil by a winning margin of six points. It wasn't until 1930 that the whole parish united as one club (Labasheeda).{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2023}}",
"### 1940s",
"The name Shannon Gaels did not appear until 1940, however once again there was a split in the parish. The Shannon Gaels club won the Junior A championship in 1941 defeating Clohanes in a game played at Kilmurry McMahon. The following year, Shannon Gaels completed in the intermediate division and reached the final before being defeated by Kilmihil. With the split continuing, players from the parish captured the Cusack Cup in 1944 playing for Coolmeen. For a period of three years (1946–1948\\) there was no club in the parish until 1949 when the parish once again united, this time under the name of Shannon Gaels. And it has remained so to this day.",
"### 1950s",
"The fifties brought success which was based on a good youth policy under the stewardship of Vincent McGarry. A minor title was won in 1957 with a juvenile title being won the following year and numerous other finals were reached throughout the decade. In 1959 the club annexed its first Junior championship beating Kilfenora by a solitary goal. The club was in Senior ranks for the first time now since 1945\\.",
"### 1960s",
"In 1963, Shannon Gaels contested its first county Senior final since 1907, however the team met its match on the day losing to a more experienced Kilmurry Ibrickane team despite outplaying them for over fifty minutes. Underage success continued notably two under 21 titles in 67 and 69\\. Shannon Gaels appeared in another county final in 1969 and were defeated by Doonbeg.",
"### 1970s",
"The following year success arrived, when the parish had its first Senior county championship success since 1900\\. On 16 August 1970, Arthur Ford lifted the Jack Daly Cup in the Square in Miltown Malbay after a hard\\-fought victory over Kilrush Shamrocks. Shannon Gaels won the Senior Championship again in 1971 defeating Doonbeg. P.J. Murphy was on hand to accept the Jack Daly trophy on behalf of the club.\nThis should have been the beginning of something of a famine for the other teams in the county but the following years did not bring the success the tremendous talent which existed in the parish deserved. 1973 saw another final defeat at the hands of Doonbeg. The Cusack Cup was won in '75 and '76 but this was scant consolation for what should have been numerous additions to the Roll of Honour list for the Senior title.",
"### 1980s",
"Barren years followed and the only major success of the 1980s was the Banner cup victory in 1986\\.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}} On 15 May 1984 the club opened Shannon Gaels Park. It was the brainchild of Tommy Lorigan who died before it was completed.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}\nThe updated facilities included additions to the clubhouse, four changing rooms with shower facilities, a meeting room and a referees changing room.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"### 1990s",
"In the nineties, where the club had a number of under\\-age successes. One u\\-12 title, four u\\-16 titles, and three u\\-21 titles were won, while in 1999 Noel Kennedy captained the Intermediate team to glory.{{tone\\-inline\\|date\\=July 2023}}{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"### 2000s",
"The year 2001 brought about a new structure for the senior championship. Groups of four were to play off in a round robin series with the top two teams going forward to the quarter\\-finals. A victory in the round\\-robin stage (over Wolfe Tones) was followed by defeats to Éire Óg and Miltown Malbay and this saw the Gaels competing in the Senior B championship. Defeats by Liscannor (after a replay), St Breckan's and, finally, Corofin resulted in relegation back to Intermediate level.",
"The Intermediate Championship was annexed in 2002 after victories over Kildysart, Kilfenora, Coolmeen and Michael Cusack's. So the Gaels were back in Senior ranks once again. In the 2003 Senior Championship the Gaels exceeded the expectations of many by qualifying from their group and reaching the quarter\\-final. Led by a management team of Anthony Daly, Mickey Cahill and Mick O'Shea, the Gaels fought an amazing battle with St Senan's Kilkee in the quarter\\-final and were unlucky not to proceed to the semi\\-final as they drew their first match with Kilkee. The Gaels were defeated by Kilkee in the replay and Kilkee went on to win the county title.",
"The following year, the club reached the semi\\-final where they faced eventual champions Kilmurry Ibrickane. After a bright start, the Gaels challenge faltered and were eventually well beaten.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"In 2005, a new management team were put in place. Promotion to Division 1 of the league followed. However, the senior team were unable to reach the quarter\\-finals for the first time in three years. The Senior B championship beckoned and after good wins over Kilrush and Kildysart, the Gaels defeated O'Curry's to win the Scales Cup for the first time.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"In 2006, the club beat Liscannor to set up a quarter final tie with Lissycasey. The Gaels led by three points with time running out before an opportunist goal for Lissycasey resulted in a replay. The Gaels again led in the replay before the game was tied at the end of normal time before Lissycasey ran out winners in extra time.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"The Gaels' 2007 season saw relegation from Cusack Cup and also a failure to reach the quarter\\-finals after a defeat to Doonbeg in the last round robin match.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}\nIn 2008, Shannon Gaels reached the quarter\\-final where they were beaten by St. Senan's Kilkee. The club regained their Cusack Cup status despite losing the Garry Cup final to Cooraclare.",
"In 2009, relegation battles resulted in both the Cusack Cup and the Senior championship and the club survived at both levels.{{fact\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"### 2010s",
"Peter O'Connell, Michael Crehan and Michael Madigan were appointed as senior management team but the senior team started off on a bad note with a defeat in the first round of the Cusack Cup at the hands of Clondegad. However, subsequent victories over St Joseph's Miltown Malbay, Liscannor, Cooraclare, Éire Óg Inis \\& St Senan's Kilkee saw Shannon Gaels qualify for the semi\\-finals of the Cusack Cup with two games to spare. The last two games of the round series saw heavy defeats at the hands of Doonbeg and Kilmurry Ibrickane.\nIn the first round of the senior championship, Shannon Gaels overcame a seven\\-point deficit with ten minutes to go win by a point against Kilmihil on a scoreline of 2–10 to 2–9\\.\nIn the semi\\-final of the Cusack Cup Shannon Gaels played Kilmurry Ibrickane. The teams were level at half time but second half goals from Ruairi Norrby and JP O Neill saw the Gaels emerge victorious on a scoreline of 2–9 to 0–10\\. Shannon Gaels met St Joseph's Miltown Malbay in the final in Kilmihil on 26 July and led by 0–4 to 0–3 at half time. However, St. Joseph's scored the game's only goal halfway through the second half, and this score proved decisive as the game finished 1–7 to 0–7 in favour of St Joseph's.\nThe second round of the senior championship saw the Gaels defeated Wolfe Tones na Sionna on a scoreline of 1–10 to 0\\-7 which resulted in qualification for the quarter\\-final of the senior football championship with a game to spare. In the final round robin game against Éire Óg, the Gaels ran up a strong seven\\-point lead early in the second half only to lose by three points. In the quarter\\-final the Gaels suffered disappointment losing by a point to Doonbeg on a scoreline of 0–7 to 0–6\\.",
""
] |
Definition
----------
Given \\rho , a representation of G on a finite\-dimensional complex vector space V, where G is the Galois group of the [finite extension](/wiki/Finite_extension "Finite extension") L/K of number fields, the Artin L\-function L(\\rho,s) is defined by an [Euler product](/wiki/Euler_product "Euler product"). For each [prime ideal](/wiki/Prime_ideal "Prime ideal") \\mathfrak p in K's [ring of integers](/wiki/Ring_of_integers "Ring of integers"), there is an Euler factor, which is easiest to define in the case where \\mathfrak p is [unramified](/wiki/Unramified "Unramified") in L (true for [almost all](/wiki/Almost_all "Almost all") \\mathfrak p ). In that case, the [Frobenius element](/wiki/Frobenius_element "Frobenius element") \\mathbf{Frob} (\\mathfrak p) is defined as a [conjugacy class](/wiki/Conjugacy_class "Conjugacy class") in G. Therefore, the [characteristic polynomial](/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial "Characteristic polynomial") of \\rho( \\mathbf{Frob} (\\mathfrak{p})) is well\-defined. The Euler factor for \\mathfrak{p} is a slight modification of the characteristic polynomial, equally well\-defined,
\\operatorname{charpoly}(\\rho(\\mathbf{Frob}(\\mathfrak{p})))^{\-1}\= \\operatorname{det} \\left \[ I \- t \\rho( \\mathbf{Frob}( \\mathfrak{p})) \\right ]^{\-1},
as [rational function](/wiki/Rational_function "Rational function") in *t*, evaluated at t \= N (\\mathfrak{p})^{\-s} , with s a complex variable in the usual [Riemann zeta function](/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function "Riemann zeta function") notation. (Here *N* is the [field norm](/wiki/Field_norm "Field norm") of an ideal.)
When \\mathfrak{p} is ramified, and *I* is the [inertia group](/wiki/Inertia_group "Inertia group") which is a subgroup of *G*, a similar construction is applied, but to the subspace of *V* fixed (pointwise) by *I*.It is arguably more correct to think instead about the [coinvariants](/wiki/Coinvariant "Coinvariant"), the largest [quotient space](/wiki/Quotient_space_%28linear_algebra%29 "Quotient space (linear algebra)") fixed by *I*, rather than the invariants, but the result here will be the same. Cf. [Hasse–Weil L\-function](/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Weil_L-function "Hasse–Weil L-function") for a similar situation.
The Artin L\-function L(\\rho,s) is then the infinite product over all prime ideals \\mathfrak{p} of these factors. As [Artin reciprocity](/wiki/Artin_reciprocity "Artin reciprocity") shows, when *G* is an [abelian group](/wiki/Abelian_group "Abelian group") these *L*\-functions have a second description (as [Dirichlet *L*\-functions](/wiki/Dirichlet_L-function "Dirichlet L-function") when *K* is the [rational number](/wiki/Rational_number "Rational number") field, and as [Hecke *L*\-functions](/wiki/Hecke_character "Hecke character") in general). Novelty comes in with [non\-abelian](/wiki/Abelian_group "Abelian group") *G* and their representations.
One application is to give factorisations of [Dedekind zeta\-functions](/wiki/Dedekind_zeta_function "Dedekind zeta function"), for example in the case of a number field that is Galois over the rational numbers. In accordance with the decomposition of the [regular representation](/wiki/Regular_representation "Regular representation") into [irreducible representations](/wiki/Irreducible_representation "Irreducible representation"), such a zeta\-function splits into a product of Artin *L*\-functions, for each irreducible representation of *G*. For example, the simplest case is when *G* is the [symmetric group](/wiki/Symmetric_group "Symmetric group") on three letters. Since *G* has an irreducible representation of degree 2, an Artin *L*\-function for such a representation occurs, squared, in the factorisation of the Dedekind zeta\-function for such a number field, in a product with the Riemann zeta\-function (for the [trivial representation](/wiki/Trivial_representation "Trivial representation")) and an *L*\-function of Dirichlet's type for the signature representation.
More precisely for L/K a Galois extension of degree *n*, the factorization
\\zeta\_L(s) \=L(s,\\rho\_{\\text{regular}})\= \\prod\_{\\rho \\text{ Irr rep } \\text{Gal}(L/K)} L(\\rho,s)^{\\deg(\\rho)}
follows from
L(\\rho,s) \= \\prod\_{\\mathfrak{p} \\in K} \\frac{1}{\\det \\left \[I\-N(\\mathfrak{p})^{\-s} \\rho(\\mathbf{Frob}\_\\mathfrak{p}){\|V\_{\\mathfrak{p},\\rho}} \\right ]}
\-\\log \\det \\left \[I\-N (\\mathfrak{p})^{\-s} \\rho \\left ( \\mathbf{Frob}\_\\mathfrak{p} \\right ) \\right ] \= \\sum\_{m\=1}^\\infty \\frac{\\text{tr}(\\rho( \\mathbf{Frob}\_\\mathfrak{p})^m)}{m} N(\\mathfrak{p})^{\-sm}
\\sum\_{\\rho \\text{ Irr}}\\deg(\\rho) \\text{tr}(\\rho(\\sigma)) \= \\begin{cases} n \& \\sigma \= 1 \\\\ 0 \& \\sigma \\neq 1 \\end{cases}
\-\\sum\_{\\rho \\text{ Irr}}\\deg(\\rho) \\log \\det \\left \[I\-N \\left (\\mathfrak{p}^{\-s} \\right ) \\rho \\left ( \\mathbf{Frob}\_\\mathfrak{p} \\right ) \\right ] \= n \\sum\_{m\=1}^\\infty \\frac{N(\\mathfrak{p})^{\-sfm}}{fm} \= \- \\log \\left \[ \\left (1\-N(\\mathfrak{p})^{\-sf} \\right )^{\\frac{n}{f}} \\right ]
where \\deg(\\rho) is the multiplicity of the irreducible representation in the regular representation, [*f* is the order](/wiki/Splitting_of_prime_ideals_in_Galois_extensions%23The_Galois_situation "Splitting of prime ideals in Galois extensions#The Galois situation") of \\mathbf{Frob}\_\\mathfrak{p} and *n* is replaced by *n/e* at the ramified primes.
Since characters are an orthonormal basis of the [class functions](/wiki/Character_theory%23Orthogonality_relations "Character theory#Orthogonality relations"), after showing some analytic properties of the L(\\rho,s) we obtain the [Chebotarev density theorem](/wiki/Chebotarev%27s_density_theorem "Chebotarev's density theorem") as a generalization of [Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions](/wiki/Dirichlet%27s_theorem_on_arithmetic_progressions "Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions").
|
[
"Definition\n----------",
"Given \\\\rho , a representation of G on a finite\\-dimensional complex vector space V, where G is the Galois group of the [finite extension](/wiki/Finite_extension \"Finite extension\") L/K of number fields, the Artin L\\-function L(\\\\rho,s) is defined by an [Euler product](/wiki/Euler_product \"Euler product\"). For each [prime ideal](/wiki/Prime_ideal \"Prime ideal\") \\\\mathfrak p in K's [ring of integers](/wiki/Ring_of_integers \"Ring of integers\"), there is an Euler factor, which is easiest to define in the case where \\\\mathfrak p is [unramified](/wiki/Unramified \"Unramified\") in L (true for [almost all](/wiki/Almost_all \"Almost all\") \\\\mathfrak p ). In that case, the [Frobenius element](/wiki/Frobenius_element \"Frobenius element\") \\\\mathbf{Frob} (\\\\mathfrak p) is defined as a [conjugacy class](/wiki/Conjugacy_class \"Conjugacy class\") in G. Therefore, the [characteristic polynomial](/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial \"Characteristic polynomial\") of \\\\rho( \\\\mathbf{Frob} (\\\\mathfrak{p})) is well\\-defined. The Euler factor for \\\\mathfrak{p} is a slight modification of the characteristic polynomial, equally well\\-defined,",
"\\\\operatorname{charpoly}(\\\\rho(\\\\mathbf{Frob}(\\\\mathfrak{p})))^{\\-1}\\= \\\\operatorname{det} \\\\left \\[ I \\- t \\\\rho( \\\\mathbf{Frob}( \\\\mathfrak{p})) \\\\right ]^{\\-1}, \nas [rational function](/wiki/Rational_function \"Rational function\") in *t*, evaluated at t \\= N (\\\\mathfrak{p})^{\\-s} , with s a complex variable in the usual [Riemann zeta function](/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function \"Riemann zeta function\") notation. (Here *N* is the [field norm](/wiki/Field_norm \"Field norm\") of an ideal.)",
"When \\\\mathfrak{p} is ramified, and *I* is the [inertia group](/wiki/Inertia_group \"Inertia group\") which is a subgroup of *G*, a similar construction is applied, but to the subspace of *V* fixed (pointwise) by *I*.It is arguably more correct to think instead about the [coinvariants](/wiki/Coinvariant \"Coinvariant\"), the largest [quotient space](/wiki/Quotient_space_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Quotient space (linear algebra)\") fixed by *I*, rather than the invariants, but the result here will be the same. Cf. [Hasse–Weil L\\-function](/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Weil_L-function \"Hasse–Weil L-function\") for a similar situation.",
"The Artin L\\-function L(\\\\rho,s) is then the infinite product over all prime ideals \\\\mathfrak{p} of these factors. As [Artin reciprocity](/wiki/Artin_reciprocity \"Artin reciprocity\") shows, when *G* is an [abelian group](/wiki/Abelian_group \"Abelian group\") these *L*\\-functions have a second description (as [Dirichlet *L*\\-functions](/wiki/Dirichlet_L-function \"Dirichlet L-function\") when *K* is the [rational number](/wiki/Rational_number \"Rational number\") field, and as [Hecke *L*\\-functions](/wiki/Hecke_character \"Hecke character\") in general). Novelty comes in with [non\\-abelian](/wiki/Abelian_group \"Abelian group\") *G* and their representations.",
"One application is to give factorisations of [Dedekind zeta\\-functions](/wiki/Dedekind_zeta_function \"Dedekind zeta function\"), for example in the case of a number field that is Galois over the rational numbers. In accordance with the decomposition of the [regular representation](/wiki/Regular_representation \"Regular representation\") into [irreducible representations](/wiki/Irreducible_representation \"Irreducible representation\"), such a zeta\\-function splits into a product of Artin *L*\\-functions, for each irreducible representation of *G*. For example, the simplest case is when *G* is the [symmetric group](/wiki/Symmetric_group \"Symmetric group\") on three letters. Since *G* has an irreducible representation of degree 2, an Artin *L*\\-function for such a representation occurs, squared, in the factorisation of the Dedekind zeta\\-function for such a number field, in a product with the Riemann zeta\\-function (for the [trivial representation](/wiki/Trivial_representation \"Trivial representation\")) and an *L*\\-function of Dirichlet's type for the signature representation.",
"More precisely for L/K a Galois extension of degree *n*, the factorization",
"\\\\zeta\\_L(s) \\=L(s,\\\\rho\\_{\\\\text{regular}})\\= \\\\prod\\_{\\\\rho \\\\text{ Irr rep } \\\\text{Gal}(L/K)} L(\\\\rho,s)^{\\\\deg(\\\\rho)}\nfollows from",
"L(\\\\rho,s) \\= \\\\prod\\_{\\\\mathfrak{p} \\\\in K} \\\\frac{1}{\\\\det \\\\left \\[I\\-N(\\\\mathfrak{p})^{\\-s} \\\\rho(\\\\mathbf{Frob}\\_\\\\mathfrak{p}){\\|V\\_{\\\\mathfrak{p},\\\\rho}} \\\\right ]}\n\\-\\\\log \\\\det \\\\left \\[I\\-N (\\\\mathfrak{p})^{\\-s} \\\\rho \\\\left ( \\\\mathbf{Frob}\\_\\\\mathfrak{p} \\\\right ) \\\\right ] \\= \\\\sum\\_{m\\=1}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{\\\\text{tr}(\\\\rho( \\\\mathbf{Frob}\\_\\\\mathfrak{p})^m)}{m} N(\\\\mathfrak{p})^{\\-sm}\n\\\\sum\\_{\\\\rho \\\\text{ Irr}}\\\\deg(\\\\rho) \\\\text{tr}(\\\\rho(\\\\sigma)) \\= \\\\begin{cases} n \\& \\\\sigma \\= 1 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\& \\\\sigma \\\\neq 1 \\\\end{cases}\n\\-\\\\sum\\_{\\\\rho \\\\text{ Irr}}\\\\deg(\\\\rho) \\\\log \\\\det \\\\left \\[I\\-N \\\\left (\\\\mathfrak{p}^{\\-s} \\\\right ) \\\\rho \\\\left ( \\\\mathbf{Frob}\\_\\\\mathfrak{p} \\\\right ) \\\\right ] \\= n \\\\sum\\_{m\\=1}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{N(\\\\mathfrak{p})^{\\-sfm}}{fm} \\= \\- \\\\log \\\\left \\[ \\\\left (1\\-N(\\\\mathfrak{p})^{\\-sf} \\\\right )^{\\\\frac{n}{f}} \\\\right ]\nwhere \\\\deg(\\\\rho) is the multiplicity of the irreducible representation in the regular representation, [*f* is the order](/wiki/Splitting_of_prime_ideals_in_Galois_extensions%23The_Galois_situation \"Splitting of prime ideals in Galois extensions#The Galois situation\") of \\\\mathbf{Frob}\\_\\\\mathfrak{p} and *n* is replaced by *n/e* at the ramified primes.",
"Since characters are an orthonormal basis of the [class functions](/wiki/Character_theory%23Orthogonality_relations \"Character theory#Orthogonality relations\"), after showing some analytic properties of the L(\\\\rho,s) we obtain the [Chebotarev density theorem](/wiki/Chebotarev%27s_density_theorem \"Chebotarev's density theorem\") as a generalization of [Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions](/wiki/Dirichlet%27s_theorem_on_arithmetic_progressions \"Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions\").",
""
] |
History
-------
The village name has [Old English](/wiki/Old_English "Old English") origins and is translated as **homestead of the people of Hefa**.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record\-details\|title\=Record Details \- Norfolk Heritage Explorer\|website\=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}}
The village is documented in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book "Domesday Book") where it is recorded as *Heuincham*Williams, Dr Anne and G.H Martin, Eds., *Domesday Book: A Complete Translation*. London: Penguin 1993 (print) "where one freeman, a priest, is recorded as holding 40 acres in alms for the King". The village of Rippon or Ripton is noted within Hevingham but this village was deserted during the medieval period. Its exact location is unknown.
‘*William White's History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Norfolk 1845*’ described Hevingham thus:
{{cquote\|HEVINGHAM is a considerable village and parish, three miles south of \[\[Aylsham]], nine miles north\-west of Norwich, having 893 inhabitants, and 2855 acres of land, belonging mostly to \[\[Robert Marsham]], and William Repton, Esqrs., the former who was lord of the manor of Hevingham and Cats\-cum\-Cricketots, and the latter is lord of Hevingham\-with\-the\-members\-of\-Marsham, which was anciently held by the Bishops of Norwich... The Church (St. Botolph,) has a \[\[nave]], \[\[chancel]], tower, south \[\[transept]], and a handsome porch. It has inscriptions to the families of Hobart, Thetford, Deynes, Leigh, Scambler, and a curious \[\[sexagon]] \[\[Baptismal font\|font]], with mutilated figures under florid \[\[Gothic architecture\|Gothic]] arches"{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/h/hevingham/white1845\.shtml\|title\=GENUKI: Norfolk: Genealogy: Towns and Parishes: Hevingham: White's 1845\|website\=www.origins.org.uk}}}}
Archaeological evidence shows that the site of the village has been occupied since the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age"). But there are much earlier signs of activity, a [Mesolithic](/wiki/Mesolithic "Mesolithic") flint axe\-head being the earliest archaeological find recorded, with several [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic") flint axe\-heads also being recovered.
There is evidence of [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") activity. A Roman iron\-working site was found during ploughing and was subsequently excavated. Archaeologists also investigated pottery kilns in the parish in the 1950s. Five kilns were recorded. These produced cooking vessels and other pottery during the 2nd century. The names of two potters who worked at the site – **INGENU** and **ESAMI** are recorded on the stamps they used on their pottery. There also extensive finds recorded from throughout the [Saxon](/wiki/Saxon "Saxon") period.
With its red brick 16th century manor house, Park Farm is the former site of a [moated](/wiki/Moated "Moated") bishops' palace. Built in 1250 by [Walter de Suffield](/wiki/Walter_de_Suffield "Walter de Suffield"), [Bishop of Norwich](/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich "Bishop of Norwich") and used by subsequent bishops until the ownership of the land was passed to [the Crown](/wiki/The_Crown "The Crown") by [Bishop Nix](/wiki/Richard_Nykke "Richard Nykke") in 1531\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/h/hevingham/white1883\.shtml\|title\=GENUKI: Norfolk: Genealogy: Towns and Parishes: Hevingham: White's 1883\|website\=www.origins.org.uk}} [Earthworks](/wiki/Earthworks_%28archaeology%29 "Earthworks (archaeology)") of the moat can still be seen and many artefacts have been found on the site by the current landowner.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record\-details\|title\=Park\-Farm\-House\-and\-barn \- Norfolk Heritage Explorer\|website\=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}} Adjacent Hevingham Park, a medieval wood may have been a deer park connected to the palace. There is also a massive bank and ditch marking the parish boundary.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record\-details\|title\=mnf43480%3C \- Norfolk Heritage Explorer\|website\=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}}
There are records of a post medieval windmill or [Smock mill](/wiki/Smock_mill "Smock mill"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record\-details\|title\=mnf15929 \- Norfolk Heritage Explorer\|website\=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}} which stood in the North east part of the village, to the west of the Cromer road and was sold at auction 'to be dismantled' in 1869\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hevingham\-smockmill.html\|title\=Norfolk Mills \- Hevingham smock windmill\|website\=www.norfolkmills.co.uk}}
Other notable historic buildings include – Pound Farm House, built in 1675 on The Street/Halls Corner, The Free School (Old School House) built by John Hall in 1726 on the Cromer Road, Avenue Farm House – built in 1835 and Hevingham Primary School, built in 1875 with a capacity of 100 students (currently 98 enrolled).
The site of a camping ground, or recreation field, where '[Camping](/wiki/Camping_%28game%29 "Camping (game)")' a forerunner to modern day Association football was played may be recorded in the modern names of *Camping Beck* and *Camping Bridge*.
There is a complete [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") [pillbox](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 "Pillbox (military)") located in the south\-western corner of [Buxton Heath](/wiki/Buxton_Heath "Buxton Heath"), itself a [site of special scientific interest](/wiki/Site_of_special_scientific_interest "Site of special scientific interest").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The village name has [Old English](/wiki/Old_English \"Old English\") origins and is translated as **homestead of the people of Hefa**.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record\\-details\\|title\\=Record Details \\- Norfolk Heritage Explorer\\|website\\=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}}",
"The village is documented in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\") where it is recorded as *Heuincham*Williams, Dr Anne and G.H Martin, Eds., *Domesday Book: A Complete Translation*. London: Penguin 1993 (print) \"where one freeman, a priest, is recorded as holding 40 acres in alms for the King\". The village of Rippon or Ripton is noted within Hevingham but this village was deserted during the medieval period. Its exact location is unknown.",
"‘*William White's History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Norfolk 1845*’ described Hevingham thus:\n{{cquote\\|HEVINGHAM is a considerable village and parish, three miles south of \\[\\[Aylsham]], nine miles north\\-west of Norwich, having 893 inhabitants, and 2855 acres of land, belonging mostly to \\[\\[Robert Marsham]], and William Repton, Esqrs., the former who was lord of the manor of Hevingham and Cats\\-cum\\-Cricketots, and the latter is lord of Hevingham\\-with\\-the\\-members\\-of\\-Marsham, which was anciently held by the Bishops of Norwich... The Church (St. Botolph,) has a \\[\\[nave]], \\[\\[chancel]], tower, south \\[\\[transept]], and a handsome porch. It has inscriptions to the families of Hobart, Thetford, Deynes, Leigh, Scambler, and a curious \\[\\[sexagon]] \\[\\[Baptismal font\\|font]], with mutilated figures under florid \\[\\[Gothic architecture\\|Gothic]] arches\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/h/hevingham/white1845\\.shtml\\|title\\=GENUKI: Norfolk: Genealogy: Towns and Parishes: Hevingham: White's 1845\\|website\\=www.origins.org.uk}}}}",
"Archaeological evidence shows that the site of the village has been occupied since the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\"). But there are much earlier signs of activity, a [Mesolithic](/wiki/Mesolithic \"Mesolithic\") flint axe\\-head being the earliest archaeological find recorded, with several [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") flint axe\\-heads also being recovered.",
"There is evidence of [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") activity. A Roman iron\\-working site was found during ploughing and was subsequently excavated. Archaeologists also investigated pottery kilns in the parish in the 1950s. Five kilns were recorded. These produced cooking vessels and other pottery during the 2nd century. The names of two potters who worked at the site – **INGENU** and **ESAMI** are recorded on the stamps they used on their pottery. There also extensive finds recorded from throughout the [Saxon](/wiki/Saxon \"Saxon\") period.",
"With its red brick 16th century manor house, Park Farm is the former site of a [moated](/wiki/Moated \"Moated\") bishops' palace. Built in 1250 by [Walter de Suffield](/wiki/Walter_de_Suffield \"Walter de Suffield\"), [Bishop of Norwich](/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich \"Bishop of Norwich\") and used by subsequent bishops until the ownership of the land was passed to [the Crown](/wiki/The_Crown \"The Crown\") by [Bishop Nix](/wiki/Richard_Nykke \"Richard Nykke\") in 1531\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/h/hevingham/white1883\\.shtml\\|title\\=GENUKI: Norfolk: Genealogy: Towns and Parishes: Hevingham: White's 1883\\|website\\=www.origins.org.uk}} [Earthworks](/wiki/Earthworks_%28archaeology%29 \"Earthworks (archaeology)\") of the moat can still be seen and many artefacts have been found on the site by the current landowner.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record\\-details\\|title\\=Park\\-Farm\\-House\\-and\\-barn \\- Norfolk Heritage Explorer\\|website\\=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}} Adjacent Hevingham Park, a medieval wood may have been a deer park connected to the palace. There is also a massive bank and ditch marking the parish boundary.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record\\-details\\|title\\=mnf43480%3C \\- Norfolk Heritage Explorer\\|website\\=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}}",
"There are records of a post medieval windmill or [Smock mill](/wiki/Smock_mill \"Smock mill\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record\\-details\\|title\\=mnf15929 \\- Norfolk Heritage Explorer\\|website\\=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}} which stood in the North east part of the village, to the west of the Cromer road and was sold at auction 'to be dismantled' in 1869\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hevingham\\-smockmill.html\\|title\\=Norfolk Mills \\- Hevingham smock windmill\\|website\\=www.norfolkmills.co.uk}}",
"Other notable historic buildings include – Pound Farm House, built in 1675 on The Street/Halls Corner, The Free School (Old School House) built by John Hall in 1726 on the Cromer Road, Avenue Farm House – built in 1835 and Hevingham Primary School, built in 1875 with a capacity of 100 students (currently 98 enrolled).",
"The site of a camping ground, or recreation field, where '[Camping](/wiki/Camping_%28game%29 \"Camping (game)\")' a forerunner to modern day Association football was played may be recorded in the modern names of *Camping Beck* and *Camping Bridge*.",
"There is a complete [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") [pillbox](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 \"Pillbox (military)\") located in the south\\-western corner of [Buxton Heath](/wiki/Buxton_Heath \"Buxton Heath\"), itself a [site of special scientific interest](/wiki/Site_of_special_scientific_interest \"Site of special scientific interest\").",
""
] |
Structure
---------
Data collection, or fieldwork, began in January 2009\. Study participants are interviewed annually and the Study follows participants as their households change and evolve. The fieldwork period is 24 months, but each person is still interviewed annually, i.e., the fieldwork for consecutive waves overlap. Interviews are via a web\-survey or a face\-to\-face survey with an interviewer.
The study is funded by the [Economic and Social Research Council](/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council "Economic and Social Research Council"), a consortium of UK Government departments and the British Academy. Understanding Society is led by the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER){{Cite web \|url\=http://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/ \|title\=Iser.essex.ac.uk \|access\-date\=16 May 2007 \|archive\-date\=2 March 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302181705/http://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/ \|url\-status\=dead }} at the [University of Essex](/wiki/University_of_Essex "University of Essex").
As a [panel survey](/wiki/Panel_study "Panel study"), Understanding Society is a form of [longitudinal study](/wiki/Longitudinal_study "Longitudinal study"). The survey consists of information about the same individuals at regular intervals and so can be used to track changes in people's lives and attitudes over time. It can also be used to measure phenomena such as poverty persistence, unemployment duration, duration of marriage or cohabitation and analyze the factors that affect these durations. The study allows for deeper analysis of a wide range of sections of the population as they respond to regional, national and international change. Understanding Society will enhance our insight into the pathways that influence peoples longer term occupational trajectories; their health and well\-being, their financial circumstances and personal relationships.
From its second wave (starting in 2010\) *Understanding Society* incorporates the [British Household Panel Survey](/wiki/British_Household_Panel_Survey "British Household Panel Survey"), which was carried out at ISER since 1991\.
**Understanding Society** has several key features which make it particularly valuable for studying the UK population:
**It covers all ages**: allowing researchers to understand the experiences of the whole population over time. Understanding Society has a special questionnaire for children aged 10–15 and an adult survey for participants aged 16 and over.
There is **continuous data collection** \- annual interviews mean that short\- and long\-term changes in people's lives can be investigated.
The **whole household contributes** \- information is collected on everyone in a household so that inter\-relations between generations, couples and siblings can be explored.
There is **national, regional and local data** \- all four countries of the UK are included, allowing researches to compare the experiences of people in different places and in different policy contexts.
It's **multi\-topic** \- Understanding Society covers a wide range of social, economic and behavioural factors making it relevant to a wide range of researchers and policy makers.
There is an **ethnic minority boost** sample \- allowing the experiences of specific ethnic minority groups to be investigated.
The Study includes **biomarkers and genetic data** \- data collected by nurses to measure people's health allows researchers to understand the relationship between social and economic circumstances and health.
It can be linked to administrative data \- Study data can be linked (with consent) to administrative records from other sources, building a richer picture of households.
This study also has a methodological sample called the *Innovation Panel* which is conducted in the year prior to the main survey to enable research in key methodological issues such as the quality of new questions, methods to improve response rates, mode effects. This sample consists of 1500 households.
|
[
"Structure\n---------",
"Data collection, or fieldwork, began in January 2009\\. Study participants are interviewed annually and the Study follows participants as their households change and evolve. The fieldwork period is 24 months, but each person is still interviewed annually, i.e., the fieldwork for consecutive waves overlap. Interviews are via a web\\-survey or a face\\-to\\-face survey with an interviewer.",
"The study is funded by the [Economic and Social Research Council](/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council \"Economic and Social Research Council\"), a consortium of UK Government departments and the British Academy. Understanding Society is led by the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/ \\|title\\=Iser.essex.ac.uk \\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 March 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302181705/http://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} at the [University of Essex](/wiki/University_of_Essex \"University of Essex\").",
"As a [panel survey](/wiki/Panel_study \"Panel study\"), Understanding Society is a form of [longitudinal study](/wiki/Longitudinal_study \"Longitudinal study\"). The survey consists of information about the same individuals at regular intervals and so can be used to track changes in people's lives and attitudes over time. It can also be used to measure phenomena such as poverty persistence, unemployment duration, duration of marriage or cohabitation and analyze the factors that affect these durations. The study allows for deeper analysis of a wide range of sections of the population as they respond to regional, national and international change. Understanding Society will enhance our insight into the pathways that influence peoples longer term occupational trajectories; their health and well\\-being, their financial circumstances and personal relationships.",
"From its second wave (starting in 2010\\) *Understanding Society* incorporates the [British Household Panel Survey](/wiki/British_Household_Panel_Survey \"British Household Panel Survey\"), which was carried out at ISER since 1991\\.",
"**Understanding Society** has several key features which make it particularly valuable for studying the UK population:",
"**It covers all ages**: allowing researchers to understand the experiences of the whole population over time. Understanding Society has a special questionnaire for children aged 10–15 and an adult survey for participants aged 16 and over. \nThere is **continuous data collection** \\- annual interviews mean that short\\- and long\\-term changes in people's lives can be investigated. \nThe **whole household contributes** \\- information is collected on everyone in a household so that inter\\-relations between generations, couples and siblings can be explored.\nThere is **national, regional and local data** \\- all four countries of the UK are included, allowing researches to compare the experiences of people in different places and in different policy contexts. \nIt's **multi\\-topic** \\- Understanding Society covers a wide range of social, economic and behavioural factors making it relevant to a wide range of researchers and policy makers. \nThere is an **ethnic minority boost** sample \\- allowing the experiences of specific ethnic minority groups to be investigated. \nThe Study includes **biomarkers and genetic data** \\- data collected by nurses to measure people's health allows researchers to understand the relationship between social and economic circumstances and health.\nIt can be linked to administrative data \\- Study data can be linked (with consent) to administrative records from other sources, building a richer picture of households.",
"This study also has a methodological sample called the *Innovation Panel* which is conducted in the year prior to the main survey to enable research in key methodological issues such as the quality of new questions, methods to improve response rates, mode effects. This sample consists of 1500 households.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Stryker, an agent of the organization INTERFOL, confronts Dr. Baron von Blackraven in his lair and defeats him and his corrupted vivosaur after he refuses to surrender. As Stryker prepares to take Blackraven into custody, however, he sees something that horrifies him.
Five years later, Stryker is the head of the Wardens, a division of INTERFOL whose members travel the world investigating vivosaur activity and protecting the Fossil Parks. Eight teenagers arrive at the Warden HQ in Fossil Park Asia to take the final test to become Wardens, having shown potential in previous tests; one of them, the protagonist, has dreamed of joining INTERFOL. After the protagonist learns how to operate a Bone Buggy and excavate fossils, Nate, one of the recruits, accidentally releases a mysterious vivosaur after tampering with machinery in the HQ's laboratory. As he and the protagonist pursue him, a rogue Gorgo attacks them; ignoring Nate's order to flee, the protagonist fights the Gorgo, but is overpowered until Stryker intervenes and saves them and Roland. Afterwards, the recruits are paired up for the final test, with the protagonist's partner being Roland.
After passing the Warden Test, the protagonist and Roland officially become Wardens, and the vivosaur, who the protagonist names Nibbles, becomes their partner vivosaur. Stryker sends them to visit the three main Fossil Parks, Fossil Park Asia, Fossil Park America, and Fossil Park Europe, and help their respective leaders Liu Ren, Sean, and Drake while fighting against the BR Brigade, which includes Blackraven, its leader, and his subordinates Kowloon and Olga. As the Brigade obtains the Mega Electrominite, Stryker sends the protagonist to stop their plan to infiltrate tournaments at Fossil Park Asia and Fossil Park Europe to obtain Cosmonium, which was used to make the trophies, but they succeed in stealing them. Eventually, Stryker discovers that Blackraven plans to use the Mega Electrominite and the Cosmonium to build a time gate to travel back in time. He sends the protagonist back in time to stop his plans, but warns them that they must return to the present before the gate closes and traps them in the past. Upon arriving in the past, the protagonist discovers that Blackraven is using a machine to brainwash dinosaurs, which could affect vivosaurs in the present. However, the machine is destroyed after Nibbles releases energy that Blackraven recognizes as dark energy, and he realizes that Stryker lied about destroying his "ultimate weapon". As the Brigade and the protagonist hurry to return to the present before the time gate closes, Nibbles sacrifices himself to boost the protagonist's Bone Buggy through the gate, stranding him in the past.
Upon returning to the present, the protagonist is distraught over Nibbles' sacrifice until he is revived using the Dinodisc that Dr. Digmore had discovered, which is revealed to be his Dino Gear. However, soon after Kowloon captures him and escapes on the Brigade's ship, the Neo Black Whale. As the protagonist prepares to storm the Neo Black Whale to rescue Nibbles, they learn of his true nature as the Dreadsaurus, an experimental vivosaur capable of consuming infinite amounts of dark energy. After Blackraven was arrested, Stryker and others attempted to remove the dark energy from the Dreadsaurus. After this failed, they instead crystallized the dark energy and sealed it within him before placing him in a state of hibernation and claiming that he had been destroyed. While his bond with the protagonist caused the dark energy to diminish, it did not disappear completely.
While heading through the Neo Black Whale to confront Blackraven and rescue Nibbles, the protagonist defeats Olga, who returns to normal after having been brainwashed, and Kowloon, who flees. In the ship's depths, Blackraven sends the Dreadsaurus to attack the protagonist, but his bond with them causes him to return to normal and regain his memories, after which he evolves into his final form, Crimson Ravager. In a last\-ditch effort to defeat the protagonist, Blackraven uses dark energy to transform into Dreadraven, but is defeated and destroyed. Afterwards, Stryker thanks the protagonist for stopping Blackraven and the Brigade, but tells them that their duties as a Warden will continue.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Stryker, an agent of the organization INTERFOL, confronts Dr. Baron von Blackraven in his lair and defeats him and his corrupted vivosaur after he refuses to surrender. As Stryker prepares to take Blackraven into custody, however, he sees something that horrifies him.",
"Five years later, Stryker is the head of the Wardens, a division of INTERFOL whose members travel the world investigating vivosaur activity and protecting the Fossil Parks. Eight teenagers arrive at the Warden HQ in Fossil Park Asia to take the final test to become Wardens, having shown potential in previous tests; one of them, the protagonist, has dreamed of joining INTERFOL. After the protagonist learns how to operate a Bone Buggy and excavate fossils, Nate, one of the recruits, accidentally releases a mysterious vivosaur after tampering with machinery in the HQ's laboratory. As he and the protagonist pursue him, a rogue Gorgo attacks them; ignoring Nate's order to flee, the protagonist fights the Gorgo, but is overpowered until Stryker intervenes and saves them and Roland. Afterwards, the recruits are paired up for the final test, with the protagonist's partner being Roland.",
"After passing the Warden Test, the protagonist and Roland officially become Wardens, and the vivosaur, who the protagonist names Nibbles, becomes their partner vivosaur. Stryker sends them to visit the three main Fossil Parks, Fossil Park Asia, Fossil Park America, and Fossil Park Europe, and help their respective leaders Liu Ren, Sean, and Drake while fighting against the BR Brigade, which includes Blackraven, its leader, and his subordinates Kowloon and Olga. As the Brigade obtains the Mega Electrominite, Stryker sends the protagonist to stop their plan to infiltrate tournaments at Fossil Park Asia and Fossil Park Europe to obtain Cosmonium, which was used to make the trophies, but they succeed in stealing them. Eventually, Stryker discovers that Blackraven plans to use the Mega Electrominite and the Cosmonium to build a time gate to travel back in time. He sends the protagonist back in time to stop his plans, but warns them that they must return to the present before the gate closes and traps them in the past. Upon arriving in the past, the protagonist discovers that Blackraven is using a machine to brainwash dinosaurs, which could affect vivosaurs in the present. However, the machine is destroyed after Nibbles releases energy that Blackraven recognizes as dark energy, and he realizes that Stryker lied about destroying his \"ultimate weapon\". As the Brigade and the protagonist hurry to return to the present before the time gate closes, Nibbles sacrifices himself to boost the protagonist's Bone Buggy through the gate, stranding him in the past.",
"Upon returning to the present, the protagonist is distraught over Nibbles' sacrifice until he is revived using the Dinodisc that Dr. Digmore had discovered, which is revealed to be his Dino Gear. However, soon after Kowloon captures him and escapes on the Brigade's ship, the Neo Black Whale. As the protagonist prepares to storm the Neo Black Whale to rescue Nibbles, they learn of his true nature as the Dreadsaurus, an experimental vivosaur capable of consuming infinite amounts of dark energy. After Blackraven was arrested, Stryker and others attempted to remove the dark energy from the Dreadsaurus. After this failed, they instead crystallized the dark energy and sealed it within him before placing him in a state of hibernation and claiming that he had been destroyed. While his bond with the protagonist caused the dark energy to diminish, it did not disappear completely.",
"While heading through the Neo Black Whale to confront Blackraven and rescue Nibbles, the protagonist defeats Olga, who returns to normal after having been brainwashed, and Kowloon, who flees. In the ship's depths, Blackraven sends the Dreadsaurus to attack the protagonist, but his bond with them causes him to return to normal and regain his memories, after which he evolves into his final form, Crimson Ravager. In a last\\-ditch effort to defeat the protagonist, Blackraven uses dark energy to transform into Dreadraven, but is defeated and destroyed. Afterwards, Stryker thanks the protagonist for stopping Blackraven and the Brigade, but tells them that their duties as a Warden will continue.",
""
] |
Career
------
Lautowa began skating in 1985 in Moscow. Early in her career, she was coached by [Marina Kudriavtseva](/wiki/Marina_Kudriavtseva "Marina Kudriavtseva"), [Elena Tchaikovskaia](/wiki/Elena_Tchaikovskaia "Elena Tchaikovskaia"), and S. Gromov.
Competing for Austria, she made her first [ISU Championship](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships "ISU Figure Skating Championships") appearance at the [1994 Junior Worlds](/wiki/1994_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "1994 World Junior Figure Skating Championships") in [Colorado Springs, Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_Springs%2C_Colorado "Colorado Springs, Colorado"); she qualified for the free skate and finished 15th overall.
In the 1994–95 season, Lautowa placed 24th at the [1995 World Junior Championships](/wiki/1995_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "1995 World Junior Figure Skating Championships") in [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest") and 21st at the [1995 European Championships](/wiki/1995_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1995 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Dortmund](/wiki/Dortmund "Dortmund"). She missed the cut\-off for the free skate at the [1995 World Championships](/wiki/1995_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1995 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham").
In the 1996–97 season, Lautowa won her first senior international title at the [Karl Schäfer Memorial](/wiki/Karl_Sch%C3%A4fer_Memorial "Karl Schäfer Memorial"). Appearing in the inaugural [Champions Series](/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating") (later known as the Grand Prix series), she placed fourth at the [1996 Skate America](/wiki/1996_Skate_America "1996 Skate America") and was awarded the silver medal at the [1996 Cup of Russia](/wiki/1996_Cup_of_Russia "1996 Cup of Russia"). She also appeared twice on the junior level, placing sixth (12th in the short program, third in the free skate) at the [1997 Junior Worlds](/wiki/1997_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "1997 World Junior Figure Skating Championships") in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), South Korea, and taking silver at the [1997 European Youth Olympic Festival](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1997_European_Youth_Olympic_Festival "Figure skating at the 1997 European Youth Olympic Festival") in [Sundsvall](/wiki/Sundsvall "Sundsvall"), Sweden. She finished 16th at the [1997 European Championships](/wiki/1997_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1997 European Figure Skating Championships") in Paris and 8th at the [1997 World Championships](/wiki/1997_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1997 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne "Lausanne"), having placed 5th in her qualifying group, 11th in the short, and 6th in the free.
In February 1998, Lautowa represented Austria at the [Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics") in [Nagano](/wiki/Nagano_%28city%29 "Nagano (city)"), Japan. Ranked 21st in the short, she qualified for the free skate, where she placed 13th, lifting her to 14th overall.
Lautowa was off the ice for one year after sustaining a back injury in August 2000\. She trained under Jana Hübler in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") during the 2001–02 season. She placed 12th at the [2002 Europeans](/wiki/2002_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2002 European Figure Skating Championships") and 22nd at the [2002 Worlds](/wiki/2002_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2002 World Figure Skating Championships").
Hübler, Peter Jonas, and Marina Kudriavtseva coached Lautowa in the 2002–03 season. She ranked 26th at the [2003 Europeans](/wiki/2003_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2003 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Malmö](/wiki/Malm%C3%B6 "Malmö") and 15th at the [2003 Worlds](/wiki/2003_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2003 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")
In her final competitive season, Lautowa trained under Kudriavtseva in Moscow. She finished eighth at the [2004 Europeans](/wiki/2004_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2004 European Figure Skating Championships") in Budapest and 25th at the [2004 Worlds](/wiki/2004_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2004 World Figure Skating Championships") in Dortmund.
Lautowa coaches figure skating at the Ice House of New Jersey.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Lautowa began skating in 1985 in Moscow. Early in her career, she was coached by [Marina Kudriavtseva](/wiki/Marina_Kudriavtseva \"Marina Kudriavtseva\"), [Elena Tchaikovskaia](/wiki/Elena_Tchaikovskaia \"Elena Tchaikovskaia\"), and S. Gromov.",
"Competing for Austria, she made her first [ISU Championship](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships \"ISU Figure Skating Championships\") appearance at the [1994 Junior Worlds](/wiki/1994_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1994 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") in [Colorado Springs, Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_Springs%2C_Colorado \"Colorado Springs, Colorado\"); she qualified for the free skate and finished 15th overall.",
"In the 1994–95 season, Lautowa placed 24th at the [1995 World Junior Championships](/wiki/1995_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1995 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") in [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\") and 21st at the [1995 European Championships](/wiki/1995_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1995 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Dortmund](/wiki/Dortmund \"Dortmund\"). She missed the cut\\-off for the free skate at the [1995 World Championships](/wiki/1995_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1995 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\").",
"In the 1996–97 season, Lautowa won her first senior international title at the [Karl Schäfer Memorial](/wiki/Karl_Sch%C3%A4fer_Memorial \"Karl Schäfer Memorial\"). Appearing in the inaugural [Champions Series](/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") (later known as the Grand Prix series), she placed fourth at the [1996 Skate America](/wiki/1996_Skate_America \"1996 Skate America\") and was awarded the silver medal at the [1996 Cup of Russia](/wiki/1996_Cup_of_Russia \"1996 Cup of Russia\"). She also appeared twice on the junior level, placing sixth (12th in the short program, third in the free skate) at the [1997 Junior Worlds](/wiki/1997_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1997 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\"), South Korea, and taking silver at the [1997 European Youth Olympic Festival](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1997_European_Youth_Olympic_Festival \"Figure skating at the 1997 European Youth Olympic Festival\") in [Sundsvall](/wiki/Sundsvall \"Sundsvall\"), Sweden. She finished 16th at the [1997 European Championships](/wiki/1997_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1997 European Figure Skating Championships\") in Paris and 8th at the [1997 World Championships](/wiki/1997_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1997 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne \"Lausanne\"), having placed 5th in her qualifying group, 11th in the short, and 6th in the free.",
"In February 1998, Lautowa represented Austria at the [Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics\") in [Nagano](/wiki/Nagano_%28city%29 \"Nagano (city)\"), Japan. Ranked 21st in the short, she qualified for the free skate, where she placed 13th, lifting her to 14th overall.",
"Lautowa was off the ice for one year after sustaining a back injury in August 2000\\. She trained under Jana Hübler in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") during the 2001–02 season. She placed 12th at the [2002 Europeans](/wiki/2002_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2002 European Figure Skating Championships\") and 22nd at the [2002 Worlds](/wiki/2002_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2002 World Figure Skating Championships\").",
"Hübler, Peter Jonas, and Marina Kudriavtseva coached Lautowa in the 2002–03 season. She ranked 26th at the [2003 Europeans](/wiki/2003_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2003 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Malmö](/wiki/Malm%C3%B6 \"Malmö\") and 15th at the [2003 Worlds](/wiki/2003_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2003 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")",
"In her final competitive season, Lautowa trained under Kudriavtseva in Moscow. She finished eighth at the [2004 Europeans](/wiki/2004_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2004 European Figure Skating Championships\") in Budapest and 25th at the [2004 Worlds](/wiki/2004_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2004 World Figure Skating Championships\") in Dortmund.",
"Lautowa coaches figure skating at the Ice House of New Jersey.",
""
] |
Station building and environment
--------------------------------
### Station building
The architect [Julius Carl Raschdorff](/wiki/Julius_Carl_Raschdorff "Julius Carl Raschdorff") also designed the stations of [Kyllburg](/wiki/Kyllburg "Kyllburg"), [Ehrang](/wiki/Ehrang_station "Ehrang station") and [Speicher](/wiki/Speicher%2C_Germany "Speicher, Germany"). Raschdorff, who held a professorship at the Imperial [Technical University of Charlottenburg](/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin "Technical University of Berlin"), is mainly known for the construction of the [Berlin Cathedral](/wiki/Berlin_Cathedral "Berlin Cathedral").
The building is particularly distinguished by its red sandstone squares and lies between the railway tracks and Mainzer Straße. Build in red sandstone in the [Gothic Revival style](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture "Gothic Revival architecture"), similar to other entrance buildings on the Eifel Railway, it makes reference to the landscape and the regional history. The ticket hall, which ends with shield gables, juts out at right angles on both longitudinal sides. The gables are additionally emphasised by pointed arches. The part of the building that adjoins to the south of the ticket hall is accentuated by a projecting bay\-like dwarf gable structure. The gabled structures of the north side as well as their embellishments are designed as a work of art.{{cite book\|editor\=Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland \|title\= Kulturdenkmäler in Rheinland\-Pfalz, Kreis Bitburg\-Prüm, 9\.2 \|publisher\=Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft \|year\=1994\| ISBN\=3\-88462\-132\-7\|language\=de}} These splendid "palaces" (*[Schlösser](/wiki/Schloss "Schloss")*) were financed from the money that France had to pay as [reparations](/wiki/War_reparations "War reparations") to Germany after the Franco\-Prussian War.
Three extensions have been added since the completion of the original station. These were, however, inserted in such a way that they are hardly visible to the viewer. The station building has heritage protection.
### Locomotive shed and water supply
From the opening of the Nims\-Sauer Valley Railway there was a locomotive shed, and a small [turntable](/wiki/Railway_turntable "Railway turntable") at Erdorf station, which existed until the 1960s. At first, there were also [water cranes](/wiki/Water_crane "Water crane") in the station for filling the [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotive "Steam locomotive") on all platforms.
### Signal boxes
Erdorf station was equipped with two mechanical [signal boxes](/wiki/Signal_box "Signal box"). The signal box for the Nims\-Sauer Valley Railway branch is under monument protection. It has a base of quarried limestone with two storeys. Above it there is another storey, which is disguised from the line with timber work. Two small bay windows protrude from the rectangular floor plan.
|
[
"Station building and environment\n--------------------------------",
"### Station building",
"The architect [Julius Carl Raschdorff](/wiki/Julius_Carl_Raschdorff \"Julius Carl Raschdorff\") also designed the stations of [Kyllburg](/wiki/Kyllburg \"Kyllburg\"), [Ehrang](/wiki/Ehrang_station \"Ehrang station\") and [Speicher](/wiki/Speicher%2C_Germany \"Speicher, Germany\"). Raschdorff, who held a professorship at the Imperial [Technical University of Charlottenburg](/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin \"Technical University of Berlin\"), is mainly known for the construction of the [Berlin Cathedral](/wiki/Berlin_Cathedral \"Berlin Cathedral\").",
"The building is particularly distinguished by its red sandstone squares and lies between the railway tracks and Mainzer Straße. Build in red sandstone in the [Gothic Revival style](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\"), similar to other entrance buildings on the Eifel Railway, it makes reference to the landscape and the regional history. The ticket hall, which ends with shield gables, juts out at right angles on both longitudinal sides. The gables are additionally emphasised by pointed arches. The part of the building that adjoins to the south of the ticket hall is accentuated by a projecting bay\\-like dwarf gable structure. The gabled structures of the north side as well as their embellishments are designed as a work of art.{{cite book\\|editor\\=Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland \\|title\\= Kulturdenkmäler in Rheinland\\-Pfalz, Kreis Bitburg\\-Prüm, 9\\.2 \\|publisher\\=Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft \\|year\\=1994\\| ISBN\\=3\\-88462\\-132\\-7\\|language\\=de}} These splendid \"palaces\" (*[Schlösser](/wiki/Schloss \"Schloss\")*) were financed from the money that France had to pay as [reparations](/wiki/War_reparations \"War reparations\") to Germany after the Franco\\-Prussian War.",
"Three extensions have been added since the completion of the original station. These were, however, inserted in such a way that they are hardly visible to the viewer. The station building has heritage protection.",
"### Locomotive shed and water supply",
"From the opening of the Nims\\-Sauer Valley Railway there was a locomotive shed, and a small [turntable](/wiki/Railway_turntable \"Railway turntable\") at Erdorf station, which existed until the 1960s. At first, there were also [water cranes](/wiki/Water_crane \"Water crane\") in the station for filling the [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotive \"Steam locomotive\") on all platforms.",
"### Signal boxes",
"Erdorf station was equipped with two mechanical [signal boxes](/wiki/Signal_box \"Signal box\"). The signal box for the Nims\\-Sauer Valley Railway branch is under monument protection. It has a base of quarried limestone with two storeys. Above it there is another storey, which is disguised from the line with timber work. Two small bay windows protrude from the rectangular floor plan.",
""
] |
Revival series (2005–present)
-----------------------------
### Series 5 (2005\)
In December 2001, [Gullane Entertainment](/wiki/Gullane_Entertainment "Gullane Entertainment") announced they had purchased a 50% stake in the *Fireman Sam* property from S4C, with the intention of remastering the earlier episodes and producing a new series of twenty\-six episodes, ten minutes in length like with the classic series.{{Cite news\|last\=Griffiths\|first\=Katherine\|date\=19 December 2001\|title\=Gullane to pay £1\.6m for half the rights to 'Fireman Sam'\|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]]\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/gullane\-pay\-ps1\-6m\-half\-rights\-fireman\-sam\-9273971\.html\|access\-date\=5 April 2021}} Gullane was soon purchased by [HIT Entertainment](/wiki/HIT_Entertainment "HIT Entertainment") in October 2003, bringing the *Fireman Sam* rights to them. On October 25, it was announced that the series would be animated by [Siriol Productions](/wiki/Siriol_Animation "Siriol Animation"), a subsidiary of [Entertainment Rights](/wiki/Entertainment_Rights "Entertainment Rights"), and that the episodes would be delivered to S4C and the BBC for a 2004 delivery.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.c21media.net/news/fireman\-sam\-returns\-to\-the\-bbc/\|title \= Fireman Sam returns to the BBC}}
These episodes used more modern techniques of stop motion [claymation](/wiki/Clay_animation "Clay animation") including mouths that move with the dialogue. This series featured all the original characters, but also introduced some new faces, such as [Tom Thomas](/wiki/Tom_Thomas_%28Fireman_Sam%29 "Tom Thomas (Fireman Sam)"), the Australian pilot of the rescue helicopter Wallaby One and the Mountain Rescue 4×4 Jeep, an unnamed photographer/news reporter, and the Flood family; consisting of [Mike the Plumber](/wiki/Mike_Flood_%28Fireman_Sam%29 "Mike Flood (Fireman Sam)"), his wife [Helen the Nurse](/wiki/Helen_Flood "Helen Flood"), and their daughter [Mandy](/wiki/Mandy_Flood "Mandy Flood"). Though still loosely based on a [Bedford TK](/wiki/Bedford_TK "Bedford TK"), the updated Jupiter has six wheels, with a slightly revised livery and appearance.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2016}} Venus also received an update, with its design sporting a more generic modern appearance, though not based on any real\-life model in particular. The main characters in this series were voiced by [John Sparkes](/wiki/John_Sparkes "John Sparkes"), [Joanna Ruiz](/wiki/Joanna_Ruiz "Joanna Ruiz") and [Sarah Hadland](/wiki/Sarah_Hadland "Sarah Hadland").
{{Episode table \|background\= \#00D9FF \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=34
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Danger Falling Sheep
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|4\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman Price wants to find fame by climbing to the summit of Pontypandy Mountain, but he gets stuck on the mountain when Woolly, a falling lamb, lands on his head.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=35
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=The Big Freeze
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|5\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=There is a cold snap in Pontypandy and Norman Price's pet lamb Woolly is freezing. Dilys refuses to allow Norman to share his bed with Woolly, so Norman decides to make the lamb a bed of his own from his grandmother's old electric blanket \- which is faulty and a fire hazard. \|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=36
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Twist of Fate
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005 \|4\|6\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Station Officer Steele takes Norman Price and Mandy Flood cave exploring, and the rest of the crew look forward to a restful afternoon. However, the peace is soon shattered when Station Officer Steele follows the children into a tight room, and he gets stuck, blocking the only way out.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=37
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=A Real Live Wire
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|7\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy Flood has her heart set on having a pet but her mother, Nurse Helen Flood, who is allergic to fur and feathers, isn't as keen. However, when Mandy rescues a squirrel from Dusty's clutches, she decides to secretly smuggle it into her room, leading to her mother sneezing herself silly, and the squirrel chewing on the wire of her television set, starting a fire.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=38
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Bug Eyed Boy from Venus
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|8\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Trevor Evans tells the children that there is no such thing as little green men from outer space, but Norman Price decides to scare Pontypandy's residents into thinking he is a bug\-eyed alien from Venus. His joke goes too far when he stumbles into a bog and gets stuck.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=39
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=Bathtime for Dusty
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|11\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Scruffy dog Dusty is chosen to be the Fire Station mascot, but first he must have a bath. Not keen on the idea of a wash, he decides to flee. Meanwhile, Mike Flood is repairing the heating system at the Mountain Rescue Centre, but accidentally sets fire to it when he leaves a flaming blowtorch on the system.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=40
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Neighbourhood Watch Out
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|12\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy Flood, Sarah, and James decide to start a junior neighbourhood watch scheme, but get rather carried away, and eventually cause trouble for Mike, who is repairing Bella's roof.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=41
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Twitchers in Trouble
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|13\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Trevor Evans is looking forward to his date with Dilys Price and decides to take her birdwatching. However, Norman Price accidentally leaves a lemonade bottle in the sun, which sets fire to the grass around it, and eventually, Trevor's birdwatching hide.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=42
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Carnival of Junk
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|14\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy Flood is looking forward to the family holiday in Jamaica because she is longing to see the funfair, but she is ill due to chicken pox and the holiday is called off. Mike and Helen Flood find a way to cheer her up. Meanwhile, James and Sarah are playing near a rubbish tip, which leads to James' foot getting stuck under a boiler.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=43
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=Mummy's Little Pumpkin
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|15\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=It is Halloween and Fireman Sam gives Norman Price the biggest pumpkin in the pumpkin patch so he can make a jack\-o\-lantern. Norman is determined to go all out for scares and carelessly slams the door, causing his lantern to fall off the shelf and catch fire.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=44
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Joker Soaker
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|18\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=There is a drought in Pontypandy, and everyone is forced to conserve their water. Naughty Norman Price receives a Joker Soaker from his uncle and starts playing tricks on Pontypandy's residents with it. Meanwhile, Dusty is looking for something to drink, but gets his head stuck in a fence.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=45
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Fit for Nothing
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|19\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Fireman Sam invents a new exercise machine called the Joggalator, everyone wants to try it out. Meanwhile, James and Sarah are looking for Bella's cat, Rosa, and a thunderstorm is coming. They find Rosa, stuck in a barb\-wired fence, and Sarah gets stuck, too while trying to free Rosa.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=46
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=Deepwater
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|20\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman Price decides to borrow Sam's Beep\-O\-Matic metal detector and go treasure hunting with Mandy Flood on Pontypandy Mountain. They find a hidden treasure room and Mandy falls into it while she and Norman are digging.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=47
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=Beast of Pontypandy
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|21\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=After watching a television show about beasts living in Wales, Norman Price gives Woolly a mudbath and creates panic amongst Pontypandy's residents by passing him off as the Black Beast of Pontypandy. Norman's joke reaches its peak when he, Mandy, and James get "trapped" on Pontypandy Mountain with the "beast."
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=48
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=Pizza Palaver
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|22\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman Price accidentally kicks a football at Bella's chimney, sending a bird's nest into her new oven, setting fire to the chimney.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=49
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=Fun Run
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|23\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=A fun run has been organised for charity, but Norman Price's cheating ways lead to the other competitors, and soon himself, getting lost.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=50
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=Trouble and Squeak
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|26\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman Price takes Squeaky the school mouse home, but Squeaky gets loose in town, and eventually gets stuck in Bella's chimney with Rosa.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=51
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=King of the Jungle
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|27\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=A heatwave puts Pontypandy's haystacks at risk from spontaneous combustion, so Sam invents a special thermometer for taking a haystack's temperature. The Tarzanesque jungle cry of Norman Price raises the alarm when James and Sarah end up trapped near a blazing haystack.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=52
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=Norman's Invisible Friend
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|28\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman Price invents a fictitious friend to get double helpings of food, but it backfires at Mandy's party when her father overloads the plug socket in the kitchen, causing it to catch fire and forcing Norman to confess his new friend is not real.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=53
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=High Jinx
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|4\|29\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman Price uses a kite to create a wind\-powered skateboard to help him with his newspaper deliveries. It backfires when he loses control of the kite and gets blown into a lake.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=54
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=The Case of the Liquorice Shoelaces
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|5\|2\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Someone has been stealing liquorice shoelaces from Dilys Price's shop and the prime suspect is Norman, but surprisingly, he isn't to blame. He sets out to prove his innocence. Meanwhile, Dilys falls asleep and accidentally drops a newspaper on a space heater, setting it on fire.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=55
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Fiery Finale
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|5\|3\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=There is a talent show in Pontypandy and Norman Price is searching for an act to do in it. He gets an idea before accidentally dropping water on Elvis' electric guitar, setting the stage on fire.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=56
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=Birthday Surprise
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|5\|4\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=It is Fireman Sam's birthday and everyone is preparing for a surprise party for him. Norman Price is given the task of keeping Sam out of the Fire Station until the party is ready, but forgets to warn Bella that the candles for Sam's birthday cake are magic candles that relight themselves.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=57
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Firefighter of Tomorrow
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|5\|5\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman Price wants to be a firefighter when he grows up. He tries to convince the crew he is cut out to be a firefighter by reminding them of his "hero work" during emergencies from previous episodes, but this leads to some serious doubts. Later, Norman tries rescuing Rosa from a tree, but ends up getting stuck himself.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=58
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=Fields of Fire
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|5\|6\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Sam receives new equipment for fighting fires. It proves to be useful when careless campers fail to put out their fires in the fields, where there is no camping allowed and where Norman Price, Mandy Flood, and Dusty become trapped.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=59
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|Title\=Let It Snow
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2005\|12\|25\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=The roads to Pontypandy are blocked with snow. When the townspeople face a Christmas without a tree, Norman Price decides to try to get one, but an avalanche traps him in a cave.
\|LineColor\=00D9FF
}}
}}
### Series 6 (2008–09\)
On 22 March 2007, S4C announced they had sold their 50% share in *Fireman Sam* to HIT Entertainment. On the same day, the broadcaster announced that development for a sixth series was underway with a DVD special and a 60\-minute special, the latter of which would be sold for a 2009 delivery. Despite the sellout, S4C would continue to remain on board as an executive producer for the new series and would retain all Welsh\-language rights to the property.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.s4c.cymru/en/press/post/27652/s4c\-announces\-sale\-of\-fireman\-sam\-to\-hit\-entertainment/\|title \= S4C announces sale of Fireman Sam to HIT Entertainment}} On September 7, it was announced that Series 6 would be animated in [CGI](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery "Computer-generated imagery") animation and in high\-definition, with HIT announcing Hibbert Ralph Animation as producer and Chinese\-based Xing\-Xing outsourcing the animation. The production of the new series would be scheduled for a May 2008 delivery, with production occurring until January 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/fireman\-sam\-to\-return\-in\-hd/121632\.article\|title \= Fireman Sam to return in HD}} On 25 October, HIT announced that the first CGI series would be produced as two series, making up Series 6 and 7\. [Cartoonito](/wiki/Cartoonito_%28British_and_Irish_TV_channel%29 "Cartoonito (British and Irish TV channel)") acquired UK pay\-TV rights to both series, alongside Series 5, while [Five](/wiki/Channel_5_%28UK%29 "Channel 5 (UK)") acquired the rights to the first four series.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\-sam\-gets\-new\-partners\|title\=Fireman Sam Gets New Partners}}
The first five episodes of Series 6 were first released direct\-to\-DVD in November 2008 as an introduction to the new series, with Series 6's TV debut on Cartoonito occurring in February 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\-sam\-gets\-new\-website\|title \= Fireman Sam Gets New Website}} The British Terrestrial rights to Series 6 and 7 were purchased by [GMTV](/wiki/GMTV "GMTV") in July 2009 for airing in the Autumn on the stand's *The Fluffy Club* block.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.c21media.net/news/cgi\-sam\-to\-make\-uk\-terrestrial\-debut/\|title \= CGI Sam to make UK terrestrial debut}}
The CGI transition brought along a complete revamp of the series, with Pontypandy becoming a seaside fishing village instead of a village set deep in the hills, though the main locations remained in the same places. The series also saw the introduction of three new characters \- the parents of Sarah and James \- new\-age mother Bronwyn, and fisherman father Charlie, who is Sam's brother, and Derek Price, Norman's cousin. New animals introduced were Lion, a cat owned by Charlie and Bronwyn, Radar, a rescue dog from the Fire Station, and Nipper, an energetic dog who belongs to Bronwyn's sister that the former looks after. The voice cast was also replaced, with the new voice actors for the series being Steven Kynman, Tegwen Tucker, David Carling and [Su Douglas](/wiki/Su_Douglas "Su Douglas").
A new location \- the 'Whole Fish Café' was added, which functions similarly to Bella's cafe from past series and is run by Charlie and Bronwyn, also functioning as their home. The Fire Station is refreshed with a double\-door design, allowing for Jupiter and Venus to exit at the same time, as well as it becoming multi\-floored. Dilys' shop was also turned from a simple corner store into a [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven")\-esque convenience store called the "Cut\-Price\-Supermarket".
New vehicles introduced were Neptune, a lifeboat which is normally piloted by Penny, and a green work van owned by Mike Flood. Some vehicles also received makeovers as well: Jupiter was updated with a front end taken from a [Volvo FL](/wiki/Volvo_FL "Volvo FL")6 and a yellow stripe was added to the front of the engine. Venus gains a water nozzle on its roof, and Trevor's bus was updated to be more modern with angled headlights.
The character's outfits were updated throughout the series (except for Norman Price), which included an update to the firefighter's outfits which added reflective stripes and extra badges to their tunics. Existing characters have had makeovers as well, Penny gains an extra bow and is now a qualified Coast Guard, normally piloting Neptune in ocean emergencies, and Dilys Price received a large makeover which saw her getting makeup, glasses, black hair, a necklace and an updated outfit. [Bella Lasagne](/wiki/Bella_Lasagne "Bella Lasagne") was removed from the series, although her Cafe is still seen opposite Dilys' shop. Rosa (Lasagne's cat) was also removed, alongside Dusty the dog.
With the revamp and going onwards to this day, many of the characters also had aspects of their personalities made more apparent. Norman Price is far more mischievous and inconsiderate than in the 2005 series where his pranks were often planned out and his accidents were due to badly planned ideas instead of outrageous schemes. For example, in the episode "Pontypandy Extreme", Norman gets trapped down a [wishing well](/wiki/Wishing_well "Wishing well") after attempting to climb down in order to retrieve the coins from the bottom. Other examples are Station Officer Steele's strictness and maturity and Elvis's decrease in general competence. For example, in one episode where a first aid training exercise is taking place, Elvis is told off by Steele for dancing with the dummy that is being used. At the same time, Steele is not afraid to unleash the child within him, showing an interest in kite flying and paper planes. He also occasionally causes emergencies himself and often gasps when an emergency comes in. Also, Station Officer Steele's name has changed to Station Officer Norris Steele.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#0049CF \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=60
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Paper Plane Down
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date\|These episodes were first released as part of the DVD ''Fireman Sam: The New Hero Next Door'', released on November 24, 2008\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\-sam\-gets\-new\-website\|title \= Fireman Sam Gets New Website}}}}
\|ShortSummary\=It is Fire Prevention Day in Pontypandy, but Norman has other things on his mind. He wants to spend his time making paper aeroplanes.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=61
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=Hot and Cold Running Sniffer Dog
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mike doesn't believe that Radar is a rescue dog, but he is soon proved wrong after he falls and breaks his arm in the Whole Fish Cafe cellar.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=62
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Hearts on Fire
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Dilys' goes camping with Norman and Trevor, Dilys is spooked by her son's scary tales and in her panic starts a forest fire!
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=63
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Perilous Path
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=After Sam and Tom put up signs warning everyone about some unsafe paths near the cliffs, Norman takes Mandy in search of a golden eagle.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=64
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=The New Hero Next Door
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy makes a movie with Norman starring as a super hero. Sarah, who is playing the damsel in distress, is so convincing at screaming for help that Charlie rushes to her rescue.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=65
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=Santa Overboard
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=After festooning the supermarket with Christmas lights, Norman persuades Dilys to fix an inflatable Santa to the roof.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=66
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Best Foot Forward
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman accidentally traps his foot in some rocks while out collecting mussels on the beach. Charlie, Sarah and James try all they can to dislodge it, but his foot is stuck fast.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=67
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Baa Baa Baby
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=The boiler in the Wholefish Cafe isn't working, so Sarah takes Woolly's new lamb out for a walk in the pram. Lambikins is so well wrapped up that everyone thinks it's a real baby!
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=68
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Mother's Helper
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=It's washing day in Pontypandy. In his house, Norman crams everything into the machine to do in one wash, then goes out to play.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=69
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=Cat Magic
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=When Sarah, James and Bronwyn find a wishing well in the woods, they are so busy making wishes that they do not notice that Lion the cat has fallen in!
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=70
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Seeing Red
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Nipper is causing havoc, so Sarah and Bronwyn take him for a walk along the cliffs to calm him down.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=71
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Going Out with a Bang
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy invites everyone to a fireworks display at the Floods on Bonfire Night. She and Norman are so busy doing firework impressions, they don't realise that they are scaring Lion.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=72
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=The Wrong Smell
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Helen and Penny are hiking in the mountains, but when fog sets in and Penny hurts her ankle, their flare isn't visible.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=73
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=No Nurse Like You
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mike is busy organising a garden party to celebrate his and Helen's wedding anniversary, but it looks as though the barbecue will be ruined.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=74
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=The One That Got Away
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Charlie, Sarah, James and Norman discover a baby whale who has lost its mother.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=75
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=Dinosaur Hunt
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=After discovering an ammonite on Pontypandy beach, Norman makes a dinosaur footprint and lures James and Sarah to a nearby cave, hoping to convince them that a dinosaur is inside.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=76
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=Floating Cart
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman builds a new go\-cart from items that he has collected from around Pontypandy, though he hasn't always asked permission to use them.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=77
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=Sticky Situation
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Too impetuous to read any instructions, Norman has trouble assembling the model aeroplane kit Mandy bought him for his birthday, then gets stuck to his bedroom door.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=78
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=Cry Wolf
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=After a misplaced football kick sets off the fire alarm in Dilys' shop, Norman pretends that the alarm is faulty by setting it off again.
\| LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=79
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=Sheep on the Road
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=While Mike mends her field's gate, Woolly is sent to stay with Norman, who is ill. When Norman and Woolly go out, Trevor's bus swerves off the road.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=80
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=Mam's Day
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman is too impatient to let Mike help him to make a proper Mother's Day present for Dilys. He just nails a bottle top into a piece of wood and calls it a candle holder.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=81
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Alarm on the Beach
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=When James and Mandy find a crate on the beach they try to open it but end up getting James's legs trapped.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=82
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=Hot Air
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=It is a very hot day in Pontypandy and Trevor refuses to accept that his old bus may not make it up the mountain.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=83
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Towering Inferno
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=A competition to see who is best at hide\-and\-seek goes awry as Mandy gets horribly seasick when she hides in Charlie's boat and he takes it out for a sail.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=84
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=Danger by the Double
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=When a fire starts in the forest, James and Sarah are too busy competing with each other to realise they are in danger.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=85
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|Title\=When Fools Rush In
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=James wants to get Bronwyn something special for her birthday so he borrows Station Officer Steele's metal detector to try and find some old coins.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
}}
### Series 7 (2009–2010\)
{{Episode table \|background\= \#2500FF \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=86
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Blow Me Down
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Fun with the friendly fireman of Pontypandy. After a sailing lesson with Penny, Norman disregards her warning and takes Dilys out for a boat trip.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=87
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=Pontypandy Extreme
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman is upset when Trevor accidentally runs over his skateboard. Not prepared to wait until his birthday for a new board, Norman decides to try to buy one himself.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=88
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Elvis Sings the Blues
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Elvis breaks his leg dancing around the Fire Station and begins to wonder if he is really cut out to be a fireman. But then Mike Flood ends up dangling precariously from his roof.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=89
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Fireworks for Mandy
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=While playing hide\-and\-seek in the mountains with Norman, Mandy finds a distress flare. Norman wants to let it off but Mandy resists, fearing that it could be dangerous.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=90
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Heap of Trouble
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=For the Pontypandy Flower and Vegetable show, Mike is entering a marrow. But he did not heed Sam's advice about turning over the compost in which it is growing.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=91
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=Stuck in the Muck
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Trevor's bus swerves off the road so he goes looking for help. But the cell phones aren't receiving a signal and he gets stuck \- with a beast about.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=92
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Sausages vs. Shrimps
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Trevor Evans and Tom Thomas have a barbecue but when they start to get a bit competitive, Trevor sets fire to the tree \- Sam must come to the rescue!
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=93
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Flood's Flood
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Everyone is looking forward to karaoke night. When Mike and Station Officer Steele get into binds while working, everyone rushes to help them get back to the Whole Fish Cafe.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=94
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Stranded
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy Flood and Norman Price head off to the beach with their buckets and nets challenging each other to see who will obtain the best catch of the day.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=95
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=Off Duty Sam
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Sam cannot wait to get home and do his chores once he has finished work. But he will have to wait, when one thing leads to another at Dilys' shop.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=96
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Sheepdog Trials
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman tries to train Radar to be a sheepdog but fails miserably, causing Woolly and her lamb to run out into the road and making Mike Flood's van tip over.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=97
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Norman's Ghost
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=It's Halloween and Norman is looking forward to the Floods' party and determined to win the Spooking Competition by out\-scaring everyone else.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=98
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=Poorly Penny
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Penny has caught a cold, but she still tries to perform her firefighter duties. Meanwhile, the Joneses experience three incidents: Lion gets stuck on a roof, Charlie accidentally sets fire to a dustbin, and the family gets stranded at sea when Charlie's boat breaks down.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=99
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=Pirates of Pontypandy
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=While Sam is enjoying his day off, Penny comes down with a cold. But she still tries to do her duty when the Jones family land themselves in trouble.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=100
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=The Pontypandy Pioneers
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Trevor takes the children on a nature walk to the Mountain Rescue Centre. A zip wire has been set up for them and when Trevor goes on it he gets stuck.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=101
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=Twitching the Night Away
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Elvis is booked to sing on a local TV show and dreams of life as a singing superstar. Meanwhile Trevor and Norman are off to the woods to look for a rare bird.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=102
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=Double Trouble
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman's cousin Derek comes to stay and appears to be a gigantic goody\-two\-shoes. Norman hatches a plan for revenge and sends Derek to pick some non\-existent Pontypandy Pansies.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=103
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=Sailor Steele
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Fireman Sam and the rest of the team are training Mike Flood and Charlie Jones to be reserve firemen, and Station Officer Steele is very pleased with their progress.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=104
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=Fireman James
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=James' fireman's radio connects to Jupiter, so he ends up solving emergencies before the crew arrives at each one. He then finds himself in deep trouble when he attempts to rescue Mike from a real fire.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=105
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=Dilys' Big Surprise
\|WrittenBy\=Jennifer Upton
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\= Norman forgets about his mother's birthday, so he tries to plan a party for her with Sarah and Mandy, but everything goes wrong when he tries to take charge and leaves the cake in the oven for too long after setting the timer incorrectly.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=106
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=Day at the Seaside
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=It is Station Officer Steele's day off from the Fire Service. Elvis persuades Sam to let him be in charge at the Fire Station. Trevor and Steele get into an argument over directions to the seaside, which leads to Trevor driving his bus into the water.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=107
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Model Plane
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\= James lets Norman try his new model aeroplane, but Norman flies it into Station Officer Steele who demands that he not fly it in Pontypandy. James and Norman go to the Mountain Rescue Centre to fly the plane, but Norman flies it into a tree. The boys try to retrieve it, but get stuck.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=108
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=Three Legged Race
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=In the annual three\-legged race in Pontypandy, Fireman Sam is partnered with a less\-than\-confident Dilys, while Norman is partnered with Mandy. Norman's attempts to cheat lead to him stepping in a gopher hole and spraining his ankle.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=109
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Norman's Ark
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=The residents of Pontypandy wake up to find the whole town flooded. Norman tries to rescue Woolly, Lambykins, and Lion by himself, but falls out of his row boat.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=110
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=Open Day
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\= It is open day at the Fire Station and everyone is invited to visit and have a look around. Norman and James try to get a better view of a rescue demonstration from the roof, but end up becoming part of the demonstration when they get stuck on the roof.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=111
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|Title\=Mike's Rocket
\|WrittenBy\=Jenifer Upton
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\= Mike has built a rocket and is preparing to launch it. Norman has become fascinated by Mike's project and decides to build one of his own, but forgets to add a parachute, and when he launches it, it flies into Dilys' shop.
\|LineColor\=2500FF
}}
}}
### *The Great Fire of Pondypandy* (2010\)
{{Main\|Fireman Sam: The Great Fire of Pontypandy}}
The franchise's first 60\-minute movie \- *[The Great Fire of Pontypandy](/wiki/The_Great_Fire_of_Pontypandy "The Great Fire of Pontypandy")* was released straight to DVD in March 2010, and introduced a new character \- Chief Fire Officer Boyce, a Chief Officer who hails from Newtown, and a new location \- the Lighthouse.
### Series 8 (2012\)
On 22 February 2011, HIT announced an eighth Series of *Fireman Sam* for a 2012 delivery consisting of 26 10\-minute episodes, as with the previous two series.{{cite web\|url\=https://kidscreen.com/2011/02/22/hit\-preps\-for\-eighth\-season\-of\-fireman\-sam/\|title \= Hit preps for eighth season of Fireman Sam}} Xing\-Xing Animation fully took over control of the animation production, with the series now being fully produced in HD.
Series 8 introduced a new environment \- the Pontypandy Heritage Railway, which lines up to the base of Pontypandy Mountain and is run by new character Gareth Griffiths, who is Bronwyn's Dad. A new location near Pontypandy Mountain, the Mountain Activity Centre is introduced, ran by Moose Roberts, a famous mountain climber hailing from Canada. Mrs. Chen, a schoolteacher, and her daughter Lily Chen, the youngest character in the series so far were also introduced in the series.
Three new vehicles were introduced \- the Pontypandy Flyer Train, Mercury, a quad\-bike, and Bessie, a rail\-based fire engine that was Station Officer Steele's first fire engine when he was younger, which lives in a shed near the Train Station. A quat\-copter drone called Saturn was also introduced.
Voice actors joining the cast were [John Hasler](/wiki/John_Hasler "John Hasler"), who replaced Steven Kynman as the voice of James, Ifan Huw Dafydd, who voiced Gareth, and [Nigel Whitmey](/wiki/Nigel_Whitmey "Nigel Whitmey"), who voiced Moose.
On August 31, 2012, it was announced that [Channel 5](/wiki/Channel_5_%28UK%29 "Channel 5 (UK)") had acquired the terrestrial broadcast rights to the series to air on the channel's [Milkshake!](/wiki/Milkshake%21 "Milkshake!") strand from October.{{cite web\|url\=https://kidscreen.com/2012/08/31/milkshake\-picks\-up\-new\-angelina\-ballerina\-and\-fireman\-sam\-series/\|title \= Milkshake! Picks up new Angelina Ballerina and Fireman Sam series}}
{{Episode table \|background\= \#7E00C3 \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=112
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Bronwyn's Millionth Customer
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|3\|3\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Sarah and James discover that the Wholefish Café is about to have its one millionth customer, they convince Bronwyn that there should be a big celebration to mark the event. While planning the celebration, disaster strikes; the fryer sets fire to the decorations and Norman gets stuck in a giant fake cake.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=113
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=Runaway Train
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|3\|10\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Bronwyn gives her father, Gareth Griffiths, a sausage sandwich for his lunch, she has no idea the lengths Nipper will go to for a bite. Later, Gareth's train goes on the loose when it leaves without him and with Nipper in the cab, and Elvis accidentally glues himself to a chair while trying to fix Station Officer Steele's prized mug.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=114
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Mandy's Mountain
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|3\|17\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Mandy reads Moose Roberts' book about his mountain climbing adventures, she decides that she wants to be a mountain climber when she grows up and makes the mistake of climbing Pontypandy Mountain on her own.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=115
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Water Tower Inferno
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|3\|24\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Gareth is opening the Pontypandy Mountain Railway Line and Station; he has refurbished the old engine, The Pontypandy Flyer, to take people up and down the mountain. But disaster strikes when a flaming lump of coal sets some boxes \- and the water tower \- ablaze, threatening to put the train in danger.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=116
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Jupiter on the Loose
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|3\|31\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode11605date\|These episodes were first released as part of the DVD ''Fireman Sam: Mountain Rescue'', released on 26 March 2012\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fireman\-Sam\-Mountain\-Rescue\-DVD/dp/B0073V2GI8\|title \= Fireman Sam \- Mountain Rescue \[DVD]\| website\=Amazon UK }}}}
\|ShortSummary\=When the Pontypandy Pioneers go to the Fire Station to complete their fire safety badge, Norman wants to prove to his cousin Derek that he can drive a fire engine, so he takes Jupiter for a drive around town, but finds himself unable to stop.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=117
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=The Big Chill
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|4\|7\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When the power goes out at the Fire Station, Sam has trouble lighting a fire. Meanwhile, Norman and Mandy are building a snowman at the Floods' house and Norman decides to borrow Dilys' best scarf, but when he gets coal on it, he tries to clean it up, but ends up freezing it, and then he starts a fire in the Floods' oven while trying to melt the scarf.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=118
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Boyce Will Be Boyce
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|4\|8\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Station Officer Steele hurts his back and Chief Fire Officer Boyce fills in his role for the day. Meanwhile, Norman tries to teach Sarah how to ride a skateboard while flying a kite at the same time, which leads to Sarah getting blown into a tree.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=119
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Elvis in Concert
\|WrittenBy\=Adam Long
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|4\|14\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode11605date}}
\|ShortSummary\=Pontypandy is holding a charity concert and Elvis is to be the star act. Mike and Elvis are carrying a giant wooden guitar, but they fail to see a cliff and Mike ends up falling down, clinging onto it.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=120
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Mandy at Sea
\|WrittenBy\=Adam Long
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|4\|15\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy wants to be a round\-the\-world yachtswoman, but when her mast breaks, she finds herself stranded at sea. Penny and Elvis also get stranded at sea when Neptune's motor falls off.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=121
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=The Great Guinea Pig Rescue
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|4\|16\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\= Sarah and James have got a pet guinea pig and name him Norris, after Station Officer Steele's first name, but then the guinea pig escapes from his cage, gets loose in the cafe, and starts a fire by chewing through the freezer's wire.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=122
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=The Pontypandyness Monster
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|8\|3\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\= Sarah makes up a story about a monster to get more passengers on her grandfather's railway, which leads to some of the townsfolk floating away on an unfinished dock.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=123
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Disastrous Dilys
\|WrittenBy\=Lizzie Ennever
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|8\|4\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Dilys tries her best to help Norman get his Pontypandy Pioneer fishing badge, but ends up jamming the rudder on Charlie's boat, causes Neptune to drift away, and destroys the radio.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=124
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=Charlie's Big Catch
\|WrittenBy\=Adam Long
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|8\|11\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\= Charlie takes the children on a fishing trip and catches the biggest shoal of fish ever, but his boat cannot hold the weight of the catch.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=125
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=Bessie to the Rescue
\|WrittenBy\=Ian Carney
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|8\|18\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Station Officer Steele discovers his old fire engine, Bessie, which turns out to be useful when Moose has an accident with a campfire and some gas canisters.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=126
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=King of the Mountain
\|WrittenBy\=Adam Long
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|8\|25\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Tom and Moose take the Pontypandy Pioneers on a mountain climbing expedition, but have an accident while trying to outdo each other in tree\-climbing.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=127
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=Lighthouse Lock Out
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|9\|1\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman spoils everyone's trip to the lighthouse by locking them all out on the balcony in an attempt to avoid cleaning Mike's van, which he threw mudballs at.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=128
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=Girls' Night In
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|9\|8\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy offers to babysit Lily when Helen invites Mrs. Chen and Penny over for a girls' night in, but Lily behaves badly and Mandy is blamed for it. Things get worse when a curling iron sets fire to some cushions, but not before Lily steals Helen's keys.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=129
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=To Outfox a Fox
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|9\|15\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Tom and Moose volunteer to help Mandy and Norman catch a fox in the act of stealing food, the animal scampers off with Moose's hat and Tom and Moose end up stuck in a fox hole.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=130
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=Lily Lost and Found
\|WrittenBy\=Lizzie Ennever
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|9\|22\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Everyone goes to the beach for a picnic, but Lily, who wants to follow Norman all day, needs help when she gets stranded on a sandbank.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=131
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=Sky Lanterns
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|9\|29\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mrs. Chen's class make sky lanterns for Chinese New Year, but impatient Norman's lantern starts a forest fire when he disobeys Moose's order not to launch it because of the wind direction.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=132
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=The Pontypandy Polar Bear
\|WrittenBy\=Lizzie Ennever
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|10\|6\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Huge footprints in the snow convince Sarah that there is a polar bear in the area, but an avalanche traps her, James, and Moose in a cave when the twins try to photograph it for a local newspaper competition.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=133
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Ice Cold in Pontypandy
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|10\|13\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode13322date\|These episodes were first released as part of the DVD ''Fireman Sam: Snow Trouble'', released on 8 October 2012\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fireman\-Sam\-Snow\-Trouble\-DVD/dp/B008YGTE2W/\|title \= Fireman Sam: Snow Trouble \[DVD]\| website\=Amazon UK }}}}
\|ShortSummary\= When Trevor is driving his bus to Newtown, he skids off the road and onto a frozen lake. Meanwhile, Elvis tries to give shelter to Woolly and Lambykins in the Fire Station.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=134
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=Snowball of Doom
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|10\|20\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode13322date}}
\|ShortSummary\= When Norman and Derek see a video of a champion snowboarder, they decide to try snowboarding with Dilys' ironing table, but accidentally create a giant snowball, which sends Mike on the run and into a hole.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=135
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Floodlights
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|10\|27\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode13322date}}
\|ShortSummary\=Christmas is coming and there is to be a competition for the best Christmas lights in Pontypandy. The Prices and the Joneses try to outdo each other with their lights and they each end up starting a fire as a result of too many plugs in one socket.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=136
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=Norman's Halloween Heist
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|11\|3\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman causes havoc on Halloween, when he tries to collect all the candy in Pontypandy. His greed gets the best of him when he tries to beat the other children to Dilys' shop and drives his go\-cart into the sea again.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=137
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|Title\=Wheel of Fire
\|WrittenBy\=Ian Carney
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2012\|11\|10\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Charlie is so busy correcting Gareth's haphazard preparations for the firework display that he misses a Catherine wheel nailed too tightly to the door of Bessie's shed.
''Note:'' This episode is based on the true story of Liam Renyard's bravery.
\|LineColor\=7E00C3
}}
}}
### Series 9 (2014\)
In March 2013, a ninth series was announced which was pre\-sold to Cartoonito for a 2014 release. Series 9 features 24 10\-minute episodes, alongside a 22\-minute special.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.c21media.net/news/fireman\-sam\-gets\-another\-call\-out/\|title \= Fireman Sam gets another call out}}
The main location added for this series was the new Ocean Rescue Centre, run by new character Ben Hooper, who is a coastguard. Alongside housing Neptune, which was updated to feature a proper siren, two new water\-based vehicles were introduced: a jet ski named Juno and a fire boat named Titan. Other locations added were Pontypandy Island, and the Garage, ran by Joe Sparkes, a mechanic and inventor who is as problematic and accident\-prone as Mike Flood is. Joe's wife Lizzie Sparkes, a vet, and their daughter Hannah Sparkes, who is the first disabled character in the series, were introduced as well.
Voice actors joining the cast were [Alex Lowe](/wiki/Alex_Lowe_%28actor%29 "Alex Lowe (actor)"), who voices Ben and Joe, and [Jo Wyatt](/wiki/Jo_Wyatt "Jo Wyatt"), who voices Lizzie and Hannah.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#FF5F5F \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=138
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=All at Sea
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|4\|5\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|ShortSummary\=It is the day of the grand opening of Pontypandy's new Ocean Rescue Centre and Station Officer Steele is taking the firefighters on a tour of the centre. As they arrive on the quay, they meet the new coastguard, Ben Hooper. Mike is preparing a fireworks show to celebrate the grand opening, but accidentally sets them off too early and gets trapped at sea.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=139
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=Battle of the Birthdays
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|4\|12\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Adam Long
\|ShortSummary\=Because Sarah and James can't agree on what kind of birthday party to have, Bronwyn has decided that this year they will have two parties; James' will be a science party and Sarah's will be a soccer party. During both parties, however, Sarah accidentally kicks her football at James' Chemistry Set, which sets fire to the café.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=140
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=The Wild Cheese Chase
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|4\|19\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Tim Bain]]
\|ShortSummary\=It is the annual Pontypandy Cheese Roll Challenge (a race down a hill chasing a giant cheese wheel) and Norman really wants to win the giant cheese, but the contest rules state that only adults can enter the contest. Not wanting to follow the rules, Norman causes the cheese to roll onto a cliff and gets stuck while trying to retrieve it.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=141
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Magic Norman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|4\|26\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Tim Bain]]
\|ShortSummary\=Norman decides to put on a magic show at the Floods' house, but it becomes a disaster when Norman overloads an extension socket for his special effects, causing an electrical fire, then steals the batteries from the Floods' smoke alarm to use for his boom box, and accidentally leaves Mandy trapped in a box. Meanwhile, Elvis is struggling with some training sessions due to his obsession with the training dummy.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=142
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Escape from Pontypandy Island
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|5\|10\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=When the Pontypandy Pioneers go on a day trip with Trevor to Pontypandy Island, they are all desperate to prove that they will be the best explorers, but they become stranded when their boat floats away. To make matters worse, Norman sets fire to a tree while trying to prove he can send a better smoke signal than James.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=143
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=Troubled Waters
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|5\|17\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=Station Officer Steele takes the day off with Gareth, Sarah, and James to go rowing, but their adventure takes a turn for the worse when they approach a waterfall. Meanwhile, the rest of the crew is struggling to finish filing Steele's reports.
Note: \[\[HIT Entertainment]] pulled this episode in 2016, because an image of what looks like a page of the \[\[Quran]] is briefly depicted being tripped/stepped on at one point in the episode.{{cite web\|title\=Statement Regarding Fireman Sam\|url\=http://www.hitentertainment.com/corporate/newsdetail.aspx?nid\=162\|date\=2016\-07\-26\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730172943/http://www.hitentertainment.com/corporate/newsdetail.aspx?nid\=162\|archive\-date\=2016\-07\-30}} It was edited to be a blank piece of paper on future airings.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=144
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=The Best Sleepover Ever
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|5\|24\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=The children are having a sleepover at Mandy's house, but when Dilys accidentally packs Norman's humiliating Cuddly Sheep pyjamas instead of his Army Bob pyjamas, he tries to hide them. Later, he accidentally sets fire to the Floods' toaster while trying to toast some sandwiches, and his embarrassing pyjamas are exposed when Sam finds them.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=145
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Whale Watch
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|5\|31\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|ShortSummary\=When Bronwyn decides she needs to record some relaxing whalesong, Charlie offers to take her out on the skiff to find a whale while the firefighters give the twins a tour of the Ocean Rescue Centre. Bronwyn suggests that since Ben knows so much about whales, he should come along, too. Unfortunately, Charlie, Bronwyn, and Ben get stranded at sea when their skiff tips over.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=146
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Up, Up and Away
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|6\|7\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Adam Long
\|ShortSummary\=While doing some kite\-flying with the other kids, Mandy is inspired to want to fly over Pontypandy Mountain. Hannah Sparkes tells her that her father, Joe, has just the thing \- a hot air balloon. Unfortunately, hungry Lambykins causes the balloon to float away with her in it alone and eventually causes it to crash\-land in a tree.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=147
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=The Pontypandy Cup
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|6\|21\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|ShortSummary\=When Joe and Mike discover that Norman is entering Pontypandy's big go\-cart race, The Pontypandy Cup, they get very nostalgic about the go\-carts they made when they were kids. Joe's competitiveness gets the best of him when he finds himself unable to stop his rocket\-powered go\-cart and it becomes a jet\-ski when he ends up driving it into the sea.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=148
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Treehouse Trouble
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|6\|28\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Lizzie Ennever
\|ShortSummary\=The Pontypandy Pioneers are working towards their construction badges and they decide to build a treehouse with the help of Mike. Norman is desperate to be the first one into the treehouse, leading to him being careless with the treehouse's supports and getting everyone stuck in it.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=149
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Record Breakers
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|7\|5\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|ShortSummary\=Station Officer Steele is taking dance classes so he can attend the Firefighter Gala. Meanwhile, Norman finds himself dangling dangerously from a bridge while trying to set a world record.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=150
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=Pontypandy Heatwave
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|7\|12\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Adam Long
\|ShortSummary\=It is a hot day in Pontypandy, and Joe invents many solar\-powered gadgets, including a ridiculous\-looking hat with a fan on it, which embarrasses Hannah. It proves to be useful when Hannah accidentally leaves a bottle in the sun, which catches fire, trapping everyone on the cliff.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=151
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=Norman's Big Fossil Adventure
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|7\|19\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|ShortSummary\=Moose and the children go fossil\-hunting on Pontypandy Mountain, but disaster strikes when Moose falls down a ravine and gets stuck between two boulders. Meanwhile, Elvis jumps to the false conclusion that he and Penny will lose their jobs after overhearing Station Officer Steele making "cuts" \- when he was actually talking about a photograph.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=152
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=Turtle Hunt
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|7\|26\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|ShortSummary\=Sam and Ben work together to fix a special camera onto the shell of a beautiful blue leatherback sea turtle, so that they can see underwater from its point of view. The camera comes in handy when Norman and Mandy, who are out turtle\-spotting alone in a boat, get in trouble at sea.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=153
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=Rocky Rescue
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|8\|9\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|ShortSummary\=Trevor, the Joneses, and the Chens are going hiking with Moose on Pontypandy Mountain. However, Sarah and Lily get separated from the group and find themselves trapped on a cliff with a lamb.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=154
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=The Treasure Trap
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|9\|2\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=Norman and James get lost in the fog on Pontypandy Island while looking for buried treasure.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=155
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=Stage Fright
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|9\|6\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=When Sam is cast as the main lead in Mrs. Chen's play, Elvis decides to give him some tips on acting. Hannah and Norman are given the task of designing the set, but their disagreements over how to decorate the pirate ship prop lead to them floating out to sea on the prop.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=156
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=Pest In Show
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|9\|16\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Tim Bain]]
\|ShortSummary\=Pontypandy is holding a contest for its Most Talented Pet. Mandy and Sarah engage in a rivalry over whether Nipper or Lion will win. Disaster strikes when Mandy lets Nipper off his lead and chases Lion into the Wholefish Café and they start a fire that traps them inside. It is up to Radar to rescue them.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=157
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=Hide and Seek
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|9\|23\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Lee Pressman
\|ShortSummary\=The children are playing hide and seek, and Norman hides in a log, but ends up tumbling down the hill in it and hits Trevor's grill, starting a forest fire by accident. Meanwhile, Elvis and Mike try to fit in the new pole after Penny accidentally damages it, but Sam has a better idea.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=158
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=One Way Street
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|9\|30\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Lizzie Ennever
\|ShortSummary\=Trevor takes Sarah, Hannah, and Mandy to Newtown to see a One Way Street concert. But when the bus skids off the icy road, Mandy still wants to keep going and ends up dangling from a tree over a ravine.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=159
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Garden Force
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|10\|13\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|ShortSummary\=As a surprise for her mother, Mandy creates the "Garden Force," a team dedicated to renovating the Floods' front garden and making it the best garden in Pontypandy. Disaster strikes when they have an accident with the lawn mower and some fertiliser, which starts a fire.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=160
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=On Thin Ice
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|10\|13\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=It is a snowy day in Pontypandy when Moose announces he is opening his "Winter Wonderland." Norman, Sarah, and James are very excited, but are soon disappointed to find that it is all about igloo building. They see a frozen lake nearby and skate on it, but the ice begins to break, leaving the twins stranded on it.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=161
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Lights, Camera, Avalanche!
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|10\|14\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Tim Bain
\|ShortSummary\=It is snowy and Norman is directing his very first movie up on Pontypandy Mountain, starring Mandy and Sarah. Norman ignores Sam's warning not to cross the boundary ropes, and an avalanche traps him and the girls in a shed.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=162
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=The Return of Norman\-Man
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|12\|26\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|ShortSummary\=Norman is playing superheroes with James – Norman is Norman\-Man and James is his sidekick Atomic Boy. Lion floats off in a boat and Norman rescues him, but ends up floating out to sea while holding onto the boat. Later, Norman gets stuck in a tree while trying to rescue Lion again. The next day, he creates a jet pack and tries to "rescue" James from getting stranded on the Pontypandy Flyer. This fails, too, and Norman's jet pack sets fire to the train.
\|LineColor\=FF5F5F
}}
}}
### *Ultimate Heroes*/*Heroes of the Storm* (2014/2015\)
On October 2, 2013, HIT greenlit several DVD specials of their properties, including a new *Fireman Sam''' special for a 2015 release titled* Heroes of the Storm*.{{cite web\|url\=https://kidscreen.com/2013/10/02/hit\-greenlights\-three\-dvd\-specials/\|title \= HIT greenlights three DVD specials}} The special introduces a brand new Fire Station, alongside two new firefighters \- Ellie Phillips and Arnold McKinley.*
The special was first shown in the United States in November 2014, under the name of Ultimate Heroes*, as an introduction to the series in the country.{{Citation\|title\=Fireman Sam: Heroes of the Storm (Video 2014\)\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4460032/releaseinfo\|access\-date\=16 January 2018}} and later was shown in the United Kingdom in 2015\.*
### Series 10 (2016\)
Series 10 saw some changes, with the Firefighters now wearing outer gear when not in emergencies, and different kinds of uniform for different emergencies.
New characters introduced were Jerry Lee Cridlington, Elvis' cousin who works as a Firefighter in Newtown, Professor Pickles, the owner of the Newtown Museum, and Lady Pufflepaws, a Dog belonging to Norman's unseen Auntie Phyllis. Bella Lasague makes her CGI debut, after last being seen in Series 5\. Pontypandy Park makes its first appearance in CGI as well, being upgraded with a Pizza restaurant and a swimming pool.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#FF6F6F \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=163
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Runaway Horse
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|15\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|ShortSummary\=The Pontypandy Pioneers are having a race, and Norman is partnered with Mandy. Norman refuses to read the map and ends up getting Mandy and himself lost, until they see James and Sarah far ahead of them. Norman tries riding a horse to catch up with the twins, but they both end up getting stuck in a muddy ditch.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=164
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=Sam's Birthday
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|15\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|ShortSummary\=It is Sam's birthday and Joe is planning on giving Sam a remote control toy of Jupiter as a birthday present, but Hannah accidentally damages it. James fixes it, but when he tries it out, the remote malfunctions and the toy gets loose in Pontypandy. Hannah and James chase after it, but accidentally crash into Dilys and all three of them end up falling into the sea, along with the toy.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=165
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Castles and Kings
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|16\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|ShortSummary\=The children are playing Castles and Kings, and Gareth gives them a dragon he built out of boxes and toilet paper rolls. Norman does not like it because it does not fly or breathe fire. He tries to make some modifications to the dragon to make it breathe fire, only to end up setting the entire dragon ablaze, as well as Bessie's shed.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=166
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Pizza Pandemonium
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|17\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|ShortSummary\=James tries his hand at cooking pizzas for Gareth's railway gala, but makes too many and tries to cook all of them at the same time, only to start a fire in the cafe, and then Hannah's house.
Note: This episode marks the return of Bella Lasagne, who has not appeared since Series 5\.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=167
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Dog Day Disaster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|18\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=Norman wants to prove to Dilys how responsible he is to have a dog of his own, so he volunteers to take care of Aunty Philys' dog, Lady Pufflepaws. However, when Norman tries to get the dog to perform some tricks, they both fall into a river.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=168
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=Bus Trouble
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|19\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Viner
\|ShortSummary\=While taking the children on a trip to the ancient ruins, Trevor's bus breaks down and tries fixing it, but he disconnects the brakes. Mrs. Chen gets impatient and tries to help Trevor, but ends up driving the bus out of control.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=169
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Spy Games
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|22\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Tim Bain]]
\|ShortSummary\=Norman is making a spy movie and has James do all the stunts, but they lead to James getting stuck in a tree upside down and nearly driving his go\-cart into the sea. While filming the final scene in Hannah's garage, James accidentally sets fire to some rags with a magnifying glass and the sun's rays while tied to a chair.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=170
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Fox on the Run
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|23\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Adam Long (American actor)\|Adam Long]]
\|ShortSummary\=Lizzie tells Hannah to look after a fox while she gives Radar a check\-up. Despite her mother's instructions, Hannah lets the fox out of its cage and she and Norman have to chase after it. Trevor tries to help them, but gets his feet caught in a kite string, causing him to dangerously dangle over a cliff.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=171
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=The Great Party Panic
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|24\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Miranda Larson]]
\|ShortSummary\=Sarah and James organise a spooky party at the Wholefish Café for their friends, but they cannot agree on what to use for centrepiece decorations. Sarah decides to use her old dollhouse with candles in it as the centrepiece, but it ends up setting the rest of the decorations ablaze.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=172
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=The Break\-Up
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|25\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Andrew Viner]]
\|ShortSummary\=Elvis and Mike break up their band to form solo acts, and when Mike's guitar machine falls apart during a show, it sets fire to the stage.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=173
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Fiery Football
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|2\|26\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Tim Bain]]
\|ShortSummary\=The fire crew is about to have a football game with some of the Pontypandy citizens. Meanwhile, Norman has to help Bella with her pizzas, but he wants to watch the game and this leads to him being careless. Disaster strikes when he does not pay attention to some hot coals when he takes the pizzas out of the oven and ends up starting a fire.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=174
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Lost in the Caves
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|3\|14\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|ShortSummary\=Moose and Mrs. Chen take the children on a trip to the caves under Pontypandy Mountain and Mandy hopes to see bats inside. She wanders away from the group after spotting a bat, but forgets to watch where she is going and falls into a pit.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=175
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=Shape Up and Shine
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|3\|15\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Lee Pressman]]
\|ShortSummary\=While Sam and Trevor teach the Pontypandy Pioneers about woodland fire safety, Chief Fire Officer Boyce tries to put the other firefighters through a faulty exercise routine he planned, but instead causes everyone to get injured. Meanwhile, Norman accidentally sets a fire with Trevor's grill. It gets worse when Norman and Derek use fire beaters as oars to go rowing alone and end up losing them.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=176
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=Space Train
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|3\|16\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Tim Bain]]
\|ShortSummary\=Gareth is taking Mrs. Chen and the children up to the mountains to see the Northern Lights. However, Gareth's cardboard space helmet causes the Pontypandy Flyer to leave without him again \- and catch fire.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=177
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=Wicker Bear
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|3\|17\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Adam Long (American actor)\|Adam Long]]
\|ShortSummary\=Tom and Moose are making a wicker bear to try to beat the world record of the largest wicker bear held by the wild men of Newtown. Disaster strikes when Moose accidentally knocks it over onto the campfire and sets it ablaze.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=178
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=Castles in the Air
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|4\|4\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Lee Pressman]]
\|ShortSummary\=Mike inflates a bouncy castle on the beach for Fishy Fun Day, and Norman wants to play on it, but Mike tells him it needs to be secured first. Norman gets impatient and bounces on the castle with Mandy, but the wind blows the castle out to sea with the children on it. Meanwhile, Penny is away for the day, so Elvis' cousin, Jerry Lee Cridlington, fills in for her.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=179
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=Ice Hockey Meltdown
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|4\|5\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|ShortSummary\=Mike builds an ice rink in his front yard so the children can play hockey on it. Norman cannot skate, so he uses an inflatable penguin to help him, but it causes problems when it knocks over several floodlights and starts a fire, trapping Norman on the rink.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=180
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=Float Your Boat
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|4\|6\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Ross Hastings]]
\|ShortSummary\=Tom, Charlie, and the twins spend the day at the beach, but when Tom takes a rest on his raft, he finds out that he has been washed out to sea when he wakes up.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=181
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=Froggy Fantasy
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|4\|7\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Simon Nicholson
\|ShortSummary\=Norman is jealous that James is the star of the Froggy Fantasy Show and tries to take over by trapping him in the changing room, but accidentally sets fire to the pool deck. Meanwhile, Elvis has come down with a cold and tries to perform his firefighting duties with it.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=182
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=Dashing Through the Snow
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|4\|8\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Miranda Larson]]
\|ShortSummary\=It is Christmas in Pontypandy, and Gareth takes the children to Pontypandy Mountain for a Christmas surprise, but they fail to receive a warning about a heavy snowstorm.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=183
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=The Treasure of Pontypandy Pete
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|5\|2\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson]]
\|ShortSummary\=When Sam tells the children the story of Pontypandy Pete's treasure, Norman desperately wants to find it. Meanwhile, Joe is testing out his new submarine, which runs out of power. When the firefighters rescue him, they discover the wreck of the Pontypandy Pearl, Pontypandy Pete's ship. Professor Pickles, the president of the Newtown Museum discovers a book that will lead him to the treasure, but Norman and Hannah manage to sneak a peek at it, and the race is on to find it. Norman and Professor Pickles manage to find the treasure at the same time, but they lose it when a mine car traps them onto a cliff and falls into the river.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=184
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Big Top Norman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|5\|3\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Tim Bain]]
\|ShortSummary\=Norman decides to put on a circus show in Pontypandy Park, which he promises will be "the greatest show on Earth," but his audience is less than impressed by it. The grand finale of Norman's show leads to a flock of sheep stampeding through Pontypandy.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=185
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=Paddle On
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|5\|4\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Ross Hastings]]
\|ShortSummary\=Ben and Hannah are having a kayaking race to the Northern Buoy and back. The current proves to be too strong for Ben, and he strains his shoulder.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=186
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Day of the Penguin
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|6\|13\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson]]
\|ShortSummary\=When a penguin escapes from Newtown Zoo, Elvis really hopes he will see it. Norman and Mandy find the penguin first, waddling across the beach. Norman wants to keep it in his room, but it ends up making a mess, so he decides to take it to the pool, but he accidentally leaves it behind at the shop, where Dilys has an accident with some flaming candles and boxes upon being startled by the penguin.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=187
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\= Pontypandy in the Park
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|8\|26\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=\[\[Lee Pressman]]
\|ShortSummary\=The residents of Pontypandy have gathered in Pontypandy Park for the annual town festival. Mike accidentally sets the fireworks tent ablaze while trying to dry a painting with a heater.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
}}
### *Alien Alert* (2016\)
In April 2016, [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel "Mattel") announced a new Fireman Sam *special for a May 2017 delivery to coincide with the franchise's 30th anniversary.{{cite web \| url\=https://kidscreen.com/2016/04/05/mattel\-ratchets\-up\-fireman\-sam\-and\-bob\-the\-builder\-content\-growth/ \| title\=Fireman Sam \& Bob the Builder see content growth }}*
The series features a guest character Buck Douglas, voiced by [David Tennant](/wiki/David_Tennant "David Tennant"), who is the presenter for the famous "Alien Quest" TV show host, and visits Pontypandy to try and find aliens.
### Series 11 (2017–18\)
On 14 October 2016, Mattel Creations and [DHX Media](/wiki/DHX_Media "DHX Media") announced that an eleventh series was greenlit for a 2018 delivery.{{cite web \| url\=https://kidscreen.com/2016/10/14/dhx\-mattel\-greenlight\-52\-more\-bob\-the\-builder\-eps/ \| title\=DHX and Mattel greenlight more Bob, Sam }}
This is the first series to have its animation production done by [DHX Studios Halifax](/wiki/WildBrain_Studios "WildBrain Studios") as part of a new co\-production deal between both companies. This is also the first CGI series to only feature 13 episodes instead of the usual 26\.
The only new characters introduced in this series are the royal Prince and Princess, and their son.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#000080 \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=188
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=The Prince in Pontypandy
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2017\|11\|18\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Pontypandy is abuzz with excitement when a royal prince comes to visit and the Pontypandy Fire Service are given the responsibility of organizing the event, but Elvis and Sam are having a hard time keeping the red carpet clean. Meanwhile, Tom and Moose are hiking with the Pontypandy Pioneers, but Tom falls down a ravine and injures his shoulder while crossing a rope bridge (courtesy of a hungry sheep chewing through the rope). Tom ends up getting rescued by the prince himself, who is also a helicopter pilot.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=189
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=Norman\-Man vs. Firedog
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|02\|10\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Joe has invented a new robotic dog called the Firedog 2000 to help in emergency situations that are too dangerous for Radar, but it proves to be a handful for him. Norman is convinced that he has superpowers as Norman\-Man, so he tries using them to handle the malfunctioning Firedog. However, it ends up chasing Norman and setting fire to Joe's garage and itself.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=190
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Cadet Catastrophe
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|02\|11\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Ellie takes the Junior Cadets into the woods for a training day, but James is not convinced Ellie has experience with fire safety. He tries calling Sam from a tree to ask about Ellie's firefighting experiences (and get a better mobile phone signal) but ends up getting stuck. While Ellie rescues him, Mandy and Sarah disobey her instructions not to touch anything and cause a petrol canister to roll into the campfire, which explodes and starts a forest fire.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=191
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Monster Mania
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|02\|12\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman steals Joe's submarine to find and film the Pontypandyness Monster, but he ends up crashing the submarine at the bottom of the lake. To make matters worse, it starts filling up with water. Meanwhile, Ellie accuses Elvis of blocking Penny while being interviewed on the news during the crew's previous rescue.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=192
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Wally Wizzo
\|WrittenBy\=Tim Bain
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|02\|13\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman is trying to become an online sensation known as Wizard Wally Wizzo, but his stunts lead to him getting stuck in a tree upside down, then starting a forest fire, and finally, dangling dangerously from a zipline over a waterfall. Meanwhile, the firefighters are struggling to test a new operating system at the Mountain Rescue Centre.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=193
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=The Why Files
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|02\|14\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman and Hannah start a new detective agency called the Why Files, and they believe there are mysterious people on the beach contacting aliens. The mysterious people turn out to be Bronwyn, Gareth, Mrs. Chen, and Professor Pickles stargazing; they are trying to discover and name a new star, but end up getting stranded at sea when their rowboat tips over.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=194
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Pontypandy Slickers
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|05\|01\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Moose takes the children on a Wild West adventure and Hannah gives Mandy some horse riding lessons, but Mandy finds herself in trouble when she and her horse fall down a ravine.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=195
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Who Let the Cat Out?
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|05\|02\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Sam rescues a cat from a drain, Hannah, Mandy, and Norman are given the task of looking after it. But the cat's stench overwhelms Norman, so Mandy lights a scented candle to get rid of the smell. However, the cat will not let them watch a movie in peace, so Norman lets it out of the cage. While trying to get the cat back in the cage, Norman accidentally knocks the lit candle over and starts a fire.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=196
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Wrong Turn Dilys
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|05\|03\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=The Junior Cadets are up at the Mountain Activity Centre so they can have a ride in Wallaby 2\. Norman, however, is late, and Dilys tries to get him there, but ends up taking him to the Mountain Rescue Centre by mistake, just as Tom is leaving. The Prices try to beat him to the Mountain Activity Centre, but Dilys drives too fast and ends up getting her car stuck in a tree over a ravine.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=197
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=Night of the Norman
\|WrittenBy\=Tim Bain
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|05\|04\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman watches a scary zombie movie and believes that James, Hannah, and Mandy became zombies, but they have actually caught colds. Norman tries to signal for help using a distress flare, only to start a fire in the Floods' house.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=198
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Alien Bug Hunt
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|05\|07\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=The children become obsessed with a new Alien Bug Hunt Game and attempt to be the first ones to complete it in Pontypandy. However, they find themselves competing against Charlie and Mike, who beat them to every spot in the game, frustrating Norman. The final spot is out at sea, and Norman decides to steal Neptune to beat Charlie and Mike to the spot, but the children end up getting lost and James falls overboard.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=199
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Blast from the Past
\|WrittenBy\=Tim Bain
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|05\|08\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Station Officer Steele is directing a movie about his childhood and Norman wants to be the star of the show. Throughout the show, Norman refuses to share the spotlight with his co\-stars. He gets into an argument with James and ends up setting the stage \- and the Mountain Activity Centre \- ablaze with the spotlight.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=200
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=James and the Giant Pumpkin
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2018\|05\|09\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Pontypandy is holding a giant vegetable competition and the children have grown a giant pumpkin. They try transporting the pumpkin on a large trolley, but it ends up running loose in Pontypandy with James on it. Meanwhile, Norris the guinea pig gets loose in Pontypandy, too.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
}}
### *Set for Action!* (2018\)
On the same day as the production for Series 11 was announced, a new Fireman Sam *special was also announced for a 2018 delivery.*
The special focuses on Pondypandy being the setting for an action\-packed movie, and features two guest characters \- Don Sledgehammer, a film director, and Flex Dexter, a disliked actor who is jealous of Fireman Sam being the main star of the movie and attempts to get him fired so he can take over.
### Series 12 (2020–21\)
On September 30, 2019, WildBrain and Mattel Television announced that a twelfth series was greenlit for a Summer 2020 delivery.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.wildbrain.com/newsreleases/wildbrain\-and\-mattel\-tv\-come\-to\-the\-rescue\-with\-fireman\-sam\-season\-12/ \| title\=Wildbrain and Mattel Tv Come to the Rescue with Fireman Sam Season 12 \| date\=30 September 2019 }}
The series introduces Pontypandy's first Police Officer to the cast \- PC Malcolm Williams, who is Helen Flood's brother. [Colin McFarlane](/wiki/Colin_McFarlane "Colin McFarlane") joined the voice cast, voicing Malcolm.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#000080 \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=201
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Norman Price, Ace Reporter
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2020\|10\|26\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman, Sarah, and Mandy set out to look for a big scoop to submit to the Pontypandy Planet. Norman decides to interview Joe about his new rocket\-powered pogo stick, but Norman gets impatient and decides to test the pogo stick out himself, only to start bouncing out of control around Pontypandy. The pogo stick then bounces on its own into Dilys' shop and starts a fire, trapping her inside.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=202
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=The Zipline of Doom
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2020\|10\|26\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Norman and Mandy get bored during Moose's Mountain Adventure activities, so they sneak off to try the Zipline of Doom. Norman forgets to put on a harness, and he falls off the zipline and onto a tree. Meanwhile, at the Mountain Rescue Centre, Tom is struggling to land Wallaby 2 due to Woolly refusing to get off the helipad.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=203
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Brothers Weekend
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2020\|10\|27\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Sam and Charlie try to spend a quiet weekend on Pontypandy Island, but it backfires when they have to spend it with the Junior Cadets, led by Station Officer Steele and Elvis. Things get worse when James lights a spark with some flintstones, which then starts a forest fire.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=204
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Red Hot Chilli Nibbles
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2020\|10\|27\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=It is Helen's younger brother, Police Chief Malcolm Williams', first day in Pontypandy, and the firefighters are throwing a welcome party for him. However, the party goes downhill when Bronwyn's red hot chilli nibbles turn out to be too fiery for everyone's taste. When Bronwyn tries to make more chilli nibbles, she ends up starting a grease fire in the Wholefish Cafe as a result of her rushing.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=205
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Great Billboard of Fire
\|WrittenBy\=Darren Jones
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2020\|10\|28\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=On the same day, Norman is putting on a magic show and Mike is putting on a drumming show. Norman and Mike refuse to cooperate, so they end up competing to promote their shows. Norman uncouples Mike's electric billboard from his van, and the billboard suddenly catches fire and starts rolling downhill towards a fuel truck down at the quay.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=206
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=Pioneer Peril
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2020\|10\|29\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=The Pontypandy Pioneers are trying to earn their raft building badge, but Norman refuses to follow the instructions on building the raft. Things get worse when James' faulty tablet charger sets the grass and trees near the river ablaze. Meanwhile, Elvis accidentally gets Station Officer Steele's shirt dirty three times.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=207
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Space Sandwich
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2020\|10\|30\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Hannah, James, and Sarah launch a sandwich into space, which starts an unexpected rescue mission when their space images capture a distress flare, which was launched by Tom after getting stranded on Pontypandy Mountain due to Wallaby 2 breaking down.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=208
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Operation Sea Turtle
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2021\|2\|13\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=A sea turtle has been spotted off the coast of Pontypandy and the firefighters are doing their part to clean up the ocean. Meanwhile, Norman and Hannah accidentally drop Joe's binoculars into the sea, and Hannah and Joe use their submarine to retrieve the binoculars, but they get stranded when the submarine runs out of power.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=209
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Escape from Dinosaur Island
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2021\|2\|13\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=It is Dinosaur Adventure Day, and Professor Pickles has taken the children to look for fossils on Pontypandy Island. But when Derek scares Norman, Norman decides to get back at Derek with a fake dinosaur, which gets Derek stranded on a cliff ledge.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=210
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=Caribbean Cookout
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2021\|2\|14\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=Malcolm is joining the Wild Men of Pontypandy for a cookout. But when Nipper steals Malcolm's barbeque chicken and they try to get it back, Moose accidentally causes the grill to roll down the hill and into the train station where the grill starts a fire.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=211
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Blazing a Trail
\|WrittenBy\=Darren Jones
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2021\|2\|15\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=On a very hot and dry day, Malcolm, Norman, and the Floods go hiking on Pontypandy Mountain, but their adventure is cut short when Norman accidentally leaves a magnifying glass in the sun, which starts a forest fire. To make matters worse, Mike trips on a rock and twists his ankle.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=212
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Deputy James
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2021\|2\|16\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When James becomes Malcolm's deputy for the day, they end up with a real case to solve; food has been disappearing around Pontypandy. The thief turns out to be a horse named Buttercup, who was brought in for an animal rescue demonstration. But when James tries to arrest her, he ends up on her back and racing through Pontypandy.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=213
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=Ukulele Crazy
\|WrittenBy\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{start date\|2021\|2\|17\|df\=y}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Sarah tries to turn Trevor into a ukulele rock star, the filming of his first video goes wrong and he and Moose find themselves approaching a waterfall.
\|LineColor\=000080
}}
}}
### *Norman Price and the Mystery in the Sky* (2020\)
On the same day as the announcement of Series 12, another special was also announced for a 2020 delivery, tentatively titled The Rise of Norman\-Man *before gaining its final name.*
The special focuses on two guest characters \- Professor Polonium and Dr. Crumpton, who want to steal a super battery in order to create their own jetpack for fame and power.
### Series 13 (2021–22\)
In October 2020, a thirteenth series of Fireman Sam *was greenlit by WildBrain and Mattel Television for a June 2021 release and delivery window. This is the first series since the tenth to feature twenty\-six episodes.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.licenseglobal.com/toys\-games/mattel\-television\-wildbrain\-greenlight\-more\-fireman\-sam\-polly\-pocket \| title\=Mattel, WildBrain Greenlight 'Fireman Sam,' 'Polly Pocket' \| License Global }}*
{{Episode table \|background\= \#FF6F6F \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=214
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Norman Burns Up the Dancefloor
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|4\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Norman, hiding from Lily who's eager to dance with him at the Disco, accidentally sets fire to the Wholefish Café, trapping Bronwyn and Lion upstairs!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=215
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=First Aid Fiasco
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|4\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=When Trevor is injured during first aid training with the Pioneers, know\-it\-all James panics, runs off and before long, needs rescuing himself!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=216
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Car Wash Chaos
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|5\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=When the kids set up a car wash competition, Sarah finds herself trapped in Nurse Flood's car when it rolls into the sea at the beach with the tide coming in. Time to call Ocean Rescue!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=217
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Firework Party
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|11\|5\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Darren Jones
\|ShortSummary\=It's time for the annual Fireworks Night in Pontypandy. The Sparkes learn that the safest way to enjoy fireworks is at the official public display!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=218
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Pizza in the Park
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|6\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Sam Barlow
\|ShortSummary\=It's the day of the Pontypandy Pizza in the Park contest! When Charlie drops burning hot embers, the fire team race to the park to put out the blaze.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=219
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=New Dog on the Block
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|7\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=Sarah is trying to train Nipper to high\-five on command. But when she isn't paying attention, Nipper wanders off and sparks an oven fire with his paw!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=220
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Too Many Peas, Too Many Plugs
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|8\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=When Dilys overloads a socket at the Cut Price Store and starts a fire, Mandy learns that every job on the Fire Rescue team is the most important job!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=221
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Pioneer Party
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|11\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=When Gareth takes the kids on a hike for the 50th anniversary of the Pontypandy Pioneers, they end up lost in the mountains and need to be rescued!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=222
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Sparkes in the Sky
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|12\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Hannah uses her dad's JoeJet2000 to propel their hot air balloon, but she cranks it up to the maximum and heads out to sea and it is up to the Ocean Rescue team to rescue them and get them back to safety.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=223
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=Hold Your Horses
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|25\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=When Mandy, Norman, and Sarah climb too far up a rocky hill in search of the rare Pontypandy Pansy, they'll need a little horsepower to get back down!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=224
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Stand Up to Be Rescued
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2021\|10\|26\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\= Ross Hastings
\|ShortSummary\=Wanting the inflatable paddleboard all to himself, James takes it out on the river alone and is swept out to sea. Time to call Ocean Rescue!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=225
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=The Why Files 2: The Beast of Pontypandy Mountain
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|02\|01\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Norman and Hannah are inspecting a strange sound in the woods. However, it isn't as scary as a forest fire.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=226
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=The Haunted Hayride
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|02\|02\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Sarah, Hannah and Mike are sent on a massive hayride on a runaway cart when Norman scares the Horse pulling it!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=227
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=Norman and the Sea
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|02\|03\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Jodie Phillips, the new Marine Biologist of Pontypandy, takes the children out to learn about the depths of the Pontypandy sea in search of a rare spotted Ray. Meanwhile, Charlie and Mike need rescuing when Charlie's Boat springs a leak.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=228
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=The Hunt for the Lesser Spotted Wader
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|02\|04\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Mike gets himself into trouble when trying to spot a rare creature. the Ocean Rescue team will need to use their new Hovercraft to rescue him.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=229
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=Fire on the Water
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|05\|28\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Darren Jones
\|ShortSummary\=An oil fire breaks out in the water during Professor Pickles' search for an ancient cannon.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=230
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=Riptide Rescue
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|05\|28\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Jodie and Hannah get stranded while looking inside a sea cave.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=231
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=Dog Versus Sheep
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|05\|29\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Ross Hastings
\|ShortSummary\=Garath, Sarah and James attempt to train Nipper to be a good sheepdog, however, Nipper accidentally causes Woolly to escape, and both get stranded on a cliff.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=232
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=The Lock In
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|05\|30\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Sam Barlow
\|ShortSummary\=During the Pontypandy Police Station Open Day, James and Mandy accidentally get locked up and when they find out that Station Officer Steele has gone missing, they must find a way to report the emergency.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=233
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=Pontypandy Pickle Paddle
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|05\|31\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Ross Hastings
\|ShortSummary\=Professor Pickles goes with the Pontypandy Pioneers on an adventure remnant of his ancestors, but soon gets himself into trouble when he goes climbing and gets stuck on a cliff.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=234
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=The Last Straw
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|06\|01\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Miranda Larson
\|ShortSummary\=When Sarah resorts to quickly getting her chores done at the vet centre with a leaf blower, she forgets to turn it off and it causes a fire.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=235
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Hoop Splash
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|10\|03\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Darren Jones
\|ShortSummary\=Trevor teaches the kids how to Hoop Trundle. However, when trying to beat the kids, he trips up and is swept out in the river.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=236
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=Beware of the Fox
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|10\|04\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Malcolm joins Tom and Moose as part of The Wild Men of Pontypandy. However, they cause a forest fire with their campfire when the Fox outfoxes them once again.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=337
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Calendar Challenge
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|10\|05\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Everyone is taking part in the Pontypandy Calendar photo contest. However, Mrs. Chen's attempts to win the prize ends up with her on a surfboard!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=238
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=Seagull Shenanigans
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|10\|06\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Zahara Andrews
\|ShortSummary\=A Seagull causes trouble at the community litter pick, and causes the children to get stranded on an island.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=239
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|Title\=Radio Mandy
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|10\|07\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy causes false problems into real ones on her radio show, leading to a road accident and a fire.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
}}
### Series 14 (2022–23\)
WildBrain announced a fourteenth series on 13 October 2022\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.wildbrain.com/newsreleases/wildbrain\-and\-mattel\-double\-the\-fun\-with\-greenlights\-for\-new\-seasons\-of\-fireman\-sam\-and\-polly\-pocket/ \| title\=WildBrain and Mattel Double the Fun with Greenlights for New Seasons of Fireman Sam and Polly Pocket \| date\=13 October 2022 }} The series premiered on 1 November 2022\.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#FF6F6F \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=240
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=The Pontypandy Bee Project
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|11\|1\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy and James make Bee Hotels. However, Mandy ends up causing a fire at the watermill.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=241
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=The Moon Men Are Coming
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|11\|2\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=When he believes that Moon Men are attacking Pontypandy, Norman causes a fire in Joe's garage!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=242
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=The Fastest Food
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|11\|3\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy goes out of control when trying to become the fastest delivery person.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=243
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Snap and Spot
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|11\|4\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Tom Thomas gets into a new birdwatching app which soon leads him into trouble when he gets stuck on a cliff. It is up to Pontypandy's new pilot Krystyna to save the day!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=244
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Sergeant Sarah
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|11\|7\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Sarah is helping Rose Ravani and learns how important sergeants are when Garath gets lost.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=245
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=Moose's Sleepout Challenge
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|11\|8\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Moose does a sleepout challenge for charity. However, James' craving for marshmallows causes a forest fire.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=246
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Run Norman Run
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|11\|9\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=It's the day of the Pontypandy Fun Run, however the PA system used for the event catches fire and sends the event into jeopardy.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=247
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=The Ancient Pontypandy Way
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|11\|10\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=When a fire causes a quest to turn into a problem, the firefighters use this opportunity to try out their new uniforms!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=248\-249
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9\-10
\|Title\=Pontypandy Wonderland
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2022\|12\|10\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=It's Christmas Eve in Pontypandy and Sarah is preparing for a Pontypandy Wonderland, but a snow machine causes problems for her and Hannah!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=250
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Cave Calamity
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|02\|13\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman gets stranded in the caves when attempting to finish his Sea Life spotting project by the rising tide.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=251
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Swift Drift
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|02\|14\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman and Krystyna's younger brother Peter get lost at sea when their ship starts to sink, but Krystyna is here to save the day.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=252
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=Let's Go Fly a Kite
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|02\|15\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=When Peter fixes Joe's giant kite, James has a go flying it, but soon gets his wrist caught in the rope and is sent flying away with it!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=253
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=Go Team Wildman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|02\|16\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=A team building exercise soon turns real when the Wildmen of Pontypandy get into a bit of a river predicament.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=254
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=Dilys's Sizzling Sauce
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|02\|17\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Dilys leaves her eye off the stove at the store, causing a fire that traps Norman upstairs.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=255
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=On the Rocks
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|05\|27\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=An underwater shoot goes wrong when Ben gets wedged in the rocks, just as the tide starts coming in!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=256
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=Dinosaur Danger
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|05\|28\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The hunt for dinosaur bones leads to a search and rescue mission with the Police Helicopter, FireSwift, Radar and Shadows.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=257
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=The Pontypandy Hat Parade
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|05\|29\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman leaves the house, the giant hat he made for the Pontypandy Hat Parade gets stuck in the door, just as the sitting room goes up in flames!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=258
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=I'm the Captain
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|05\|30\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman and Mandy argue over who should be the captain, they cause the air\-intake on Charlie’s fishing boat to overheat.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=259
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=Tidal Turmoil
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|05\|31\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Hannah and Norman help at the Pontypandy Vets but end up losing the sheep and Prince the Horse, who gets stuck in sinking mud at the tidal flats.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=260
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\= Norman Takes Off
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|07\|3\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=When a class tour of the airport goes wrong, it is up to Norman to use his gaming skills to control FireSwift until the Rescue Team arrives!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=261
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Baking Blunder
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|07\|3\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The Pontypandy Pioneers bake up a storm to earn their baking badges, but when a greasy oven bursts into flames, they call the rescue teams.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=262
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=Keep Calm and Upward Octopus
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|07\|4\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Despite constant interruptions, Mandy tries to stay calm and earn her yoga badge until disaster strikes and she needs to be rescued from a cliff ledge.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=263
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Go Kart Challenge
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|07\|5\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=A Go\-Kart Challenge goes topsy\-turvy when Peter's Go\-Kart catches fire and sets ablaze everything in its path!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=264
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=The Mystery of the Pontypandy Werefox
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|07\|6\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The Why Files Norman and Hannah investigate a mystery involving spilled milk, a half\-eaten sausage roll, and strange dog like footprints.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=265
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|Title\=Steele's Big Day
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|07\|7\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=When Joe struggles to get the hang of his drone display for Station Officer Steele's anniversary party.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
}}
### Series 15 (2023–2024\)
A fifteenth series was announced at the same time as Series 14\.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#FF6F6F \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=266
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=The Hot Potato
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|10\|21\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The kids learn how to cook potatoes outdoors, but their hunger gets the better of them. Meanwhile, fire team is introduced to the new Jupiter.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=267
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=Boar Breakout
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|10\|22\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=When one of Farmer Annie's boars escapes, she tries to rescue it, and now they're both drifting away into the river!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=268
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Seal Watch
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|10\|23\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=James is hoping to spot a seal, but his Dad's binoculars prove to be more trouble then they seem.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=269
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Floating Away
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|10\|24\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman and Mandy go off to retrieve their wildlife journal.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=270
271
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
6
\|Title\=Mystery at Pumpkin Hollow
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|10\|25\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The Why Files and the Detectives are both on the case within Pumpkin Hollow, with strange sounds and disappearing pumpkins to boot.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=272
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Wholefish Theatre
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|10\|26\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Sarah holds a lunchtime show outside the Wholefish Cafe, which ends up proving to be a bit of a hot one!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=273
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Find the Fossil
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|10\|27\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Peter finds what appears to be a Dinosaur fossil; but Nipper soon takes it, believing the fossil to be a bone.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=274
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Wild Snaps
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|10\|28\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=It's the day of PC Malcolm's Wildlife Photo Challenge, but which team will win?
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=275
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=Country Market Chaos
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2023\|11\|01\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=During Pontypandy's first\-ever country market, Sarah and James compete with Mandy and Norman to sell the most items.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=276
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Great Reading Rescue
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=It's the grand opening of the community library, but they're out of books. With a mission set by Mandy, can Norman and James save the opening?
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=277
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Perfect Pioneer Tea
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy and Peter accidentally start a forest fire when trying to gain a new Pioneer badge \- making a cup of tea.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=278
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=Beaver Blackout
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Beavers cause a blackout in Pontypandy, and Dilys is unsure what to do with her freezer supplies.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=279
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=Calamity Cat
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy offers to look after Penny's cat Miss Pawdry, but she soon escapes.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=280
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=Dog Versus Cats
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy and Sarah help create a film showcasing the difference between dogs and cats.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=281
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=The World's Most Dangerous Picnic
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Peter's picnic games on Annie's Farm prove to be a bit disastrous.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=282
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=A Day with Scoop Dooley
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=283
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=Call of the Mud Men
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=284
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=A Stinky Rescue
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=285
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=The Great Robot Race
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=286
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=Hide and Rescue
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=287
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Pontypandy Party Planners
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=288
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=The Seven Wonders Of Pontypandy
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=289
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Something Fishy
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=290
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=Annie's Animal Parade
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=291
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|Title\=Grown\-Ups do the Silliest Things
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
}}
### Series 16 (2024\)
A sixteenth series was announced in October 2023, the series will feature an upgraded fire station and a new mobile command unit.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\-sam\-and\-polly\-pocket\-get\-new\-season\-greenlights\-wildbrain\-and\-mattel \| title\='Fireman Sam' and 'Polly Pocket' Get New Season Greenlights from WildBrain and Mattel }}
{{Episode table \|background\= \#FF6F6F \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=292
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Come to Pontypandy
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|01\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=293
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=The Way of the Wild Walkers
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|01\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=294
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Star Spotter of the Year
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|02\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=295
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=The Bravest Bird
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|03\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=296
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=Woolly in the Wind
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|04\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=297
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=The King of Pontypandy
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|07\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=298
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Mountain Cat
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|08\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=299
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Over the Ledge
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|09\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=300
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Back to the Stone Age
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|10\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=301
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=The Big Surprise
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|11\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=302
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Guinea Pig Peril
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|14\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=303
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Herding Hazard
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|15\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=304
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=It Came from the Sea
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2024\|10\|16\|df\=y}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
}}
DVD\-exclusive episodes
-----------------------
These episodes were featured as wrap\-around material on DVDs in the United Kingdom, alongside uploads on the official Fireman Sam *[YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") channel.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#FF6F6F \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=B1
\|EpisodeNumber2\=B1
\|Title\=The Safety Show
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2012\|10\|08\|df\=y}}{{efn\|With the ''Snow Trouble'' DVD}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The residents of Pontypandy, in conjunction with the fire service, showcase ways to prevent fires and keep safe.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=B2
\|EpisodeNumber2\=B2
\|Title\=The Pontypandy Regatta
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|09\|22\|df\=y}}{{efn\|With the ''Ocean Rescue'' DVD}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=It's the day of the Pontypandy Regatta, and the Ocean Rescue team is surely going to be busy today!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=B3
\|EpisodeNumber2\=B3
\|Title\=Bake Off
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2014\|11\|03\|df\=y}}{{efn\|With the ''On Thin Ice'' DVD}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The Pontypandy Bake Off is being shown on TV, showcasing the mayhem and mischief that the contestants get into \- especially mushed cakes and burnt Swiss rolls!
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=B4
\|EpisodeNumber2\=B4
\|Title\=Pontypandy's Got Talent
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2015\|03\|30\|df\=y}}{{efn\|With the ''Norman on the Loose'' DVD}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=A talent show is held at the harbour. Norman isn't part of the show this year but is still willing to find a way to be a part of it.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=B5
\|EpisodeNumber2\=B5
\|Title\=Learn About Jobs Day
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2015\|06\|15\|df\=y}}{{efn\|With the ''Pontypandy's Finest'' DVD}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The kids learn about the different jobs that the grown\-ups do. Sarah with her Uncle Sam, Hannah with Charlie, Mandy with Joe, James with Mrs. Chen, and Norman with Mike.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=B6
\|EpisodeNumber2\=B6
\|Title\=The Pioneers Go Wild
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|02\|15\|df\=y}}{{efn\|With ''The Great Escape of Pontypandy'' DVD}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=Tom and Moose take the Pontypandy Pioneers out for bush crafting, but get a bit carried away trying to be better than Wolf Anderson.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=B7
\|EpisodeNumber2\=B7
\|Title\=Junior Cadets
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2016\|09\|26\|df\=y}}{{efn\|With the ''Race Against Time'' DVD}}
\|WrittenBy\=
\|ShortSummary\=The Junior Cadets learn about fire safety. Norman is more desperate to help in an emergency, and soon puts himself in danger when Joe and Mike's rocket fuel\-powered Jet Vac 2000 catches alight.
\|LineColor\=FF6F6F
}}
}}
Live performances
-----------------
[Fireman Sam in Action](/wiki/Fireman_Sam_in_Action "Fireman Sam in Action")
Fireman Sam on Stage
Home media releases
-------------------
### VHS
Most of the original episodes have been made available on VHS previously (in the United Kingdom by [BBC Video](/wiki/BBC_Video "BBC Video") in 1988–2001 and in the United States and Canada by [Family Home Entertainment](/wiki/Family_Home_Entertainment "Family Home Entertainment")), but apart from a VHS version of * + Action Stations'', these are all now out of print. It has been available on DVD by [Hit Entertainment](/wiki/Hit_Entertainment "Hit Entertainment") in the United Kingdom from 2004 to 2016 and [Abbey Home Media](/wiki/Abbey_Home_Media "Abbey Home Media") from 2017 onward due to a pact with [DHX Media](/wiki/DHX_Media "DHX Media") (Later [WildBrain](/wiki/WildBrain "WildBrain")). Here is a list of the UK releases.
| VHS name | Release year | Episodes | BBCV code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fireman Sam – Safe with Sam{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001DE4UDK\|title\=Fireman Sam – Safe with Sam (VHS)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | | \* Episode 13 – Safe with Sam | |
| Fireman Sam – The Hero Next Door{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T6VD\|title\=Fireman Sam – The Hero Next Door (VHS)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1988\|02\|1\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 1 – The Kite | 4101 |
| Fireman Sam 2 – Lost Cat{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T6VE\|title\=Fireman Sam – Lost Cat (VHS)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1988\|06\|06\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 7 – Lost Cat\* Episode 8 – Telly Trouble\* Episode 5 – Camping\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire | 4137 |
| Fireman Sam 3 – Sam's Day Off{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T6VF\|title\=Fireman Sam – Sam's Day Off (VHS)\|date\=October 1988\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1988\|10\|3\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 10 – Sam's Day Off\* Episode 9 – Treasure Hunt\* Episode 11 – Thief in Pontypandy\* Episode 12 – Chemistry Set | 4197 |
| Fireman Sam 4 – Snow Business{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T6VI\|title\=Fireman Sam – Snow Business (VHS)\|date\=October 1989\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1989\|10\|2\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 16 – Snow Business\* Episode 15 – The Great Inventor\* Episode 13 Safe With Sam\* Episode 14 – The Wishing Well | 4268 |
| Fireman Sam 5 – Norman's Pitfall{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T2W5\|title\=Fireman Sam – Norman's Pitfall (VHS)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1990\|11\|5\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 20 – Norman's Pitfall\* Episode 17 – Dilys's Forgetful Day\* Episode 21 – Lost Ring\* Episode 18 – Spot of Bother | 4428 |
| Fireman Sam 6 – All in a Good Cause{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T31H\|title\=Fireman Sam – All in a Good Cause (VHS)\|date\=March 1991\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1991\|3\|4\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 22 – All In A Good Cause\* Episode 23 – Brass Band\* Episode 24 – Lost In The Fog\* Episode 25 – Bentley The Robot | 4470 |
| The Very Best of Fireman Sam{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CMM1\|title\=Fireman Sam – The Very Best of Fireman Sam (VHS)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1992\|10\|5\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 12 – Chemistry Set\* Episode 4 – Flat Tyre\* Episode 17 – Dilys's Forgetful Day\* Episode 5 – Camping \* Episode 6 – Norman's Tricky Day\* Episode 9 – Treasure Hunt\* Episode 19 – Halloween | 4870 |
|
| The Very Best of Fireman Sam 2{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CONE\|title\=Fireman Sam – The Very Best of Fireman Sam 2 (VHS)\|date\=3 May 1994\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1994\|5\|3\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 1 – The Kite\* Episode 7 – Lost Cat\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire\* Episode 10 – Sam's Day Off\* Episode 14 – The Wishing Well\* Episode 21 – Lost Ring\* Episode 25 – Bentley the Robot | 5278 |
| Fireman Sam – Treasure Hunt and five other stories{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CP78\|title\=Fireman Sam – Treasure Hunt (VHS)\|date\=5 September 1994\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1994\|9\|5\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 9 – Treasure Hunt\* Episode 15 – Thief in Pontypandy\* Episode 3 – Trevor's Training\* Episode 10 – Sam's Day Off\* Episode 1 – The Kite\* Episode 12 – Chemistry Set | 5464 |
| Fireman Sam – Norman's Tricky Day and five other stories{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CP79\|title\=Fireman Sam – Norman's Tricky Day (VHS)\|date\=5 September 1994\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1994\|9\|5\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 6 – Norman's Tricky Day\* Episode 14 – The Wishing Well \* Episode 4 – Flat Tyre\* Episode 13 \- Safe With Sam\*Episode 15 – The Great Inventor\* Episode 16 – Snow Business | 5465 |
| Fireman Sam – Spot of Bother and five other stories{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CP7A\|title\=Fireman Sam – Spot of Bother (VHS)\|date\=5 September 1994\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1994\|9\|5\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 17 – Dilys's Forgetful Day\* Episode 18 – Spot Of Bother\* Episode 8 – Telly Trouble\* Episode 21 – Lost Ring\* Episode 20 – Norman's Pitfall\* Episode 7 – Lost Cat | 5466 |
| Fireman Sam – Bentley the Robot and five other stories{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CP7C\|title\=Fireman Sam – The Hero Next Door (VHS)\|date\=29 May 1996\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1994\|9\|5\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 25 – Bentley The Robot\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire\* Episode 24 – Lost In The Fog\* Episode 22 – All In A Good Cause\* Episode 5 – Camping\* Episode 23 – Brass Band | 5467 |
| The New Adventures of Fireman Sam{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CPDH\|title\=Fireman Sam – The New Adventures of Fireman Sam (VHS)\|date\=20 February 1996\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1994\|10\|3\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 29 – Deep Trouble for Sam\* Episode 28 – Quarry Rescue\* Episode 27 – Rich and Famous\* Episode 26 – Home from Rome | 5404 |
| The New Adventures of Fireman Sam: Disaster for Dinner{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CQIU\|title\=Fireman Sam – The New Adventures of Fireman Sam 2 – Disaster for Dinner (VHS)\|date\=12 June 1995\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1995\|6\|12\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 33 – Disaster for Dinner\* Episode 32 – Steele Under Par\* Episode 30 – Trevor's Bus Boot Sale\* Episode 31 – What Goes Up | 5625 |
| Fireman Sam: 2 on 1{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CRPS\|title\=Fireman Sam – Fireman Sam – 2 in 1 (VHS)\|date\=5 February 1996\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1996\|2\|5\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 1 – The Kite\* Episode 4 – Flat Tyre\* Episode 3 – Trevor's Training\* Episode 6 – Norman's Tricky Day\*Episode 5 – Lost Cat\* Episode 8 – Telly Trouble\* Episode 7 – Camping\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire | 5787 |
| Fireman Sam in Action{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CS1Q\|title\=Fireman Sam in Action (VHS)\|date\=April 1996\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1996\|4\|1\|df\=y}} | [Fireman Sam in Action](/wiki/Fireman_Sam_in_Action "Fireman Sam in Action") | 5807 |
| Fireman Sam's Bumper Video{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CUO8\|title\=Fireman Sam – Fireman Sam's Bumper Video (VHS)\|date\=4 August 1997\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1997\|8\|4\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 22 – All In A Good Cause\* Episode 20 – Norman's Pitfall\* Episode 15 – The Great Inventor\* Episode 31 – What Goes Up\* Episode 29 – Deep Trouble for Sam\* Episode 11 – Thief in Pontypandy\* Episode 27 – Rich and Famous | 6225 |
| Fireman Sam: 2 on 1 – Tales from Pontypandy{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CW2L\|title\=Fireman Sam – 2 in 1 – Tales from Pontypandy (VHS)\|date\=14 April 1998\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1998\|4\|13\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 11 – Thief in Pontypandy\* Episode 10 – Sam's Day Off\* Episode 9 – Treasure Hunt\* Episode 12 – Chemistry Set\* Episode 16 – Snow Business\* Episode 15 – The Great Inventor\* Episode 13 \- Safe With Sam\* Episode 14 – The Wishing Well | 6354 |
| Fireman Sam's Big Video!{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CY13\|title\=Fireman Sam Big Video (VHS)\|date\=5 February 1999\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|1999\|2\|1\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 28 – Quarry Rescue\* Episode 26 – Home from Rome\* Episode 32 – Steele Under Par\* Episode 30 – Trevor's Bus Boot Sale\* Episode 23 – Brass Band\* Episode 21 – Lost Ring | 6771 |
| Fireman Sam's Bumper Video \- Telly Trouble!{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CY13\|title\=Fireman Sam Bumper Video (VHS)\|date\=5 February 1999\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|2000\|2\|7\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 8 – Telly Trouble\* Episode 17 – Dilys's Forgetful Day\* Episode 33 – Disaster for Dinner\* Episode 29 – Deep Trouble for Sam\* Episode 24 – Lost In The Fog\* Episode 25 – Bentley the Robot\* Episode 3 – Trevor's Training | 6917 |
| Fireman Sam's Biggest Video Ever!{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000056BXY\|title\=Fireman Sam Biggest Ever Video (VHS)\|date\=5 February 2001\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|2001\|2\|5\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 1 – The Kite\* Episode 6 – Norman's Tricky Day\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire\* Episode 20 – Norman's Pitfall\* Episode 18 – Spot Of Bother\* Episode 24 – Lost In The Fog\* Episode 22 – All In A Good Cause\* Episode 27 – Rich and Famous\* Episode 31 – What Goes Up | 7135 |
| Fireman Sam: Action Stations!{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001Z646I\|title\=Fireman Sam Action Stations (VHS)\|date\=31 May 2004\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|2004\|5\|31\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 4 \- Flat Tyre\* Episode 5 \- Lost Cat\* Episode 7 \- Camping\* Episode 9 \- Treasure Hunt\* Episode 10 \- Sam's Day Off\* Episode 11 \- Thief in Pontypandy\* Episode 12 \- Chemistry Set\* Episode 13 \- Safe With Sam\*Episode 14 \- Wishing Well\*Episode 15 \- The Great Inventor\*Episode 18 \- Spot of Bother\*Episode 21 \- Lost Ring\* Episode 26 \- Home from Rome |
| Firemen Sam To the Rescue!{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0009OJ95Y\|title\=Fireman Sam – To the Rescue! (VHS)\|date\=11 July 2005\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|2005\|5\|9\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 34 \- Danger Falling Sheep \* Episode 35 \- Twist of Fate \* Episode 36 \- A Real Live Wire \* Episode 37 \- Bug\-Eyed Boy from Venus \* Episode 38 \- Bathtime for Dusty |
| Firemen Sam Saves the Day{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0009OJ95Y\|title\=Fireman Sam – Saves the Day (VHS)\|date\=11 July 2005 \|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | {{start date\|2005\|7\|11\|df\=y}} | \* Episode 46 \- Beast of Pontypandy \* Episode 44 \- Fit for Nothing \* Episode 39 \- Neighbourhood Watchout Episode 53 \- The Case of the Liquorice Shoelaces \* Episode 56 \- Firefighter of Tomorrow |
### DVD
#### Region 2 UK
The entire classic series was released on DVD in April 2007\. Prior to that, only two other DVDs were available: "Action Stations", containing 12 classic series episodes, and "Snow Business", containing the Christmas special (which was noticeably absent in the classic series boxed set) and two other episodes: "Safe with Sam", which emphasizes fire safety and which has not been shown by the BBC since November 1990, and "Rich and Famous". A further DVD of original episodes was available from the newspaper [The Sunday Mirror](/wiki/The_Sunday_Mirror "The Sunday Mirror") in 2006, but only contained two episodes. The majority of the 2005 season has been released in several DVD's.
##### Broadcast release DVDs
Note that in several cases, titles have been reused in VHS and DVD releases with quite different content.
| DVD Name | Episodes | Release Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – To The Rescue!{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0007CTKVG/\|title\=Fireman Sam – To The Rescue!(DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 5\) | \* Episode 34 \- Danger Falling Sheep \* Episode 35 \- Twist of Fate \* Episode 36 \- A Real Live Wire \* Episode 37 \- Bug\-Eyed Boy from Venus \* Episode 38 \- Bathtime for Dusty | {{start date\|2005\|5\|9\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Saves The Day{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0009OJ968/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Saves The Day (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 5\) | \* Episode 46 \- The Beast of Pontypandy \* Episode 44 \- Fit for Nothing \* Episode 39 \- Neighbourhood Watchout \* Episode 53 \- The Case of the Liquorice Shoelaces \* Episode 56 \- Firefighter of Tomorrow | {{start date\|2005\|7\|11\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Let It Snow{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000B3MJ9Q/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Let It Snow (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 5\) | \* Episode 58 \- Let It Snow \* Episode 54 \- Fiery Finale \* Episode 43 \- Joker Soaker \* Episode 47 \- Pizza Palaver \* Episode 40 \- Twitchers in Trouble | {{start date\|2005\|11\|7\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Fun Run{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000BTIPK2/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Fun Run (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 5\) | \* Episode 48 \- Fun Run\* Episode 49 \- Trouble and Squeak\* Episode 41 \- Carnival of Junk\* Episode 55 \- Birthday Surprise\* Episode 51 \- Norman's Invisible Friend | {{start date\|2006\|2\|27\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – The Big Freeze{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000H1QQY6/\|title\=Fireman Sam – The Big Freeze (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 5\) | \* Episode 59 \- The Big Freeze \* Episode 45 \- Deepwater \* Episode 57 \- Fields of Fire \* Episode 52 \- High Jinx \* Episode 42 \- Mummy's Little Pumpkin \* Episode 50 \- King of the Jungle | {{start date\|2006\|11\|13\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Snow Business{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000KHYKOK/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Snow Business (DVD)\|date\=13 November 2006 \|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 1–4\) | \* Episode 16 – Snow Business \* Episode 13 \- Safe with Sam \* Episode 27 \- Rich and Famous | {{start date\|2006\|11\|13\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam \- Norman's Tricky Day{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000TQLJLY/\|title\=Fireman Sam \- Norman's Tricky Day (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 1–4\) | \* Episode 1 \- The Kite \* Episode 2 \- Barn Fire \* Episode 3 \- Trevor's Training \* Episode 4 \- Flat Tyre \* Episode 5 \- Lost Cat \* Episode 6 \- Norman's Tricky Day \* Episode 7 \- Camping \* Episode 8 \- Telly Trouble | {{start date\|2007\|4\|16\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Treasure Hunt{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004P9MUW8/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Treasure Hunt (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 1–4\) | \* Episode 9 \- Treasure Hunt \* Episode 10 \- Sam's Day Off \* Episode 11 \- Thief in Pontypandy \* Episode 12 \- Chemistry Set \* Episode 13 \- Safe With Sam \* Episode 14 \- The Wishing Well \* Episode 15 \- Sam \- the Great Inventor\* Episode 17 \- Dily's Forgetful Day | {{start date\|2007\|4\|16\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – A Spot of Bother{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003S4KXWK/\|title\=Fireman Sam – A Spot of Bother (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 1–4\) | \* Episode 18 \- A Spot of Bother \* Episode 19 \- Halloween \* Episode 20 \- Norman's Pitfall \* Episode 21 \- Lost Ring \* Episode 22 \- All in Good Cause \* Episode 23 \- Brass Band \* Episode 24 \- Lost in the Fog \* Episode 25 \- Bentley the Robot | {{start date\|2007\|4\|16\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Rich and Famous{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000LMPGIS/\|title\=Fireman Sam \- Classic Series 1 \- 4 (Box Set) (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 1–4\) | \* Episode 26 \- Home from Rome \* Episode 27 \- Rich and Famous \* Episode 28 \- Quarry Rescue \* Episode 29 \- Deep Trouble \* Episode 30 \- Trevor's Boot Sale \* Episode 31 \- What Goes Up \* Episode 32 \- Steele Under Par \* Episode 33 \- Disaster for Dinner | {{start date\|2007\|4\|16\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – The NEW Hero Next Door{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001C3NEO8/\|title\=Fireman Sam \- NEW Hero Next Door (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6\) | \* Episode 60 \- Paper Plane Down \* Episode 61 \- Hot and Cold Running Sniffer Dog \* Episode 62 \- Hearts on Fire \* Episode 63 \- Perilous Path \* Episode 64 \- New Hero Next Door \* Episode 65 \- Santa Overboard | {{start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Red Alert{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001KN8WII/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Red Alert (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6\) | \* Episode 108 \- Best Foot Forward \* Episode 67 \- Baa Baa Baby \* Episode 68 \- Mother's Helper \* Episode 69 \- Cat Magic \* Episode 70 \- Seeing Red | {{start date\|2009\|3\|30\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Sticky Situation{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0029OMEUO/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Sticky Situation (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6\) | \* Episode 71 \- Going Out with a Bang \* Episode 72 \- The Wrong Smell \* Episode 73 \- No Nurse Like You \* Episode 74 \- The one that got away \* Episode 77 \- Sticky Situation | {{start date\|2009\|7\|13\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Towering Inferno{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B002L7O7SQ/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Towering Inferno (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6\) | \* Episode 75 \- Dinosaur Hunt \* Episode 76 \- Floating Cart \* Episode 78 \- Cry Wolf \* Episode 79 \- Sheep on the Road \* Episode 83 \- Towering Inferno{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004P9MRWQ/\|title\=Fireman Sam \- CGI triple pack Towering Inferno / Danger by the Double / S.O.S. Sam (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2009\|11\|9\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Danger by the Double{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003ZKUPFC/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Danger by the Double (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6\) | \* Episode 80 \- Mam's Day \* Episode 81 \- Alarm on the Beach \* Episode 82 \- Hot Air \* Episode 84 \- Danger By the Double \* Episode 85 \- When Fools Rush In{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\-season/danger\-by\-the\-double/id378060986\|title\=Fireman Sam, Danger By the Double\|publisher\=apple.com\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2010\|6\|28\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – SOS Sam{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003ZKUPFC/\|title\=Fireman Sam – SOS Sam (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 7\) | Episode 89 \- Fireworks for Mandy \* Episode 94 \- Off Duty Sam \* Episode 96 \- Sheep Dog Trials Episode 109 \- Norman's Ark \* Episode 111 \- Mike's Rocket{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\-season/s.o.s.\-sam/id389138519\|title\=S.O.S. Sam\|publisher\=apple.com\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2010\|10\|18\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Choppy Waters{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004FS27G8/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Choppy Waters (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 7\) | \* Episode 86 \- Blow Me Down \* Episode 96 \- Stranded \* Episode 98 \- Poorly Penny \* Episode 99 \- Pirates of Pontypandy Episode 103 \- Sailor Steele \* Episode 106 \- A Day at the Seaside{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\-season/choppy\-waters/id410278996\|title\=Choppy Waters\|publisher\=apple.com\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2011\|1\|24\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Ready for Action{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004FS27E0/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Ready for Action (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 7\) | \* Episode 88 \- Elvis Sings the Blues \* Episode 90 \- Heap of Trouble \* Episode 93 \- Flood's Flood \* Episode 104 \- Fireman James \* Episode 105 \- Dily's Big Surprise{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\-season/ready\-for\-action/id421404098\|title\=Ready for Action\|publisher\=apple.com\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2011\|3\|14\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Helicopter Heroes{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0051ZH8C2\|title\=Fireman Sam – Helicopter Heroes (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} (Series 7\) | \* Episode 91 \- Stuck in the Muck \* Episode 92 \- Sausages vs. Shrimps \* Episode 101 \- Twitching the Night Away \* Episode 107 \- Model Plane \* Episode 110 \- Open Day{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\-season/helicopter\-heroes/id461755844/id563534893\|title\=Helicopter Heroes\|publisher\=apple.com\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2011\|9\|5\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Help is Here{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00693QMUO/\|title\=Fireman Sam Help Is Here (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} (Series 7\) | \* Episode 87 \- Pontypandy Extreme \* Episode 97 \- Norman's Ghost \* Episode 100 \- Pontypandy Pioneers \* Episode 102 \- Double Trouble \* Episode 109 \- Three Legged Race{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\-season/fireman\-sam\-help\-is\-here!/id491486483\|title\=Fireman Sam, Help Is Here!\|publisher\=apple.com\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00A1B79FM/\|title\=Fireman Sam: Action Pack triple pack (Help Is Here, Mountain Rescue, Snow Trouble) (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2012\|1\|23\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Mountain Rescue{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0073V2GI8/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Mountain Rescue (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} (Series 8\) | \* Episode 112 \- Brownyn's Millionth Customer \* Episode 113 \- Runaway Train \* Episode 114 \- Mandy's Mountain \* Episode 115 \- Water Tower Inferno \* Episode 116 \- Jupiter on the Loose \* Episode 119 \- Elvis in Concert{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\-season/fireman\-sam\-mountain\-rescue/id506378145\|title\=Fireman Sam, Mountain Rescue\|publisher\=apple.com\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2012\|3\|26\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Snow Trouble{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B008YGTE2W/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Snow Trouble (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 8\) | \* Episode 117 \- The Big Chill \* Episode 132 \- The Pontypandy Polar Bear \* Episode 133 \- Ice Cold in Pontypandy Episode 134 \- Snowball of Doom \* Episode 135 \- Floodlights{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\-season/fireman\-sam\-snow\-trouble!/id563534893\|title\=Fireman Sam, Snow Trouble!\|publisher\=apple.com\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2012\|10\|8\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Pontypandy Gone Wild{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00A1B79E8/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Pontypandy Gone Wild (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}}(Series 8\) | \* Episode 118 \- Boyce will be Boyce \* Episode 122 \- The Pontypandyness Monster \* Episode 126 \- King of the Mountain \* Episode 127 \- Lighthouse Lock Out Episode 129 \- To Outfox a Fox | {{start date\|2013\|1\|21\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Hero at Sea{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00BEUUMB2/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Hero at Sea (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 8\) | \* Episode 120 \- Mandy at Sea \* Episode 123 \- Disastrous Dilys Episode 124 \- Charlie's Big Catch \* Episode 130 \- Lily Lost and Found \* Episode 131 \- Sky Lanterns | {{start date\|2013\|5\|20\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Brave to the Core{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CYMMTBU/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Brave to the Core (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 8\) | \* Episode 121 \- The Great Guinea Pig Rescue \* Episode 125 \- Bessie to the Rescue Episode 128 \- Girls' Night In \* Episode 136 \- Norman's Halloween Heist \* Episode 137 \- Wheel of Fire | {{start date\|2013\|9\|30\|df\=y}} |
##### Selection / Best\-of DVDs
| DVD Name | Episodes | Release Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The Very Best of Fireman Sam: Action Stations!{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001Z641I/\|title\=The Very Best of Fireman Sam: Action Stations! (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 1–4\) | \* Episode 4 \- Flat Tyre \* Episode 5 \- Lost Cat \* Episode 7 \- Camping \* Episode 9 \- Treasure Hunt \* Episode 10 \- Sam's Day Off \* Episode 11 \- Thief in Pontypandy \* Episode 12 \- Chemistry Set \* Episode 13 \- Safe With Sam \* Episode 14 \- The Wishing Well \* Episode 15 \- Sam \- The Great Inventor \* Episode 18 \- A Spot of Bother \* Episode 21 \- Lost Ring \* Episode 26 \- Home from Rome{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0019VVO7W/\|title\=Fireman Sam \- Triple Pack (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | {{start date\|2004\|5\|31\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam – Sam's Greatest Rescues{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004P9MVL8/\|title\=Fireman Sam – Sam's Greatest Rescues (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} | The Kite, Barn Fire and others | {{start date\|2011\|5\|23\|df\=y}} |
##### Compilation DVDs
The following is a list of compilation DVDs that include fireman episodes as well as other shows.
| DVD Name | Episodes | Release Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Snow Days (Favourites){{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0058NXV82/\|title\=Snow Days (Favourites) (DVD)\|publisher\=amazon.co.uk\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-27}} | The Big Freeze | {{start date\|2011\|10\|24\|df\=y}} |
#### Region 1 US
Complete series have not been released in the US on DVD.
Some complete series were released online in the US (e.g., Series 7 was released on iTunes as "Season 6"{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv\-season/fireman\-sam\-season\-6/id636040685\|title\=Fireman Sam, Season 6\|publisher\=Apple\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}}).
Note that in several cases, DVD titles have been reused in the US and UK releases with quite different content.
| DVD Name | Episodes | Release Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fireman Sam: To the Rescue!{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/july08/docs/firemanSam.doc\|title\=Race to the Rescue with Fireman Sam™ and Friends as Everyone's Favorite Hero Debuts on DVD July 1, 2008 with Fireman Sam™: To the Rescue from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 5\) | \* Episode 38 \- Bathtime for Dusty \* Episode 39 \- Neighborhood Watchout \* Episode 46 \- Beast of Pontypandy \* Episode 48 \- Fun Run \* Episode 49 \- Trouble and Squeak | {{start date\|2008\|7\|1\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam Saves the Day!{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/jan09/docs/firemanSaves.doc\|title\=Everyone's Favorite Hero \- Fireman Sam™ and his Trusty Crew Come to the Rescue in the All\-New DVD Fireman Sam™: Saves The Day! from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 5\) | \* Episode 47 \- Pizza Palaver \* Episode 51 \- Norman's Invisible Friend \* Episode 52 \- High Jinx \* Episode 56 \- Firefighter of Tomorrow \* Episode 57 \- Fields of Fire | {{start date\|2009\|1\|13\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam: Hero Next Door{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/may09/docs/fs\_heroNextDoor.doc\|title\=Everyone's Favorite Firefighter Comes to the Rescue in an All New DVD Fireman Sam™: Hero Next Door Arrives May 19, 2009 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 5\) | \* Episode 35 \- Twist of Fate \* Episode 36 \- A Real Livewire \* Episode 41 \- Carnival of Junk \* Episode 43 \- Joker Soaker \* Episode 53 \- The Case of the Licorice Shoelaces | {{start date\|2009\|5\|19\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam: Help Is Here!{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/aug09/docs/firemanSamHelpisHere.doc\|title\=Fireman Sam™ Saves the Day in an All\-New CG Animated DVD Adventure Fireman Sam: Help Is Here!\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6\) | \* Episode 60 \- Paper Plane Down \* Episode 61 \- Hot and Cold Running Sniffer Dog \* Episode 62 \- Hearts on Fire \* Episode 63 \- Perilous Path \* Episode 64 \- New Hero Next Door | {{start date\|2009\|8\|25\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam: Ready for Action{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/dec10/docs/fs\_readyforaction.doc\|title\=Get Fired Up for All\-New, High Stakes Adventure! Fireman Sam™: Ready for Action Arrives on DVD, Digital Download and On Demand December 28, 2010 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6, 7\) | \* Episode 108 \- Best Foot Forward \* Episode 71 \- Going Out with a Bang \* Episode 77 \- Sticky Situation \* Episode 81 \- Alarm on the Beach \* Episode 82 \- Hot Air | {{start date\|2010\|12\|28\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam: Brave New Rescues{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/july11/docs/fs\_braveNewRescues.doc\|title\=The \#1 Fireman for Preschoolers is back in an All\-New DVD! Fireman Sam™: Brave New Rescues Coming To DVD, Digital Download and On Demand July 5, 2011 from Lionsgate and Hit Entertainment \|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6, 7\) | \* Episode 86 \- Blow Me Down \* Episode 105 \- Dilys' Big Surprise \* Episode 107 \- Model Plane \* Episode 110 \- Open Day \* Episode 111 \- Mike's Rocket \* Episode 78 \- Cry Wolf | {{start date\|2011\|7\|5\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam: Rescue on the Water{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/april12/docs/firemansamrescueonthewater.doc\|title\=Waves of Heroic Fun Are Headed Your Way! Fireman Sam™: Rescue on the Water Coming to DVD, Digital Download and On Demand April 3, 2012 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6, 7\) | \* Episode 95 \- Stranded \* Episode 99 \- Pirates of Pontypandy \* Episode 103 \- Sailor Steele \* Episode 109 \- Norman's Ark \* Episode 74 \- The one that got away \* Episode 75 \- Dinosaur Hunt | {{start date\|2012\|4\|3\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam: Heroic Rescue Adventures{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/aug12/docs/fs\_heroicRescue.doc\|title\=Get Fired Up for New Exciting Rescues! Fireman Sam: Heroic Rescue Adventures Coming to DVD, Digital Download and On Demand August 7, 2012 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 6, 7\) | \* Episode 87 \- Pontypandy Extreme \* Episode 88 \- Elvis Sings the Blues \* Episode 89 \- Fireworks for Mandy \* Episode 102 \- Double Trouble \* Episode 70 \- Seeing Red \* Episode 83 \- Towering Inferno | {{start date\|2012\|8\|7\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam: Holiday Heroes{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/oct12/docs/firemanSamHolidayHeroes.doc\|title\=Deck the Halls with Tales of Heroes Fireman Sam®: Holiday Heroes Coming To DVD, Digital Download and On Demand October 9, 2012 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 8\) | \* Episode 117 \- The Big Chill \* Episode 132 \- The Pontypandy Polar Bear \* Episode 133 \- Ice Cold in Pontypandy Episode 134 \- Snowball of Doom \* Episode 135 \- Floodlights | {{start date\|2012\|10\|9\|df\=y}} |
| Fireman Sam: Mighty Mountain Heroes{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/april13/docs/fs\_mightyMountainHeroes.doc\|title\=Join Preschool Hero Fireman Sam for High\-Climbing Adventures! Fireman Sam®: Mighty Mountain Heroes Coming Exclusively To Digital Download and Video on Demand April 2, 2013 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\|publisher\=Lionsgate\|access\-date\=2013\-06\-27}} (Series 8\) | \* Episode 113 \- Runaway Train \* Episode 114 \- Mandy's Mountain \* Episode 115 \- Water Tower Inferno \* Episode 119 \- Elvis in Concert \* Episode 125 \- Bessie to the Rescue \* Episode 126 \- King of the Mountain | {{start date\|2013\|4\|3\|df\=y}} |*
|
[
"Revival series (2005–present)\n-----------------------------",
"### Series 5 (2005\\)",
"In December 2001, [Gullane Entertainment](/wiki/Gullane_Entertainment \"Gullane Entertainment\") announced they had purchased a 50% stake in the *Fireman Sam* property from S4C, with the intention of remastering the earlier episodes and producing a new series of twenty\\-six episodes, ten minutes in length like with the classic series.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Griffiths\\|first\\=Katherine\\|date\\=19 December 2001\\|title\\=Gullane to pay £1\\.6m for half the rights to 'Fireman Sam'\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/gullane\\-pay\\-ps1\\-6m\\-half\\-rights\\-fireman\\-sam\\-9273971\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2021}} Gullane was soon purchased by [HIT Entertainment](/wiki/HIT_Entertainment \"HIT Entertainment\") in October 2003, bringing the *Fireman Sam* rights to them. On October 25, it was announced that the series would be animated by [Siriol Productions](/wiki/Siriol_Animation \"Siriol Animation\"), a subsidiary of [Entertainment Rights](/wiki/Entertainment_Rights \"Entertainment Rights\"), and that the episodes would be delivered to S4C and the BBC for a 2004 delivery.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.c21media.net/news/fireman\\-sam\\-returns\\-to\\-the\\-bbc/\\|title \\= Fireman Sam returns to the BBC}}",
"These episodes used more modern techniques of stop motion [claymation](/wiki/Clay_animation \"Clay animation\") including mouths that move with the dialogue. This series featured all the original characters, but also introduced some new faces, such as [Tom Thomas](/wiki/Tom_Thomas_%28Fireman_Sam%29 \"Tom Thomas (Fireman Sam)\"), the Australian pilot of the rescue helicopter Wallaby One and the Mountain Rescue 4×4 Jeep, an unnamed photographer/news reporter, and the Flood family; consisting of [Mike the Plumber](/wiki/Mike_Flood_%28Fireman_Sam%29 \"Mike Flood (Fireman Sam)\"), his wife [Helen the Nurse](/wiki/Helen_Flood \"Helen Flood\"), and their daughter [Mandy](/wiki/Mandy_Flood \"Mandy Flood\"). Though still loosely based on a [Bedford TK](/wiki/Bedford_TK \"Bedford TK\"), the updated Jupiter has six wheels, with a slightly revised livery and appearance.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2016}} Venus also received an update, with its design sporting a more generic modern appearance, though not based on any real\\-life model in particular. The main characters in this series were voiced by [John Sparkes](/wiki/John_Sparkes \"John Sparkes\"), [Joanna Ruiz](/wiki/Joanna_Ruiz \"Joanna Ruiz\") and [Sarah Hadland](/wiki/Sarah_Hadland \"Sarah Hadland\").",
"{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#00D9FF \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=34\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Danger Falling Sheep\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman Price wants to find fame by climbing to the summit of Pontypandy Mountain, but he gets stuck on the mountain when Woolly, a falling lamb, lands on his head.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=35\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=The Big Freeze\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|5\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=There is a cold snap in Pontypandy and Norman Price's pet lamb Woolly is freezing. Dilys refuses to allow Norman to share his bed with Woolly, so Norman decides to make the lamb a bed of his own from his grandmother's old electric blanket \\- which is faulty and a fire hazard. \\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=36\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Twist of Fate\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005 \\|4\\|6\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Station Officer Steele takes Norman Price and Mandy Flood cave exploring, and the rest of the crew look forward to a restful afternoon. However, the peace is soon shattered when Station Officer Steele follows the children into a tight room, and he gets stuck, blocking the only way out.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=37\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=A Real Live Wire\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|7\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy Flood has her heart set on having a pet but her mother, Nurse Helen Flood, who is allergic to fur and feathers, isn't as keen. However, when Mandy rescues a squirrel from Dusty's clutches, she decides to secretly smuggle it into her room, leading to her mother sneezing herself silly, and the squirrel chewing on the wire of her television set, starting a fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=38\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Bug Eyed Boy from Venus\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|8\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Trevor Evans tells the children that there is no such thing as little green men from outer space, but Norman Price decides to scare Pontypandy's residents into thinking he is a bug\\-eyed alien from Venus. His joke goes too far when he stumbles into a bog and gets stuck.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=39\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=Bathtime for Dusty\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|11\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Scruffy dog Dusty is chosen to be the Fire Station mascot, but first he must have a bath. Not keen on the idea of a wash, he decides to flee. Meanwhile, Mike Flood is repairing the heating system at the Mountain Rescue Centre, but accidentally sets fire to it when he leaves a flaming blowtorch on the system.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=40\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Neighbourhood Watch Out\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|12\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy Flood, Sarah, and James decide to start a junior neighbourhood watch scheme, but get rather carried away, and eventually cause trouble for Mike, who is repairing Bella's roof.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=41\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Twitchers in Trouble\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|13\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Trevor Evans is looking forward to his date with Dilys Price and decides to take her birdwatching. However, Norman Price accidentally leaves a lemonade bottle in the sun, which sets fire to the grass around it, and eventually, Trevor's birdwatching hide.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=42\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Carnival of Junk\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|14\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy Flood is looking forward to the family holiday in Jamaica because she is longing to see the funfair, but she is ill due to chicken pox and the holiday is called off. Mike and Helen Flood find a way to cheer her up. Meanwhile, James and Sarah are playing near a rubbish tip, which leads to James' foot getting stuck under a boiler.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=43\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=Mummy's Little Pumpkin\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Halloween and Fireman Sam gives Norman Price the biggest pumpkin in the pumpkin patch so he can make a jack\\-o\\-lantern. Norman is determined to go all out for scares and carelessly slams the door, causing his lantern to fall off the shelf and catch fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=44\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Joker Soaker\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=There is a drought in Pontypandy, and everyone is forced to conserve their water. Naughty Norman Price receives a Joker Soaker from his uncle and starts playing tricks on Pontypandy's residents with it. Meanwhile, Dusty is looking for something to drink, but gets his head stuck in a fence.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=45\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Fit for Nothing\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|19\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Fireman Sam invents a new exercise machine called the Joggalator, everyone wants to try it out. Meanwhile, James and Sarah are looking for Bella's cat, Rosa, and a thunderstorm is coming. They find Rosa, stuck in a barb\\-wired fence, and Sarah gets stuck, too while trying to free Rosa.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=46\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=Deepwater\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|20\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman Price decides to borrow Sam's Beep\\-O\\-Matic metal detector and go treasure hunting with Mandy Flood on Pontypandy Mountain. They find a hidden treasure room and Mandy falls into it while she and Norman are digging.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=47\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=Beast of Pontypandy\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|21\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After watching a television show about beasts living in Wales, Norman Price gives Woolly a mudbath and creates panic amongst Pontypandy's residents by passing him off as the Black Beast of Pontypandy. Norman's joke reaches its peak when he, Mandy, and James get \"trapped\" on Pontypandy Mountain with the \"beast.\"\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=48\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=Pizza Palaver\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|22\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman Price accidentally kicks a football at Bella's chimney, sending a bird's nest into her new oven, setting fire to the chimney.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=49\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=Fun Run\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|23\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=A fun run has been organised for charity, but Norman Price's cheating ways lead to the other competitors, and soon himself, getting lost.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=50\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=Trouble and Squeak\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman Price takes Squeaky the school mouse home, but Squeaky gets loose in town, and eventually gets stuck in Bella's chimney with Rosa.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=51\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=King of the Jungle\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|27\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=A heatwave puts Pontypandy's haystacks at risk from spontaneous combustion, so Sam invents a special thermometer for taking a haystack's temperature. The Tarzanesque jungle cry of Norman Price raises the alarm when James and Sarah end up trapped near a blazing haystack.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=52\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=Norman's Invisible Friend\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|28\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman Price invents a fictitious friend to get double helpings of food, but it backfires at Mandy's party when her father overloads the plug socket in the kitchen, causing it to catch fire and forcing Norman to confess his new friend is not real.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=53\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=High Jinx\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|4\\|29\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman Price uses a kite to create a wind\\-powered skateboard to help him with his newspaper deliveries. It backfires when he loses control of the kite and gets blown into a lake.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=54\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=The Case of the Liquorice Shoelaces\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|5\\|2\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Someone has been stealing liquorice shoelaces from Dilys Price's shop and the prime suspect is Norman, but surprisingly, he isn't to blame. He sets out to prove his innocence. Meanwhile, Dilys falls asleep and accidentally drops a newspaper on a space heater, setting it on fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=55\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Fiery Finale\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|5\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=There is a talent show in Pontypandy and Norman Price is searching for an act to do in it. He gets an idea before accidentally dropping water on Elvis' electric guitar, setting the stage on fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=56\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=Birthday Surprise\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|5\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Fireman Sam's birthday and everyone is preparing for a surprise party for him. Norman Price is given the task of keeping Sam out of the Fire Station until the party is ready, but forgets to warn Bella that the candles for Sam's birthday cake are magic candles that relight themselves.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=57\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Firefighter of Tomorrow\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|5\\|5\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman Price wants to be a firefighter when he grows up. He tries to convince the crew he is cut out to be a firefighter by reminding them of his \"hero work\" during emergencies from previous episodes, but this leads to some serious doubts. Later, Norman tries rescuing Rosa from a tree, but ends up getting stuck himself.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=58\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=Fields of Fire\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|5\\|6\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sam receives new equipment for fighting fires. It proves to be useful when careless campers fail to put out their fires in the fields, where there is no camping allowed and where Norman Price, Mandy Flood, and Dusty become trapped.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=59\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\\|Title\\=Let It Snow\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2005\\|12\\|25\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The roads to Pontypandy are blocked with snow. When the townspeople face a Christmas without a tree, Norman Price decides to try to get one, but an avalanche traps him in a cave.\n\\|LineColor\\=00D9FF\n}}\n}}",
"### Series 6 (2008–09\\)",
"On 22 March 2007, S4C announced they had sold their 50% share in *Fireman Sam* to HIT Entertainment. On the same day, the broadcaster announced that development for a sixth series was underway with a DVD special and a 60\\-minute special, the latter of which would be sold for a 2009 delivery. Despite the sellout, S4C would continue to remain on board as an executive producer for the new series and would retain all Welsh\\-language rights to the property.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.s4c.cymru/en/press/post/27652/s4c\\-announces\\-sale\\-of\\-fireman\\-sam\\-to\\-hit\\-entertainment/\\|title \\= S4C announces sale of Fireman Sam to HIT Entertainment}} On September 7, it was announced that Series 6 would be animated in [CGI](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery \"Computer-generated imagery\") animation and in high\\-definition, with HIT announcing Hibbert Ralph Animation as producer and Chinese\\-based Xing\\-Xing outsourcing the animation. The production of the new series would be scheduled for a May 2008 delivery, with production occurring until January 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/fireman\\-sam\\-to\\-return\\-in\\-hd/121632\\.article\\|title \\= Fireman Sam to return in HD}} On 25 October, HIT announced that the first CGI series would be produced as two series, making up Series 6 and 7\\. [Cartoonito](/wiki/Cartoonito_%28British_and_Irish_TV_channel%29 \"Cartoonito (British and Irish TV channel)\") acquired UK pay\\-TV rights to both series, alongside Series 5, while [Five](/wiki/Channel_5_%28UK%29 \"Channel 5 (UK)\") acquired the rights to the first four series.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\\-sam\\-gets\\-new\\-partners\\|title\\=Fireman Sam Gets New Partners}}",
"The first five episodes of Series 6 were first released direct\\-to\\-DVD in November 2008 as an introduction to the new series, with Series 6's TV debut on Cartoonito occurring in February 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\\-sam\\-gets\\-new\\-website\\|title \\= Fireman Sam Gets New Website}} The British Terrestrial rights to Series 6 and 7 were purchased by [GMTV](/wiki/GMTV \"GMTV\") in July 2009 for airing in the Autumn on the stand's *The Fluffy Club* block.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.c21media.net/news/cgi\\-sam\\-to\\-make\\-uk\\-terrestrial\\-debut/\\|title \\= CGI Sam to make UK terrestrial debut}}",
"The CGI transition brought along a complete revamp of the series, with Pontypandy becoming a seaside fishing village instead of a village set deep in the hills, though the main locations remained in the same places. The series also saw the introduction of three new characters \\- the parents of Sarah and James \\- new\\-age mother Bronwyn, and fisherman father Charlie, who is Sam's brother, and Derek Price, Norman's cousin. New animals introduced were Lion, a cat owned by Charlie and Bronwyn, Radar, a rescue dog from the Fire Station, and Nipper, an energetic dog who belongs to Bronwyn's sister that the former looks after. The voice cast was also replaced, with the new voice actors for the series being Steven Kynman, Tegwen Tucker, David Carling and [Su Douglas](/wiki/Su_Douglas \"Su Douglas\").",
"A new location \\- the 'Whole Fish Café' was added, which functions similarly to Bella's cafe from past series and is run by Charlie and Bronwyn, also functioning as their home. The Fire Station is refreshed with a double\\-door design, allowing for Jupiter and Venus to exit at the same time, as well as it becoming multi\\-floored. Dilys' shop was also turned from a simple corner store into a [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\")\\-esque convenience store called the \"Cut\\-Price\\-Supermarket\".",
"New vehicles introduced were Neptune, a lifeboat which is normally piloted by Penny, and a green work van owned by Mike Flood. Some vehicles also received makeovers as well: Jupiter was updated with a front end taken from a [Volvo FL](/wiki/Volvo_FL \"Volvo FL\")6 and a yellow stripe was added to the front of the engine. Venus gains a water nozzle on its roof, and Trevor's bus was updated to be more modern with angled headlights.",
"The character's outfits were updated throughout the series (except for Norman Price), which included an update to the firefighter's outfits which added reflective stripes and extra badges to their tunics. Existing characters have had makeovers as well, Penny gains an extra bow and is now a qualified Coast Guard, normally piloting Neptune in ocean emergencies, and Dilys Price received a large makeover which saw her getting makeup, glasses, black hair, a necklace and an updated outfit. [Bella Lasagne](/wiki/Bella_Lasagne \"Bella Lasagne\") was removed from the series, although her Cafe is still seen opposite Dilys' shop. Rosa (Lasagne's cat) was also removed, alongside Dusty the dog.",
"With the revamp and going onwards to this day, many of the characters also had aspects of their personalities made more apparent. Norman Price is far more mischievous and inconsiderate than in the 2005 series where his pranks were often planned out and his accidents were due to badly planned ideas instead of outrageous schemes. For example, in the episode \"Pontypandy Extreme\", Norman gets trapped down a [wishing well](/wiki/Wishing_well \"Wishing well\") after attempting to climb down in order to retrieve the coins from the bottom. Other examples are Station Officer Steele's strictness and maturity and Elvis's decrease in general competence. For example, in one episode where a first aid training exercise is taking place, Elvis is told off by Steele for dancing with the dummy that is being used. At the same time, Steele is not afraid to unleash the child within him, showing an interest in kite flying and paper planes. He also occasionally causes emergencies himself and often gasps when an emergency comes in. Also, Station Officer Steele's name has changed to Station Officer Norris Steele.",
"{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#0049CF \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=60\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Paper Plane Down\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date\\|These episodes were first released as part of the DVD ''Fireman Sam: The New Hero Next Door'', released on November 24, 2008\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\\-sam\\-gets\\-new\\-website\\|title \\= Fireman Sam Gets New Website}}}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Fire Prevention Day in Pontypandy, but Norman has other things on his mind. He wants to spend his time making paper aeroplanes.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=61\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=Hot and Cold Running Sniffer Dog\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mike doesn't believe that Radar is a rescue dog, but he is soon proved wrong after he falls and breaks his arm in the Whole Fish Cafe cellar.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=62\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Hearts on Fire\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Dilys' goes camping with Norman and Trevor, Dilys is spooked by her son's scary tales and in her panic starts a forest fire!\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=63\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Perilous Path\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After Sam and Tom put up signs warning everyone about some unsafe paths near the cliffs, Norman takes Mandy in search of a golden eagle.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=64\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=The New Hero Next Door\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy makes a movie with Norman starring as a super hero. Sarah, who is playing the damsel in distress, is so convincing at screaming for help that Charlie rushes to her rescue.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=65\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=Santa Overboard\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After festooning the supermarket with Christmas lights, Norman persuades Dilys to fix an inflatable Santa to the roof.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=66\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Best Foot Forward\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman accidentally traps his foot in some rocks while out collecting mussels on the beach. Charlie, Sarah and James try all they can to dislodge it, but his foot is stuck fast.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=67\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Baa Baa Baby\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The boiler in the Wholefish Cafe isn't working, so Sarah takes Woolly's new lamb out for a walk in the pram. Lambikins is so well wrapped up that everyone thinks it's a real baby!\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=68\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Mother's Helper\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's washing day in Pontypandy. In his house, Norman crams everything into the machine to do in one wash, then goes out to play.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=69\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=Cat Magic\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Sarah, James and Bronwyn find a wishing well in the woods, they are so busy making wishes that they do not notice that Lion the cat has fallen in!\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=70\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Seeing Red\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Nipper is causing havoc, so Sarah and Bronwyn take him for a walk along the cliffs to calm him down.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=71\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Going Out with a Bang\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy invites everyone to a fireworks display at the Floods on Bonfire Night. She and Norman are so busy doing firework impressions, they don't realise that they are scaring Lion.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=72\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=The Wrong Smell\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Helen and Penny are hiking in the mountains, but when fog sets in and Penny hurts her ankle, their flare isn't visible.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=73\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=No Nurse Like You\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mike is busy organising a garden party to celebrate his and Helen's wedding anniversary, but it looks as though the barbecue will be ruined.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=74\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=The One That Got Away\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Charlie, Sarah, James and Norman discover a baby whale who has lost its mother.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=75\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=Dinosaur Hunt\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After discovering an ammonite on Pontypandy beach, Norman makes a dinosaur footprint and lures James and Sarah to a nearby cave, hoping to convince them that a dinosaur is inside.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=76\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=Floating Cart\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman builds a new go\\-cart from items that he has collected from around Pontypandy, though he hasn't always asked permission to use them.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=77\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=Sticky Situation\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Too impetuous to read any instructions, Norman has trouble assembling the model aeroplane kit Mandy bought him for his birthday, then gets stuck to his bedroom door.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=78\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=Cry Wolf\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After a misplaced football kick sets off the fire alarm in Dilys' shop, Norman pretends that the alarm is faulty by setting it off again.\n\\| LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=79\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=Sheep on the Road\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=While Mike mends her field's gate, Woolly is sent to stay with Norman, who is ill. When Norman and Woolly go out, Trevor's bus swerves off the road.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=80\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=Mam's Day\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman is too impatient to let Mike help him to make a proper Mother's Day present for Dilys. He just nails a bottle top into a piece of wood and calls it a candle holder.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=81\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Alarm on the Beach\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When James and Mandy find a crate on the beach they try to open it but end up getting James's legs trapped.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=82\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=Hot Air\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is a very hot day in Pontypandy and Trevor refuses to accept that his old bus may not make it up the mountain.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=83\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Towering Inferno\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=A competition to see who is best at hide\\-and\\-seek goes awry as Mandy gets horribly seasick when she hides in Charlie's boat and he takes it out for a sail.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=84\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=Danger by the Double\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When a fire starts in the forest, James and Sarah are too busy competing with each other to realise they are in danger.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=85\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\\|Title\\=When Fools Rush In\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=James wants to get Bronwyn something special for her birthday so he borrows Station Officer Steele's metal detector to try and find some old coins.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n}}",
"### Series 7 (2009–2010\\)",
"{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#2500FF \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=86\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Blow Me Down\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Fun with the friendly fireman of Pontypandy. After a sailing lesson with Penny, Norman disregards her warning and takes Dilys out for a boat trip.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=87\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=Pontypandy Extreme\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman is upset when Trevor accidentally runs over his skateboard. Not prepared to wait until his birthday for a new board, Norman decides to try to buy one himself.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=88\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Elvis Sings the Blues\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Elvis breaks his leg dancing around the Fire Station and begins to wonder if he is really cut out to be a fireman. But then Mike Flood ends up dangling precariously from his roof.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=89\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Fireworks for Mandy\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=While playing hide\\-and\\-seek in the mountains with Norman, Mandy finds a distress flare. Norman wants to let it off but Mandy resists, fearing that it could be dangerous.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=90\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Heap of Trouble\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=For the Pontypandy Flower and Vegetable show, Mike is entering a marrow. But he did not heed Sam's advice about turning over the compost in which it is growing.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=91\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=Stuck in the Muck\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Trevor's bus swerves off the road so he goes looking for help. But the cell phones aren't receiving a signal and he gets stuck \\- with a beast about.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=92\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Sausages vs. Shrimps\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Trevor Evans and Tom Thomas have a barbecue but when they start to get a bit competitive, Trevor sets fire to the tree \\- Sam must come to the rescue!\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=93\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Flood's Flood\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Everyone is looking forward to karaoke night. When Mike and Station Officer Steele get into binds while working, everyone rushes to help them get back to the Whole Fish Cafe.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=94\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Stranded\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy Flood and Norman Price head off to the beach with their buckets and nets challenging each other to see who will obtain the best catch of the day.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=95\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=Off Duty Sam\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sam cannot wait to get home and do his chores once he has finished work. But he will have to wait, when one thing leads to another at Dilys' shop.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=96\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Sheepdog Trials\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman tries to train Radar to be a sheepdog but fails miserably, causing Woolly and her lamb to run out into the road and making Mike Flood's van tip over.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=97\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Norman's Ghost\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's Halloween and Norman is looking forward to the Floods' party and determined to win the Spooking Competition by out\\-scaring everyone else.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=98\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=Poorly Penny\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Penny has caught a cold, but she still tries to perform her firefighter duties. Meanwhile, the Joneses experience three incidents: Lion gets stuck on a roof, Charlie accidentally sets fire to a dustbin, and the family gets stranded at sea when Charlie's boat breaks down.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=99\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=Pirates of Pontypandy\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=While Sam is enjoying his day off, Penny comes down with a cold. But she still tries to do her duty when the Jones family land themselves in trouble.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=100\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=The Pontypandy Pioneers\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Trevor takes the children on a nature walk to the Mountain Rescue Centre. A zip wire has been set up for them and when Trevor goes on it he gets stuck.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=101\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=Twitching the Night Away\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Elvis is booked to sing on a local TV show and dreams of life as a singing superstar. Meanwhile Trevor and Norman are off to the woods to look for a rare bird.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=102\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=Double Trouble\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman's cousin Derek comes to stay and appears to be a gigantic goody\\-two\\-shoes. Norman hatches a plan for revenge and sends Derek to pick some non\\-existent Pontypandy Pansies.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=103\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=Sailor Steele\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Fireman Sam and the rest of the team are training Mike Flood and Charlie Jones to be reserve firemen, and Station Officer Steele is very pleased with their progress.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=104\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=Fireman James\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=James' fireman's radio connects to Jupiter, so he ends up solving emergencies before the crew arrives at each one. He then finds himself in deep trouble when he attempts to rescue Mike from a real fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=105\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=Dilys' Big Surprise\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Jennifer Upton\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\= Norman forgets about his mother's birthday, so he tries to plan a party for her with Sarah and Mandy, but everything goes wrong when he tries to take charge and leaves the cake in the oven for too long after setting the timer incorrectly.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=106\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=Day at the Seaside\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Station Officer Steele's day off from the Fire Service. Elvis persuades Sam to let him be in charge at the Fire Station. Trevor and Steele get into an argument over directions to the seaside, which leads to Trevor driving his bus into the water. \n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=107\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Model Plane\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\= James lets Norman try his new model aeroplane, but Norman flies it into Station Officer Steele who demands that he not fly it in Pontypandy. James and Norman go to the Mountain Rescue Centre to fly the plane, but Norman flies it into a tree. The boys try to retrieve it, but get stuck.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=108\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=Three Legged Race\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=In the annual three\\-legged race in Pontypandy, Fireman Sam is partnered with a less\\-than\\-confident Dilys, while Norman is partnered with Mandy. Norman's attempts to cheat lead to him stepping in a gopher hole and spraining his ankle.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=109\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Norman's Ark\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The residents of Pontypandy wake up to find the whole town flooded. Norman tries to rescue Woolly, Lambykins, and Lion by himself, but falls out of his row boat.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=110\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=Open Day\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\= It is open day at the Fire Station and everyone is invited to visit and have a look around. Norman and James try to get a better view of a rescue demonstration from the roof, but end up becoming part of the demonstration when they get stuck on the roof.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=111\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\\|Title\\=Mike's Rocket\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Jenifer Upton\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\= Mike has built a rocket and is preparing to launch it. Norman has become fascinated by Mike's project and decides to build one of his own, but forgets to add a parachute, and when he launches it, it flies into Dilys' shop.\n\\|LineColor\\=2500FF\n}}\n}}",
"### *The Great Fire of Pondypandy* (2010\\)",
"{{Main\\|Fireman Sam: The Great Fire of Pontypandy}}\nThe franchise's first 60\\-minute movie \\- *[The Great Fire of Pontypandy](/wiki/The_Great_Fire_of_Pontypandy \"The Great Fire of Pontypandy\")* was released straight to DVD in March 2010, and introduced a new character \\- Chief Fire Officer Boyce, a Chief Officer who hails from Newtown, and a new location \\- the Lighthouse.",
"### Series 8 (2012\\)",
"On 22 February 2011, HIT announced an eighth Series of *Fireman Sam* for a 2012 delivery consisting of 26 10\\-minute episodes, as with the previous two series.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kidscreen.com/2011/02/22/hit\\-preps\\-for\\-eighth\\-season\\-of\\-fireman\\-sam/\\|title \\= Hit preps for eighth season of Fireman Sam}} Xing\\-Xing Animation fully took over control of the animation production, with the series now being fully produced in HD.",
"Series 8 introduced a new environment \\- the Pontypandy Heritage Railway, which lines up to the base of Pontypandy Mountain and is run by new character Gareth Griffiths, who is Bronwyn's Dad. A new location near Pontypandy Mountain, the Mountain Activity Centre is introduced, ran by Moose Roberts, a famous mountain climber hailing from Canada. Mrs. Chen, a schoolteacher, and her daughter Lily Chen, the youngest character in the series so far were also introduced in the series.",
"Three new vehicles were introduced \\- the Pontypandy Flyer Train, Mercury, a quad\\-bike, and Bessie, a rail\\-based fire engine that was Station Officer Steele's first fire engine when he was younger, which lives in a shed near the Train Station. A quat\\-copter drone called Saturn was also introduced.",
"Voice actors joining the cast were [John Hasler](/wiki/John_Hasler \"John Hasler\"), who replaced Steven Kynman as the voice of James, Ifan Huw Dafydd, who voiced Gareth, and [Nigel Whitmey](/wiki/Nigel_Whitmey \"Nigel Whitmey\"), who voiced Moose.",
"On August 31, 2012, it was announced that [Channel 5](/wiki/Channel_5_%28UK%29 \"Channel 5 (UK)\") had acquired the terrestrial broadcast rights to the series to air on the channel's [Milkshake!](/wiki/Milkshake%21 \"Milkshake!\") strand from October.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kidscreen.com/2012/08/31/milkshake\\-picks\\-up\\-new\\-angelina\\-ballerina\\-and\\-fireman\\-sam\\-series/\\|title \\= Milkshake! Picks up new Angelina Ballerina and Fireman Sam series}}",
"{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#7E00C3 \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=112\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Bronwyn's Millionth Customer \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|3\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Sarah and James discover that the Wholefish Café is about to have its one millionth customer, they convince Bronwyn that there should be a big celebration to mark the event. While planning the celebration, disaster strikes; the fryer sets fire to the decorations and Norman gets stuck in a giant fake cake.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=113\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=Runaway Train\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|3\\|10\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Bronwyn gives her father, Gareth Griffiths, a sausage sandwich for his lunch, she has no idea the lengths Nipper will go to for a bite. Later, Gareth's train goes on the loose when it leaves without him and with Nipper in the cab, and Elvis accidentally glues himself to a chair while trying to fix Station Officer Steele's prized mug.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=114\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Mandy's Mountain \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|3\\|17\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Mandy reads Moose Roberts' book about his mountain climbing adventures, she decides that she wants to be a mountain climber when she grows up and makes the mistake of climbing Pontypandy Mountain on her own.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=115\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Water Tower Inferno\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|3\\|24\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Gareth is opening the Pontypandy Mountain Railway Line and Station; he has refurbished the old engine, The Pontypandy Flyer, to take people up and down the mountain. But disaster strikes when a flaming lump of coal sets some boxes \\- and the water tower \\- ablaze, threatening to put the train in danger.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=116\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Jupiter on the Loose\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|3\\|31\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode11605date\\|These episodes were first released as part of the DVD ''Fireman Sam: Mountain Rescue'', released on 26 March 2012\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fireman\\-Sam\\-Mountain\\-Rescue\\-DVD/dp/B0073V2GI8\\|title \\= Fireman Sam \\- Mountain Rescue \\[DVD]\\| website\\=Amazon UK }}}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When the Pontypandy Pioneers go to the Fire Station to complete their fire safety badge, Norman wants to prove to his cousin Derek that he can drive a fire engine, so he takes Jupiter for a drive around town, but finds himself unable to stop.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=117\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=The Big Chill \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|4\\|7\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When the power goes out at the Fire Station, Sam has trouble lighting a fire. Meanwhile, Norman and Mandy are building a snowman at the Floods' house and Norman decides to borrow Dilys' best scarf, but when he gets coal on it, he tries to clean it up, but ends up freezing it, and then he starts a fire in the Floods' oven while trying to melt the scarf.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=118\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Boyce Will Be Boyce\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|4\\|8\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Station Officer Steele hurts his back and Chief Fire Officer Boyce fills in his role for the day. Meanwhile, Norman tries to teach Sarah how to ride a skateboard while flying a kite at the same time, which leads to Sarah getting blown into a tree.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=119\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Elvis in Concert\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Adam Long\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|4\\|14\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode11605date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Pontypandy is holding a charity concert and Elvis is to be the star act. Mike and Elvis are carrying a giant wooden guitar, but they fail to see a cliff and Mike ends up falling down, clinging onto it.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=120\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Mandy at Sea\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Adam Long\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|4\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy wants to be a round\\-the\\-world yachtswoman, but when her mast breaks, she finds herself stranded at sea. Penny and Elvis also get stranded at sea when Neptune's motor falls off.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=121\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=The Great Guinea Pig Rescue\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|4\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\= Sarah and James have got a pet guinea pig and name him Norris, after Station Officer Steele's first name, but then the guinea pig escapes from his cage, gets loose in the cafe, and starts a fire by chewing through the freezer's wire.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=122\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=The Pontypandyness Monster\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|8\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\= Sarah makes up a story about a monster to get more passengers on her grandfather's railway, which leads to some of the townsfolk floating away on an unfinished dock.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=123\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Disastrous Dilys \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lizzie Ennever\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|8\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Dilys tries her best to help Norman get his Pontypandy Pioneer fishing badge, but ends up jamming the rudder on Charlie's boat, causes Neptune to drift away, and destroys the radio.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=124\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=Charlie's Big Catch\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Adam Long\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|8\\|11\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\= Charlie takes the children on a fishing trip and catches the biggest shoal of fish ever, but his boat cannot hold the weight of the catch.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=125\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=Bessie to the Rescue\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Ian Carney\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|8\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Station Officer Steele discovers his old fire engine, Bessie, which turns out to be useful when Moose has an accident with a campfire and some gas canisters.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=126\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=King of the Mountain\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Adam Long\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|8\\|25\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Tom and Moose take the Pontypandy Pioneers on a mountain climbing expedition, but have an accident while trying to outdo each other in tree\\-climbing.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=127\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=Lighthouse Lock Out\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|9\\|1\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman spoils everyone's trip to the lighthouse by locking them all out on the balcony in an attempt to avoid cleaning Mike's van, which he threw mudballs at.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=128\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=Girls' Night In\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|9\\|8\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy offers to babysit Lily when Helen invites Mrs. Chen and Penny over for a girls' night in, but Lily behaves badly and Mandy is blamed for it. Things get worse when a curling iron sets fire to some cushions, but not before Lily steals Helen's keys.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=129\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=To Outfox a Fox\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|9\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Tom and Moose volunteer to help Mandy and Norman catch a fox in the act of stealing food, the animal scampers off with Moose's hat and Tom and Moose end up stuck in a fox hole.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=130\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=Lily Lost and Found\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lizzie Ennever\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|9\\|22\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Everyone goes to the beach for a picnic, but Lily, who wants to follow Norman all day, needs help when she gets stranded on a sandbank.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=131\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=Sky Lanterns\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|9\\|29\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mrs. Chen's class make sky lanterns for Chinese New Year, but impatient Norman's lantern starts a forest fire when he disobeys Moose's order not to launch it because of the wind direction.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=132\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=The Pontypandy Polar Bear\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lizzie Ennever\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|10\\|6\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Huge footprints in the snow convince Sarah that there is a polar bear in the area, but an avalanche traps her, James, and Moose in a cave when the twins try to photograph it for a local newspaper competition.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=133\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Ice Cold in Pontypandy\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|10\\|13\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode13322date\\|These episodes were first released as part of the DVD ''Fireman Sam: Snow Trouble'', released on 8 October 2012\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fireman\\-Sam\\-Snow\\-Trouble\\-DVD/dp/B008YGTE2W/\\|title \\= Fireman Sam: Snow Trouble \\[DVD]\\| website\\=Amazon UK }}}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\= When Trevor is driving his bus to Newtown, he skids off the road and onto a frozen lake. Meanwhile, Elvis tries to give shelter to Woolly and Lambykins in the Fire Station.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=134\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=Snowball of Doom\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|10\\|20\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode13322date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\= When Norman and Derek see a video of a champion snowboarder, they decide to try snowboarding with Dilys' ironing table, but accidentally create a giant snowball, which sends Mike on the run and into a hole.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=135\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Floodlights\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|10\\|27\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode13322date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Christmas is coming and there is to be a competition for the best Christmas lights in Pontypandy. The Prices and the Joneses try to outdo each other with their lights and they each end up starting a fire as a result of too many plugs in one socket.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=136\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=Norman's Halloween Heist\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|11\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman causes havoc on Halloween, when he tries to collect all the candy in Pontypandy. His greed gets the best of him when he tries to beat the other children to Dilys' shop and drives his go\\-cart into the sea again.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=137\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\\|Title\\=Wheel of Fire\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Ian Carney\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2012\\|11\\|10\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Charlie is so busy correcting Gareth's haphazard preparations for the firework display that he misses a Catherine wheel nailed too tightly to the door of Bessie's shed. \n''Note:'' This episode is based on the true story of Liam Renyard's bravery.\n\\|LineColor\\=7E00C3\n}}\n}}",
"### Series 9 (2014\\)",
"In March 2013, a ninth series was announced which was pre\\-sold to Cartoonito for a 2014 release. Series 9 features 24 10\\-minute episodes, alongside a 22\\-minute special.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.c21media.net/news/fireman\\-sam\\-gets\\-another\\-call\\-out/\\|title \\= Fireman Sam gets another call out}}",
"The main location added for this series was the new Ocean Rescue Centre, run by new character Ben Hooper, who is a coastguard. Alongside housing Neptune, which was updated to feature a proper siren, two new water\\-based vehicles were introduced: a jet ski named Juno and a fire boat named Titan. Other locations added were Pontypandy Island, and the Garage, ran by Joe Sparkes, a mechanic and inventor who is as problematic and accident\\-prone as Mike Flood is. Joe's wife Lizzie Sparkes, a vet, and their daughter Hannah Sparkes, who is the first disabled character in the series, were introduced as well.",
"Voice actors joining the cast were [Alex Lowe](/wiki/Alex_Lowe_%28actor%29 \"Alex Lowe (actor)\"), who voices Ben and Joe, and [Jo Wyatt](/wiki/Jo_Wyatt \"Jo Wyatt\"), who voices Lizzie and Hannah.",
"{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#FF5F5F \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=138\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=All at Sea\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|4\\|5\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is the day of the grand opening of Pontypandy's new Ocean Rescue Centre and Station Officer Steele is taking the firefighters on a tour of the centre. As they arrive on the quay, they meet the new coastguard, Ben Hooper. Mike is preparing a fireworks show to celebrate the grand opening, but accidentally sets them off too early and gets trapped at sea. \n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=139\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=Battle of the Birthdays\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|4\\|12\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Adam Long\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Because Sarah and James can't agree on what kind of birthday party to have, Bronwyn has decided that this year they will have two parties; James' will be a science party and Sarah's will be a soccer party. During both parties, however, Sarah accidentally kicks her football at James' Chemistry Set, which sets fire to the café.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=140\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=The Wild Cheese Chase \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|4\\|19\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Tim Bain]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is the annual Pontypandy Cheese Roll Challenge (a race down a hill chasing a giant cheese wheel) and Norman really wants to win the giant cheese, but the contest rules state that only adults can enter the contest. Not wanting to follow the rules, Norman causes the cheese to roll onto a cliff and gets stuck while trying to retrieve it.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=141\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Magic Norman \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|4\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Tim Bain]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman decides to put on a magic show at the Floods' house, but it becomes a disaster when Norman overloads an extension socket for his special effects, causing an electrical fire, then steals the batteries from the Floods' smoke alarm to use for his boom box, and accidentally leaves Mandy trapped in a box. Meanwhile, Elvis is struggling with some training sessions due to his obsession with the training dummy.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=142\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Escape from Pontypandy Island\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|5\\|10\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When the Pontypandy Pioneers go on a day trip with Trevor to Pontypandy Island, they are all desperate to prove that they will be the best explorers, but they become stranded when their boat floats away. To make matters worse, Norman sets fire to a tree while trying to prove he can send a better smoke signal than James.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=143\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=Troubled Waters \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|5\\|17\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Station Officer Steele takes the day off with Gareth, Sarah, and James to go rowing, but their adventure takes a turn for the worse when they approach a waterfall. Meanwhile, the rest of the crew is struggling to finish filing Steele's reports.",
"Note: \\[\\[HIT Entertainment]] pulled this episode in 2016, because an image of what looks like a page of the \\[\\[Quran]] is briefly depicted being tripped/stepped on at one point in the episode.{{cite web\\|title\\=Statement Regarding Fireman Sam\\|url\\=http://www.hitentertainment.com/corporate/newsdetail.aspx?nid\\=162\\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-26\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730172943/http://www.hitentertainment.com/corporate/newsdetail.aspx?nid\\=162\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-30}} It was edited to be a blank piece of paper on future airings.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=144\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=The Best Sleepover Ever\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|5\\|24\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The children are having a sleepover at Mandy's house, but when Dilys accidentally packs Norman's humiliating Cuddly Sheep pyjamas instead of his Army Bob pyjamas, he tries to hide them. Later, he accidentally sets fire to the Floods' toaster while trying to toast some sandwiches, and his embarrassing pyjamas are exposed when Sam finds them.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=145\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Whale Watch \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|5\\|31\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Bronwyn decides she needs to record some relaxing whalesong, Charlie offers to take her out on the skiff to find a whale while the firefighters give the twins a tour of the Ocean Rescue Centre. Bronwyn suggests that since Ben knows so much about whales, he should come along, too. Unfortunately, Charlie, Bronwyn, and Ben get stranded at sea when their skiff tips over.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=146\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Up, Up and Away\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|6\\|7\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Adam Long\n\\|ShortSummary\\=While doing some kite\\-flying with the other kids, Mandy is inspired to want to fly over Pontypandy Mountain. Hannah Sparkes tells her that her father, Joe, has just the thing \\- a hot air balloon. Unfortunately, hungry Lambykins causes the balloon to float away with her in it alone and eventually causes it to crash\\-land in a tree.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=147\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=The Pontypandy Cup\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|6\\|21\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Joe and Mike discover that Norman is entering Pontypandy's big go\\-cart race, The Pontypandy Cup, they get very nostalgic about the go\\-carts they made when they were kids. Joe's competitiveness gets the best of him when he finds himself unable to stop his rocket\\-powered go\\-cart and it becomes a jet\\-ski when he ends up driving it into the sea.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=148\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Treehouse Trouble\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|6\\|28\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lizzie Ennever\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Pontypandy Pioneers are working towards their construction badges and they decide to build a treehouse with the help of Mike. Norman is desperate to be the first one into the treehouse, leading to him being careless with the treehouse's supports and getting everyone stuck in it.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=149\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Record Breakers\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|7\\|5\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Station Officer Steele is taking dance classes so he can attend the Firefighter Gala. Meanwhile, Norman finds himself dangling dangerously from a bridge while trying to set a world record.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=150\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=Pontypandy Heatwave\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|7\\|12\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Adam Long\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is a hot day in Pontypandy, and Joe invents many solar\\-powered gadgets, including a ridiculous\\-looking hat with a fan on it, which embarrasses Hannah. It proves to be useful when Hannah accidentally leaves a bottle in the sun, which catches fire, trapping everyone on the cliff.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=151\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=Norman's Big Fossil Adventure\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|7\\|19\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Moose and the children go fossil\\-hunting on Pontypandy Mountain, but disaster strikes when Moose falls down a ravine and gets stuck between two boulders. Meanwhile, Elvis jumps to the false conclusion that he and Penny will lose their jobs after overhearing Station Officer Steele making \"cuts\" \\- when he was actually talking about a photograph.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=152\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=Turtle Hunt\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|7\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sam and Ben work together to fix a special camera onto the shell of a beautiful blue leatherback sea turtle, so that they can see underwater from its point of view. The camera comes in handy when Norman and Mandy, who are out turtle\\-spotting alone in a boat, get in trouble at sea.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=153\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=Rocky Rescue\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|8\\|9\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Trevor, the Joneses, and the Chens are going hiking with Moose on Pontypandy Mountain. However, Sarah and Lily get separated from the group and find themselves trapped on a cliff with a lamb.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=154\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=The Treasure Trap\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|9\\|2\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman and James get lost in the fog on Pontypandy Island while looking for buried treasure.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=155\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=Stage Fright\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|9\\|6\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Sam is cast as the main lead in Mrs. Chen's play, Elvis decides to give him some tips on acting. Hannah and Norman are given the task of designing the set, but their disagreements over how to decorate the pirate ship prop lead to them floating out to sea on the prop.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}} \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=156\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=Pest In Show\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|9\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Tim Bain]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Pontypandy is holding a contest for its Most Talented Pet. Mandy and Sarah engage in a rivalry over whether Nipper or Lion will win. Disaster strikes when Mandy lets Nipper off his lead and chases Lion into the Wholefish Café and they start a fire that traps them inside. It is up to Radar to rescue them.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=157\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=Hide and Seek\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|9\\|23\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lee Pressman\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The children are playing hide and seek, and Norman hides in a log, but ends up tumbling down the hill in it and hits Trevor's grill, starting a forest fire by accident. Meanwhile, Elvis and Mike try to fit in the new pole after Penny accidentally damages it, but Sam has a better idea.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=158\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=One Way Street \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|9\\|30\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Lizzie Ennever\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Trevor takes Sarah, Hannah, and Mandy to Newtown to see a One Way Street concert. But when the bus skids off the icy road, Mandy still wants to keep going and ends up dangling from a tree over a ravine.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=159\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Garden Force\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|10\\|13\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=As a surprise for her mother, Mandy creates the \"Garden Force,\" a team dedicated to renovating the Floods' front garden and making it the best garden in Pontypandy. Disaster strikes when they have an accident with the lawn mower and some fertiliser, which starts a fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=160\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=On Thin Ice \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|10\\|13\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is a snowy day in Pontypandy when Moose announces he is opening his \"Winter Wonderland.\" Norman, Sarah, and James are very excited, but are soon disappointed to find that it is all about igloo building. They see a frozen lake nearby and skate on it, but the ice begins to break, leaving the twins stranded on it.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=161\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Lights, Camera, Avalanche!\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|10\\|14\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Tim Bain\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is snowy and Norman is directing his very first movie up on Pontypandy Mountain, starring Mandy and Sarah. Norman ignores Sam's warning not to cross the boundary ropes, and an avalanche traps him and the girls in a shed.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=162\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=The Return of Norman\\-Man\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|12\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman is playing superheroes with James – Norman is Norman\\-Man and James is his sidekick Atomic Boy. Lion floats off in a boat and Norman rescues him, but ends up floating out to sea while holding onto the boat. Later, Norman gets stuck in a tree while trying to rescue Lion again. The next day, he creates a jet pack and tries to \"rescue\" James from getting stranded on the Pontypandy Flyer. This fails, too, and Norman's jet pack sets fire to the train.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n}}",
"### *Ultimate Heroes*/*Heroes of the Storm* (2014/2015\\)",
"On October 2, 2013, HIT greenlit several DVD specials of their properties, including a new *Fireman Sam''' special for a 2015 release titled* Heroes of the Storm*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kidscreen.com/2013/10/02/hit\\-greenlights\\-three\\-dvd\\-specials/\\|title \\= HIT greenlights three DVD specials}} The special introduces a brand new Fire Station, alongside two new firefighters \\- Ellie Phillips and Arnold McKinley.*",
"The special was first shown in the United States in November 2014, under the name of Ultimate Heroes*, as an introduction to the series in the country.{{Citation\\|title\\=Fireman Sam: Heroes of the Storm (Video 2014\\)\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4460032/releaseinfo\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2018}} and later was shown in the United Kingdom in 2015\\.*",
"### Series 10 (2016\\)",
"Series 10 saw some changes, with the Firefighters now wearing outer gear when not in emergencies, and different kinds of uniform for different emergencies.\nNew characters introduced were Jerry Lee Cridlington, Elvis' cousin who works as a Firefighter in Newtown, Professor Pickles, the owner of the Newtown Museum, and Lady Pufflepaws, a Dog belonging to Norman's unseen Auntie Phyllis. Bella Lasague makes her CGI debut, after last being seen in Series 5\\. Pontypandy Park makes its first appearance in CGI as well, being upgraded with a Pizza restaurant and a swimming pool.\n{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#FF6F6F \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=163\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Runaway Horse\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Pontypandy Pioneers are having a race, and Norman is partnered with Mandy. Norman refuses to read the map and ends up getting Mandy and himself lost, until they see James and Sarah far ahead of them. Norman tries riding a horse to catch up with the twins, but they both end up getting stuck in a muddy ditch.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=164\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=Sam's Birthday\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Sam's birthday and Joe is planning on giving Sam a remote control toy of Jupiter as a birthday present, but Hannah accidentally damages it. James fixes it, but when he tries it out, the remote malfunctions and the toy gets loose in Pontypandy. Hannah and James chase after it, but accidentally crash into Dilys and all three of them end up falling into the sea, along with the toy.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=165\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Castles and Kings\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The children are playing Castles and Kings, and Gareth gives them a dragon he built out of boxes and toilet paper rolls. Norman does not like it because it does not fly or breathe fire. He tries to make some modifications to the dragon to make it breathe fire, only to end up setting the entire dragon ablaze, as well as Bessie's shed.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=166\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Pizza Pandemonium\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|17\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=James tries his hand at cooking pizzas for Gareth's railway gala, but makes too many and tries to cook all of them at the same time, only to start a fire in the cafe, and then Hannah's house.\nNote: This episode marks the return of Bella Lasagne, who has not appeared since Series 5\\.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=167\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Dog Day Disaster\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman wants to prove to Dilys how responsible he is to have a dog of his own, so he volunteers to take care of Aunty Philys' dog, Lady Pufflepaws. However, when Norman tries to get the dog to perform some tricks, they both fall into a river. \n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=168\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=Bus Trouble \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|19\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Viner\n\\|ShortSummary\\=While taking the children on a trip to the ancient ruins, Trevor's bus breaks down and tries fixing it, but he disconnects the brakes. Mrs. Chen gets impatient and tries to help Trevor, but ends up driving the bus out of control.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=169\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Spy Games\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|22\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Tim Bain]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman is making a spy movie and has James do all the stunts, but they lead to James getting stuck in a tree upside down and nearly driving his go\\-cart into the sea. While filming the final scene in Hannah's garage, James accidentally sets fire to some rags with a magnifying glass and the sun's rays while tied to a chair.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=170\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Fox on the Run\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|23\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Adam Long (American actor)\\|Adam Long]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Lizzie tells Hannah to look after a fox while she gives Radar a check\\-up. Despite her mother's instructions, Hannah lets the fox out of its cage and she and Norman have to chase after it. Trevor tries to help them, but gets his feet caught in a kite string, causing him to dangerously dangle over a cliff.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=171\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=The Great Party Panic\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|24\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Miranda Larson]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sarah and James organise a spooky party at the Wholefish Café for their friends, but they cannot agree on what to use for centrepiece decorations. Sarah decides to use her old dollhouse with candles in it as the centrepiece, but it ends up setting the rest of the decorations ablaze.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=172\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=The Break\\-Up \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|25\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Andrew Viner]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Elvis and Mike break up their band to form solo acts, and when Mike's guitar machine falls apart during a show, it sets fire to the stage. \n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=173\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Fiery Football\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|2\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Tim Bain]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The fire crew is about to have a football game with some of the Pontypandy citizens. Meanwhile, Norman has to help Bella with her pizzas, but he wants to watch the game and this leads to him being careless. Disaster strikes when he does not pay attention to some hot coals when he takes the pizzas out of the oven and ends up starting a fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=174\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Lost in the Caves\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|3\\|14\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Moose and Mrs. Chen take the children on a trip to the caves under Pontypandy Mountain and Mandy hopes to see bats inside. She wanders away from the group after spotting a bat, but forgets to watch where she is going and falls into a pit.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=175\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=Shape Up and Shine\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|3\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Lee Pressman]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=While Sam and Trevor teach the Pontypandy Pioneers about woodland fire safety, Chief Fire Officer Boyce tries to put the other firefighters through a faulty exercise routine he planned, but instead causes everyone to get injured. Meanwhile, Norman accidentally sets a fire with Trevor's grill. It gets worse when Norman and Derek use fire beaters as oars to go rowing alone and end up losing them.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=176\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=Space Train\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|3\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Tim Bain]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Gareth is taking Mrs. Chen and the children up to the mountains to see the Northern Lights. However, Gareth's cardboard space helmet causes the Pontypandy Flyer to leave without him again \\- and catch fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=177\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=Wicker Bear\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|3\\|17\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Adam Long (American actor)\\|Adam Long]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Tom and Moose are making a wicker bear to try to beat the world record of the largest wicker bear held by the wild men of Newtown. Disaster strikes when Moose accidentally knocks it over onto the campfire and sets it ablaze.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=178\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=Castles in the Air\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|4\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Lee Pressman]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mike inflates a bouncy castle on the beach for Fishy Fun Day, and Norman wants to play on it, but Mike tells him it needs to be secured first. Norman gets impatient and bounces on the castle with Mandy, but the wind blows the castle out to sea with the children on it. Meanwhile, Penny is away for the day, so Elvis' cousin, Jerry Lee Cridlington, fills in for her.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=179\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=Ice Hockey Meltdown\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|4\\|5\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mike builds an ice rink in his front yard so the children can play hockey on it. Norman cannot skate, so he uses an inflatable penguin to help him, but it causes problems when it knocks over several floodlights and starts a fire, trapping Norman on the rink.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=180\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=Float Your Boat\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|4\\|6\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Ross Hastings]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Tom, Charlie, and the twins spend the day at the beach, but when Tom takes a rest on his raft, he finds out that he has been washed out to sea when he wakes up.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=181\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=Froggy Fantasy\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|4\\|7\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Simon Nicholson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman is jealous that James is the star of the Froggy Fantasy Show and tries to take over by trapping him in the changing room, but accidentally sets fire to the pool deck. Meanwhile, Elvis has come down with a cold and tries to perform his firefighting duties with it.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=182\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=Dashing Through the Snow\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|4\\|8\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Miranda Larson]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Christmas in Pontypandy, and Gareth takes the children to Pontypandy Mountain for a Christmas surprise, but they fail to receive a warning about a heavy snowstorm.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=183\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=The Treasure of Pontypandy Pete\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|5\\|2\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Sam tells the children the story of Pontypandy Pete's treasure, Norman desperately wants to find it. Meanwhile, Joe is testing out his new submarine, which runs out of power. When the firefighters rescue him, they discover the wreck of the Pontypandy Pearl, Pontypandy Pete's ship. Professor Pickles, the president of the Newtown Museum discovers a book that will lead him to the treasure, but Norman and Hannah manage to sneak a peek at it, and the race is on to find it. Norman and Professor Pickles manage to find the treasure at the same time, but they lose it when a mine car traps them onto a cliff and falls into the river.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=184\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Big Top Norman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|5\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Tim Bain]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman decides to put on a circus show in Pontypandy Park, which he promises will be \"the greatest show on Earth,\" but his audience is less than impressed by it. The grand finale of Norman's show leads to a flock of sheep stampeding through Pontypandy.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=185\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=Paddle On\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|5\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Ross Hastings]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Ben and Hannah are having a kayaking race to the Northern Buoy and back. The current proves to be too strong for Ben, and he strains his shoulder. \n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=186\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Day of the Penguin\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|6\\|13\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When a penguin escapes from Newtown Zoo, Elvis really hopes he will see it. Norman and Mandy find the penguin first, waddling across the beach. Norman wants to keep it in his room, but it ends up making a mess, so he decides to take it to the pool, but he accidentally leaves it behind at the shop, where Dilys has an accident with some flaming candles and boxes upon being startled by the penguin.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=187\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\= Pontypandy in the Park\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|8\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Lee Pressman]]\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The residents of Pontypandy have gathered in Pontypandy Park for the annual town festival. Mike accidentally sets the fireworks tent ablaze while trying to dry a painting with a heater.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n}}\n### *Alien Alert* (2016\\)",
"In April 2016, [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel \"Mattel\") announced a new Fireman Sam *special for a May 2017 delivery to coincide with the franchise's 30th anniversary.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://kidscreen.com/2016/04/05/mattel\\-ratchets\\-up\\-fireman\\-sam\\-and\\-bob\\-the\\-builder\\-content\\-growth/ \\| title\\=Fireman Sam \\& Bob the Builder see content growth }}*",
"The series features a guest character Buck Douglas, voiced by [David Tennant](/wiki/David_Tennant \"David Tennant\"), who is the presenter for the famous \"Alien Quest\" TV show host, and visits Pontypandy to try and find aliens.\n### Series 11 (2017–18\\)",
"On 14 October 2016, Mattel Creations and [DHX Media](/wiki/DHX_Media \"DHX Media\") announced that an eleventh series was greenlit for a 2018 delivery.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://kidscreen.com/2016/10/14/dhx\\-mattel\\-greenlight\\-52\\-more\\-bob\\-the\\-builder\\-eps/ \\| title\\=DHX and Mattel greenlight more Bob, Sam }}\nThis is the first series to have its animation production done by [DHX Studios Halifax](/wiki/WildBrain_Studios \"WildBrain Studios\") as part of a new co\\-production deal between both companies. This is also the first CGI series to only feature 13 episodes instead of the usual 26\\.\nThe only new characters introduced in this series are the royal Prince and Princess, and their son.\n{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#000080 \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=188\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=The Prince in Pontypandy\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2017\\|11\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Pontypandy is abuzz with excitement when a royal prince comes to visit and the Pontypandy Fire Service are given the responsibility of organizing the event, but Elvis and Sam are having a hard time keeping the red carpet clean. Meanwhile, Tom and Moose are hiking with the Pontypandy Pioneers, but Tom falls down a ravine and injures his shoulder while crossing a rope bridge (courtesy of a hungry sheep chewing through the rope). Tom ends up getting rescued by the prince himself, who is also a helicopter pilot.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=189\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=Norman\\-Man vs. Firedog \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|02\\|10\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Joe has invented a new robotic dog called the Firedog 2000 to help in emergency situations that are too dangerous for Radar, but it proves to be a handful for him. Norman is convinced that he has superpowers as Norman\\-Man, so he tries using them to handle the malfunctioning Firedog. However, it ends up chasing Norman and setting fire to Joe's garage and itself.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=190\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Cadet Catastrophe\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|02\\|11\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Ellie takes the Junior Cadets into the woods for a training day, but James is not convinced Ellie has experience with fire safety. He tries calling Sam from a tree to ask about Ellie's firefighting experiences (and get a better mobile phone signal) but ends up getting stuck. While Ellie rescues him, Mandy and Sarah disobey her instructions not to touch anything and cause a petrol canister to roll into the campfire, which explodes and starts a forest fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=191\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Monster Mania \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|02\\|12\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman steals Joe's submarine to find and film the Pontypandyness Monster, but he ends up crashing the submarine at the bottom of the lake. To make matters worse, it starts filling up with water. Meanwhile, Ellie accuses Elvis of blocking Penny while being interviewed on the news during the crew's previous rescue.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=192\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Wally Wizzo\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Tim Bain\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|02\\|13\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman is trying to become an online sensation known as Wizard Wally Wizzo, but his stunts lead to him getting stuck in a tree upside down, then starting a forest fire, and finally, dangling dangerously from a zipline over a waterfall. Meanwhile, the firefighters are struggling to test a new operating system at the Mountain Rescue Centre.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=193\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=The Why Files \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|02\\|14\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman and Hannah start a new detective agency called the Why Files, and they believe there are mysterious people on the beach contacting aliens. The mysterious people turn out to be Bronwyn, Gareth, Mrs. Chen, and Professor Pickles stargazing; they are trying to discover and name a new star, but end up getting stranded at sea when their rowboat tips over.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=194\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Pontypandy Slickers\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|05\\|01\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Moose takes the children on a Wild West adventure and Hannah gives Mandy some horse riding lessons, but Mandy finds herself in trouble when she and her horse fall down a ravine.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=195\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Who Let the Cat Out?\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|05\\|02\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Sam rescues a cat from a drain, Hannah, Mandy, and Norman are given the task of looking after it. But the cat's stench overwhelms Norman, so Mandy lights a scented candle to get rid of the smell. However, the cat will not let them watch a movie in peace, so Norman lets it out of the cage. While trying to get the cat back in the cage, Norman accidentally knocks the lit candle over and starts a fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=196\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Wrong Turn Dilys\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|05\\|03\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Junior Cadets are up at the Mountain Activity Centre so they can have a ride in Wallaby 2\\. Norman, however, is late, and Dilys tries to get him there, but ends up taking him to the Mountain Rescue Centre by mistake, just as Tom is leaving. The Prices try to beat him to the Mountain Activity Centre, but Dilys drives too fast and ends up getting her car stuck in a tree over a ravine.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=197\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=Night of the Norman\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Tim Bain\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|05\\|04\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman watches a scary zombie movie and believes that James, Hannah, and Mandy became zombies, but they have actually caught colds. Norman tries to signal for help using a distress flare, only to start a fire in the Floods' house.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=198\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Alien Bug Hunt\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|05\\|07\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The children become obsessed with a new Alien Bug Hunt Game and attempt to be the first ones to complete it in Pontypandy. However, they find themselves competing against Charlie and Mike, who beat them to every spot in the game, frustrating Norman. The final spot is out at sea, and Norman decides to steal Neptune to beat Charlie and Mike to the spot, but the children end up getting lost and James falls overboard.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=199\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Blast from the Past\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Tim Bain\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|05\\|08\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Station Officer Steele is directing a movie about his childhood and Norman wants to be the star of the show. Throughout the show, Norman refuses to share the spotlight with his co\\-stars. He gets into an argument with James and ends up setting the stage \\- and the Mountain Activity Centre \\- ablaze with the spotlight.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=200\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=James and the Giant Pumpkin\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2018\\|05\\|09\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Pontypandy is holding a giant vegetable competition and the children have grown a giant pumpkin. They try transporting the pumpkin on a large trolley, but it ends up running loose in Pontypandy with James on it. Meanwhile, Norris the guinea pig gets loose in Pontypandy, too.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n}}\n### *Set for Action!* (2018\\)",
"On the same day as the production for Series 11 was announced, a new Fireman Sam *special was also announced for a 2018 delivery.*",
"The special focuses on Pondypandy being the setting for an action\\-packed movie, and features two guest characters \\- Don Sledgehammer, a film director, and Flex Dexter, a disliked actor who is jealous of Fireman Sam being the main star of the movie and attempts to get him fired so he can take over.\n### Series 12 (2020–21\\)",
"On September 30, 2019, WildBrain and Mattel Television announced that a twelfth series was greenlit for a Summer 2020 delivery.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.wildbrain.com/newsreleases/wildbrain\\-and\\-mattel\\-tv\\-come\\-to\\-the\\-rescue\\-with\\-fireman\\-sam\\-season\\-12/ \\| title\\=Wildbrain and Mattel Tv Come to the Rescue with Fireman Sam Season 12 \\| date\\=30 September 2019 }}\nThe series introduces Pontypandy's first Police Officer to the cast \\- PC Malcolm Williams, who is Helen Flood's brother. [Colin McFarlane](/wiki/Colin_McFarlane \"Colin McFarlane\") joined the voice cast, voicing Malcolm.\n{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#000080 \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=201\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Norman Price, Ace Reporter\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2020\\|10\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman, Sarah, and Mandy set out to look for a big scoop to submit to the Pontypandy Planet. Norman decides to interview Joe about his new rocket\\-powered pogo stick, but Norman gets impatient and decides to test the pogo stick out himself, only to start bouncing out of control around Pontypandy. The pogo stick then bounces on its own into Dilys' shop and starts a fire, trapping her inside.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=202\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=The Zipline of Doom\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2020\\|10\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman and Mandy get bored during Moose's Mountain Adventure activities, so they sneak off to try the Zipline of Doom. Norman forgets to put on a harness, and he falls off the zipline and onto a tree. Meanwhile, at the Mountain Rescue Centre, Tom is struggling to land Wallaby 2 due to Woolly refusing to get off the helipad.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=203\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Brothers Weekend\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2020\\|10\\|27\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sam and Charlie try to spend a quiet weekend on Pontypandy Island, but it backfires when they have to spend it with the Junior Cadets, led by Station Officer Steele and Elvis. Things get worse when James lights a spark with some flintstones, which then starts a forest fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=204\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Red Hot Chilli Nibbles \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2020\\|10\\|27\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Helen's younger brother, Police Chief Malcolm Williams', first day in Pontypandy, and the firefighters are throwing a welcome party for him. However, the party goes downhill when Bronwyn's red hot chilli nibbles turn out to be too fiery for everyone's taste. When Bronwyn tries to make more chilli nibbles, she ends up starting a grease fire in the Wholefish Cafe as a result of her rushing.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=205\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Great Billboard of Fire\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Darren Jones \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2020\\|10\\|28\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=On the same day, Norman is putting on a magic show and Mike is putting on a drumming show. Norman and Mike refuse to cooperate, so they end up competing to promote their shows. Norman uncouples Mike's electric billboard from his van, and the billboard suddenly catches fire and starts rolling downhill towards a fuel truck down at the quay.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=206\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=Pioneer Peril \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2020\\|10\\|29\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Pontypandy Pioneers are trying to earn their raft building badge, but Norman refuses to follow the instructions on building the raft. Things get worse when James' faulty tablet charger sets the grass and trees near the river ablaze. Meanwhile, Elvis accidentally gets Station Officer Steele's shirt dirty three times.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=207\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Space Sandwich \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2020\\|10\\|30\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Hannah, James, and Sarah launch a sandwich into space, which starts an unexpected rescue mission when their space images capture a distress flare, which was launched by Tom after getting stranded on Pontypandy Mountain due to Wallaby 2 breaking down.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=208\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Operation Sea Turtle \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2021\\|2\\|13\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=A sea turtle has been spotted off the coast of Pontypandy and the firefighters are doing their part to clean up the ocean. Meanwhile, Norman and Hannah accidentally drop Joe's binoculars into the sea, and Hannah and Joe use their submarine to retrieve the binoculars, but they get stranded when the submarine runs out of power.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=209\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Escape from Dinosaur Island\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2021\\|2\\|13\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Dinosaur Adventure Day, and Professor Pickles has taken the children to look for fossils on Pontypandy Island. But when Derek scares Norman, Norman decides to get back at Derek with a fake dinosaur, which gets Derek stranded on a cliff ledge.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=210\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=Caribbean Cookout\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2021\\|2\\|14\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Malcolm is joining the Wild Men of Pontypandy for a cookout. But when Nipper steals Malcolm's barbeque chicken and they try to get it back, Moose accidentally causes the grill to roll down the hill and into the train station where the grill starts a fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=211\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Blazing a Trail \n\\|WrittenBy\\=Darren Jones \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2021\\|2\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=On a very hot and dry day, Malcolm, Norman, and the Floods go hiking on Pontypandy Mountain, but their adventure is cut short when Norman accidentally leaves a magnifying glass in the sun, which starts a forest fire. To make matters worse, Mike trips on a rock and twists his ankle.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=212\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Deputy James\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2021\\|2\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When James becomes Malcolm's deputy for the day, they end up with a real case to solve; food has been disappearing around Pontypandy. The thief turns out to be a horse named Buttercup, who was brought in for an animal rescue demonstration. But when James tries to arrest her, he ends up on her back and racing through Pontypandy.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=213\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=Ukulele Crazy\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Laura Beaumont and Paul Larson \n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{start date\\|2021\\|2\\|17\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Sarah tries to turn Trevor into a ukulele rock star, the filming of his first video goes wrong and he and Moose find themselves approaching a waterfall.\n\\|LineColor\\=000080\n}}\n}}\n### *Norman Price and the Mystery in the Sky* (2020\\)",
"On the same day as the announcement of Series 12, another special was also announced for a 2020 delivery, tentatively titled The Rise of Norman\\-Man *before gaining its final name.*",
"The special focuses on two guest characters \\- Professor Polonium and Dr. Crumpton, who want to steal a super battery in order to create their own jetpack for fame and power.\n### Series 13 (2021–22\\)",
"In October 2020, a thirteenth series of Fireman Sam *was greenlit by WildBrain and Mattel Television for a June 2021 release and delivery window. This is the first series since the tenth to feature twenty\\-six episodes.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.licenseglobal.com/toys\\-games/mattel\\-television\\-wildbrain\\-greenlight\\-more\\-fireman\\-sam\\-polly\\-pocket \\| title\\=Mattel, WildBrain Greenlight 'Fireman Sam,' 'Polly Pocket' \\| License Global }}*",
"{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#FF6F6F \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=214\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Norman Burns Up the Dancefloor\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman, hiding from Lily who's eager to dance with him at the Disco, accidentally sets fire to the Wholefish Café, trapping Bronwyn and Lion upstairs!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=215\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=First Aid Fiasco\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Trevor is injured during first aid training with the Pioneers, know\\-it\\-all James panics, runs off and before long, needs rescuing himself!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=216\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Car Wash Chaos\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|5\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When the kids set up a car wash competition, Sarah finds herself trapped in Nurse Flood's car when it rolls into the sea at the beach with the tide coming in. Time to call Ocean Rescue!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=217\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Firework Party\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|11\\|5\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Darren Jones\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's time for the annual Fireworks Night in Pontypandy. The Sparkes learn that the safest way to enjoy fireworks is at the official public display!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=218\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Pizza in the Park\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|6\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Sam Barlow\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's the day of the Pontypandy Pizza in the Park contest! When Charlie drops burning hot embers, the fire team race to the park to put out the blaze.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=219\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=New Dog on the Block\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|7\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sarah is trying to train Nipper to high\\-five on command. But when she isn't paying attention, Nipper wanders off and sparks an oven fire with his paw!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=220\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Too Many Peas, Too Many Plugs\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|8\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Dilys overloads a socket at the Cut Price Store and starts a fire, Mandy learns that every job on the Fire Rescue team is the most important job!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=221\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Pioneer Party\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|11\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Gareth takes the kids on a hike for the 50th anniversary of the Pontypandy Pioneers, they end up lost in the mountains and need to be rescued!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=222\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Sparkes in the Sky\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|12\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Hannah uses her dad's JoeJet2000 to propel their hot air balloon, but she cranks it up to the maximum and heads out to sea and it is up to the Ocean Rescue team to rescue them and get them back to safety.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=223\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=Hold Your Horses\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|25\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Mandy, Norman, and Sarah climb too far up a rocky hill in search of the rare Pontypandy Pansy, they'll need a little horsepower to get back down!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=224\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Stand Up to Be Rescued\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2021\\|10\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= Ross Hastings\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Wanting the inflatable paddleboard all to himself, James takes it out on the river alone and is swept out to sea. Time to call Ocean Rescue!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=225\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=The Why Files 2: The Beast of Pontypandy Mountain\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|02\\|01\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman and Hannah are inspecting a strange sound in the woods. However, it isn't as scary as a forest fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=226\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=The Haunted Hayride\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|02\\|02\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sarah, Hannah and Mike are sent on a massive hayride on a runaway cart when Norman scares the Horse pulling it!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=227\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=Norman and the Sea\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|02\\|03\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Jodie Phillips, the new Marine Biologist of Pontypandy, takes the children out to learn about the depths of the Pontypandy sea in search of a rare spotted Ray. Meanwhile, Charlie and Mike need rescuing when Charlie's Boat springs a leak.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=228\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=The Hunt for the Lesser Spotted Wader\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|02\\|04\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mike gets himself into trouble when trying to spot a rare creature. the Ocean Rescue team will need to use their new Hovercraft to rescue him.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=229\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=Fire on the Water\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|05\\|28\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Darren Jones\n\\|ShortSummary\\=An oil fire breaks out in the water during Professor Pickles' search for an ancient cannon.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=230\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=Riptide Rescue\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|05\\|28\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Jodie and Hannah get stranded while looking inside a sea cave.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=231\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=Dog Versus Sheep\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|05\\|29\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Ross Hastings\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Garath, Sarah and James attempt to train Nipper to be a good sheepdog, however, Nipper accidentally causes Woolly to escape, and both get stranded on a cliff.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=232\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=The Lock In\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|05\\|30\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Sam Barlow\n\\|ShortSummary\\=During the Pontypandy Police Station Open Day, James and Mandy accidentally get locked up and when they find out that Station Officer Steele has gone missing, they must find a way to report the emergency.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=233\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=Pontypandy Pickle Paddle\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|05\\|31\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Ross Hastings\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Professor Pickles goes with the Pontypandy Pioneers on an adventure remnant of his ancestors, but soon gets himself into trouble when he goes climbing and gets stuck on a cliff.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=234\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=The Last Straw\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|06\\|01\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Miranda Larson\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Sarah resorts to quickly getting her chores done at the vet centre with a leaf blower, she forgets to turn it off and it causes a fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=235\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Hoop Splash\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|10\\|03\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Darren Jones\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Trevor teaches the kids how to Hoop Trundle. However, when trying to beat the kids, he trips up and is swept out in the river.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=236\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=Beware of the Fox\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|10\\|04\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Malcolm joins Tom and Moose as part of The Wild Men of Pontypandy. However, they cause a forest fire with their campfire when the Fox outfoxes them once again.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=337\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Calendar Challenge\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|10\\|05\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Everyone is taking part in the Pontypandy Calendar photo contest. However, Mrs. Chen's attempts to win the prize ends up with her on a surfboard!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=238\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=Seagull Shenanigans\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|10\\|06\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Zahara Andrews\n\\|ShortSummary\\=A Seagull causes trouble at the community litter pick, and causes the children to get stranded on an island.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=239\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\\|Title\\=Radio Mandy\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|10\\|07\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Paul Larson and Laura Beaumont\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy causes false problems into real ones on her radio show, leading to a road accident and a fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n}}\n### Series 14 (2022–23\\)",
"WildBrain announced a fourteenth series on 13 October 2022\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.wildbrain.com/newsreleases/wildbrain\\-and\\-mattel\\-double\\-the\\-fun\\-with\\-greenlights\\-for\\-new\\-seasons\\-of\\-fireman\\-sam\\-and\\-polly\\-pocket/ \\| title\\=WildBrain and Mattel Double the Fun with Greenlights for New Seasons of Fireman Sam and Polly Pocket \\| date\\=13 October 2022 }} The series premiered on 1 November 2022\\.\n{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#FF6F6F \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=240\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=The Pontypandy Bee Project\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|11\\|1\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy and James make Bee Hotels. However, Mandy ends up causing a fire at the watermill.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=241\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=The Moon Men Are Coming\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|11\\|2\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When he believes that Moon Men are attacking Pontypandy, Norman causes a fire in Joe's garage!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=242\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=The Fastest Food\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|11\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy goes out of control when trying to become the fastest delivery person.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=243\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Snap and Spot\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|11\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Tom Thomas gets into a new birdwatching app which soon leads him into trouble when he gets stuck on a cliff. It is up to Pontypandy's new pilot Krystyna to save the day!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=244\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Sergeant Sarah\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|11\\|7\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sarah is helping Rose Ravani and learns how important sergeants are when Garath gets lost.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=245\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=Moose's Sleepout Challenge\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|11\\|8\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Moose does a sleepout challenge for charity. However, James' craving for marshmallows causes a forest fire.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=246\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Run Norman Run\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|11\\|9\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's the day of the Pontypandy Fun Run, however the PA system used for the event catches fire and sends the event into jeopardy.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=247\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=The Ancient Pontypandy Way\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|11\\|10\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When a fire causes a quest to turn into a problem, the firefighters use this opportunity to try out their new uniforms!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=248\\-249\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\\-10\n\\|Title\\=Pontypandy Wonderland\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2022\\|12\\|10\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's Christmas Eve in Pontypandy and Sarah is preparing for a Pontypandy Wonderland, but a snow machine causes problems for her and Hannah!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=250\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Cave Calamity\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|02\\|13\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman gets stranded in the caves when attempting to finish his Sea Life spotting project by the rising tide.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=251\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Swift Drift\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|02\\|14\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman and Krystyna's younger brother Peter get lost at sea when their ship starts to sink, but Krystyna is here to save the day.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=252\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=Let's Go Fly a Kite\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|02\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Peter fixes Joe's giant kite, James has a go flying it, but soon gets his wrist caught in the rope and is sent flying away with it!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=253\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=Go Team Wildman\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|02\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=A team building exercise soon turns real when the Wildmen of Pontypandy get into a bit of a river predicament.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=254\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=Dilys's Sizzling Sauce\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|02\\|17\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Dilys leaves her eye off the stove at the store, causing a fire that traps Norman upstairs.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=255\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=On the Rocks\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|05\\|27\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=An underwater shoot goes wrong when Ben gets wedged in the rocks, just as the tide starts coming in!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=256\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=Dinosaur Danger\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|05\\|28\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The hunt for dinosaur bones leads to a search and rescue mission with the Police Helicopter, FireSwift, Radar and Shadows.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=257\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=The Pontypandy Hat Parade\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|05\\|29\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman leaves the house, the giant hat he made for the Pontypandy Hat Parade gets stuck in the door, just as the sitting room goes up in flames!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=258\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=I'm the Captain\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|05\\|30\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman and Mandy argue over who should be the captain, they cause the air\\-intake on Charlie’s fishing boat to overheat.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=259\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=Tidal Turmoil\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|05\\|31\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Hannah and Norman help at the Pontypandy Vets but end up losing the sheep and Prince the Horse, who gets stuck in sinking mud at the tidal flats.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=260\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\= Norman Takes Off\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|07\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When a class tour of the airport goes wrong, it is up to Norman to use his gaming skills to control FireSwift until the Rescue Team arrives!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=261\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Baking Blunder\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|07\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Pontypandy Pioneers bake up a storm to earn their baking badges, but when a greasy oven bursts into flames, they call the rescue teams.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=262\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=Keep Calm and Upward Octopus\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|07\\|4\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Despite constant interruptions, Mandy tries to stay calm and earn her yoga badge until disaster strikes and she needs to be rescued from a cliff ledge.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=263\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Go Kart Challenge\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|07\\|5\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=A Go\\-Kart Challenge goes topsy\\-turvy when Peter's Go\\-Kart catches fire and sets ablaze everything in its path!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=264\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=The Mystery of the Pontypandy Werefox\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|07\\|6\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Why Files Norman and Hannah investigate a mystery involving spilled milk, a half\\-eaten sausage roll, and strange dog like footprints.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=265\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\\|Title\\=Steele's Big Day\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|07\\|7\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Joe struggles to get the hang of his drone display for Station Officer Steele's anniversary party.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n}}\n### Series 15 (2023–2024\\)",
"A fifteenth series was announced at the same time as Series 14\\.\n{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#FF6F6F \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=266\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=The Hot Potato\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|10\\|21\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=The kids learn how to cook potatoes outdoors, but their hunger gets the better of them. Meanwhile, fire team is introduced to the new Jupiter.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=267\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=Boar Breakout\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|10\\|22\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=When one of Farmer Annie's boars escapes, she tries to rescue it, and now they're both drifting away into the river!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=268\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Seal Watch\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|10\\|23\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=James is hoping to spot a seal, but his Dad's binoculars prove to be more trouble then they seem.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=269\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Floating Away\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|10\\|24\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman and Mandy go off to retrieve their wildlife journal.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=270 \n271\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5 \n6\n\\|Title\\=Mystery at Pumpkin Hollow\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|10\\|25\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Why Files and the Detectives are both on the case within Pumpkin Hollow, with strange sounds and disappearing pumpkins to boot.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=272\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Wholefish Theatre\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|10\\|26\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Sarah holds a lunchtime show outside the Wholefish Cafe, which ends up proving to be a bit of a hot one!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=273\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Find the Fossil\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|10\\|27\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Peter finds what appears to be a Dinosaur fossil; but Nipper soon takes it, believing the fossil to be a bone.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=274\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Wild Snaps\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|10\\|28\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's the day of PC Malcolm's Wildlife Photo Challenge, but which team will win?\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=275\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=Country Market Chaos\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2023\\|11\\|01\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=During Pontypandy's first\\-ever country market, Sarah and James compete with Mandy and Norman to sell the most items.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=276\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Great Reading Rescue\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's the grand opening of the community library, but they're out of books. With a mission set by Mandy, can Norman and James save the opening?\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=277\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Perfect Pioneer Tea\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy and Peter accidentally start a forest fire when trying to gain a new Pioneer badge \\- making a cup of tea.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=278\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=Beaver Blackout\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Beavers cause a blackout in Pontypandy, and Dilys is unsure what to do with her freezer supplies.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=279\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=Calamity Cat\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy offers to look after Penny's cat Miss Pawdry, but she soon escapes.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=280\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=Dog Versus Cats\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy and Sarah help create a film showcasing the difference between dogs and cats.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=281\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=The World's Most Dangerous Picnic\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Peter's picnic games on Annie's Farm prove to be a bit disastrous.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=282\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=A Day with Scoop Dooley\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=283\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=Call of the Mud Men\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=284\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=A Stinky Rescue\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=285\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=The Great Robot Race\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=286\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=Hide and Rescue\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=287\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Pontypandy Party Planners\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=288\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=The Seven Wonders Of Pontypandy\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=289\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Something Fishy\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=290\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=Annie's Animal Parade\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=291\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\\|Title\\=Grown\\-Ups do the Silliest Things\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n}}\n### Series 16 (2024\\)",
"A sixteenth series was announced in October 2023, the series will feature an upgraded fire station and a new mobile command unit.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\\-sam\\-and\\-polly\\-pocket\\-get\\-new\\-season\\-greenlights\\-wildbrain\\-and\\-mattel \\| title\\='Fireman Sam' and 'Polly Pocket' Get New Season Greenlights from WildBrain and Mattel }}\n{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#FF6F6F \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=292\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Come to Pontypandy\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|01\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=293\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=The Way of the Wild Walkers\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|01\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=294\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Star Spotter of the Year\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|02\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=295\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=The Bravest Bird\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|03\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=296\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=Woolly in the Wind\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|04\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=297\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=The King of Pontypandy\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|07\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=298\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Mountain Cat\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|08\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=299\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Over the Ledge\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|09\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=300\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Back to the Stone Age\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|10\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=301\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=The Big Surprise\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|11\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=302\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Guinea Pig Peril\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|14\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=303\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Herding Hazard\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|15\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=304\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=It Came from the Sea\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2024\\|10\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n}}\nDVD\\-exclusive episodes\n-----------------------",
"These episodes were featured as wrap\\-around material on DVDs in the United Kingdom, alongside uploads on the official Fireman Sam *[YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") channel.\n{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#FF6F6F \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=B1\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=B1\n\\|Title\\=The Safety Show\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2012\\|10\\|08\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|With the ''Snow Trouble'' DVD}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=The residents of Pontypandy, in conjunction with the fire service, showcase ways to prevent fires and keep safe.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=B2\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=B2\n\\|Title\\=The Pontypandy Regatta\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|09\\|22\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|With the ''Ocean Rescue'' DVD}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's the day of the Pontypandy Regatta, and the Ocean Rescue team is surely going to be busy today!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=B3\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=B3\n\\|Title\\=Bake Off\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2014\\|11\\|03\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|With the ''On Thin Ice'' DVD}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Pontypandy Bake Off is being shown on TV, showcasing the mayhem and mischief that the contestants get into \\- especially mushed cakes and burnt Swiss rolls!\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=B4\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=B4\n\\|Title\\=Pontypandy's Got Talent\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2015\\|03\\|30\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|With the ''Norman on the Loose'' DVD}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=A talent show is held at the harbour. Norman isn't part of the show this year but is still willing to find a way to be a part of it.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=B5\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=B5\n\\|Title\\=Learn About Jobs Day\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2015\\|06\\|15\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|With the ''Pontypandy's Finest'' DVD}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=The kids learn about the different jobs that the grown\\-ups do. Sarah with her Uncle Sam, Hannah with Charlie, Mandy with Joe, James with Mrs. Chen, and Norman with Mike. \n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}",
"{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=B6\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=B6\n\\|Title\\=The Pioneers Go Wild\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|02\\|15\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|With ''The Great Escape of Pontypandy'' DVD}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=Tom and Moose take the Pontypandy Pioneers out for bush crafting, but get a bit carried away trying to be better than Wolf Anderson.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=B7\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=B7\n\\|Title\\=Junior Cadets\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2016\\|09\\|26\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|With the ''Race Against Time'' DVD}}\n\\|WrittenBy\\= \n\\|ShortSummary\\=The Junior Cadets learn about fire safety. Norman is more desperate to help in an emergency, and soon puts himself in danger when Joe and Mike's rocket fuel\\-powered Jet Vac 2000 catches alight.\n\\|LineColor\\=FF6F6F\n}}\n}}\nLive performances\n-----------------",
"[Fireman Sam in Action](/wiki/Fireman_Sam_in_Action \"Fireman Sam in Action\")\nFireman Sam on Stage\nHome media releases\n-------------------",
"### VHS",
"Most of the original episodes have been made available on VHS previously (in the United Kingdom by [BBC Video](/wiki/BBC_Video \"BBC Video\") in 1988–2001 and in the United States and Canada by [Family Home Entertainment](/wiki/Family_Home_Entertainment \"Family Home Entertainment\")), but apart from a VHS version of * + Action Stations'', these are all now out of print. It has been available on DVD by [Hit Entertainment](/wiki/Hit_Entertainment \"Hit Entertainment\") in the United Kingdom from 2004 to 2016 and [Abbey Home Media](/wiki/Abbey_Home_Media \"Abbey Home Media\") from 2017 onward due to a pact with [DHX Media](/wiki/DHX_Media \"DHX Media\") (Later [WildBrain](/wiki/WildBrain \"WildBrain\")). Here is a list of the UK releases.",
"",
"| VHS name | Release year | Episodes | BBCV code |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Fireman Sam – Safe with Sam{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001DE4UDK\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Safe with Sam (VHS)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | | \\* Episode 13 – Safe with Sam | |\n| Fireman Sam – The Hero Next Door{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T6VD\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – The Hero Next Door (VHS)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1988\\|02\\|1\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 1 – The Kite | 4101 |\n| Fireman Sam 2 – Lost Cat{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T6VE\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Lost Cat (VHS)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1988\\|06\\|06\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 7 – Lost Cat\\* Episode 8 – Telly Trouble\\* Episode 5 – Camping\\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire | 4137 |\n| Fireman Sam 3 – Sam's Day Off{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T6VF\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Sam's Day Off (VHS)\\|date\\=October 1988\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1988\\|10\\|3\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 10 – Sam's Day Off\\* Episode 9 – Treasure Hunt\\* Episode 11 – Thief in Pontypandy\\* Episode 12 – Chemistry Set | 4197 |\n| Fireman Sam 4 – Snow Business{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T6VI\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Snow Business (VHS)\\|date\\=October 1989\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1989\\|10\\|2\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 16 – Snow Business\\* Episode 15 – The Great Inventor\\* Episode 13 Safe With Sam\\* Episode 14 – The Wishing Well | 4268 |\n| Fireman Sam 5 – Norman's Pitfall{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T2W5\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Norman's Pitfall (VHS)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1990\\|11\\|5\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 20 – Norman's Pitfall\\* Episode 17 – Dilys's Forgetful Day\\* Episode 21 – Lost Ring\\* Episode 18 – Spot of Bother | 4428 |\n| Fireman Sam 6 – All in a Good Cause{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008T31H\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – All in a Good Cause (VHS)\\|date\\=March 1991\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1991\\|3\\|4\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 22 – All In A Good Cause\\* Episode 23 – Brass Band\\* Episode 24 – Lost In The Fog\\* Episode 25 – Bentley The Robot | 4470 |\n| The Very Best of Fireman Sam{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CMM1\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – The Very Best of Fireman Sam (VHS)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1992\\|10\\|5\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 12 – Chemistry Set\\* Episode 4 – Flat Tyre\\* Episode 17 – Dilys's Forgetful Day\\* Episode 5 – Camping \\* Episode 6 – Norman's Tricky Day\\* Episode 9 – Treasure Hunt\\* Episode 19 – Halloween | 4870 |\n|\n| The Very Best of Fireman Sam 2{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CONE\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – The Very Best of Fireman Sam 2 (VHS)\\|date\\=3 May 1994\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1994\\|5\\|3\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 1 – The Kite\\* Episode 7 – Lost Cat\\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire\\* Episode 10 – Sam's Day Off\\* Episode 14 – The Wishing Well\\* Episode 21 – Lost Ring\\* Episode 25 – Bentley the Robot | 5278 |\n| Fireman Sam – Treasure Hunt and five other stories{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CP78\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Treasure Hunt (VHS)\\|date\\=5 September 1994\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1994\\|9\\|5\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 9 – Treasure Hunt\\* Episode 15 – Thief in Pontypandy\\* Episode 3 – Trevor's Training\\* Episode 10 – Sam's Day Off\\* Episode 1 – The Kite\\* Episode 12 – Chemistry Set | 5464 |\n| Fireman Sam – Norman's Tricky Day and five other stories{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CP79\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Norman's Tricky Day (VHS)\\|date\\=5 September 1994\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1994\\|9\\|5\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 6 – Norman's Tricky Day\\* Episode 14 – The Wishing Well \\* Episode 4 – Flat Tyre\\* Episode 13 \\- Safe With Sam\\*Episode 15 – The Great Inventor\\* Episode 16 – Snow Business | 5465 |\n| Fireman Sam – Spot of Bother and five other stories{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CP7A\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Spot of Bother (VHS)\\|date\\=5 September 1994\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1994\\|9\\|5\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 17 – Dilys's Forgetful Day\\* Episode 18 – Spot Of Bother\\* Episode 8 – Telly Trouble\\* Episode 21 – Lost Ring\\* Episode 20 – Norman's Pitfall\\* Episode 7 – Lost Cat | 5466 |\n| Fireman Sam – Bentley the Robot and five other stories{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CP7C\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – The Hero Next Door (VHS)\\|date\\=29 May 1996\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1994\\|9\\|5\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 25 – Bentley The Robot\\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire\\* Episode 24 – Lost In The Fog\\* Episode 22 – All In A Good Cause\\* Episode 5 – Camping\\* Episode 23 – Brass Band | 5467 |\n| The New Adventures of Fireman Sam{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CPDH\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – The New Adventures of Fireman Sam (VHS)\\|date\\=20 February 1996\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1994\\|10\\|3\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 29 – Deep Trouble for Sam\\* Episode 28 – Quarry Rescue\\* Episode 27 – Rich and Famous\\* Episode 26 – Home from Rome | 5404 |\n| The New Adventures of Fireman Sam: Disaster for Dinner{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CQIU\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – The New Adventures of Fireman Sam 2 – Disaster for Dinner (VHS)\\|date\\=12 June 1995\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1995\\|6\\|12\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 33 – Disaster for Dinner\\* Episode 32 – Steele Under Par\\* Episode 30 – Trevor's Bus Boot Sale\\* Episode 31 – What Goes Up | 5625 |\n| Fireman Sam: 2 on 1{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CRPS\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Fireman Sam – 2 in 1 (VHS)\\|date\\=5 February 1996\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1996\\|2\\|5\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 1 – The Kite\\* Episode 4 – Flat Tyre\\* Episode 3 – Trevor's Training\\* Episode 6 – Norman's Tricky Day\\*Episode 5 – Lost Cat\\* Episode 8 – Telly Trouble\\* Episode 7 – Camping\\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire | 5787 |\n| Fireman Sam in Action{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CS1Q\\|title\\=Fireman Sam in Action (VHS)\\|date\\=April 1996\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1996\\|4\\|1\\|df\\=y}} | [Fireman Sam in Action](/wiki/Fireman_Sam_in_Action \"Fireman Sam in Action\") | 5807 |\n| Fireman Sam's Bumper Video{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CUO8\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Fireman Sam's Bumper Video (VHS)\\|date\\=4 August 1997\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1997\\|8\\|4\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 22 – All In A Good Cause\\* Episode 20 – Norman's Pitfall\\* Episode 15 – The Great Inventor\\* Episode 31 – What Goes Up\\* Episode 29 – Deep Trouble for Sam\\* Episode 11 – Thief in Pontypandy\\* Episode 27 – Rich and Famous | 6225 |\n| Fireman Sam: 2 on 1 – Tales from Pontypandy{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CW2L\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – 2 in 1 – Tales from Pontypandy (VHS)\\|date\\=14 April 1998\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1998\\|4\\|13\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 11 – Thief in Pontypandy\\* Episode 10 – Sam's Day Off\\* Episode 9 – Treasure Hunt\\* Episode 12 – Chemistry Set\\* Episode 16 – Snow Business\\* Episode 15 – The Great Inventor\\* Episode 13 \\- Safe With Sam\\* Episode 14 – The Wishing Well | 6354 |\n| Fireman Sam's Big Video!{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CY13\\|title\\=Fireman Sam Big Video (VHS)\\|date\\=5 February 1999\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|1999\\|2\\|1\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 28 – Quarry Rescue\\* Episode 26 – Home from Rome\\* Episode 32 – Steele Under Par\\* Episode 30 – Trevor's Bus Boot Sale\\* Episode 23 – Brass Band\\* Episode 21 – Lost Ring | 6771 |\n| Fireman Sam's Bumper Video \\- Telly Trouble!{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CY13\\|title\\=Fireman Sam Bumper Video (VHS)\\|date\\=5 February 1999\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2000\\|2\\|7\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 8 – Telly Trouble\\* Episode 17 – Dilys's Forgetful Day\\* Episode 33 – Disaster for Dinner\\* Episode 29 – Deep Trouble for Sam\\* Episode 24 – Lost In The Fog\\* Episode 25 – Bentley the Robot\\* Episode 3 – Trevor's Training | 6917 |\n| Fireman Sam's Biggest Video Ever!{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000056BXY\\|title\\=Fireman Sam Biggest Ever Video (VHS)\\|date\\=5 February 2001\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2001\\|2\\|5\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 1 – The Kite\\* Episode 6 – Norman's Tricky Day\\* Episode 2 – Barn Fire\\* Episode 20 – Norman's Pitfall\\* Episode 18 – Spot Of Bother\\* Episode 24 – Lost In The Fog\\* Episode 22 – All In A Good Cause\\* Episode 27 – Rich and Famous\\* Episode 31 – What Goes Up | 7135 |\n| Fireman Sam: Action Stations!{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001Z646I\\|title\\=Fireman Sam Action Stations (VHS)\\|date\\=31 May 2004\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2004\\|5\\|31\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 4 \\- Flat Tyre\\* Episode 5 \\- Lost Cat\\* Episode 7 \\- Camping\\* Episode 9 \\- Treasure Hunt\\* Episode 10 \\- Sam's Day Off\\* Episode 11 \\- Thief in Pontypandy\\* Episode 12 \\- Chemistry Set\\* Episode 13 \\- Safe With Sam\\*Episode 14 \\- Wishing Well\\*Episode 15 \\- The Great Inventor\\*Episode 18 \\- Spot of Bother\\*Episode 21 \\- Lost Ring\\* Episode 26 \\- Home from Rome |\n| Firemen Sam To the Rescue!{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0009OJ95Y\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – To the Rescue! (VHS)\\|date\\=11 July 2005\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2005\\|5\\|9\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 34 \\- Danger Falling Sheep \\* Episode 35 \\- Twist of Fate \\* Episode 36 \\- A Real Live Wire \\* Episode 37 \\- Bug\\-Eyed Boy from Venus \\* Episode 38 \\- Bathtime for Dusty |\n| Firemen Sam Saves the Day{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0009OJ95Y\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Saves the Day (VHS)\\|date\\=11 July 2005 \\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2005\\|7\\|11\\|df\\=y}} | \\* Episode 46 \\- Beast of Pontypandy \\* Episode 44 \\- Fit for Nothing \\* Episode 39 \\- Neighbourhood Watchout Episode 53 \\- The Case of the Liquorice Shoelaces \\* Episode 56 \\- Firefighter of Tomorrow |",
"### DVD",
"#### Region 2 UK",
"The entire classic series was released on DVD in April 2007\\. Prior to that, only two other DVDs were available: \"Action Stations\", containing 12 classic series episodes, and \"Snow Business\", containing the Christmas special (which was noticeably absent in the classic series boxed set) and two other episodes: \"Safe with Sam\", which emphasizes fire safety and which has not been shown by the BBC since November 1990, and \"Rich and Famous\". A further DVD of original episodes was available from the newspaper [The Sunday Mirror](/wiki/The_Sunday_Mirror \"The Sunday Mirror\") in 2006, but only contained two episodes. The majority of the 2005 season has been released in several DVD's.",
"##### Broadcast release DVDs",
"Note that in several cases, titles have been reused in VHS and DVD releases with quite different content.",
"| DVD Name | Episodes | Release Date |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – To The Rescue!{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0007CTKVG/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – To The Rescue!(DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 5\\) | \\* Episode 34 \\- Danger Falling Sheep \\* Episode 35 \\- Twist of Fate \\* Episode 36 \\- A Real Live Wire \\* Episode 37 \\- Bug\\-Eyed Boy from Venus \\* Episode 38 \\- Bathtime for Dusty | {{start date\\|2005\\|5\\|9\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Saves The Day{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0009OJ968/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Saves The Day (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 5\\) | \\* Episode 46 \\- The Beast of Pontypandy \\* Episode 44 \\- Fit for Nothing \\* Episode 39 \\- Neighbourhood Watchout \\* Episode 53 \\- The Case of the Liquorice Shoelaces \\* Episode 56 \\- Firefighter of Tomorrow | {{start date\\|2005\\|7\\|11\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Let It Snow{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000B3MJ9Q/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Let It Snow (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 5\\) | \\* Episode 58 \\- Let It Snow \\* Episode 54 \\- Fiery Finale \\* Episode 43 \\- Joker Soaker \\* Episode 47 \\- Pizza Palaver \\* Episode 40 \\- Twitchers in Trouble | {{start date\\|2005\\|11\\|7\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Fun Run{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000BTIPK2/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Fun Run (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 5\\) | \\* Episode 48 \\- Fun Run\\* Episode 49 \\- Trouble and Squeak\\* Episode 41 \\- Carnival of Junk\\* Episode 55 \\- Birthday Surprise\\* Episode 51 \\- Norman's Invisible Friend | {{start date\\|2006\\|2\\|27\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – The Big Freeze{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000H1QQY6/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – The Big Freeze (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 5\\) | \\* Episode 59 \\- The Big Freeze \\* Episode 45 \\- Deepwater \\* Episode 57 \\- Fields of Fire \\* Episode 52 \\- High Jinx \\* Episode 42 \\- Mummy's Little Pumpkin \\* Episode 50 \\- King of the Jungle | {{start date\\|2006\\|11\\|13\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Snow Business{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000KHYKOK/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Snow Business (DVD)\\|date\\=13 November 2006 \\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 1–4\\) | \\* Episode 16 – Snow Business \\* Episode 13 \\- Safe with Sam \\* Episode 27 \\- Rich and Famous | {{start date\\|2006\\|11\\|13\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam \\- Norman's Tricky Day{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000TQLJLY/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam \\- Norman's Tricky Day (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 1–4\\) | \\* Episode 1 \\- The Kite \\* Episode 2 \\- Barn Fire \\* Episode 3 \\- Trevor's Training \\* Episode 4 \\- Flat Tyre \\* Episode 5 \\- Lost Cat \\* Episode 6 \\- Norman's Tricky Day \\* Episode 7 \\- Camping \\* Episode 8 \\- Telly Trouble | {{start date\\|2007\\|4\\|16\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Treasure Hunt{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004P9MUW8/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Treasure Hunt (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 1–4\\) | \\* Episode 9 \\- Treasure Hunt \\* Episode 10 \\- Sam's Day Off \\* Episode 11 \\- Thief in Pontypandy \\* Episode 12 \\- Chemistry Set \\* Episode 13 \\- Safe With Sam \\* Episode 14 \\- The Wishing Well \\* Episode 15 \\- Sam \\- the Great Inventor\\* Episode 17 \\- Dily's Forgetful Day | {{start date\\|2007\\|4\\|16\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – A Spot of Bother{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003S4KXWK/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – A Spot of Bother (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 1–4\\) | \\* Episode 18 \\- A Spot of Bother \\* Episode 19 \\- Halloween \\* Episode 20 \\- Norman's Pitfall \\* Episode 21 \\- Lost Ring \\* Episode 22 \\- All in Good Cause \\* Episode 23 \\- Brass Band \\* Episode 24 \\- Lost in the Fog \\* Episode 25 \\- Bentley the Robot | {{start date\\|2007\\|4\\|16\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Rich and Famous{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000LMPGIS/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam \\- Classic Series 1 \\- 4 (Box Set) (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 1–4\\) | \\* Episode 26 \\- Home from Rome \\* Episode 27 \\- Rich and Famous \\* Episode 28 \\- Quarry Rescue \\* Episode 29 \\- Deep Trouble \\* Episode 30 \\- Trevor's Boot Sale \\* Episode 31 \\- What Goes Up \\* Episode 32 \\- Steele Under Par \\* Episode 33 \\- Disaster for Dinner | {{start date\\|2007\\|4\\|16\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – The NEW Hero Next Door{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001C3NEO8/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam \\- NEW Hero Next Door (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6\\) | \\* Episode 60 \\- Paper Plane Down \\* Episode 61 \\- Hot and Cold Running Sniffer Dog \\* Episode 62 \\- Hearts on Fire \\* Episode 63 \\- Perilous Path \\* Episode 64 \\- New Hero Next Door \\* Episode 65 \\- Santa Overboard | {{start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Red Alert{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001KN8WII/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Red Alert (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6\\) | \\* Episode 108 \\- Best Foot Forward \\* Episode 67 \\- Baa Baa Baby \\* Episode 68 \\- Mother's Helper \\* Episode 69 \\- Cat Magic \\* Episode 70 \\- Seeing Red | {{start date\\|2009\\|3\\|30\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Sticky Situation{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0029OMEUO/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Sticky Situation (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6\\) | \\* Episode 71 \\- Going Out with a Bang \\* Episode 72 \\- The Wrong Smell \\* Episode 73 \\- No Nurse Like You \\* Episode 74 \\- The one that got away \\* Episode 77 \\- Sticky Situation | {{start date\\|2009\\|7\\|13\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Towering Inferno{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B002L7O7SQ/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Towering Inferno (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6\\) | \\* Episode 75 \\- Dinosaur Hunt \\* Episode 76 \\- Floating Cart \\* Episode 78 \\- Cry Wolf \\* Episode 79 \\- Sheep on the Road \\* Episode 83 \\- Towering Inferno{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004P9MRWQ/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam \\- CGI triple pack Towering Inferno / Danger by the Double / S.O.S. Sam (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2009\\|11\\|9\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Danger by the Double{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003ZKUPFC/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Danger by the Double (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6\\) | \\* Episode 80 \\- Mam's Day \\* Episode 81 \\- Alarm on the Beach \\* Episode 82 \\- Hot Air \\* Episode 84 \\- Danger By the Double \\* Episode 85 \\- When Fools Rush In{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\\-season/danger\\-by\\-the\\-double/id378060986\\|title\\=Fireman Sam, Danger By the Double\\|publisher\\=apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2010\\|6\\|28\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – SOS Sam{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003ZKUPFC/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – SOS Sam (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 7\\) | Episode 89 \\- Fireworks for Mandy \\* Episode 94 \\- Off Duty Sam \\* Episode 96 \\- Sheep Dog Trials Episode 109 \\- Norman's Ark \\* Episode 111 \\- Mike's Rocket{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\\-season/s.o.s.\\-sam/id389138519\\|title\\=S.O.S. Sam\\|publisher\\=apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2010\\|10\\|18\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Choppy Waters{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004FS27G8/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Choppy Waters (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 7\\) | \\* Episode 86 \\- Blow Me Down \\* Episode 96 \\- Stranded \\* Episode 98 \\- Poorly Penny \\* Episode 99 \\- Pirates of Pontypandy Episode 103 \\- Sailor Steele \\* Episode 106 \\- A Day at the Seaside{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\\-season/choppy\\-waters/id410278996\\|title\\=Choppy Waters\\|publisher\\=apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2011\\|1\\|24\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Ready for Action{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004FS27E0/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Ready for Action (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 7\\) | \\* Episode 88 \\- Elvis Sings the Blues \\* Episode 90 \\- Heap of Trouble \\* Episode 93 \\- Flood's Flood \\* Episode 104 \\- Fireman James \\* Episode 105 \\- Dily's Big Surprise{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\\-season/ready\\-for\\-action/id421404098\\|title\\=Ready for Action\\|publisher\\=apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2011\\|3\\|14\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Helicopter Heroes{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0051ZH8C2\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Helicopter Heroes (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} (Series 7\\) | \\* Episode 91 \\- Stuck in the Muck \\* Episode 92 \\- Sausages vs. Shrimps \\* Episode 101 \\- Twitching the Night Away \\* Episode 107 \\- Model Plane \\* Episode 110 \\- Open Day{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\\-season/helicopter\\-heroes/id461755844/id563534893\\|title\\=Helicopter Heroes\\|publisher\\=apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2011\\|9\\|5\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam/Firemen Sam – Help is Here{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00693QMUO/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam Help Is Here (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} (Series 7\\) | \\* Episode 87 \\- Pontypandy Extreme \\* Episode 97 \\- Norman's Ghost \\* Episode 100 \\- Pontypandy Pioneers \\* Episode 102 \\- Double Trouble \\* Episode 109 \\- Three Legged Race{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\\-season/fireman\\-sam\\-help\\-is\\-here!/id491486483\\|title\\=Fireman Sam, Help Is Here!\\|publisher\\=apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00A1B79FM/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam: Action Pack triple pack (Help Is Here, Mountain Rescue, Snow Trouble) (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2012\\|1\\|23\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Mountain Rescue{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0073V2GI8/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Mountain Rescue (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} (Series 8\\) | \\* Episode 112 \\- Brownyn's Millionth Customer \\* Episode 113 \\- Runaway Train \\* Episode 114 \\- Mandy's Mountain \\* Episode 115 \\- Water Tower Inferno \\* Episode 116 \\- Jupiter on the Loose \\* Episode 119 \\- Elvis in Concert{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\\-season/fireman\\-sam\\-mountain\\-rescue/id506378145\\|title\\=Fireman Sam, Mountain Rescue\\|publisher\\=apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2012\\|3\\|26\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Snow Trouble{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B008YGTE2W/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Snow Trouble (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 8\\) | \\* Episode 117 \\- The Big Chill \\* Episode 132 \\- The Pontypandy Polar Bear \\* Episode 133 \\- Ice Cold in Pontypandy Episode 134 \\- Snowball of Doom \\* Episode 135 \\- Floodlights{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/tv\\-season/fireman\\-sam\\-snow\\-trouble!/id563534893\\|title\\=Fireman Sam, Snow Trouble!\\|publisher\\=apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2012\\|10\\|8\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Pontypandy Gone Wild{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00A1B79E8/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Pontypandy Gone Wild (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}}(Series 8\\) | \\* Episode 118 \\- Boyce will be Boyce \\* Episode 122 \\- The Pontypandyness Monster \\* Episode 126 \\- King of the Mountain \\* Episode 127 \\- Lighthouse Lock Out Episode 129 \\- To Outfox a Fox | {{start date\\|2013\\|1\\|21\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Hero at Sea{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00BEUUMB2/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Hero at Sea (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 8\\) | \\* Episode 120 \\- Mandy at Sea \\* Episode 123 \\- Disastrous Dilys Episode 124 \\- Charlie's Big Catch \\* Episode 130 \\- Lily Lost and Found \\* Episode 131 \\- Sky Lanterns | {{start date\\|2013\\|5\\|20\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Brave to the Core{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CYMMTBU/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Brave to the Core (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 8\\) | \\* Episode 121 \\- The Great Guinea Pig Rescue \\* Episode 125 \\- Bessie to the Rescue Episode 128 \\- Girls' Night In \\* Episode 136 \\- Norman's Halloween Heist \\* Episode 137 \\- Wheel of Fire | {{start date\\|2013\\|9\\|30\\|df\\=y}} |",
"",
"##### Selection / Best\\-of DVDs",
"",
"| DVD Name | Episodes | Release Date |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| The Very Best of Fireman Sam: Action Stations!{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001Z641I/\\|title\\=The Very Best of Fireman Sam: Action Stations! (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 1–4\\) | \\* Episode 4 \\- Flat Tyre \\* Episode 5 \\- Lost Cat \\* Episode 7 \\- Camping \\* Episode 9 \\- Treasure Hunt \\* Episode 10 \\- Sam's Day Off \\* Episode 11 \\- Thief in Pontypandy \\* Episode 12 \\- Chemistry Set \\* Episode 13 \\- Safe With Sam \\* Episode 14 \\- The Wishing Well \\* Episode 15 \\- Sam \\- The Great Inventor \\* Episode 18 \\- A Spot of Bother \\* Episode 21 \\- Lost Ring \\* Episode 26 \\- Home from Rome{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0019VVO7W/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam \\- Triple Pack (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | {{start date\\|2004\\|5\\|31\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam – Sam's Greatest Rescues{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004P9MVL8/\\|title\\=Fireman Sam – Sam's Greatest Rescues (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} | The Kite, Barn Fire and others | {{start date\\|2011\\|5\\|23\\|df\\=y}} |",
"##### Compilation DVDs",
"The following is a list of compilation DVDs that include fireman episodes as well as other shows.",
"| DVD Name | Episodes | Release Date |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Snow Days (Favourites){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0058NXV82/\\|title\\=Snow Days (Favourites) (DVD)\\|publisher\\=amazon.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-27}} | The Big Freeze | {{start date\\|2011\\|10\\|24\\|df\\=y}} |",
"",
"#### Region 1 US",
"Complete series have not been released in the US on DVD.\nSome complete series were released online in the US (e.g., Series 7 was released on iTunes as \"Season 6\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv\\-season/fireman\\-sam\\-season\\-6/id636040685\\|title\\=Fireman Sam, Season 6\\|publisher\\=Apple\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}}).",
"Note that in several cases, DVD titles have been reused in the US and UK releases with quite different content.",
"| DVD Name | Episodes | Release Date |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Fireman Sam: To the Rescue!{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/july08/docs/firemanSam.doc\\|title\\=Race to the Rescue with Fireman Sam™ and Friends as Everyone's Favorite Hero Debuts on DVD July 1, 2008 with Fireman Sam™: To the Rescue from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 5\\) | \\* Episode 38 \\- Bathtime for Dusty \\* Episode 39 \\- Neighborhood Watchout \\* Episode 46 \\- Beast of Pontypandy \\* Episode 48 \\- Fun Run \\* Episode 49 \\- Trouble and Squeak | {{start date\\|2008\\|7\\|1\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam Saves the Day!{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/jan09/docs/firemanSaves.doc\\|title\\=Everyone's Favorite Hero \\- Fireman Sam™ and his Trusty Crew Come to the Rescue in the All\\-New DVD Fireman Sam™: Saves The Day! from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 5\\) | \\* Episode 47 \\- Pizza Palaver \\* Episode 51 \\- Norman's Invisible Friend \\* Episode 52 \\- High Jinx \\* Episode 56 \\- Firefighter of Tomorrow \\* Episode 57 \\- Fields of Fire | {{start date\\|2009\\|1\\|13\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam: Hero Next Door{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/may09/docs/fs\\_heroNextDoor.doc\\|title\\=Everyone's Favorite Firefighter Comes to the Rescue in an All New DVD Fireman Sam™: Hero Next Door Arrives May 19, 2009 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 5\\) | \\* Episode 35 \\- Twist of Fate \\* Episode 36 \\- A Real Livewire \\* Episode 41 \\- Carnival of Junk \\* Episode 43 \\- Joker Soaker \\* Episode 53 \\- The Case of the Licorice Shoelaces | {{start date\\|2009\\|5\\|19\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam: Help Is Here!{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/aug09/docs/firemanSamHelpisHere.doc\\|title\\=Fireman Sam™ Saves the Day in an All\\-New CG Animated DVD Adventure Fireman Sam: Help Is Here!\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6\\) | \\* Episode 60 \\- Paper Plane Down \\* Episode 61 \\- Hot and Cold Running Sniffer Dog \\* Episode 62 \\- Hearts on Fire \\* Episode 63 \\- Perilous Path \\* Episode 64 \\- New Hero Next Door | {{start date\\|2009\\|8\\|25\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam: Ready for Action{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/dec10/docs/fs\\_readyforaction.doc\\|title\\=Get Fired Up for All\\-New, High Stakes Adventure! Fireman Sam™: Ready for Action Arrives on DVD, Digital Download and On Demand December 28, 2010 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6, 7\\) | \\* Episode 108 \\- Best Foot Forward \\* Episode 71 \\- Going Out with a Bang \\* Episode 77 \\- Sticky Situation \\* Episode 81 \\- Alarm on the Beach \\* Episode 82 \\- Hot Air | {{start date\\|2010\\|12\\|28\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam: Brave New Rescues{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/july11/docs/fs\\_braveNewRescues.doc\\|title\\=The \\#1 Fireman for Preschoolers is back in an All\\-New DVD! Fireman Sam™: Brave New Rescues Coming To DVD, Digital Download and On Demand July 5, 2011 from Lionsgate and Hit Entertainment \\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6, 7\\) | \\* Episode 86 \\- Blow Me Down \\* Episode 105 \\- Dilys' Big Surprise \\* Episode 107 \\- Model Plane \\* Episode 110 \\- Open Day \\* Episode 111 \\- Mike's Rocket \\* Episode 78 \\- Cry Wolf | {{start date\\|2011\\|7\\|5\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam: Rescue on the Water{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/april12/docs/firemansamrescueonthewater.doc\\|title\\=Waves of Heroic Fun Are Headed Your Way! Fireman Sam™: Rescue on the Water Coming to DVD, Digital Download and On Demand April 3, 2012 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6, 7\\) | \\* Episode 95 \\- Stranded \\* Episode 99 \\- Pirates of Pontypandy \\* Episode 103 \\- Sailor Steele \\* Episode 109 \\- Norman's Ark \\* Episode 74 \\- The one that got away \\* Episode 75 \\- Dinosaur Hunt | {{start date\\|2012\\|4\\|3\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam: Heroic Rescue Adventures{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/aug12/docs/fs\\_heroicRescue.doc\\|title\\=Get Fired Up for New Exciting Rescues! Fireman Sam: Heroic Rescue Adventures Coming to DVD, Digital Download and On Demand August 7, 2012 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 6, 7\\) | \\* Episode 87 \\- Pontypandy Extreme \\* Episode 88 \\- Elvis Sings the Blues \\* Episode 89 \\- Fireworks for Mandy \\* Episode 102 \\- Double Trouble \\* Episode 70 \\- Seeing Red \\* Episode 83 \\- Towering Inferno | {{start date\\|2012\\|8\\|7\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam: Holiday Heroes{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/oct12/docs/firemanSamHolidayHeroes.doc\\|title\\=Deck the Halls with Tales of Heroes Fireman Sam®: Holiday Heroes Coming To DVD, Digital Download and On Demand October 9, 2012 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 8\\) | \\* Episode 117 \\- The Big Chill \\* Episode 132 \\- The Pontypandy Polar Bear \\* Episode 133 \\- Ice Cold in Pontypandy Episode 134 \\- Snowball of Doom \\* Episode 135 \\- Floodlights | {{start date\\|2012\\|10\\|9\\|df\\=y}} |\n| Fireman Sam: Mighty Mountain Heroes{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/epk/april13/docs/fs\\_mightyMountainHeroes.doc\\|title\\=Join Preschool Hero Fireman Sam for High\\-Climbing Adventures! Fireman Sam®: Mighty Mountain Heroes Coming Exclusively To Digital Download and Video on Demand April 2, 2013 from Lionsgate and HIT Entertainment\\|publisher\\=Lionsgate\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-27}} (Series 8\\) | \\* Episode 113 \\- Runaway Train \\* Episode 114 \\- Mandy's Mountain \\* Episode 115 \\- Water Tower Inferno \\* Episode 119 \\- Elvis in Concert \\* Episode 125 \\- Bessie to the Rescue \\* Episode 126 \\- King of the Mountain | {{start date\\|2013\\|4\\|3\\|df\\=y}} |*",
""
] |
### Series 6 (2008–09\)
On 22 March 2007, S4C announced they had sold their 50% share in *Fireman Sam* to HIT Entertainment. On the same day, the broadcaster announced that development for a sixth series was underway with a DVD special and a 60\-minute special, the latter of which would be sold for a 2009 delivery. Despite the sellout, S4C would continue to remain on board as an executive producer for the new series and would retain all Welsh\-language rights to the property.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.s4c.cymru/en/press/post/27652/s4c\-announces\-sale\-of\-fireman\-sam\-to\-hit\-entertainment/\|title \= S4C announces sale of Fireman Sam to HIT Entertainment}} On September 7, it was announced that Series 6 would be animated in [CGI](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery "Computer-generated imagery") animation and in high\-definition, with HIT announcing Hibbert Ralph Animation as producer and Chinese\-based Xing\-Xing outsourcing the animation. The production of the new series would be scheduled for a May 2008 delivery, with production occurring until January 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/fireman\-sam\-to\-return\-in\-hd/121632\.article\|title \= Fireman Sam to return in HD}} On 25 October, HIT announced that the first CGI series would be produced as two series, making up Series 6 and 7\. [Cartoonito](/wiki/Cartoonito_%28British_and_Irish_TV_channel%29 "Cartoonito (British and Irish TV channel)") acquired UK pay\-TV rights to both series, alongside Series 5, while [Five](/wiki/Channel_5_%28UK%29 "Channel 5 (UK)") acquired the rights to the first four series.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\-sam\-gets\-new\-partners\|title\=Fireman Sam Gets New Partners}}
The first five episodes of Series 6 were first released direct\-to\-DVD in November 2008 as an introduction to the new series, with Series 6's TV debut on Cartoonito occurring in February 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\-sam\-gets\-new\-website\|title \= Fireman Sam Gets New Website}} The British Terrestrial rights to Series 6 and 7 were purchased by [GMTV](/wiki/GMTV "GMTV") in July 2009 for airing in the Autumn on the stand's *The Fluffy Club* block.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.c21media.net/news/cgi\-sam\-to\-make\-uk\-terrestrial\-debut/\|title \= CGI Sam to make UK terrestrial debut}}
The CGI transition brought along a complete revamp of the series, with Pontypandy becoming a seaside fishing village instead of a village set deep in the hills, though the main locations remained in the same places. The series also saw the introduction of three new characters \- the parents of Sarah and James \- new\-age mother Bronwyn, and fisherman father Charlie, who is Sam's brother, and Derek Price, Norman's cousin. New animals introduced were Lion, a cat owned by Charlie and Bronwyn, Radar, a rescue dog from the Fire Station, and Nipper, an energetic dog who belongs to Bronwyn's sister that the former looks after. The voice cast was also replaced, with the new voice actors for the series being Steven Kynman, Tegwen Tucker, David Carling and [Su Douglas](/wiki/Su_Douglas "Su Douglas").
A new location \- the 'Whole Fish Café' was added, which functions similarly to Bella's cafe from past series and is run by Charlie and Bronwyn, also functioning as their home. The Fire Station is refreshed with a double\-door design, allowing for Jupiter and Venus to exit at the same time, as well as it becoming multi\-floored. Dilys' shop was also turned from a simple corner store into a [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven")\-esque convenience store called the "Cut\-Price\-Supermarket".
New vehicles introduced were Neptune, a lifeboat which is normally piloted by Penny, and a green work van owned by Mike Flood. Some vehicles also received makeovers as well: Jupiter was updated with a front end taken from a [Volvo FL](/wiki/Volvo_FL "Volvo FL")6 and a yellow stripe was added to the front of the engine. Venus gains a water nozzle on its roof, and Trevor's bus was updated to be more modern with angled headlights.
The character's outfits were updated throughout the series (except for Norman Price), which included an update to the firefighter's outfits which added reflective stripes and extra badges to their tunics. Existing characters have had makeovers as well, Penny gains an extra bow and is now a qualified Coast Guard, normally piloting Neptune in ocean emergencies, and Dilys Price received a large makeover which saw her getting makeup, glasses, black hair, a necklace and an updated outfit. [Bella Lasagne](/wiki/Bella_Lasagne "Bella Lasagne") was removed from the series, although her Cafe is still seen opposite Dilys' shop. Rosa (Lasagne's cat) was also removed, alongside Dusty the dog.
With the revamp and going onwards to this day, many of the characters also had aspects of their personalities made more apparent. Norman Price is far more mischievous and inconsiderate than in the 2005 series where his pranks were often planned out and his accidents were due to badly planned ideas instead of outrageous schemes. For example, in the episode "Pontypandy Extreme", Norman gets trapped down a [wishing well](/wiki/Wishing_well "Wishing well") after attempting to climb down in order to retrieve the coins from the bottom. Other examples are Station Officer Steele's strictness and maturity and Elvis's decrease in general competence. For example, in one episode where a first aid training exercise is taking place, Elvis is told off by Steele for dancing with the dummy that is being used. At the same time, Steele is not afraid to unleash the child within him, showing an interest in kite flying and paper planes. He also occasionally causes emergencies himself and often gasps when an emergency comes in. Also, Station Officer Steele's name has changed to Station Officer Norris Steele.
{{Episode table \|background\= \#0049CF \|overall\= \|series\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=60
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|Title\=Paper Plane Down
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date\|These episodes were first released as part of the DVD ''Fireman Sam: The New Hero Next Door'', released on November 24, 2008\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\-sam\-gets\-new\-website\|title \= Fireman Sam Gets New Website}}}}
\|ShortSummary\=It is Fire Prevention Day in Pontypandy, but Norman has other things on his mind. He wants to spend his time making paper aeroplanes.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=61
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|Title\=Hot and Cold Running Sniffer Dog
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mike doesn't believe that Radar is a rescue dog, but he is soon proved wrong after he falls and breaks his arm in the Whole Fish Cafe cellar.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=62
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|Title\=Hearts on Fire
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=When Dilys' goes camping with Norman and Trevor, Dilys is spooked by her son's scary tales and in her panic starts a forest fire!
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=63
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|Title\=Perilous Path
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=After Sam and Tom put up signs warning everyone about some unsafe paths near the cliffs, Norman takes Mandy in search of a golden eagle.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=64
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|Title\=The New Hero Next Door
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy makes a movie with Norman starring as a super hero. Sarah, who is playing the damsel in distress, is so convincing at screaming for help that Charlie rushes to her rescue.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=65
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|Title\=Santa Overboard
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|2008\|11\|24\|df\=y}}{{efn\|name\=episode606162636465date}}
\|ShortSummary\=After festooning the supermarket with Christmas lights, Norman persuades Dilys to fix an inflatable Santa to the roof.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=66
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|Title\=Best Foot Forward
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman accidentally traps his foot in some rocks while out collecting mussels on the beach. Charlie, Sarah and James try all they can to dislodge it, but his foot is stuck fast.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=67
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|Title\=Baa Baa Baby
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=The boiler in the Wholefish Cafe isn't working, so Sarah takes Woolly's new lamb out for a walk in the pram. Lambikins is so well wrapped up that everyone thinks it's a real baby!
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=68
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|Title\=Mother's Helper
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=It's washing day in Pontypandy. In his house, Norman crams everything into the machine to do in one wash, then goes out to play.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=69
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|Title\=Cat Magic
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=When Sarah, James and Bronwyn find a wishing well in the woods, they are so busy making wishes that they do not notice that Lion the cat has fallen in!
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=70
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|Title\=Seeing Red
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Nipper is causing havoc, so Sarah and Bronwyn take him for a walk along the cliffs to calm him down.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=71
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|Title\=Going Out with a Bang
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mandy invites everyone to a fireworks display at the Floods on Bonfire Night. She and Norman are so busy doing firework impressions, they don't realise that they are scaring Lion.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=72
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|Title\=The Wrong Smell
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Helen and Penny are hiking in the mountains, but when fog sets in and Penny hurts her ankle, their flare isn't visible.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=73
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|Title\=No Nurse Like You
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Mike is busy organising a garden party to celebrate his and Helen's wedding anniversary, but it looks as though the barbecue will be ruined.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=74
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|Title\=The One That Got Away
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Charlie, Sarah, James and Norman discover a baby whale who has lost its mother.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=75
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|Title\=Dinosaur Hunt
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=After discovering an ammonite on Pontypandy beach, Norman makes a dinosaur footprint and lures James and Sarah to a nearby cave, hoping to convince them that a dinosaur is inside.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=76
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|Title\=Floating Cart
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman builds a new go\-cart from items that he has collected from around Pontypandy, though he hasn't always asked permission to use them.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=77
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|Title\=Sticky Situation
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Too impetuous to read any instructions, Norman has trouble assembling the model aeroplane kit Mandy bought him for his birthday, then gets stuck to his bedroom door.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=78
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|Title\=Cry Wolf
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=After a misplaced football kick sets off the fire alarm in Dilys' shop, Norman pretends that the alarm is faulty by setting it off again.
\| LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=79
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|Title\=Sheep on the Road
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=While Mike mends her field's gate, Woolly is sent to stay with Norman, who is ill. When Norman and Woolly go out, Trevor's bus swerves off the road.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=80
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|Title\=Mam's Day
\|WrittenBy\=Andrew Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=Norman is too impatient to let Mike help him to make a proper Mother's Day present for Dilys. He just nails a bottle top into a piece of wood and calls it a candle holder.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=81
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|Title\=Alarm on the Beach
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=When James and Mandy find a crate on the beach they try to open it but end up getting James's legs trapped.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=82
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|Title\=Hot Air
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=It is a very hot day in Pontypandy and Trevor refuses to accept that his old bus may not make it up the mountain.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=83
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|Title\=Towering Inferno
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=A competition to see who is best at hide\-and\-seek goes awry as Mandy gets horribly seasick when she hides in Charlie's boat and he takes it out for a sail.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=84
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|Title\=Danger by the Double
\|WrittenBy\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=When a fire starts in the forest, James and Sarah are too busy competing with each other to realise they are in danger.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=85
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|Title\=When Fools Rush In
\|WrittenBy\=Dave Ingham
\|OriginalAirDate\=
\|ShortSummary\=James wants to get Bronwyn something special for her birthday so he borrows Station Officer Steele's metal detector to try and find some old coins.
\|LineColor\=0049CF
}}
}}
|
[
"### Series 6 (2008–09\\)",
"On 22 March 2007, S4C announced they had sold their 50% share in *Fireman Sam* to HIT Entertainment. On the same day, the broadcaster announced that development for a sixth series was underway with a DVD special and a 60\\-minute special, the latter of which would be sold for a 2009 delivery. Despite the sellout, S4C would continue to remain on board as an executive producer for the new series and would retain all Welsh\\-language rights to the property.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.s4c.cymru/en/press/post/27652/s4c\\-announces\\-sale\\-of\\-fireman\\-sam\\-to\\-hit\\-entertainment/\\|title \\= S4C announces sale of Fireman Sam to HIT Entertainment}} On September 7, it was announced that Series 6 would be animated in [CGI](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery \"Computer-generated imagery\") animation and in high\\-definition, with HIT announcing Hibbert Ralph Animation as producer and Chinese\\-based Xing\\-Xing outsourcing the animation. The production of the new series would be scheduled for a May 2008 delivery, with production occurring until January 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/fireman\\-sam\\-to\\-return\\-in\\-hd/121632\\.article\\|title \\= Fireman Sam to return in HD}} On 25 October, HIT announced that the first CGI series would be produced as two series, making up Series 6 and 7\\. [Cartoonito](/wiki/Cartoonito_%28British_and_Irish_TV_channel%29 \"Cartoonito (British and Irish TV channel)\") acquired UK pay\\-TV rights to both series, alongside Series 5, while [Five](/wiki/Channel_5_%28UK%29 \"Channel 5 (UK)\") acquired the rights to the first four series.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\\-sam\\-gets\\-new\\-partners\\|title\\=Fireman Sam Gets New Partners}}",
"The first five episodes of Series 6 were first released direct\\-to\\-DVD in November 2008 as an introduction to the new series, with Series 6's TV debut on Cartoonito occurring in February 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\\-sam\\-gets\\-new\\-website\\|title \\= Fireman Sam Gets New Website}} The British Terrestrial rights to Series 6 and 7 were purchased by [GMTV](/wiki/GMTV \"GMTV\") in July 2009 for airing in the Autumn on the stand's *The Fluffy Club* block.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.c21media.net/news/cgi\\-sam\\-to\\-make\\-uk\\-terrestrial\\-debut/\\|title \\= CGI Sam to make UK terrestrial debut}}",
"The CGI transition brought along a complete revamp of the series, with Pontypandy becoming a seaside fishing village instead of a village set deep in the hills, though the main locations remained in the same places. The series also saw the introduction of three new characters \\- the parents of Sarah and James \\- new\\-age mother Bronwyn, and fisherman father Charlie, who is Sam's brother, and Derek Price, Norman's cousin. New animals introduced were Lion, a cat owned by Charlie and Bronwyn, Radar, a rescue dog from the Fire Station, and Nipper, an energetic dog who belongs to Bronwyn's sister that the former looks after. The voice cast was also replaced, with the new voice actors for the series being Steven Kynman, Tegwen Tucker, David Carling and [Su Douglas](/wiki/Su_Douglas \"Su Douglas\").",
"A new location \\- the 'Whole Fish Café' was added, which functions similarly to Bella's cafe from past series and is run by Charlie and Bronwyn, also functioning as their home. The Fire Station is refreshed with a double\\-door design, allowing for Jupiter and Venus to exit at the same time, as well as it becoming multi\\-floored. Dilys' shop was also turned from a simple corner store into a [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\")\\-esque convenience store called the \"Cut\\-Price\\-Supermarket\".",
"New vehicles introduced were Neptune, a lifeboat which is normally piloted by Penny, and a green work van owned by Mike Flood. Some vehicles also received makeovers as well: Jupiter was updated with a front end taken from a [Volvo FL](/wiki/Volvo_FL \"Volvo FL\")6 and a yellow stripe was added to the front of the engine. Venus gains a water nozzle on its roof, and Trevor's bus was updated to be more modern with angled headlights.",
"The character's outfits were updated throughout the series (except for Norman Price), which included an update to the firefighter's outfits which added reflective stripes and extra badges to their tunics. Existing characters have had makeovers as well, Penny gains an extra bow and is now a qualified Coast Guard, normally piloting Neptune in ocean emergencies, and Dilys Price received a large makeover which saw her getting makeup, glasses, black hair, a necklace and an updated outfit. [Bella Lasagne](/wiki/Bella_Lasagne \"Bella Lasagne\") was removed from the series, although her Cafe is still seen opposite Dilys' shop. Rosa (Lasagne's cat) was also removed, alongside Dusty the dog.",
"With the revamp and going onwards to this day, many of the characters also had aspects of their personalities made more apparent. Norman Price is far more mischievous and inconsiderate than in the 2005 series where his pranks were often planned out and his accidents were due to badly planned ideas instead of outrageous schemes. For example, in the episode \"Pontypandy Extreme\", Norman gets trapped down a [wishing well](/wiki/Wishing_well \"Wishing well\") after attempting to climb down in order to retrieve the coins from the bottom. Other examples are Station Officer Steele's strictness and maturity and Elvis's decrease in general competence. For example, in one episode where a first aid training exercise is taking place, Elvis is told off by Steele for dancing with the dummy that is being used. At the same time, Steele is not afraid to unleash the child within him, showing an interest in kite flying and paper planes. He also occasionally causes emergencies himself and often gasps when an emergency comes in. Also, Station Officer Steele's name has changed to Station Officer Norris Steele.",
"{{Episode table \\|background\\= \\#0049CF \\|overall\\= \\|series\\= \\|title\\= \\|writer\\= \\|airdate\\= \\|episodes\\= \n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=60\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\\|Title\\=Paper Plane Down\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date\\|These episodes were first released as part of the DVD ''Fireman Sam: The New Hero Next Door'', released on November 24, 2008\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.awn.com/news/fireman\\-sam\\-gets\\-new\\-website\\|title \\= Fireman Sam Gets New Website}}}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is Fire Prevention Day in Pontypandy, but Norman has other things on his mind. He wants to spend his time making paper aeroplanes.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=61\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n\\|Title\\=Hot and Cold Running Sniffer Dog\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mike doesn't believe that Radar is a rescue dog, but he is soon proved wrong after he falls and breaks his arm in the Whole Fish Cafe cellar.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=62\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\\|Title\\=Hearts on Fire\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Dilys' goes camping with Norman and Trevor, Dilys is spooked by her son's scary tales and in her panic starts a forest fire!\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=63\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\\|Title\\=Perilous Path\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After Sam and Tom put up signs warning everyone about some unsafe paths near the cliffs, Norman takes Mandy in search of a golden eagle.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=64\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\\|Title\\=The New Hero Next Door\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy makes a movie with Norman starring as a super hero. Sarah, who is playing the damsel in distress, is so convincing at screaming for help that Charlie rushes to her rescue.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=65\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\\|Title\\=Santa Overboard\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|2008\\|11\\|24\\|df\\=y}}{{efn\\|name\\=episode606162636465date}}\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After festooning the supermarket with Christmas lights, Norman persuades Dilys to fix an inflatable Santa to the roof.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=66\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\\|Title\\=Best Foot Forward\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman accidentally traps his foot in some rocks while out collecting mussels on the beach. Charlie, Sarah and James try all they can to dislodge it, but his foot is stuck fast.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=67\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\\|Title\\=Baa Baa Baby\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=The boiler in the Wholefish Cafe isn't working, so Sarah takes Woolly's new lamb out for a walk in the pram. Lambikins is so well wrapped up that everyone thinks it's a real baby!\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=68\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\\|Title\\=Mother's Helper\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It's washing day in Pontypandy. In his house, Norman crams everything into the machine to do in one wash, then goes out to play.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=69\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\\|Title\\=Cat Magic\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When Sarah, James and Bronwyn find a wishing well in the woods, they are so busy making wishes that they do not notice that Lion the cat has fallen in!\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=70\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\\|Title\\=Seeing Red\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Nipper is causing havoc, so Sarah and Bronwyn take him for a walk along the cliffs to calm him down.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=71\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\\|Title\\=Going Out with a Bang\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mandy invites everyone to a fireworks display at the Floods on Bonfire Night. She and Norman are so busy doing firework impressions, they don't realise that they are scaring Lion.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=72\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\\|Title\\=The Wrong Smell\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Helen and Penny are hiking in the mountains, but when fog sets in and Penny hurts her ankle, their flare isn't visible.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=73\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\\|Title\\=No Nurse Like You\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Mike is busy organising a garden party to celebrate his and Helen's wedding anniversary, but it looks as though the barbecue will be ruined.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=74\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\\|Title\\=The One That Got Away\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Charlie, Sarah, James and Norman discover a baby whale who has lost its mother.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=75\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\\|Title\\=Dinosaur Hunt\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After discovering an ammonite on Pontypandy beach, Norman makes a dinosaur footprint and lures James and Sarah to a nearby cave, hoping to convince them that a dinosaur is inside.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=76\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\\|Title\\=Floating Cart\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman builds a new go\\-cart from items that he has collected from around Pontypandy, though he hasn't always asked permission to use them.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=77\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\\|Title\\=Sticky Situation\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Too impetuous to read any instructions, Norman has trouble assembling the model aeroplane kit Mandy bought him for his birthday, then gets stuck to his bedroom door.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=78\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\\|Title\\=Cry Wolf\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=After a misplaced football kick sets off the fire alarm in Dilys' shop, Norman pretends that the alarm is faulty by setting it off again.\n\\| LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=79\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\\|Title\\=Sheep on the Road\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=While Mike mends her field's gate, Woolly is sent to stay with Norman, who is ill. When Norman and Woolly go out, Trevor's bus swerves off the road.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=80\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\\|Title\\=Mam's Day\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Brenner\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=Norman is too impatient to let Mike help him to make a proper Mother's Day present for Dilys. He just nails a bottle top into a piece of wood and calls it a candle holder.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=81\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\\|Title\\=Alarm on the Beach\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When James and Mandy find a crate on the beach they try to open it but end up getting James's legs trapped.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=82\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\\|Title\\=Hot Air\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=It is a very hot day in Pontypandy and Trevor refuses to accept that his old bus may not make it up the mountain.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=83\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\\|Title\\=Towering Inferno\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=A competition to see who is best at hide\\-and\\-seek goes awry as Mandy gets horribly seasick when she hides in Charlie's boat and he takes it out for a sail.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=84\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\\|Title\\=Danger by the Double\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Mellie Buse and Jan Page\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=When a fire starts in the forest, James and Sarah are too busy competing with each other to realise they are in danger.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|EpisodeNumber\\=85\n\\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\\|Title\\=When Fools Rush In\n\\|WrittenBy\\=Dave Ingham\n\\|OriginalAirDate\\=\n\\|ShortSummary\\=James wants to get Bronwyn something special for her birthday so he borrows Station Officer Steele's metal detector to try and find some old coins.\n\\|LineColor\\=0049CF\n}}\n}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Until the 17th century, the history of the North (Nord, French department) was largely in common with the history of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") (the Celtics [Belgians](/wiki/Belgae "Belgae") during Antiquity were a multitude of Celtic peoples from the north of [Gaul](/wiki/Gallia_Belgica "Gallia Belgica")). The historical [French provinces](/wiki/Provinces_of_France "Provinces of France") that preceded Nord are [French Flanders](/wiki/French_Flanders "French Flanders"), [French Hainaut](/wiki/French_Hainaut "French Hainaut") (part of [Hainaut](/wiki/Hainaut_Province "Hainaut Province") and [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders") is in the Kingdom of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium")). Tribes of the [Belgae](/wiki/Belgae "Belgae"), such as the [Menapii](/wiki/Menapii "Menapii") and [Nervii](/wiki/Nervii "Nervii") were the first peoples recorded in the area later known as Nord.
During the 4th and 5th Centuries, [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") rulers of *[Gallia Belgica](/wiki/Gallia_Belgica "Gallia Belgica")* secured the route from the major port of [Bononia](/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer%23Origin_of_the_city "Boulogne-sur-Mer#Origin of the city") (Boulogne) to [Colonia](/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium "Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium") (Cologne), by co\-opting Germanic peoples north\-east of this corridor, such as the [Tungri](/wiki/Tungri "Tungri"). In effect, the area known later as Nord became an [isogloss](/wiki/Isogloss "Isogloss") (linguistic border) between the [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_languages "Germanic languages") and [Romance](/wiki/Romance_languages "Romance languages") languages. [Saxon](/wiki/Saxons "Saxons") colonisation of the region from the 5th to the 8th centuries likely shifted the isogloss further south so that, by the 9th century, most people immediately north of [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille") spoke a dialect of [Old Dutch](/wiki/Old_Dutch "Old Dutch"). This has remained evident in the place names of the region. After the [County of Flanders](/wiki/County_of_Flanders "County of Flanders") became part of France in the 9th century, the isogloss moved north and east.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.multilingual\-matters.net/jmmd/023/0022/jmmd0230022\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.multilingual\-matters.net/jmmd/023/0022/jmmd0230022\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2022\-10\-09 \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Dutch dialect }} {{small\|(404 KB)}}
[thumb\|200px\|left\|Extent of [West Flemish](/wiki/West_Flemish "West Flemish") spoken in the arrondissement of Dunkirk in 1874 and 1972 respectively.](/wiki/File:FlemishinDunkirkdistrict.PNG "FlemishinDunkirkdistrict.PNG")
During the 14th century, much of the area came under the control of the [Duchy of Burgundy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy "Duchy of Burgundy") and in subsequent centuries was therefore part of the [Habsburg Netherlands](/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands "Habsburg Netherlands") (from 1482\) and the [Spanish Netherlands](/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands "Spanish Netherlands") (1581\).
Areas that later constituted Nord were ceded to France by treaties in 1659, 1668, and 1678, becoming the Counties of [Flanders](/wiki/French_Flanders "French Flanders") and [Hainaut](/wiki/French_Hainaut "French Hainaut"), and part of the [Bishopric of Cambrai](/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis "Cambrésis").
On 4 March 1790, during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"), Nord became one of the original 83 departments created to replace the counties.
Modern government policies making French the only official language have led to a decline in use of the Dutch [West Flemish](/wiki/West_Flemish "West Flemish") dialect. There are currently 20,000 speakers of a sub\-dialect of West Flemish in the arrondissement of Dunkirk and it appears likely that this particular sub\-dialect will be extinct within decades.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Until the 17th century, the history of the North (Nord, French department) was largely in common with the history of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") (the Celtics [Belgians](/wiki/Belgae \"Belgae\") during Antiquity were a multitude of Celtic peoples from the north of [Gaul](/wiki/Gallia_Belgica \"Gallia Belgica\")). The historical [French provinces](/wiki/Provinces_of_France \"Provinces of France\") that preceded Nord are [French Flanders](/wiki/French_Flanders \"French Flanders\"), [French Hainaut](/wiki/French_Hainaut \"French Hainaut\") (part of [Hainaut](/wiki/Hainaut_Province \"Hainaut Province\") and [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\") is in the Kingdom of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\")). Tribes of the [Belgae](/wiki/Belgae \"Belgae\"), such as the [Menapii](/wiki/Menapii \"Menapii\") and [Nervii](/wiki/Nervii \"Nervii\") were the first peoples recorded in the area later known as Nord.",
"During the 4th and 5th Centuries, [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") rulers of *[Gallia Belgica](/wiki/Gallia_Belgica \"Gallia Belgica\")* secured the route from the major port of [Bononia](/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer%23Origin_of_the_city \"Boulogne-sur-Mer#Origin of the city\") (Boulogne) to [Colonia](/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium \"Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium\") (Cologne), by co\\-opting Germanic peoples north\\-east of this corridor, such as the [Tungri](/wiki/Tungri \"Tungri\"). In effect, the area known later as Nord became an [isogloss](/wiki/Isogloss \"Isogloss\") (linguistic border) between the [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_languages \"Germanic languages\") and [Romance](/wiki/Romance_languages \"Romance languages\") languages. [Saxon](/wiki/Saxons \"Saxons\") colonisation of the region from the 5th to the 8th centuries likely shifted the isogloss further south so that, by the 9th century, most people immediately north of [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\") spoke a dialect of [Old Dutch](/wiki/Old_Dutch \"Old Dutch\"). This has remained evident in the place names of the region. After the [County of Flanders](/wiki/County_of_Flanders \"County of Flanders\") became part of France in the 9th century, the isogloss moved north and east.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.multilingual\\-matters.net/jmmd/023/0022/jmmd0230022\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.multilingual\\-matters.net/jmmd/023/0022/jmmd0230022\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Dutch dialect }} {{small\\|(404 KB)}}",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\|Extent of [West Flemish](/wiki/West_Flemish \"West Flemish\") spoken in the arrondissement of Dunkirk in 1874 and 1972 respectively.](/wiki/File:FlemishinDunkirkdistrict.PNG \"FlemishinDunkirkdistrict.PNG\")",
"During the 14th century, much of the area came under the control of the [Duchy of Burgundy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy \"Duchy of Burgundy\") and in subsequent centuries was therefore part of the [Habsburg Netherlands](/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands \"Habsburg Netherlands\") (from 1482\\) and the [Spanish Netherlands](/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands \"Spanish Netherlands\") (1581\\).",
"Areas that later constituted Nord were ceded to France by treaties in 1659, 1668, and 1678, becoming the Counties of [Flanders](/wiki/French_Flanders \"French Flanders\") and [Hainaut](/wiki/French_Hainaut \"French Hainaut\"), and part of the [Bishopric of Cambrai](/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis \"Cambrésis\").",
"On 4 March 1790, during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), Nord became one of the original 83 departments created to replace the counties.",
"Modern government policies making French the only official language have led to a decline in use of the Dutch [West Flemish](/wiki/West_Flemish \"West Flemish\") dialect. There are currently 20,000 speakers of a sub\\-dialect of West Flemish in the arrondissement of Dunkirk and it appears likely that this particular sub\\-dialect will be extinct within decades.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Alessandra Celletti comes from a purely classical background, graduating at the Conservatory of Santa Cecilia in Rome and perfecting herself with Vera Gobbi Belcredi. She has played in Italy, France, England,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.classicalevents.co.uk/concerts/rosslyn\-hill\-chapel\-hamstead/14\-october\-2017/17\-30/planet\-tree\-music\-festival\-alessandra\-celletti\-keith\-barnard\|title\=Classical Events: Planet Tree Music Festival: Alessandra Celletti \& Keith Barnard\|website\=Classical Events\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06}} Germany,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.iicberlino.esteri.it/iic\_berlino/it/gli\_eventi/calendario/2016/01/alessandra\-celletti\-piano\-solo\-music\-celletti\-satie\-glass\-eno\-roedelius.html\|title\=Alessandra Celletti – Piano solo. Music: Celletti, Satie, Glass, Eno/Roedelius\|website\=iicberlino.esteri.it\|language\=it\-it\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06\|archive\-date\=7 December 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084902/http://www.iicberlino.esteri.it/iic\_berlino/it/gli\_eventi/calendario/2016/01/alessandra\-celletti\-piano\-solo\-music\-celletti\-satie\-glass\-eno\-roedelius.html\|url\-status\=dead}} Portugal,{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.cmjornal.pt/cultura/detalhe/alessandra\-celletti\-da\-um\-concerto\-em\-lagos\|title\=Alessandra Celletti dá um concerto em Lagos\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06\|language\=en}} Denmark, Czech Republic, Austria,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tablyrics.com/artist\-alessandra\-celletti\-\&\-hans(\-)joachim\-roedelius\-chords\-lyrics\|title\=Alessandra Celletti \& Hans\-joachim Roedelius's lyrics \& chords\|website\=tablyrics.com\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-08}} Spain, United States,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/roedelius\-celle/\|title\=Roedelius \& Celletti in New York City for rare concert (in support of new Transparency Records album)\|website\=BrooklynVegan\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-07}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.amoeba.com/blog/2009/11/jamoeblog/alessandra\-celletti\-pre\-usa\-concert\-series\-interview.html\|title\=ALESSANDRA CELLETTI PRE USA CONCERT SERIES INTERVIEW\|website\=Amoeblog\|language\=en\-us\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06}} Mozambique,{{Cite web\|url\=http://orig.bandsintown.com/event/3469797\-alessandra\-celletti\-maputo\-maputo\-2010?artist\=Alessandra\+Celletti\&came\_from\=178\|title\=Alessandra Celletti @ Maputo\|website\=Bandsintown\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100214/http://orig.bandsintown.com/event/3469797\-alessandra\-celletti\-maputo\-maputo\-2010?artist\=Alessandra\+Celletti\&came\_from\=178\|archive\-date\=9 December 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} Tunisia, India.
In 2006 she released the album "Chi mi darà le ali"{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/chi\-mi\-dar%C3%A3%C2%A0\-le\-ali\-mw0001546640\|title\=Chi Mi Darã le Ali – Alessandra Celletti {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic\|publisher\=AllMusic\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-07}} (Who will give me wings); her repertoire as a performers includes, among others, compositions by [Erik Satie](/wiki/Erik_Satie "Erik Satie"), [Claude Debussy](/wiki/Claude_Debussy "Claude Debussy"), [Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel "Maurice Ravel"), [Baldassarre Galuppi](/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi "Baldassare Galuppi"), [Leoš Janáček](/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek "Leoš Janáček"), [Gurdjieff](/wiki/George_Gurdjieff "George Gurdjieff") / De Hartmann, [Scott Joplin](/wiki/Scott_Joplin "Scott Joplin"), [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage "John Cage") and [Philip Glass](/wiki/Philip_Glass "Philip Glass").
In 2007 she published "The Golden Fly"{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.kha.it/goldenFly/Press\_gldFly.htm\|title\=Alessandra Celletti, The Golden Fly. Press Review\|website\=kha.it\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204060423/http://www.kha.it/goldenFly/Press\_gldFly.htm\|archive\-date\=4 December 2008\|url\-status\=dead}} for the label Kha Records;{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.kha.it/KhaEn.htm\|title\=Kha.it – Ernesto Lecuona, Eric Satie, Philip Glass, Scott Joplin, Matteo Sommacal, Giya Kancheli, Arvo Pärt, Peteris Vasks and Gurdjieff – De Hartmann piano music\|website\=kha.it\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726152343/http://www.kha.it/KhaEn.htm\|archive\-date\=26 July 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} in 2008 the album "Way Out"{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ltmrecordings.com/way\_out\_ltmcd2505\.html\|title\=Way Out \[LTMCD 2505] {{!}} Alessandra Celletti {{!}} LTM\|website\=ltmrecordings.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-07}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/way\-out\-mw0000494061\|title\=Way Out – Alessandra Celletti {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic\|publisher\=AllMusic\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06}} for the English label [LTM Recordings](/wiki/LTM_Recordings "LTM Recordings") in which the sounds of the piano blend with the rhythm of the drums and the voice.
Celletti has collaborated with the Swedish conceptual artist Paulina Wallenberg Olsson, the saxophonist Nicola Alesini, the percussionist Marcello Piccinini, the poet [Beppe Costa](/wiki/Beppe_Costa "Beppe Costa"), the multi\-instrumentalist Luca Venitucci, the double bassist Daniele Ercoli, the violinist Her, the thereminist Maurizio Mansueti, the drummer [Charles Hayward](/wiki/Charles_Hayward_%28musician%29 "Charles Hayward (musician)"), the composer [Lawrence Ball](/wiki/Lawrence_Ball "Lawrence Ball"),{{Cite news\|url\=https://lovelondonloveculture.com/2017/09/28/preview\-planet\-tree\-music\-festival/\|title\=PREVIEW: Planet Tree Music Festival\|date\=2017\-09\-28\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-07\|language\=en\-US}} the actor [Flavio Bucci](/wiki/Flavio_Bucci "Flavio Bucci"), the dancer Gloria Pomardi, the artist Giorgio Andreotta Calò, the artist [Ray Caesar](/wiki/Ray_Caesar "Ray Caesar"),{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.dorothycircusgallery.it/would\-you\-be\-my\-miracle/\|title\=Would you be my Miracle? – Dorothy Circus Gallery\|date\=2012\-11\-01\|work\=Dorothy Circus Gallery\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06\|language\=en\-GB}} the English composer Mark Tranmer (aka [GNAC](/wiki/Gnac "Gnac")) with whom she published the album "The Red Pages{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.marktranmer.com/mark\-tranmer\-alessandra\-celletti\-the\-red\-pages.php\|title\=Mark Tranmer \& Alessandra Celletti The Red Pages \[VF001]\|website\=marktranmer.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-06}}" and the exponent of contemporary experimental electronic music, [Hans Joachim Roedelius](/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Roedelius "Hans-Joachim Roedelius"){{Cite news\|url\=http://culturmag.de/musik/interview\-mit\-hans\-joachim\-roedelius/5612\|title\=Interview mit Hans\-Joachim Roedelius – CulturMag\|date\=2010\-02\-04\|work\=CulturMag\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-12\|language\=de\-DE}} with whom, in 2009 for the North American label [Transparency](/wiki/Transparency_Record "Transparency Record"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/roedelius\-celle/\|title\=Roedelius \& Celletti in New York City for rare concert (in support of new Transparency Records album)\|website\=BrooklynVegan\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-21}} she has composed and recorded the album "Sustanza di cose sperata".
The 2011 "Crazy Girl Blue{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/it/Alessandra\-Celletti\-Crazy\-Girl\-Blue/release/3347306\|title\=Alessandra Celletti – Crazy Girl Blue\|publisher\=Discogs\|language\=it\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-07}}", her thirteenth album, is published in parallel to a limited edition box set of 200 numbered copies of "Sketches of Sacagawea", a work dedicated to the Native American heroine [Sacagawea](/wiki/Sacagawea "Sacagawea").
With the German surrealist artist Jaan Patterson, in 2011 she composed the album\-soundtrack that accompanies the release of the novel by [George Bataille](/wiki/Georges_Bataille "Georges Bataille") "W.C.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.transeuropaedizioni.it/dettaglio\_libro.php?id\_libro\=144\|title\=Transeuropa Edizioni – Casa Editrice Massa\|website\=transeuropaedizioni.it\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-08}}" for Transeuropa publisher.
In 2016 Alessandra Celletti released "Working on Satie",{{Cite news\|url\=https://romaeuropa.net/en/festival\-2016\-en/50150\-working\-on\-satie\-talking\-to\-satie/\|title\=50/150 Working on Satie \>\>\> Talking to Satie\|date\=2016\-05\-18\|work\=Romaeuropa\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-07\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.alessandracelletti.com/en/working\-on\-satie\-cddvd\-cellettionze/\|title\=Working on Satie (cd\&dvd) Celletti/Onze {{!}} Alessandra Celletti {{!}} official site\|work\=Alessandra Celletti {{!}} official site\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-07\|language\=en\-US}} a project together with the figurative artist Onze. The work, thanks to a crowdfunding campaign, became a CD and DVD and the show was hosted for two dates, both sold out, at the [Romaeuropa Festival](/wiki/Romaeuropa_Festival "Romaeuropa Festival") 2016\.
In 2020 Alessandra Celletti collaborates with the musician Alberto Tre and with the New York Times journalist [Ian Urbina](/wiki/Ian_Urbina "Ian Urbina") for the composition of Heroes{{Cite web\|title\=Alessandra Celletti: "Heroes" recensione\|url\=https://www.rockit.it/recensione/52200/alessandracelletti\-heroes\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-10\|website\=Rockit.it\|language\=it\-IT}} part of "The Outlaw Ocean" project.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Alessandra Celletti comes from a purely classical background, graduating at the Conservatory of Santa Cecilia in Rome and perfecting herself with Vera Gobbi Belcredi. She has played in Italy, France, England,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.classicalevents.co.uk/concerts/rosslyn\\-hill\\-chapel\\-hamstead/14\\-october\\-2017/17\\-30/planet\\-tree\\-music\\-festival\\-alessandra\\-celletti\\-keith\\-barnard\\|title\\=Classical Events: Planet Tree Music Festival: Alessandra Celletti \\& Keith Barnard\\|website\\=Classical Events\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06}} Germany,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iicberlino.esteri.it/iic\\_berlino/it/gli\\_eventi/calendario/2016/01/alessandra\\-celletti\\-piano\\-solo\\-music\\-celletti\\-satie\\-glass\\-eno\\-roedelius.html\\|title\\=Alessandra Celletti – Piano solo. Music: Celletti, Satie, Glass, Eno/Roedelius\\|website\\=iicberlino.esteri.it\\|language\\=it\\-it\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06\\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084902/http://www.iicberlino.esteri.it/iic\\_berlino/it/gli\\_eventi/calendario/2016/01/alessandra\\-celletti\\-piano\\-solo\\-music\\-celletti\\-satie\\-glass\\-eno\\-roedelius.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Portugal,{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cmjornal.pt/cultura/detalhe/alessandra\\-celletti\\-da\\-um\\-concerto\\-em\\-lagos\\|title\\=Alessandra Celletti dá um concerto em Lagos\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06\\|language\\=en}} Denmark, Czech Republic, Austria,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tablyrics.com/artist\\-alessandra\\-celletti\\-\\&\\-hans(\\-)joachim\\-roedelius\\-chords\\-lyrics\\|title\\=Alessandra Celletti \\& Hans\\-joachim Roedelius's lyrics \\& chords\\|website\\=tablyrics.com\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-08}} Spain, United States,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/roedelius\\-celle/\\|title\\=Roedelius \\& Celletti in New York City for rare concert (in support of new Transparency Records album)\\|website\\=BrooklynVegan\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amoeba.com/blog/2009/11/jamoeblog/alessandra\\-celletti\\-pre\\-usa\\-concert\\-series\\-interview.html\\|title\\=ALESSANDRA CELLETTI PRE USA CONCERT SERIES INTERVIEW\\|website\\=Amoeblog\\|language\\=en\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06}} Mozambique,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orig.bandsintown.com/event/3469797\\-alessandra\\-celletti\\-maputo\\-maputo\\-2010?artist\\=Alessandra\\+Celletti\\&came\\_from\\=178\\|title\\=Alessandra Celletti @ Maputo\\|website\\=Bandsintown\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100214/http://orig.bandsintown.com/event/3469797\\-alessandra\\-celletti\\-maputo\\-maputo\\-2010?artist\\=Alessandra\\+Celletti\\&came\\_from\\=178\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Tunisia, India.",
"In 2006 she released the album \"Chi mi darà le ali\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/chi\\-mi\\-dar%C3%A3%C2%A0\\-le\\-ali\\-mw0001546640\\|title\\=Chi Mi Darã le Ali – Alessandra Celletti {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic\\|publisher\\=AllMusic\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07}} (Who will give me wings); her repertoire as a performers includes, among others, compositions by [Erik Satie](/wiki/Erik_Satie \"Erik Satie\"), [Claude Debussy](/wiki/Claude_Debussy \"Claude Debussy\"), [Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel \"Maurice Ravel\"), [Baldassarre Galuppi](/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi \"Baldassare Galuppi\"), [Leoš Janáček](/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek \"Leoš Janáček\"), [Gurdjieff](/wiki/George_Gurdjieff \"George Gurdjieff\") / De Hartmann, [Scott Joplin](/wiki/Scott_Joplin \"Scott Joplin\"), [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage \"John Cage\") and [Philip Glass](/wiki/Philip_Glass \"Philip Glass\").",
"In 2007 she published \"The Golden Fly\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kha.it/goldenFly/Press\\_gldFly.htm\\|title\\=Alessandra Celletti, The Golden Fly. Press Review\\|website\\=kha.it\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204060423/http://www.kha.it/goldenFly/Press\\_gldFly.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} for the label Kha Records;{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kha.it/KhaEn.htm\\|title\\=Kha.it – Ernesto Lecuona, Eric Satie, Philip Glass, Scott Joplin, Matteo Sommacal, Giya Kancheli, Arvo Pärt, Peteris Vasks and Gurdjieff – De Hartmann piano music\\|website\\=kha.it\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726152343/http://www.kha.it/KhaEn.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} in 2008 the album \"Way Out\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ltmrecordings.com/way\\_out\\_ltmcd2505\\.html\\|title\\=Way Out \\[LTMCD 2505] {{!}} Alessandra Celletti {{!}} LTM\\|website\\=ltmrecordings.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/way\\-out\\-mw0000494061\\|title\\=Way Out – Alessandra Celletti {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic\\|publisher\\=AllMusic\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06}} for the English label [LTM Recordings](/wiki/LTM_Recordings \"LTM Recordings\") in which the sounds of the piano blend with the rhythm of the drums and the voice.",
"Celletti has collaborated with the Swedish conceptual artist Paulina Wallenberg Olsson, the saxophonist Nicola Alesini, the percussionist Marcello Piccinini, the poet [Beppe Costa](/wiki/Beppe_Costa \"Beppe Costa\"), the multi\\-instrumentalist Luca Venitucci, the double bassist Daniele Ercoli, the violinist Her, the thereminist Maurizio Mansueti, the drummer [Charles Hayward](/wiki/Charles_Hayward_%28musician%29 \"Charles Hayward (musician)\"), the composer [Lawrence Ball](/wiki/Lawrence_Ball \"Lawrence Ball\"),{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://lovelondonloveculture.com/2017/09/28/preview\\-planet\\-tree\\-music\\-festival/\\|title\\=PREVIEW: Planet Tree Music Festival\\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07\\|language\\=en\\-US}} the actor [Flavio Bucci](/wiki/Flavio_Bucci \"Flavio Bucci\"), the dancer Gloria Pomardi, the artist Giorgio Andreotta Calò, the artist [Ray Caesar](/wiki/Ray_Caesar \"Ray Caesar\"),{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dorothycircusgallery.it/would\\-you\\-be\\-my\\-miracle/\\|title\\=Would you be my Miracle? – Dorothy Circus Gallery\\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-01\\|work\\=Dorothy Circus Gallery\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} the English composer Mark Tranmer (aka [GNAC](/wiki/Gnac \"Gnac\")) with whom she published the album \"The Red Pages{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marktranmer.com/mark\\-tranmer\\-alessandra\\-celletti\\-the\\-red\\-pages.php\\|title\\=Mark Tranmer \\& Alessandra Celletti The Red Pages \\[VF001]\\|website\\=marktranmer.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-06}}\" and the exponent of contemporary experimental electronic music, [Hans Joachim Roedelius](/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Roedelius \"Hans-Joachim Roedelius\"){{Cite news\\|url\\=http://culturmag.de/musik/interview\\-mit\\-hans\\-joachim\\-roedelius/5612\\|title\\=Interview mit Hans\\-Joachim Roedelius – CulturMag\\|date\\=2010\\-02\\-04\\|work\\=CulturMag\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-12\\|language\\=de\\-DE}} with whom, in 2009 for the North American label [Transparency](/wiki/Transparency_Record \"Transparency Record\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/roedelius\\-celle/\\|title\\=Roedelius \\& Celletti in New York City for rare concert (in support of new Transparency Records album)\\|website\\=BrooklynVegan\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-21}} she has composed and recorded the album \"Sustanza di cose sperata\".",
"The 2011 \"Crazy Girl Blue{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/it/Alessandra\\-Celletti\\-Crazy\\-Girl\\-Blue/release/3347306\\|title\\=Alessandra Celletti – Crazy Girl Blue\\|publisher\\=Discogs\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07}}\", her thirteenth album, is published in parallel to a limited edition box set of 200 numbered copies of \"Sketches of Sacagawea\", a work dedicated to the Native American heroine [Sacagawea](/wiki/Sacagawea \"Sacagawea\").",
"With the German surrealist artist Jaan Patterson, in 2011 she composed the album\\-soundtrack that accompanies the release of the novel by [George Bataille](/wiki/Georges_Bataille \"Georges Bataille\") \"W.C.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.transeuropaedizioni.it/dettaglio\\_libro.php?id\\_libro\\=144\\|title\\=Transeuropa Edizioni – Casa Editrice Massa\\|website\\=transeuropaedizioni.it\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-08}}\" for Transeuropa publisher.",
"In 2016 Alessandra Celletti released \"Working on Satie\",{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://romaeuropa.net/en/festival\\-2016\\-en/50150\\-working\\-on\\-satie\\-talking\\-to\\-satie/\\|title\\=50/150 Working on Satie \\>\\>\\> Talking to Satie\\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-18\\|work\\=Romaeuropa\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.alessandracelletti.com/en/working\\-on\\-satie\\-cddvd\\-cellettionze/\\|title\\=Working on Satie (cd\\&dvd) Celletti/Onze {{!}} Alessandra Celletti {{!}} official site\\|work\\=Alessandra Celletti {{!}} official site\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07\\|language\\=en\\-US}} a project together with the figurative artist Onze. The work, thanks to a crowdfunding campaign, became a CD and DVD and the show was hosted for two dates, both sold out, at the [Romaeuropa Festival](/wiki/Romaeuropa_Festival \"Romaeuropa Festival\") 2016\\.",
"In 2020 Alessandra Celletti collaborates with the musician Alberto Tre and with the New York Times journalist [Ian Urbina](/wiki/Ian_Urbina \"Ian Urbina\") for the composition of Heroes{{Cite web\\|title\\=Alessandra Celletti: \"Heroes\" recensione\\|url\\=https://www.rockit.it/recensione/52200/alessandracelletti\\-heroes\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-10\\|website\\=Rockit.it\\|language\\=it\\-IT}} part of \"The Outlaw Ocean\" project.",
""
] |
Music and civil commitment
--------------------------
### The protest against nuclear experiments
In 1996, following repeated nuclear experiments on [Mururoa](/wiki/Mururoa "Mururoa"), Alessandra Celletti composed and published "Overground" a CD that represents a protest against the tests authorized by [Chirac](/wiki/Chirac "Chirac") on the Pacific atoll. In the back cover of the cd the pianist declares: "What seemed absurd to me, apart from the absurdity of the atomic bomb itself, apart from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, apart from Chernobyl, aside from all that we are not allowed to know, was considering an island of the Pacific, thousands of kilometers away, a private property that can be safely abused".
### In support of the Teatro Valle occupied
27 September 2011 Alessandra Celletti performed, in duo with the tereminist Maurizio ErMan Mansueti, in support of the Teatro Valle occupied.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.rockol.it/news\-294426/alessandra\-celletti\-pubblica\-nuovo\-disco\-e\-sostiene\-il\-teatro\-valle\-occupato\|title \= √ Alessandra Celletti pubblica un nuovo disco. E sostiene il Teatro Valle occupato}} Artists from all over the world have come to elaborate proposals on new public theater management systems, rethinking different models of cultural policies in Italy from below.
### Against the choice to halve the Regional funds for art and culture
Sunday, 4 March 2012, Alessandra Celletti joins with a "Half Concert" in Rieti, the Festival of half Museums.{{Cite web\|url\=https://lazionauta.it/2012/03/rieti\-alessandra\-celletti\-e\-il\-suo\-mezzo\-concerto/\|title\=Rieti. Alessandra Celletti e il suo Mezzo Concerto {{!}} Lazionauta\|website\=lazionauta.it\|language\=it\-IT\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-08}}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} "I firmly adhere to a political protest finally made with poetry and creativity: the initiative of the Half Museums. It is a surreal and strong way to fight to draw attention to the painful consequences caused by the short\-sighted choice of halving the funds allocated to the Museums, the Historical Archives and the Libraries of the Lazio Region. So I will sit down at the piano and introduce you to my latest work, "Crazy Girl Blue", playing only half of my compositions. The notes will begin to flow, then, without warning and without giving the time to understand, I will interrupt the sound and it could happen right on the most beautiful, particularly effective harmonic lap, by half tearing the melody. I will do it with infinite displeasure because I like to play a music from beginning to end, without abrupt interruptions, without unfair cuts ... But I will have to interrupt the tracks to be in solidarity with this brilliant protest of museums against the reduction of 50% of Regional funds, and to make it clear how cruel it is to halve art, whether it is poetry, color or music ...
### Alessandra Celletti e TBContinued
On 24 March 2013, Alessandra Celletti took part in "To Be Continued ..."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.stazioneditopolo.it/24h\-2013/index.html\|title \= ToBeContinued... 2013}} an initiative aimed at the union of people through music. The primary reason for the event is the fight against tuberculosis in all the nations of the world. Through the internet the participating musicians transmitted from their country of origin, performing a live performance lasting twenty minutes and, once the performance was finished, they passed the ideal witness to a fellow musician in another part of the Globe. Among others the musicians who have joined: Pauline Oliveros, Eyvind Kang, Yan Jun, Andrew Kireyev ... Many related nations: New Zealand, Russia, China, Australia, South Africa, Canada, Lebanon, Brazil, USA, Turkey, Venezuela, Italy ... Exactly 39 countries, their musicians have expressed a hope for a better humanity and a ready medical research, together with their respective governments, to help the populations of the whole Earth.
### Occupied Place
In the summer of 2013 Alessandra Celletti joined the initiative of Maria Andaloro *Occupied Place*{{Cite web\|url\=http://postoccupato.org/\|title\=Posto Occupato\|website\=postoccupato.org\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-08}} the campaign launched to keep alive the focus on violence against women. In every stage of the "Piano piano on the road" tour, an empty chair represented the victims of femicides.
### Without life imprisonment. For a less vindictive society
In the "Due Palazzi" Prison in Padua, Friday 6 June 2014 Alessandra Celletti took part in the conference entitled "Without life imprisonment. For a less vindictive society "playing for the convicts.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ristretti.org/Le\-Notizie\-di\-Ristretti/giustizia\-intervista\-ad\-alessandra\-celletti\-la\-pianista\-che\-suona\-per\-gli\-ergastolani\|title\=Giustizia: intervista ad Alessandra Celletti, la pianista che suona per gli ergastolani\|last\=Morelli\|first\=Francesco\|website\=Ristretti – Centro di documentazione – Due palazzi\|language\=it\-IT\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-08}} It was a day of study in order to open a debate, whose basic idea is that a milder justice and a more humane criminal system can make society more civilized. Among the speakers: Agnese Moro daughter of Aldo Moro, Massimo Pavarini, professor of criminal law, Andrea Pugiotto, professor of constitutional law, Ornella Favero, journalist of Ristretti Orizzonti, Carmelo Musumeci, lifer and writer.
### In defense of animal rights
In 2015 Alessandra Celletti lent her image to the campaign promoted by LAV, Animal Equality and Thegreenplace in defense of animal rights, for an Easter without the usual slaughter of lambs. Slogan of the photographic campaign: "At Easter, make a sacrifice. Do not kill me".{{Cite news\|url\=http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15\_marzo\_28/pasqua\-animalisti\-contro\-l\-abbacchio\-testimonial\-salvare\-agnelli\-35914a28\-d560\-11e4\-ac8b\-ead84921270e.shtml\|title\=Pasqua, animalisti contro l'abbacchio I testimonial: "Salvare gli agnelli"\|work\=Corriere della Sera\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-08\|language\=it\-IT}} Among the other artists who have joined: Nora Lux, [Daniela Poggi](/wiki/Daniela_Poggi "Daniela Poggi"), Giovanni Baglioni, Christian Stelluti, [Loredana Cannata](/wiki/Loredana_Cannata "Loredana Cannata").
In collaboration with the artist Paola Luciani in 202O comes out Love Animals,{{Cite web\|title\=Alessandra Celletti: "LOVE ANIMALS" recensione\|url\=https://www.rockit.it/recensione/47113/alessandracelletti\-love\-animals\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-10\|website\=Rockit.it\|language\=it\-IT}} a box set with CD and DVD. Six love songs dedicated to six particularly important animals in Alessandra Celletti's life
### Music to plant Trees
In 2017 Alessandra Celletti was the only Italian musician to participate in the project of the Aural Films record label "This music plants trees", a compilation of 25 musicians from different parts of the world, with the aim of encouraging the care of trees starting from the simple act of planting them. All the proceeds from the "Music Plants Trees" album, have been donated to the "Plant a Billion Trees"{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.plantabillion.org/\|title\=Home – Plant a Billion Trees\|website\=Plant a Billion Trees\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-08}} project. Among the artists who took part in the project: Amanda Chaudhary (USA), Annemarie Borg\-Antara (United Kingdom), Bark Citrus Oakestra (USA), Candy L (USA), Cheryl Leonard (USA), Chuck Van Zyl (USA), Dawn Tuesday (USA), Djam Karet (USA), Fernwood (USA), Forrest Fang (USA), Gypsy Witch (United Kingdom), Jack Hertz (USA), John Wiggins (USA), Lomita (Germany), Meng Qi (China), metlay! (USA), Mika Pontecorvo (USA), PBK (USA), Robert Scott Thompson (USA), Salim Nair (India), Shane Morris (USA), Theothersideofwho (Germany), Thollem Electric (Earth), Tony Gerber (USA).
|
[
"Music and civil commitment\n--------------------------",
"### The protest against nuclear experiments",
"In 1996, following repeated nuclear experiments on [Mururoa](/wiki/Mururoa \"Mururoa\"), Alessandra Celletti composed and published \"Overground\" a CD that represents a protest against the tests authorized by [Chirac](/wiki/Chirac \"Chirac\") on the Pacific atoll. In the back cover of the cd the pianist declares: \"What seemed absurd to me, apart from the absurdity of the atomic bomb itself, apart from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, apart from Chernobyl, aside from all that we are not allowed to know, was considering an island of the Pacific, thousands of kilometers away, a private property that can be safely abused\".",
"### In support of the Teatro Valle occupied",
"27 September 2011 Alessandra Celletti performed, in duo with the tereminist Maurizio ErMan Mansueti, in support of the Teatro Valle occupied.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rockol.it/news\\-294426/alessandra\\-celletti\\-pubblica\\-nuovo\\-disco\\-e\\-sostiene\\-il\\-teatro\\-valle\\-occupato\\|title \\= √ Alessandra Celletti pubblica un nuovo disco. E sostiene il Teatro Valle occupato}} Artists from all over the world have come to elaborate proposals on new public theater management systems, rethinking different models of cultural policies in Italy from below.",
"### Against the choice to halve the Regional funds for art and culture",
"Sunday, 4 March 2012, Alessandra Celletti joins with a \"Half Concert\" in Rieti, the Festival of half Museums.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://lazionauta.it/2012/03/rieti\\-alessandra\\-celletti\\-e\\-il\\-suo\\-mezzo\\-concerto/\\|title\\=Rieti. Alessandra Celletti e il suo Mezzo Concerto {{!}} Lazionauta\\|website\\=lazionauta.it\\|language\\=it\\-IT\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-08}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} \"I firmly adhere to a political protest finally made with poetry and creativity: the initiative of the Half Museums. It is a surreal and strong way to fight to draw attention to the painful consequences caused by the short\\-sighted choice of halving the funds allocated to the Museums, the Historical Archives and the Libraries of the Lazio Region. So I will sit down at the piano and introduce you to my latest work, \"Crazy Girl Blue\", playing only half of my compositions. The notes will begin to flow, then, without warning and without giving the time to understand, I will interrupt the sound and it could happen right on the most beautiful, particularly effective harmonic lap, by half tearing the melody. I will do it with infinite displeasure because I like to play a music from beginning to end, without abrupt interruptions, without unfair cuts ... But I will have to interrupt the tracks to be in solidarity with this brilliant protest of museums against the reduction of 50% of Regional funds, and to make it clear how cruel it is to halve art, whether it is poetry, color or music ...",
"### Alessandra Celletti e TBContinued",
"On 24 March 2013, Alessandra Celletti took part in \"To Be Continued ...\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stazioneditopolo.it/24h\\-2013/index.html\\|title \\= ToBeContinued... 2013}} an initiative aimed at the union of people through music. The primary reason for the event is the fight against tuberculosis in all the nations of the world. Through the internet the participating musicians transmitted from their country of origin, performing a live performance lasting twenty minutes and, once the performance was finished, they passed the ideal witness to a fellow musician in another part of the Globe. Among others the musicians who have joined: Pauline Oliveros, Eyvind Kang, Yan Jun, Andrew Kireyev ... Many related nations: New Zealand, Russia, China, Australia, South Africa, Canada, Lebanon, Brazil, USA, Turkey, Venezuela, Italy ... Exactly 39 countries, their musicians have expressed a hope for a better humanity and a ready medical research, together with their respective governments, to help the populations of the whole Earth.",
"### Occupied Place",
"In the summer of 2013 Alessandra Celletti joined the initiative of Maria Andaloro *Occupied Place*{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://postoccupato.org/\\|title\\=Posto Occupato\\|website\\=postoccupato.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-08}} the campaign launched to keep alive the focus on violence against women. In every stage of the \"Piano piano on the road\" tour, an empty chair represented the victims of femicides.",
"### Without life imprisonment. For a less vindictive society",
"In the \"Due Palazzi\" Prison in Padua, Friday 6 June 2014 Alessandra Celletti took part in the conference entitled \"Without life imprisonment. For a less vindictive society \"playing for the convicts.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ristretti.org/Le\\-Notizie\\-di\\-Ristretti/giustizia\\-intervista\\-ad\\-alessandra\\-celletti\\-la\\-pianista\\-che\\-suona\\-per\\-gli\\-ergastolani\\|title\\=Giustizia: intervista ad Alessandra Celletti, la pianista che suona per gli ergastolani\\|last\\=Morelli\\|first\\=Francesco\\|website\\=Ristretti – Centro di documentazione – Due palazzi\\|language\\=it\\-IT\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-08}} It was a day of study in order to open a debate, whose basic idea is that a milder justice and a more humane criminal system can make society more civilized. Among the speakers: Agnese Moro daughter of Aldo Moro, Massimo Pavarini, professor of criminal law, Andrea Pugiotto, professor of constitutional law, Ornella Favero, journalist of Ristretti Orizzonti, Carmelo Musumeci, lifer and writer.",
"### In defense of animal rights",
"In 2015 Alessandra Celletti lent her image to the campaign promoted by LAV, Animal Equality and Thegreenplace in defense of animal rights, for an Easter without the usual slaughter of lambs. Slogan of the photographic campaign: \"At Easter, make a sacrifice. Do not kill me\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15\\_marzo\\_28/pasqua\\-animalisti\\-contro\\-l\\-abbacchio\\-testimonial\\-salvare\\-agnelli\\-35914a28\\-d560\\-11e4\\-ac8b\\-ead84921270e.shtml\\|title\\=Pasqua, animalisti contro l'abbacchio I testimonial: \"Salvare gli agnelli\"\\|work\\=Corriere della Sera\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-08\\|language\\=it\\-IT}} Among the other artists who have joined: Nora Lux, [Daniela Poggi](/wiki/Daniela_Poggi \"Daniela Poggi\"), Giovanni Baglioni, Christian Stelluti, [Loredana Cannata](/wiki/Loredana_Cannata \"Loredana Cannata\").",
"In collaboration with the artist Paola Luciani in 202O comes out Love Animals,{{Cite web\\|title\\=Alessandra Celletti: \"LOVE ANIMALS\" recensione\\|url\\=https://www.rockit.it/recensione/47113/alessandracelletti\\-love\\-animals\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-10\\|website\\=Rockit.it\\|language\\=it\\-IT}} a box set with CD and DVD. Six love songs dedicated to six particularly important animals in Alessandra Celletti's life",
"### Music to plant Trees",
"In 2017 Alessandra Celletti was the only Italian musician to participate in the project of the Aural Films record label \"This music plants trees\", a compilation of 25 musicians from different parts of the world, with the aim of encouraging the care of trees starting from the simple act of planting them. All the proceeds from the \"Music Plants Trees\" album, have been donated to the \"Plant a Billion Trees\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.plantabillion.org/\\|title\\=Home – Plant a Billion Trees\\|website\\=Plant a Billion Trees\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-08}} project. Among the artists who took part in the project: Amanda Chaudhary (USA), Annemarie Borg\\-Antara (United Kingdom), Bark Citrus Oakestra (USA), Candy L (USA), Cheryl Leonard (USA), Chuck Van Zyl (USA), Dawn Tuesday (USA), Djam Karet (USA), Fernwood (USA), Forrest Fang (USA), Gypsy Witch (United Kingdom), Jack Hertz (USA), John Wiggins (USA), Lomita (Germany), Meng Qi (China), metlay! (USA), Mika Pontecorvo (USA), PBK (USA), Robert Scott Thompson (USA), Salim Nair (India), Shane Morris (USA), Theothersideofwho (Germany), Thollem Electric (Earth), Tony Gerber (USA).",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
The Grand Alliance of Terrans, Orions, Gorm and Ophiuchi has suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of the Bugs during the Pesthouse Campaign. Many senior military commanders have been lost, along with the bulk of the Terran Federation pre\-war fleet. The Bugs appear unstoppable and fight their way toward Federation space, reaching the key system of [Alpha Centauri](/wiki/Alpha_Centauri "Alpha Centauri") before they are narrowly repulsed. Now, with the war once more at a stalemate, the Grand Alliance must try to recover their losses and break the deadlock.
Unable to communicate or negotiate with the Bugs, the Alliance realises that the war has become a fight for the survival of their respective species and invoke Directive 18, last used against the Rigelians, and embark upon a war of species extermination. Hope arrives when the Alliance infers that, due to differences in construction methods, they can be faced by no more than five Bug Home systems. They also postulate that the massive Bug fleets are, in fact, the result of years of military build\-up. The reason for this seemingly unnecessary military reserve remains unknown.
After finding a hidden route into one of the Bug home systems, the new military commanders of the Grand Alliance invoke Directive 18 and carry out a series of devastating attacks on the planet, launching massive waves of antimatter missiles against the surface in order to sterilize it. The simultaneous death of billions of their fellows leaves the surviving Bug fleet temporarily incapacitated, seeming to confirm the Alliance analysts speculation that the Bugs are [telepathic](/wiki/Telepathic "Telepathic"). This “psychic shock” effect becomes known as the “Shiva Option” (named after the Hindu God of Destruction). Soon it becomes Alliance doctrine to exercise the Shiva Option wherever possible, in order to incapacitate Bug mobile forces and reduce resistance. Gradually, the Grand Alliance takes the initiative, forcing the Bugs onto the defensive.
Meanwhile, Terran Federation Survey Flotilla 19, last seen headed into unknown space and cut off from Alliance territory by the Bug counter\-offensive, runs a desperate gauntlet to try to find a way back to friendly territory, whilst fending off almost continuous Bug attacks. Eventually, they stumble across the Star Union of Crucis, a multi\-species polity that fought the bugs more than a century ago and have been in hiding ever since, rebuilding their forces. It transpires that the Bug military build\-up was prompted by their first war with the Crucians. The commander of the survey team establishes communications with the Crucians and they unite against the pursuing Bug forces, destroying them. Seeing an opportunity to destroy their ancient enemies for good, the Crucians willingly offer themselves as new members of the Grand Alliance against the Bugs. In return, the commander of the flotilla releases the latest military technology to the Crucians and their allies, the Telikans and the Zarkolyans. Fighting their way back to Alliance space, the Crucians finally establish contact and formalize their membership of the Grand Alliance.
Now trapped between their old and new enemies, the Bugs fight an increasingly desperate defensive war. When the three remaining Bug home systems are cut off from each other, the Grand Alliance are able to quickly overwhelm the remaining Bug forces and successfully carry out Directive 18\.
With one exception – a small Bug colony, isolated from its home world by a hidden warp point, remains undiscovered by the Alliance...
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"The Grand Alliance of Terrans, Orions, Gorm and Ophiuchi has suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of the Bugs during the Pesthouse Campaign. Many senior military commanders have been lost, along with the bulk of the Terran Federation pre\\-war fleet. The Bugs appear unstoppable and fight their way toward Federation space, reaching the key system of [Alpha Centauri](/wiki/Alpha_Centauri \"Alpha Centauri\") before they are narrowly repulsed. Now, with the war once more at a stalemate, the Grand Alliance must try to recover their losses and break the deadlock.",
"Unable to communicate or negotiate with the Bugs, the Alliance realises that the war has become a fight for the survival of their respective species and invoke Directive 18, last used against the Rigelians, and embark upon a war of species extermination. Hope arrives when the Alliance infers that, due to differences in construction methods, they can be faced by no more than five Bug Home systems. They also postulate that the massive Bug fleets are, in fact, the result of years of military build\\-up. The reason for this seemingly unnecessary military reserve remains unknown.",
"After finding a hidden route into one of the Bug home systems, the new military commanders of the Grand Alliance invoke Directive 18 and carry out a series of devastating attacks on the planet, launching massive waves of antimatter missiles against the surface in order to sterilize it. The simultaneous death of billions of their fellows leaves the surviving Bug fleet temporarily incapacitated, seeming to confirm the Alliance analysts speculation that the Bugs are [telepathic](/wiki/Telepathic \"Telepathic\"). This “psychic shock” effect becomes known as the “Shiva Option” (named after the Hindu God of Destruction). Soon it becomes Alliance doctrine to exercise the Shiva Option wherever possible, in order to incapacitate Bug mobile forces and reduce resistance. Gradually, the Grand Alliance takes the initiative, forcing the Bugs onto the defensive.",
"Meanwhile, Terran Federation Survey Flotilla 19, last seen headed into unknown space and cut off from Alliance territory by the Bug counter\\-offensive, runs a desperate gauntlet to try to find a way back to friendly territory, whilst fending off almost continuous Bug attacks. Eventually, they stumble across the Star Union of Crucis, a multi\\-species polity that fought the bugs more than a century ago and have been in hiding ever since, rebuilding their forces. It transpires that the Bug military build\\-up was prompted by their first war with the Crucians. The commander of the survey team establishes communications with the Crucians and they unite against the pursuing Bug forces, destroying them. Seeing an opportunity to destroy their ancient enemies for good, the Crucians willingly offer themselves as new members of the Grand Alliance against the Bugs. In return, the commander of the flotilla releases the latest military technology to the Crucians and their allies, the Telikans and the Zarkolyans. Fighting their way back to Alliance space, the Crucians finally establish contact and formalize their membership of the Grand Alliance.",
"Now trapped between their old and new enemies, the Bugs fight an increasingly desperate defensive war. When the three remaining Bug home systems are cut off from each other, the Grand Alliance are able to quickly overwhelm the remaining Bug forces and successfully carry out Directive 18\\.",
"With one exception – a small Bug colony, isolated from its home world by a hidden warp point, remains undiscovered by the Alliance...",
""
] |
### 1895 (Cavalry)
Those units which have inherited traditions from the cavalry wear the uniform of the Life Horse Guards dating from 1895\. The shade of colour has changed a couple of times (even by mistake), but has now reverted to the original one where soldiers wear middle blue and officers a slightly lighter version of middle blue.
The headgear is a silver\-plated [cuirassier](/wiki/Cuirassier "Cuirassier")\-type helmet from 1879\. It was originally a dragoon\-type back in 1879 but was changed into a cuirassier\-type in 1900 and with some additions in 1928 it is now called helmet m/1879\-1900\-1928\.
Officers wear a silver braid cross\-belt with a silver cartouche box from 1847 with the [Lesser Coat of Arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden "Coat of arms of Sweden") with the [Royal Order of the Seraphim](/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim "Royal Order of the Seraphim"). Non\-commissioned officers ([OR\-6](/wiki/OR-6 "OR-6") and above) wear a white braid cross\-belt with a black leather cartouche box from 1895 with the Lesser Coat of Arms surrounded by beams and two swords, all in gold.
The weapon mainly used in ceremonial duties is the [mauser m/1894\-1914](/wiki/Swedish_Mauser%23m.2F1894_Carbine "Swedish Mauser#m.2F1894 Carbine") with bayonet. The standard issue [Ak 5c](/wiki/Ak_5 "Ak 5") may also be used as an exception together with the parade uniform. Officers and specialist officers carry [sword m/1893](/wiki/Sword_m/1893 "Sword m/1893") with a gold and blue (officers) or silver and blue (specialist officers) sword knot. Soldiers carry the soldier's sword pattern m/1893 on mounted duty or [guard of honour](/wiki/Guard_of_honour "Guard of honour"), with a [chamois leather](/wiki/Chamois_leather "Chamois leather") sword knot.
#### Swedish Mounted Cavalry Band
Musicians with the equivalent rank of privates wear in the service dress red shoulder boards instead of the dragoons' white to distinguish them on the battlefield. They also wear white braid [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") styled wings to even more be distinguished. Musicians with the rank of officers or specialist officers wear the same uniform as officers, with the exception of having a blue and yellow cockade instead of a full yellow (stating that they bear civil ranks).
#### Changes in 1928
As of 1928, the Life Horse Guards (1st Cavalry) and [Life Regiment Dragoons](/wiki/Life_Regiment_Dragoons "Life Regiment Dragoons") (2nd Cavalry) were amalgamated into the Life Regiment of Horse (1st Cavalry). The uniforms remained mostly the same as of the old 1st Cavalry, taking the traditions with some additions from the old 2nd Cavalry.
* The Officer's Frock Coat m/1858 was middle blue (slightly lighter) for the 1st Cavalry, but after 1928 the model of the 2nd Cavalry was adapted, which is dark blue with black lacing.
* The helmet m/1879\-1900 of the 1st Cavalry was added a golden laurel wreath, taken from the helmet of the 2nd Cavalry. This was added for all ranks. The helmet with its addition is now called helmet m/1879\-1900\-1928\.
* The helmet m/1879\-1900\-1928 also got the straw wreath from the 2nd Cavalry (originally from "great battles", but nowadays said to be from the [Battle of Lund](/wiki/Battle_of_Lund "Battle of Lund")) put under the chin strap on the right side of the helmet for soldiers. Officers still wear a yellow silk cockade.
* The straw wreath was also put on the forage cap for all ranks, under the cap button badge.
* The officer version of helmet m/1879\-1900\-1928 was added the chin strap from the 2nd Cavalry made of lion mascarons and embossed plates. This change was added on paper at the time, however not adapted until later on.
|
[
"### 1895 (Cavalry)",
"Those units which have inherited traditions from the cavalry wear the uniform of the Life Horse Guards dating from 1895\\. The shade of colour has changed a couple of times (even by mistake), but has now reverted to the original one where soldiers wear middle blue and officers a slightly lighter version of middle blue.",
"The headgear is a silver\\-plated [cuirassier](/wiki/Cuirassier \"Cuirassier\")\\-type helmet from 1879\\. It was originally a dragoon\\-type back in 1879 but was changed into a cuirassier\\-type in 1900 and with some additions in 1928 it is now called helmet m/1879\\-1900\\-1928\\.",
"Officers wear a silver braid cross\\-belt with a silver cartouche box from 1847 with the [Lesser Coat of Arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden \"Coat of arms of Sweden\") with the [Royal Order of the Seraphim](/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim \"Royal Order of the Seraphim\"). Non\\-commissioned officers ([OR\\-6](/wiki/OR-6 \"OR-6\") and above) wear a white braid cross\\-belt with a black leather cartouche box from 1895 with the Lesser Coat of Arms surrounded by beams and two swords, all in gold.",
"The weapon mainly used in ceremonial duties is the [mauser m/1894\\-1914](/wiki/Swedish_Mauser%23m.2F1894_Carbine \"Swedish Mauser#m.2F1894 Carbine\") with bayonet. The standard issue [Ak 5c](/wiki/Ak_5 \"Ak 5\") may also be used as an exception together with the parade uniform. Officers and specialist officers carry [sword m/1893](/wiki/Sword_m/1893 \"Sword m/1893\") with a gold and blue (officers) or silver and blue (specialist officers) sword knot. Soldiers carry the soldier's sword pattern m/1893 on mounted duty or [guard of honour](/wiki/Guard_of_honour \"Guard of honour\"), with a [chamois leather](/wiki/Chamois_leather \"Chamois leather\") sword knot.",
"#### Swedish Mounted Cavalry Band",
"Musicians with the equivalent rank of privates wear in the service dress red shoulder boards instead of the dragoons' white to distinguish them on the battlefield. They also wear white braid [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") styled wings to even more be distinguished. Musicians with the rank of officers or specialist officers wear the same uniform as officers, with the exception of having a blue and yellow cockade instead of a full yellow (stating that they bear civil ranks).",
"#### Changes in 1928",
"As of 1928, the Life Horse Guards (1st Cavalry) and [Life Regiment Dragoons](/wiki/Life_Regiment_Dragoons \"Life Regiment Dragoons\") (2nd Cavalry) were amalgamated into the Life Regiment of Horse (1st Cavalry). The uniforms remained mostly the same as of the old 1st Cavalry, taking the traditions with some additions from the old 2nd Cavalry.\n* The Officer's Frock Coat m/1858 was middle blue (slightly lighter) for the 1st Cavalry, but after 1928 the model of the 2nd Cavalry was adapted, which is dark blue with black lacing.\n* The helmet m/1879\\-1900 of the 1st Cavalry was added a golden laurel wreath, taken from the helmet of the 2nd Cavalry. This was added for all ranks. The helmet with its addition is now called helmet m/1879\\-1900\\-1928\\.\n* The helmet m/1879\\-1900\\-1928 also got the straw wreath from the 2nd Cavalry (originally from \"great battles\", but nowadays said to be from the [Battle of Lund](/wiki/Battle_of_Lund \"Battle of Lund\")) put under the chin strap on the right side of the helmet for soldiers. Officers still wear a yellow silk cockade.\n* The straw wreath was also put on the forage cap for all ranks, under the cap button badge.\n* The officer version of helmet m/1879\\-1900\\-1928 was added the chin strap from the 2nd Cavalry made of lion mascarons and embossed plates. This change was added on paper at the time, however not adapted until later on.",
""
] |
Game summaries
--------------
### Week 1: Albion
[thumb\|right\|175px\|Yost brought halfback Willie Heston with him from California in 1901\.](/wiki/File:Willie_Heston_%28bentley_image%29.jpg "Willie Heston (bentley image).jpg")
Michigan opened the 1901 season with a 50–0{{refn\|group\=n\|There is a discrepancy in the historic record as to Michigan's point total in the Albion game. The Bentley Historical Library lists the game score as 55–0\. The ''Detroit Free Press'' in its next day game account, and ''The Michigan Alumnus'' in October 1901 both reflected a game score of 50–0\. The box score published in the ''Detroit Free Press'' reports nine touchdowns and five goals after touchdown, which would result in a point total of 50\.}} win against [Albion](/wiki/1901_Albion_football_team "1901 Albion football team"), a team that won the [Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Michigan_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association") championship in 1900\. The game was played in 20\-minute halves at [Regents Field](/wiki/Regents_Field "Regents Field") in Ann Arbor on September 28\.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Won By Big Score\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 29, 1901\|page\=4\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6611312/michigan\_won\_by\_big\_score/}} Michigan scored nine [touchdowns](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown") (worth five points each in 1901\), including three by [Hugh White](/wiki/Hugh_White_%28American_football%29 "Hugh White (American football)"), two by [Walter W. Shaw](/wiki/Walter_W._Shaw "Walter W. Shaw"), and one each by Neil Snow, Willie Heston, [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts "Bruce Shorts"), and [Everett Sweeley](/wiki/Everett_Sweeley "Everett Sweeley"). Shaw also kicked three [goals from touchdown](/wiki/Conversion_%28gridiron_football%29 "Conversion (gridiron football)") with [Herb Graver](/wiki/Herb_Graver "Herb Graver") and Sweeley adding one each. Heston appeared in his first game for the Wolverines as a [substitute](/wiki/Substitution_%28sport%29 "Substitution (sport)") for Shaw at left halfback. In its account of the game, *The Michigan Alumnus* described Heston as a "stocky Californian" who "proved a whirlwind in [bucking the line](/wiki/Dive_%28American_football%29 "Dive (American football)")."{{cite news\|title\=The Albion Game\|publisher\=Michigan Alumnus\|date\=October 1901\|page\=24\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jywJ4ZrxYE0C\| access\-date\= 20 March 2010 }} Heston's first touchdown as a Wolverine came on a defensive take\-away described as follows: "Once when Albion had the ball on her 25\-yard line, Heston broke through between guard and center, got possession of the ball before it left the quarter back's hands, and made a touchdown." [Joe Maddock](/wiki/Joe_Maddock_%28coach%29 "Joe Maddock (coach)") was the only Albion player to gain ground; he transferred to Michigan in 1902\.
[thumb\|left\|175px\|[Walter W. Shaw](/wiki/Walter_W._Shaw "Walter W. Shaw") was the starting halfback for the first two games in 1901\.](/wiki/File:Walter_W._Shaw.jpg "Walter W. Shaw.jpg")
Michigan starting lineup was [Curtis Redden](/wiki/Curtis_Redden "Curtis Redden") (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), [Dan McGugin](/wiki/Dan_McGugin "Dan McGugin") (left guard), George W. Gregory (center), [Ebin Wilson](/wiki/Ebin_Wilson "Ebin Wilson") (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), [James Knight](/wiki/James_Knight_%28American_football%29 "James Knight (American football)") (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Walter Shaw (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
### Week 2: Case
On October 5, Michigan played its second game of the season against [Case Scientific School](/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University "Case Western Reserve University") from [Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio "Cleveland, Ohio"). In a short game of 20\-minute halves, Michigan won by a score of 57–0\. Heston scored four touchdowns, Sweeley and Snow added two each, and single touchdowns were scored by White and Woodward. Goals after touchdown were scored by Shaw (4\), Graver (2\) and Sweeley (1\).{{cite news\|title\=Big Score Against Case\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 6, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6611763/big\_score\_against\_case/}} Heston and Sweeley were singled out for praise in the account of the game published in *The Michigan Alumnus*:
> "Two men, Sweeley and Heston, constantly won the plaudits of the rooters by their long gains [around the ends](/wiki/End_run "End run"). Sweeley is fleet, and he kept his feet in a way that reminded the wise ones of McLean's remarkable performances. Heston proved himself the ground gainer that he has given evidence of being during the daily practices."{{cite news\|title\=The Case Game\|publisher\=Michigan Alumnus\|date\=October 1901\|pages\=24–25\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jywJ4ZrxYE0C\| access\-date\= 20 March 2010 }}
In its coverage of the game, the *Alumnus* also noted that Michigan's new coach Yost "refuses to have a man on the field who \[is] 'yellow' or who is not willing to work and to take his fair share of knocks." The *Alumnus* concluded: "If Michigan has a winning team, it will be because some of the enthusiasm of her coach has been transferred to the men."
Michigan's starting lineup was Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Daniel Woodward (right tackle), James Knight (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Everett Sweeley (left halfback), Walter Shaw (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
### Week 3: Indiana
{{AFB game box start
\|Title\='''Indiana at Michigan'''
\|Visitor\=Indiana
\|V1\=0 \|V2\=0
\|Host\='''Michigan'''
\|H1\=23 \|H2\=10
\|Date\=October 12
\|Location\=\[\[Regents Field]] • \[\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\|Ann Arbor, MI]]
\| Attendance \=
\| Referee \=
}}
{{AFB game box end}}
On October 12, Michigan defeated [Indiana](/wiki/1901_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team "1901 Indiana Hoosiers football team"), 33–0, at [Regents Field](/wiki/Regents_Field "Regents Field") in a game of 25\- and 20\-minute halves.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Made Grand Showing: Defeated the Heavy Indiana Eleven 33 to 0; Regents Field a Sea of Mud and U. of M. Was Handicapped (part 1\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 13, 1901\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6611884/michigan\_made\_grand\_showing\_defeated/}}{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Made Grand Showing: Defeated the Heavy Indiana Eleven 33 to 0; Regents Field a Sea of Mud and U. of M. Was Handicapped (part 2\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 13, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6611920/michigan\_made\_grand\_showing/}} The game was played on a field that had undergone steady rain for 24 hours and had been reduced to "a sea of mud." The field conditions kept Michigan from getting its "fast play into correct motion". Nevertheless, Michigan allowed Indiana a first down only once and was only once forced to [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 "Punt (gridiron football)"). Aside from the field conditions, Michigan's scoring was slowed by three [fumbles](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble") and eight [holding](/wiki/Holding_%28American_football%29 "Holding (American football)") and [offsides](/wiki/Offside_%28American_football%29 "Offside (American football)") [penalties](/wiki/Penalty_%28gridiron_football%29 "Penalty (gridiron football)"). The highlight of the game was a 75\-yard [punt return](/wiki/Punt_return "Punt return") by Boss Weeks. Michigan scored six touchdowns, including two each by [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts "Bruce Shorts") and Willie Heston and single touchdowns by Neil Snow and [Walter W. Shaw](/wiki/Walter_W._Shaw "Walter W. Shaw"). Shorts added three goals from touchdown.
[thumb\|right\|175px\|Quarterback Boss Weeks](/wiki/File:Boss_Weeks.jpg "Boss Weeks.jpg")
Following the win over Indiana, the student newspaper, *The Wolverine* noted: "The 'Varsity showing was most satisfactory. Against a heavier team, on a slippery field which was all in favor of the visitors and directly opposed to our style of play, the 'Varsity was not found wanting and turned victory into a fight for big scores. Even the most optimistic did not look for such a large score, with the elements against us. The smiling, yet earnest face of Coach Yost has become a favorite feature at the games. His success as a coach has already been demonstrated, and every Michigan man is proud of him as an athlete, as a coach and as a man."{{cite news\|author\=Walter T. Fishleigh\|title\=Athletics\|newspaper\=The Wolverine\|date\=1901\-10\-18\|page\=5\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=sSfnAAAAMAAJ\| access\-date\= 14 March 2010 }}
Michigan's starting lineup was Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
### Week 4: Northwestern
{{AFB game box start
\|Title\='''Northwestern at Michigan'''
\|Visitor\=Northwestern
\|V1\=0 \|V2\=0
\|Host\='''Michigan'''
\|H1\=12 \|H2\=17
\|Date\=October 19
\|Location\=\[\[Regents Field]] • \[\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\|Ann Arbor, MI]]
\| Attendance \=3,000
\| Referee \= \[\[Bob Wrenn]]
}}
{{AFB game box end}}
On October 19, Michigan defeated [Northwestern](/wiki/1901_Northwestern_Purple_football_team "1901 Northwestern Purple football team") by a score of 29–0 at Regents Field in front of a crowd of 3,000 persons. The victory was considered particularly important as Northwestern had been considered "a strong aspirant for western championship honors". In a game of two 25\-minute halves, Heston scored three touchdowns and had runs of 55 and 45 yards.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Rubbed It In: Made Dr. Hollister's Star Eleven Look Cheap; Score 29 to 0 Against a Team Holding Out for More Money (part 1\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 20, 1901\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6616293/michigan\_rubbed\_it\_in\_made\_dr/}}{{cite news\|title\=The Northwestern Game\|publisher\=Michigan Alumnus\|date\=November 1901\|pages\=79–80\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jywJ4ZrxYE0C\| access\-date\= 20 March 2010 }}{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Rubbed It In: Made Dr. Hollister's Star Eleven Look Cheap; Score 29 to 0 Against a Team Holding Out for More Money (part 2\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 20, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6616413/michigan\_rubbed\_it\_in/}} Left halfback Willie Heston scored three touchdowns, with Neil Snow and Walter Shaw scoring one each. [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts "Bruce Shorts") added four goals from touchdown.
Northwestern's longest gain was six yards. The only threat to Michigan's [goal](/wiki/Goal_line_%28gridiron_football%29 "Goal line (gridiron football)") came in the second half when Willie Heston fielded a kickoff and tossed to Everett Sweeley. Northwestern took over at the ten\-yard line and moved it by the "tandem play" to the two\-yard line. Yost later recalled the impressive play of his team in preventing Northwestern to score: "The defense at this point was as good as I have ever seen. Northwestern could not advance a foot. When the ball was held for downs and Michigan had again obtained possession, our goal line had passed its only danger of the season." *[The Pittsburgh Press](/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press "The Pittsburgh Press")* described the game as follows: "Just to show her superiority during the last few minutes of play, Michigan, put in an all substitute line. The Michigan defence was impregnable and her offensive work grand."{{cite news\|title\=Preachers Beaten: Michigan University Battered Northwestern's Football Team\|newspaper\=The Pittsburgh Press\|date\=1901\-10\-21\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=JhAbAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3438,7593395\&dq\=michigan\+northwestern\&hl\=en\| access\-date\= 12 March 2010 }}
Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), [Dan McGugin](/wiki/Dan_McGugin "Dan McGugin") (left guard), George Gregory (center), [Ebin Wilson](/wiki/Ebin_Wilson "Ebin Wilson") (right guard), [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts "Bruce Shorts") (right tackle), [Albert Herrnstein](/wiki/Albert_E._Herrnstein "Albert E. Herrnstein") (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
### Week 5: Buffalo
[thumb\|right\|190px\|[Albert Herrnstein](/wiki/Albert_Herrnstein "Albert Herrnstein") scored five touchdowns against Buffalo and six touchdowns against Beloit, and he later coached the Ohio State football team.](/wiki/File:Albert_Herrnstein.jpg "Albert Herrnstein.jpg")
On October 26, Michigan defeated the [University of Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo_Bulls_football "Buffalo Bulls football") by a score of 128–0 at Ann Arbor. Michigan scored 22 touchdowns in the game, five by Albert Herrnstein, four each by Neil Snow and Arthur Redner, three each by Willie Heston and Everett Sweeley, two by Curtis Redden, and one by Bruce Shorts. Shorts also had 18 goals for touchdown.{{cite news\|title\=Bargain Day In Touchdowns: Michigan Scored 22 Against Buffalo Team (part 1\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 27, 1901\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6616539/bargain\_day\_in\_touchdowns\_michigan/}}{{cite news\|title\=Bargain Day In Touchdowns: Michigan Scored 22 Against Buffalo Team (part 2\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=October 27, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6616677/bargain\_day\_in\_touchdowns/}} The game was scheduled to be played in 30\-minute halves, but Buffalo's coach asked at halftime that the second half be reduced to 20 minutes, and so the game was limited to 50 minutes of playing time. The *Detroit Free Press* noted that Michigan scored more points against Buffalo than it had during the entire 1900 season, averaging more than two points per minute played and a touchdown every two minutes.
A newspaper account reported that "the most spectacular" play of the game came on a 90\-yard touchdown run by Herrnstein. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reported that the Wolverines' margin of victory was the third largest in the history of the sport:
> "\[T]he score of to\-day's game was one of the most remarkable ever made in the history of football in the important colleges. Only two scores are recorded in American where a victory was won in more decided style. These occasions were when Stevens Institute beat the College of the City of New York by 162 to 0 at Hoboken, N.J., in 1885, and when Harvard beat Exeter by 158 to 0 at Exeter, Mass., in 1886\."
After the game, Buffalo's Coach Gordon said Michigan was "one of the most wonderful teams he ever saw,"{{cite news\|title\=Gridiron Gossip\|newspaper\=The Daily Review (Decatur, IL)\|date\=1901\-10\-28}} and added, "Michigan can defeat any team in the East."{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Made Huge Score; Buffalo Football Team, Conquerors of Columbia, Shut Out by Score of 128 to 0\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=1901\-10\-27\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/27/117976509\.pdf \| access\-date\= 12 March 2010 }} Buffalo had defeated the team from [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University"), one of the stronger teams in the east, by a score of 5–0 earlier in the season. The [1901 Columbia team](/wiki/1901_Columbia_Lions_football_team "1901 Columbia Lions football team") defeated Eastern "Big Four" power [Penn](/wiki/Penn_Quakers_football "Penn Quakers football"), 11–0, and narrowly lost a game to [Yale](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football "Yale Bulldogs football"), 10–5\. Several newspapers used the Buffalo game as a point of reference in assessing the strength of Michigan's 1901 team. *The Pittsburgh Press* reported that Michigan's big victory over a "fairly strong" Buffalo team "shows that Michigan has a remarkable team."{{cite news\|title\=Coach Yost Known Here: Handler of Michigan's Great Team Lives at Morgantown\|newspaper\=The Pittsburgh Press\|date\=1901\-10\-29\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=NhMbAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=1880,1305231\&dq\=michigan\+football\&hl\=en\| access\-date\= 12 March 2010 }} *The Daily Review* from [Decatur, Illinois](/wiki/Decatur%2C_Illinois "Decatur, Illinois"), observed: "Considering the fact that Buffalo trimmed Columbia rather easily, making a larger score against the college than did Harvard or Yale, there seems some justice in" Coach Brown's comments that Michigan could defeat Harvard, Yale or Princeton. The *Adrian Daily Telegram* opined: "Michigan defeated Buffalo 128 to 0, which clearly demonstrates that she can bump the big eastern four without much fear of disaster."{{cite news\|title\=Football\|newspaper\=Adrian Daily Telegram\|date\=1901\-10\-28}}
In 1916, Coach Yost shared his recollections of the Buffalo game with [Big Bill Edwards](/wiki/Big_Bill_Edwards "Big Bill Edwards"): "Buffalo University came to Michigan with a much\-heralded team. They were coached by a Dartmouth man and had not been scored upon. Buffalo papers referred to Michigan as the Woolly Westerners, and the Buffalo enthusiasts placed bets that Michigan would not score."{{cite book\|author\=William Hanford Edwards\|title\=Football Days: Memories of the Game and of the Men behind the Ball\|page\=292\|year\=1916\|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18048\| access\-date\= 15 March 2010 }} The score at the end of the first half was 65 to 0\. About fifteen minutes after the second half had started, Yost discovered a Buffalo player, Simpson, "on Michigan's side of the field, covered up in a blanket." Yost was curious and asked, "Simpson, what are you doing over here? You are on the wrong side." To which, Simpson replied, "Don't say anything. I know where I am at. The coach has put me in three times already and I'm not going in there again. Enough is enough for any one. I've had mine."
### Week 6: Carlisle
{{AFB game box start
\|Title\='''Carlisle at Michigan'''
\|Visitor\=Carlisle
\|V1\=0 \|V2\=0
\|Host\='''Michigan'''
\|H1\=16 \|H2\=6
\|Date\=November 2
\|Location\=\[\[Bennett Park (Detroit)\|Bennett Park]], \[\[Detroit, MI]]
\| Attendance \=8,000
\| Referee \=
}}
{{AFB game box end}}
The Wolverines defeated [Pop Warner](/wiki/Glenn_Scobey_Warner "Glenn Scobey Warner")'s [Carlisle Indian](/wiki/Carlisle_Indians_football "Carlisle Indians football") team, 22–0, in a game played at [Bennett Park](/wiki/Bennett_Park_%28Detroit%29 "Bennett Park (Detroit)") in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") on November 2\.{{cite news\|title\=Red Men Fell Before U. of M.: Maize and Blue Scored Three Touchdowns and Goal From Field; Carlisle Put Up Great Defensive Game, But Failed To Make a Point (part 2\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 3, 1901\|page\=10\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620448/red\_men\_fell\_before\_u\_of\_m/}}{{cite news\|title\=Analysis of the Game from the Grand Stand\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 3, 1901\|page\=10\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620680/analysis\_of\_the\_game\_from\_the\_grand/}} The game drew a crowd of 8,000 spectators, "\[t]he largest crowd that ever turned out to a football game in Michigan."{{cite news\|title\=Red Men Fell Before U. of M.: Maize and Blue Scored Three Touchdowns and Goal From Field; Carlisle Put Up Great Defensive Game, But Failed To Make a Point (part 1\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 3, 1901\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620399/red\_men\_fell\_before\_u\_of\_m/}} [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts "Bruce Shorts") led the scoring with 12 points on a touchdown, a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal "Field goal"), and two goals from touchdown. [Ebin Wilson](/wiki/Ebin_Wilson "Ebin Wilson") and Willie Heston also scored touchdowns.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan 22, Carlisle 0\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=1901\-11\-03\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/11/03/102628862\.pdf \| access\-date\= 12 March 2010 }}
Carlisle in 1901 also played several of the major Eastern teams, losing a close game to [Penn](/wiki/1901_Penn_Quakers_football_team "1901 Penn Quakers football team") (14–16\), and also losing to [Cornell](/wiki/1901_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team "1901 Cornell Big Red football team") (0–17\) and [Harvard](/wiki/1901_Harvard_Crimson_football_team "1901 Harvard Crimson football team") (0–29\). Accordingly, the Michigan\-Carlisle game triggered a debate as to whether Michigan's football team was as strong as Harvard and the other leading teams of the East. Carlisle played the Michigan game without its star tackle, [Martin Wheelock](/wiki/Martin_Wheelock "Martin Wheelock"), who was injured one week earlier against Harvard.{{cite news\|title\=Fierce Gridiron Battle To\-day\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 2, 1901\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620104/fierce\_gridiron\_battle\_today\_lively/}} Michigan, too, played without a key player, [Curtis Redden](/wiki/Curtis_Redden "Curtis Redden"). After the game, Pop Warner, who had predicted a victory before the game, asserted that his team was depleted by injuries and opined that Michigan was not as strong as Harvard.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Not In It With Harvard Warner Says\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 3, 1901\|page\=10\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620448/red\_men\_fell\_before\_u\_of\_m/}} Following Warner's claim, the *Detroit Free Press* published a position\-by\-position analysis purporting to show that Warner used his best team against Michigan.{{cite news\|title\=Warner Used His Best Team: Carlisle Indians Were As Strong As When They Met Harvard; Michigan In About the Same Class With Crimson\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 4, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620219/warner\_used\_his\_best\_team\_carlisle/}}
*The New York Times* pointed to the Carlisle game as evidence that Michigan's remarkable season was not limited to small institutions. Coach Yost later wrote that he believed Michigan would have won by an even larger score if Redden had not been injured. Michigan's convincing win over Carlisle, and its wins over Buffalo and Chicago, led the *Times* to conclude that a game between Michigan and one of the "Big Four" teams of the East "would be a conflict well worth seeing and productive of interesting and possibly startling results."{{cite news\|title\=COLLEGE FOOTBALL GAMES; Records of the Principal Contests Played This Season. U. OF MICHIGAN'S HIGH TOTAL Western Team's Goal Line Not Crossed Once During the Year – Harvard the Champion\|date\=1901\-11\-24\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/11/24/117977640\.pdf \| access\-date\= 12 March 2010 }}
Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
### Week 7: Ohio State
{{AFB game box start
\|Title\='''\[\[Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry\|Michigan at Ohio State]]'''
\|Visitor\='''Michigan'''
\|V1\=16 \|V2\=5
\|Host\=\[\[1901 Ohio State Buckeyes football team\|Ohio State]]
\|H1\=0 \|H2\=0
\|Date\=November 9
\|Location\=\[\[Ohio Field]], \[\[Columbus, OH]]
\| Attendance \=4,000
\| Referee \= Bob Wrenn
}}
{{AFB game box end}}
On November 9, 1901, undefeated Michigan faced an undefeated [Ohio State team](/wiki/1901_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team "1901 Ohio State Buckeyes football team") that had allowed opponents to score only five points in its five previous games. The 1901 game was the third meeting in what would become the [Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry](/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Ohio_State_football_rivalry "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"), with the two teams having played to a scoreless tie in their prior match in 1900\.{{cite web\|title\=Michigan vs. Ohio State\|publisher\=David DeLassus\|work\=College Football Data Warehouse\|access\-date\=September 13, 2016\|url\=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/active/m/michigan/opponents\_records.php?teamid\=2380\|archive\-date\=May 23, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523054503/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/active/m/michigan/opponents\_records.php?teamid\=2380\|url\-status\=dead}}
Michigan won the 1901 game, 21–0, at [Ohio Field](/wiki/Ohio_Field "Ohio Field") in [Columbus, Ohio](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio "Columbus, Ohio"), in front of a crowd of approximately 4,000 persons. A special train carried 375 Michigan students to the game on the [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Railroad_%281895%E2%80%931976%29 "Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976)") and [Hocking Valley](/wiki/Hocking_Valley_Railway "Hocking Valley Railway") railroads. Ohio State held the Wolverines to their lowest point total of the 1901 season. Prior to the game, the head coaches argued over the length of the game, Yost insisting on regulation halves of 30 minute and Ohio State's [John B. Eckstorm](/wiki/John_B._Eckstorm "John B. Eckstorm") insisting that the first half be limited to 25 minutes. When the umpire threatened Ohio State with a forfeiture, coach Eckstrom agreed to play regulation halves of 30 minutes.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Line Is Uncrossed: Only Once Did Ohio Threaten Goal (part 1\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 10, 1901\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6627000/michigan\_line\_is\_uncrossed\_only\_once/}}
Michigan scored three touchdowns in the first half. Left tackle [Hugh White](/wiki/Hugh_White_%28American_football%29 "Hugh White (American football)") scored the first touchdown on a two\-yard run with [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts "Bruce Shorts") kicking the goal from touchdown to give Michigan a 6\-0 lead. Michigan's second touchdown was scored by left halfback Willie Heston on a 40\-yard run. Fullback Neil Snow scored the third touchdown of the first half and also scored the only touchdown of the second half.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Line Is Uncrossed (part 2\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 10, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6626975/michigan\_line\_is\_uncrossed\_ohio\_state/}}
The *Detroit Free Press* noted that Ohio State's players sought to slow the pace of Michigan's "hurry up" style of play. The paper noted: "On almost every scrimmage some Ohio man would stretch out on the ground and take his full time. This playing for wind was so apparent that the Michigan players finally burlesqued it. The Ohio men could not stand the gaff, and their doctors and trainer ran more yards than both teams put together." After the game, coach Yost commented on Ohio State's tactic: "Their laying down for time took much of the vim out of our team, and rested their tired out players."
Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
[thumb\|left\|175px\|Chicago coach [Amos Alonzo Stagg](/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg "Amos Alonzo Stagg") in 1899](/wiki/File:Amos_Alonzo_Stagg_1899_UC_yearbook.png "Amos Alonzo Stagg 1899 UC yearbook.png")
### Week 8: Chicago
{{AFB game box start
\|Title\='''\[\[Chicago–Michigan football rivalry\|Chicago at Michigan]]'''
\|Visitor\=\[\[1901 Chicago Maroons football team\|Chicago]]
\|V1\=0 \|V2\=0
\|Host\='''Michigan'''
\|H1\=11 \|H2\=11
\|Date\=November 16
\|Location\=\[\[Regents Field]], \[\[Ann Arbor, MI]]
\| Attendance \=
\| Referee \= Fred Hayner (Lake Forest)
}}
{{AFB game box end}}
On November 16, 1901, Michigan faced its traditional rival in [Amos Alonzo Stagg](/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg "Amos Alonzo Stagg")'s [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago") [Maroons football](/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football "Chicago Maroons football") team. Chicago had won three of the prior four matches, including a 15–6 victory over Michigan in 1900\. Coach Yost noted, "I knew long before I came to Michigan of the great rivalry existing between this University and the University of Chicago. It was my desire to win this game above all others."
The 1901 game was played in 35\-minute halves at [Regents Field](/wiki/Regents_Field "Regents Field") in front of one of the largest crowds that ever attended a game up to that time in [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan"). Michigan won the game, 22–0\. Michigan's first touchdown was scored by fullback [Neil Snow](/wiki/Neil_Snow "Neil Snow") with Bruce Shorts kicking for the goal after touchdown. The second touchdown was scored at the 9\-minute mark in the first half by left tackle Hugh White on a "mass play" on Chicago's left end. Shorts missed the kick for goal from touchdown. In the second half, Shorts scored Michigan's third touchdown after 5:45 had been played in the second half but missed the kick for goal as Michigan extended its lead to 16–0\.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Stops Stagg's Tricks: Defeated Chicago by 22–0 Score; "Whoa Back" Did Not Make a Gain (part 1\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 17, 1901\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6628689/michigan\_stops\_staggs\_tricks\_defeated/}}{{cite news\|title\=Michigan Stops Stagg's Tricks (part 2\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 17, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6628726/michigan\_stops\_staggs\_tricks\_part\_2/}}{{cite news\|title\=Michigan, 22; Chicago, 0: Annual Game Results in Decisive Defeat of Maroons\|newspaper\=Chicago Daily Tribune\|date\=November 17, 1901\|page\=part 3, page 1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6629115/michigan\_22\_chicago\_0/}} White scored Michigan's fourth touchdown and Shorts kicked goal at the 7:30 mark of the second half. Michigan's defense held Chicago to three first downs, never allowed the Maroons into field goal range, and forced 11 punts while the Wolverines punted only once.
Despite the win, Coach Yost was disappointed with the low point total accumulated by his team and publicly stated that "we would have scored many more points on Chicago if the field had been dry." Yost described the impact of the weather on his team as follows: "Much to our disappointment the game was played on a muddy field in a snowstorm, and the work of our backs was seriously handicapped. The Chicago team was not to the same extent handicapped by reason of the fact that it did not rely upon speed to advance the ball. . . . End\-running was impossible, and we were compelled to make our gains by line\-bucking which is a slow process . . ."
Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
### Week 9: Beloit
{{AFB game box start
\|Title\='''Beloit at Michigan'''
\|Visitor\=\[\[Beloit College\|Beloit]]
\|V1\=0 \|V2\=0
\|Host\='''Michigan'''
\|H1\=35 \|H2\=54
\|Date\=November 23
\|Location\=\[\[Regents Field]] • \[\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\|Ann Arbor, MI]]
\| Attendance \=
\| Referee \= Hayner (Lake Forest)
}}
{{AFB game box end}}
[thumb\|right\|185px\|Right tackle [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts "Bruce Shorts") scored 23 points against Buffalo, 19 points against Beloit and 25 points against Iowa.](/wiki/File:Bruce_Shorts.jpg "Bruce Shorts.jpg")
Michigan played its final home game on November 23 and won, 89–0, over [Beloit College](/wiki/Beloit_College "Beloit College"). The game was played in 30\-minute halves at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Michigan scored 15 touchdowns, six by Albert Herrnstein, three by Neil Snow, and single touchdowns by Shorts, Heston, White, Graver, Sweeley and Redner. Shorts also scored on 14 goals from touchdown, giving him 19 points.{{cite news\|title\=Just Practice For Michigan: Beloit Put Away, 89 to 0, Doubling the Wisconsin Record (part 1\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 24, 1901\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6623809/just\_practice\_for\_michigan\_beloit\_put/}}{{cite news\|title\=Just Practice For Michigan: Beloit Put Away, 89 to 0, Doubling the Wisconsin Record (part 2\)\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 24, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6623928/just\_practice\_for\_michigan/}} The game was played on a wet field that was "practically a pond in the centre, filled in with sawdust before the game started." Because of the field conditions, Michigan was not able to execute its end runs and relied principally on "line bucking." Right end Albert Herrnstein scored six touchdowns for 30 points, including two [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28gridiron_football%29 "Kickoff (gridiron football)") returns for touchdowns in the second half. Coach Yost later recalled the scene on the field after one of Herrnstein's runs: "Once when Herrnstein made a long run for a touchdown I remember of seeing four Beloit players stretched on the ground in a line where they had made useless efforts to stop him." Right tackle Bruce Shorts scored a touchdown and kicked 14 extra points for 19 points. Fullback Neil Snow added three touchdowns for 15 points, and single touchdowns were scored by Heston, White, Graver, Sweeley and Redden.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan 89, Beloit 0\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=1901\-11\-24\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/11/24/117977641\.pdf \| access\-date\= 12 March 2010 }} The Beloit team managed to gain the five yards required for a first down on only one drive late in the game. Beloit's one first down came on a fake kick followed by a run of 15 yards—the largest gain made by any team against Michigan in 1901\. *The New York Times* reported: "The strong team from Beloit was unable to do anything against the Ann Arbor men."
Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
### Week 10: Iowa
{{AFB game box start
\|Title\='''Iowa vs. Michigan'''
\|Visitor\=Iowa
\|V1\=0 \|V2\=0
\|Host\='''Michigan'''
\|H1\=22\|H2\=28
\|Date\=November 28
\|Location\=\[\[West Side Park]] • \[\[Chicago, IL]]
\| Attendance \=10,000
\| Referee \=
}}
{{AFB game box end}}
Michigan closed its regular season schedule on Thanksgiving Day, November 28, with a 50–0 win over the [University of Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_football "Iowa Hawkeyes football") in front of a crowd of 10,000 spectators at [West Side Park](/wiki/West_Side_Park "West Side Park") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago").{{cite news\|title\=Hurrah for Michigan, Champion Football Team of the West! U. of M.'s Goal Undefiled; Wolverines Scored Almost At Will Against the Hawkeyes, 50 to 0\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=November 29, 1901\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6623497/hurrah\_for\_michigan\_champion\_football/}} *The New York Times* reported that "Michigan scored almost at will" and "outclassed" a "sturdy, plucky" Iowa team.{{cite news\|title\=Michigan 50, Iowa 0\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=1901\-11\-29\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/11/29/102630528\.pdf \| access\-date\= 12 March 2010 }} Willie Heston and [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts "Bruce Shorts") scored four touchdowns each for Michigan and "played a spectacular part for the Wolverines." Shorts added five successful extra point kicks giving him 25 points in the game. Neil Snow also scored a touchdown for Michigan.
Michigan's starters in the game were Herb Graver (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
|
[
"Game summaries\n--------------",
"### Week 1: Albion",
"[thumb\\|right\\|175px\\|Yost brought halfback Willie Heston with him from California in 1901\\.](/wiki/File:Willie_Heston_%28bentley_image%29.jpg \"Willie Heston (bentley image).jpg\")\nMichigan opened the 1901 season with a 50–0{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|There is a discrepancy in the historic record as to Michigan's point total in the Albion game. The Bentley Historical Library lists the game score as 55–0\\. The ''Detroit Free Press'' in its next day game account, and ''The Michigan Alumnus'' in October 1901 both reflected a game score of 50–0\\. The box score published in the ''Detroit Free Press'' reports nine touchdowns and five goals after touchdown, which would result in a point total of 50\\.}} win against [Albion](/wiki/1901_Albion_football_team \"1901 Albion football team\"), a team that won the [Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Michigan_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") championship in 1900\\. The game was played in 20\\-minute halves at [Regents Field](/wiki/Regents_Field \"Regents Field\") in Ann Arbor on September 28\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Won By Big Score\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 29, 1901\\|page\\=4\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6611312/michigan\\_won\\_by\\_big\\_score/}} Michigan scored nine [touchdowns](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\") (worth five points each in 1901\\), including three by [Hugh White](/wiki/Hugh_White_%28American_football%29 \"Hugh White (American football)\"), two by [Walter W. Shaw](/wiki/Walter_W._Shaw \"Walter W. Shaw\"), and one each by Neil Snow, Willie Heston, [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts \"Bruce Shorts\"), and [Everett Sweeley](/wiki/Everett_Sweeley \"Everett Sweeley\"). Shaw also kicked three [goals from touchdown](/wiki/Conversion_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Conversion (gridiron football)\") with [Herb Graver](/wiki/Herb_Graver \"Herb Graver\") and Sweeley adding one each. Heston appeared in his first game for the Wolverines as a [substitute](/wiki/Substitution_%28sport%29 \"Substitution (sport)\") for Shaw at left halfback. In its account of the game, *The Michigan Alumnus* described Heston as a \"stocky Californian\" who \"proved a whirlwind in [bucking the line](/wiki/Dive_%28American_football%29 \"Dive (American football)\").\"{{cite news\\|title\\=The Albion Game\\|publisher\\=Michigan Alumnus\\|date\\=October 1901\\|page\\=24\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jywJ4ZrxYE0C\\| access\\-date\\= 20 March 2010 }} Heston's first touchdown as a Wolverine came on a defensive take\\-away described as follows: \"Once when Albion had the ball on her 25\\-yard line, Heston broke through between guard and center, got possession of the ball before it left the quarter back's hands, and made a touchdown.\" [Joe Maddock](/wiki/Joe_Maddock_%28coach%29 \"Joe Maddock (coach)\") was the only Albion player to gain ground; he transferred to Michigan in 1902\\.\n[thumb\\|left\\|175px\\|[Walter W. Shaw](/wiki/Walter_W._Shaw \"Walter W. Shaw\") was the starting halfback for the first two games in 1901\\.](/wiki/File:Walter_W._Shaw.jpg \"Walter W. Shaw.jpg\")\nMichigan starting lineup was [Curtis Redden](/wiki/Curtis_Redden \"Curtis Redden\") (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), [Dan McGugin](/wiki/Dan_McGugin \"Dan McGugin\") (left guard), George W. Gregory (center), [Ebin Wilson](/wiki/Ebin_Wilson \"Ebin Wilson\") (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), [James Knight](/wiki/James_Knight_%28American_football%29 \"James Knight (American football)\") (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Walter Shaw (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).",
"### Week 2: Case",
"On October 5, Michigan played its second game of the season against [Case Scientific School](/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University \"Case Western Reserve University\") from [Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio \"Cleveland, Ohio\"). In a short game of 20\\-minute halves, Michigan won by a score of 57–0\\. Heston scored four touchdowns, Sweeley and Snow added two each, and single touchdowns were scored by White and Woodward. Goals after touchdown were scored by Shaw (4\\), Graver (2\\) and Sweeley (1\\).{{cite news\\|title\\=Big Score Against Case\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 6, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6611763/big\\_score\\_against\\_case/}} Heston and Sweeley were singled out for praise in the account of the game published in *The Michigan Alumnus*:\n> \"Two men, Sweeley and Heston, constantly won the plaudits of the rooters by their long gains [around the ends](/wiki/End_run \"End run\"). Sweeley is fleet, and he kept his feet in a way that reminded the wise ones of McLean's remarkable performances. Heston proved himself the ground gainer that he has given evidence of being during the daily practices.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=The Case Game\\|publisher\\=Michigan Alumnus\\|date\\=October 1901\\|pages\\=24–25\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jywJ4ZrxYE0C\\| access\\-date\\= 20 March 2010 }}",
"In its coverage of the game, the *Alumnus* also noted that Michigan's new coach Yost \"refuses to have a man on the field who \\[is] 'yellow' or who is not willing to work and to take his fair share of knocks.\" The *Alumnus* concluded: \"If Michigan has a winning team, it will be because some of the enthusiasm of her coach has been transferred to the men.\"",
"Michigan's starting lineup was Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Daniel Woodward (right tackle), James Knight (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Everett Sweeley (left halfback), Walter Shaw (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).",
"### Week 3: Indiana",
"{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\='''Indiana at Michigan'''\n\\|Visitor\\=Indiana\n\\|V1\\=0 \\|V2\\=0\n\\|Host\\='''Michigan'''\n\\|H1\\=23 \\|H2\\=10\n\\|Date\\=October 12\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Regents Field]] • \\[\\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\|Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\| Attendance \\=\n\\| Referee \\=\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn October 12, Michigan defeated [Indiana](/wiki/1901_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team \"1901 Indiana Hoosiers football team\"), 33–0, at [Regents Field](/wiki/Regents_Field \"Regents Field\") in a game of 25\\- and 20\\-minute halves.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Made Grand Showing: Defeated the Heavy Indiana Eleven 33 to 0; Regents Field a Sea of Mud and U. of M. Was Handicapped (part 1\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 13, 1901\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6611884/michigan\\_made\\_grand\\_showing\\_defeated/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Made Grand Showing: Defeated the Heavy Indiana Eleven 33 to 0; Regents Field a Sea of Mud and U. of M. Was Handicapped (part 2\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 13, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6611920/michigan\\_made\\_grand\\_showing/}} The game was played on a field that had undergone steady rain for 24 hours and had been reduced to \"a sea of mud.\" The field conditions kept Michigan from getting its \"fast play into correct motion\". Nevertheless, Michigan allowed Indiana a first down only once and was only once forced to [punt](/wiki/Punt_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Punt (gridiron football)\"). Aside from the field conditions, Michigan's scoring was slowed by three [fumbles](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\") and eight [holding](/wiki/Holding_%28American_football%29 \"Holding (American football)\") and [offsides](/wiki/Offside_%28American_football%29 \"Offside (American football)\") [penalties](/wiki/Penalty_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Penalty (gridiron football)\"). The highlight of the game was a 75\\-yard [punt return](/wiki/Punt_return \"Punt return\") by Boss Weeks. Michigan scored six touchdowns, including two each by [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts \"Bruce Shorts\") and Willie Heston and single touchdowns by Neil Snow and [Walter W. Shaw](/wiki/Walter_W._Shaw \"Walter W. Shaw\"). Shorts added three goals from touchdown.\n[thumb\\|right\\|175px\\|Quarterback Boss Weeks](/wiki/File:Boss_Weeks.jpg \"Boss Weeks.jpg\")\nFollowing the win over Indiana, the student newspaper, *The Wolverine* noted: \"The 'Varsity showing was most satisfactory. Against a heavier team, on a slippery field which was all in favor of the visitors and directly opposed to our style of play, the 'Varsity was not found wanting and turned victory into a fight for big scores. Even the most optimistic did not look for such a large score, with the elements against us. The smiling, yet earnest face of Coach Yost has become a favorite feature at the games. His success as a coach has already been demonstrated, and every Michigan man is proud of him as an athlete, as a coach and as a man.\"{{cite news\\|author\\=Walter T. Fishleigh\\|title\\=Athletics\\|newspaper\\=The Wolverine\\|date\\=1901\\-10\\-18\\|page\\=5\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sSfnAAAAMAAJ\\| access\\-date\\= 14 March 2010 }}",
"Michigan's starting lineup was Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).",
"### Week 4: Northwestern",
"{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\='''Northwestern at Michigan'''\n\\|Visitor\\=Northwestern\n\\|V1\\=0 \\|V2\\=0\n\\|Host\\='''Michigan'''\n\\|H1\\=12 \\|H2\\=17\n\\|Date\\=October 19\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Regents Field]] • \\[\\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\|Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\| Attendance \\=3,000\n\\| Referee \\= \\[\\[Bob Wrenn]]\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn October 19, Michigan defeated [Northwestern](/wiki/1901_Northwestern_Purple_football_team \"1901 Northwestern Purple football team\") by a score of 29–0 at Regents Field in front of a crowd of 3,000 persons. The victory was considered particularly important as Northwestern had been considered \"a strong aspirant for western championship honors\". In a game of two 25\\-minute halves, Heston scored three touchdowns and had runs of 55 and 45 yards.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Rubbed It In: Made Dr. Hollister's Star Eleven Look Cheap; Score 29 to 0 Against a Team Holding Out for More Money (part 1\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 20, 1901\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6616293/michigan\\_rubbed\\_it\\_in\\_made\\_dr/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=The Northwestern Game\\|publisher\\=Michigan Alumnus\\|date\\=November 1901\\|pages\\=79–80\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jywJ4ZrxYE0C\\| access\\-date\\= 20 March 2010 }}{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Rubbed It In: Made Dr. Hollister's Star Eleven Look Cheap; Score 29 to 0 Against a Team Holding Out for More Money (part 2\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 20, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6616413/michigan\\_rubbed\\_it\\_in/}} Left halfback Willie Heston scored three touchdowns, with Neil Snow and Walter Shaw scoring one each. [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts \"Bruce Shorts\") added four goals from touchdown.",
"Northwestern's longest gain was six yards. The only threat to Michigan's [goal](/wiki/Goal_line_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Goal line (gridiron football)\") came in the second half when Willie Heston fielded a kickoff and tossed to Everett Sweeley. Northwestern took over at the ten\\-yard line and moved it by the \"tandem play\" to the two\\-yard line. Yost later recalled the impressive play of his team in preventing Northwestern to score: \"The defense at this point was as good as I have ever seen. Northwestern could not advance a foot. When the ball was held for downs and Michigan had again obtained possession, our goal line had passed its only danger of the season.\" *[The Pittsburgh Press](/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press \"The Pittsburgh Press\")* described the game as follows: \"Just to show her superiority during the last few minutes of play, Michigan, put in an all substitute line. The Michigan defence was impregnable and her offensive work grand.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Preachers Beaten: Michigan University Battered Northwestern's Football Team\\|newspaper\\=The Pittsburgh Press\\|date\\=1901\\-10\\-21\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=JhAbAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3438,7593395\\&dq\\=michigan\\+northwestern\\&hl\\=en\\| access\\-date\\= 12 March 2010 }}",
"Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), [Dan McGugin](/wiki/Dan_McGugin \"Dan McGugin\") (left guard), George Gregory (center), [Ebin Wilson](/wiki/Ebin_Wilson \"Ebin Wilson\") (right guard), [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts \"Bruce Shorts\") (right tackle), [Albert Herrnstein](/wiki/Albert_E._Herrnstein \"Albert E. Herrnstein\") (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).",
"### Week 5: Buffalo",
"[thumb\\|right\\|190px\\|[Albert Herrnstein](/wiki/Albert_Herrnstein \"Albert Herrnstein\") scored five touchdowns against Buffalo and six touchdowns against Beloit, and he later coached the Ohio State football team.](/wiki/File:Albert_Herrnstein.jpg \"Albert Herrnstein.jpg\")\nOn October 26, Michigan defeated the [University of Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo_Bulls_football \"Buffalo Bulls football\") by a score of 128–0 at Ann Arbor. Michigan scored 22 touchdowns in the game, five by Albert Herrnstein, four each by Neil Snow and Arthur Redner, three each by Willie Heston and Everett Sweeley, two by Curtis Redden, and one by Bruce Shorts. Shorts also had 18 goals for touchdown.{{cite news\\|title\\=Bargain Day In Touchdowns: Michigan Scored 22 Against Buffalo Team (part 1\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 27, 1901\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6616539/bargain\\_day\\_in\\_touchdowns\\_michigan/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Bargain Day In Touchdowns: Michigan Scored 22 Against Buffalo Team (part 2\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=October 27, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6616677/bargain\\_day\\_in\\_touchdowns/}} The game was scheduled to be played in 30\\-minute halves, but Buffalo's coach asked at halftime that the second half be reduced to 20 minutes, and so the game was limited to 50 minutes of playing time. The *Detroit Free Press* noted that Michigan scored more points against Buffalo than it had during the entire 1900 season, averaging more than two points per minute played and a touchdown every two minutes.",
"A newspaper account reported that \"the most spectacular\" play of the game came on a 90\\-yard touchdown run by Herrnstein. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* reported that the Wolverines' margin of victory was the third largest in the history of the sport:\n> \"\\[T]he score of to\\-day's game was one of the most remarkable ever made in the history of football in the important colleges. Only two scores are recorded in American where a victory was won in more decided style. These occasions were when Stevens Institute beat the College of the City of New York by 162 to 0 at Hoboken, N.J., in 1885, and when Harvard beat Exeter by 158 to 0 at Exeter, Mass., in 1886\\.\"",
"",
"After the game, Buffalo's Coach Gordon said Michigan was \"one of the most wonderful teams he ever saw,\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Gridiron Gossip\\|newspaper\\=The Daily Review (Decatur, IL)\\|date\\=1901\\-10\\-28}} and added, \"Michigan can defeat any team in the East.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Made Huge Score; Buffalo Football Team, Conquerors of Columbia, Shut Out by Score of 128 to 0\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=1901\\-10\\-27\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/27/117976509\\.pdf \\| access\\-date\\= 12 March 2010 }} Buffalo had defeated the team from [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\"), one of the stronger teams in the east, by a score of 5–0 earlier in the season. The [1901 Columbia team](/wiki/1901_Columbia_Lions_football_team \"1901 Columbia Lions football team\") defeated Eastern \"Big Four\" power [Penn](/wiki/Penn_Quakers_football \"Penn Quakers football\"), 11–0, and narrowly lost a game to [Yale](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football \"Yale Bulldogs football\"), 10–5\\. Several newspapers used the Buffalo game as a point of reference in assessing the strength of Michigan's 1901 team. *The Pittsburgh Press* reported that Michigan's big victory over a \"fairly strong\" Buffalo team \"shows that Michigan has a remarkable team.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Coach Yost Known Here: Handler of Michigan's Great Team Lives at Morgantown\\|newspaper\\=The Pittsburgh Press\\|date\\=1901\\-10\\-29\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=NhMbAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=1880,1305231\\&dq\\=michigan\\+football\\&hl\\=en\\| access\\-date\\= 12 March 2010 }} *The Daily Review* from [Decatur, Illinois](/wiki/Decatur%2C_Illinois \"Decatur, Illinois\"), observed: \"Considering the fact that Buffalo trimmed Columbia rather easily, making a larger score against the college than did Harvard or Yale, there seems some justice in\" Coach Brown's comments that Michigan could defeat Harvard, Yale or Princeton. The *Adrian Daily Telegram* opined: \"Michigan defeated Buffalo 128 to 0, which clearly demonstrates that she can bump the big eastern four without much fear of disaster.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Football\\|newspaper\\=Adrian Daily Telegram\\|date\\=1901\\-10\\-28}}",
"In 1916, Coach Yost shared his recollections of the Buffalo game with [Big Bill Edwards](/wiki/Big_Bill_Edwards \"Big Bill Edwards\"): \"Buffalo University came to Michigan with a much\\-heralded team. They were coached by a Dartmouth man and had not been scored upon. Buffalo papers referred to Michigan as the Woolly Westerners, and the Buffalo enthusiasts placed bets that Michigan would not score.\"{{cite book\\|author\\=William Hanford Edwards\\|title\\=Football Days: Memories of the Game and of the Men behind the Ball\\|page\\=292\\|year\\=1916\\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18048\\| access\\-date\\= 15 March 2010 }} The score at the end of the first half was 65 to 0\\. About fifteen minutes after the second half had started, Yost discovered a Buffalo player, Simpson, \"on Michigan's side of the field, covered up in a blanket.\" Yost was curious and asked, \"Simpson, what are you doing over here? You are on the wrong side.\" To which, Simpson replied, \"Don't say anything. I know where I am at. The coach has put me in three times already and I'm not going in there again. Enough is enough for any one. I've had mine.\"",
"### Week 6: Carlisle",
"{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\='''Carlisle at Michigan'''\n\\|Visitor\\=Carlisle\n\\|V1\\=0 \\|V2\\=0\n\\|Host\\='''Michigan'''\n\\|H1\\=16 \\|H2\\=6\n\\|Date\\=November 2\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Bennett Park (Detroit)\\|Bennett Park]], \\[\\[Detroit, MI]]\n\\| Attendance \\=8,000\n\\| Referee \\=\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nThe Wolverines defeated [Pop Warner](/wiki/Glenn_Scobey_Warner \"Glenn Scobey Warner\")'s [Carlisle Indian](/wiki/Carlisle_Indians_football \"Carlisle Indians football\") team, 22–0, in a game played at [Bennett Park](/wiki/Bennett_Park_%28Detroit%29 \"Bennett Park (Detroit)\") in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\") on November 2\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Red Men Fell Before U. of M.: Maize and Blue Scored Three Touchdowns and Goal From Field; Carlisle Put Up Great Defensive Game, But Failed To Make a Point (part 2\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 3, 1901\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620448/red\\_men\\_fell\\_before\\_u\\_of\\_m/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Analysis of the Game from the Grand Stand\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 3, 1901\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620680/analysis\\_of\\_the\\_game\\_from\\_the\\_grand/}} The game drew a crowd of 8,000 spectators, \"\\[t]he largest crowd that ever turned out to a football game in Michigan.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Red Men Fell Before U. of M.: Maize and Blue Scored Three Touchdowns and Goal From Field; Carlisle Put Up Great Defensive Game, But Failed To Make a Point (part 1\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 3, 1901\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620399/red\\_men\\_fell\\_before\\_u\\_of\\_m/}} [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts \"Bruce Shorts\") led the scoring with 12 points on a touchdown, a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal \"Field goal\"), and two goals from touchdown. [Ebin Wilson](/wiki/Ebin_Wilson \"Ebin Wilson\") and Willie Heston also scored touchdowns.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan 22, Carlisle 0\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=1901\\-11\\-03\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/11/03/102628862\\.pdf \\| access\\-date\\= 12 March 2010 }}",
"Carlisle in 1901 also played several of the major Eastern teams, losing a close game to [Penn](/wiki/1901_Penn_Quakers_football_team \"1901 Penn Quakers football team\") (14–16\\), and also losing to [Cornell](/wiki/1901_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team \"1901 Cornell Big Red football team\") (0–17\\) and [Harvard](/wiki/1901_Harvard_Crimson_football_team \"1901 Harvard Crimson football team\") (0–29\\). Accordingly, the Michigan\\-Carlisle game triggered a debate as to whether Michigan's football team was as strong as Harvard and the other leading teams of the East. Carlisle played the Michigan game without its star tackle, [Martin Wheelock](/wiki/Martin_Wheelock \"Martin Wheelock\"), who was injured one week earlier against Harvard.{{cite news\\|title\\=Fierce Gridiron Battle To\\-day\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 2, 1901\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620104/fierce\\_gridiron\\_battle\\_today\\_lively/}} Michigan, too, played without a key player, [Curtis Redden](/wiki/Curtis_Redden \"Curtis Redden\"). After the game, Pop Warner, who had predicted a victory before the game, asserted that his team was depleted by injuries and opined that Michigan was not as strong as Harvard.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Not In It With Harvard Warner Says\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 3, 1901\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620448/red\\_men\\_fell\\_before\\_u\\_of\\_m/}} Following Warner's claim, the *Detroit Free Press* published a position\\-by\\-position analysis purporting to show that Warner used his best team against Michigan.{{cite news\\|title\\=Warner Used His Best Team: Carlisle Indians Were As Strong As When They Met Harvard; Michigan In About the Same Class With Crimson\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 4, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6620219/warner\\_used\\_his\\_best\\_team\\_carlisle/}}",
"*The New York Times* pointed to the Carlisle game as evidence that Michigan's remarkable season was not limited to small institutions. Coach Yost later wrote that he believed Michigan would have won by an even larger score if Redden had not been injured. Michigan's convincing win over Carlisle, and its wins over Buffalo and Chicago, led the *Times* to conclude that a game between Michigan and one of the \"Big Four\" teams of the East \"would be a conflict well worth seeing and productive of interesting and possibly startling results.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=COLLEGE FOOTBALL GAMES; Records of the Principal Contests Played This Season. U. OF MICHIGAN'S HIGH TOTAL Western Team's Goal Line Not Crossed Once During the Year – Harvard the Champion\\|date\\=1901\\-11\\-24\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/11/24/117977640\\.pdf \\| access\\-date\\= 12 March 2010 }}",
"Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).",
"### Week 7: Ohio State",
"{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\='''\\[\\[Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry\\|Michigan at Ohio State]]'''\n\\|Visitor\\='''Michigan'''\n\\|V1\\=16 \\|V2\\=5\n\\|Host\\=\\[\\[1901 Ohio State Buckeyes football team\\|Ohio State]]\n\\|H1\\=0 \\|H2\\=0\n\\|Date\\=November 9\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Ohio Field]], \\[\\[Columbus, OH]]\n\\| Attendance \\=4,000\n\\| Referee \\= Bob Wrenn\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn November 9, 1901, undefeated Michigan faced an undefeated [Ohio State team](/wiki/1901_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team \"1901 Ohio State Buckeyes football team\") that had allowed opponents to score only five points in its five previous games. The 1901 game was the third meeting in what would become the [Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry](/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Ohio_State_football_rivalry \"Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry\"), with the two teams having played to a scoreless tie in their prior match in 1900\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Michigan vs. Ohio State\\|publisher\\=David DeLassus\\|work\\=College Football Data Warehouse\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2016\\|url\\=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/active/m/michigan/opponents\\_records.php?teamid\\=2380\\|archive\\-date\\=May 23, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523054503/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/active/m/michigan/opponents\\_records.php?teamid\\=2380\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Michigan won the 1901 game, 21–0, at [Ohio Field](/wiki/Ohio_Field \"Ohio Field\") in [Columbus, Ohio](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\"), in front of a crowd of approximately 4,000 persons. A special train carried 375 Michigan students to the game on the [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Railroad_%281895%E2%80%931976%29 \"Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976)\") and [Hocking Valley](/wiki/Hocking_Valley_Railway \"Hocking Valley Railway\") railroads. Ohio State held the Wolverines to their lowest point total of the 1901 season. Prior to the game, the head coaches argued over the length of the game, Yost insisting on regulation halves of 30 minute and Ohio State's [John B. Eckstorm](/wiki/John_B._Eckstorm \"John B. Eckstorm\") insisting that the first half be limited to 25 minutes. When the umpire threatened Ohio State with a forfeiture, coach Eckstrom agreed to play regulation halves of 30 minutes.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Line Is Uncrossed: Only Once Did Ohio Threaten Goal (part 1\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 10, 1901\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6627000/michigan\\_line\\_is\\_uncrossed\\_only\\_once/}}",
"Michigan scored three touchdowns in the first half. Left tackle [Hugh White](/wiki/Hugh_White_%28American_football%29 \"Hugh White (American football)\") scored the first touchdown on a two\\-yard run with [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts \"Bruce Shorts\") kicking the goal from touchdown to give Michigan a 6\\-0 lead. Michigan's second touchdown was scored by left halfback Willie Heston on a 40\\-yard run. Fullback Neil Snow scored the third touchdown of the first half and also scored the only touchdown of the second half.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Line Is Uncrossed (part 2\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 10, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6626975/michigan\\_line\\_is\\_uncrossed\\_ohio\\_state/}}",
"The *Detroit Free Press* noted that Ohio State's players sought to slow the pace of Michigan's \"hurry up\" style of play. The paper noted: \"On almost every scrimmage some Ohio man would stretch out on the ground and take his full time. This playing for wind was so apparent that the Michigan players finally burlesqued it. The Ohio men could not stand the gaff, and their doctors and trainer ran more yards than both teams put together.\" After the game, coach Yost commented on Ohio State's tactic: \"Their laying down for time took much of the vim out of our team, and rested their tired out players.\"",
"Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).\n[thumb\\|left\\|175px\\|Chicago coach [Amos Alonzo Stagg](/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg \"Amos Alonzo Stagg\") in 1899](/wiki/File:Amos_Alonzo_Stagg_1899_UC_yearbook.png \"Amos Alonzo Stagg 1899 UC yearbook.png\")",
"### Week 8: Chicago",
"{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\='''\\[\\[Chicago–Michigan football rivalry\\|Chicago at Michigan]]'''\n\\|Visitor\\=\\[\\[1901 Chicago Maroons football team\\|Chicago]]\n\\|V1\\=0 \\|V2\\=0\n\\|Host\\='''Michigan'''\n\\|H1\\=11 \\|H2\\=11\n\\|Date\\=November 16\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Regents Field]], \\[\\[Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\| Attendance \\=\n\\| Referee \\= Fred Hayner (Lake Forest)\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn November 16, 1901, Michigan faced its traditional rival in [Amos Alonzo Stagg](/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg \"Amos Alonzo Stagg\")'s [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\") [Maroons football](/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football \"Chicago Maroons football\") team. Chicago had won three of the prior four matches, including a 15–6 victory over Michigan in 1900\\. Coach Yost noted, \"I knew long before I came to Michigan of the great rivalry existing between this University and the University of Chicago. It was my desire to win this game above all others.\"",
"The 1901 game was played in 35\\-minute halves at [Regents Field](/wiki/Regents_Field \"Regents Field\") in front of one of the largest crowds that ever attended a game up to that time in [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\"). Michigan won the game, 22–0\\. Michigan's first touchdown was scored by fullback [Neil Snow](/wiki/Neil_Snow \"Neil Snow\") with Bruce Shorts kicking for the goal after touchdown. The second touchdown was scored at the 9\\-minute mark in the first half by left tackle Hugh White on a \"mass play\" on Chicago's left end. Shorts missed the kick for goal from touchdown. In the second half, Shorts scored Michigan's third touchdown after 5:45 had been played in the second half but missed the kick for goal as Michigan extended its lead to 16–0\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Stops Stagg's Tricks: Defeated Chicago by 22–0 Score; \"Whoa Back\" Did Not Make a Gain (part 1\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 17, 1901\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6628689/michigan\\_stops\\_staggs\\_tricks\\_defeated/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan Stops Stagg's Tricks (part 2\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 17, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6628726/michigan\\_stops\\_staggs\\_tricks\\_part\\_2/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan, 22; Chicago, 0: Annual Game Results in Decisive Defeat of Maroons\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Daily Tribune\\|date\\=November 17, 1901\\|page\\=part 3, page 1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6629115/michigan\\_22\\_chicago\\_0/}} White scored Michigan's fourth touchdown and Shorts kicked goal at the 7:30 mark of the second half. Michigan's defense held Chicago to three first downs, never allowed the Maroons into field goal range, and forced 11 punts while the Wolverines punted only once.",
"Despite the win, Coach Yost was disappointed with the low point total accumulated by his team and publicly stated that \"we would have scored many more points on Chicago if the field had been dry.\" Yost described the impact of the weather on his team as follows: \"Much to our disappointment the game was played on a muddy field in a snowstorm, and the work of our backs was seriously handicapped. The Chicago team was not to the same extent handicapped by reason of the fact that it did not rely upon speed to advance the ball. . . . End\\-running was impossible, and we were compelled to make our gains by line\\-bucking which is a slow process . . .\"",
"Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).",
"### Week 9: Beloit",
"{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\='''Beloit at Michigan'''\n\\|Visitor\\=\\[\\[Beloit College\\|Beloit]]\n\\|V1\\=0 \\|V2\\=0\n\\|Host\\='''Michigan'''\n\\|H1\\=35 \\|H2\\=54\n\\|Date\\=November 23\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Regents Field]] • \\[\\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\|Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\| Attendance \\=\n\\| Referee \\= Hayner (Lake Forest)\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|185px\\|Right tackle [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts \"Bruce Shorts\") scored 23 points against Buffalo, 19 points against Beloit and 25 points against Iowa.](/wiki/File:Bruce_Shorts.jpg \"Bruce Shorts.jpg\")\nMichigan played its final home game on November 23 and won, 89–0, over [Beloit College](/wiki/Beloit_College \"Beloit College\"). The game was played in 30\\-minute halves at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Michigan scored 15 touchdowns, six by Albert Herrnstein, three by Neil Snow, and single touchdowns by Shorts, Heston, White, Graver, Sweeley and Redner. Shorts also scored on 14 goals from touchdown, giving him 19 points.{{cite news\\|title\\=Just Practice For Michigan: Beloit Put Away, 89 to 0, Doubling the Wisconsin Record (part 1\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 24, 1901\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6623809/just\\_practice\\_for\\_michigan\\_beloit\\_put/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Just Practice For Michigan: Beloit Put Away, 89 to 0, Doubling the Wisconsin Record (part 2\\)\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 24, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6623928/just\\_practice\\_for\\_michigan/}} The game was played on a wet field that was \"practically a pond in the centre, filled in with sawdust before the game started.\" Because of the field conditions, Michigan was not able to execute its end runs and relied principally on \"line bucking.\" Right end Albert Herrnstein scored six touchdowns for 30 points, including two [kickoff](/wiki/Kickoff_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Kickoff (gridiron football)\") returns for touchdowns in the second half. Coach Yost later recalled the scene on the field after one of Herrnstein's runs: \"Once when Herrnstein made a long run for a touchdown I remember of seeing four Beloit players stretched on the ground in a line where they had made useless efforts to stop him.\" Right tackle Bruce Shorts scored a touchdown and kicked 14 extra points for 19 points. Fullback Neil Snow added three touchdowns for 15 points, and single touchdowns were scored by Heston, White, Graver, Sweeley and Redden.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan 89, Beloit 0\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=1901\\-11\\-24\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/11/24/117977641\\.pdf \\| access\\-date\\= 12 March 2010 }} The Beloit team managed to gain the five yards required for a first down on only one drive late in the game. Beloit's one first down came on a fake kick followed by a run of 15 yards—the largest gain made by any team against Michigan in 1901\\. *The New York Times* reported: \"The strong team from Beloit was unable to do anything against the Ann Arbor men.\"",
"Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).",
"### Week 10: Iowa",
"{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\='''Iowa vs. Michigan'''\n\\|Visitor\\=Iowa\n\\|V1\\=0 \\|V2\\=0\n\\|Host\\='''Michigan'''\n\\|H1\\=22\\|H2\\=28\n\\|Date\\=November 28\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[West Side Park]] • \\[\\[Chicago, IL]]\n\\| Attendance \\=10,000\n\\| Referee \\=\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nMichigan closed its regular season schedule on Thanksgiving Day, November 28, with a 50–0 win over the [University of Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_football \"Iowa Hawkeyes football\") in front of a crowd of 10,000 spectators at [West Side Park](/wiki/West_Side_Park \"West Side Park\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Hurrah for Michigan, Champion Football Team of the West! U. of M.'s Goal Undefiled; Wolverines Scored Almost At Will Against the Hawkeyes, 50 to 0\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=November 29, 1901\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6623497/hurrah\\_for\\_michigan\\_champion\\_football/}} *The New York Times* reported that \"Michigan scored almost at will\" and \"outclassed\" a \"sturdy, plucky\" Iowa team.{{cite news\\|title\\=Michigan 50, Iowa 0\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=1901\\-11\\-29\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/11/29/102630528\\.pdf \\| access\\-date\\= 12 March 2010 }} Willie Heston and [Bruce Shorts](/wiki/Bruce_Shorts \"Bruce Shorts\") scored four touchdowns each for Michigan and \"played a spectacular part for the Wolverines.\" Shorts added five successful extra point kicks giving him 25 points in the game. Neil Snow also scored a touchdown for Michigan.",
"Michigan's starters in the game were Herb Graver (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).",
""
] |
Formation
---------
By law, [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas")' educational standards require periodic revision. In 1999, a revision was scheduled for the state science standards. The state board chose a committee of approximately 25 expert Kansans, including science educators and businesspeople, to rewrite the standards completely. Although the committee did its work well, [Creationists](/wiki/Creationist "Creationist") began attending the hearings of the science committee of the state board and toured the state giving presentations critical of the evolution in the draft science standards. At the same time, a local [Lawrence, Kansas](/wiki/Lawrence%2C_Kansas "Lawrence, Kansas") group called POSH (Parents for Objective Science and History) began lobbying the local school board for creationist changes to the Lawrence curriculum.
Despite the work of the committee, toward the end of the process, the creationists on the state board – who were primarily [Young Earth Creationists](/wiki/Young_Earth_Creationist "Young Earth Creationist") \- attempted to influence the standards. At that point, the board was split 5 to 5 on many issues. Led by Steve Abrams, then board president, the creationists collaborated with the [Creation Science Association of Mid America](/wiki/Creation_Science_Association_of_Mid_America "Creation Science Association of Mid America") to change the committee's recommendations, removing significant references to evolution and replacing material with creationist perspectives. They were able to convince one state board member to switch sides and vote in favor of the creationist science standards.
Reactions included recruiting those who wrote pro\-science letters to newspapers in order to generate a core group of activists. Although these activists originally met to coordinate testimony before board meetings, a week prior to the actual BOE vote over the standards, KCFS was incorporated on 8 August 1999\. Holding a media conference on the steps of the [Kansas Museum of Natural History](/wiki/Kansas_Museum_of_Natural_History "Kansas Museum of Natural History") the next day, they pledged to combat the anti\-science activities of the board.
Two days later, on 11 August 1999, the Kansas State Board of Education voted 6–4 to approve creation science\-friendly standards that minimized teaching the theories of [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution"), the [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang "Big Bang"), and geological time. Although they did not outlaw the teaching of evolution, they did open the standards to local control, prompting several communities, including [Pratt, Kansas](/wiki/Pratt%2C_Kansas "Pratt, Kansas"), to adopt overtly creationist standards.
KCFS recruited participants from across the state and led the fight to correct the standards the creationists had passed. They formed relationships with educational and scientific organizations both across Kansas and throughout the US. At the next election, Kansas voters replaced the creationists with a pro\-science majority and within a few months, the standards recommended by the expert committee were passed, replacing the creationist standards that de\-emphasized evolution.
|
[
"Formation\n---------",
"By law, [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\")' educational standards require periodic revision. In 1999, a revision was scheduled for the state science standards. The state board chose a committee of approximately 25 expert Kansans, including science educators and businesspeople, to rewrite the standards completely. Although the committee did its work well, [Creationists](/wiki/Creationist \"Creationist\") began attending the hearings of the science committee of the state board and toured the state giving presentations critical of the evolution in the draft science standards. At the same time, a local [Lawrence, Kansas](/wiki/Lawrence%2C_Kansas \"Lawrence, Kansas\") group called POSH (Parents for Objective Science and History) began lobbying the local school board for creationist changes to the Lawrence curriculum.",
"Despite the work of the committee, toward the end of the process, the creationists on the state board – who were primarily [Young Earth Creationists](/wiki/Young_Earth_Creationist \"Young Earth Creationist\") \\- attempted to influence the standards. At that point, the board was split 5 to 5 on many issues. Led by Steve Abrams, then board president, the creationists collaborated with the [Creation Science Association of Mid America](/wiki/Creation_Science_Association_of_Mid_America \"Creation Science Association of Mid America\") to change the committee's recommendations, removing significant references to evolution and replacing material with creationist perspectives. They were able to convince one state board member to switch sides and vote in favor of the creationist science standards.",
"Reactions included recruiting those who wrote pro\\-science letters to newspapers in order to generate a core group of activists. Although these activists originally met to coordinate testimony before board meetings, a week prior to the actual BOE vote over the standards, KCFS was incorporated on 8 August 1999\\. Holding a media conference on the steps of the [Kansas Museum of Natural History](/wiki/Kansas_Museum_of_Natural_History \"Kansas Museum of Natural History\") the next day, they pledged to combat the anti\\-science activities of the board.",
"Two days later, on 11 August 1999, the Kansas State Board of Education voted 6–4 to approve creation science\\-friendly standards that minimized teaching the theories of [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\"), the [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang \"Big Bang\"), and geological time. Although they did not outlaw the teaching of evolution, they did open the standards to local control, prompting several communities, including [Pratt, Kansas](/wiki/Pratt%2C_Kansas \"Pratt, Kansas\"), to adopt overtly creationist standards.",
"KCFS recruited participants from across the state and led the fight to correct the standards the creationists had passed. They formed relationships with educational and scientific organizations both across Kansas and throughout the US. At the next election, Kansas voters replaced the creationists with a pro\\-science majority and within a few months, the standards recommended by the expert committee were passed, replacing the creationist standards that de\\-emphasized evolution.",
""
] |
Other Elections
---------------
### Herzliya
Seven candidates ran for mayor in [Herzliya](/wiki/Herzliya "Herzliya"), most notably [Yael German](/wiki/Yael_German "Yael German") (as the candidate of Meretz), Yehuda Urieli (under the Independent list) and Haim Feld (under the 'Feld for Herzliya' List). German won around 32% of the vote in the first round, Urieli won around 26% and Feld won around 25%. in the second round, German defeated Urieli, winning around 25,000 votes to Urieli's approximately 13,000\.
Composition of the City Council:
* Meretz \- 6 Seats
* Feld for Herzliya \- 4 Seats
* Mafdal\-One Israel \- 2 Seats
* One Herzliya \- 2 Seats Likud \- 2 Seats
* Independent List \- 2 Seats
* Shas \- 1 Seat
### Kfar Saba
Five candidates ran for mayor in [Kfar Saba](/wiki/Kfar_Saba "Kfar Saba"). [Yitzhak Vlad](/wiki/Yitzhak_Vlad "Yitzhak Vlad") won 26% of the vote, Amiram Miller won 23%, Yoel Carol won 22%, Ya'akov Ohion won 16% and Daniel Adler won 8% of the vote in the first round. In the second round, Vlad defeated Miller in the second round, winning approximately 13,000 votes to Miller's approximately 11,500\.
Composition of the City Council:
* Labor \- 4 Seats
* Meretz \- 4 Seats
* Our Kfar Saba \- 3 Seats
* Likud\-Gesher\-Tzomet \- 2 Seats
* Mafdal \- 2 Seats
* Shas \- 2 Seats
* Kfar Saba 2000 \- 2 Seats
* Yisrael Ba'Aliyah \- 2 Seats
* Adler List \- 1 Seat
### Ra'anana
in [Ra'anana](/wiki/Ra%27anana "Ra'anana"), [Ze'ev Bielski](/wiki/Ze%27ev_Bielski "Ze'ev Bielski") won around 72% of the vote.
Composition of the City Council:
* Bielski's Independent List \- 4 Seats
* Meretz \- 4 Seats
* Labor \- 4 Seats
* Religious List \- 3 Seats
* Likud \- 2 Seats
* Dan Baruch List \- 1 Seat
* Shas \- 1 Seat
### Ashdod
In [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod "Ashdod"), incumbent mayor [Zvi Zilker](/wiki/Zvi_Zilker "Zvi Zilker") was re\-elected with around 64% of the vote, he defeated [Yehiel Lasri](/wiki/Yehiel_Lasri "Yehiel Lasri"), who won around 32%.
Composition of the City Council:
* Ashdod Beitenu \- 9 Seats
* Shas \- 4 Seats
* United Torah Judaism \- 2 Seats
* New Ashdod led by Lassri \- 2 Seats
* Ometz led by [Ilan Gilon](/wiki/Ilan_Gilon "Ilan Gilon") \- 2 Seats
* Likud \- 2 Seats
* Ashdod \- 2 Seats
* Voice of the Heart \- 1 Seat
* Unity for Ashdod \- 1 Seat
### Givatayim
In [Givatayim](/wiki/Givatayim "Givatayim"), incumbent Labor Party Mayor [Ephraim Stenzler](/wiki/Ephraim_Stenzler "Ephraim Stenzler") was re\-elected with around 52% of the vote. he defeated several candidates, including the Likud's Amir Grinboym, who won around 21%.
Composition of the City Council:
* Labor \- 6 Seats
* Meretz \- 3 Seats
* Givatayim's youths \- 3 Seats
* Likud\-Tzomet\-Yisrael BaAliyah \- 2 Seats
* Mafdal \- 2 Seats
* Only Givatayim \- 1 Seat
* Givatayim Forwards \- 1 Seat
### Sderot
In [Sderot](/wiki/Sderot "Sderot"), 3 main candidates ran for Mayor. [David Buskila](/wiki/David_Buskila "David Buskila"), who won around 38% of the vote in the first round, [Eli Moyal](/wiki/Eli_Moyal "Eli Moyal"). who won around 34%, and herzl Shauli, who won around 16%. in the second round, Moyal defeated Buskila, winning around 52% of the vote to Buskila's 48%. the City Council was divided between a joint Shas\-Labor List (who won 4 Seats), Yisrael BaAliyah (who won 3\), and One Nation, Gesher, Otzma, and 'a new Life', who won 2 seats each. Likud and Mafdal did not cross the City Council's electoral threshold.
|
[
"Other Elections\n---------------",
"### Herzliya",
"Seven candidates ran for mayor in [Herzliya](/wiki/Herzliya \"Herzliya\"), most notably [Yael German](/wiki/Yael_German \"Yael German\") (as the candidate of Meretz), Yehuda Urieli (under the Independent list) and Haim Feld (under the 'Feld for Herzliya' List). German won around 32% of the vote in the first round, Urieli won around 26% and Feld won around 25%. in the second round, German defeated Urieli, winning around 25,000 votes to Urieli's approximately 13,000\\.",
"Composition of the City Council:",
"* Meretz \\- 6 Seats\n* Feld for Herzliya \\- 4 Seats\n* Mafdal\\-One Israel \\- 2 Seats\n* One Herzliya \\- 2 Seats Likud \\- 2 Seats\n* Independent List \\- 2 Seats\n* Shas \\- 1 Seat",
"### Kfar Saba",
"Five candidates ran for mayor in [Kfar Saba](/wiki/Kfar_Saba \"Kfar Saba\"). [Yitzhak Vlad](/wiki/Yitzhak_Vlad \"Yitzhak Vlad\") won 26% of the vote, Amiram Miller won 23%, Yoel Carol won 22%, Ya'akov Ohion won 16% and Daniel Adler won 8% of the vote in the first round. In the second round, Vlad defeated Miller in the second round, winning approximately 13,000 votes to Miller's approximately 11,500\\.",
"Composition of the City Council:",
"* Labor \\- 4 Seats\n* Meretz \\- 4 Seats\n* Our Kfar Saba \\- 3 Seats\n* Likud\\-Gesher\\-Tzomet \\- 2 Seats\n* Mafdal \\- 2 Seats\n* Shas \\- 2 Seats\n* Kfar Saba 2000 \\- 2 Seats\n* Yisrael Ba'Aliyah \\- 2 Seats\n* Adler List \\- 1 Seat",
"### Ra'anana",
"in [Ra'anana](/wiki/Ra%27anana \"Ra'anana\"), [Ze'ev Bielski](/wiki/Ze%27ev_Bielski \"Ze'ev Bielski\") won around 72% of the vote.",
"Composition of the City Council:",
"* Bielski's Independent List \\- 4 Seats\n* Meretz \\- 4 Seats\n* Labor \\- 4 Seats\n* Religious List \\- 3 Seats\n* Likud \\- 2 Seats\n* Dan Baruch List \\- 1 Seat\n* Shas \\- 1 Seat",
"### Ashdod",
"In [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod \"Ashdod\"), incumbent mayor [Zvi Zilker](/wiki/Zvi_Zilker \"Zvi Zilker\") was re\\-elected with around 64% of the vote, he defeated [Yehiel Lasri](/wiki/Yehiel_Lasri \"Yehiel Lasri\"), who won around 32%.",
"Composition of the City Council:",
"* Ashdod Beitenu \\- 9 Seats\n* Shas \\- 4 Seats\n* United Torah Judaism \\- 2 Seats\n* New Ashdod led by Lassri \\- 2 Seats\n* Ometz led by [Ilan Gilon](/wiki/Ilan_Gilon \"Ilan Gilon\") \\- 2 Seats\n* Likud \\- 2 Seats\n* Ashdod \\- 2 Seats\n* Voice of the Heart \\- 1 Seat\n* Unity for Ashdod \\- 1 Seat",
"### Givatayim",
"In [Givatayim](/wiki/Givatayim \"Givatayim\"), incumbent Labor Party Mayor [Ephraim Stenzler](/wiki/Ephraim_Stenzler \"Ephraim Stenzler\") was re\\-elected with around 52% of the vote. he defeated several candidates, including the Likud's Amir Grinboym, who won around 21%.",
"Composition of the City Council:",
"* Labor \\- 6 Seats\n* Meretz \\- 3 Seats\n* Givatayim's youths \\- 3 Seats\n* Likud\\-Tzomet\\-Yisrael BaAliyah \\- 2 Seats\n* Mafdal \\- 2 Seats\n* Only Givatayim \\- 1 Seat\n* Givatayim Forwards \\- 1 Seat",
"### Sderot",
"In [Sderot](/wiki/Sderot \"Sderot\"), 3 main candidates ran for Mayor. [David Buskila](/wiki/David_Buskila \"David Buskila\"), who won around 38% of the vote in the first round, [Eli Moyal](/wiki/Eli_Moyal \"Eli Moyal\"). who won around 34%, and herzl Shauli, who won around 16%. in the second round, Moyal defeated Buskila, winning around 52% of the vote to Buskila's 48%. the City Council was divided between a joint Shas\\-Labor List (who won 4 Seats), Yisrael BaAliyah (who won 3\\), and One Nation, Gesher, Otzma, and 'a new Life', who won 2 seats each. Likud and Mafdal did not cross the City Council's electoral threshold.",
""
] |
History
-------
Bellahouston Academy first opened in 1876 on Paisley Road West as a private school run by Alexander Sim, It was taken over by the [Govan](/wiki/Govan "Govan") School Board in 1885, and has been a state school ever since.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image.php?inum\=TGSA00633 \|title\=Bellahouston Academy\|website\=The Glasgow Story\|accessdate\=2008\-03\-27}}
The site of the academy was donated by the Misses Steven of Bellahouston whose generosity also provided the clocktower, and the building was designed by a Bath Street architect, Robert Balde.{{cite web \|title\=Basic Site Details: Bellahouston Academy \|url\=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building\_full.php?id\=100243 \|website\=Dictionary of Scottish Architects \|accessdate\=20 January 2019}} The advertisement which announced the opening of the academy described it as a 'Boy's High Class School and Ladies' College'. For its first nine years, the academy struggled to function privately; this became increasingly difficult with the opening of new schools in the area which were supported by rates and government grants, despite such economies as dispensing with the office and salary of the rector. In 1885 therefore, the academy ceased to be a private school, and was sold for £15,000 to Govan Parish School Board who added a swimming pool, one of the first in Scotland.
In 1901, the institute was opened to train pupil\-teachers, but when this system was replaced in 1907 by a junior system, the Institute became part of the academy, which by now had become a Secondary School and Junior Student Centre. In 1905, the main building was renovated and a new gymnasium and baths were built.
In 1919, the academy passed into the care of the new Glasgow Education Authority, which itself was replaced in 1929 by the Education Committee of the Corporation of Glasgow. In the 1930s, the academy lost its title and was renamed Bellahouston Secondary School, but its name never changed locally, and like other schools, it was permitted to revert to its old title.
### New school
In 1962, the modern building in Gower Terrace was opened and took in pupils and staff from Pollokshields Secondary, (a former rival, Albert Road Academy). In 1973, due to increasing numbers, the old building on Paisley Road West was re\-opened. This building is now an Ethnic Minority Business Centre.
Pupils going to the school were disrupted by the building of the M8/M77 interchange which was completed in 1977\. There was a major fire in 1991 in which part of the building was structurally damaged and had to be demolished. In 1996, the school returned to the refurbished main building, which is designed to hold 1,100 pupils.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Bellahouston Academy first opened in 1876 on Paisley Road West as a private school run by Alexander Sim, It was taken over by the [Govan](/wiki/Govan \"Govan\") School Board in 1885, and has been a state school ever since.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image.php?inum\\=TGSA00633 \\|title\\=Bellahouston Academy\\|website\\=The Glasgow Story\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-03\\-27}}",
"The site of the academy was donated by the Misses Steven of Bellahouston whose generosity also provided the clocktower, and the building was designed by a Bath Street architect, Robert Balde.{{cite web \\|title\\=Basic Site Details: Bellahouston Academy \\|url\\=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building\\_full.php?id\\=100243 \\|website\\=Dictionary of Scottish Architects \\|accessdate\\=20 January 2019}} The advertisement which announced the opening of the academy described it as a 'Boy's High Class School and Ladies' College'. For its first nine years, the academy struggled to function privately; this became increasingly difficult with the opening of new schools in the area which were supported by rates and government grants, despite such economies as dispensing with the office and salary of the rector. In 1885 therefore, the academy ceased to be a private school, and was sold for £15,000 to Govan Parish School Board who added a swimming pool, one of the first in Scotland.",
"In 1901, the institute was opened to train pupil\\-teachers, but when this system was replaced in 1907 by a junior system, the Institute became part of the academy, which by now had become a Secondary School and Junior Student Centre. In 1905, the main building was renovated and a new gymnasium and baths were built.",
"In 1919, the academy passed into the care of the new Glasgow Education Authority, which itself was replaced in 1929 by the Education Committee of the Corporation of Glasgow. In the 1930s, the academy lost its title and was renamed Bellahouston Secondary School, but its name never changed locally, and like other schools, it was permitted to revert to its old title.",
"### New school",
"In 1962, the modern building in Gower Terrace was opened and took in pupils and staff from Pollokshields Secondary, (a former rival, Albert Road Academy). In 1973, due to increasing numbers, the old building on Paisley Road West was re\\-opened. This building is now an Ethnic Minority Business Centre.",
"Pupils going to the school were disrupted by the building of the M8/M77 interchange which was completed in 1977\\. There was a major fire in 1991 in which part of the building was structurally damaged and had to be demolished. In 1996, the school returned to the refurbished main building, which is designed to hold 1,100 pupils.",
""
] |
Investigation
-------------
The investigation team was led by United States Public Health Service officer Dr. Mickey S. Eisenberg of the Alaska State Health Department.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2021}}
Laboratory tests of stool and vomit samples from passengers, as well as 33 samples of leftover ham omelettes, detected *[Staphylococcus aureus](/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus "Staphylococcus aureus")*. Elevated concentrations of [toxins](/wiki/Toxin "Toxin") produced by the staphylococci were also detected in the ham, explaining the extremely short [incubation time](/wiki/Incubation_period "Incubation period").
### Contamination of meals
The investigation began by tracing the pathogens back to its origin, and focused on the facilities of *International Inflight Catering*, an Anchorage\-based subsidiary of Japan Airlines, where the meals had been prepared. It was found that three cooks had prepared the meals, one of whom had infected lesions on the index and middle finger of his right hand. The lesions on the cook's fingers were found to be infected with staphylococci. Tests revealed identical [phage types](/wiki/Phage_typing "Phage typing") and [antibiotic resistances](/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance "Antimicrobial resistance") for all samples, indicating that the cook was the source of the contamination.
The aircraft had four galleys from which 354 meals were served, 40 in first class and 108 from each galley on the main deck. According to Eisenberg, the suspect cook had prepared meals for three of the four galleys. He had bandaged the lesions but not reported them to his superior, as he considered them trivial. Also, management had not verified that he was in good health, despite being required to do so, according to Eisenberg.
The suspect cook had prepared all 40 omelettes served in first class, as well as 72 out of 108 for one of the main deck galleys. Furthermore, he handled all 108 omelettes for another galley (sources differ on whether he put the ham on these omelettes, or both cooks took the slices of ham for the omelettes they prepared from the same container). He had therefore handled a total of 220 meals. According to Eisenberg's hypothesis, 36 people who received a meal from one of the front galleys, as well as the 108 who were served their meal from the rear one, had eaten meals which were not contaminated.
### Spread of pathogens
According to microbiologists, it can take as few as 100 staphylococci to cause food poisoning. In\-flight catering logistics provided ideal conditions for the bacteria to grow and release toxins, which induce severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Being heat\-resistant, the toxins were not destroyed when the omelettes were heated.
Prior to being served, the meals had been stored at room temperature in the kitchen for 6 hours, then refrigerated (albeit at an insufficient {{Convert\|10\|C\|F}}) for 14½ hours and then stored in the aircraft ovens, again without refrigeration, for another 8 hours. Had the food been kept properly refrigerated from the time it was prepared until it was ready to be served, the outbreak would not have occurred.
Danish doctors stated that most of those who fell ill had occupied seats in the front section of the aircraft, consistent with Eisenberg's hypothesized distribution pattern of the contaminated omelettes. 86% of those who ate omelettes handled by the suspect cook fell ill, whereas none of those who ate one of the other omelettes developed symptoms.
|
[
"Investigation\n-------------",
"The investigation team was led by United States Public Health Service officer Dr. Mickey S. Eisenberg of the Alaska State Health Department.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2021}}",
"Laboratory tests of stool and vomit samples from passengers, as well as 33 samples of leftover ham omelettes, detected *[Staphylococcus aureus](/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus \"Staphylococcus aureus\")*. Elevated concentrations of [toxins](/wiki/Toxin \"Toxin\") produced by the staphylococci were also detected in the ham, explaining the extremely short [incubation time](/wiki/Incubation_period \"Incubation period\").",
"### Contamination of meals",
"The investigation began by tracing the pathogens back to its origin, and focused on the facilities of *International Inflight Catering*, an Anchorage\\-based subsidiary of Japan Airlines, where the meals had been prepared. It was found that three cooks had prepared the meals, one of whom had infected lesions on the index and middle finger of his right hand. The lesions on the cook's fingers were found to be infected with staphylococci. Tests revealed identical [phage types](/wiki/Phage_typing \"Phage typing\") and [antibiotic resistances](/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance \"Antimicrobial resistance\") for all samples, indicating that the cook was the source of the contamination.",
"The aircraft had four galleys from which 354 meals were served, 40 in first class and 108 from each galley on the main deck. According to Eisenberg, the suspect cook had prepared meals for three of the four galleys. He had bandaged the lesions but not reported them to his superior, as he considered them trivial. Also, management had not verified that he was in good health, despite being required to do so, according to Eisenberg.",
"The suspect cook had prepared all 40 omelettes served in first class, as well as 72 out of 108 for one of the main deck galleys. Furthermore, he handled all 108 omelettes for another galley (sources differ on whether he put the ham on these omelettes, or both cooks took the slices of ham for the omelettes they prepared from the same container). He had therefore handled a total of 220 meals. According to Eisenberg's hypothesis, 36 people who received a meal from one of the front galleys, as well as the 108 who were served their meal from the rear one, had eaten meals which were not contaminated.",
"### Spread of pathogens",
"According to microbiologists, it can take as few as 100 staphylococci to cause food poisoning. In\\-flight catering logistics provided ideal conditions for the bacteria to grow and release toxins, which induce severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Being heat\\-resistant, the toxins were not destroyed when the omelettes were heated.",
"Prior to being served, the meals had been stored at room temperature in the kitchen for 6 hours, then refrigerated (albeit at an insufficient {{Convert\\|10\\|C\\|F}}) for 14½ hours and then stored in the aircraft ovens, again without refrigeration, for another 8 hours. Had the food been kept properly refrigerated from the time it was prepared until it was ready to be served, the outbreak would not have occurred.",
"Danish doctors stated that most of those who fell ill had occupied seats in the front section of the aircraft, consistent with Eisenberg's hypothesized distribution pattern of the contaminated omelettes. 86% of those who ate omelettes handled by the suspect cook fell ill, whereas none of those who ate one of the other omelettes developed symptoms.",
""
] |
Content and concepts
--------------------
Cain argues that modern [Western](/wiki/Western_world "Western world") culture misunderstands and undervalues the traits and capabilities of [introverted](/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion "Extraversion and introversion") people, employing academic research, supplemented with anecdotes, to describe how American culture got to this point.
### The "Extrovert Ideal"
Cain says [Western](/wiki/Western_world "Western world"), and in particular, American, culture is dominated by what she calls the "Extrovert Ideal", described as "the omnipresent belief that the ideal self is [gregarious](/wiki/wiktionary:Gregarious "Gregarious"), alpha and comfortable in the spotlight". [Western](/wiki/Western_world "Western world") societies, being based on the Greco\-Roman ideal which praises [oratory](/wiki/Public_speaking "Public speaking"), favor the man of action over the man of contemplation, and view introversion as being between a disappointment and pathology. In contrast, traditional, pre\-Americanized Asian culture is more inclined to value reticence and caution. *[The Harvard Independent](/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent "The Harvard Independent")'s* Faith Zhang remarked that *Quiet* seems in part a gentle rebuke to a culture that values style over substance.
### Historical roots
Cain traces the historical roots of the Extrovert Ideal to the rise of industrial America in the late 19th century, before which a culture of character dominated, and after which "a [perfect storm](/wiki/wiktionary:Perfect_storm "Perfect storm") of big business, urbanization and mass immigration" changed America into what historian Warren Susman called a culture of personality, in which perception trumps truth. *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")'s* Zosia Bielski described this transformation as being aligned with "the rise of the salesman" and "the move from morals to magnetism"—which Cain says has changed forever "who we are and whom we admire, how we act at job interviews and what we look for in an employee, how we court our mates and raise our children".
### Pitfalls of the Extrovert Ideal
In general terms, Cain has stated that we cannot be in a group of people without instinctively mirroring each other, and groups follow the most charismatic person, even though there is no correlation between being a good speaker and having great ideas. Cain says collective thinking approaches not only *favor* dominant extroverts, but that relying on [brainstorming](/wiki/Brainstorming "Brainstorming") is a mistake, arguing that serious original thought and the expertise that generates it are almost always individual. Cain cites physiological research showing that when people (not just introverts) oppose group consensus, their brains' [amygdalae](/wiki/Amygdala "Amygdala") "light up"—signaling fear of rejection—thus discouraging potentially valuable individual contributions to the group. Cain cites research indicating that people are more creative when they enjoy privacy and freedom from interruption, the implication being that *enforced* teamwork can stifle creativity. As a concrete example of the risks of groupthink, Cain mentions juries, in which the desire for social cohesion can sometimes short\-circuit justice. She suggests that the predominantly extroverted temperament of management in the investment and banking industries—which temperament involves [dopamine](/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine")\-related reward seeking tendencies—may have contributed to the [2007–2008 financial crisis](/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis "2007–2008 financial crisis").
[300px\|thumb\|right\|**The introvert\-extrovert spectrum**: Cain defines introversion and extroversion in terms of preferences for different levels of stimulation.](/wiki/Image:ExtrovertIntrovertSpectrum.png "ExtrovertIntrovertSpectrum.png")
### Defining introversion
Various schools of psychology define introversion differently. Cain's definition is that *introverts have a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment.* Introverts tend to enjoy quiet concentration, listen more than they talk, and think before they speak, and have a more circumspect and cautious approach to risk. Introverts think more, are less reckless and focus on what really matters—relationships and meaningful work. Conversely, extroverts are energized by social situations and tend to be assertive multi\-taskers who think out loud and on their feet. Cain notes that between one\-third and one\-half of Americans may be classified as introverts, though individuals fall at different places along an introvert\-extrovert *spectrum.* People falling near the middle of the spectrum are called "ambiverts".
### Distinguishing introversion
Cain distinguishes introversion from superficially similar personality traits, in particular charging the perceived identity between shyness and introversion to be a huge misconception. She explains that shyness is inherently uncomfortable but introversion is not. Crediting retired developmental psychologist [Jerome Kagan](/wiki/Jerome_Kagan "Jerome Kagan"), *Quiet* recognizes that there is not a single cause for a given behavior; there are many routes to behaviors such as being slow to warm up, shyness, and impulsivity. Cain distinguishes *[introversion](/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion "Extraversion and introversion")*—characterized by her as a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment—from being *[shy](/wiki/Shyness "Shyness")* (a fear of negative judgment), from being *[anti\-social](/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour "Anti-social behaviour")* (introverts and extroverts being *differently* social), and from [autism](/wiki/Autism "Autism") (inability to read social cues and understand other minds not being characteristic of introverts.)
### Core to our identities
Cain asserts that whether one is outwardly oriented to the surrounding world, or inwardly oriented to the inner riches of the mind, has as profound an effect as one's gender. Cain asserted that our lives are shaped as profoundly by personality as by gender or race, that the single most important aspect of personality is where we fall on the introvert\-extrovert spectrum, and that one's place on this continuum "influences our choice of friends and mates, how we make conversation, resolve differences, and show love. It affects the careers we choose and whether or not we succeed at them."
### Introverts acting as "pseudo\-extroverts"
According to Cain, in a culture that is biased against them, introverts are pressured to *act* like extroverts instead of embracing their serious, often quiet and reflective style. Cain's research included visits to what she termed three nerve centers of the Extrovert Ideal—a [Tony Robbins](/wiki/Tony_Robbins "Tony Robbins") self\-help seminar, the [Harvard Business School](/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School"), and a [megachurch](/wiki/Megachurch "Megachurch")—noting the discomfort and struggles experienced by introverts in those environments and "shining a light" on the bias against introversion. She said that people have to act out of our true character sometimes but that it is not healthy to act out of one's true character most or all of the time: "Whenever you try to pass as something you're not, you lose a part of yourself along the way. You especially lose a sense of how to spend your time."
However, Cain essentially adopts the "Free Trait Theory" of Dr. Brian Little, agreeing that introverts are capable of acting like extroverts for (core personal goals)—work they consider important, people they love, or anything they value highly—provided they also grant themselves *restorative niches,* which are places to go and time to be their real selves. Also, in a February 2012 article, Cain listed six self\-help strategies introverts may use to nourish their strengths, including "talking deeply", working alone, reading others' works ("a deeply social act"), listening well, taking mini\-breaks from overstimulating environments, and practicing "quiet commitment".
{{Quote box
```
|title = Core to our identities
|quote =
```
{{font\|font\=Times New Roman\| size\=16px \| {{nbsp\|5}} Our lives are shaped as profoundly by personality as by gender or race. And the single most important aspect of personality ... is where we fall on the introvert\-extrovert spectrum. Our place on this continuum influences our choice of friends and mates, how we make conversation, resolve differences, and show love. It affects the careers we choose and whether or not we succeed at them.}}
```
|source ="The North and South of Temperament"
```
Pages 2\-3 of *Quiet'
```
|align = right |width = 35% |border = 1px |fontsize = 100% |bgcolor = #fafafa |title_bg = #fafafa |title_fnt = #202060 |qalign = left |salign = right
```
}}*
### Physiology of temperament
Cain maintains that there are introverts and extroverts in almost every species of the animal kingdom, each having a corresponding survival strategy. She says that research indicates our own degree of introversion or extroversion is detectable in infants and likely to be [innate](/wiki/Wiktionary:Innate "Innate"), and about 50% [heritable](/wiki/wiktionary:Heritable "Heritable") (half by nature, half by nurture). Babies who are more highly [reactive](/wiki/Jerome_Kagan "Jerome Kagan") (more [sensitive](/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person "Highly sensitive person")) to stimulation are more likely to develop into introverts, while less reactive (less sensitive) babies generally become extroverts who actually draw on the energy around them. Introverts appear to be less responsive than extroverts to [dopamine](/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") (a brain chemical linked to [reward](/wiki/Reward_%28psychology%29 "Reward (psychology)")\-driven learning), and have a more circumspect and cautious approach to risk than do extroverts. Introverts are more governed by the [neocortex](/wiki/Neocortex "Neocortex"), the part of the brain responsible for thinking, planning, language and decision making.
### In the workplace
Concerning the workplace, Quiet *critiques today's perceived overemphasis on collaboration: brainstorming leading to [groupthink](/wiki/Groupthink "Groupthink"), and meetings leading to organizational inertia. Cain urges changes to the workplace to make it less focused on what she terms "The New [Groupthink](/wiki/Groupthink "Groupthink")"—the idea that creativity and productivity emerge from a necessarily [gregarious](/wiki/wiktionary:Gregarious "Gregarious") place—and more conducive to deep thought and solo reflection. According to Cain, research shows that charismatic leaders earn bigger paychecks but do not have better corporate performance; that brainstorming results in lower quality ideas and the more vocally assertive extroverts are the most likely to be heard; that the amount of space allotted to each employee has shrunk 60% since the 1970s; and that open office plans are associated with reduced concentration and productivity, impaired memory, higher turnover and increased illness. Cain says that the more creative people tend to be "socially poised introverts", solitude is a crucial and underrated ingredient for creativity, and office designs and work plans should allow people to be alone as well as to socialize.*
### Personal relationships
Cain has noted that people of different temperament who become involved in personal relationships can encounter misunderstanding and conflict. After a day's work an introvert may need to quietly recharge, while the extrovert may find the introvert's withdrawal hurtful; conversely, the extrovert may want to jointly socialize with others, which the introvert may find exhausting. Cain advises, first, a mutual understanding of where the other party is coming from; and second, balancing their respective needs for socializing and for solitude in a practical compromise in how the couple connects and how the couple jointly socializes with others.
### Education and child development
Cain describes how introversion in children is not a defect but instead may involve a careful, sensitive temperament that may bring stronger academics, enhanced creativity and a unique brand of leadership and empathy. Cain says that introverts win a disproportionate number of [Phi Beta Kappa](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa "Phi Beta Kappa") keys and [National Merit Scholarship](/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship "National Merit Scholarship") finalist positions, cheat and break rules less, are more likely to be described by parents and caregivers as empathetic or conscientious, and are less likely to get into car accidents, participate in extreme sports and place large financial bets. Cain advises that students need more privacy and autonomy, and should be taught to work together but also how to work alone. [Judith Warner](/wiki/Judith_Warner "Judith Warner"), an author of parenting books, approved of Cain's advice that parents should view introverted children's social style with understanding rather than fear.
### Balance
Cain is not seeking introvert domination but a better balance and inclusion of different work styles, acknowledging that big ideas and great leadership can come from either personality type. Cain cites studies showing that introverts are better at leading proactive employees because they listen to and let them run with their ideas, while extroverts are better at leading passive employees because they have a knack for motivation and inspiration. Cain has emphasized that the key to maximizing talents is to put yourself into the zone of stimulation that is right for you. [The Harvard Independent](/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent "The Harvard Independent")'s *Faith Zhang closed her review of* Quiet *with the observation that Cain's point is not that introverts are inherently superior or that we should all shroud ourselves in solitude, but that diversity provides balance and makes for a fuller, richer world.*
### The future
Cain asserts that introverts today are where women were in the 1950s and early 1960s—a population discounted for something that went to the core of who they were, but a population on the verge of coming into its own. She adds that we're at the [cusp](/wiki/wiktionary:Cusp "Cusp") of a real [sea change](/wiki/wiktionary:Sea_change "Sea change") in the way we understand this personality type, Cain's own website urging readers to "join the [*Quiet* Revolution](/wiki/Quiet_Revolution_%28company%29 "Quiet Revolution (company)")". Beyond urging consciousness\-raising about the harmfulness of culture's bias against introversion, Cain urged companies to rethink hiring and promotion policies and office design, and encouraged educators to avoid constant group work and be trained in recognizing varieties of temperament to support quieter children to be functional and achieving for what they are rather than trying to "turn them into extroverts". Cain further urged research into determining which situations are best suited to introverts and extroverts and how they can most effectively partner with each other.
Related lectures and publications
---------------------------------
{{further\|Susan Cain}}
[220px\|thumb\|right\|Cain speaking at the [TED2012 conference](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 "TED (conference)") with a prop suitcase.](/wiki/Image:SusanCainFromJurvetsonFlickrMedium500.jpg "SusanCainFromJurvetsonFlickrMedium500.jpg")
Cain presented talks at the [TED2012](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 "TED (conference)") Conference and TED 2014 (All\-Stars). In 2015, Cain formally co\-founded [Quiet Revolution](/wiki/Quiet_Revolution_%28company%29 "Quiet Revolution (company)"), a mission\-based company based on the principles in Quiet, *and in 2016 published her second book,* [Quiet Power: The Secret Strengths of Introverts](/wiki/Quiet_Power:The_Secret_Strengths_of_Introverts "The Secret Strengths of Introverts")*, directed to children and teens and their educators and parents.*
Influence
---------
Within one week of its publication, [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*{{'}} Jenna Goudreau noted that the book was featured by several major media outlets and was shared extensively across the Web. Goudreau observed that "readers said they felt [validated](/wiki/wiktionary:Validation "Validation") and seen for the first time". Within three weeks of publication,* [InformationWeek](/wiki/InformationWeek "InformationWeek")'s *Debra Donston\-Miller noted that introversion and extroversion were being widely discussed due in large part to* Quiet, *Cain's work being the focus of* [Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)") *magazine's February 6, 2012 [cover article](/wiki/wiktionary:Cover_story "Cover story"). In 2015, Laura Holson wrote in* The New York Times *that Cain had "started, or at least was on the forefront of, a bona fide publishing trend" concerning introverts, and in 2017* Harvard Magazine's *Lydialyle Gibson noted that in the aftermath of* Quiet*, "introversion came suddenly into vogue". Similarly, a 2019* Scientific American *article related how "introverts have been having their moment" since* Quiet'*s 2012 publication.*
By 2016, Quiet *had been translated into over forty languages.*
[Elaine Aron](/wiki/Elaine_Aron "Elaine Aron"), Ph.D., author of [The Highly Sensitive Person](/wiki/The_Highly_Sensitive_Person_%28book%29 "The Highly Sensitive Person (book)") *(1996\), responded to* Quiet *and its related* [Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)") *cover story by stating that Cain was in fact describing [highly sensitive persons](/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person "Highly sensitive person") (HSPs, defined in terms of [sensory processing sensitivity](/wiki/Sensory_processing_sensitivity "Sensory processing sensitivity")) and not introverts (which Aron says is recently becoming defined more narrowly in terms of* social *interaction). Though Aron wrote that Cain and others blurred the lines between [sensitivity](/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person "Highly sensitive person") and introversion, Aron called the* Time *article "a huge, huge step" for understanding HSPs, and that as more is learned, the 30% of [HSPs](/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person "Highly sensitive person") who are social extroverts will be better understood.*
Changes caused by Quiet *include [Steelcase](/wiki/Steelcase "Steelcase") collaborating with Cain (2014\) to design office spaces to include quiet areas where workers can have privacy for a time, in contrast to [open plan](/wiki/Open_plan "Open plan") offices, and [Herman Miller](/wiki/Herman_Miller_%28manufacturer%29 "Herman Miller (manufacturer)") matching work models (e.g., impromptu chats, team status\-report huddles, and concentrated individual work) with physical settings (e.g., bench desk, small meeting room, open forum). The* [ABA Journal](/wiki/ABA_Journal "ABA Journal")*{{'s}} Leslie A. Gordon wrote in early 2016 that, "thanks largely to interest generated by Cain's book", law schools and law firms were using introversion preferences to influence hiring, placement, and training of attorneys.*
Psychologist [Christopher Peterson](/wiki/Christopher_Peterson_%28psychologist%29 "Christopher Peterson (psychologist)") wrote that even professional [positive psychologists](/wiki/Positive_psychology "Positive psychology") may be implicitly perpetuating "The Extrovert Ideal", for example, by privileging activated feelings like happiness while undervaluing quiet feelings like contentment. Writing that both views of psychological wellness—both the noisy and extroverted view, and a quiet and introverted view—deserve scientific attention, Peterson closed by calling for a "quiet [positive psychology](/wiki/Positive_psychology "Positive psychology")".
[GigaOM](/wiki/GigaOM "GigaOM")'s *Jessica Stillman extended the concepts of* Quiet *to analyze [coworking](/wiki/Coworking "Coworking") (working independently but in the same environment as others), [remote working](/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work"), and other "workshifting" (non\-traditional worksite) arrangements, noting that such arrangements pose both benefits and dangers for introverts. While [coworkers](/wiki/Coworking "Coworking") can "set their own level of contact", she noted that "the ability to work from anywhere might enable more withdrawal than is healthy among introverts". She also echoed the cautionary argument that "too often ... we choose our work environment on autopilot."*
As the November 2012 U.S. presidential election approached, Quiet's *concepts were applied to contrast former President Clinton with 2012 candidates Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, Cain having noted that both Obama and Romney were introverts. Concerning leadership in general, Cain adopted [Peter Drucker](/wiki/Peter_Drucker "Peter Drucker")'s statement that effective leaders "had little or no '[charisma](/wiki/wiktionary:Charisma "Charisma")' and little use either for the term or what it signifies."*
[Cornell Law School](/wiki/Cornell_Law_School "Cornell Law School")'s Sherry Colb extended to the jury system Quiet's *assertion that a successful "wisdom\-of\-crowds phenomenon" typically emerges when individuals in a group share their respective contributions* after *being separately and independently conceived. Colb proposed a jury system in which, after all evidence has been presented, respective jurors would compose written analyses of the facts and issues, and express a verdict; the jurors' various documents would be distributed and read by all other jurors before in\-person deliberation would begin.*
In the wake of the December 14, 2012 [Sandy Hook Elementary School (Newtown) shooting](/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting"), Quiet's *author was cited for the concern that introverted people, or people who are quiet for other reasons, receive unfair suspicion or stigmatization because of violent acts committed by a few solitary individuals.* Quiet's *critiques of groupwork and brainstorming were cited in the writings of such sources as [Harvard Business School](/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School")'s Professor Emeritus James Heskett and* [Fast Company](/wiki/Fast_Company "Fast Company")'s Co.Design *senior editor Belinda Lanks. After [Yahoo!](/wiki/Yahoo%21 "Yahoo!")'s February 2013 announcement of discontinuation of a remote work option for employees,* Quiet *was cited by [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News "NBC News")' Isolde Raftery for its concern that creativity would be hindered,{{Cite news \| last\=Raftery \| first\=Isolde \| url\=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100495665 \| title\=Is Telecommuting Dead? Don't Count on It, Experts Say \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305133216/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100495665 \| archive\-date\=March 5, 2013 \| url\-status\=live \| work\=\[\[CNBC]] \| date\= February 26, 2013}} and by* [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")'s *[Leonard Pitts Jr.](/wiki/Leonard_Pitts "Leonard Pitts") against the belief that synergy always produces the best results, and against the one\-size\-fits\-all mentality that says productivity and creativity are found only when colleagues meet at the water cooler.*
Quiet *was chosen as the common reading choice for Case Western Reserve University's 2013–2014 "[First Year Experience](/wiki/First_Year_Experience "First Year Experience")" program which helps new students transition to university life and develop connections, the chair of the university's common reading committee explaining that the book will encourage students to reflect on what kinds of learners and professionals they will be, and how they fit in socially and relate to others.*
Three years after Quiet's *publication, David DiSalvo wrote in* Forbes *that a "groundswell support for the book's thesis" resulted in "a sort of cultish affinity for introversion", but cautioned that "as with all movement\-making arguments", they have "fueled ... shallow conclusions" that were not made in the book itself. DiSalvo cited studies indicating that introverts' elevated sensitivity to personality traits can manifest as bias against extroverts in performance appraisals and reward giving.*
Ten years after Quiet's *publication, a* Washington Post *reviewer wrote that* Quiet *had become "a resounding success with readers, book clubs, universities and professional conferences, and transformed Cain into an unlikely but essential thought leader in a new era of self\-help writing."*
Reception
---------
[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")'s *Philip Delves Broughton reviewed* Quiet *as "an earnest and enlightening 300\-page inquiry into introversion and its uses", described examples of the research and investigations Cain undertook, and concluded that "Ms. Cain's rich, intelligent book will probably have broad appeal."*
[The Harvard Independent](/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent "The Harvard Independent")'s *Faith Zhang remarked that "though it draws on studies across a variety of fields, including psychology, sociology, and neurology,* Quiet *is not even a pop science book; it is part affirmation, part social commentary, part self\-help primer, supported by but not primarily focused on science". Zhang found flaw in generalizations in* Quiet's *"Soft Power" chapter on East Asian culture, but found the book's most interesting chapter to be the one tracing the social history describing the shift from the "culture of character" to the "culture of personality". Zhang concluded that "*Quiet *has much to offer both introverts and the extroverts who would like to understand them". Jenny Lee subsequently wrote in the Asian American magazine* [Hyphen](/wiki/Hyphen_%28magazine%29 "Hyphen (magazine)") *that Zhang's brief critique of* Quiet's *"Soft Power" chapter was the exception among reviews; Lee further asserted that despite its disclaimer about not encouraging ethno\-cultural stereotypes, Cain's chapter overgeneralized about Asian and Asian American personality styles and reinforced the "model minority myth".*
In [Scientific American](/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American"), *[Gareth Cook](/wiki/Gareth_Cook "Gareth Cook") described* Quiet *as "part book, part [manifesto](/wiki/Manifesto "Manifesto")".*
The [Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune") *said that "*Quiet *is not a scientific tract. But Cain ... draws from a wide array of academic research, enlivened with colorful anecdotes, to describe how American culture got to this point."*
Writing in [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), *[Judith Warner](/wiki/Judith_Warner "Judith Warner") gave* Quiet *a mixed review, to which Cain blogged a response the same day. Concerning* Quiet's *writing* form, *Warner commented that* Quiet *is "a long and ploddingly earnest book", and contains "go\-go language" and "gratuitous sloganeering ... (that) offsets Cain's serious research rather badly". Warner also stated that Cain "combines on\-the\-scenes reporting with a wide range of social science research and a fair bit of 'quiet power' cheerleading". Cain replied to Warner's critique of the book's* content: *Warner asserted that* Quiet's *definition of introversion expanded to include "all that is wise and good, (so) that (the definition) is largely meaningless except as yet another vehicle for promoting self\-esteem"; Cain replied that "Warner badly misunderstands" that the traits listed in* Quiet's *"Author's Note" were not descriptive of introversion "but that culturally these traits have always been bound together under the 'contemplation' rubric, and need to be addressed as such." Warner hypothesized that, had Cain focused in "other sorts of places" than "Harvard Business School, corporate boardrooms, executive suites", that Cain "would undoubtedly have discovered a world of introverts quite contented with who they are"; Cain replied that her research and feedback confirm introverts' "difficult experiences" even in fields that "Warner imagines are safe havens for introverts", and added that Warner's response to* Quiet *"has an interesting precedent in the early years of [feminism](/wiki/Feminism "Feminism")... (in which) a distinct minority felt proud and content as they were, and couldn't see what all the fuss was about".*
Philosopher and author [Damon Young](/wiki/Damon_Young "Damon Young"), writing in [The Age](/wiki/The_Age "The Age")*, wrote that "Cain is patient, meticulous and empathetic on the psychology. She outlines the problems clearly and gives workable solutions. She is less nimble with questions of history and society. For example, her use of a handful of quotes and [aphorisms](/wiki/wiktionary:Aphorism "Aphorism") to demonstrate Eastern and Western outlooks on speech is clumsy. Her prose is plain but warm and she distils research well, with the use of anecdotes and literary examples."*
Ravi Chandra wrote in [Psychology Today](/wiki/Psychology_Today "Psychology Today") *that* Quiet *was "a worthwhile read, but problematic in particulars." Chandra also wrote, "...one chapter especially stuck in my craw. Soft Power: Asian\-Americans and the Extrovert Ideal falls short of the understanding, validation, and broad\-minded sensitivity which Cain champions."*
### Distinctions and recognition
Bestseller list placement (hardcover nonfiction category unless otherwise noted):Quiet *reached:
No. 1 on the [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR") Bestseller List,
No. 3 on the* * + [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times") *Best Seller list,
No. 3 on*
* [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") *Book World bestsellers list,
No. 4 on*
* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") *[Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list "The New York Times Best Seller list") being on the list (top 15\) for sixteen weeks,
No. 12 best selling book (across all categories) on Amazon.com (March 3, 2012, not necessarily a*
* peak *ranking),
No. 2 on*
* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") *[Best Seller list (*paperback* nonfiction)](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list "The New York Times Best Seller list"), by March 2019 having been on the list for 166 weeks,
No. 1 bestselling original nonfiction book of 2012 as listed by the*
* [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star"), *and
No. 7 on*
* [The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal") *bestselling e\-book list (December 2017\)*
Quiet *was voted No. 1 nonfiction book of 2012 in the "[Goodreads](/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") Choice Awards".*
John Dupuis collated information from 69 "Best of 2012" book lists, and wrote for the [National Geographic Society](/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society")'s [ScienceBlogs](/wiki/ScienceBlogs "ScienceBlogs") *that* Quiet *was the most listed science related book.*
"Best of 2012 List" inclusions, not limited to science book lists:
[*Guardian* First Book Award](/wiki/Guardian_First_Book_Award "Guardian First Book Award") 2012 Longlist (one of four nonfiction books)
* + [Fast Company](/wiki/Fast_Company_%28magazine%29 "Fast Company (magazine)") *(twelve best business books)*
* [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*/*[The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer") *(ten best psychology books)*
* [Kirkus Reviews](/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews "Kirkus Reviews") *(100 best nonfiction)*
* [The Christian Science Monitor](/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor "The Christian Science Monitor") *(No. 7 best nonfiction)*
* [O, The Oprah Magazine](/wiki/O%2C_The_Oprah_Magazine "O, The Oprah Magazine") *(nineteen best books)*
* [New Zealand Listener](/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener "New Zealand Listener") *(100 best books)*
* [Inc.](/wiki/Inc._%28magazine%29 "Inc. (magazine)") *(nine best books for entrepreneurs)
[British Psychological Society](/wiki/British_Psychological_Society "British Psychological Society")'s (twelve best psychology books)*
+ [People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 "People (magazine)") *(top ten books)*
* [New York Post](/wiki/New_York_Post "New York Post") *(ten best career\-related books)
author [Gillian Flynn](/wiki/Gillian_Flynn "Gillian Flynn") on*
* [Today ("The Today Show")](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 "Today (American TV program)") *(top ten books for holiday gifts)*
* [Inside Higher Ed](/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed "Inside Higher Ed") *(eleven best nonfiction)
[Greater Good Science Center](/wiki/Greater_Good_Science_Center "Greater Good Science Center") editors (ten favorite books)
[Mitch Joel](/wiki/Mitch_Joel "Mitch Joel") in*
+ [The Montreal Gazette](/wiki/The_Gazette_%28Montreal%29 "The Gazette (Montreal)") *(ten best business books)
"Mommy Data" feature of*
* [Psychology Today](/wiki/Psychology_Today "Psychology Today") *(seven best parenting books).
Book Authority, \#2 on list of "Best Interpersonal Communication Books of All Time"*
In 2018, * [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian") *listed the book as among the ten "best brainy books of the decade.".*
By 2022, Cain's first TED Talk video had been viewed over 30 million times.
By 2022, four million copies of Quiet *had been sold, and had been translated into 40 languages.*
Notable individuals described by Cain as introverts
---------------------------------------------------
Notable individuals described by Cain as introverts, or whose notability is based on introverted personality characteristics: [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln"), [Eleanor Roosevelt](/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt "Eleanor Roosevelt"), [Rosa Parks](/wiki/Rosa_Parks "Rosa Parks"), [Marcel Proust](/wiki/Marcel_Proust "Marcel Proust"), [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin "Frédéric Chopin"), [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin "Charles Darwin"), [Steve Wozniak](/wiki/Steve_Wozniak "Steve Wozniak"), [Mother Teresa](/wiki/Mother_Teresa "Mother Teresa"), [Gandhi](/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi")
[Steven Spielberg](/wiki/Steven_Spielberg "Steven Spielberg"), [J.K. Rowling](/wiki/J.K._Rowling "J.K. Rowling"), [Charles Schulz](/wiki/Charles_Schulz "Charles Schulz"), [Bill Gates](/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates")
[Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney"), [Ron Paul](/wiki/Ron_Paul "Ron Paul")
[Dale Carnegie](/wiki/Dale_Carnegie "Dale Carnegie"), [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein"), [Dr. Seuss](/wiki/Dr._Seuss "Dr. Seuss")
[Warren Buffett](/wiki/Warren_Buffett "Warren Buffett"), [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore"), [Larry Page](/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page")
[Charles R. Schwab](/wiki/Charles_R._Schwab "Charles R. Schwab")
[David Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman "David Letterman"), [Barbara Walters](/wiki/Barbara_Walters "Barbara Walters")
[Isaac Newton](/wiki/Isaac_Newton "Isaac Newton")
[Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso") ("Without great solitude, no serious work is possible")
[W. B. Yeats](/wiki/W._B._Yeats "W. B. Yeats"), [J. M. Barrie](/wiki/J._M._Barrie "J. M. Barrie"), [George Orwell](/wiki/George_Orwell "George Orwell")
"[Seekers](/wiki/wiktionary:Seeker "Seeker")"—[Moses](/wiki/Moses "Moses"), [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus "Jesus"), [Buddha](/wiki/Gautama_Buddha "Gautama Buddha")
[Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson "Johnny Carson"), [Meryl Streep](/wiki/Meryl_Streep "Meryl Streep"), [Tom Hanks](/wiki/Tom_Hanks "Tom Hanks"), [Steve Martin](/wiki/Steve_Martin "Steve Martin")
See also
--------
[Quiet Revolution (company)](/wiki/Quiet_Revolution_%28company%29 "Quiet Revolution (company)")
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + [Quiet Power](/wiki/Quiet_Power "Quiet Power"), *directed to children and teens
[*The Highly Sensitive Person* (book)](/wiki/The_Highly_Sensitive_Person_%28book%29 "The Highly Sensitive Person (book)") (Elaine Aron)
[Myers–Briggs Type Indicator](/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator "Myers–Briggs Type Indicator")
[Big Five personality traits](/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits "Big Five personality traits")
[Personality psychology](/wiki/Personality_psychology "Personality psychology")
[Personality type](/wiki/Personality_type "Personality type")
[Analytical psychology](/wiki/Analytical_psychology "Analytical psychology")
[Trait theory](/wiki/Trait_theory "Trait theory")
[Reinforcement sensitivity theory](/wiki/Reinforcement_sensitivity_theory "Reinforcement sensitivity theory")
[Cultural neuroscience](/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience "Cultural neuroscience")
[Neurodiversity](/wiki/Neurodiversity "Neurodiversity")*
References
----------
{{Reflist\|2\|refs\=
\[http://www.openisbn.com/isbn/0307352145/ "Quiet: The Power Of Introverts In A World That Can't Stop Talking"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509224747/http://www.openisbn.com/isbn/0307352145/ \|date\=May 9, 2015 }}) OpenISBN.com entry for {{ISBN\|0\-307\-35214\-5}}.
Cain, Susan, \[http://ideas.time.com/2012/01/26/dont\-call\-introverted\-children\-shy/ "Don't Call Introverted Children 'Shy' "] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314175519/http://ideas.time.com/2012/01/26/dont\-call\-introverted\-children\-shy/ \|date\=March 14, 2012 }}) ''\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' Psychology section, January 26, 2012\.
Cain, Susan, \[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/mar/13/why\-the\-world\-needs\-introverts "Why the world needs introverts"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321071120/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/mar/13/why\-the\-world\-needs\-introverts \|date\=March 21, 2012 }}) ''\[\[The Guardian]],'' March 13, 2012\.
Cain, Susan, \[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/opinion/sunday/the\-rise\-of\-the\-new\-groupthink.html?pagewanted\=all "The Rise of the New Groupthink"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120116023218/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/opinion/sunday/the\-rise\-of\-the\-new\-groupthink.html?pagewanted\=all archive]), Opinion section of ''The New York Times'', January 13, 2012; appearing in print January 15, 2012\.
Cain, Susan, \[http://www.oprah.com/spirit/Successful\-Introverts\-Being\-Soft\-Spoken\-Isnt\-a\-Bad\-Thing/print/1 "Secrets of a Super Successful Introvert: How to (Quietly) Get Your Way"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520163948/http://www.oprah.com/spirit/Successful\-Introverts\-Being\-Soft\-Spoken\-Isnt\-a\-Bad\-Thing/print/1 \|date\=May 20, 2013 }}) ''\[\[O: The Oprah Magazine]],'' February 2012\.
Cain, Susan, \[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/opinion/sunday/introverts\-make\-great\-leaders\-too.html "Must Great Leaders Be Gregarious?"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120917023249/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/opinion/sunday/introverts\-make\-great\-leaders\-too.html archive]), ''The New York Times,'' September 15, 2012\.
Szalavitz, Maia, \[http://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/mind\-reading\-qa\-with\-susan\-cain\-on\-the\-power\-of\-introverts/ "'Mind Reading': Q\&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120129142419/https://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/mind\-reading\-qa\-with\-susan\-cain\-on\-the\-power\-of\-introverts/ archive]), ''\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' Healthland, January 27, 2012\.
{{cite news \|last1\=McFarlane \|first1\=Ian \|title\=Review: Susan Cain's Bittersweet is a compassionate tilt at the human condition \|url\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7787586/compassion\-for\-human\-condition/ \|work\=The Canberra Times \|date\=June 25, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626205049/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7787586/compassion\-for\-human\-condition/ \|archive\-date\=June 26, 2022 \|url\-status\=live }}
{{Cite news \|title \= ''Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking'', by Susan Cain \|last\=Glor \|first\=Jeff \|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/quiet\-the\-power\-of\-introverts\-in\-a\-world\-that\-cant\-stop\-talking\-by\-susan\-cain/ \|publisher\=CBS News \|date\=January 26, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712140541/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/quiet\-the\-power\-of\-introverts\-in\-a\-world\-that\-cant\-stop\-talking\-by\-susan\-cain/ \|archive\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|url\-status\=live }} (Glor's interview of Susan Cain)
\[http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id\=7396451n "Rise of the Introverts"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330213433/http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id\=7396451n \|date\=March 30, 2012 }}), ''\[\[CBS This Morning]]'' television appearance with \[\[Charlie Rose]], \[\[Gayle King]] and \[\[Jeff Glor]], January 26, 2012\.
\[http://conferences.ted.com/TED2012/program/speakers.php TED 2012 Full Spectrum / "Program Speaker Bios A\-Z"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309134758/http://conferences.ted.com/TED2012/program/speakers.php \|date\=March 9, 2012 }}) shows Cain as "Quiet Revolutionary" speaker for February 28, 2012\.
TED staff, \[http://blog.ted.com/lies\-sex\-an\-even\-freer\-wikipedia\-and\-sir\-ken\-at\-a\-slaughterhouse\-a\-recap\-of\-the\-future\-is\-ours\-all\-stars\-session\-5\-at\-ted2014/ "Lies, sex, an even freer Wikipedia and Sir Ken at a slaughterhouse: A recap of 'The future is ours', All\-Stars Session 5 at TED2014"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918105637/http://blog.ted.com/lies\-sex\-an\-even\-freer\-wikipedia\-and\-sir\-ken\-at\-a\-slaughterhouse\-a\-recap\-of\-the\-future\-is\-ours\-all\-stars\-session\-5\-at\-ted2014/ \|date\=September 18, 2015 }}) TED.com, March 20, 2014\.
Gordon, Leslie A., \[http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/most\_lawyers\_are\_introverted\_and\_thats\_not\_necessarily\_a\_bad\_thing/ "Most lawyers are introverted, and that's not necessarily a bad thing"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108193354/http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/most\_lawyers\_are\_introverted\_and\_thats\_not\_necessarily\_a\_bad\_thing/ \|date\=January 8, 2016 }}) ''\[\[ABA Journal]],'' January 1, 2016\.
Holson, Laura M., \[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/fashion/susan\-cain\-instigating\-a\-quiet\-revolution\-of\-introverts.html "Susan Cain Instigates A 'Quiet Revolution' of Introverts With Speeches and Company"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20150725153912/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/fashion/susan\-cain\-instigating\-a\-quiet\-revolution\-of\-introverts.html archive]), ''The New York Times,'' July 25, 2015\.
{{cite news \|title\=Best 'brainy' books of this decade \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/29/10\-best\-brainy\-books\-last\-decade \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=July 29, 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731095515/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/29/10\-best\-brainy\-books\-last\-decade \|archivedate\=July 31, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }}
{{cite magazine \|last1\=Gibson \|first1\=Lydialyle \|title\=Quiet, Please \- Susan Cain foments the 'Quiet Revolution' \|url\=http://harvardmagazine.com/2017/03/quiet\-please \|magazine\=\[\[Harvard Magazine]] \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217181049/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/2017/03/quiet\-please \|archivedate\=February 17, 2017 \|date\=March–April 2017 \|url\-status\=live }}
{{cite magazine \|last1\=Yuhas \|first1\=Daisy \|title\=Quiet Disadvantage: Study Finds Extroverts Are Happier—Even When They're Really Introverts \|url\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quiet\-disadvantage\-study\-finds\-extroverts\-are\-happier\-even\-when\-theyre\-really\-introverts/ \|magazine\=Scientific American \|date\=October 9, 2019 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009122903/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quiet\-disadvantage\-study\-finds\-extroverts\-are\-happier\-even\-when\-theyre\-really\-introverts/ \|archivedate\=October 9, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }}
{{cite news \|title\=Best Sellers / Children's Middle Grade Hardcover \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best\-sellers/childrens\-middle\-grade\-hardcover/2016/05/22 \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127211026/https://www.nytimes.com/books/best\-sellers/2016/05/22/childrens\-middle\-grade\-hardcover/ \|archivedate\=January 27, 2017 \|date\=May 22, 2016 \|url\-status\=live }}
\[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=c0KYU2j0TM4 "Susan Cain: The power of introverts"]( {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304162906/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=c0KYU2j0TM4 \|date\=March 4, 2012 }}), video posted to official "TEDtalksDirector" YouTube channel on March 2, 2012\. \[http://www.ted.com/talks/susan\_cain\_the\_power\_of\_introverts.html Same video] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225234720/http://www.ted.com/talks/susan\_cain\_the\_power\_of\_introverts.html \|date\=December 25, 2012 }}) on the TED.com website.
\[http://blog.ted.com/2012/02/28/an\-introverted\-call\-to\-action\-susan\-cain\-at\-ted2012/ "An introverted call to action: Susan Cain at TED2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311200528/http://blog.ted.com/2012/02/28/an\-introverted\-call\-to\-action\-susan\-cain\-at\-ted2012/ \|date\=March 11, 2012 }}) \[\[TED (conference)\|TED]] (Technology Entertainment Design), February 28, 2012\.
Levy, Steven, \[https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2012/03/ted\-and\-meta\-ted/ "TED and Meta TED: On\-Scene Musings From the Wonderdome"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20140409053333/https://www.wired.com/2012/03/ted\-and\-meta\-ted/ archive]) ''\[\[Wired (magazine)\|Wired]]'', March 2, 2012\.
Warner, Judith, \[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/books/review/susan\-cains\-quiet\-argues\-for\-the\-power\-of\-introverts.html?pagewanted\=all Inside Intelligence: "Susan Cain's 'Quiet' Argues for the Power of Introverts"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155354/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/books/review/susan\-cains\-quiet\-argues\-for\-the\-power\-of\-introverts.html?pagewanted\=all archive]), ''The New York Times'' Sunday Book Review, said to be published Friday, February 10, 2012\.
Cain, Susan, \[http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/2012/02/10/ny\-times\-review\-my\-reaction/ "''New York Times'' Review of ''QUIET'': My Reaction"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213054218/http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/2012/02/10/ny\-times\-review\-my\-reaction/ \|date\=February 13, 2012 }}) ThePowerOfIntroverts.com, February 10, 2012\.
NPR Staff writing about Cain's interview with \[\[Audie Cornish]], \[https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet\-please\-unleashing\-the\-power\-of\-introverts "Quiet, Please: Unleashing 'The Power Of Introverts'"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120131103948/https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet\-please\-unleashing\-the\-power\-of\-introverts archive]) \[\[NPR]] (formerly National Public Radio), January 30, 2012\.
Walsh, Bryan, \[https://archive.today/20130204085637/http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,2105432,00\.html "The Upside Of Being An Introvert (And Why Extroverts Are Overrated)"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20181001030838/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,2105432,00\.html Wayback machine archive]), ''\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'', February 6, 2012\. {{!}} Cover of magazine: \[https://web.archive.org/web/20120126133317/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20120206,00\.html "The Power of (shyness)] () for February 6, 2012 issue.
\[https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/02/20/the\-quiet\-strength\-of\-the\-introvert/ "The quiet strength of the introvert"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707211311/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012\-02\-20/business/ct\-biz\-0220\-book\-review\-cain\-20120220\_1\_introverts\-bill\-gates\-charles\-schulz \|date\=July 7, 2012 }}) The ''\[\[Chicago Tribune]]'', February 20, 2012\.
{{cite news \|last1\=Peabody \|first1\=Alison \|title\=Extroversion as the American ideal \|url\=https://usmfreepress.org/2019/04/28/extroversion\-as\-the\-american\-ideal/ \|work\=USM Free Press \|date\=April 28, 2019 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428203053/https://usmfreepress.org/2019/04/28/extroversion\-as\-the\-american\-ideal/ \|archivedate\=April 28, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} Peabody quotes \[\[Orison Swett Marden]] in ''Character: The Grandest Thing in the World'' (1899\): "Citizenship, Duty, Work, Golden deeds, Honor, Reputation, Morals, Manners, Integrity" versus ''Masterful Personality'' (1921\): "Magnetic, Fascinating, Stunning, Attractive, Glowing, Dominant, Forceful, Energetic".
Donston\-Miller, Debra, \[http://www.informationweek.com/thebrainyard/news/social\_networking\_consumer/232600582/social\-business\-whats\-an\-introvert\-to\-do "Social Business: What's An Introvert To Do?"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306203240/http://www.informationweek.com/thebrainyard/news/social\_networking\_consumer/232600582/social\-business\-whats\-an\-introvert\-to\-do \|date\=March 6, 2012 }}) ''\[\[InformationWeek]],'' February 9, 2012\.
Goudreau, Jenna, \[https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/26/the\-secret\-power\-of\-introverts/print/ "The Secret Power Of Introverts"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120128003322/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/26/the\-secret\-power\-of\-introverts/print/ archive]), ''\[\[Forbes]],'' January 26, 2012\.
Goudreau, Jenna, \[https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/30/quiet\-revolution\-of\-the\-50\-percent\-introverts\-susan\-cain/print/ "So Begins A Quiet Revolution Of The 50 Percent"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130506014153/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/30/quiet\-revolution\-of\-the\-50\-percent\-introverts\-susan\-cain/ archive p. 1] and \[https://web.archive.org/web/20130505083911/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/30/quiet\-revolution\-of\-the\-50\-percent\-introverts\-susan\-cain/2/ archive p.2]), ''\[\[Forbes]],'' January 30, 2012\.
Zollinger, Carla, \[http://www.heraldextra.com/lifestyles/book\-buzz\-quiet\-the\-fear\-index/article\_3b62ab4a\-64ca\-11e1\-abbc\-001871e3ce6c.html "Book Buzz: Quiet, The Fear Index"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311080747/http://www.heraldextra.com/lifestyles/book\-buzz\-quiet\-the\-fear\-index/article\_3b62ab4a\-64ca\-11e1\-abbc\-001871e3ce6c.html \|date\=March 11, 2012 }}) ''\[\[Daily Herald (Utah)\|Daily Herald]]'' (Utah), March 4, 2012\.
Broughton, Philip Delves, \[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204257504577154740992993720 "Avoiding The Limelight / The value of focusing on relationships and meaningful work rather than financial reward, a nice job title and looking good on television"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315095917/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204257504577154740992993720\.html \|date\=March 15, 2012 }}) ''\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]'', February 8, 2012\.
Bielski, Zosia, \[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/giving\-introverts\-permission\-to\-be\-themselves/article2316483/singlepage/\#articlecontent "Giving introverts permission to be themselves"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120127105032/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/giving\-introverts\-permission\-to\-be\-themselves/article2316483/ archive p. 1] and \[https://web.archive.org/web/20120130032636/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/giving\-introverts\-permission\-to\-be\-themselves/article2316483/page2 archive p. 2]), ''\[\[The Globe and Mail]],'' January 26, 2012\.
Zhang, Faith, \[http://www.harvardindependent.com/2012/02/still\-waters/ "Still Waters" (News and Forum)] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516183423/http://www.harvardindependent.com/2012/02/still\-waters/ \|date\=May 16, 2013 }}) ''\[\[The Harvard Independent]],'' February 24, 2012\.
Lee, Jenny, \[http://www.hyphenmagazine.com/blog/archive/2013/02/books\-quiet\-minority "Books: The Quiet Minority?"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509195908/http://www.hyphenmagazine.com/blog/archive/2013/02/books\-quiet\-minority \|date\=May 9, 2013 }}) ''\[\[Hyphen (magazine)\|Hyphen]] \| Asian America Unabridged,'' February 21, 2013\.
\[\[Gareth Cook\|Cook, Gareth]], \[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id\=the\-power\-of\-introverts\&print\=true "The Power of Introverts: A Manifesto for Quiet Brilliance"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20190710200106/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the\-power\-of\-introverts/ archive] ''\[\[Scientific American]],'' January 24, 2012\.
Peesker, Saira, \[https://www.ctvnews.ca/loud\-society\-fails\-to\-capitalize\-on\-introverts\-author\-1\.782126 "Loud society fails to capitalize on introverts: author"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20160409103737/https://www.ctvnews.ca/loud\-society\-fails\-to\-capitalize\-on\-introverts\-author\-1\.782126 archive]), article with video, \[\[CTV Television Network]], March 15, 2012\.
Ronson, Jon, \[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/22/quiet\-power\-introverts\-susan\-cain\-review "Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking by Susan Cain – review"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328110420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/mar/22/quiet\-power\-introverts\-susan\-cain\-review \|date\=March 28, 2012 }}) ''\[\[The Guardian]],'' March 22, 2012\.
Morrish, John, \[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1124091/the\-rise\-introvert/ "The rise of the introvert"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331041118/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1124091/the\-rise\-introvert/ \|date\=March 31, 2012 }}) ''\[\[Haymarket Media Group\|Management Today]],'' March 28, 2012\.
Hossenfelder, Sabine, \[http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2012/03/book\-review\-quiet\-by\-susan\-cain.html "Book review: ''Quiet'' by Susan Cain"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309232627/http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2012/03/book\-review\-quiet\-by\-susan\-cain.html \|date\=March 9, 2012 }}) Backreaction, March 7, 2012\.
Keen, Andrew (interviewer), \[https://techcrunch.com/2012/01/31/keen\-on\-susan\-cain\-the\-power\-of\-introverts\-tctv/ "Keen On… Susan Cain: The Power Of Introverts (TCTV)"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331234501/http://techcrunch.com/2012/01/31/keen\-on\-susan\-cain\-the\-power\-of\-introverts\-tctv/ \|date\=March 31, 2012 }}) \[\[TechCrunch]], January 31, 2012\.
Grant, Adam M., Professor (interviewer), \[http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid\=2974 "'Restorative Niches': Author Susan Cain on the Need for 'Quiet'"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405231412/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid\=2974 \|date\=April 5, 2012 }}) ''Knowledge@Wharton'' journal of the \[\[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]], April 4, 2012\.
Pettis, Kerry, \[http://www.broomfieldenterprise.com/home\-life/ci\_20391504/pettis\-quiet\-extols\-virtues\-introverts "'Quiet' extols the virtues of introverts"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418052401/http://www.broomfieldenterprise.com/home\-life/ci\_20391504/pettis\-quiet\-extols\-virtues\-introverts \|date\=April 18, 2012 }}) ''\[\[Broomfield Enterprise]],'' April 15, 2012\.
White, Nancy J. (interviewer), \[https://www.thestar.com/living/article/1122498\-\-susan\-cain\-author\-of\-quiet\-introverts\-are\-trapped\-in\-an\-extroverted\-world "Introverts are undervalued in today's society, says author Susan Cain"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418152105/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/1122498\-\-susan\-cain\-author\-of\-quiet\-introverts\-are\-trapped\-in\-an\-extroverted\-world \|date\=April 18, 2012 }}) ''The \[\[Toronto Star]],'' January 30, 2012\.
\[\[Damon Young\|Young, Damon]], \[http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/a\-little\-bit\-of\-hush\-20120504\-1y3tq.html "A little bit of hush"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715014027/http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/a\-little\-bit\-of\-hush\-20120504\-1y3tq.html \|date\=July 15, 2012 }}) ''\[\[The Age]],'' May 5, 2012\.
Stillman, Jessica, \[http://gigaom.com/collaboration/is\-remote\-work\-bad\-for\-introverts/ "Is remote work bad for introverts?"]( {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505031847/http://gigaom.com/collaboration/is\-remote\-work\-bad\-for\-introverts/ \|date\=May 5, 2012 }}) ''\[\[GigaOM]],'' May 3, 2012\. Stillman quotes Natalya Sabga's \[http://www.workshifting.com/2012/04/post\-1\.html "Workshifting \- The Introvert's Best Friend or Worst Enemy?"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505005741/http://www.workshifting.com/2012/04/post\-1\.html \|date\=May 5, 2012 }}) at Workshifting.com.
\[\[Christopher Peterson (psychologist)\|Peterson, Christopher]], \[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\-good\-life/201205/quiet\-positive\-psychology "A Quiet Positive Psychology / A quiet positive psychology would be a scientifically reasonable one"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://archive.today/20130201042607/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\-good\-life/201205/quiet\-positive\-psychology \|date\=February 1, 2013 }}) ''\[\[Psychology Today]],'' May 25, 2012\.
Andersen, Erika, \[https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikaandersen/2012/09/17/you\-dont\-have\-to\-be\-loud\-to\-lead/ "You Don't Have To Be Loud to Lead"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920015417/http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikaandersen/2012/09/17/you\-dont\-have\-to\-be\-loud\-to\-lead/ \|date\=September 20, 2012 }}) ''\[\[Forbes]],'' September 17, 2012\.
Colb, Sherry F. \[http://verdict.justia.com/2012/09/19/the\-downside\-of\-juries\-in\-a\-world\-that\-cant\-stop\-talking "The Downside of Juries in a World That Can't Stop Talking"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415050209/https://verdict.justia.com/2012/09/19/the\-downside\-of\-juries\-in\-a\-world\-that\-cant\-stop\-talking archive]) ''Justia,'' September 19, 2012\.
Fussell, James A., \[http://www.kansascity.com/2012/10/07/3849940/the\-perks\-of\-being\-an\-introvert.html "The perks of being an introvert"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102000328/http://www.kansascity.com/2012/10/07/3849940/the\-perks\-of\-being\-an\-introvert.html \|date\=November 2, 2012 }}) ''\[\[The Kansas City Star]],'' October 7, 2012\.
Aron, Elaine N., Ph.D, \[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/attending\-the\-undervalued\-self/201202/time\-magazine\-the\-power\-shyness\-and\-high\-sensitivity "Time Magazine: "The Power of (Shyness)" and High Sensitivity" \| ... ''Quiet'' describes HSPs]( {{Webarchive\|url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20120212223328/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/attending\-the\-undervalued\-self/201202/time\-magazine\-the\-power\-shyness\-and\-high\-sensitivity \|date\=February 12, 2012 }}) ''\[\[Psychology Today]],'' February 2, 2012\.
Aron, Elaine N., Ph.D, \[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/attending\-the\-undervalued\-self/201107/understanding\-the\-highly\-sensitivity\-person\-sensitive\-int "Understanding the Highly Sensitivity Person: Sensitive, Introverted, or Both? \| Extraverted HSPs face unique challenges"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://archive.today/20130419135127/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/attending\-the\-undervalued\-self/201107/understanding\-the\-highly\-sensitivity\-person\-sensitive\-int \|date\=April 19, 2013 }}) ''\[\[Psychology Today]],'' July 21, 2011\.
\[\[Leonard Pitts\|Pitts, Leonard, Jr.]], \[http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/03/09/3274776/for\-introverts\-working\-alone\-works.html "For introverts, working alone works best"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516005046/http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/03/09/3274776/for\-introverts\-working\-alone\-works.html \|date\=May 16, 2013 }}) ''\[\[The Miami Herald]],'' March 9, 2013\.
Aron, Elaine M., and Aron, Arthur, \[http://www.hsperson.com/pdf/JPSP\_Aron\_and\_Aron\_97\_Sensitivity\_vs\_I\_and\_N.pdf "Sensory\-Processing Sensitivity and its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513032702/http://www.hsperson.com/pdf/JPSP\_Aron\_and\_Aron\_97\_Sensitivity\_vs\_I\_and\_N.pdf \|date\=May 13, 2015 }}) ''\[\[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]],'' vol. 73, no. 2 (1997\): 345\-68\.
Gilman, Priscilla, \[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/opinion/dont\-blame\-autism\-for\-newtown.html "Don't Blame Autism for Newtown"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20121218203316/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/opinion/dont\-blame\-autism\-for\-newtown.html archive]), ''The New York Times,'' December 17, 2012\.
Carletti, Fabiola, \[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/are\-quiet\-loners\-unfairly\-linked\-with\-violence\-1\.1167170 "Are quiet loners unfairly linked with violence?"] (\[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/are\-quiet\-loners\-unfairly\-linked\-with\-violence\-1\.1167170]) \[\[CBC News]], December 18, 2012\.
\[http://www.hudsonhubtimes.com/entertainment/2013/07/23/bestselling\-author\-susan\-cain\-will\-be\-at\-case\-western\-reserve\-university\-aug\-28 "Bestselling author Susan Cain will be at Case Western Reserve University Aug. 28"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502022358/http://www.hudsonhubtimes.com/entertainment/2013/07/23/bestselling\-author\-susan\-cain\-will\-be\-at\-case\-western\-reserve\-university\-aug\-28 \|date\=May 2, 2015 }}) ''Hudson Hub Times,'' July 23, 2013\.
{{cite news \|last1\=Moore \|first1\=Anna \|title\=Introverts of the world, rise up! \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/04/introverts\-of\-the\-world\-rise\-up\-susan\-cain \|work\=The Guardian \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604093100/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/04/introverts\-of\-the\-world\-rise\-up\-susan\-cain \|archivedate\=June 4, 2016 \|date\=June 4, 2016 \|url\-status\=live }}
Walsh, Colleen, \[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/09/women\-in\-the\-law/ "Women in the law"] article ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013110236/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/09/women\-in\-the\-law/ \|date\=October 13, 2013 }}) re Sept. 27, 2013 "Celebration 60" keynote address, ''\[\[Harvard Gazette]],'' September 30, 2013\.
{{cite magazine \|last1\=DiSalvo \|first1\=David \|title\=Introverts Lay 'Corrective' Landmines For Extrovert Peers, Says Study \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2015/02/10/introverts\-lay\-corrective\-landmines\-for\-extrovert\-peers\-says\-study/ \|magazine\=Forbes \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214094628/http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2015/02/10/introverts\-lay\-corrective\-landmines\-for\-extrovert\-peers\-says\-study/ \|archivedate\=February 14, 2015 \|date\=February 10, 2015}}
Edwards, Robin, \[http://blogs.westword.com/showandtell/2013/02/susan\_cain\_on\_the\_power\_of\_int.php?print\=true "Writer Susan Cain on her ''New York Times'' bestseller and the quiet power of introverts"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130214061051/http://blogs.westword.com/showandtell/2013/02/susan\_cain\_on\_the\_power\_of\_int.php archive]), ''\[\[Westword]],'' February 11, 2013\.
\[http://www.oprah.com/book/Quiet\-The\-Power\-of\-Introverts\-in\-a\-World\-That\-Cant\-Stop\-Talking "The Best Books of 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219070621/http://www.oprah.com/book/Quiet\-The\-Power\-of\-Introverts\-in\-a\-World\-That\-Cant\-Stop\-Talking \|date\=December 19, 2012 }}) ''\[\[O, The Oprah Magazine]],'' December 4, 2012\.
Jarrett, Christian (compiler), \[http://bps\-research\-digest.blogspot.com/2012/12/the\-best\-psychology\-books\-of\-2012\.html "The best psychology books of 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113212531/http://bps\-research\-digest.blogspot.com/2012/12/the\-best\-psychology\-books\-of\-2012\.html \|date\=January 13, 2013 }}) \[\[British Psychological Society]] ''Research Digest,'' December 8, 2012\.
Haden, Jeff, \[http://www.inc.com/jeff\-haden/best\-2012\-books\-for\-entrepreneurs.html "Best 2012 Books for Entrepreneurs"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20121209010656/http://www.inc.com/jeff\-haden/best\-2012\-books\-for\-entrepreneurs.html archive]), ''\[\[Inc. (magazine)\|Inc.]],'' December 6, 2012\.
\[http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2012/1203/15\-best\-books\-of\-2012\-nonfiction/Quiet\-The\-Power\-of\-Introverts\-in\-a\-World\-That\-Can\-t\-Stop\-Talking\-by\-Susan\-Cain "15 best books of 2012 – nonfiction"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206063732/http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2012/1203/15\-best\-books\-of\-2012\-nonfiction/Quiet\-The\-Power\-of\-Introverts\-in\-a\-World\-That\-Can\-t\-Stop\-Talking\-by\-Susan\-Cain \|date\=December 6, 2012 }}) ''\[\[The Christian Science Monitor]],'' on or before download and archive date of December 4, 2012\.
\[http://www.kirkusreviews.com/lists/best\-nonfiction\-2012/?page\=2\&display\_count\=50 "Best Nonfiction of 2012"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20210624103547/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book\-lists/best\-nonfiction\-2012/\#quiet\-power\-introverts archive]), ''\[\[Kirkus Reviews]],'' on or before download and archive date of December 4, 2012\.
Somerset, Guy, \[http://www.listener.co.nz/culture/books/the\-100\-best\-books\-of\-2012/ "The 100 best books of 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205082654/http://www.listener.co.nz/culture/books/the\-100\-best\-books\-of\-2012/ \|date\=December 5, 2012 }}) The ''\[\[New Zealand Listener]],'' December 5, 2012\.
Appignanesi, Lisa, \[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/30/best\-psychology\-books\-of\-2012 "Best psychology books of 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204215540/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/nov/30/best\-psychology\-books\-of\-2012 \|date\=December 4, 2012 }}) ''\[\[The Guardian]]''/''\[\[The Observer]],'' November 30, 2012\.
\[http://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best\-books\-2012 Goodreads Choice Awards 2012] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20220530165901/https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best\-books\-2012 archive]) \[\[Goodreads]], December 4, 2012\.
Baer, Drake, \[http://www.fastcompany.com/3003283/best\-business\-books\-2012\-find\-fulfillment\-get\-productive\-and\-create\-healthy\-habits "The Best Business Books Of 2012: Find Fulfillment, Get Productive, And Create Healthy Habits"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128221020/http://www.fastcompany.com/3003283/best\-business\-books\-2012\-find\-fulfillment\-get\-productive\-and\-create\-healthy\-habits \|date\=November 28, 2012 }}) ''\[\[Fast Company (magazine)\|Fast Company]],'' November 26, 2012\.
Flood, Alison, \[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/30/guardian\-first\-book\-award\-2012\-longlist "Guardian first book award: the longlist 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831001339/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/aug/30/guardian\-first\-book\-award\-2012\-longlist \|date\=August 31, 2012 }}) ''\[\[The Guardian]],'' August 30, 2012\.
Kim, Joshua, \[http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/technology\-and\-learning/11\-best\-nonfiction\-books\-2012 "The 11 Best Nonfiction Books of 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231195408/http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/technology\-and\-learning/11\-best\-nonfiction\-books\-2012 \|date\=December 31, 2012 }}) ''\[\[Inside Higher Ed]],'' December 20, 2012\.
''\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]'' magazine, 2012 year\-end issue, late December 2012, page 48\.
Backaitis, Virginia, \[https://nypost.com/2012/12/17/book\-smart/ "Book smart"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215090131/http://nypost.com/2012/12/17/book\-smart/ \|date\=February 15, 2014 }}) ''\[\[New York Post]],'' December 16, 2012\.
\[https://web.archive.org/web/20121231035430/http://video.today.msnbc.msn.com/today/50246493\#50246493 "Top 10 books for holiday stocking stuffers"], ''\[\[Today (American TV program)\|Today]]''.msnbc.com, video segment aired December 19, 2012\.
\[https://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2012\-02\-12/hardcover\-nonfiction/list.html ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list] for February 12, 2012 Hardcover NonFiction. ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208182346/http://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2012\-02\-12/hardcover\-nonfiction/list.html \|date\=February 8, 2012 }})
\[https://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2013\-01\-20/hardcover\-nonfiction/list.html ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list] for January 20, 2013 Hardcover NonFiction. ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122084623/http://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2013\-01\-20/hardcover\-nonfiction/list.html \|date\=January 22, 2013 }})
\[https://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2013\-02\-17/paperback\-nonfiction/list.html ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list] for February 17, 2013, Paperback Nonfiction. (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130218021437/http://www.nytimes.com/best\-sellers\-books/2013\-02\-17/paperback\-nonfiction/list.html archive]).
\[https://www.nytimes.com/books/best\-sellers/2019/03/31/paperback\-nonfiction/ ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list] for March 31, 2019, Paperback Nonfiction. (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20211116063717/https://www.nytimes.com/books/best\-sellers/2019/03/31/paperback\-nonfiction/ archive]).
\[https://www.npr.org/books/bestsellers/hardcover\-nonfiction/2012/week12/ "NPR Bestseller Lists / Week of March 22, 2012"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153530/https://www.npr.org/books/bestsellers/hardcover\-nonfiction/2012/week12/ archive]) \[\[NPR]], March 22, 2012\.
\[http://projects.latimes.com/bestsellers/lists/2012/04/01/ Los Angeles Times Best Seller list] for April 1, 2012\. Scroll down for Hardcover Nonfiction category. ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516235831/http://projects.latimes.com/bestsellers/lists/2012/04/01/ \|date\=May 16, 2012 }})
Schoppa, Christopher, \[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political\-bookworm/post/book\-world\-bestsellers\-\-feb\-5\-2012/2012/02/03/gIQAWyUfnQ\_blog.html "Book World bestsellers — Feb. 5, 2012"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205013230/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political\-bookworm/post/book\-world\-bestsellers\-\-feb\-5\-2012/2012/02/03/gIQAWyUfnQ\_blog.html archive]), ''\[\[The Washington Post]],'' publication date February 3, 2012\.
McKerrow, Joyce (compiler), \[https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/article/1307894\-\-100\-bestselling\-books\-of\-2012 "100 Bestselling books of 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101044627/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/article/1307894\-\-100\-bestselling\-books\-of\-2012 \|date\=January 1, 2013 }}) ''\[\[Toronto Star]],'' December 28, 2012\.
{{cite news \|agency\=Associated Press \|title\=Wall St. Journal \- Best Sellers \- Best\-Selling Books Week Ended December 3 (2017\) \|url\=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/celebrities/article188649999\.html \|work\=Miami Herald \| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211025337/http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/celebrities/article188649999\.html \|archivedate\=December 11, 2017 \|date\=December 7, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }}
Suttie, Jill; Zakrzewski, Vicki; Smith, Jeremy Adam; Marsh, Jason, \[http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/our\_ten\_favorite\_books\_of\_2012 "Our Ten Favorite Books of 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111222651/http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/our\_ten\_favorite\_books\_of\_2012 \|date\=January 11, 2013 }}) \[\[Greater Good Science Center]], December 26, 2012\.
\[\[Mitch Joel\|Joel, Mitch]], \[https://archive.today/20130216113058/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/Mitch\+Joel\+best\+business\+books\+2012/7788985/story.html "Mitch Joel: The best business books of 2012"] (\[https://archive.today/20130216113058/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/Mitch\+Joel\+best\+business\+books\+2012/7788985/story.html archive]), ''\[\[The Gazette (Montreal)\|The Montreal Gazette]],'' January 8, 2013\.
Heskett, James, \[http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7120\.html "Should We Rethink the Promise of Teams?"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113235625/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7120\.html \|date\=January 13, 2013 }}) \[\[Harvard Business School]]'s ''Working Knowledge,'' January 2, 2013\.
Lanks, Belinda, \[http://www.fastcodesign.com/1671520/17\-innovation\-essays\-for\-jump\-starting\-your\-2013\#1 "17 Innovation Essays For Jump\-Starting Your 2013"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20160724153204/http://www.fastcodesign.com/1671520/17\-innovation\-essays\-for\-jump\-starting\-your\-2013/15 archive (click through to 15/16]), ''\[\[Fast Company (magazine)\|Fast Company]]'s Co.Design,'' published ''circa'' January 2, 2013\.
Schwartz, Ariel, \[http://www.fastcoexist.com/3028117/remaking\-open\-offices\-so\-introverts\-dont\-hate\-them "Remaking Open Offices So Introverts Don't Hate Them"] (\[https://web.archive.org/web/20140401150554/http://www.fastcoexist.com/3028117/remaking\-open\-offices\-so\-introverts\-dont\-hate\-them archive]), Fast Company (fastcoexist.com), March 26, 2014\.
{{cite magazine \|last1\=Busta \|first1\=Hallie \|title\=Quiet Spaces for In\-Office Getaways / Manufacturers are giving workers a reprieve from open floor plans. \|url\=https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/products/quiet\-spaces\-for\-in\-office\-getaways\_o \|magazine\=Architect \|date\=June 16, 2014 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906181306/http://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/products/quiet\-spaces\-for\-in\-office\-getaways\_o \|archivedate\=September 6, 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} ● {{cite web \|last1\=Watts \|first1\=David \|title\=Psychology of Collaboration – a talk from Herman Miller \|url\=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/psychology\-collaboration\-talk\-from\-herman\-miller\-david\-watts \|website\=LinkedIn / Pulse / Technology \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828044559/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/psychology\-collaboration\-talk\-from\-herman\-miller\-david\-watts \|archivedate\=August 28, 2019 \|date\=May 26, 2016}}
Palumbo, Polly, Ph.D., \[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/momma\-data/201301/best\-parenting\-books\-2012 "Best Parenting Books of 2012"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://archive.today/20130408080753/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/momma\-data/201301/best\-parenting\-books\-2012 \|date\=April 8, 2013 }}) ''Psychology Today,'' January 18, 2013\.
{{cite web \|title\=Susan Cain's Quiet: The Introvert Apocalypse! \|url\=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\-pacific\-heart/201406/susan\-cain\-s\-quiet\-the\-introvert\-apocalypse \|first1\=Ravi \|last1\=Chandra \|date\=June 25, 2014 \|website\=Psychology Today }}
{{cite web \|title\=Susan Cain's Quiet: Is Asian American Silence "Golden"? \|url\=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\-pacific\-heart/201406/susan\-cain\-s\-quiet\-is\-asian\-american\-silence\-golden \|first1\=Ravi \|last1\=Chandra \|date\=June 27, 2014 \|website\=Psychology Today }}
{{cite web \|title\=Best Interpersonal Communication Books of All Time \|url\=https://bookauthority.org/books/best\-interpersonal\-communication\-books \|website\=BookAuthority.org \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211840/https://bookauthority.org/books/best\-interpersonal\-communication\-books \|archivedate\=November 11, 2020 \|date\=November 2020 \|url\-status\=live}}
Dupuis, John, \[http://scienceblogs.com/confessions/2013/01/28/best\-science\-books\-2012\-the\-top\-books\-of\-the\-year/ "Best Science Books 2012: The top books of the year"] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131032721/http://scienceblogs.com/confessions/2013/01/28/best\-science\-books\-2012\-the\-top\-books\-of\-the\-year/ \|date\=January 31, 2013 }}) ''\[\[ScienceBlogs]]'' Confessions of a Science Librarian, January 28, 2013\.
{{cite news \|last1\=Qureshi \|first1\=Bilal \|title\=In a relentlessly positive culture, a defense of melancholy \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/04/08/relentlessly\-positive\-culture\-defense\-melancholy/ \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=April 8, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409044001/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/04/08/relentlessly\-positive\-culture\-defense\-melancholy/ \|archive\-date\=April 9, 2022 \|url\-status\=live }}
\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120303133218/http://www.amazon.com/best\-sellers\-books\-Amazon/zgbs/books "Best Sellers in Books" (archive)], Amazon.com. ''"Quiet'' \[Hardcover]" is \#12\. Amazon rank may have ''peaked'' higher, sooner than March 3, in the same manner as it did in February in on ''The New York Times'' and the ''Los Angeles Times'' best seller lists.
\[http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/ ThePowerOfIntroverts.com website] ({{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316191236/http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/ \|date\=March 16, 2012 }})
}}
Further reading and media
-------------------------
{{wikiquote}}
* + - * + - * + - * Further reading: (alphabetically)*D'Arcy, Janice, ["Parenting an introvert in an extrovert's world"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-parenting/post/parenting-an-introvert-in-an-extroverts-world/2012/01/31/gIQAqmM1fQ_blog.html) ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120204013554/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-parenting/post/parenting-an-introvert-in-an-extroverts-world/2012/01/31/gIQAqmM1fQ_blog.html)),*
* [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post"), *February 1, 2012\.
Tierney, John, ["From Cubicles, Cry for Quiet Pierces Office Buzz"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/science/when-buzz-at-your-cubicle-is-too-loud-for-work.html?pagewanted=all) ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20200810095917/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/science/when-buzz-at-your-cubicle-is-too-loud-for-work.html)),*
* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), *May 19, 2012\.
Vaughan, Bernard, ["Give us some space, and respect, proud introvert argues"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120419064713/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/13/us-books-introverts-idUSTRE81C20J20120213), [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"), February 13, 2012\.*
* Links to video and audio media: (chronologically)*Cain's [January 30, 2012 interview](https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet-please-unleashing-the-power-of-introverts) at [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR") ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120131103948/https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet-please-unleashing-the-power-of-introverts)) (interview highlights in text)
Cain's [February 28, 2012 TED Talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0KYU2j0TM4) (video) at the [TED2012](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 "TED (conference)") Conference ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120304162906/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0KYU2j0TM4)) ● [Same talk](http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html) on the TED.com website ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20121225234720/http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html))
Cain's [March 27, 2012 interview](http://www.thersa.org:80/events/audio-and-past-events/2012/quiet-the-power-of-introverts-in-a-world-that-cant-stop-talking) (audio) at the [Royal Society of Arts (RSA)](/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts "Royal Society of Arts") ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230736/http://www.thersa.org/events/audio-and-past-events/2012/quiet-the-power-of-introverts-in-a-world-that-cant-stop-talking)) ● Portion of same [interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhDCz0V9FcA) (video) in theRSAorg's YouTube channel ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120421070916/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhDCz0V9FcA))*
* + - Miscellaneous:''
* The [Quiet Revolution](http://www.quietrev.com/) website, initiated by Cain in 2014
{{Authority control}}
[Category:2012 non\-fiction books](/wiki/Category:2012_non-fiction_books "2012 non-fiction books")
[Category:American non\-fiction books](/wiki/Category:American_non-fiction_books "American non-fiction books")
[Category:Books about creativity](/wiki/Category:Books_about_creativity "Books about creativity")
[Category:Books about crowd psychology](/wiki/Category:Books_about_crowd_psychology "Books about crowd psychology")
[Category:Books about introversion](/wiki/Category:Books_about_introversion "Books about introversion")
[Category:Books about mental health](/wiki/Category:Books_about_mental_health "Books about mental health")
[Category:Educational psychology books](/wiki/Category:Educational_psychology_books "Educational psychology books")
[Category:Self\-help books](/wiki/Category:Self-help_books "Self-help books")
|
[
"Content and concepts\n--------------------",
"Cain argues that modern [Western](/wiki/Western_world \"Western world\") culture misunderstands and undervalues the traits and capabilities of [introverted](/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion \"Extraversion and introversion\") people, employing academic research, supplemented with anecdotes, to describe how American culture got to this point.",
"### The \"Extrovert Ideal\"",
"Cain says [Western](/wiki/Western_world \"Western world\"), and in particular, American, culture is dominated by what she calls the \"Extrovert Ideal\", described as \"the omnipresent belief that the ideal self is [gregarious](/wiki/wiktionary:Gregarious \"Gregarious\"), alpha and comfortable in the spotlight\". [Western](/wiki/Western_world \"Western world\") societies, being based on the Greco\\-Roman ideal which praises [oratory](/wiki/Public_speaking \"Public speaking\"), favor the man of action over the man of contemplation, and view introversion as being between a disappointment and pathology. In contrast, traditional, pre\\-Americanized Asian culture is more inclined to value reticence and caution. *[The Harvard Independent](/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent \"The Harvard Independent\")'s* Faith Zhang remarked that *Quiet* seems in part a gentle rebuke to a culture that values style over substance.",
"### Historical roots",
"Cain traces the historical roots of the Extrovert Ideal to the rise of industrial America in the late 19th century, before which a culture of character dominated, and after which \"a [perfect storm](/wiki/wiktionary:Perfect_storm \"Perfect storm\") of big business, urbanization and mass immigration\" changed America into what historian Warren Susman called a culture of personality, in which perception trumps truth. *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")'s* Zosia Bielski described this transformation as being aligned with \"the rise of the salesman\" and \"the move from morals to magnetism\"—which Cain says has changed forever \"who we are and whom we admire, how we act at job interviews and what we look for in an employee, how we court our mates and raise our children\".",
"### Pitfalls of the Extrovert Ideal",
"In general terms, Cain has stated that we cannot be in a group of people without instinctively mirroring each other, and groups follow the most charismatic person, even though there is no correlation between being a good speaker and having great ideas. Cain says collective thinking approaches not only *favor* dominant extroverts, but that relying on [brainstorming](/wiki/Brainstorming \"Brainstorming\") is a mistake, arguing that serious original thought and the expertise that generates it are almost always individual. Cain cites physiological research showing that when people (not just introverts) oppose group consensus, their brains' [amygdalae](/wiki/Amygdala \"Amygdala\") \"light up\"—signaling fear of rejection—thus discouraging potentially valuable individual contributions to the group. Cain cites research indicating that people are more creative when they enjoy privacy and freedom from interruption, the implication being that *enforced* teamwork can stifle creativity. As a concrete example of the risks of groupthink, Cain mentions juries, in which the desire for social cohesion can sometimes short\\-circuit justice. She suggests that the predominantly extroverted temperament of management in the investment and banking industries—which temperament involves [dopamine](/wiki/Dopamine \"Dopamine\")\\-related reward seeking tendencies—may have contributed to the [2007–2008 financial crisis](/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis \"2007–2008 financial crisis\").",
"[300px\\|thumb\\|right\\|**The introvert\\-extrovert spectrum**: Cain defines introversion and extroversion in terms of preferences for different levels of stimulation.](/wiki/Image:ExtrovertIntrovertSpectrum.png \"ExtrovertIntrovertSpectrum.png\")",
"### Defining introversion",
"Various schools of psychology define introversion differently. Cain's definition is that *introverts have a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment.* Introverts tend to enjoy quiet concentration, listen more than they talk, and think before they speak, and have a more circumspect and cautious approach to risk. Introverts think more, are less reckless and focus on what really matters—relationships and meaningful work. Conversely, extroverts are energized by social situations and tend to be assertive multi\\-taskers who think out loud and on their feet. Cain notes that between one\\-third and one\\-half of Americans may be classified as introverts, though individuals fall at different places along an introvert\\-extrovert *spectrum.* People falling near the middle of the spectrum are called \"ambiverts\".",
"### Distinguishing introversion",
"Cain distinguishes introversion from superficially similar personality traits, in particular charging the perceived identity between shyness and introversion to be a huge misconception. She explains that shyness is inherently uncomfortable but introversion is not. Crediting retired developmental psychologist [Jerome Kagan](/wiki/Jerome_Kagan \"Jerome Kagan\"), *Quiet* recognizes that there is not a single cause for a given behavior; there are many routes to behaviors such as being slow to warm up, shyness, and impulsivity. Cain distinguishes *[introversion](/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion \"Extraversion and introversion\")*—characterized by her as a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment—from being *[shy](/wiki/Shyness \"Shyness\")* (a fear of negative judgment), from being *[anti\\-social](/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour \"Anti-social behaviour\")* (introverts and extroverts being *differently* social), and from [autism](/wiki/Autism \"Autism\") (inability to read social cues and understand other minds not being characteristic of introverts.)",
"### Core to our identities",
"Cain asserts that whether one is outwardly oriented to the surrounding world, or inwardly oriented to the inner riches of the mind, has as profound an effect as one's gender. Cain asserted that our lives are shaped as profoundly by personality as by gender or race, that the single most important aspect of personality is where we fall on the introvert\\-extrovert spectrum, and that one's place on this continuum \"influences our choice of friends and mates, how we make conversation, resolve differences, and show love. It affects the careers we choose and whether or not we succeed at them.\"",
"### Introverts acting as \"pseudo\\-extroverts\"",
"According to Cain, in a culture that is biased against them, introverts are pressured to *act* like extroverts instead of embracing their serious, often quiet and reflective style. Cain's research included visits to what she termed three nerve centers of the Extrovert Ideal—a [Tony Robbins](/wiki/Tony_Robbins \"Tony Robbins\") self\\-help seminar, the [Harvard Business School](/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\"), and a [megachurch](/wiki/Megachurch \"Megachurch\")—noting the discomfort and struggles experienced by introverts in those environments and \"shining a light\" on the bias against introversion. She said that people have to act out of our true character sometimes but that it is not healthy to act out of one's true character most or all of the time: \"Whenever you try to pass as something you're not, you lose a part of yourself along the way. You especially lose a sense of how to spend your time.\"",
"However, Cain essentially adopts the \"Free Trait Theory\" of Dr. Brian Little, agreeing that introverts are capable of acting like extroverts for (core personal goals)—work they consider important, people they love, or anything they value highly—provided they also grant themselves *restorative niches,* which are places to go and time to be their real selves. Also, in a February 2012 article, Cain listed six self\\-help strategies introverts may use to nourish their strengths, including \"talking deeply\", working alone, reading others' works (\"a deeply social act\"), listening well, taking mini\\-breaks from overstimulating environments, and practicing \"quiet commitment\".",
"{{Quote box",
"```\n|title = Core to our identities\n|quote = \n```",
"{{font\\|font\\=Times New Roman\\| size\\=16px \\| {{nbsp\\|5}} Our lives are shaped as profoundly by personality as by gender or race. And the single most important aspect of personality ... is where we fall on the introvert\\-extrovert spectrum. Our place on this continuum influences our choice of friends and mates, how we make conversation, resolve differences, and show love. It affects the careers we choose and whether or not we succeed at them.}}",
"```\n|source =\"The North and South of Temperament\"\n```",
"Pages 2\\-3 of *Quiet'",
"```\n|align = right |width = 35% |border = 1px |fontsize = 100% |bgcolor = #fafafa |title_bg = #fafafa |title_fnt = #202060 |qalign = left |salign = right",
"```\n}}*",
"### Physiology of temperament",
"Cain maintains that there are introverts and extroverts in almost every species of the animal kingdom, each having a corresponding survival strategy. She says that research indicates our own degree of introversion or extroversion is detectable in infants and likely to be [innate](/wiki/Wiktionary:Innate \"Innate\"), and about 50% [heritable](/wiki/wiktionary:Heritable \"Heritable\") (half by nature, half by nurture). Babies who are more highly [reactive](/wiki/Jerome_Kagan \"Jerome Kagan\") (more [sensitive](/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person \"Highly sensitive person\")) to stimulation are more likely to develop into introverts, while less reactive (less sensitive) babies generally become extroverts who actually draw on the energy around them. Introverts appear to be less responsive than extroverts to [dopamine](/wiki/Dopamine \"Dopamine\") (a brain chemical linked to [reward](/wiki/Reward_%28psychology%29 \"Reward (psychology)\")\\-driven learning), and have a more circumspect and cautious approach to risk than do extroverts. Introverts are more governed by the [neocortex](/wiki/Neocortex \"Neocortex\"), the part of the brain responsible for thinking, planning, language and decision making.\n### In the workplace",
"Concerning the workplace, Quiet *critiques today's perceived overemphasis on collaboration: brainstorming leading to [groupthink](/wiki/Groupthink \"Groupthink\"), and meetings leading to organizational inertia. Cain urges changes to the workplace to make it less focused on what she terms \"The New [Groupthink](/wiki/Groupthink \"Groupthink\")\"—the idea that creativity and productivity emerge from a necessarily [gregarious](/wiki/wiktionary:Gregarious \"Gregarious\") place—and more conducive to deep thought and solo reflection. According to Cain, research shows that charismatic leaders earn bigger paychecks but do not have better corporate performance; that brainstorming results in lower quality ideas and the more vocally assertive extroverts are the most likely to be heard; that the amount of space allotted to each employee has shrunk 60% since the 1970s; and that open office plans are associated with reduced concentration and productivity, impaired memory, higher turnover and increased illness. Cain says that the more creative people tend to be \"socially poised introverts\", solitude is a crucial and underrated ingredient for creativity, and office designs and work plans should allow people to be alone as well as to socialize.*",
"### Personal relationships",
"Cain has noted that people of different temperament who become involved in personal relationships can encounter misunderstanding and conflict. After a day's work an introvert may need to quietly recharge, while the extrovert may find the introvert's withdrawal hurtful; conversely, the extrovert may want to jointly socialize with others, which the introvert may find exhausting. Cain advises, first, a mutual understanding of where the other party is coming from; and second, balancing their respective needs for socializing and for solitude in a practical compromise in how the couple connects and how the couple jointly socializes with others.\n### Education and child development",
"Cain describes how introversion in children is not a defect but instead may involve a careful, sensitive temperament that may bring stronger academics, enhanced creativity and a unique brand of leadership and empathy. Cain says that introverts win a disproportionate number of [Phi Beta Kappa](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa \"Phi Beta Kappa\") keys and [National Merit Scholarship](/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship \"National Merit Scholarship\") finalist positions, cheat and break rules less, are more likely to be described by parents and caregivers as empathetic or conscientious, and are less likely to get into car accidents, participate in extreme sports and place large financial bets. Cain advises that students need more privacy and autonomy, and should be taught to work together but also how to work alone. [Judith Warner](/wiki/Judith_Warner \"Judith Warner\"), an author of parenting books, approved of Cain's advice that parents should view introverted children's social style with understanding rather than fear.\n### Balance",
"Cain is not seeking introvert domination but a better balance and inclusion of different work styles, acknowledging that big ideas and great leadership can come from either personality type. Cain cites studies showing that introverts are better at leading proactive employees because they listen to and let them run with their ideas, while extroverts are better at leading passive employees because they have a knack for motivation and inspiration. Cain has emphasized that the key to maximizing talents is to put yourself into the zone of stimulation that is right for you. [The Harvard Independent](/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent \"The Harvard Independent\")'s *Faith Zhang closed her review of* Quiet *with the observation that Cain's point is not that introverts are inherently superior or that we should all shroud ourselves in solitude, but that diversity provides balance and makes for a fuller, richer world.*",
"### The future",
"Cain asserts that introverts today are where women were in the 1950s and early 1960s—a population discounted for something that went to the core of who they were, but a population on the verge of coming into its own. She adds that we're at the [cusp](/wiki/wiktionary:Cusp \"Cusp\") of a real [sea change](/wiki/wiktionary:Sea_change \"Sea change\") in the way we understand this personality type, Cain's own website urging readers to \"join the [*Quiet* Revolution](/wiki/Quiet_Revolution_%28company%29 \"Quiet Revolution (company)\")\". Beyond urging consciousness\\-raising about the harmfulness of culture's bias against introversion, Cain urged companies to rethink hiring and promotion policies and office design, and encouraged educators to avoid constant group work and be trained in recognizing varieties of temperament to support quieter children to be functional and achieving for what they are rather than trying to \"turn them into extroverts\". Cain further urged research into determining which situations are best suited to introverts and extroverts and how they can most effectively partner with each other.\nRelated lectures and publications\n---------------------------------",
"{{further\\|Susan Cain}}\n[220px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Cain speaking at the [TED2012 conference](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 \"TED (conference)\") with a prop suitcase.](/wiki/Image:SusanCainFromJurvetsonFlickrMedium500.jpg \"SusanCainFromJurvetsonFlickrMedium500.jpg\")\nCain presented talks at the [TED2012](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 \"TED (conference)\") Conference and TED 2014 (All\\-Stars). In 2015, Cain formally co\\-founded [Quiet Revolution](/wiki/Quiet_Revolution_%28company%29 \"Quiet Revolution (company)\"), a mission\\-based company based on the principles in Quiet, *and in 2016 published her second book,* [Quiet Power: The Secret Strengths of Introverts](/wiki/Quiet_Power:The_Secret_Strengths_of_Introverts \"The Secret Strengths of Introverts\")*, directed to children and teens and their educators and parents.*",
"Influence\n---------",
"Within one week of its publication, [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")*{{'}} Jenna Goudreau noted that the book was featured by several major media outlets and was shared extensively across the Web. Goudreau observed that \"readers said they felt [validated](/wiki/wiktionary:Validation \"Validation\") and seen for the first time\". Within three weeks of publication,* [InformationWeek](/wiki/InformationWeek \"InformationWeek\")'s *Debra Donston\\-Miller noted that introversion and extroversion were being widely discussed due in large part to* Quiet, *Cain's work being the focus of* [Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\") *magazine's February 6, 2012 [cover article](/wiki/wiktionary:Cover_story \"Cover story\"). In 2015, Laura Holson wrote in* The New York Times *that Cain had \"started, or at least was on the forefront of, a bona fide publishing trend\" concerning introverts, and in 2017* Harvard Magazine's *Lydialyle Gibson noted that in the aftermath of* Quiet*, \"introversion came suddenly into vogue\". Similarly, a 2019* Scientific American *article related how \"introverts have been having their moment\" since* Quiet'*s 2012 publication.*",
"By 2016, Quiet *had been translated into over forty languages.*",
"[Elaine Aron](/wiki/Elaine_Aron \"Elaine Aron\"), Ph.D., author of [The Highly Sensitive Person](/wiki/The_Highly_Sensitive_Person_%28book%29 \"The Highly Sensitive Person (book)\") *(1996\\), responded to* Quiet *and its related* [Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\") *cover story by stating that Cain was in fact describing [highly sensitive persons](/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person \"Highly sensitive person\") (HSPs, defined in terms of [sensory processing sensitivity](/wiki/Sensory_processing_sensitivity \"Sensory processing sensitivity\")) and not introverts (which Aron says is recently becoming defined more narrowly in terms of* social *interaction). Though Aron wrote that Cain and others blurred the lines between [sensitivity](/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person \"Highly sensitive person\") and introversion, Aron called the* Time *article \"a huge, huge step\" for understanding HSPs, and that as more is learned, the 30% of [HSPs](/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person \"Highly sensitive person\") who are social extroverts will be better understood.*",
"Changes caused by Quiet *include [Steelcase](/wiki/Steelcase \"Steelcase\") collaborating with Cain (2014\\) to design office spaces to include quiet areas where workers can have privacy for a time, in contrast to [open plan](/wiki/Open_plan \"Open plan\") offices, and [Herman Miller](/wiki/Herman_Miller_%28manufacturer%29 \"Herman Miller (manufacturer)\") matching work models (e.g., impromptu chats, team status\\-report huddles, and concentrated individual work) with physical settings (e.g., bench desk, small meeting room, open forum). The* [ABA Journal](/wiki/ABA_Journal \"ABA Journal\")*{{'s}} Leslie A. Gordon wrote in early 2016 that, \"thanks largely to interest generated by Cain's book\", law schools and law firms were using introversion preferences to influence hiring, placement, and training of attorneys.*",
"Psychologist [Christopher Peterson](/wiki/Christopher_Peterson_%28psychologist%29 \"Christopher Peterson (psychologist)\") wrote that even professional [positive psychologists](/wiki/Positive_psychology \"Positive psychology\") may be implicitly perpetuating \"The Extrovert Ideal\", for example, by privileging activated feelings like happiness while undervaluing quiet feelings like contentment. Writing that both views of psychological wellness—both the noisy and extroverted view, and a quiet and introverted view—deserve scientific attention, Peterson closed by calling for a \"quiet [positive psychology](/wiki/Positive_psychology \"Positive psychology\")\".\n[GigaOM](/wiki/GigaOM \"GigaOM\")'s *Jessica Stillman extended the concepts of* Quiet *to analyze [coworking](/wiki/Coworking \"Coworking\") (working independently but in the same environment as others), [remote working](/wiki/Remote_work \"Remote work\"), and other \"workshifting\" (non\\-traditional worksite) arrangements, noting that such arrangements pose both benefits and dangers for introverts. While [coworkers](/wiki/Coworking \"Coworking\") can \"set their own level of contact\", she noted that \"the ability to work from anywhere might enable more withdrawal than is healthy among introverts\". She also echoed the cautionary argument that \"too often ... we choose our work environment on autopilot.\"*",
"As the November 2012 U.S. presidential election approached, Quiet's *concepts were applied to contrast former President Clinton with 2012 candidates Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, Cain having noted that both Obama and Romney were introverts. Concerning leadership in general, Cain adopted [Peter Drucker](/wiki/Peter_Drucker \"Peter Drucker\")'s statement that effective leaders \"had little or no '[charisma](/wiki/wiktionary:Charisma \"Charisma\")' and little use either for the term or what it signifies.\"*",
"[Cornell Law School](/wiki/Cornell_Law_School \"Cornell Law School\")'s Sherry Colb extended to the jury system Quiet's *assertion that a successful \"wisdom\\-of\\-crowds phenomenon\" typically emerges when individuals in a group share their respective contributions* after *being separately and independently conceived. Colb proposed a jury system in which, after all evidence has been presented, respective jurors would compose written analyses of the facts and issues, and express a verdict; the jurors' various documents would be distributed and read by all other jurors before in\\-person deliberation would begin.*",
"In the wake of the December 14, 2012 [Sandy Hook Elementary School (Newtown) shooting](/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting \"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting\"), Quiet's *author was cited for the concern that introverted people, or people who are quiet for other reasons, receive unfair suspicion or stigmatization because of violent acts committed by a few solitary individuals.* Quiet's *critiques of groupwork and brainstorming were cited in the writings of such sources as [Harvard Business School](/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\")'s Professor Emeritus James Heskett and* [Fast Company](/wiki/Fast_Company \"Fast Company\")'s Co.Design *senior editor Belinda Lanks. After [Yahoo!](/wiki/Yahoo%21 \"Yahoo!\")'s February 2013 announcement of discontinuation of a remote work option for employees,* Quiet *was cited by [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")' Isolde Raftery for its concern that creativity would be hindered,{{Cite news \\| last\\=Raftery \\| first\\=Isolde \\| url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100495665 \\| title\\=Is Telecommuting Dead? Don't Count on It, Experts Say \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305133216/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100495665 \\| archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2013 \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| work\\=\\[\\[CNBC]] \\| date\\= February 26, 2013}} and by* [The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")'s *[Leonard Pitts Jr.](/wiki/Leonard_Pitts \"Leonard Pitts\") against the belief that synergy always produces the best results, and against the one\\-size\\-fits\\-all mentality that says productivity and creativity are found only when colleagues meet at the water cooler.*",
"Quiet *was chosen as the common reading choice for Case Western Reserve University's 2013–2014 \"[First Year Experience](/wiki/First_Year_Experience \"First Year Experience\")\" program which helps new students transition to university life and develop connections, the chair of the university's common reading committee explaining that the book will encourage students to reflect on what kinds of learners and professionals they will be, and how they fit in socially and relate to others.*",
"Three years after Quiet's *publication, David DiSalvo wrote in* Forbes *that a \"groundswell support for the book's thesis\" resulted in \"a sort of cultish affinity for introversion\", but cautioned that \"as with all movement\\-making arguments\", they have \"fueled ... shallow conclusions\" that were not made in the book itself. DiSalvo cited studies indicating that introverts' elevated sensitivity to personality traits can manifest as bias against extroverts in performance appraisals and reward giving.*",
"Ten years after Quiet's *publication, a* Washington Post *reviewer wrote that* Quiet *had become \"a resounding success with readers, book clubs, universities and professional conferences, and transformed Cain into an unlikely but essential thought leader in a new era of self\\-help writing.\"*",
"Reception\n---------",
"[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")'s *Philip Delves Broughton reviewed* Quiet *as \"an earnest and enlightening 300\\-page inquiry into introversion and its uses\", described examples of the research and investigations Cain undertook, and concluded that \"Ms. Cain's rich, intelligent book will probably have broad appeal.\"*",
"[The Harvard Independent](/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent \"The Harvard Independent\")'s *Faith Zhang remarked that \"though it draws on studies across a variety of fields, including psychology, sociology, and neurology,* Quiet *is not even a pop science book; it is part affirmation, part social commentary, part self\\-help primer, supported by but not primarily focused on science\". Zhang found flaw in generalizations in* Quiet's *\"Soft Power\" chapter on East Asian culture, but found the book's most interesting chapter to be the one tracing the social history describing the shift from the \"culture of character\" to the \"culture of personality\". Zhang concluded that \"*Quiet *has much to offer both introverts and the extroverts who would like to understand them\". Jenny Lee subsequently wrote in the Asian American magazine* [Hyphen](/wiki/Hyphen_%28magazine%29 \"Hyphen (magazine)\") *that Zhang's brief critique of* Quiet's *\"Soft Power\" chapter was the exception among reviews; Lee further asserted that despite its disclaimer about not encouraging ethno\\-cultural stereotypes, Cain's chapter overgeneralized about Asian and Asian American personality styles and reinforced the \"model minority myth\".*",
"In [Scientific American](/wiki/Scientific_American \"Scientific American\"), *[Gareth Cook](/wiki/Gareth_Cook \"Gareth Cook\") described* Quiet *as \"part book, part [manifesto](/wiki/Manifesto \"Manifesto\")\".*",
"The [Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\") *said that \"*Quiet *is not a scientific tract. But Cain ... draws from a wide array of academic research, enlivened with colorful anecdotes, to describe how American culture got to this point.\"*",
"Writing in [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), *[Judith Warner](/wiki/Judith_Warner \"Judith Warner\") gave* Quiet *a mixed review, to which Cain blogged a response the same day. Concerning* Quiet's *writing* form, *Warner commented that* Quiet *is \"a long and ploddingly earnest book\", and contains \"go\\-go language\" and \"gratuitous sloganeering ... (that) offsets Cain's serious research rather badly\". Warner also stated that Cain \"combines on\\-the\\-scenes reporting with a wide range of social science research and a fair bit of 'quiet power' cheerleading\". Cain replied to Warner's critique of the book's* content: *Warner asserted that* Quiet's *definition of introversion expanded to include \"all that is wise and good, (so) that (the definition) is largely meaningless except as yet another vehicle for promoting self\\-esteem\"; Cain replied that \"Warner badly misunderstands\" that the traits listed in* Quiet's *\"Author's Note\" were not descriptive of introversion \"but that culturally these traits have always been bound together under the 'contemplation' rubric, and need to be addressed as such.\" Warner hypothesized that, had Cain focused in \"other sorts of places\" than \"Harvard Business School, corporate boardrooms, executive suites\", that Cain \"would undoubtedly have discovered a world of introverts quite contented with who they are\"; Cain replied that her research and feedback confirm introverts' \"difficult experiences\" even in fields that \"Warner imagines are safe havens for introverts\", and added that Warner's response to* Quiet *\"has an interesting precedent in the early years of [feminism](/wiki/Feminism \"Feminism\")... (in which) a distinct minority felt proud and content as they were, and couldn't see what all the fuss was about\".*",
"Philosopher and author [Damon Young](/wiki/Damon_Young \"Damon Young\"), writing in [The Age](/wiki/The_Age \"The Age\")*, wrote that \"Cain is patient, meticulous and empathetic on the psychology. She outlines the problems clearly and gives workable solutions. She is less nimble with questions of history and society. For example, her use of a handful of quotes and [aphorisms](/wiki/wiktionary:Aphorism \"Aphorism\") to demonstrate Eastern and Western outlooks on speech is clumsy. Her prose is plain but warm and she distils research well, with the use of anecdotes and literary examples.\"*",
"Ravi Chandra wrote in [Psychology Today](/wiki/Psychology_Today \"Psychology Today\") *that* Quiet *was \"a worthwhile read, but problematic in particulars.\" Chandra also wrote, \"...one chapter especially stuck in my craw. Soft Power: Asian\\-Americans and the Extrovert Ideal falls short of the understanding, validation, and broad\\-minded sensitivity which Cain champions.\"*",
"### Distinctions and recognition",
"Bestseller list placement (hardcover nonfiction category unless otherwise noted):Quiet *reached:\n No. 1 on the [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\") Bestseller List,\n No. 3 on the* * + [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\") *Best Seller list,\n\t No. 3 on*\n* [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\") *Book World bestsellers list,\n No. 4 on*\n* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") *[Best Seller list](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\") being on the list (top 15\\) for sixteen weeks,\n No. 12 best selling book (across all categories) on Amazon.com (March 3, 2012, not necessarily a*\n* peak *ranking),\n No. 2 on*\n* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") *[Best Seller list (*paperback* nonfiction)](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\"), by March 2019 having been on the list for 166 weeks,\n No. 1 bestselling original nonfiction book of 2012 as listed by the*\n* [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\"), *and\n No. 7 on*\n* [The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\") *bestselling e\\-book list (December 2017\\)*",
"Quiet *was voted No. 1 nonfiction book of 2012 in the \"[Goodreads](/wiki/Goodreads \"Goodreads\") Choice Awards\".*",
"John Dupuis collated information from 69 \"Best of 2012\" book lists, and wrote for the [National Geographic Society](/wiki/National_Geographic_Society \"National Geographic Society\")'s [ScienceBlogs](/wiki/ScienceBlogs \"ScienceBlogs\") *that* Quiet *was the most listed science related book.*",
"\"Best of 2012 List\" inclusions, not limited to science book lists:\n [*Guardian* First Book Award](/wiki/Guardian_First_Book_Award \"Guardian First Book Award\") 2012 Longlist (one of four nonfiction books)\n* + [Fast Company](/wiki/Fast_Company_%28magazine%29 \"Fast Company (magazine)\") *(twelve best business books)*\n* [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*/*[The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\") *(ten best psychology books)*\n* [Kirkus Reviews](/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews \"Kirkus Reviews\") *(100 best nonfiction)*\n* [The Christian Science Monitor](/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor \"The Christian Science Monitor\") *(No. 7 best nonfiction)*\n* [O, The Oprah Magazine](/wiki/O%2C_The_Oprah_Magazine \"O, The Oprah Magazine\") *(nineteen best books)*\n* [New Zealand Listener](/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener \"New Zealand Listener\") *(100 best books)*\n* [Inc.](/wiki/Inc._%28magazine%29 \"Inc. (magazine)\") *(nine best books for entrepreneurs)\n[British Psychological Society](/wiki/British_Psychological_Society \"British Psychological Society\")'s (twelve best psychology books)*\n\t+ [People](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 \"People (magazine)\") *(top ten books)*\n* [New York Post](/wiki/New_York_Post \"New York Post\") *(ten best career\\-related books)\n author [Gillian Flynn](/wiki/Gillian_Flynn \"Gillian Flynn\") on*\n* [Today (\"The Today Show\")](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Today (American TV program)\") *(top ten books for holiday gifts)*\n* [Inside Higher Ed](/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed \"Inside Higher Ed\") *(eleven best nonfiction)\n[Greater Good Science Center](/wiki/Greater_Good_Science_Center \"Greater Good Science Center\") editors (ten favorite books)\n[Mitch Joel](/wiki/Mitch_Joel \"Mitch Joel\") in* \n\t+ [The Montreal Gazette](/wiki/The_Gazette_%28Montreal%29 \"The Gazette (Montreal)\") *(ten best business books)\n\t \"Mommy Data\" feature of*\n* [Psychology Today](/wiki/Psychology_Today \"Psychology Today\") *(seven best parenting books).\n Book Authority, \\#2 on list of \"Best Interpersonal Communication Books of All Time\"*",
"In 2018, * [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\") *listed the book as among the ten \"best brainy books of the decade.\".*",
"By 2022, Cain's first TED Talk video had been viewed over 30 million times.\nBy 2022, four million copies of Quiet *had been sold, and had been translated into 40 languages.*",
"Notable individuals described by Cain as introverts\n---------------------------------------------------",
"Notable individuals described by Cain as introverts, or whose notability is based on introverted personality characteristics: [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\"), [Eleanor Roosevelt](/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt \"Eleanor Roosevelt\"), [Rosa Parks](/wiki/Rosa_Parks \"Rosa Parks\"), [Marcel Proust](/wiki/Marcel_Proust \"Marcel Proust\"), [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin \"Frédéric Chopin\"), [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin \"Charles Darwin\"), [Steve Wozniak](/wiki/Steve_Wozniak \"Steve Wozniak\"), [Mother Teresa](/wiki/Mother_Teresa \"Mother Teresa\"), [Gandhi](/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi \"Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi\")\n [Steven Spielberg](/wiki/Steven_Spielberg \"Steven Spielberg\"), [J.K. Rowling](/wiki/J.K._Rowling \"J.K. Rowling\"), [Charles Schulz](/wiki/Charles_Schulz \"Charles Schulz\"), [Bill Gates](/wiki/Bill_Gates \"Bill Gates\")\n[Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"), [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\"), [Ron Paul](/wiki/Ron_Paul \"Ron Paul\")\n[Dale Carnegie](/wiki/Dale_Carnegie \"Dale Carnegie\"), [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\"), [Dr. Seuss](/wiki/Dr._Seuss \"Dr. Seuss\")\n[Warren Buffett](/wiki/Warren_Buffett \"Warren Buffett\"), [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore \"Al Gore\"), [Larry Page](/wiki/Larry_Page \"Larry Page\")\n[Charles R. Schwab](/wiki/Charles_R._Schwab \"Charles R. Schwab\")\n[David Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman \"David Letterman\"), [Barbara Walters](/wiki/Barbara_Walters \"Barbara Walters\")\n[Isaac Newton](/wiki/Isaac_Newton \"Isaac Newton\")\n[Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\") (\"Without great solitude, no serious work is possible\")\n[W. B. Yeats](/wiki/W._B._Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\"), [J. M. Barrie](/wiki/J._M._Barrie \"J. M. Barrie\"), [George Orwell](/wiki/George_Orwell \"George Orwell\")\n \"[Seekers](/wiki/wiktionary:Seeker \"Seeker\")\"—[Moses](/wiki/Moses \"Moses\"), [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus \"Jesus\"), [Buddha](/wiki/Gautama_Buddha \"Gautama Buddha\")\n[Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson \"Johnny Carson\"), [Meryl Streep](/wiki/Meryl_Streep \"Meryl Streep\"), [Tom Hanks](/wiki/Tom_Hanks \"Tom Hanks\"), [Steve Martin](/wiki/Steve_Martin \"Steve Martin\")\nSee also\n--------",
"[Quiet Revolution (company)](/wiki/Quiet_Revolution_%28company%29 \"Quiet Revolution (company)\")\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + [Quiet Power](/wiki/Quiet_Power \"Quiet Power\"), *directed to children and teens\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[*The Highly Sensitive Person* (book)](/wiki/The_Highly_Sensitive_Person_%28book%29 \"The Highly Sensitive Person (book)\") (Elaine Aron)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Myers–Briggs Type Indicator](/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator \"Myers–Briggs Type Indicator\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Big Five personality traits](/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits \"Big Five personality traits\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Personality psychology](/wiki/Personality_psychology \"Personality psychology\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Personality type](/wiki/Personality_type \"Personality type\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Analytical psychology](/wiki/Analytical_psychology \"Analytical psychology\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Trait theory](/wiki/Trait_theory \"Trait theory\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Reinforcement sensitivity theory](/wiki/Reinforcement_sensitivity_theory \"Reinforcement sensitivity theory\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Cultural neuroscience](/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience \"Cultural neuroscience\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[Neurodiversity](/wiki/Neurodiversity \"Neurodiversity\")*",
"References\n----------",
"{{Reflist\\|2\\|refs\\=",
"\\[http://www.openisbn.com/isbn/0307352145/ \"Quiet: The Power Of Introverts In A World That Can't Stop Talking\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509224747/http://www.openisbn.com/isbn/0307352145/ \\|date\\=May 9, 2015 }}) OpenISBN.com entry for {{ISBN\\|0\\-307\\-35214\\-5}}.\nCain, Susan, \\[http://ideas.time.com/2012/01/26/dont\\-call\\-introverted\\-children\\-shy/ \"Don't Call Introverted Children 'Shy' \"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314175519/http://ideas.time.com/2012/01/26/dont\\-call\\-introverted\\-children\\-shy/ \\|date\\=March 14, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]'' Psychology section, January 26, 2012\\.\nCain, Susan, \\[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/mar/13/why\\-the\\-world\\-needs\\-introverts \"Why the world needs introverts\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321071120/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/mar/13/why\\-the\\-world\\-needs\\-introverts \\|date\\=March 21, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[The Guardian]],'' March 13, 2012\\.\nCain, Susan, \\[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/opinion/sunday/the\\-rise\\-of\\-the\\-new\\-groupthink.html?pagewanted\\=all \"The Rise of the New Groupthink\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120116023218/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/opinion/sunday/the\\-rise\\-of\\-the\\-new\\-groupthink.html?pagewanted\\=all archive]), Opinion section of ''The New York Times'', January 13, 2012; appearing in print January 15, 2012\\.\nCain, Susan, \\[http://www.oprah.com/spirit/Successful\\-Introverts\\-Being\\-Soft\\-Spoken\\-Isnt\\-a\\-Bad\\-Thing/print/1 \"Secrets of a Super Successful Introvert: How to (Quietly) Get Your Way\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520163948/http://www.oprah.com/spirit/Successful\\-Introverts\\-Being\\-Soft\\-Spoken\\-Isnt\\-a\\-Bad\\-Thing/print/1 \\|date\\=May 20, 2013 }}) ''\\[\\[O: The Oprah Magazine]],'' February 2012\\.\nCain, Susan, \\[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/opinion/sunday/introverts\\-make\\-great\\-leaders\\-too.html \"Must Great Leaders Be Gregarious?\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120917023249/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/opinion/sunday/introverts\\-make\\-great\\-leaders\\-too.html archive]), ''The New York Times,'' September 15, 2012\\.\nSzalavitz, Maia, \\[http://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/mind\\-reading\\-qa\\-with\\-susan\\-cain\\-on\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts/ \"'Mind Reading': Q\\&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120129142419/https://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/mind\\-reading\\-qa\\-with\\-susan\\-cain\\-on\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts/ archive]), ''\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]'' Healthland, January 27, 2012\\.\n{{cite news \\|last1\\=McFarlane \\|first1\\=Ian \\|title\\=Review: Susan Cain's Bittersweet is a compassionate tilt at the human condition \\|url\\=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7787586/compassion\\-for\\-human\\-condition/ \\|work\\=The Canberra Times \\|date\\=June 25, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626205049/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7787586/compassion\\-for\\-human\\-condition/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 26, 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{Cite news \\|title \\= ''Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking'', by Susan Cain \\|last\\=Glor \\|first\\=Jeff \\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/quiet\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts\\-in\\-a\\-world\\-that\\-cant\\-stop\\-talking\\-by\\-susan\\-cain/ \\|publisher\\=CBS News \\|date\\=January 26, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712140541/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/quiet\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts\\-in\\-a\\-world\\-that\\-cant\\-stop\\-talking\\-by\\-susan\\-cain/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (Glor's interview of Susan Cain)\n\\[http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id\\=7396451n \"Rise of the Introverts\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330213433/http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id\\=7396451n \\|date\\=March 30, 2012 }}), ''\\[\\[CBS This Morning]]'' television appearance with \\[\\[Charlie Rose]], \\[\\[Gayle King]] and \\[\\[Jeff Glor]], January 26, 2012\\.\n\\[http://conferences.ted.com/TED2012/program/speakers.php TED 2012 Full Spectrum / \"Program Speaker Bios A\\-Z\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309134758/http://conferences.ted.com/TED2012/program/speakers.php \\|date\\=March 9, 2012 }}) shows Cain as \"Quiet Revolutionary\" speaker for February 28, 2012\\.\nTED staff, \\[http://blog.ted.com/lies\\-sex\\-an\\-even\\-freer\\-wikipedia\\-and\\-sir\\-ken\\-at\\-a\\-slaughterhouse\\-a\\-recap\\-of\\-the\\-future\\-is\\-ours\\-all\\-stars\\-session\\-5\\-at\\-ted2014/ \"Lies, sex, an even freer Wikipedia and Sir Ken at a slaughterhouse: A recap of 'The future is ours', All\\-Stars Session 5 at TED2014\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918105637/http://blog.ted.com/lies\\-sex\\-an\\-even\\-freer\\-wikipedia\\-and\\-sir\\-ken\\-at\\-a\\-slaughterhouse\\-a\\-recap\\-of\\-the\\-future\\-is\\-ours\\-all\\-stars\\-session\\-5\\-at\\-ted2014/ \\|date\\=September 18, 2015 }}) TED.com, March 20, 2014\\.\nGordon, Leslie A., \\[http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/most\\_lawyers\\_are\\_introverted\\_and\\_thats\\_not\\_necessarily\\_a\\_bad\\_thing/ \"Most lawyers are introverted, and that's not necessarily a bad thing\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108193354/http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/most\\_lawyers\\_are\\_introverted\\_and\\_thats\\_not\\_necessarily\\_a\\_bad\\_thing/ \\|date\\=January 8, 2016 }}) ''\\[\\[ABA Journal]],'' January 1, 2016\\.\nHolson, Laura M., \\[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/fashion/susan\\-cain\\-instigating\\-a\\-quiet\\-revolution\\-of\\-introverts.html \"Susan Cain Instigates A 'Quiet Revolution' of Introverts With Speeches and Company\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20150725153912/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/fashion/susan\\-cain\\-instigating\\-a\\-quiet\\-revolution\\-of\\-introverts.html archive]), ''The New York Times,'' July 25, 2015\\.\n{{cite news \\|title\\=Best 'brainy' books of this decade \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/29/10\\-best\\-brainy\\-books\\-last\\-decade \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=July 29, 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731095515/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/29/10\\-best\\-brainy\\-books\\-last\\-decade \\|archivedate\\=July 31, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Gibson \\|first1\\=Lydialyle \\|title\\=Quiet, Please \\- Susan Cain foments the 'Quiet Revolution' \\|url\\=http://harvardmagazine.com/2017/03/quiet\\-please \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Harvard Magazine]] \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217181049/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/2017/03/quiet\\-please \\|archivedate\\=February 17, 2017 \\|date\\=March–April 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Yuhas \\|first1\\=Daisy \\|title\\=Quiet Disadvantage: Study Finds Extroverts Are Happier—Even When They're Really Introverts \\|url\\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quiet\\-disadvantage\\-study\\-finds\\-extroverts\\-are\\-happier\\-even\\-when\\-theyre\\-really\\-introverts/ \\|magazine\\=Scientific American \\|date\\=October 9, 2019 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009122903/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quiet\\-disadvantage\\-study\\-finds\\-extroverts\\-are\\-happier\\-even\\-when\\-theyre\\-really\\-introverts/ \\|archivedate\\=October 9, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{cite news \\|title\\=Best Sellers / Children's Middle Grade Hardcover \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best\\-sellers/childrens\\-middle\\-grade\\-hardcover/2016/05/22 \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127211026/https://www.nytimes.com/books/best\\-sellers/2016/05/22/childrens\\-middle\\-grade\\-hardcover/ \\|archivedate\\=January 27, 2017 \\|date\\=May 22, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n\\[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=c0KYU2j0TM4 \"Susan Cain: The power of introverts\"]( {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304162906/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=c0KYU2j0TM4 \\|date\\=March 4, 2012 }}), video posted to official \"TEDtalksDirector\" YouTube channel on March 2, 2012\\. \\[http://www.ted.com/talks/susan\\_cain\\_the\\_power\\_of\\_introverts.html Same video] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225234720/http://www.ted.com/talks/susan\\_cain\\_the\\_power\\_of\\_introverts.html \\|date\\=December 25, 2012 }}) on the TED.com website.\n\\[http://blog.ted.com/2012/02/28/an\\-introverted\\-call\\-to\\-action\\-susan\\-cain\\-at\\-ted2012/ \"An introverted call to action: Susan Cain at TED2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311200528/http://blog.ted.com/2012/02/28/an\\-introverted\\-call\\-to\\-action\\-susan\\-cain\\-at\\-ted2012/ \\|date\\=March 11, 2012 }}) \\[\\[TED (conference)\\|TED]] (Technology Entertainment Design), February 28, 2012\\.\nLevy, Steven, \\[https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2012/03/ted\\-and\\-meta\\-ted/ \"TED and Meta TED: On\\-Scene Musings From the Wonderdome\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20140409053333/https://www.wired.com/2012/03/ted\\-and\\-meta\\-ted/ archive]) ''\\[\\[Wired (magazine)\\|Wired]]'', March 2, 2012\\.\nWarner, Judith, \\[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/books/review/susan\\-cains\\-quiet\\-argues\\-for\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts.html?pagewanted\\=all Inside Intelligence: \"Susan Cain's 'Quiet' Argues for the Power of Introverts\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155354/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/books/review/susan\\-cains\\-quiet\\-argues\\-for\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts.html?pagewanted\\=all archive]), ''The New York Times'' Sunday Book Review, said to be published Friday, February 10, 2012\\.\nCain, Susan, \\[http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/2012/02/10/ny\\-times\\-review\\-my\\-reaction/ \"''New York Times'' Review of ''QUIET'': My Reaction\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213054218/http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/2012/02/10/ny\\-times\\-review\\-my\\-reaction/ \\|date\\=February 13, 2012 }}) ThePowerOfIntroverts.com, February 10, 2012\\.\nNPR Staff writing about Cain's interview with \\[\\[Audie Cornish]], \\[https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet\\-please\\-unleashing\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts \"Quiet, Please: Unleashing 'The Power Of Introverts'\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120131103948/https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet\\-please\\-unleashing\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts archive]) \\[\\[NPR]] (formerly National Public Radio), January 30, 2012\\.\nWalsh, Bryan, \\[https://archive.today/20130204085637/http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,2105432,00\\.html \"The Upside Of Being An Introvert (And Why Extroverts Are Overrated)\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20181001030838/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,2105432,00\\.html Wayback machine archive]), ''\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]'', February 6, 2012\\. {{!}} Cover of magazine: \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120126133317/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20120206,00\\.html \"The Power of (shyness)] () for February 6, 2012 issue.\n\\[https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/02/20/the\\-quiet\\-strength\\-of\\-the\\-introvert/ \"The quiet strength of the introvert\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707211311/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012\\-02\\-20/business/ct\\-biz\\-0220\\-book\\-review\\-cain\\-20120220\\_1\\_introverts\\-bill\\-gates\\-charles\\-schulz \\|date\\=July 7, 2012 }}) The ''\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]'', February 20, 2012\\.\n{{cite news \\|last1\\=Peabody \\|first1\\=Alison \\|title\\=Extroversion as the American ideal \\|url\\=https://usmfreepress.org/2019/04/28/extroversion\\-as\\-the\\-american\\-ideal/ \\|work\\=USM Free Press \\|date\\=April 28, 2019 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428203053/https://usmfreepress.org/2019/04/28/extroversion\\-as\\-the\\-american\\-ideal/ \\|archivedate\\=April 28, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Peabody quotes \\[\\[Orison Swett Marden]] in ''Character: The Grandest Thing in the World'' (1899\\): \"Citizenship, Duty, Work, Golden deeds, Honor, Reputation, Morals, Manners, Integrity\" versus ''Masterful Personality'' (1921\\): \"Magnetic, Fascinating, Stunning, Attractive, Glowing, Dominant, Forceful, Energetic\".\nDonston\\-Miller, Debra, \\[http://www.informationweek.com/thebrainyard/news/social\\_networking\\_consumer/232600582/social\\-business\\-whats\\-an\\-introvert\\-to\\-do \"Social Business: What's An Introvert To Do?\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306203240/http://www.informationweek.com/thebrainyard/news/social\\_networking\\_consumer/232600582/social\\-business\\-whats\\-an\\-introvert\\-to\\-do \\|date\\=March 6, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[InformationWeek]],'' February 9, 2012\\.\nGoudreau, Jenna, \\[https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/26/the\\-secret\\-power\\-of\\-introverts/print/ \"The Secret Power Of Introverts\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120128003322/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/26/the\\-secret\\-power\\-of\\-introverts/print/ archive]), ''\\[\\[Forbes]],'' January 26, 2012\\.\nGoudreau, Jenna, \\[https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/30/quiet\\-revolution\\-of\\-the\\-50\\-percent\\-introverts\\-susan\\-cain/print/ \"So Begins A Quiet Revolution Of The 50 Percent\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130506014153/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/30/quiet\\-revolution\\-of\\-the\\-50\\-percent\\-introverts\\-susan\\-cain/ archive p. 1] and \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130505083911/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/01/30/quiet\\-revolution\\-of\\-the\\-50\\-percent\\-introverts\\-susan\\-cain/2/ archive p.2]), ''\\[\\[Forbes]],'' January 30, 2012\\.\nZollinger, Carla, \\[http://www.heraldextra.com/lifestyles/book\\-buzz\\-quiet\\-the\\-fear\\-index/article\\_3b62ab4a\\-64ca\\-11e1\\-abbc\\-001871e3ce6c.html \"Book Buzz: Quiet, The Fear Index\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311080747/http://www.heraldextra.com/lifestyles/book\\-buzz\\-quiet\\-the\\-fear\\-index/article\\_3b62ab4a\\-64ca\\-11e1\\-abbc\\-001871e3ce6c.html \\|date\\=March 11, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[Daily Herald (Utah)\\|Daily Herald]]'' (Utah), March 4, 2012\\.\nBroughton, Philip Delves, \\[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204257504577154740992993720 \"Avoiding The Limelight / The value of focusing on relationships and meaningful work rather than financial reward, a nice job title and looking good on television\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315095917/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204257504577154740992993720\\.html \\|date\\=March 15, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]'', February 8, 2012\\.\nBielski, Zosia, \\[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/giving\\-introverts\\-permission\\-to\\-be\\-themselves/article2316483/singlepage/\\#articlecontent \"Giving introverts permission to be themselves\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120127105032/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/giving\\-introverts\\-permission\\-to\\-be\\-themselves/article2316483/ archive p. 1] and \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120130032636/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/giving\\-introverts\\-permission\\-to\\-be\\-themselves/article2316483/page2 archive p. 2]), ''\\[\\[The Globe and Mail]],'' January 26, 2012\\.\nZhang, Faith, \\[http://www.harvardindependent.com/2012/02/still\\-waters/ \"Still Waters\" (News and Forum)] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516183423/http://www.harvardindependent.com/2012/02/still\\-waters/ \\|date\\=May 16, 2013 }}) ''\\[\\[The Harvard Independent]],'' February 24, 2012\\.\nLee, Jenny, \\[http://www.hyphenmagazine.com/blog/archive/2013/02/books\\-quiet\\-minority \"Books: The Quiet Minority?\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509195908/http://www.hyphenmagazine.com/blog/archive/2013/02/books\\-quiet\\-minority \\|date\\=May 9, 2013 }}) ''\\[\\[Hyphen (magazine)\\|Hyphen]] \\| Asian America Unabridged,'' February 21, 2013\\.\n\\[\\[Gareth Cook\\|Cook, Gareth]], \\[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id\\=the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts\\&print\\=true \"The Power of Introverts: A Manifesto for Quiet Brilliance\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20190710200106/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts/ archive] ''\\[\\[Scientific American]],'' January 24, 2012\\.\nPeesker, Saira, \\[https://www.ctvnews.ca/loud\\-society\\-fails\\-to\\-capitalize\\-on\\-introverts\\-author\\-1\\.782126 \"Loud society fails to capitalize on introverts: author\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20160409103737/https://www.ctvnews.ca/loud\\-society\\-fails\\-to\\-capitalize\\-on\\-introverts\\-author\\-1\\.782126 archive]), article with video, \\[\\[CTV Television Network]], March 15, 2012\\.\nRonson, Jon, \\[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/22/quiet\\-power\\-introverts\\-susan\\-cain\\-review \"Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking by Susan Cain – review\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328110420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/mar/22/quiet\\-power\\-introverts\\-susan\\-cain\\-review \\|date\\=March 28, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[The Guardian]],'' March 22, 2012\\.\nMorrish, John, \\[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1124091/the\\-rise\\-introvert/ \"The rise of the introvert\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331041118/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1124091/the\\-rise\\-introvert/ \\|date\\=March 31, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[Haymarket Media Group\\|Management Today]],'' March 28, 2012\\.\nHossenfelder, Sabine, \\[http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2012/03/book\\-review\\-quiet\\-by\\-susan\\-cain.html \"Book review: ''Quiet'' by Susan Cain\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309232627/http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2012/03/book\\-review\\-quiet\\-by\\-susan\\-cain.html \\|date\\=March 9, 2012 }}) Backreaction, March 7, 2012\\.\nKeen, Andrew (interviewer), \\[https://techcrunch.com/2012/01/31/keen\\-on\\-susan\\-cain\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts\\-tctv/ \"Keen On… Susan Cain: The Power Of Introverts (TCTV)\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331234501/http://techcrunch.com/2012/01/31/keen\\-on\\-susan\\-cain\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-introverts\\-tctv/ \\|date\\=March 31, 2012 }}) \\[\\[TechCrunch]], January 31, 2012\\.\nGrant, Adam M., Professor (interviewer), \\[http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid\\=2974 \"'Restorative Niches': Author Susan Cain on the Need for 'Quiet'\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405231412/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid\\=2974 \\|date\\=April 5, 2012 }}) ''Knowledge@Wharton'' journal of the \\[\\[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]], April 4, 2012\\.\nPettis, Kerry, \\[http://www.broomfieldenterprise.com/home\\-life/ci\\_20391504/pettis\\-quiet\\-extols\\-virtues\\-introverts \"'Quiet' extols the virtues of introverts\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418052401/http://www.broomfieldenterprise.com/home\\-life/ci\\_20391504/pettis\\-quiet\\-extols\\-virtues\\-introverts \\|date\\=April 18, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[Broomfield Enterprise]],'' April 15, 2012\\.\nWhite, Nancy J. (interviewer), \\[https://www.thestar.com/living/article/1122498\\-\\-susan\\-cain\\-author\\-of\\-quiet\\-introverts\\-are\\-trapped\\-in\\-an\\-extroverted\\-world \"Introverts are undervalued in today's society, says author Susan Cain\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418152105/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/1122498\\-\\-susan\\-cain\\-author\\-of\\-quiet\\-introverts\\-are\\-trapped\\-in\\-an\\-extroverted\\-world \\|date\\=April 18, 2012 }}) ''The \\[\\[Toronto Star]],'' January 30, 2012\\.\n\\[\\[Damon Young\\|Young, Damon]], \\[http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/a\\-little\\-bit\\-of\\-hush\\-20120504\\-1y3tq.html \"A little bit of hush\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715014027/http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/a\\-little\\-bit\\-of\\-hush\\-20120504\\-1y3tq.html \\|date\\=July 15, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[The Age]],'' May 5, 2012\\.\nStillman, Jessica, \\[http://gigaom.com/collaboration/is\\-remote\\-work\\-bad\\-for\\-introverts/ \"Is remote work bad for introverts?\"]( {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505031847/http://gigaom.com/collaboration/is\\-remote\\-work\\-bad\\-for\\-introverts/ \\|date\\=May 5, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[GigaOM]],'' May 3, 2012\\. Stillman quotes Natalya Sabga's \\[http://www.workshifting.com/2012/04/post\\-1\\.html \"Workshifting \\- The Introvert's Best Friend or Worst Enemy?\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505005741/http://www.workshifting.com/2012/04/post\\-1\\.html \\|date\\=May 5, 2012 }}) at Workshifting.com.\n\\[\\[Christopher Peterson (psychologist)\\|Peterson, Christopher]], \\[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\\-good\\-life/201205/quiet\\-positive\\-psychology \"A Quiet Positive Psychology / A quiet positive psychology would be a scientifically reasonable one\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://archive.today/20130201042607/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\\-good\\-life/201205/quiet\\-positive\\-psychology \\|date\\=February 1, 2013 }}) ''\\[\\[Psychology Today]],'' May 25, 2012\\.\nAndersen, Erika, \\[https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikaandersen/2012/09/17/you\\-dont\\-have\\-to\\-be\\-loud\\-to\\-lead/ \"You Don't Have To Be Loud to Lead\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920015417/http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikaandersen/2012/09/17/you\\-dont\\-have\\-to\\-be\\-loud\\-to\\-lead/ \\|date\\=September 20, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[Forbes]],'' September 17, 2012\\.\nColb, Sherry F. \\[http://verdict.justia.com/2012/09/19/the\\-downside\\-of\\-juries\\-in\\-a\\-world\\-that\\-cant\\-stop\\-talking \"The Downside of Juries in a World That Can't Stop Talking\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415050209/https://verdict.justia.com/2012/09/19/the\\-downside\\-of\\-juries\\-in\\-a\\-world\\-that\\-cant\\-stop\\-talking archive]) ''Justia,'' September 19, 2012\\.\nFussell, James A., \\[http://www.kansascity.com/2012/10/07/3849940/the\\-perks\\-of\\-being\\-an\\-introvert.html \"The perks of being an introvert\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102000328/http://www.kansascity.com/2012/10/07/3849940/the\\-perks\\-of\\-being\\-an\\-introvert.html \\|date\\=November 2, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[The Kansas City Star]],'' October 7, 2012\\.\nAron, Elaine N., Ph.D, \\[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/attending\\-the\\-undervalued\\-self/201202/time\\-magazine\\-the\\-power\\-shyness\\-and\\-high\\-sensitivity \"Time Magazine: \"The Power of (Shyness)\" and High Sensitivity\" \\| ... ''Quiet'' describes HSPs]( {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20120212223328/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/attending\\-the\\-undervalued\\-self/201202/time\\-magazine\\-the\\-power\\-shyness\\-and\\-high\\-sensitivity \\|date\\=February 12, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[Psychology Today]],'' February 2, 2012\\.\nAron, Elaine N., Ph.D, \\[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/attending\\-the\\-undervalued\\-self/201107/understanding\\-the\\-highly\\-sensitivity\\-person\\-sensitive\\-int \"Understanding the Highly Sensitivity Person: Sensitive, Introverted, or Both? \\| Extraverted HSPs face unique challenges\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://archive.today/20130419135127/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/attending\\-the\\-undervalued\\-self/201107/understanding\\-the\\-highly\\-sensitivity\\-person\\-sensitive\\-int \\|date\\=April 19, 2013 }}) ''\\[\\[Psychology Today]],'' July 21, 2011\\.\n\\[\\[Leonard Pitts\\|Pitts, Leonard, Jr.]], \\[http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/03/09/3274776/for\\-introverts\\-working\\-alone\\-works.html \"For introverts, working alone works best\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516005046/http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/03/09/3274776/for\\-introverts\\-working\\-alone\\-works.html \\|date\\=May 16, 2013 }}) ''\\[\\[The Miami Herald]],'' March 9, 2013\\.\nAron, Elaine M., and Aron, Arthur, \\[http://www.hsperson.com/pdf/JPSP\\_Aron\\_and\\_Aron\\_97\\_Sensitivity\\_vs\\_I\\_and\\_N.pdf \"Sensory\\-Processing Sensitivity and its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513032702/http://www.hsperson.com/pdf/JPSP\\_Aron\\_and\\_Aron\\_97\\_Sensitivity\\_vs\\_I\\_and\\_N.pdf \\|date\\=May 13, 2015 }}) ''\\[\\[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]],'' vol. 73, no. 2 (1997\\): 345\\-68\\.\nGilman, Priscilla, \\[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/opinion/dont\\-blame\\-autism\\-for\\-newtown.html \"Don't Blame Autism for Newtown\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20121218203316/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/opinion/dont\\-blame\\-autism\\-for\\-newtown.html archive]), ''The New York Times,'' December 17, 2012\\.\nCarletti, Fabiola, \\[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/are\\-quiet\\-loners\\-unfairly\\-linked\\-with\\-violence\\-1\\.1167170 \"Are quiet loners unfairly linked with violence?\"] (\\[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/are\\-quiet\\-loners\\-unfairly\\-linked\\-with\\-violence\\-1\\.1167170]) \\[\\[CBC News]], December 18, 2012\\.\n\\[http://www.hudsonhubtimes.com/entertainment/2013/07/23/bestselling\\-author\\-susan\\-cain\\-will\\-be\\-at\\-case\\-western\\-reserve\\-university\\-aug\\-28 \"Bestselling author Susan Cain will be at Case Western Reserve University Aug. 28\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502022358/http://www.hudsonhubtimes.com/entertainment/2013/07/23/bestselling\\-author\\-susan\\-cain\\-will\\-be\\-at\\-case\\-western\\-reserve\\-university\\-aug\\-28 \\|date\\=May 2, 2015 }}) ''Hudson Hub Times,'' July 23, 2013\\.\n{{cite news \\|last1\\=Moore \\|first1\\=Anna \\|title\\=Introverts of the world, rise up! \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/04/introverts\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-rise\\-up\\-susan\\-cain \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604093100/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/04/introverts\\-of\\-the\\-world\\-rise\\-up\\-susan\\-cain \\|archivedate\\=June 4, 2016 \\|date\\=June 4, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nWalsh, Colleen, \\[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/09/women\\-in\\-the\\-law/ \"Women in the law\"] article ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013110236/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/09/women\\-in\\-the\\-law/ \\|date\\=October 13, 2013 }}) re Sept. 27, 2013 \"Celebration 60\" keynote address, ''\\[\\[Harvard Gazette]],'' September 30, 2013\\.\n{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=DiSalvo \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Introverts Lay 'Corrective' Landmines For Extrovert Peers, Says Study \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2015/02/10/introverts\\-lay\\-corrective\\-landmines\\-for\\-extrovert\\-peers\\-says\\-study/ \\|magazine\\=Forbes \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214094628/http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2015/02/10/introverts\\-lay\\-corrective\\-landmines\\-for\\-extrovert\\-peers\\-says\\-study/ \\|archivedate\\=February 14, 2015 \\|date\\=February 10, 2015}}\nEdwards, Robin, \\[http://blogs.westword.com/showandtell/2013/02/susan\\_cain\\_on\\_the\\_power\\_of\\_int.php?print\\=true \"Writer Susan Cain on her ''New York Times'' bestseller and the quiet power of introverts\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130214061051/http://blogs.westword.com/showandtell/2013/02/susan\\_cain\\_on\\_the\\_power\\_of\\_int.php archive]), ''\\[\\[Westword]],'' February 11, 2013\\.\n\\[http://www.oprah.com/book/Quiet\\-The\\-Power\\-of\\-Introverts\\-in\\-a\\-World\\-That\\-Cant\\-Stop\\-Talking \"The Best Books of 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219070621/http://www.oprah.com/book/Quiet\\-The\\-Power\\-of\\-Introverts\\-in\\-a\\-World\\-That\\-Cant\\-Stop\\-Talking \\|date\\=December 19, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[O, The Oprah Magazine]],'' December 4, 2012\\.\nJarrett, Christian (compiler), \\[http://bps\\-research\\-digest.blogspot.com/2012/12/the\\-best\\-psychology\\-books\\-of\\-2012\\.html \"The best psychology books of 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113212531/http://bps\\-research\\-digest.blogspot.com/2012/12/the\\-best\\-psychology\\-books\\-of\\-2012\\.html \\|date\\=January 13, 2013 }}) \\[\\[British Psychological Society]] ''Research Digest,'' December 8, 2012\\.\nHaden, Jeff, \\[http://www.inc.com/jeff\\-haden/best\\-2012\\-books\\-for\\-entrepreneurs.html \"Best 2012 Books for Entrepreneurs\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20121209010656/http://www.inc.com/jeff\\-haden/best\\-2012\\-books\\-for\\-entrepreneurs.html archive]), ''\\[\\[Inc. (magazine)\\|Inc.]],'' December 6, 2012\\.\n\\[http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2012/1203/15\\-best\\-books\\-of\\-2012\\-nonfiction/Quiet\\-The\\-Power\\-of\\-Introverts\\-in\\-a\\-World\\-That\\-Can\\-t\\-Stop\\-Talking\\-by\\-Susan\\-Cain \"15 best books of 2012 – nonfiction\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206063732/http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2012/1203/15\\-best\\-books\\-of\\-2012\\-nonfiction/Quiet\\-The\\-Power\\-of\\-Introverts\\-in\\-a\\-World\\-That\\-Can\\-t\\-Stop\\-Talking\\-by\\-Susan\\-Cain \\|date\\=December 6, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[The Christian Science Monitor]],'' on or before download and archive date of December 4, 2012\\.\n\\[http://www.kirkusreviews.com/lists/best\\-nonfiction\\-2012/?page\\=2\\&display\\_count\\=50 \"Best Nonfiction of 2012\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20210624103547/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book\\-lists/best\\-nonfiction\\-2012/\\#quiet\\-power\\-introverts archive]), ''\\[\\[Kirkus Reviews]],'' on or before download and archive date of December 4, 2012\\.\nSomerset, Guy, \\[http://www.listener.co.nz/culture/books/the\\-100\\-best\\-books\\-of\\-2012/ \"The 100 best books of 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205082654/http://www.listener.co.nz/culture/books/the\\-100\\-best\\-books\\-of\\-2012/ \\|date\\=December 5, 2012 }}) The ''\\[\\[New Zealand Listener]],'' December 5, 2012\\.\nAppignanesi, Lisa, \\[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/30/best\\-psychology\\-books\\-of\\-2012 \"Best psychology books of 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204215540/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/nov/30/best\\-psychology\\-books\\-of\\-2012 \\|date\\=December 4, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[The Guardian]]''/''\\[\\[The Observer]],'' November 30, 2012\\.\n\\[http://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best\\-books\\-2012 Goodreads Choice Awards 2012] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20220530165901/https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best\\-books\\-2012 archive]) \\[\\[Goodreads]], December 4, 2012\\.\nBaer, Drake, \\[http://www.fastcompany.com/3003283/best\\-business\\-books\\-2012\\-find\\-fulfillment\\-get\\-productive\\-and\\-create\\-healthy\\-habits \"The Best Business Books Of 2012: Find Fulfillment, Get Productive, And Create Healthy Habits\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128221020/http://www.fastcompany.com/3003283/best\\-business\\-books\\-2012\\-find\\-fulfillment\\-get\\-productive\\-and\\-create\\-healthy\\-habits \\|date\\=November 28, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[Fast Company (magazine)\\|Fast Company]],'' November 26, 2012\\.\nFlood, Alison, \\[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/30/guardian\\-first\\-book\\-award\\-2012\\-longlist \"Guardian first book award: the longlist 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831001339/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/aug/30/guardian\\-first\\-book\\-award\\-2012\\-longlist \\|date\\=August 31, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[The Guardian]],'' August 30, 2012\\.\nKim, Joshua, \\[http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/technology\\-and\\-learning/11\\-best\\-nonfiction\\-books\\-2012 \"The 11 Best Nonfiction Books of 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231195408/http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/technology\\-and\\-learning/11\\-best\\-nonfiction\\-books\\-2012 \\|date\\=December 31, 2012 }}) ''\\[\\[Inside Higher Ed]],'' December 20, 2012\\.\n''\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]'' magazine, 2012 year\\-end issue, late December 2012, page 48\\. \nBackaitis, Virginia, \\[https://nypost.com/2012/12/17/book\\-smart/ \"Book smart\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215090131/http://nypost.com/2012/12/17/book\\-smart/ \\|date\\=February 15, 2014 }}) ''\\[\\[New York Post]],'' December 16, 2012\\.\n\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20121231035430/http://video.today.msnbc.msn.com/today/50246493\\#50246493 \"Top 10 books for holiday stocking stuffers\"], ''\\[\\[Today (American TV program)\\|Today]]''.msnbc.com, video segment aired December 19, 2012\\.\n\\[https://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2012\\-02\\-12/hardcover\\-nonfiction/list.html ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list] for February 12, 2012 Hardcover NonFiction. ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208182346/http://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2012\\-02\\-12/hardcover\\-nonfiction/list.html \\|date\\=February 8, 2012 }})\n\\[https://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2013\\-01\\-20/hardcover\\-nonfiction/list.html ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list] for January 20, 2013 Hardcover NonFiction. ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122084623/http://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2013\\-01\\-20/hardcover\\-nonfiction/list.html \\|date\\=January 22, 2013 }})\n\\[https://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2013\\-02\\-17/paperback\\-nonfiction/list.html ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list] for February 17, 2013, Paperback Nonfiction. (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130218021437/http://www.nytimes.com/best\\-sellers\\-books/2013\\-02\\-17/paperback\\-nonfiction/list.html archive]).\n\\[https://www.nytimes.com/books/best\\-sellers/2019/03/31/paperback\\-nonfiction/ ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list] for March 31, 2019, Paperback Nonfiction. (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20211116063717/https://www.nytimes.com/books/best\\-sellers/2019/03/31/paperback\\-nonfiction/ archive]).\n\\[https://www.npr.org/books/bestsellers/hardcover\\-nonfiction/2012/week12/ \"NPR Bestseller Lists / Week of March 22, 2012\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153530/https://www.npr.org/books/bestsellers/hardcover\\-nonfiction/2012/week12/ archive]) \\[\\[NPR]], March 22, 2012\\.\n\\[http://projects.latimes.com/bestsellers/lists/2012/04/01/ Los Angeles Times Best Seller list] for April 1, 2012\\. Scroll down for Hardcover Nonfiction category. ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516235831/http://projects.latimes.com/bestsellers/lists/2012/04/01/ \\|date\\=May 16, 2012 }})\nSchoppa, Christopher, \\[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political\\-bookworm/post/book\\-world\\-bestsellers\\-\\-feb\\-5\\-2012/2012/02/03/gIQAWyUfnQ\\_blog.html \"Book World bestsellers — Feb. 5, 2012\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205013230/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political\\-bookworm/post/book\\-world\\-bestsellers\\-\\-feb\\-5\\-2012/2012/02/03/gIQAWyUfnQ\\_blog.html archive]), ''\\[\\[The Washington Post]],'' publication date February 3, 2012\\.\nMcKerrow, Joyce (compiler), \\[https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/article/1307894\\-\\-100\\-bestselling\\-books\\-of\\-2012 \"100 Bestselling books of 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101044627/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/article/1307894\\-\\-100\\-bestselling\\-books\\-of\\-2012 \\|date\\=January 1, 2013 }}) ''\\[\\[Toronto Star]],'' December 28, 2012\\.\n{{cite news \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|title\\=Wall St. Journal \\- Best Sellers \\- Best\\-Selling Books Week Ended December 3 (2017\\) \\|url\\=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/celebrities/article188649999\\.html \\|work\\=Miami Herald \\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211025337/http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/celebrities/article188649999\\.html \\|archivedate\\=December 11, 2017 \\|date\\=December 7, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nSuttie, Jill; Zakrzewski, Vicki; Smith, Jeremy Adam; Marsh, Jason, \\[http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/our\\_ten\\_favorite\\_books\\_of\\_2012 \"Our Ten Favorite Books of 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111222651/http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/our\\_ten\\_favorite\\_books\\_of\\_2012 \\|date\\=January 11, 2013 }}) \\[\\[Greater Good Science Center]], December 26, 2012\\.\n\\[\\[Mitch Joel\\|Joel, Mitch]], \\[https://archive.today/20130216113058/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/Mitch\\+Joel\\+best\\+business\\+books\\+2012/7788985/story.html \"Mitch Joel: The best business books of 2012\"] (\\[https://archive.today/20130216113058/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/Mitch\\+Joel\\+best\\+business\\+books\\+2012/7788985/story.html archive]), ''\\[\\[The Gazette (Montreal)\\|The Montreal Gazette]],'' January 8, 2013\\.\nHeskett, James, \\[http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7120\\.html \"Should We Rethink the Promise of Teams?\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113235625/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7120\\.html \\|date\\=January 13, 2013 }}) \\[\\[Harvard Business School]]'s ''Working Knowledge,'' January 2, 2013\\.\nLanks, Belinda, \\[http://www.fastcodesign.com/1671520/17\\-innovation\\-essays\\-for\\-jump\\-starting\\-your\\-2013\\#1 \"17 Innovation Essays For Jump\\-Starting Your 2013\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20160724153204/http://www.fastcodesign.com/1671520/17\\-innovation\\-essays\\-for\\-jump\\-starting\\-your\\-2013/15 archive (click through to 15/16]), ''\\[\\[Fast Company (magazine)\\|Fast Company]]'s Co.Design,'' published ''circa'' January 2, 2013\\.\nSchwartz, Ariel, \\[http://www.fastcoexist.com/3028117/remaking\\-open\\-offices\\-so\\-introverts\\-dont\\-hate\\-them \"Remaking Open Offices So Introverts Don't Hate Them\"] (\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20140401150554/http://www.fastcoexist.com/3028117/remaking\\-open\\-offices\\-so\\-introverts\\-dont\\-hate\\-them archive]), Fast Company (fastcoexist.com), March 26, 2014\\.\n{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Busta \\|first1\\=Hallie \\|title\\=Quiet Spaces for In\\-Office Getaways / Manufacturers are giving workers a reprieve from open floor plans. \\|url\\=https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/products/quiet\\-spaces\\-for\\-in\\-office\\-getaways\\_o \\|magazine\\=Architect \\|date\\=June 16, 2014 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906181306/http://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/products/quiet\\-spaces\\-for\\-in\\-office\\-getaways\\_o \\|archivedate\\=September 6, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} ● {{cite web \\|last1\\=Watts \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Psychology of Collaboration – a talk from Herman Miller \\|url\\=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/psychology\\-collaboration\\-talk\\-from\\-herman\\-miller\\-david\\-watts \\|website\\=LinkedIn / Pulse / Technology \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828044559/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/psychology\\-collaboration\\-talk\\-from\\-herman\\-miller\\-david\\-watts \\|archivedate\\=August 28, 2019 \\|date\\=May 26, 2016}}\nPalumbo, Polly, Ph.D., \\[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/momma\\-data/201301/best\\-parenting\\-books\\-2012 \"Best Parenting Books of 2012\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://archive.today/20130408080753/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/momma\\-data/201301/best\\-parenting\\-books\\-2012 \\|date\\=April 8, 2013 }}) ''Psychology Today,'' January 18, 2013\\.\n{{cite web \\|title\\=Susan Cain's Quiet: The Introvert Apocalypse! \\|url\\=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\\-pacific\\-heart/201406/susan\\-cain\\-s\\-quiet\\-the\\-introvert\\-apocalypse \\|first1\\=Ravi \\|last1\\=Chandra \\|date\\=June 25, 2014 \\|website\\=Psychology Today }}\n{{cite web \\|title\\=Susan Cain's Quiet: Is Asian American Silence \"Golden\"? \\|url\\=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\\-pacific\\-heart/201406/susan\\-cain\\-s\\-quiet\\-is\\-asian\\-american\\-silence\\-golden \\|first1\\=Ravi \\|last1\\=Chandra \\|date\\=June 27, 2014 \\|website\\=Psychology Today }}\n{{cite web \\|title\\=Best Interpersonal Communication Books of All Time \\|url\\=https://bookauthority.org/books/best\\-interpersonal\\-communication\\-books \\|website\\=BookAuthority.org \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211840/https://bookauthority.org/books/best\\-interpersonal\\-communication\\-books \\|archivedate\\=November 11, 2020 \\|date\\=November 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nDupuis, John, \\[http://scienceblogs.com/confessions/2013/01/28/best\\-science\\-books\\-2012\\-the\\-top\\-books\\-of\\-the\\-year/ \"Best Science Books 2012: The top books of the year\"] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131032721/http://scienceblogs.com/confessions/2013/01/28/best\\-science\\-books\\-2012\\-the\\-top\\-books\\-of\\-the\\-year/ \\|date\\=January 31, 2013 }}) ''\\[\\[ScienceBlogs]]'' Confessions of a Science Librarian, January 28, 2013\\.\n{{cite news \\|last1\\=Qureshi \\|first1\\=Bilal \\|title\\=In a relentlessly positive culture, a defense of melancholy \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/04/08/relentlessly\\-positive\\-culture\\-defense\\-melancholy/ \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=April 8, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409044001/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/04/08/relentlessly\\-positive\\-culture\\-defense\\-melancholy/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 9, 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20120303133218/http://www.amazon.com/best\\-sellers\\-books\\-Amazon/zgbs/books \"Best Sellers in Books\" (archive)], Amazon.com. ''\"Quiet'' \\[Hardcover]\" is \\#12\\. Amazon rank may have ''peaked'' higher, sooner than March 3, in the same manner as it did in February in on ''The New York Times'' and the ''Los Angeles Times'' best seller lists.\n\\[http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/ ThePowerOfIntroverts.com website] ({{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316191236/http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/ \\|date\\=March 16, 2012 }})\n}}\nFurther reading and media\n-------------------------",
"{{wikiquote}}\n* + - * + - * + - * Further reading: (alphabetically)*D'Arcy, Janice, [\"Parenting an introvert in an extrovert's world\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-parenting/post/parenting-an-introvert-in-an-extroverts-world/2012/01/31/gIQAqmM1fQ_blog.html) ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120204013554/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-parenting/post/parenting-an-introvert-in-an-extroverts-world/2012/01/31/gIQAqmM1fQ_blog.html)),*\n* [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\"), *February 1, 2012\\.\n Tierney, John, [\"From Cubicles, Cry for Quiet Pierces Office Buzz\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/science/when-buzz-at-your-cubicle-is-too-loud-for-work.html?pagewanted=all) ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20200810095917/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/science/when-buzz-at-your-cubicle-is-too-loud-for-work.html)),*\n* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), *May 19, 2012\\.\n Vaughan, Bernard, [\"Give us some space, and respect, proud introvert argues\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120419064713/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/13/us-books-introverts-idUSTRE81C20J20120213), [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\"), February 13, 2012\\.*\n* Links to video and audio media: (chronologically)*Cain's [January 30, 2012 interview](https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet-please-unleashing-the-power-of-introverts) at [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\") ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120131103948/https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet-please-unleashing-the-power-of-introverts)) (interview highlights in text)\n Cain's [February 28, 2012 TED Talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0KYU2j0TM4) (video) at the [TED2012](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 \"TED (conference)\") Conference ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120304162906/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0KYU2j0TM4)) ● [Same talk](http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html) on the TED.com website ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20121225234720/http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html))\n Cain's [March 27, 2012 interview](http://www.thersa.org:80/events/audio-and-past-events/2012/quiet-the-power-of-introverts-in-a-world-that-cant-stop-talking) (audio) at the [Royal Society of Arts (RSA)](/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts \"Royal Society of Arts\") ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230736/http://www.thersa.org/events/audio-and-past-events/2012/quiet-the-power-of-introverts-in-a-world-that-cant-stop-talking)) ● Portion of same [interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhDCz0V9FcA) (video) in theRSAorg's YouTube channel ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20120421070916/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhDCz0V9FcA))*\n* + - Miscellaneous:''\n* The [Quiet Revolution](http://www.quietrev.com/) website, initiated by Cain in 2014",
"{{Authority control}}",
"[Category:2012 non\\-fiction books](/wiki/Category:2012_non-fiction_books \"2012 non-fiction books\")\n[Category:American non\\-fiction books](/wiki/Category:American_non-fiction_books \"American non-fiction books\")\n[Category:Books about creativity](/wiki/Category:Books_about_creativity \"Books about creativity\")\n[Category:Books about crowd psychology](/wiki/Category:Books_about_crowd_psychology \"Books about crowd psychology\")\n[Category:Books about introversion](/wiki/Category:Books_about_introversion \"Books about introversion\")\n[Category:Books about mental health](/wiki/Category:Books_about_mental_health \"Books about mental health\")\n[Category:Educational psychology books](/wiki/Category:Educational_psychology_books \"Educational psychology books\")\n[Category:Self\\-help books](/wiki/Category:Self-help_books \"Self-help books\")",
""
] |
19th century
------------
### New England
New England was settled by community groups, that transplanted their social structure from England. In New England there was a flattening\-\-owning land was a reality for most families, and the system of powerful landlords that pervaded English rural life was not carried over. There was no aristocracy. The strong religious base of the Puritans made the social order revolve around the local Congregational church. Education was a high priority; Harvard College was founded in 1636 and provided most of the ministers and lawyers. By 1700 a rich merchant class grew up in Boston, Salem and other seaports, linking the local economy to the entire British Empire. By 1750 land shortages were causing problems, as [Yankee](/wiki/Yankees "Yankees") began expanding north into Maine and New Hampshire, and west into New York.Robert E. Mutch, "Colonial America and the debate about transition to capitalism." Theory and Society 9\.6 (1980\): 847\-863\. \[[https://www.academia.edu/download/50523259/bf0016909220161124\-5872\-1xcfb8f.pdf](https://www.academia.edu/download/50523259/bf0016909220161124-5872-1xcfb8f.pdf) online
### Frontier
{{Main\|American frontier}}
Historian [Frederick Jackson Turner](/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner "Frederick Jackson Turner") had a [frontier](/wiki/Frontier_Thesis "Frontier Thesis") based theory. The frontier itself was egalitarian as land ownership was available to all free men. Second deference faded away as frontiersmen treated each other as equals. Third the frontiersmen forced new levels of political equality through [Jefferson Democracy](/wiki/Jefferson_Democracy "Jefferson Democracy") and [Jacksonian Democracy](/wiki/Jacksonian_Democracy "Jacksonian Democracy"). Finally the frontier provided a safety valve whereby discontented easterners could find their own lands. Historians now agree that few Eastern city people went to the frontier, but many farmers did so; before 1850 the America had few cities, which were mostly small, and the vast majority of people were rural. According to the [Turner model](/wiki/Frontier_Thesis "Frontier Thesis"), the social structure of the East was similar to the familiar European class\-based structure, while the West increasingly became more socially, politically, and economically equal.Richard Hogan, *Class and community in frontier Colorado* (University Press of Kansas, 2021\.)
### The Plain Folk of the South
[Frank Lawrence Owsley](/wiki/Frank_Lawrence_Owsley "Frank Lawrence Owsley") in *Plain Folk of the Old South* (1949\) redefined the debate by starting with the writings of Daniel R. Hundley who in 1860 had defined the Southern middle class as "farmers, planters, traders, storekeepers, artisans, mechanics, a few manufacturers, a goodly number of country school teachers, and a host of half\-fledged [country lawyers](/wiki/Country_lawyers "Country lawyers"), doctors, parsons, and the like." To find these people Owsley turned to the name\-by\-name files on the manuscript federal census. Owsley argued that Southern society was not dominated by planter aristocrats, but that yeoman farmers played a significant role in it. The religion, language, and culture of these common people created a democratic "plain folk" society.{{Cite book\|last\=Owsley\|first\=Frank Lawrence\|title\=Plain Folk of the Old South\|year\=1949}}
In his study of [Edgefield County, South Carolina](/wiki/Edgefield_County%2C_South_Carolina "Edgefield County, South Carolina"), Orville Vernon Burton classified black society into the poor, the yeoman middle class, and the elite.Orville Vernon Burton, *In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina* (U. of North Carolina Press, 1985\) A clear line demarcated the elite, but according to Burton, the line between poor and yeoman was never very distinct. Stephanie McCurry argues, yeomen were clearly distinguished from poor whites by their ownership of land (real property). Yeomen were "self\-working farmers," distinct from the elite because they worked their land themselves alongside any slaves they owned. Ownership of large numbers of slaves made the work of planters completely managerial.Stephanie McCurry, *Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country* (1995\)
### Minorities
#### African Americans
The study of slavery as a social and economic system dates from [Ulrich B. Phillips](/wiki/Ulrich_B._Phillips "Ulrich B. Phillips") in the early 20th century. He argued that plantation slavery was a school for civilizing the blacks, albeit one that produced no graduates. His favoritism toward the slave owners was finally challenged by [neoabolitionist](/wiki/Neoabolitionism_%28race_relations%29 "Neoabolitionism (race relations)") historians in the 1950s, most notably [Kenneth Stampp](/wiki/Kenneth_Stampp "Kenneth Stampp"). Since the 1960s a large literature has emerged on the social structure of the slave system, especially on such topics as family life, gender roles, resistance to slavery, and demographic trends. The study of free blacks has been slower to emerge because of the shortage of records, but historians have been filling in the picture North and South with studies of free black urban communities, and their religious and political leaders.
The post\-slavery era has been dominated by political studies, especially of [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States "Reconstruction era of the United States") and [Jim Crow](/wiki/Jim_Crow "Jim Crow"). The black churches were not only a political force, but became central to the black community in both urban and rural areas. The emergence of a black musical culture has been linked both to slavery (as in the [Blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues")), and to church music.Matthew O. Hunt, and Rashawn Ray. "Social class identification among Black Americans: Trends and determinants, 1974–2010\." *American Behavioral Scientist* 56\.11 (2012\): 1462\-1480\. Courtney S. Thomas, "A new look at the Black middle class: Research trends and challenges." *Sociological Focus* 48\.3 (2015\): 191\-207\.
#### Asian Americans
Asian Americans had small communities in New York City before 1860\. Their greatest growth came on the Pacific Coast, during the [Gold Rush](/wiki/Gold_Rush "Gold Rush") and railroad booms of the 1860s. The Chinese who remained in America were violently driven out of the mining and railroad camps, and largely forced into Chinatowns in the larger cities, especially San Francisco. The Chinese exclusion laws of the 1880s created special legal problems, which numerous have explored. The Chinatowns were over 90% male, augmented by a trickle of immigration, and slowly shrank in size until 1940\. Local and national attitudes became much more favorable to the Chinese after 1940, largely because of American support for China in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
Japanese immigration was a major factor in the history of Hawaii, and after its annexation in 1898 large numbers moved to the West Coast. Anti\-Japanese hostility was strong down to 1941, when it intensified and most Japanese on the West Coast were sent to relocation camps, 1942–44\. After 1945 the trickle of immigration from the Philippines, India and Korea grew steadily, creating large communities on the West Coast. Asian immigration grew rapidly after 1965, with a large community that has very high educational achievement levels and high incomes. Stanley Sue, and Sumie Okazaki. "Asian\-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation." in *The New Immigrants and American Schools* (Routledge, 2022\) pp. 297\-304\.
#### Hispanics
In 1848 after the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War"), the annexation of [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") and the Southwest introduced a Hispanic population that had full citizenship status. About 10,000 Californios lived in the southern part of California, and were numerically overwhelmed by migrants form the East by 1900 that their identity was almost lost. In [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico"), by contrast, the Mexican population maintained its highly traditionalistic and religious culture, and retained some political power, into the 21st century. The Tejano population of Texas supported the revolution against Mexico in 1836, and gained full citizenship. In practice, however, most were ranch hands with limited political rights under the control of local bosses.
### Industrial Northeast
The industrialization of the Northeast dramatically changed the social structure. New wealth abounded, with the growth of factories, railroads, and banks from the 1830 to the 1920s. Hundreds of small cities sprang up, together with 100 large cities (of 100,000 or more population by 1920\). Most had a base in manufacturing. The urban areas came to have a complex class structure, compounded of wealth (the more the better), occupation (with the learned professions at the top), and family status (the older the better). Ethnic\-religious groups had their separate social systems (such as German Lutherans and Irish Catholics). The New England [Yankee](/wiki/Yankee "Yankee") was dominant in business, finance, education, and high society in most Northern cities, but gradually lost control of politics to a working class coalition led dominated by bosses and immigrants, including Irish Catholics. Hundreds of new colleges and academies were founded to support the system, usually with specific religious or ethnic identities. Heterogeneous state universities became important after 1920\.
### Ethnicity and social class
The most elaborate and in\-depth studies of social class have focused on the working class, especially regarding occupation, immigration, ethnicity, family structure, education, occupational mobility, religious behavior, and neighborhood structure.Stephan Thernstrom, *The Other Bostonians: Poverty and Progress in the American Metropolis, 1880–1970* (1973\) Before 1970, historians emphasized the success and the painful processes of assimilation into American culture, as studied by [Oscar Handlin](/wiki/Oscar_Handlin "Oscar Handlin"). In recent decades the internal value systems have been explored, as well as the process of occupational mobility. Most of the studies have been localized (because of the need for the exhaustive use of censuses and local data) so that generalizations have been difficult to make. In recent years European scholars have become interested in the international flows so that there are now studies following people from Europe to America over their lifetimes.
Labor historians have moved from a focus on national labor unions to microscopic studies of the workers in particular industries in particular cities. The consensus has been that the workers had their own political and cultural value system. The political values were based on a producer's ethic, that is the working class was the truly productive sector of society, and expressed a version of republicanism that was similar to the middle class version.Sean Wilentz, *The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln* (2005\)[Wilentz, Sean. "On Class and Politics in Jacksonian America" Reviews in American History, Vol. 10, No. 4, The Promise of American History: Progress and Prospects (Dec., 1982\) pp. 45–63](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701818) This enabled the businessman's party, [the Republican party](/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party "History of the United States Republican Party"), to enjoy a strong base among Protestant blue collar workers, and prevented the emergence of a strong Socialist movement.
|
[
"19th century\n------------",
"### New England",
"New England was settled by community groups, that transplanted their social structure from England. In New England there was a flattening\\-\\-owning land was a reality for most families, and the system of powerful landlords that pervaded English rural life was not carried over. There was no aristocracy. The strong religious base of the Puritans made the social order revolve around the local Congregational church. Education was a high priority; Harvard College was founded in 1636 and provided most of the ministers and lawyers. By 1700 a rich merchant class grew up in Boston, Salem and other seaports, linking the local economy to the entire British Empire. By 1750 land shortages were causing problems, as [Yankee](/wiki/Yankees \"Yankees\") began expanding north into Maine and New Hampshire, and west into New York.Robert E. Mutch, \"Colonial America and the debate about transition to capitalism.\" Theory and Society 9\\.6 (1980\\): 847\\-863\\. \\[[https://www.academia.edu/download/50523259/bf0016909220161124\\-5872\\-1xcfb8f.pdf](https://www.academia.edu/download/50523259/bf0016909220161124-5872-1xcfb8f.pdf) online",
"### Frontier",
"{{Main\\|American frontier}}\nHistorian [Frederick Jackson Turner](/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner \"Frederick Jackson Turner\") had a [frontier](/wiki/Frontier_Thesis \"Frontier Thesis\") based theory. The frontier itself was egalitarian as land ownership was available to all free men. Second deference faded away as frontiersmen treated each other as equals. Third the frontiersmen forced new levels of political equality through [Jefferson Democracy](/wiki/Jefferson_Democracy \"Jefferson Democracy\") and [Jacksonian Democracy](/wiki/Jacksonian_Democracy \"Jacksonian Democracy\"). Finally the frontier provided a safety valve whereby discontented easterners could find their own lands. Historians now agree that few Eastern city people went to the frontier, but many farmers did so; before 1850 the America had few cities, which were mostly small, and the vast majority of people were rural. According to the [Turner model](/wiki/Frontier_Thesis \"Frontier Thesis\"), the social structure of the East was similar to the familiar European class\\-based structure, while the West increasingly became more socially, politically, and economically equal.Richard Hogan, *Class and community in frontier Colorado* (University Press of Kansas, 2021\\.)",
"### The Plain Folk of the South",
"[Frank Lawrence Owsley](/wiki/Frank_Lawrence_Owsley \"Frank Lawrence Owsley\") in *Plain Folk of the Old South* (1949\\) redefined the debate by starting with the writings of Daniel R. Hundley who in 1860 had defined the Southern middle class as \"farmers, planters, traders, storekeepers, artisans, mechanics, a few manufacturers, a goodly number of country school teachers, and a host of half\\-fledged [country lawyers](/wiki/Country_lawyers \"Country lawyers\"), doctors, parsons, and the like.\" To find these people Owsley turned to the name\\-by\\-name files on the manuscript federal census. Owsley argued that Southern society was not dominated by planter aristocrats, but that yeoman farmers played a significant role in it. The religion, language, and culture of these common people created a democratic \"plain folk\" society.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Owsley\\|first\\=Frank Lawrence\\|title\\=Plain Folk of the Old South\\|year\\=1949}}",
"In his study of [Edgefield County, South Carolina](/wiki/Edgefield_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Edgefield County, South Carolina\"), Orville Vernon Burton classified black society into the poor, the yeoman middle class, and the elite.Orville Vernon Burton, *In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina* (U. of North Carolina Press, 1985\\) A clear line demarcated the elite, but according to Burton, the line between poor and yeoman was never very distinct. Stephanie McCurry argues, yeomen were clearly distinguished from poor whites by their ownership of land (real property). Yeomen were \"self\\-working farmers,\" distinct from the elite because they worked their land themselves alongside any slaves they owned. Ownership of large numbers of slaves made the work of planters completely managerial.Stephanie McCurry, *Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country* (1995\\)",
"### Minorities",
"#### African Americans",
"The study of slavery as a social and economic system dates from [Ulrich B. Phillips](/wiki/Ulrich_B._Phillips \"Ulrich B. Phillips\") in the early 20th century. He argued that plantation slavery was a school for civilizing the blacks, albeit one that produced no graduates. His favoritism toward the slave owners was finally challenged by [neoabolitionist](/wiki/Neoabolitionism_%28race_relations%29 \"Neoabolitionism (race relations)\") historians in the 1950s, most notably [Kenneth Stampp](/wiki/Kenneth_Stampp \"Kenneth Stampp\"). Since the 1960s a large literature has emerged on the social structure of the slave system, especially on such topics as family life, gender roles, resistance to slavery, and demographic trends. The study of free blacks has been slower to emerge because of the shortage of records, but historians have been filling in the picture North and South with studies of free black urban communities, and their religious and political leaders.",
"The post\\-slavery era has been dominated by political studies, especially of [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States \"Reconstruction era of the United States\") and [Jim Crow](/wiki/Jim_Crow \"Jim Crow\"). The black churches were not only a political force, but became central to the black community in both urban and rural areas. The emergence of a black musical culture has been linked both to slavery (as in the [Blues](/wiki/Blues \"Blues\")), and to church music.Matthew O. Hunt, and Rashawn Ray. \"Social class identification among Black Americans: Trends and determinants, 1974–2010\\.\" *American Behavioral Scientist* 56\\.11 (2012\\): 1462\\-1480\\. Courtney S. Thomas, \"A new look at the Black middle class: Research trends and challenges.\" *Sociological Focus* 48\\.3 (2015\\): 191\\-207\\.",
"#### Asian Americans",
"Asian Americans had small communities in New York City before 1860\\. Their greatest growth came on the Pacific Coast, during the [Gold Rush](/wiki/Gold_Rush \"Gold Rush\") and railroad booms of the 1860s. The Chinese who remained in America were violently driven out of the mining and railroad camps, and largely forced into Chinatowns in the larger cities, especially San Francisco. The Chinese exclusion laws of the 1880s created special legal problems, which numerous have explored. The Chinatowns were over 90% male, augmented by a trickle of immigration, and slowly shrank in size until 1940\\. Local and national attitudes became much more favorable to the Chinese after 1940, largely because of American support for China in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"Japanese immigration was a major factor in the history of Hawaii, and after its annexation in 1898 large numbers moved to the West Coast. Anti\\-Japanese hostility was strong down to 1941, when it intensified and most Japanese on the West Coast were sent to relocation camps, 1942–44\\. After 1945 the trickle of immigration from the Philippines, India and Korea grew steadily, creating large communities on the West Coast. Asian immigration grew rapidly after 1965, with a large community that has very high educational achievement levels and high incomes. Stanley Sue, and Sumie Okazaki. \"Asian\\-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation.\" in *The New Immigrants and American Schools* (Routledge, 2022\\) pp. 297\\-304\\.",
"#### Hispanics",
"In 1848 after the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\"), the annexation of [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") and the Southwest introduced a Hispanic population that had full citizenship status. About 10,000 Californios lived in the southern part of California, and were numerically overwhelmed by migrants form the East by 1900 that their identity was almost lost. In [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"), by contrast, the Mexican population maintained its highly traditionalistic and religious culture, and retained some political power, into the 21st century. The Tejano population of Texas supported the revolution against Mexico in 1836, and gained full citizenship. In practice, however, most were ranch hands with limited political rights under the control of local bosses.",
"### Industrial Northeast",
"The industrialization of the Northeast dramatically changed the social structure. New wealth abounded, with the growth of factories, railroads, and banks from the 1830 to the 1920s. Hundreds of small cities sprang up, together with 100 large cities (of 100,000 or more population by 1920\\). Most had a base in manufacturing. The urban areas came to have a complex class structure, compounded of wealth (the more the better), occupation (with the learned professions at the top), and family status (the older the better). Ethnic\\-religious groups had their separate social systems (such as German Lutherans and Irish Catholics). The New England [Yankee](/wiki/Yankee \"Yankee\") was dominant in business, finance, education, and high society in most Northern cities, but gradually lost control of politics to a working class coalition led dominated by bosses and immigrants, including Irish Catholics. Hundreds of new colleges and academies were founded to support the system, usually with specific religious or ethnic identities. Heterogeneous state universities became important after 1920\\.",
"### Ethnicity and social class",
"The most elaborate and in\\-depth studies of social class have focused on the working class, especially regarding occupation, immigration, ethnicity, family structure, education, occupational mobility, religious behavior, and neighborhood structure.Stephan Thernstrom, *The Other Bostonians: Poverty and Progress in the American Metropolis, 1880–1970* (1973\\) Before 1970, historians emphasized the success and the painful processes of assimilation into American culture, as studied by [Oscar Handlin](/wiki/Oscar_Handlin \"Oscar Handlin\"). In recent decades the internal value systems have been explored, as well as the process of occupational mobility. Most of the studies have been localized (because of the need for the exhaustive use of censuses and local data) so that generalizations have been difficult to make. In recent years European scholars have become interested in the international flows so that there are now studies following people from Europe to America over their lifetimes.",
"Labor historians have moved from a focus on national labor unions to microscopic studies of the workers in particular industries in particular cities. The consensus has been that the workers had their own political and cultural value system. The political values were based on a producer's ethic, that is the working class was the truly productive sector of society, and expressed a version of republicanism that was similar to the middle class version.Sean Wilentz, *The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln* (2005\\)[Wilentz, Sean. \"On Class and Politics in Jacksonian America\" Reviews in American History, Vol. 10, No. 4, The Promise of American History: Progress and Prospects (Dec., 1982\\) pp. 45–63](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701818) This enabled the businessman's party, [the Republican party](/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party \"History of the United States Republican Party\"), to enjoy a strong base among Protestant blue collar workers, and prevented the emergence of a strong Socialist movement.",
""
] |
### Minorities
#### African Americans
The study of slavery as a social and economic system dates from [Ulrich B. Phillips](/wiki/Ulrich_B._Phillips "Ulrich B. Phillips") in the early 20th century. He argued that plantation slavery was a school for civilizing the blacks, albeit one that produced no graduates. His favoritism toward the slave owners was finally challenged by [neoabolitionist](/wiki/Neoabolitionism_%28race_relations%29 "Neoabolitionism (race relations)") historians in the 1950s, most notably [Kenneth Stampp](/wiki/Kenneth_Stampp "Kenneth Stampp"). Since the 1960s a large literature has emerged on the social structure of the slave system, especially on such topics as family life, gender roles, resistance to slavery, and demographic trends. The study of free blacks has been slower to emerge because of the shortage of records, but historians have been filling in the picture North and South with studies of free black urban communities, and their religious and political leaders.
The post\-slavery era has been dominated by political studies, especially of [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States "Reconstruction era of the United States") and [Jim Crow](/wiki/Jim_Crow "Jim Crow"). The black churches were not only a political force, but became central to the black community in both urban and rural areas. The emergence of a black musical culture has been linked both to slavery (as in the [Blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues")), and to church music.Matthew O. Hunt, and Rashawn Ray. "Social class identification among Black Americans: Trends and determinants, 1974–2010\." *American Behavioral Scientist* 56\.11 (2012\): 1462\-1480\. Courtney S. Thomas, "A new look at the Black middle class: Research trends and challenges." *Sociological Focus* 48\.3 (2015\): 191\-207\.
#### Asian Americans
Asian Americans had small communities in New York City before 1860\. Their greatest growth came on the Pacific Coast, during the [Gold Rush](/wiki/Gold_Rush "Gold Rush") and railroad booms of the 1860s. The Chinese who remained in America were violently driven out of the mining and railroad camps, and largely forced into Chinatowns in the larger cities, especially San Francisco. The Chinese exclusion laws of the 1880s created special legal problems, which numerous have explored. The Chinatowns were over 90% male, augmented by a trickle of immigration, and slowly shrank in size until 1940\. Local and national attitudes became much more favorable to the Chinese after 1940, largely because of American support for China in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
Japanese immigration was a major factor in the history of Hawaii, and after its annexation in 1898 large numbers moved to the West Coast. Anti\-Japanese hostility was strong down to 1941, when it intensified and most Japanese on the West Coast were sent to relocation camps, 1942–44\. After 1945 the trickle of immigration from the Philippines, India and Korea grew steadily, creating large communities on the West Coast. Asian immigration grew rapidly after 1965, with a large community that has very high educational achievement levels and high incomes. Stanley Sue, and Sumie Okazaki. "Asian\-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation." in *The New Immigrants and American Schools* (Routledge, 2022\) pp. 297\-304\.
#### Hispanics
In 1848 after the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War"), the annexation of [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") and the Southwest introduced a Hispanic population that had full citizenship status. About 10,000 Californios lived in the southern part of California, and were numerically overwhelmed by migrants form the East by 1900 that their identity was almost lost. In [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico"), by contrast, the Mexican population maintained its highly traditionalistic and religious culture, and retained some political power, into the 21st century. The Tejano population of Texas supported the revolution against Mexico in 1836, and gained full citizenship. In practice, however, most were ranch hands with limited political rights under the control of local bosses.
|
[
"### Minorities",
"#### African Americans",
"The study of slavery as a social and economic system dates from [Ulrich B. Phillips](/wiki/Ulrich_B._Phillips \"Ulrich B. Phillips\") in the early 20th century. He argued that plantation slavery was a school for civilizing the blacks, albeit one that produced no graduates. His favoritism toward the slave owners was finally challenged by [neoabolitionist](/wiki/Neoabolitionism_%28race_relations%29 \"Neoabolitionism (race relations)\") historians in the 1950s, most notably [Kenneth Stampp](/wiki/Kenneth_Stampp \"Kenneth Stampp\"). Since the 1960s a large literature has emerged on the social structure of the slave system, especially on such topics as family life, gender roles, resistance to slavery, and demographic trends. The study of free blacks has been slower to emerge because of the shortage of records, but historians have been filling in the picture North and South with studies of free black urban communities, and their religious and political leaders.",
"The post\\-slavery era has been dominated by political studies, especially of [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States \"Reconstruction era of the United States\") and [Jim Crow](/wiki/Jim_Crow \"Jim Crow\"). The black churches were not only a political force, but became central to the black community in both urban and rural areas. The emergence of a black musical culture has been linked both to slavery (as in the [Blues](/wiki/Blues \"Blues\")), and to church music.Matthew O. Hunt, and Rashawn Ray. \"Social class identification among Black Americans: Trends and determinants, 1974–2010\\.\" *American Behavioral Scientist* 56\\.11 (2012\\): 1462\\-1480\\. Courtney S. Thomas, \"A new look at the Black middle class: Research trends and challenges.\" *Sociological Focus* 48\\.3 (2015\\): 191\\-207\\.",
"#### Asian Americans",
"Asian Americans had small communities in New York City before 1860\\. Their greatest growth came on the Pacific Coast, during the [Gold Rush](/wiki/Gold_Rush \"Gold Rush\") and railroad booms of the 1860s. The Chinese who remained in America were violently driven out of the mining and railroad camps, and largely forced into Chinatowns in the larger cities, especially San Francisco. The Chinese exclusion laws of the 1880s created special legal problems, which numerous have explored. The Chinatowns were over 90% male, augmented by a trickle of immigration, and slowly shrank in size until 1940\\. Local and national attitudes became much more favorable to the Chinese after 1940, largely because of American support for China in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"Japanese immigration was a major factor in the history of Hawaii, and after its annexation in 1898 large numbers moved to the West Coast. Anti\\-Japanese hostility was strong down to 1941, when it intensified and most Japanese on the West Coast were sent to relocation camps, 1942–44\\. After 1945 the trickle of immigration from the Philippines, India and Korea grew steadily, creating large communities on the West Coast. Asian immigration grew rapidly after 1965, with a large community that has very high educational achievement levels and high incomes. Stanley Sue, and Sumie Okazaki. \"Asian\\-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation.\" in *The New Immigrants and American Schools* (Routledge, 2022\\) pp. 297\\-304\\.",
"#### Hispanics",
"In 1848 after the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\"), the annexation of [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") and the Southwest introduced a Hispanic population that had full citizenship status. About 10,000 Californios lived in the southern part of California, and were numerically overwhelmed by migrants form the East by 1900 that their identity was almost lost. In [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"), by contrast, the Mexican population maintained its highly traditionalistic and religious culture, and retained some political power, into the 21st century. The Tejano population of Texas supported the revolution against Mexico in 1836, and gained full citizenship. In practice, however, most were ranch hands with limited political rights under the control of local bosses.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Wiecierzyński was the son of Józef who was a shoemaker and Bronisława née Norbert. In the years 1901–1910 he attended primary school and the Private Seven\-year School of Economics in Suwałki . In October 1911 he joined the [Imperial Russian Army](/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army "Imperial Russian Army"), but was released to the reserve the following year on health grounds. In 1913 he was re\-called up to the Russian army and in 1914 he was sent to an officer course in [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg "St. Petersburg"). In 1915, after graduating from school, he was appointed ensign and was assigned to the 141st Moghis Infantry Regiment fighting in the [Russian 36th Infantry Division](/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_%28Russian_Empire%29 "36th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)") of the [North\-Western Front](/wiki/Northwestern_Front_%28Russian_Empire%29 "Northwestern Front (Russian Empire)"). In 1916 he was promoted to second lieutenant and in the next year, to the rank of lieutenant.{{Cite book \| url \= http://www.sor69pplot.pl/index.php/aktualnosci/346\-37\-Rocznica\-smierci\-plk\-wiecierzynskiego \| title \= 37th anniversary of the death of Colonel Wiecierzyński \| publisher \= www.sor69pplot.pl \| language \= pl \| access\-date \= November 20, 2017}}
In 1917, after demobilization, he returned to Suwałki and joined the [Polish Military Organization](/wiki/Polish_Military_Organization "Polish Military Organization"). As part of the underground activities, he took part in the disarmament of German patrols in the Suwałki region. In January 1919 he broke through the cordon of German troops to Zambrów and joined the 1st Suwałki Rifle Regiment, later renamed the {{interlanguage link\|41st Suwałki Infantry Regiment\|pl\|41 Suwalski Pułk Piechoty}}. In the regiment, he took command of a machine gun company and fought at [Lida](/wiki/Lida "Lida"), where he was wounded. He was wounded for the second time in August 1920 near [Modlin](/wiki/Modlin%2C_Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Mazowiecki_County "Modlin, Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County").
On June 1, 1921, as a captain, he continued to serve in the 41st Infantry Regiment.{{Sfn\|Spis oficerów\|1921\|pages\=141, 940}} On May 3, 1922, he was verified with the rank of major with seniority on June 1, 1919, and the 518th position in the corps of infantry officers, and his parent unit was still the 41st infantry regiment.{{Sfn\|Lista starszeństwa\|1922\|pages\=36}} On July 22, 1922, he was approved as a battalion commander in the 41st infantry regiment.{{Sfn\|Dz. Pers. MSWojsk.\|loc\=Nr 22 z 22 lipca 1922 roku, s. 549}} In 1923 he was the commander of the 3rd battalion of the 41st Infantry Regiment.{{Sfn\|Rocznik Oficerski\|1923\|pages\=245, 404}} In 1924, he was on a temporary position, on a course for junior infantry officers in [Chełmno](/wiki/Che%C5%82mno "Chełmno"), remaining a full\-time officer in the 41st Infantry Regiment.{{Sfn\|Rocznik Oficerski\|1924\|pages\=227, 348}}
On March 11, 1926, his transfer to the [Border Protection Corps](/wiki/Border_Protection_Corps "Border Protection Corps") to the position of the commander of the {{interlanguage link\|KOP "Sejny" Battalion\|pl\|Batalion KOP „Sejny”}}.{{Sfn\|Dz. Pers. MSWojsk.\|loc\=Nr 13 z 11 marca 1926 roku, s. 81}}{{Sfn\|Rocznik Oficerski\|1928\|pages\=118, 168}} On January 23, 1928, he was promoted to senior lieutenant colonel on January 1, 1928, and ranked 69th in the corps of infantry officers.{{Sfn\|Dz. Pers. MSWojsk.\|loc\=Nr 3 z 28 stycznia 1928 roku, s. 21}} In the summer of 1929 he was transferred to the position of the commander of the {{interlanguage link\|KOP "Snów" Battalion\|pl\|Batalion KOP „Snów”}}.
On January 28, 1931, it was announced that he was transferred from the KOP to the {{interlanguage link\|56th Greater Poland Infantry Regiment\|pl\|56 Pułk Piechoty Wielkopolskiej}} in [Krotoszyn](/wiki/Krotoszyn "Krotoszyn") to the position of deputy regiment commander.{{Sfn\|Dz. Pers. MSWojsk.\|loc\=Nr 1 z 28 stycznia 1931 roku, s. 30}}{{Sfn\|Rocznik Oficerski\|1932\|pages\=22, 584}} In November 1935 he took command of the 55th Poznań Infantry Regiment in [Leszno](/wiki/Leszno "Leszno"). On March 19, 1939, he was promoted to colonel in the corps of infantry officers.
He fought at the head of a regiment in the [Invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland") of 1939\. After losing the ability to command the regiment as a result of heavy losses and enemy bombings, on September 17, 1939, he broke through Budy Stare\-Kamion\-Łaźnia to the Kampinos Forest. He was captured by the Germans near Modlin. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") he was in Oflag XVIII A in [Linz](/wiki/Linz "Linz"), and from the beginning of 1941 in [Oflag II\-C](/wiki/Oflag_II-C "Oflag II-C") in [Woldenberg](/wiki/Dobiegniew "Dobiegniew"), No. 20669 / XVIII A.
### Later years
After returning from captivity, he resigned from the army. He was recognized by the Inwalid Medical Commission in Leszno due to "his wound in 1939 and a German heart disease acquired in captivity", he was a war invalid in 70 percent. On April 25, 1945, he started working as an invalid at the "Antoniny" Seed Breeding Station in Leszno . In 1950, together with his subordinates, he founded the "Bzura" Cooperative of the Disabled in Leszno, later renamed "Kopernik". He worked there as an accountant from 1953 to 1967, when he was retired.Great Book of Polish Infantry 1918\-1939 ... p. 41{{Cite book\| url \= http://www.leszno.interbit.pl/teksty/wiecierz.htm \| title \= Author \| publisher \= www.leszno.interbit.pl \| access\-date \= November 20, 2017}} He died on February 22, 1983, in Leszno . He was buried in Leszno at the parish cemetery at Kąkolewska Street.
Colonel Władysław Wiecierzyński was commemorated in Leszno with a plaque on the house where he lived. On January 24, 1991, by resolution No. XI / 52/91, one of the streets in Leszno was named “Płk. Władysław Wiecierzyński ”.
### Family
On January 27, 1923, Wiecierzyński married Jadwiga Monika Mackiewicz, daughter of Wiktor and Bogumiła, born on December 24, 1901, in Suwałki. His wife graduated from the [SGH Warsaw School of Economics](/wiki/SGH_Warsaw_School_of_Economics "SGH Warsaw School of Economics"). On August 18, 1939, she and her sons were evacuated to the vicinity of [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv"). During the war, she was imprisoned in the [Ravensbrück concentration camp](/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp "Ravensbrück concentration camp"). Władysław and Jadwiga had two sons: Władysław (born on April 8, 1924\) and Ryszard (born on September 17, 1928\). Both sons were prisoners of the [Stutthof](/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp "Stutthof concentration camp") and Ravensbrück concentration camps.{{Cite book \| url \= http://www.bohaterowie1939\.pl/polegly,wiecierzynski,wladyslaw,7007\.html \| title \= Heroes 1939 \| publisher \= www.bohaterowie1939\.pl \| access\-date \= November 20, 2017}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Wiecierzyński was the son of Józef who was a shoemaker and Bronisława née Norbert. In the years 1901–1910 he attended primary school and the Private Seven\\-year School of Economics in Suwałki . In October 1911 he joined the [Imperial Russian Army](/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army \"Imperial Russian Army\"), but was released to the reserve the following year on health grounds. In 1913 he was re\\-called up to the Russian army and in 1914 he was sent to an officer course in [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg \"St. Petersburg\"). In 1915, after graduating from school, he was appointed ensign and was assigned to the 141st Moghis Infantry Regiment fighting in the [Russian 36th Infantry Division](/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_%28Russian_Empire%29 \"36th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\") of the [North\\-Western Front](/wiki/Northwestern_Front_%28Russian_Empire%29 \"Northwestern Front (Russian Empire)\"). In 1916 he was promoted to second lieutenant and in the next year, to the rank of lieutenant.{{Cite book \\| url \\= http://www.sor69pplot.pl/index.php/aktualnosci/346\\-37\\-Rocznica\\-smierci\\-plk\\-wiecierzynskiego \\| title \\= 37th anniversary of the death of Colonel Wiecierzyński \\| publisher \\= www.sor69pplot.pl \\| language \\= pl \\| access\\-date \\= November 20, 2017}}",
"In 1917, after demobilization, he returned to Suwałki and joined the [Polish Military Organization](/wiki/Polish_Military_Organization \"Polish Military Organization\"). As part of the underground activities, he took part in the disarmament of German patrols in the Suwałki region. In January 1919 he broke through the cordon of German troops to Zambrów and joined the 1st Suwałki Rifle Regiment, later renamed the {{interlanguage link\\|41st Suwałki Infantry Regiment\\|pl\\|41 Suwalski Pułk Piechoty}}. In the regiment, he took command of a machine gun company and fought at [Lida](/wiki/Lida \"Lida\"), where he was wounded. He was wounded for the second time in August 1920 near [Modlin](/wiki/Modlin%2C_Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Mazowiecki_County \"Modlin, Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County\").",
"On June 1, 1921, as a captain, he continued to serve in the 41st Infantry Regiment.{{Sfn\\|Spis oficerów\\|1921\\|pages\\=141, 940}} On May 3, 1922, he was verified with the rank of major with seniority on June 1, 1919, and the 518th position in the corps of infantry officers, and his parent unit was still the 41st infantry regiment.{{Sfn\\|Lista starszeństwa\\|1922\\|pages\\=36}} On July 22, 1922, he was approved as a battalion commander in the 41st infantry regiment.{{Sfn\\|Dz. Pers. MSWojsk.\\|loc\\=Nr 22 z 22 lipca 1922 roku, s. 549}} In 1923 he was the commander of the 3rd battalion of the 41st Infantry Regiment.{{Sfn\\|Rocznik Oficerski\\|1923\\|pages\\=245, 404}} In 1924, he was on a temporary position, on a course for junior infantry officers in [Chełmno](/wiki/Che%C5%82mno \"Chełmno\"), remaining a full\\-time officer in the 41st Infantry Regiment.{{Sfn\\|Rocznik Oficerski\\|1924\\|pages\\=227, 348}}",
"On March 11, 1926, his transfer to the [Border Protection Corps](/wiki/Border_Protection_Corps \"Border Protection Corps\") to the position of the commander of the {{interlanguage link\\|KOP \"Sejny\" Battalion\\|pl\\|Batalion KOP „Sejny”}}.{{Sfn\\|Dz. Pers. MSWojsk.\\|loc\\=Nr 13 z 11 marca 1926 roku, s. 81}}{{Sfn\\|Rocznik Oficerski\\|1928\\|pages\\=118, 168}} On January 23, 1928, he was promoted to senior lieutenant colonel on January 1, 1928, and ranked 69th in the corps of infantry officers.{{Sfn\\|Dz. Pers. MSWojsk.\\|loc\\=Nr 3 z 28 stycznia 1928 roku, s. 21}} In the summer of 1929 he was transferred to the position of the commander of the {{interlanguage link\\|KOP \"Snów\" Battalion\\|pl\\|Batalion KOP „Snów”}}.",
"On January 28, 1931, it was announced that he was transferred from the KOP to the {{interlanguage link\\|56th Greater Poland Infantry Regiment\\|pl\\|56 Pułk Piechoty Wielkopolskiej}} in [Krotoszyn](/wiki/Krotoszyn \"Krotoszyn\") to the position of deputy regiment commander.{{Sfn\\|Dz. Pers. MSWojsk.\\|loc\\=Nr 1 z 28 stycznia 1931 roku, s. 30}}{{Sfn\\|Rocznik Oficerski\\|1932\\|pages\\=22, 584}} In November 1935 he took command of the 55th Poznań Infantry Regiment in [Leszno](/wiki/Leszno \"Leszno\"). On March 19, 1939, he was promoted to colonel in the corps of infantry officers.",
"He fought at the head of a regiment in the [Invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\") of 1939\\. After losing the ability to command the regiment as a result of heavy losses and enemy bombings, on September 17, 1939, he broke through Budy Stare\\-Kamion\\-Łaźnia to the Kampinos Forest. He was captured by the Germans near Modlin. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") he was in Oflag XVIII A in [Linz](/wiki/Linz \"Linz\"), and from the beginning of 1941 in [Oflag II\\-C](/wiki/Oflag_II-C \"Oflag II-C\") in [Woldenberg](/wiki/Dobiegniew \"Dobiegniew\"), No. 20669 / XVIII A.",
"### Later years",
"After returning from captivity, he resigned from the army. He was recognized by the Inwalid Medical Commission in Leszno due to \"his wound in 1939 and a German heart disease acquired in captivity\", he was a war invalid in 70 percent. On April 25, 1945, he started working as an invalid at the \"Antoniny\" Seed Breeding Station in Leszno . In 1950, together with his subordinates, he founded the \"Bzura\" Cooperative of the Disabled in Leszno, later renamed \"Kopernik\". He worked there as an accountant from 1953 to 1967, when he was retired.Great Book of Polish Infantry 1918\\-1939 ... p. 41{{Cite book\\| url \\= http://www.leszno.interbit.pl/teksty/wiecierz.htm \\| title \\= Author \\| publisher \\= www.leszno.interbit.pl \\| access\\-date \\= November 20, 2017}} He died on February 22, 1983, in Leszno . He was buried in Leszno at the parish cemetery at Kąkolewska Street.",
"Colonel Władysław Wiecierzyński was commemorated in Leszno with a plaque on the house where he lived. On January 24, 1991, by resolution No. XI / 52/91, one of the streets in Leszno was named “Płk. Władysław Wiecierzyński ”.",
"### Family",
"On January 27, 1923, Wiecierzyński married Jadwiga Monika Mackiewicz, daughter of Wiktor and Bogumiła, born on December 24, 1901, in Suwałki. His wife graduated from the [SGH Warsaw School of Economics](/wiki/SGH_Warsaw_School_of_Economics \"SGH Warsaw School of Economics\"). On August 18, 1939, she and her sons were evacuated to the vicinity of [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\"). During the war, she was imprisoned in the [Ravensbrück concentration camp](/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp \"Ravensbrück concentration camp\"). Władysław and Jadwiga had two sons: Władysław (born on April 8, 1924\\) and Ryszard (born on September 17, 1928\\). Both sons were prisoners of the [Stutthof](/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp \"Stutthof concentration camp\") and Ravensbrück concentration camps.{{Cite book \\| url \\= http://www.bohaterowie1939\\.pl/polegly,wiecierzynski,wladyslaw,7007\\.html \\| title \\= Heroes 1939 \\| publisher \\= www.bohaterowie1939\\.pl \\| access\\-date \\= November 20, 2017}}",
""
] |
Nuclear detonations
-------------------
### Description
At the moment of a nuclear explosion, a fireball is formed. The ascending, roughly spherical mass of hot, [incandescent](/wiki/Incandescence "Incandescence") gases changes shape due to atmospheric friction, and the surface of the fireball is cooled by energy radiation, turning from a sphere to a violently rotating spheroidal vortex. A Rayleigh–Taylor instability is formed as the cool air underneath initially pushes the bottom fireball gases into an inverted cup shape. This causes turbulence and a vortex that sucks more air into the center, creating external afterwinds and further cooling the fireball. The speed of rotation slows as the fireball cools and may stop entirely during later phases. The vaporized parts of the weapon and [ionized air](/wiki/Ionized-air_glow "Ionized-air glow") cool into visible gases, forming a cloud; the [white\-hot](/wiki/Black-body_radiation "Black-body radiation") vortex core becomes yellow, then dark red, then loses visible incandescence. With further cooling, the bulk of the cloud fills in as atmospheric moisture condenses. As the cloud ascends and cools, its [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy "Buoyancy") lessens, and its ascent slows. If the size of the fireball is comparable to the atmospheric density [scale height](/wiki/Scale_height "Scale height"), the whole cloud rise will be [ballistic](/wiki/wikt:Ballistic "Ballistic"), overshooting a large volume of overdense air to greater altitudes than the final stabilization altitude. Significantly smaller fireballs produce clouds with buoyancy\-governed ascent.
[right\|thumb\|The evolution of a nuclear mushroom cloud; 19 kt at 120 m • kt −{{frac\|1\|3}}. [Tumbler\-Snapper Dog](/wiki/Operation_Tumbler-Snapper "Operation Tumbler-Snapper"). The sandy [Nevada desert](/wiki/Nevada_desert "Nevada desert") soil is "popcorned" by the intense *flash* of light emitted by the [prompt supercriticality](/wiki/Critical_mass "Critical mass") event; this "popcorning effect" results in more soil being lofted into the stem of the mushroom cloud than would otherwise be the case if the device had been placed above a more typical surface or soil.After](/wiki/Image:Bomba_atomica.gif "Bomba atomica.gif") reaching the [tropopause](/wiki/Tropopause "Tropopause") (the bottom of the region of strong static stability) the cloud tends to slow and spread out. If it contains sufficient energy, the central part may continue rising up into the [stratosphere](/wiki/Stratosphere "Stratosphere") as an analog of a standard [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm "Thunderstorm").{{cite web \|title\=The Mushroom Cloud \|url\=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects9\.shtml \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830043914/http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects9\.shtml \|archive\-date\=2013\-08\-30 \|access\-date\=January 14, 2018 \|work\=Atomic Archive}} A mass of air ascending from the [troposphere](/wiki/Troposphere "Troposphere") to the stratosphere leads to the formation of acoustic [gravity waves](/wiki/Gravity_wave "Gravity wave"), virtually identical to those created by intense stratosphere\-penetrating thunderstorms. Smaller\-scale explosions penetrating the tropopause generate waves of higher frequency, classified as [infrasound](/wiki/Infrasound "Infrasound"). The explosion raises a large amount of moisture\-laden air from lower altitudes. As the air rises, its temperature drops and its water vapour first condenses as water droplets and later freezes as ice crystals. The [phase change](/wiki/Phase_transition "Phase transition") releases [latent heat](/wiki/Latent_heat "Latent heat"), heating the cloud and driving it to yet higher altitudes. The heads of the clouds consist of highly [radioactive](/wiki/Radioactive "Radioactive") particles, primarily the [fission products](/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product "Nuclear fission product") and other weapon debris aerosols, and are usually dispersed by the wind, though weather patterns (especially rain) can produce [nuclear fallout](/wiki/Nuclear_fallout "Nuclear fallout").Glasstone and Dolan 1977 The droplets of condensed water gradually evaporate, leading to the cloud's apparent disappearance. The radioactive particles, however, remain suspended in the air, and the invisible cloud continues depositing fallout along its path.
A mushroom cloud undergoes several phases of formation.{{cite book \|author1\=National Research Council \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_JFf\_bepeeEC\&pg\=PA53 \|title\=Effects of Nuclear Earth\-Penetrator and Other Weapons \|author2\=Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences \|author3\=Committee on the Effects of Nuclear Earth\-Penetrator and Other Weapons \|publisher\=National Academies Press \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=978\-0\-309\-09673\-7 \|page\=53}}
* *Early time*, the first \~20 seconds, when the fireball forms and the fission products mix with the material aspired from the ground or ejected from the crater. The condensation of evaporated ground occurs in first few seconds, most intensely during fireball temperatures between 3500 and 4100 K.
* *Rise and stabilization phase*, 20 seconds to 10 minutes, when the hot gases rise up and early large fallout is deposited.
* *Late time*, until about 2 days later, when the airborne particles are being distributed by wind, [deposited by gravity](/wiki/Deposition_%28aerosol_physics%29 "Deposition (aerosol physics)"), and scavenged by precipitation.
The shape of the cloud is influenced by the local atmospheric conditions and wind patterns. The fallout distribution is predominantly a downwind [plume](/wiki/Plume_%28hydrodynamics%29 "Plume (hydrodynamics)"). However, if the cloud reaches the tropopause, it may spread against the wind, because its convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed. At the tropopause, the cloud shape is roughly circular and spread out. The initial color of some radioactive clouds can be colored red or reddish\-brown, due to presence of [nitrogen dioxide](/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide "Nitrogen dioxide") and [nitric acid](/wiki/Nitric_acid "Nitric acid"), formed from initially ionized [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen "Nitrogen"), [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen "Oxygen"), and atmospheric moisture. In the high\-temperature, high\-radiation environment of the blast, [ozone](/wiki/Ozone "Ozone") is also formed. It is estimated that each megaton of yield produces about 5,000 tons of nitrogen oxides.[Effects of Nuclear Explosions](http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428174041/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5\.html\|date\=2014\-04\-28}}. Nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved on 2010\-02\-08\. A higher\-yield detonation can carry the nitrogen oxides from the burst high enough in atmosphere to cause significant [depletion](/wiki/Ozone_depletion "Ozone depletion") of the [ozone layer](/wiki/Ozone_layer "Ozone layer"). Yellow and orange hues have also been described. This reddish hue is later obscured by the white colour of water/ice clouds, condensing out of the fast\-flowing air as the fireball cools, and the dark colour of smoke and debris sucked into the updraft. The ozone gives the blast its characteristic [corona discharge](/wiki/Corona_discharge "Corona discharge")\-like smell.[Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: History: Pre Cold War: Manhattan Project: Trinity: Eyewitness Philip Morrison](http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/pre-cold-war/manhattan-project/trinity/eyewitness-philip-morrison_1945-07-16.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721200833/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key\-issues/nuclear\-weapons/history/pre\-cold\-war/manhattan\-project/trinity/eyewitness\-philip\-morrison\_1945\-07\-16\.htm\|date\=2014\-07\-21}}. Nuclearfiles.org (1945\-07\-16\). Retrieved on 2010\-02\-08\.
[thumb\|Mushroom cloud size as a function of [yield](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield "Nuclear weapon yield").[The Mushroom Cloud, by Virginia L. Snitow](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/443658.pdf)](/wiki/Image:Nukecloud.png "Nukecloud.png")
The distribution of radiation in the mushroom cloud varies with the [yield](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield "Nuclear weapon yield") of the explosion, type of weapon, [fusion](/wiki/Nuclear_fusion "Nuclear fusion")–fission ratio, burst altitude, terrain type, and weather. In general, lower\-yield explosions have about 90% of their radioactivity in the mushroom head and 10% in the stem. In contrast, megaton\-range explosions tend to have most of their radioactivity in the lower third of the mushroom cloud. The fallout may appear as dry, ash\-like flakes, or as particles too small to be visible; in the latter case, the particles are often deposited by rain. Large amounts of newer, more radioactive particles deposited on skin can cause [beta burns](/wiki/Radiation_burn "Radiation burn"), often presenting as discolored spots and [lesions](/wiki/Lesion "Lesion") on the backs of exposed animals.{{cite book \|author1\=Thomas Carlyle Jones \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8fXzJrDfFgUC\&pg\=PA690 \|title\=Veterinary Pathology \|author2\=Ronald Duncan Hunt \|author3\=Norval W. King \|publisher\=Wiley\-Blackwell \|year\=1997 \|isbn\=978\-0\-683\-04481\-2 \|page\=690}} The fallout from the [Castle Bravo](/wiki/Castle_Bravo "Castle Bravo") test had the appearance of white dust and was nicknamed *Bikini snow*; the tiny white flakes resembled [snowflakes](/wiki/Snowflake "Snowflake"), stuck to surfaces, and had a salty taste. In [Operation Wigwam](/wiki/Operation_Wigwam "Operation Wigwam"), 41\.4% of the fallout consisted of irregular opaque particles, slightly over 25% of particles with transparent and opaque areas, approximately 20% of microscopic marine organisms, and 2% of microscopic radioactive threads of unknown origin.
### Differences with detonation types
With surface and near\-surface air bursts, the amount of debris lofted into the air decreases rapidly with increasing burst altitude. At a burst altitude of approximately 7{{nbsp}}meters/kiloton{{frac\|1\|3}}, a [crater](/wiki/Explosion_crater "Explosion crater") is not formed, and correspondingly lower amounts of dust and debris are produced. The fallout\-reducing height, above which the primary radioactive particles consist mainly of the fine fireball condensation, is approximately 55{{nbsp}}meters/kiloton{{sup\|0\.4}}. However, even at these burst altitudes, fallout may be formed by other mechanisms. Airbursts produce white, steamy stems, while surface bursts produce gray to brown stems because large amounts of dust, dirt, soil, and debris are sucked into the mushroom cloud. Surface bursts produce dark mushroom clouds containing irradiated material from the ground in addition to the bomb and its casing and therefore produce more radioactive fallout, with larger particles that readily deposit locally.
A detonation high above the ground may produce a mushroom cloud without a stem. A double mushroom, with two levels, can be formed under certain conditions. For example, the [Buster\-Jangle Sugar](/wiki/Operation_Buster-Jangle "Operation Buster-Jangle") shot formed the first head from the blast, followed by another one generated by the heat from the hot, freshly formed crater.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=adI\-6jRDipgC\&pg\=PA32\|title\=Under the Cloud: The Decades of Nuclear Testing\|author\=Richard Lee Miller\|page\=32\|publisher\=Two\-Sixty Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=978\-0\-02\-921620\-0}}
A detonation significantly below ground level or deep below the water (for instance, a nuclear depth charge) does not produce a mushroom cloud, as the explosion causes the vaporization of a huge amount of earth or water, creating a bubble which then collapses in on itself; in the case of a less deep underground explosion, this produces a [subsidence crater](/wiki/Subsidence_crater "Subsidence crater"). An underwater detonation near the surface may produce a pillar of water which collapses to form a cauliflower\-like shape, which is easily mistaken for a mushroom cloud (such as in the well\-known pictures of the *[Crossroads Baker](/wiki/Operation_Crossroads%23Test_Baker "Operation Crossroads#Test Baker")* test). An underground detonation at low depth produces a mushroom cloud and a [base surge](/wiki/Base_surge "Base surge"), two different distinct clouds. The amount of radiation vented into the atmosphere decreases rapidly with increasing detonation depth.
### Cloud composition
[left\|thumb\|The mushroom cloud from [Buster\-Jangle](/wiki/Operation_Buster-Jangle "Operation Buster-Jangle") Charlie, yield 14 kilotons (at 143 m • kt −{{frac\|1\|3}}), during the initial phase of stem formation. The toroidal fireball is visible at the top, a [condensation cloud](/wiki/Condensation_cloud "Condensation cloud") is forming in the middle due to intense updrafts of moist air, and the forming partial stem can be seen below. The cloud exhibits the reddish\-brown hue of nitrogen oxides.](/wiki/Image:BusterJangle-Charlie.jpg "BusterJangle-Charlie.jpg")
The cloud contains three main classes of material: the remains of the weapon and its fission products, the material acquired from the ground (only significant for burst altitudes below the fallout\-reducing altitude, which depends on the weapon yield), and water vapour. The bulk of the radiation contained in the cloud consists of the nuclear fission products; [neutron activation](/wiki/Neutron_activation "Neutron activation") products from the weapon materials, air, and the ground debris form only a minor fraction. Neutron activation starts during the neutron burst at the instant of the blast, and the range of this neutron burst is limited by the absorption of the neutrons as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere.
[Thermonuclear weapons](/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon "Thermonuclear weapon") produce a significant part of their yield from [nuclear fusion](/wiki/Nuclear_fusion "Nuclear fusion"). Fusion products are typically non\-radioactive. The degree of radiation fallout production is therefore measured in kilotons of fission. The [Tsar Bomba](/wiki/Tsar_Bomba "Tsar Bomba"), which produced 97% of its 50\-megaton yield from fusion, was a very clean weapon compared to what would typically be expected of a weapon of its yield (although it still produced 1\.5 megatons of its yield from fission), as its fusion [tamper](/wiki/Tamper_%28nuclear_weapon%29 "Tamper (nuclear weapon)") was made of lead instead of [uranium\-238](/wiki/Uranium-238 "Uranium-238"); otherwise, its yield would have been 100 megatons with 51 megatons produced from fission. Were it to be detonated at or near the surface, its fallout would comprise fully one\-quarter of all the fallout from every [nuclear weapon test](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing "Nuclear weapons testing"), combined.
Initially, the fireball contains a highly ionized plasma consisting only of atoms of the weapon, its fission products, and atmospheric gases of adjacent air. As the plasma cools, the atoms react, forming fine droplets and then solid particles of oxides. The particles coalesce to larger ones, and deposit on surface of other particles. Larger particles usually originate from material aspired into the cloud. Particles aspired while the cloud is still hot enough to melt them mix with the fission products throughout their volume. Larger particles get molten radioactive materials deposited on their surface. Particles aspired into the cloud later, when its temperature is low enough, do not become significantly contaminated. Particles formed only from the weapon are fine enough to stay airborne for a long time and become widely dispersed and diluted to non\-hazardous levels. Higher\-altitude blasts which do not aspire ground debris, or which aspire dust only after cooling enough and where the radioactive fraction of the particles is therefore small, cause a much smaller degree of localized fallout than lower\-altitude blasts with larger radioactive particles formed.
The concentration of condensation products is the same for the small particles and for the deposited surface layers of larger particles. About 100 kg of small particles are formed per kiloton of yield. The volume, and therefore activity, of the small particles is almost three orders of magnitude lower than the volume of the deposited surface layers on larger particles. For higher\-altitude blasts, the primary particle forming processes are condensation and subsequent coagulation. For lower\-altitude and ground blasts, with involvement of soil particles, the primary process is deposition on the foreign particles.
A low\-altitude detonation produces a cloud with a dust loading of 100 tons per megaton of yield. A ground detonation produces clouds with about three times as much dust. For a ground detonation, approximately 200 tons of soil per kiloton of yield is melted and comes in contact with radiation. The fireball volume is the same for a surface or an atmospheric detonation. In the first case, the fireball is a hemisphere instead of a sphere, with a correspondingly larger radius.
The particle sizes range from submicrometer\- and micrometer\-sized (created by condensation of plasma in the fireball), through 10–500 micrometers (surface material agitated by the blast wave and raised by the afterwinds), to millimeter and above (crater ejecta). The size of particles together with the altitude they are carried to, determines the length of their stay in the atmosphere, as larger particles are subject to dry precipitation. Smaller particles can be also scavenged by precipitation, either from the moisture condensing in the cloud or from the cloud intersecting with a rain cloud. The fallout carried down by rain is known as *rain\-out* if scavenged during raincloud formation, *washout* if absorbed into already formed falling raindrops.{{cite book\|author\=Constantin Papastefanou\|title\=Radioactive Aerosols\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RSzg6A\-6qlsC\&pg\=PA41\|year\=2008\|publisher\=Elsevier\|isbn\=978\-0\-08\-044075\-0\|page\=41}}
Particles from air bursts are smaller than 10–25 micrometers, usually in the submicrometer range. They are composed mostly of [iron oxides](/wiki/Iron_oxide "Iron oxide"), with smaller proportion of [aluminium oxide](/wiki/Aluminium_oxide "Aluminium oxide"), and [uranium](/wiki/Uranium_oxide "Uranium oxide") and [plutonium oxides](/wiki/Plutonium_oxide "Plutonium oxide"). Particles larger than 1–2 micrometers are very spherical, corresponding to vaporized material condensing into droplets and then solidifying. The radioactivity is evenly distributed throughout the particle volume, making total activity of the particles linearly dependent on particle volume.Radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions and accidents, Volume 3, I. A. Izraėl, Elsevier, 2002 {{ISBN\|0080438555}} About 80% of activity is present in more volatile elements, which condense only after the fireball cools to considerable degree. For example, [strontium\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 "Strontium-90") will have less time to condense and coalesce into larger particles, resulting in greater degree of mixing in the volume of air and smaller particles.{{cite book\|author\=Lawrence Badash\|title\=A Nuclear Winter's Tale: Science and Politics in the 1980s\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=y8M5vx\-Lrk0C\&pg\=PA25\|year\=2009\|publisher\=MIT Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-262\-25799\-2\|page\=25}} The particles produced immediately after the burst are small, with 90% of the radioactivity present in particles smaller than 300 nanometers. These coagulate with stratospheric aerosols. Coagulation is more extensive in the troposphere, and, at ground level, most activity is present in particles between 300 [nm](/wiki/Nanometer "Nanometer") and 1 [μm](/wiki/%CE%9Cm "Μm"). The coagulation offsets the fractionation processes at particle formation, evening out isotopic distribution.
For ground and low\-altitude bursts, the cloud contains vaporized, melted and fused soil particles. The distribution of activity through the particles depends on their formation. Particles formed by vaporization\-condensation have activity evenly distributed through volume as the air\-burst particles. Larger molten particles have the fission products diffused through the outer layers, and fused and non\-melted particles that were not heated sufficiently but came in contact with the vaporized material or scavenged droplets before their solidification have a relatively thin layer of high activity material deposited on their surface. The composition of such particles depends on the character of the soil, usually a glass\-like material formed from [silicate](/wiki/Silicate "Silicate") minerals. The particle sizes do not depend on the yield but instead on the soil character, as they are based on individual grains of the soil or their clusters. Two types of particles are present, spherical, formed by complete vaporization\-condensation or at least melting of the soil, with activity distributed evenly through the volume (or with a 10–30% volume of inactive core for larger particles between 0\.5–2 mm), and irregular\-shaped particles formed at the edges of the fireball by fusion of soil particles, with activity deposited in a thin surface layer. The amount of large irregular particles is insignificant. Particles formed from detonations above, or in, the ocean, will contain short\-lived radioactive sodium isotopes, and salts from the [sea water](/wiki/Sea_water "Sea water"). Molten [silica](/wiki/Silica "Silica") is a very good solvent for metal oxides and scavenges small particles easily; explosions above silica\-containing soils will produce particles with isotopes mixed through their volume. In contrast, [coral](/wiki/Coral "Coral") debris, based on [calcium carbonate](/wiki/Calcium_carbonate "Calcium carbonate"), tends to adsorb radioactive particles on its surface.
The elements undergo [fractionation](/wiki/Fractionation "Fractionation") during particle formation, due to their different [volatility](/wiki/Volatility_%28chemistry%29 "Volatility (chemistry)"). [Refractory](/wiki/Refractory "Refractory") elements ([Sr](/wiki/Strontium "Strontium"), [Y](/wiki/Yttrium "Yttrium"), [Zr](/wiki/Zirconium "Zirconium"), [Nb](/wiki/Niobium "Niobium"), [Ba](/wiki/Barium "Barium"), [La](/wiki/Lanthanum "Lanthanum"), [Ce](/wiki/Cerium "Cerium"), [Pr](/wiki/Praseodymium "Praseodymium"), [Nd](/wiki/Neodymium "Neodymium"), [Pm](/wiki/Promethium "Promethium")) form [oxides](/wiki/Oxide "Oxide") with high [boiling points](/wiki/Boiling_point "Boiling point"); these precipitate the fastest and at the time of particle solidification, at temperature of 1400 °C, are considered to be fully condensed. Volatile elements ([Kr](/wiki/Krypton "Krypton"), [Xe](/wiki/Xenon "Xenon"), [I](/wiki/Iodine "Iodine"), [Br](/wiki/Bromine "Bromine")) are not condensed at that temperature. Intermediate elements have their (or their oxides) boiling points close to the solidification temperature of the particles ([Rb](/wiki/Rubidium "Rubidium"), [Cs](/wiki/Cesium "Cesium"), [Mo](/wiki/Molybdenum "Molybdenum"), [Ru](/wiki/Ruthenium "Ruthenium"), [Rh](/wiki/Rhodium "Rhodium"), [Tc](/wiki/Technetium "Technetium"), [Sb](/wiki/Stibium "Stibium"), [Te](/wiki/Tellurium "Tellurium")). The elements in the fireball are present as oxides, unless the temperature is above the decomposition temperature of a given oxide. Less refractory products condense on surfaces of solidified particles. Isotopes with gaseous precursors solidify on the surface of the particles as they are produced by decay.
The largest and therefore most radioactive particles are deposited by fallout in the first few hours after the blast. Smaller particles are carried to higher altitudes and descend more slowly, reaching ground in a less radioactive state as the isotopes with the shortest [half\-lives](/wiki/Half-life "Half-life") decay the fastest. The smallest particles can reach the stratosphere and stay there for weeks, months, or even years, and cover an entire hemisphere of the planet via atmospheric currents. The higher danger, short\-term, localized fallout is deposited primarily downwind from the blast site, in a cigar\-shaped area, assuming a wind of constant strength and direction. Crosswinds, changes in wind direction, and precipitation are factors that can greatly alter the fallout pattern.{{cite book\|author\=Robert Ehrlich\|title\=Waging Nuclear Peace: The Technology and Politics of Nuclear Weapons\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-tEpgCSNV7sC\&pg\=PA175\|year\=1985\|publisher\=SUNY Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-87395\-919\-3\|page\=175}}
The condensation of water droplets in the mushroom cloud depends on the amount of [condensation nuclei](/wiki/Condensation_nuclei "Condensation nuclei"). Too many condensation nuclei actually inhibit condensation, as the particles compete for a relatively insufficient amount of water vapor. Chemical reactivity of the elements and their oxides, ion adsorption properties, and compound solubility influence particle distribution in the environment after deposition from the atmosphere. [Bioaccumulation](/wiki/Bioaccumulation "Bioaccumulation") influences the propagation of fallout radioisotopes in the [biosphere](/wiki/Biosphere "Biosphere").
### Radioisotopes
The primary fallout hazard is [gamma radiation](/wiki/Gamma_radiation "Gamma radiation") from short\-lived [radioisotopes](/wiki/Radionuclide "Radionuclide"), which represent the bulk of activity. Within 24 hours after a burst, the fallout gamma radiation level drops 60 times. Longer\-life radioisotopes, typically [caesium\-137](/wiki/Caesium-137 "Caesium-137") and [strontium\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 "Strontium-90"), present a long\-term hazard. Intense beta radiation from the fallout particles can cause beta burns to people and animals coming in contact with the fallout shortly after the blast. Ingested or inhaled particles cause an [internal dose](/wiki/Internal_dosimetry "Internal dosimetry") of alpha and beta radiation, which may lead to long\-term effects, including cancer. The neutron irradiation of the atmosphere produces a small amount of activation, mainly as long\-lived [carbon\-14](/wiki/Carbon-14 "Carbon-14") and short\-lived [argon](/wiki/Argon "Argon")\-41\. The elements most important for induced radioactivity for sea water are [sodium](/wiki/Sodium "Sodium")\-24, [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine "Chlorine"), [magnesium](/wiki/Magnesium "Magnesium"), and [bromine](/wiki/Bromine "Bromine"). For ground bursts, the elements of concern are [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium")\-28, [silicon](/wiki/Silicon "Silicon")\-31, sodium\-24, [manganese](/wiki/Manganese "Manganese")\-56, [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron")\-59, and [cobalt\-60](/wiki/Cobalt-60 "Cobalt-60").
The bomb casing can be a significant sources of neutron\-activated radioisotopes. The neutron flux in the bombs, especially thermonuclear devices, is sufficient for high\-threshold [nuclear reactions](/wiki/Nuclear_reaction "Nuclear reaction"). The induced isotopes include cobalt\-60, 57 and 58, iron\-59 and 55, manganese\-54, zinc\-65, yttrium\-88, and possibly nickel\-58 and 62, niobium\-63, holmium\-165, iridium\-191, and short\-lived manganese\-56, sodium\-24, silicon\-31, and aluminium\-28\. [Europium](/wiki/Europium "Europium")\-152 and 154 can be present, as well as two [nuclear isomers](/wiki/Nuclear_isomer "Nuclear isomer") of [rhodium](/wiki/Rhodium "Rhodium")\-102\. During the [Operation Hardtack](/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I "Operation Hardtack I"), [tungsten](/wiki/Tungsten "Tungsten")\-185, 181 and 187 and [rhenium](/wiki/Rhenium "Rhenium")\-188 were produced from elements added as [tracers](/wiki/Isotopic_tracer "Isotopic tracer") to the bomb casings, to allow identification of fallout produced by specific explosions. [Antimony](/wiki/Antimony "Antimony")\-124, [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium")\-109, and cadmium\-113m are also mentioned as tracers.
The most significant radiation sources are the fission products from the primary fission stage, and in the case of fission\-fusion\-fission weapons, from the fission of the fusion stage uranium tamper. Many more neutrons per unit of energy are released in a thermonuclear explosion in comparison with a purely fission yield influencing the fission products composition. For example, [uranium\-237](/wiki/Uranium-237 "Uranium-237") is a unique thermonuclear explosion marker, as it is produced by a (n,2n) reaction from [uranium\-238](/wiki/Uranium-238 "Uranium-238"), with the minimal neutron energy needed being about 5\.9 MeV. Considerable amounts of neptunium\-239 and uranium\-237 are indicators of a fission\-fusion\-fission explosion. Minor amounts of uranium\-240 are also formed, and capture of large numbers of neutrons by individual nuclei leads to formation of small but detectable amounts of higher [transuranium elements](/wiki/Transuranium_element "Transuranium element"), e.g. [einsteinium](/wiki/Einsteinium "Einsteinium")\-255 and [fermium](/wiki/Fermium "Fermium")\-255\.
One of the important fission products is [krypton\-90](/wiki/Krypton-90 "Krypton-90"), a radioactive [noble gas](/wiki/Noble_gas "Noble gas"). It diffuses easily in the cloud and undergoes two decays to rubidium\-90 and then [strontium\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 "Strontium-90"), with half\-lives of 33 seconds and 3 minutes. The noble gas nonreactivity and rapid diffusion is responsible for depletion of local fallout in Sr\-90, and corresponding Sr\-90 enrichment of remote fallout.Ralph E. Lapp (October 1956\) ["Strontium limits in peace and war"](https://books.google.com/books?id=9QkAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA288), *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, **12** (8\): 287–289, 320\.
The radioactivity of the particles decreases with time, with different isotopes being significant at different timespans. For soil activation products, aluminium\-28 is the most important contributor during the first 15 minutes. Manganese\-56 and sodium\-24 follow until about 200 hours. Iron\-59 follows at 300 hours, and after 100–300 days, the significant contributor becomes cobalt\-60\.
Radioactive particles can be carried for considerable distances. Radiation from the [Trinity test](/wiki/Trinity_test "Trinity test") was washed out by a [rainstorm](/wiki/Rainstorm "Rainstorm") in [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"). This was deduced, and the origin traced, when [Eastman Kodak](/wiki/Eastman_Kodak "Eastman Kodak") found x\-ray films were being [fogged](/wiki/Fogging_%28photography%29 "Fogging (photography)") by [cardboard](/wiki/Paperboard "Paperboard") packaging produced in the [Midwest](/wiki/Midwest "Midwest"). Unanticipated winds carried lethal doses of [Castle Bravo](/wiki/Castle_Bravo "Castle Bravo") fallout over the [Rongelap Atoll](/wiki/Rongelap_Atoll "Rongelap Atoll"), forcing its evacuation. The crew of [Daigo Fukuryu Maru](/wiki/Daigo_Fukuryu_Maru "Daigo Fukuryu Maru"), a Japanese fishing boat located outside of the predicted danger zone, was also affected. Strontium\-90 found in worldwide fallout later led to the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty "Partial Test Ban Treaty").
### Fluorescent glow
{{main\|Ionized air glow}}
The intense radiation in the first seconds after the blast may cause an observable aura of [fluorescence](/wiki/Fluorescence "Fluorescence"), the [blue\-violet\-purple glow](/wiki/Ionized_air_glow "Ionized air glow") of ionized [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen "Oxygen") and [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen "Nitrogen") out to a significant distance from the fireball, surrounding the head of the forming mushroom cloud.{{cite journal \|url\=http://www.abqjournal.com/venue/day/heritage13\.htm \|title\=The Legacy of Trinity \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509183625/http://www.abqjournal.com/venue/day/heritage13\.htm \|archive\-date\=9 May 2008 \|journal\=\[\[ABQjournal]] \|access\-date\=8 February 2010 \|date\=28 October 1999}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.losalamoshistory.org/dec08nl.pdf \|title\=The Night the World Changed: The Trinity Nuclear Test \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228071920/http://losalamoshistory.org/dec08nl.pdf \|archive\-date\=28 December 2010 \|first\=Ralph \|last\=Nobles \|work\=Los Alamos Historical Society \|date\=December 2008 \|access\-date\=15 February 2019}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dimaggio.org/Heroes/richard\_feynman.htm \|first\=Richard \|last\=Feynman \|work\=Dimaggio.org \|access\-date\=8 February 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216224028/http://www.dimaggio.org/Heroes/richard\_feynman.htm \|archive\-date\=February 16, 2009 \|title\='This is how science is done' \|date\=21 May 2005}} This light is most easily visible at night or under conditions of weak daylight. The brightness of the glow decreases rapidly with elapsed time since the detonation, becoming only barely visible after a few tens of seconds.{{cite journal \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-Q0AAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA73 \|title\=Nevada Weapons Test \|journal\=\[\[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] \|date\=Apr 1953 \|volume\=9 \|issue\=3 \|issn\=0096\-3402 \|page\=74 \|publisher\=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.\|bibcode\=1953BuAtS...9c..73B \|last1\=Borst \|first1\=Lyle B. \|doi\=10\.1080/00963402\.1953\.11457386 }}
### Condensation effects
Nuclear mushroom clouds are often accompanied by short\-lived vapour clouds, known variously as "Wilson clouds", [condensation clouds](/wiki/Condensation_cloud "Condensation cloud"), or vapor rings. The "negative phase" following the positive overpressure behind a [shock front](/wiki/Shock_wave "Shock wave") causes a sudden rarefaction of the surrounding medium. This low pressure region causes an adiabatic drop in temperature, causing moisture in the air to condense in an outward moving shell surrounding the explosion. When the pressure and temperature return to normal, the Wilson cloud dissipates.Glasstone and Dolan 1977, p. 631 Scientists observing the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946 at Bikini Atoll named that transitory cloud a "Wilson cloud" because of its visual similarity to a Wilson [cloud chamber](/wiki/Cloud_chamber "Cloud chamber"); the cloud chamber uses condensation from a rapid pressure drop to mark the tracks of electrically charged [subatomic particles](/wiki/Subatomic_particle "Subatomic particle"). Analysts of later nuclear bomb tests used the more general term "condensation cloud" in preference to "Wilson cloud".
The same kind of condensation is sometimes seen above the wings of jet aircraft at low altitude in high\-humidity conditions. The top of a wing is a curved surface. The curvature (and increased air velocity) causes a reduction in air pressure, as given by [Bernoulli's Law](/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_Law "Bernoulli's Law"). This reduction in air pressure causes cooling, and when the air cools past its [dew point](/wiki/Dew_point "Dew point"), water vapour condenses out of the air, producing droplets of water, which become visible as a white cloud. In technical terms, the "Wilson cloud" is also an example of the [Prandtl–Glauert singularity](/wiki/Prandtl%E2%80%93Glauert_singularity "Prandtl–Glauert singularity") in aerodynamics.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2012}}
The shape of the shock wave is influenced by variation of the speed of sound with altitude, and the temperature and humidity of different atmospheric layers determines the appearance of the Wilson clouds. Condensation rings around or above the fireball are a commonly observed feature. Rings around the fireball may become stable, becoming rings around the rising stem. Higher\-yield explosions cause intense [updrafts](/wiki/Updraft "Updraft"), where air speeds can reach {{convert\|300\|mph}}. The [entrainment](/wiki/Entrainment_%28meteorology%29 "Entrainment (meteorology)") of higher\-humidity air, combined with the associated drop in pressure and temperature, leads to the formation of *skirts* and *bells* around the stem. If the water droplets become sufficiently large, the cloud structure they form may become heavy enough to descend; in this way, a rising stem with a descending bell around it can be produced. Layering of humidity in the atmosphere, responsible for the appearance of the condensation rings as opposed to a spherical cloud, also influences the shape of the condensation artifacts along the stem of the mushroom cloud, as the updraft causes [laminar flow](/wiki/Laminar_flow "Laminar flow"). The same effect above the top of the cloud, where the expansion of the rising cloud pushes a layer of warm, humid, low\-altitude air upwards into cold, high\-altitude air, first causes the condensation of water vapour out of the air and then causes the resulting droplets to freeze, forming *ice caps* (or *icecaps*), similar in both appearance and mechanism of formation to [scarf clouds](/wiki/Scarf_cloud "Scarf cloud").
The resulting composite structures can become very complex. The Castle Bravo cloud had, at various phases of its development, 4 condensation rings, 3 ice caps, 2 skirts, and 3 bells.
File:The Castle Bravo test.jpg\|The mushroom cloud from the 15\-megaton \[\[Castle Bravo]] \[\[hydrogen bomb]] test, showing multiple condensation rings, March 1, 1954\.
File:Castle romeo2\.jpg\|The mushroom cloud from the 11\-megaton \[\[Castle Romeo]] \[\[hydrogen bomb]] test, showing a prominent condensation ring.
File:Castle Union.jpg\|The mushroom cloud from the 6\.9\-megaton \[\[Castle Union]] hydrogen bomb test, showing multiple condensation rings.
File:Crossroads baker explosion.jpg\|The water column from the 21\-kiloton \[\[Operation Crossroads\#Test Baker\|Crossroads Baker]] test, involving a nuclear \[\[underwater explosion]], showing a prominent, spherical \[\[Wilson cloud]].
File:Greenhouse George.jpg\|The mushroom cloud from the 225\-kiloton \[\[Operation Greenhouse\#George\|Greenhouse George]] test, showing a well\-developed bell.
{{wide image\|Mushroom cloud sequence.jpg\|1100px\|The formation of a mushroom cloud from the \[\[Operation Tumbler\-Snapper\|Tumbler\-Snapper]] Dog nuclear test. The streamers of smoke seen to the left of the explosion at detonation are vertical smoke flares used to observe the shockwave from the explosion, and are unrelated to the mushroom cloud.}}{{Clear}}
|
[
"Nuclear detonations\n-------------------",
"### Description",
"At the moment of a nuclear explosion, a fireball is formed. The ascending, roughly spherical mass of hot, [incandescent](/wiki/Incandescence \"Incandescence\") gases changes shape due to atmospheric friction, and the surface of the fireball is cooled by energy radiation, turning from a sphere to a violently rotating spheroidal vortex. A Rayleigh–Taylor instability is formed as the cool air underneath initially pushes the bottom fireball gases into an inverted cup shape. This causes turbulence and a vortex that sucks more air into the center, creating external afterwinds and further cooling the fireball. The speed of rotation slows as the fireball cools and may stop entirely during later phases. The vaporized parts of the weapon and [ionized air](/wiki/Ionized-air_glow \"Ionized-air glow\") cool into visible gases, forming a cloud; the [white\\-hot](/wiki/Black-body_radiation \"Black-body radiation\") vortex core becomes yellow, then dark red, then loses visible incandescence. With further cooling, the bulk of the cloud fills in as atmospheric moisture condenses. As the cloud ascends and cools, its [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy \"Buoyancy\") lessens, and its ascent slows. If the size of the fireball is comparable to the atmospheric density [scale height](/wiki/Scale_height \"Scale height\"), the whole cloud rise will be [ballistic](/wiki/wikt:Ballistic \"Ballistic\"), overshooting a large volume of overdense air to greater altitudes than the final stabilization altitude. Significantly smaller fireballs produce clouds with buoyancy\\-governed ascent.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|The evolution of a nuclear mushroom cloud; 19 kt at 120 m • kt −{{frac\\|1\\|3}}. [Tumbler\\-Snapper Dog](/wiki/Operation_Tumbler-Snapper \"Operation Tumbler-Snapper\"). The sandy [Nevada desert](/wiki/Nevada_desert \"Nevada desert\") soil is \"popcorned\" by the intense *flash* of light emitted by the [prompt supercriticality](/wiki/Critical_mass \"Critical mass\") event; this \"popcorning effect\" results in more soil being lofted into the stem of the mushroom cloud than would otherwise be the case if the device had been placed above a more typical surface or soil.After](/wiki/Image:Bomba_atomica.gif \"Bomba atomica.gif\") reaching the [tropopause](/wiki/Tropopause \"Tropopause\") (the bottom of the region of strong static stability) the cloud tends to slow and spread out. If it contains sufficient energy, the central part may continue rising up into the [stratosphere](/wiki/Stratosphere \"Stratosphere\") as an analog of a standard [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm \"Thunderstorm\").{{cite web \\|title\\=The Mushroom Cloud \\|url\\=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects9\\.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830043914/http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects9\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-30 \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2018 \\|work\\=Atomic Archive}} A mass of air ascending from the [troposphere](/wiki/Troposphere \"Troposphere\") to the stratosphere leads to the formation of acoustic [gravity waves](/wiki/Gravity_wave \"Gravity wave\"), virtually identical to those created by intense stratosphere\\-penetrating thunderstorms. Smaller\\-scale explosions penetrating the tropopause generate waves of higher frequency, classified as [infrasound](/wiki/Infrasound \"Infrasound\"). The explosion raises a large amount of moisture\\-laden air from lower altitudes. As the air rises, its temperature drops and its water vapour first condenses as water droplets and later freezes as ice crystals. The [phase change](/wiki/Phase_transition \"Phase transition\") releases [latent heat](/wiki/Latent_heat \"Latent heat\"), heating the cloud and driving it to yet higher altitudes. The heads of the clouds consist of highly [radioactive](/wiki/Radioactive \"Radioactive\") particles, primarily the [fission products](/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product \"Nuclear fission product\") and other weapon debris aerosols, and are usually dispersed by the wind, though weather patterns (especially rain) can produce [nuclear fallout](/wiki/Nuclear_fallout \"Nuclear fallout\").Glasstone and Dolan 1977 The droplets of condensed water gradually evaporate, leading to the cloud's apparent disappearance. The radioactive particles, however, remain suspended in the air, and the invisible cloud continues depositing fallout along its path.",
"A mushroom cloud undergoes several phases of formation.{{cite book \\|author1\\=National Research Council \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_JFf\\_bepeeEC\\&pg\\=PA53 \\|title\\=Effects of Nuclear Earth\\-Penetrator and Other Weapons \\|author2\\=Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences \\|author3\\=Committee on the Effects of Nuclear Earth\\-Penetrator and Other Weapons \\|publisher\\=National Academies Press \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-309\\-09673\\-7 \\|page\\=53}}\n* *Early time*, the first \\~20 seconds, when the fireball forms and the fission products mix with the material aspired from the ground or ejected from the crater. The condensation of evaporated ground occurs in first few seconds, most intensely during fireball temperatures between 3500 and 4100 K.\n* *Rise and stabilization phase*, 20 seconds to 10 minutes, when the hot gases rise up and early large fallout is deposited.\n* *Late time*, until about 2 days later, when the airborne particles are being distributed by wind, [deposited by gravity](/wiki/Deposition_%28aerosol_physics%29 \"Deposition (aerosol physics)\"), and scavenged by precipitation.\nThe shape of the cloud is influenced by the local atmospheric conditions and wind patterns. The fallout distribution is predominantly a downwind [plume](/wiki/Plume_%28hydrodynamics%29 \"Plume (hydrodynamics)\"). However, if the cloud reaches the tropopause, it may spread against the wind, because its convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed. At the tropopause, the cloud shape is roughly circular and spread out. The initial color of some radioactive clouds can be colored red or reddish\\-brown, due to presence of [nitrogen dioxide](/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide \"Nitrogen dioxide\") and [nitric acid](/wiki/Nitric_acid \"Nitric acid\"), formed from initially ionized [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen \"Nitrogen\"), [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen \"Oxygen\"), and atmospheric moisture. In the high\\-temperature, high\\-radiation environment of the blast, [ozone](/wiki/Ozone \"Ozone\") is also formed. It is estimated that each megaton of yield produces about 5,000 tons of nitrogen oxides.[Effects of Nuclear Explosions](http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428174041/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5\\.html\\|date\\=2014\\-04\\-28}}. Nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved on 2010\\-02\\-08\\. A higher\\-yield detonation can carry the nitrogen oxides from the burst high enough in atmosphere to cause significant [depletion](/wiki/Ozone_depletion \"Ozone depletion\") of the [ozone layer](/wiki/Ozone_layer \"Ozone layer\"). Yellow and orange hues have also been described. This reddish hue is later obscured by the white colour of water/ice clouds, condensing out of the fast\\-flowing air as the fireball cools, and the dark colour of smoke and debris sucked into the updraft. The ozone gives the blast its characteristic [corona discharge](/wiki/Corona_discharge \"Corona discharge\")\\-like smell.[Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: History: Pre Cold War: Manhattan Project: Trinity: Eyewitness Philip Morrison](http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/pre-cold-war/manhattan-project/trinity/eyewitness-philip-morrison_1945-07-16.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721200833/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key\\-issues/nuclear\\-weapons/history/pre\\-cold\\-war/manhattan\\-project/trinity/eyewitness\\-philip\\-morrison\\_1945\\-07\\-16\\.htm\\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-21}}. Nuclearfiles.org (1945\\-07\\-16\\). Retrieved on 2010\\-02\\-08\\.",
"[thumb\\|Mushroom cloud size as a function of [yield](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield \"Nuclear weapon yield\").[The Mushroom Cloud, by Virginia L. Snitow](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/443658.pdf)](/wiki/Image:Nukecloud.png \"Nukecloud.png\")\nThe distribution of radiation in the mushroom cloud varies with the [yield](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield \"Nuclear weapon yield\") of the explosion, type of weapon, [fusion](/wiki/Nuclear_fusion \"Nuclear fusion\")–fission ratio, burst altitude, terrain type, and weather. In general, lower\\-yield explosions have about 90% of their radioactivity in the mushroom head and 10% in the stem. In contrast, megaton\\-range explosions tend to have most of their radioactivity in the lower third of the mushroom cloud. The fallout may appear as dry, ash\\-like flakes, or as particles too small to be visible; in the latter case, the particles are often deposited by rain. Large amounts of newer, more radioactive particles deposited on skin can cause [beta burns](/wiki/Radiation_burn \"Radiation burn\"), often presenting as discolored spots and [lesions](/wiki/Lesion \"Lesion\") on the backs of exposed animals.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Thomas Carlyle Jones \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8fXzJrDfFgUC\\&pg\\=PA690 \\|title\\=Veterinary Pathology \\|author2\\=Ronald Duncan Hunt \\|author3\\=Norval W. King \\|publisher\\=Wiley\\-Blackwell \\|year\\=1997 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-683\\-04481\\-2 \\|page\\=690}} The fallout from the [Castle Bravo](/wiki/Castle_Bravo \"Castle Bravo\") test had the appearance of white dust and was nicknamed *Bikini snow*; the tiny white flakes resembled [snowflakes](/wiki/Snowflake \"Snowflake\"), stuck to surfaces, and had a salty taste. In [Operation Wigwam](/wiki/Operation_Wigwam \"Operation Wigwam\"), 41\\.4% of the fallout consisted of irregular opaque particles, slightly over 25% of particles with transparent and opaque areas, approximately 20% of microscopic marine organisms, and 2% of microscopic radioactive threads of unknown origin.",
"### Differences with detonation types",
"With surface and near\\-surface air bursts, the amount of debris lofted into the air decreases rapidly with increasing burst altitude. At a burst altitude of approximately 7{{nbsp}}meters/kiloton{{frac\\|1\\|3}}, a [crater](/wiki/Explosion_crater \"Explosion crater\") is not formed, and correspondingly lower amounts of dust and debris are produced. The fallout\\-reducing height, above which the primary radioactive particles consist mainly of the fine fireball condensation, is approximately 55{{nbsp}}meters/kiloton{{sup\\|0\\.4}}. However, even at these burst altitudes, fallout may be formed by other mechanisms. Airbursts produce white, steamy stems, while surface bursts produce gray to brown stems because large amounts of dust, dirt, soil, and debris are sucked into the mushroom cloud. Surface bursts produce dark mushroom clouds containing irradiated material from the ground in addition to the bomb and its casing and therefore produce more radioactive fallout, with larger particles that readily deposit locally.",
"A detonation high above the ground may produce a mushroom cloud without a stem. A double mushroom, with two levels, can be formed under certain conditions. For example, the [Buster\\-Jangle Sugar](/wiki/Operation_Buster-Jangle \"Operation Buster-Jangle\") shot formed the first head from the blast, followed by another one generated by the heat from the hot, freshly formed crater.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=adI\\-6jRDipgC\\&pg\\=PA32\\|title\\=Under the Cloud: The Decades of Nuclear Testing\\|author\\=Richard Lee Miller\\|page\\=32\\|publisher\\=Two\\-Sixty Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-02\\-921620\\-0}}",
"A detonation significantly below ground level or deep below the water (for instance, a nuclear depth charge) does not produce a mushroom cloud, as the explosion causes the vaporization of a huge amount of earth or water, creating a bubble which then collapses in on itself; in the case of a less deep underground explosion, this produces a [subsidence crater](/wiki/Subsidence_crater \"Subsidence crater\"). An underwater detonation near the surface may produce a pillar of water which collapses to form a cauliflower\\-like shape, which is easily mistaken for a mushroom cloud (such as in the well\\-known pictures of the *[Crossroads Baker](/wiki/Operation_Crossroads%23Test_Baker \"Operation Crossroads#Test Baker\")* test). An underground detonation at low depth produces a mushroom cloud and a [base surge](/wiki/Base_surge \"Base surge\"), two different distinct clouds. The amount of radiation vented into the atmosphere decreases rapidly with increasing detonation depth.",
"### Cloud composition",
"[left\\|thumb\\|The mushroom cloud from [Buster\\-Jangle](/wiki/Operation_Buster-Jangle \"Operation Buster-Jangle\") Charlie, yield 14 kilotons (at 143 m • kt −{{frac\\|1\\|3}}), during the initial phase of stem formation. The toroidal fireball is visible at the top, a [condensation cloud](/wiki/Condensation_cloud \"Condensation cloud\") is forming in the middle due to intense updrafts of moist air, and the forming partial stem can be seen below. The cloud exhibits the reddish\\-brown hue of nitrogen oxides.](/wiki/Image:BusterJangle-Charlie.jpg \"BusterJangle-Charlie.jpg\")\nThe cloud contains three main classes of material: the remains of the weapon and its fission products, the material acquired from the ground (only significant for burst altitudes below the fallout\\-reducing altitude, which depends on the weapon yield), and water vapour. The bulk of the radiation contained in the cloud consists of the nuclear fission products; [neutron activation](/wiki/Neutron_activation \"Neutron activation\") products from the weapon materials, air, and the ground debris form only a minor fraction. Neutron activation starts during the neutron burst at the instant of the blast, and the range of this neutron burst is limited by the absorption of the neutrons as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere.",
"[Thermonuclear weapons](/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon \"Thermonuclear weapon\") produce a significant part of their yield from [nuclear fusion](/wiki/Nuclear_fusion \"Nuclear fusion\"). Fusion products are typically non\\-radioactive. The degree of radiation fallout production is therefore measured in kilotons of fission. The [Tsar Bomba](/wiki/Tsar_Bomba \"Tsar Bomba\"), which produced 97% of its 50\\-megaton yield from fusion, was a very clean weapon compared to what would typically be expected of a weapon of its yield (although it still produced 1\\.5 megatons of its yield from fission), as its fusion [tamper](/wiki/Tamper_%28nuclear_weapon%29 \"Tamper (nuclear weapon)\") was made of lead instead of [uranium\\-238](/wiki/Uranium-238 \"Uranium-238\"); otherwise, its yield would have been 100 megatons with 51 megatons produced from fission. Were it to be detonated at or near the surface, its fallout would comprise fully one\\-quarter of all the fallout from every [nuclear weapon test](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing \"Nuclear weapons testing\"), combined.",
"Initially, the fireball contains a highly ionized plasma consisting only of atoms of the weapon, its fission products, and atmospheric gases of adjacent air. As the plasma cools, the atoms react, forming fine droplets and then solid particles of oxides. The particles coalesce to larger ones, and deposit on surface of other particles. Larger particles usually originate from material aspired into the cloud. Particles aspired while the cloud is still hot enough to melt them mix with the fission products throughout their volume. Larger particles get molten radioactive materials deposited on their surface. Particles aspired into the cloud later, when its temperature is low enough, do not become significantly contaminated. Particles formed only from the weapon are fine enough to stay airborne for a long time and become widely dispersed and diluted to non\\-hazardous levels. Higher\\-altitude blasts which do not aspire ground debris, or which aspire dust only after cooling enough and where the radioactive fraction of the particles is therefore small, cause a much smaller degree of localized fallout than lower\\-altitude blasts with larger radioactive particles formed.",
"The concentration of condensation products is the same for the small particles and for the deposited surface layers of larger particles. About 100 kg of small particles are formed per kiloton of yield. The volume, and therefore activity, of the small particles is almost three orders of magnitude lower than the volume of the deposited surface layers on larger particles. For higher\\-altitude blasts, the primary particle forming processes are condensation and subsequent coagulation. For lower\\-altitude and ground blasts, with involvement of soil particles, the primary process is deposition on the foreign particles.",
"A low\\-altitude detonation produces a cloud with a dust loading of 100 tons per megaton of yield. A ground detonation produces clouds with about three times as much dust. For a ground detonation, approximately 200 tons of soil per kiloton of yield is melted and comes in contact with radiation. The fireball volume is the same for a surface or an atmospheric detonation. In the first case, the fireball is a hemisphere instead of a sphere, with a correspondingly larger radius.",
"The particle sizes range from submicrometer\\- and micrometer\\-sized (created by condensation of plasma in the fireball), through 10–500 micrometers (surface material agitated by the blast wave and raised by the afterwinds), to millimeter and above (crater ejecta). The size of particles together with the altitude they are carried to, determines the length of their stay in the atmosphere, as larger particles are subject to dry precipitation. Smaller particles can be also scavenged by precipitation, either from the moisture condensing in the cloud or from the cloud intersecting with a rain cloud. The fallout carried down by rain is known as *rain\\-out* if scavenged during raincloud formation, *washout* if absorbed into already formed falling raindrops.{{cite book\\|author\\=Constantin Papastefanou\\|title\\=Radioactive Aerosols\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RSzg6A\\-6qlsC\\&pg\\=PA41\\|year\\=2008\\|publisher\\=Elsevier\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-08\\-044075\\-0\\|page\\=41}}",
"Particles from air bursts are smaller than 10–25 micrometers, usually in the submicrometer range. They are composed mostly of [iron oxides](/wiki/Iron_oxide \"Iron oxide\"), with smaller proportion of [aluminium oxide](/wiki/Aluminium_oxide \"Aluminium oxide\"), and [uranium](/wiki/Uranium_oxide \"Uranium oxide\") and [plutonium oxides](/wiki/Plutonium_oxide \"Plutonium oxide\"). Particles larger than 1–2 micrometers are very spherical, corresponding to vaporized material condensing into droplets and then solidifying. The radioactivity is evenly distributed throughout the particle volume, making total activity of the particles linearly dependent on particle volume.Radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions and accidents, Volume 3, I. A. Izraėl, Elsevier, 2002 {{ISBN\\|0080438555}} About 80% of activity is present in more volatile elements, which condense only after the fireball cools to considerable degree. For example, [strontium\\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 \"Strontium-90\") will have less time to condense and coalesce into larger particles, resulting in greater degree of mixing in the volume of air and smaller particles.{{cite book\\|author\\=Lawrence Badash\\|title\\=A Nuclear Winter's Tale: Science and Politics in the 1980s\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=y8M5vx\\-Lrk0C\\&pg\\=PA25\\|year\\=2009\\|publisher\\=MIT Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-262\\-25799\\-2\\|page\\=25}} The particles produced immediately after the burst are small, with 90% of the radioactivity present in particles smaller than 300 nanometers. These coagulate with stratospheric aerosols. Coagulation is more extensive in the troposphere, and, at ground level, most activity is present in particles between 300 [nm](/wiki/Nanometer \"Nanometer\") and 1 [μm](/wiki/%CE%9Cm \"Μm\"). The coagulation offsets the fractionation processes at particle formation, evening out isotopic distribution.",
"For ground and low\\-altitude bursts, the cloud contains vaporized, melted and fused soil particles. The distribution of activity through the particles depends on their formation. Particles formed by vaporization\\-condensation have activity evenly distributed through volume as the air\\-burst particles. Larger molten particles have the fission products diffused through the outer layers, and fused and non\\-melted particles that were not heated sufficiently but came in contact with the vaporized material or scavenged droplets before their solidification have a relatively thin layer of high activity material deposited on their surface. The composition of such particles depends on the character of the soil, usually a glass\\-like material formed from [silicate](/wiki/Silicate \"Silicate\") minerals. The particle sizes do not depend on the yield but instead on the soil character, as they are based on individual grains of the soil or their clusters. Two types of particles are present, spherical, formed by complete vaporization\\-condensation or at least melting of the soil, with activity distributed evenly through the volume (or with a 10–30% volume of inactive core for larger particles between 0\\.5–2 mm), and irregular\\-shaped particles formed at the edges of the fireball by fusion of soil particles, with activity deposited in a thin surface layer. The amount of large irregular particles is insignificant. Particles formed from detonations above, or in, the ocean, will contain short\\-lived radioactive sodium isotopes, and salts from the [sea water](/wiki/Sea_water \"Sea water\"). Molten [silica](/wiki/Silica \"Silica\") is a very good solvent for metal oxides and scavenges small particles easily; explosions above silica\\-containing soils will produce particles with isotopes mixed through their volume. In contrast, [coral](/wiki/Coral \"Coral\") debris, based on [calcium carbonate](/wiki/Calcium_carbonate \"Calcium carbonate\"), tends to adsorb radioactive particles on its surface.",
"The elements undergo [fractionation](/wiki/Fractionation \"Fractionation\") during particle formation, due to their different [volatility](/wiki/Volatility_%28chemistry%29 \"Volatility (chemistry)\"). [Refractory](/wiki/Refractory \"Refractory\") elements ([Sr](/wiki/Strontium \"Strontium\"), [Y](/wiki/Yttrium \"Yttrium\"), [Zr](/wiki/Zirconium \"Zirconium\"), [Nb](/wiki/Niobium \"Niobium\"), [Ba](/wiki/Barium \"Barium\"), [La](/wiki/Lanthanum \"Lanthanum\"), [Ce](/wiki/Cerium \"Cerium\"), [Pr](/wiki/Praseodymium \"Praseodymium\"), [Nd](/wiki/Neodymium \"Neodymium\"), [Pm](/wiki/Promethium \"Promethium\")) form [oxides](/wiki/Oxide \"Oxide\") with high [boiling points](/wiki/Boiling_point \"Boiling point\"); these precipitate the fastest and at the time of particle solidification, at temperature of 1400 °C, are considered to be fully condensed. Volatile elements ([Kr](/wiki/Krypton \"Krypton\"), [Xe](/wiki/Xenon \"Xenon\"), [I](/wiki/Iodine \"Iodine\"), [Br](/wiki/Bromine \"Bromine\")) are not condensed at that temperature. Intermediate elements have their (or their oxides) boiling points close to the solidification temperature of the particles ([Rb](/wiki/Rubidium \"Rubidium\"), [Cs](/wiki/Cesium \"Cesium\"), [Mo](/wiki/Molybdenum \"Molybdenum\"), [Ru](/wiki/Ruthenium \"Ruthenium\"), [Rh](/wiki/Rhodium \"Rhodium\"), [Tc](/wiki/Technetium \"Technetium\"), [Sb](/wiki/Stibium \"Stibium\"), [Te](/wiki/Tellurium \"Tellurium\")). The elements in the fireball are present as oxides, unless the temperature is above the decomposition temperature of a given oxide. Less refractory products condense on surfaces of solidified particles. Isotopes with gaseous precursors solidify on the surface of the particles as they are produced by decay.",
"The largest and therefore most radioactive particles are deposited by fallout in the first few hours after the blast. Smaller particles are carried to higher altitudes and descend more slowly, reaching ground in a less radioactive state as the isotopes with the shortest [half\\-lives](/wiki/Half-life \"Half-life\") decay the fastest. The smallest particles can reach the stratosphere and stay there for weeks, months, or even years, and cover an entire hemisphere of the planet via atmospheric currents. The higher danger, short\\-term, localized fallout is deposited primarily downwind from the blast site, in a cigar\\-shaped area, assuming a wind of constant strength and direction. Crosswinds, changes in wind direction, and precipitation are factors that can greatly alter the fallout pattern.{{cite book\\|author\\=Robert Ehrlich\\|title\\=Waging Nuclear Peace: The Technology and Politics of Nuclear Weapons\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-tEpgCSNV7sC\\&pg\\=PA175\\|year\\=1985\\|publisher\\=SUNY Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-87395\\-919\\-3\\|page\\=175}}",
"The condensation of water droplets in the mushroom cloud depends on the amount of [condensation nuclei](/wiki/Condensation_nuclei \"Condensation nuclei\"). Too many condensation nuclei actually inhibit condensation, as the particles compete for a relatively insufficient amount of water vapor. Chemical reactivity of the elements and their oxides, ion adsorption properties, and compound solubility influence particle distribution in the environment after deposition from the atmosphere. [Bioaccumulation](/wiki/Bioaccumulation \"Bioaccumulation\") influences the propagation of fallout radioisotopes in the [biosphere](/wiki/Biosphere \"Biosphere\").",
"### Radioisotopes",
"The primary fallout hazard is [gamma radiation](/wiki/Gamma_radiation \"Gamma radiation\") from short\\-lived [radioisotopes](/wiki/Radionuclide \"Radionuclide\"), which represent the bulk of activity. Within 24 hours after a burst, the fallout gamma radiation level drops 60 times. Longer\\-life radioisotopes, typically [caesium\\-137](/wiki/Caesium-137 \"Caesium-137\") and [strontium\\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 \"Strontium-90\"), present a long\\-term hazard. Intense beta radiation from the fallout particles can cause beta burns to people and animals coming in contact with the fallout shortly after the blast. Ingested or inhaled particles cause an [internal dose](/wiki/Internal_dosimetry \"Internal dosimetry\") of alpha and beta radiation, which may lead to long\\-term effects, including cancer. The neutron irradiation of the atmosphere produces a small amount of activation, mainly as long\\-lived [carbon\\-14](/wiki/Carbon-14 \"Carbon-14\") and short\\-lived [argon](/wiki/Argon \"Argon\")\\-41\\. The elements most important for induced radioactivity for sea water are [sodium](/wiki/Sodium \"Sodium\")\\-24, [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine \"Chlorine\"), [magnesium](/wiki/Magnesium \"Magnesium\"), and [bromine](/wiki/Bromine \"Bromine\"). For ground bursts, the elements of concern are [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\")\\-28, [silicon](/wiki/Silicon \"Silicon\")\\-31, sodium\\-24, [manganese](/wiki/Manganese \"Manganese\")\\-56, [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\")\\-59, and [cobalt\\-60](/wiki/Cobalt-60 \"Cobalt-60\").",
"The bomb casing can be a significant sources of neutron\\-activated radioisotopes. The neutron flux in the bombs, especially thermonuclear devices, is sufficient for high\\-threshold [nuclear reactions](/wiki/Nuclear_reaction \"Nuclear reaction\"). The induced isotopes include cobalt\\-60, 57 and 58, iron\\-59 and 55, manganese\\-54, zinc\\-65, yttrium\\-88, and possibly nickel\\-58 and 62, niobium\\-63, holmium\\-165, iridium\\-191, and short\\-lived manganese\\-56, sodium\\-24, silicon\\-31, and aluminium\\-28\\. [Europium](/wiki/Europium \"Europium\")\\-152 and 154 can be present, as well as two [nuclear isomers](/wiki/Nuclear_isomer \"Nuclear isomer\") of [rhodium](/wiki/Rhodium \"Rhodium\")\\-102\\. During the [Operation Hardtack](/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I \"Operation Hardtack I\"), [tungsten](/wiki/Tungsten \"Tungsten\")\\-185, 181 and 187 and [rhenium](/wiki/Rhenium \"Rhenium\")\\-188 were produced from elements added as [tracers](/wiki/Isotopic_tracer \"Isotopic tracer\") to the bomb casings, to allow identification of fallout produced by specific explosions. [Antimony](/wiki/Antimony \"Antimony\")\\-124, [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium \"Cadmium\")\\-109, and cadmium\\-113m are also mentioned as tracers.",
"The most significant radiation sources are the fission products from the primary fission stage, and in the case of fission\\-fusion\\-fission weapons, from the fission of the fusion stage uranium tamper. Many more neutrons per unit of energy are released in a thermonuclear explosion in comparison with a purely fission yield influencing the fission products composition. For example, [uranium\\-237](/wiki/Uranium-237 \"Uranium-237\") is a unique thermonuclear explosion marker, as it is produced by a (n,2n) reaction from [uranium\\-238](/wiki/Uranium-238 \"Uranium-238\"), with the minimal neutron energy needed being about 5\\.9 MeV. Considerable amounts of neptunium\\-239 and uranium\\-237 are indicators of a fission\\-fusion\\-fission explosion. Minor amounts of uranium\\-240 are also formed, and capture of large numbers of neutrons by individual nuclei leads to formation of small but detectable amounts of higher [transuranium elements](/wiki/Transuranium_element \"Transuranium element\"), e.g. [einsteinium](/wiki/Einsteinium \"Einsteinium\")\\-255 and [fermium](/wiki/Fermium \"Fermium\")\\-255\\.",
"One of the important fission products is [krypton\\-90](/wiki/Krypton-90 \"Krypton-90\"), a radioactive [noble gas](/wiki/Noble_gas \"Noble gas\"). It diffuses easily in the cloud and undergoes two decays to rubidium\\-90 and then [strontium\\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 \"Strontium-90\"), with half\\-lives of 33 seconds and 3 minutes. The noble gas nonreactivity and rapid diffusion is responsible for depletion of local fallout in Sr\\-90, and corresponding Sr\\-90 enrichment of remote fallout.Ralph E. Lapp (October 1956\\) [\"Strontium limits in peace and war\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=9QkAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA288), *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, **12** (8\\): 287–289, 320\\.",
"The radioactivity of the particles decreases with time, with different isotopes being significant at different timespans. For soil activation products, aluminium\\-28 is the most important contributor during the first 15 minutes. Manganese\\-56 and sodium\\-24 follow until about 200 hours. Iron\\-59 follows at 300 hours, and after 100–300 days, the significant contributor becomes cobalt\\-60\\.",
"Radioactive particles can be carried for considerable distances. Radiation from the [Trinity test](/wiki/Trinity_test \"Trinity test\") was washed out by a [rainstorm](/wiki/Rainstorm \"Rainstorm\") in [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"). This was deduced, and the origin traced, when [Eastman Kodak](/wiki/Eastman_Kodak \"Eastman Kodak\") found x\\-ray films were being [fogged](/wiki/Fogging_%28photography%29 \"Fogging (photography)\") by [cardboard](/wiki/Paperboard \"Paperboard\") packaging produced in the [Midwest](/wiki/Midwest \"Midwest\"). Unanticipated winds carried lethal doses of [Castle Bravo](/wiki/Castle_Bravo \"Castle Bravo\") fallout over the [Rongelap Atoll](/wiki/Rongelap_Atoll \"Rongelap Atoll\"), forcing its evacuation. The crew of [Daigo Fukuryu Maru](/wiki/Daigo_Fukuryu_Maru \"Daigo Fukuryu Maru\"), a Japanese fishing boat located outside of the predicted danger zone, was also affected. Strontium\\-90 found in worldwide fallout later led to the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty \"Partial Test Ban Treaty\").",
"### Fluorescent glow",
"{{main\\|Ionized air glow}}\nThe intense radiation in the first seconds after the blast may cause an observable aura of [fluorescence](/wiki/Fluorescence \"Fluorescence\"), the [blue\\-violet\\-purple glow](/wiki/Ionized_air_glow \"Ionized air glow\") of ionized [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen \"Oxygen\") and [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen \"Nitrogen\") out to a significant distance from the fireball, surrounding the head of the forming mushroom cloud.{{cite journal \\|url\\=http://www.abqjournal.com/venue/day/heritage13\\.htm \\|title\\=The Legacy of Trinity \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509183625/http://www.abqjournal.com/venue/day/heritage13\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2008 \\|journal\\=\\[\\[ABQjournal]] \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2010 \\|date\\=28 October 1999}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.losalamoshistory.org/dec08nl.pdf \\|title\\=The Night the World Changed: The Trinity Nuclear Test \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228071920/http://losalamoshistory.org/dec08nl.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2010 \\|first\\=Ralph \\|last\\=Nobles \\|work\\=Los Alamos Historical Society \\|date\\=December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2019}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dimaggio.org/Heroes/richard\\_feynman.htm \\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Feynman \\|work\\=Dimaggio.org \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216224028/http://www.dimaggio.org/Heroes/richard\\_feynman.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2009 \\|title\\='This is how science is done' \\|date\\=21 May 2005}} This light is most easily visible at night or under conditions of weak daylight. The brightness of the glow decreases rapidly with elapsed time since the detonation, becoming only barely visible after a few tens of seconds.{{cite journal \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-Q0AAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA73 \\|title\\=Nevada Weapons Test \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] \\|date\\=Apr 1953 \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=3 \\|issn\\=0096\\-3402 \\|page\\=74 \\|publisher\\=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.\\|bibcode\\=1953BuAtS...9c..73B \\|last1\\=Borst \\|first1\\=Lyle B. \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00963402\\.1953\\.11457386 }}",
"### Condensation effects",
"Nuclear mushroom clouds are often accompanied by short\\-lived vapour clouds, known variously as \"Wilson clouds\", [condensation clouds](/wiki/Condensation_cloud \"Condensation cloud\"), or vapor rings. The \"negative phase\" following the positive overpressure behind a [shock front](/wiki/Shock_wave \"Shock wave\") causes a sudden rarefaction of the surrounding medium. This low pressure region causes an adiabatic drop in temperature, causing moisture in the air to condense in an outward moving shell surrounding the explosion. When the pressure and temperature return to normal, the Wilson cloud dissipates.Glasstone and Dolan 1977, p. 631 Scientists observing the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946 at Bikini Atoll named that transitory cloud a \"Wilson cloud\" because of its visual similarity to a Wilson [cloud chamber](/wiki/Cloud_chamber \"Cloud chamber\"); the cloud chamber uses condensation from a rapid pressure drop to mark the tracks of electrically charged [subatomic particles](/wiki/Subatomic_particle \"Subatomic particle\"). Analysts of later nuclear bomb tests used the more general term \"condensation cloud\" in preference to \"Wilson cloud\".",
"The same kind of condensation is sometimes seen above the wings of jet aircraft at low altitude in high\\-humidity conditions. The top of a wing is a curved surface. The curvature (and increased air velocity) causes a reduction in air pressure, as given by [Bernoulli's Law](/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_Law \"Bernoulli's Law\"). This reduction in air pressure causes cooling, and when the air cools past its [dew point](/wiki/Dew_point \"Dew point\"), water vapour condenses out of the air, producing droplets of water, which become visible as a white cloud. In technical terms, the \"Wilson cloud\" is also an example of the [Prandtl–Glauert singularity](/wiki/Prandtl%E2%80%93Glauert_singularity \"Prandtl–Glauert singularity\") in aerodynamics.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2012}}",
"The shape of the shock wave is influenced by variation of the speed of sound with altitude, and the temperature and humidity of different atmospheric layers determines the appearance of the Wilson clouds. Condensation rings around or above the fireball are a commonly observed feature. Rings around the fireball may become stable, becoming rings around the rising stem. Higher\\-yield explosions cause intense [updrafts](/wiki/Updraft \"Updraft\"), where air speeds can reach {{convert\\|300\\|mph}}. The [entrainment](/wiki/Entrainment_%28meteorology%29 \"Entrainment (meteorology)\") of higher\\-humidity air, combined with the associated drop in pressure and temperature, leads to the formation of *skirts* and *bells* around the stem. If the water droplets become sufficiently large, the cloud structure they form may become heavy enough to descend; in this way, a rising stem with a descending bell around it can be produced. Layering of humidity in the atmosphere, responsible for the appearance of the condensation rings as opposed to a spherical cloud, also influences the shape of the condensation artifacts along the stem of the mushroom cloud, as the updraft causes [laminar flow](/wiki/Laminar_flow \"Laminar flow\"). The same effect above the top of the cloud, where the expansion of the rising cloud pushes a layer of warm, humid, low\\-altitude air upwards into cold, high\\-altitude air, first causes the condensation of water vapour out of the air and then causes the resulting droplets to freeze, forming *ice caps* (or *icecaps*), similar in both appearance and mechanism of formation to [scarf clouds](/wiki/Scarf_cloud \"Scarf cloud\").",
"The resulting composite structures can become very complex. The Castle Bravo cloud had, at various phases of its development, 4 condensation rings, 3 ice caps, 2 skirts, and 3 bells.",
"File:The Castle Bravo test.jpg\\|The mushroom cloud from the 15\\-megaton \\[\\[Castle Bravo]] \\[\\[hydrogen bomb]] test, showing multiple condensation rings, March 1, 1954\\.\nFile:Castle romeo2\\.jpg\\|The mushroom cloud from the 11\\-megaton \\[\\[Castle Romeo]] \\[\\[hydrogen bomb]] test, showing a prominent condensation ring.\nFile:Castle Union.jpg\\|The mushroom cloud from the 6\\.9\\-megaton \\[\\[Castle Union]] hydrogen bomb test, showing multiple condensation rings.\nFile:Crossroads baker explosion.jpg\\|The water column from the 21\\-kiloton \\[\\[Operation Crossroads\\#Test Baker\\|Crossroads Baker]] test, involving a nuclear \\[\\[underwater explosion]], showing a prominent, spherical \\[\\[Wilson cloud]].\nFile:Greenhouse George.jpg\\|The mushroom cloud from the 225\\-kiloton \\[\\[Operation Greenhouse\\#George\\|Greenhouse George]] test, showing a well\\-developed bell.",
"{{wide image\\|Mushroom cloud sequence.jpg\\|1100px\\|The formation of a mushroom cloud from the \\[\\[Operation Tumbler\\-Snapper\\|Tumbler\\-Snapper]] Dog nuclear test. The streamers of smoke seen to the left of the explosion at detonation are vertical smoke flares used to observe the shockwave from the explosion, and are unrelated to the mushroom cloud.}}{{Clear}}",
""
] |
### Cloud composition
[left\|thumb\|The mushroom cloud from [Buster\-Jangle](/wiki/Operation_Buster-Jangle "Operation Buster-Jangle") Charlie, yield 14 kilotons (at 143 m • kt −{{frac\|1\|3}}), during the initial phase of stem formation. The toroidal fireball is visible at the top, a [condensation cloud](/wiki/Condensation_cloud "Condensation cloud") is forming in the middle due to intense updrafts of moist air, and the forming partial stem can be seen below. The cloud exhibits the reddish\-brown hue of nitrogen oxides.](/wiki/Image:BusterJangle-Charlie.jpg "BusterJangle-Charlie.jpg")
The cloud contains three main classes of material: the remains of the weapon and its fission products, the material acquired from the ground (only significant for burst altitudes below the fallout\-reducing altitude, which depends on the weapon yield), and water vapour. The bulk of the radiation contained in the cloud consists of the nuclear fission products; [neutron activation](/wiki/Neutron_activation "Neutron activation") products from the weapon materials, air, and the ground debris form only a minor fraction. Neutron activation starts during the neutron burst at the instant of the blast, and the range of this neutron burst is limited by the absorption of the neutrons as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere.
[Thermonuclear weapons](/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon "Thermonuclear weapon") produce a significant part of their yield from [nuclear fusion](/wiki/Nuclear_fusion "Nuclear fusion"). Fusion products are typically non\-radioactive. The degree of radiation fallout production is therefore measured in kilotons of fission. The [Tsar Bomba](/wiki/Tsar_Bomba "Tsar Bomba"), which produced 97% of its 50\-megaton yield from fusion, was a very clean weapon compared to what would typically be expected of a weapon of its yield (although it still produced 1\.5 megatons of its yield from fission), as its fusion [tamper](/wiki/Tamper_%28nuclear_weapon%29 "Tamper (nuclear weapon)") was made of lead instead of [uranium\-238](/wiki/Uranium-238 "Uranium-238"); otherwise, its yield would have been 100 megatons with 51 megatons produced from fission. Were it to be detonated at or near the surface, its fallout would comprise fully one\-quarter of all the fallout from every [nuclear weapon test](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing "Nuclear weapons testing"), combined.
Initially, the fireball contains a highly ionized plasma consisting only of atoms of the weapon, its fission products, and atmospheric gases of adjacent air. As the plasma cools, the atoms react, forming fine droplets and then solid particles of oxides. The particles coalesce to larger ones, and deposit on surface of other particles. Larger particles usually originate from material aspired into the cloud. Particles aspired while the cloud is still hot enough to melt them mix with the fission products throughout their volume. Larger particles get molten radioactive materials deposited on their surface. Particles aspired into the cloud later, when its temperature is low enough, do not become significantly contaminated. Particles formed only from the weapon are fine enough to stay airborne for a long time and become widely dispersed and diluted to non\-hazardous levels. Higher\-altitude blasts which do not aspire ground debris, or which aspire dust only after cooling enough and where the radioactive fraction of the particles is therefore small, cause a much smaller degree of localized fallout than lower\-altitude blasts with larger radioactive particles formed.
The concentration of condensation products is the same for the small particles and for the deposited surface layers of larger particles. About 100 kg of small particles are formed per kiloton of yield. The volume, and therefore activity, of the small particles is almost three orders of magnitude lower than the volume of the deposited surface layers on larger particles. For higher\-altitude blasts, the primary particle forming processes are condensation and subsequent coagulation. For lower\-altitude and ground blasts, with involvement of soil particles, the primary process is deposition on the foreign particles.
A low\-altitude detonation produces a cloud with a dust loading of 100 tons per megaton of yield. A ground detonation produces clouds with about three times as much dust. For a ground detonation, approximately 200 tons of soil per kiloton of yield is melted and comes in contact with radiation. The fireball volume is the same for a surface or an atmospheric detonation. In the first case, the fireball is a hemisphere instead of a sphere, with a correspondingly larger radius.
The particle sizes range from submicrometer\- and micrometer\-sized (created by condensation of plasma in the fireball), through 10–500 micrometers (surface material agitated by the blast wave and raised by the afterwinds), to millimeter and above (crater ejecta). The size of particles together with the altitude they are carried to, determines the length of their stay in the atmosphere, as larger particles are subject to dry precipitation. Smaller particles can be also scavenged by precipitation, either from the moisture condensing in the cloud or from the cloud intersecting with a rain cloud. The fallout carried down by rain is known as *rain\-out* if scavenged during raincloud formation, *washout* if absorbed into already formed falling raindrops.{{cite book\|author\=Constantin Papastefanou\|title\=Radioactive Aerosols\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RSzg6A\-6qlsC\&pg\=PA41\|year\=2008\|publisher\=Elsevier\|isbn\=978\-0\-08\-044075\-0\|page\=41}}
Particles from air bursts are smaller than 10–25 micrometers, usually in the submicrometer range. They are composed mostly of [iron oxides](/wiki/Iron_oxide "Iron oxide"), with smaller proportion of [aluminium oxide](/wiki/Aluminium_oxide "Aluminium oxide"), and [uranium](/wiki/Uranium_oxide "Uranium oxide") and [plutonium oxides](/wiki/Plutonium_oxide "Plutonium oxide"). Particles larger than 1–2 micrometers are very spherical, corresponding to vaporized material condensing into droplets and then solidifying. The radioactivity is evenly distributed throughout the particle volume, making total activity of the particles linearly dependent on particle volume.Radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions and accidents, Volume 3, I. A. Izraėl, Elsevier, 2002 {{ISBN\|0080438555}} About 80% of activity is present in more volatile elements, which condense only after the fireball cools to considerable degree. For example, [strontium\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 "Strontium-90") will have less time to condense and coalesce into larger particles, resulting in greater degree of mixing in the volume of air and smaller particles.{{cite book\|author\=Lawrence Badash\|title\=A Nuclear Winter's Tale: Science and Politics in the 1980s\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=y8M5vx\-Lrk0C\&pg\=PA25\|year\=2009\|publisher\=MIT Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-262\-25799\-2\|page\=25}} The particles produced immediately after the burst are small, with 90% of the radioactivity present in particles smaller than 300 nanometers. These coagulate with stratospheric aerosols. Coagulation is more extensive in the troposphere, and, at ground level, most activity is present in particles between 300 [nm](/wiki/Nanometer "Nanometer") and 1 [μm](/wiki/%CE%9Cm "Μm"). The coagulation offsets the fractionation processes at particle formation, evening out isotopic distribution.
For ground and low\-altitude bursts, the cloud contains vaporized, melted and fused soil particles. The distribution of activity through the particles depends on their formation. Particles formed by vaporization\-condensation have activity evenly distributed through volume as the air\-burst particles. Larger molten particles have the fission products diffused through the outer layers, and fused and non\-melted particles that were not heated sufficiently but came in contact with the vaporized material or scavenged droplets before their solidification have a relatively thin layer of high activity material deposited on their surface. The composition of such particles depends on the character of the soil, usually a glass\-like material formed from [silicate](/wiki/Silicate "Silicate") minerals. The particle sizes do not depend on the yield but instead on the soil character, as they are based on individual grains of the soil or their clusters. Two types of particles are present, spherical, formed by complete vaporization\-condensation or at least melting of the soil, with activity distributed evenly through the volume (or with a 10–30% volume of inactive core for larger particles between 0\.5–2 mm), and irregular\-shaped particles formed at the edges of the fireball by fusion of soil particles, with activity deposited in a thin surface layer. The amount of large irregular particles is insignificant. Particles formed from detonations above, or in, the ocean, will contain short\-lived radioactive sodium isotopes, and salts from the [sea water](/wiki/Sea_water "Sea water"). Molten [silica](/wiki/Silica "Silica") is a very good solvent for metal oxides and scavenges small particles easily; explosions above silica\-containing soils will produce particles with isotopes mixed through their volume. In contrast, [coral](/wiki/Coral "Coral") debris, based on [calcium carbonate](/wiki/Calcium_carbonate "Calcium carbonate"), tends to adsorb radioactive particles on its surface.
The elements undergo [fractionation](/wiki/Fractionation "Fractionation") during particle formation, due to their different [volatility](/wiki/Volatility_%28chemistry%29 "Volatility (chemistry)"). [Refractory](/wiki/Refractory "Refractory") elements ([Sr](/wiki/Strontium "Strontium"), [Y](/wiki/Yttrium "Yttrium"), [Zr](/wiki/Zirconium "Zirconium"), [Nb](/wiki/Niobium "Niobium"), [Ba](/wiki/Barium "Barium"), [La](/wiki/Lanthanum "Lanthanum"), [Ce](/wiki/Cerium "Cerium"), [Pr](/wiki/Praseodymium "Praseodymium"), [Nd](/wiki/Neodymium "Neodymium"), [Pm](/wiki/Promethium "Promethium")) form [oxides](/wiki/Oxide "Oxide") with high [boiling points](/wiki/Boiling_point "Boiling point"); these precipitate the fastest and at the time of particle solidification, at temperature of 1400 °C, are considered to be fully condensed. Volatile elements ([Kr](/wiki/Krypton "Krypton"), [Xe](/wiki/Xenon "Xenon"), [I](/wiki/Iodine "Iodine"), [Br](/wiki/Bromine "Bromine")) are not condensed at that temperature. Intermediate elements have their (or their oxides) boiling points close to the solidification temperature of the particles ([Rb](/wiki/Rubidium "Rubidium"), [Cs](/wiki/Cesium "Cesium"), [Mo](/wiki/Molybdenum "Molybdenum"), [Ru](/wiki/Ruthenium "Ruthenium"), [Rh](/wiki/Rhodium "Rhodium"), [Tc](/wiki/Technetium "Technetium"), [Sb](/wiki/Stibium "Stibium"), [Te](/wiki/Tellurium "Tellurium")). The elements in the fireball are present as oxides, unless the temperature is above the decomposition temperature of a given oxide. Less refractory products condense on surfaces of solidified particles. Isotopes with gaseous precursors solidify on the surface of the particles as they are produced by decay.
The largest and therefore most radioactive particles are deposited by fallout in the first few hours after the blast. Smaller particles are carried to higher altitudes and descend more slowly, reaching ground in a less radioactive state as the isotopes with the shortest [half\-lives](/wiki/Half-life "Half-life") decay the fastest. The smallest particles can reach the stratosphere and stay there for weeks, months, or even years, and cover an entire hemisphere of the planet via atmospheric currents. The higher danger, short\-term, localized fallout is deposited primarily downwind from the blast site, in a cigar\-shaped area, assuming a wind of constant strength and direction. Crosswinds, changes in wind direction, and precipitation are factors that can greatly alter the fallout pattern.{{cite book\|author\=Robert Ehrlich\|title\=Waging Nuclear Peace: The Technology and Politics of Nuclear Weapons\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-tEpgCSNV7sC\&pg\=PA175\|year\=1985\|publisher\=SUNY Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-87395\-919\-3\|page\=175}}
The condensation of water droplets in the mushroom cloud depends on the amount of [condensation nuclei](/wiki/Condensation_nuclei "Condensation nuclei"). Too many condensation nuclei actually inhibit condensation, as the particles compete for a relatively insufficient amount of water vapor. Chemical reactivity of the elements and their oxides, ion adsorption properties, and compound solubility influence particle distribution in the environment after deposition from the atmosphere. [Bioaccumulation](/wiki/Bioaccumulation "Bioaccumulation") influences the propagation of fallout radioisotopes in the [biosphere](/wiki/Biosphere "Biosphere").
|
[
"### Cloud composition",
"[left\\|thumb\\|The mushroom cloud from [Buster\\-Jangle](/wiki/Operation_Buster-Jangle \"Operation Buster-Jangle\") Charlie, yield 14 kilotons (at 143 m • kt −{{frac\\|1\\|3}}), during the initial phase of stem formation. The toroidal fireball is visible at the top, a [condensation cloud](/wiki/Condensation_cloud \"Condensation cloud\") is forming in the middle due to intense updrafts of moist air, and the forming partial stem can be seen below. The cloud exhibits the reddish\\-brown hue of nitrogen oxides.](/wiki/Image:BusterJangle-Charlie.jpg \"BusterJangle-Charlie.jpg\")\nThe cloud contains three main classes of material: the remains of the weapon and its fission products, the material acquired from the ground (only significant for burst altitudes below the fallout\\-reducing altitude, which depends on the weapon yield), and water vapour. The bulk of the radiation contained in the cloud consists of the nuclear fission products; [neutron activation](/wiki/Neutron_activation \"Neutron activation\") products from the weapon materials, air, and the ground debris form only a minor fraction. Neutron activation starts during the neutron burst at the instant of the blast, and the range of this neutron burst is limited by the absorption of the neutrons as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere.",
"[Thermonuclear weapons](/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon \"Thermonuclear weapon\") produce a significant part of their yield from [nuclear fusion](/wiki/Nuclear_fusion \"Nuclear fusion\"). Fusion products are typically non\\-radioactive. The degree of radiation fallout production is therefore measured in kilotons of fission. The [Tsar Bomba](/wiki/Tsar_Bomba \"Tsar Bomba\"), which produced 97% of its 50\\-megaton yield from fusion, was a very clean weapon compared to what would typically be expected of a weapon of its yield (although it still produced 1\\.5 megatons of its yield from fission), as its fusion [tamper](/wiki/Tamper_%28nuclear_weapon%29 \"Tamper (nuclear weapon)\") was made of lead instead of [uranium\\-238](/wiki/Uranium-238 \"Uranium-238\"); otherwise, its yield would have been 100 megatons with 51 megatons produced from fission. Were it to be detonated at or near the surface, its fallout would comprise fully one\\-quarter of all the fallout from every [nuclear weapon test](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing \"Nuclear weapons testing\"), combined.",
"Initially, the fireball contains a highly ionized plasma consisting only of atoms of the weapon, its fission products, and atmospheric gases of adjacent air. As the plasma cools, the atoms react, forming fine droplets and then solid particles of oxides. The particles coalesce to larger ones, and deposit on surface of other particles. Larger particles usually originate from material aspired into the cloud. Particles aspired while the cloud is still hot enough to melt them mix with the fission products throughout their volume. Larger particles get molten radioactive materials deposited on their surface. Particles aspired into the cloud later, when its temperature is low enough, do not become significantly contaminated. Particles formed only from the weapon are fine enough to stay airborne for a long time and become widely dispersed and diluted to non\\-hazardous levels. Higher\\-altitude blasts which do not aspire ground debris, or which aspire dust only after cooling enough and where the radioactive fraction of the particles is therefore small, cause a much smaller degree of localized fallout than lower\\-altitude blasts with larger radioactive particles formed.",
"The concentration of condensation products is the same for the small particles and for the deposited surface layers of larger particles. About 100 kg of small particles are formed per kiloton of yield. The volume, and therefore activity, of the small particles is almost three orders of magnitude lower than the volume of the deposited surface layers on larger particles. For higher\\-altitude blasts, the primary particle forming processes are condensation and subsequent coagulation. For lower\\-altitude and ground blasts, with involvement of soil particles, the primary process is deposition on the foreign particles.",
"A low\\-altitude detonation produces a cloud with a dust loading of 100 tons per megaton of yield. A ground detonation produces clouds with about three times as much dust. For a ground detonation, approximately 200 tons of soil per kiloton of yield is melted and comes in contact with radiation. The fireball volume is the same for a surface or an atmospheric detonation. In the first case, the fireball is a hemisphere instead of a sphere, with a correspondingly larger radius.",
"The particle sizes range from submicrometer\\- and micrometer\\-sized (created by condensation of plasma in the fireball), through 10–500 micrometers (surface material agitated by the blast wave and raised by the afterwinds), to millimeter and above (crater ejecta). The size of particles together with the altitude they are carried to, determines the length of their stay in the atmosphere, as larger particles are subject to dry precipitation. Smaller particles can be also scavenged by precipitation, either from the moisture condensing in the cloud or from the cloud intersecting with a rain cloud. The fallout carried down by rain is known as *rain\\-out* if scavenged during raincloud formation, *washout* if absorbed into already formed falling raindrops.{{cite book\\|author\\=Constantin Papastefanou\\|title\\=Radioactive Aerosols\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RSzg6A\\-6qlsC\\&pg\\=PA41\\|year\\=2008\\|publisher\\=Elsevier\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-08\\-044075\\-0\\|page\\=41}}",
"Particles from air bursts are smaller than 10–25 micrometers, usually in the submicrometer range. They are composed mostly of [iron oxides](/wiki/Iron_oxide \"Iron oxide\"), with smaller proportion of [aluminium oxide](/wiki/Aluminium_oxide \"Aluminium oxide\"), and [uranium](/wiki/Uranium_oxide \"Uranium oxide\") and [plutonium oxides](/wiki/Plutonium_oxide \"Plutonium oxide\"). Particles larger than 1–2 micrometers are very spherical, corresponding to vaporized material condensing into droplets and then solidifying. The radioactivity is evenly distributed throughout the particle volume, making total activity of the particles linearly dependent on particle volume.Radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions and accidents, Volume 3, I. A. Izraėl, Elsevier, 2002 {{ISBN\\|0080438555}} About 80% of activity is present in more volatile elements, which condense only after the fireball cools to considerable degree. For example, [strontium\\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 \"Strontium-90\") will have less time to condense and coalesce into larger particles, resulting in greater degree of mixing in the volume of air and smaller particles.{{cite book\\|author\\=Lawrence Badash\\|title\\=A Nuclear Winter's Tale: Science and Politics in the 1980s\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=y8M5vx\\-Lrk0C\\&pg\\=PA25\\|year\\=2009\\|publisher\\=MIT Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-262\\-25799\\-2\\|page\\=25}} The particles produced immediately after the burst are small, with 90% of the radioactivity present in particles smaller than 300 nanometers. These coagulate with stratospheric aerosols. Coagulation is more extensive in the troposphere, and, at ground level, most activity is present in particles between 300 [nm](/wiki/Nanometer \"Nanometer\") and 1 [μm](/wiki/%CE%9Cm \"Μm\"). The coagulation offsets the fractionation processes at particle formation, evening out isotopic distribution.",
"For ground and low\\-altitude bursts, the cloud contains vaporized, melted and fused soil particles. The distribution of activity through the particles depends on their formation. Particles formed by vaporization\\-condensation have activity evenly distributed through volume as the air\\-burst particles. Larger molten particles have the fission products diffused through the outer layers, and fused and non\\-melted particles that were not heated sufficiently but came in contact with the vaporized material or scavenged droplets before their solidification have a relatively thin layer of high activity material deposited on their surface. The composition of such particles depends on the character of the soil, usually a glass\\-like material formed from [silicate](/wiki/Silicate \"Silicate\") minerals. The particle sizes do not depend on the yield but instead on the soil character, as they are based on individual grains of the soil or their clusters. Two types of particles are present, spherical, formed by complete vaporization\\-condensation or at least melting of the soil, with activity distributed evenly through the volume (or with a 10–30% volume of inactive core for larger particles between 0\\.5–2 mm), and irregular\\-shaped particles formed at the edges of the fireball by fusion of soil particles, with activity deposited in a thin surface layer. The amount of large irregular particles is insignificant. Particles formed from detonations above, or in, the ocean, will contain short\\-lived radioactive sodium isotopes, and salts from the [sea water](/wiki/Sea_water \"Sea water\"). Molten [silica](/wiki/Silica \"Silica\") is a very good solvent for metal oxides and scavenges small particles easily; explosions above silica\\-containing soils will produce particles with isotopes mixed through their volume. In contrast, [coral](/wiki/Coral \"Coral\") debris, based on [calcium carbonate](/wiki/Calcium_carbonate \"Calcium carbonate\"), tends to adsorb radioactive particles on its surface.",
"The elements undergo [fractionation](/wiki/Fractionation \"Fractionation\") during particle formation, due to their different [volatility](/wiki/Volatility_%28chemistry%29 \"Volatility (chemistry)\"). [Refractory](/wiki/Refractory \"Refractory\") elements ([Sr](/wiki/Strontium \"Strontium\"), [Y](/wiki/Yttrium \"Yttrium\"), [Zr](/wiki/Zirconium \"Zirconium\"), [Nb](/wiki/Niobium \"Niobium\"), [Ba](/wiki/Barium \"Barium\"), [La](/wiki/Lanthanum \"Lanthanum\"), [Ce](/wiki/Cerium \"Cerium\"), [Pr](/wiki/Praseodymium \"Praseodymium\"), [Nd](/wiki/Neodymium \"Neodymium\"), [Pm](/wiki/Promethium \"Promethium\")) form [oxides](/wiki/Oxide \"Oxide\") with high [boiling points](/wiki/Boiling_point \"Boiling point\"); these precipitate the fastest and at the time of particle solidification, at temperature of 1400 °C, are considered to be fully condensed. Volatile elements ([Kr](/wiki/Krypton \"Krypton\"), [Xe](/wiki/Xenon \"Xenon\"), [I](/wiki/Iodine \"Iodine\"), [Br](/wiki/Bromine \"Bromine\")) are not condensed at that temperature. Intermediate elements have their (or their oxides) boiling points close to the solidification temperature of the particles ([Rb](/wiki/Rubidium \"Rubidium\"), [Cs](/wiki/Cesium \"Cesium\"), [Mo](/wiki/Molybdenum \"Molybdenum\"), [Ru](/wiki/Ruthenium \"Ruthenium\"), [Rh](/wiki/Rhodium \"Rhodium\"), [Tc](/wiki/Technetium \"Technetium\"), [Sb](/wiki/Stibium \"Stibium\"), [Te](/wiki/Tellurium \"Tellurium\")). The elements in the fireball are present as oxides, unless the temperature is above the decomposition temperature of a given oxide. Less refractory products condense on surfaces of solidified particles. Isotopes with gaseous precursors solidify on the surface of the particles as they are produced by decay.",
"The largest and therefore most radioactive particles are deposited by fallout in the first few hours after the blast. Smaller particles are carried to higher altitudes and descend more slowly, reaching ground in a less radioactive state as the isotopes with the shortest [half\\-lives](/wiki/Half-life \"Half-life\") decay the fastest. The smallest particles can reach the stratosphere and stay there for weeks, months, or even years, and cover an entire hemisphere of the planet via atmospheric currents. The higher danger, short\\-term, localized fallout is deposited primarily downwind from the blast site, in a cigar\\-shaped area, assuming a wind of constant strength and direction. Crosswinds, changes in wind direction, and precipitation are factors that can greatly alter the fallout pattern.{{cite book\\|author\\=Robert Ehrlich\\|title\\=Waging Nuclear Peace: The Technology and Politics of Nuclear Weapons\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-tEpgCSNV7sC\\&pg\\=PA175\\|year\\=1985\\|publisher\\=SUNY Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-87395\\-919\\-3\\|page\\=175}}",
"The condensation of water droplets in the mushroom cloud depends on the amount of [condensation nuclei](/wiki/Condensation_nuclei \"Condensation nuclei\"). Too many condensation nuclei actually inhibit condensation, as the particles compete for a relatively insufficient amount of water vapor. Chemical reactivity of the elements and their oxides, ion adsorption properties, and compound solubility influence particle distribution in the environment after deposition from the atmosphere. [Bioaccumulation](/wiki/Bioaccumulation \"Bioaccumulation\") influences the propagation of fallout radioisotopes in the [biosphere](/wiki/Biosphere \"Biosphere\").",
""
] |
### Radioisotopes
The primary fallout hazard is [gamma radiation](/wiki/Gamma_radiation "Gamma radiation") from short\-lived [radioisotopes](/wiki/Radionuclide "Radionuclide"), which represent the bulk of activity. Within 24 hours after a burst, the fallout gamma radiation level drops 60 times. Longer\-life radioisotopes, typically [caesium\-137](/wiki/Caesium-137 "Caesium-137") and [strontium\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 "Strontium-90"), present a long\-term hazard. Intense beta radiation from the fallout particles can cause beta burns to people and animals coming in contact with the fallout shortly after the blast. Ingested or inhaled particles cause an [internal dose](/wiki/Internal_dosimetry "Internal dosimetry") of alpha and beta radiation, which may lead to long\-term effects, including cancer. The neutron irradiation of the atmosphere produces a small amount of activation, mainly as long\-lived [carbon\-14](/wiki/Carbon-14 "Carbon-14") and short\-lived [argon](/wiki/Argon "Argon")\-41\. The elements most important for induced radioactivity for sea water are [sodium](/wiki/Sodium "Sodium")\-24, [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine "Chlorine"), [magnesium](/wiki/Magnesium "Magnesium"), and [bromine](/wiki/Bromine "Bromine"). For ground bursts, the elements of concern are [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium")\-28, [silicon](/wiki/Silicon "Silicon")\-31, sodium\-24, [manganese](/wiki/Manganese "Manganese")\-56, [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron")\-59, and [cobalt\-60](/wiki/Cobalt-60 "Cobalt-60").
The bomb casing can be a significant sources of neutron\-activated radioisotopes. The neutron flux in the bombs, especially thermonuclear devices, is sufficient for high\-threshold [nuclear reactions](/wiki/Nuclear_reaction "Nuclear reaction"). The induced isotopes include cobalt\-60, 57 and 58, iron\-59 and 55, manganese\-54, zinc\-65, yttrium\-88, and possibly nickel\-58 and 62, niobium\-63, holmium\-165, iridium\-191, and short\-lived manganese\-56, sodium\-24, silicon\-31, and aluminium\-28\. [Europium](/wiki/Europium "Europium")\-152 and 154 can be present, as well as two [nuclear isomers](/wiki/Nuclear_isomer "Nuclear isomer") of [rhodium](/wiki/Rhodium "Rhodium")\-102\. During the [Operation Hardtack](/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I "Operation Hardtack I"), [tungsten](/wiki/Tungsten "Tungsten")\-185, 181 and 187 and [rhenium](/wiki/Rhenium "Rhenium")\-188 were produced from elements added as [tracers](/wiki/Isotopic_tracer "Isotopic tracer") to the bomb casings, to allow identification of fallout produced by specific explosions. [Antimony](/wiki/Antimony "Antimony")\-124, [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium")\-109, and cadmium\-113m are also mentioned as tracers.
The most significant radiation sources are the fission products from the primary fission stage, and in the case of fission\-fusion\-fission weapons, from the fission of the fusion stage uranium tamper. Many more neutrons per unit of energy are released in a thermonuclear explosion in comparison with a purely fission yield influencing the fission products composition. For example, [uranium\-237](/wiki/Uranium-237 "Uranium-237") is a unique thermonuclear explosion marker, as it is produced by a (n,2n) reaction from [uranium\-238](/wiki/Uranium-238 "Uranium-238"), with the minimal neutron energy needed being about 5\.9 MeV. Considerable amounts of neptunium\-239 and uranium\-237 are indicators of a fission\-fusion\-fission explosion. Minor amounts of uranium\-240 are also formed, and capture of large numbers of neutrons by individual nuclei leads to formation of small but detectable amounts of higher [transuranium elements](/wiki/Transuranium_element "Transuranium element"), e.g. [einsteinium](/wiki/Einsteinium "Einsteinium")\-255 and [fermium](/wiki/Fermium "Fermium")\-255\.
One of the important fission products is [krypton\-90](/wiki/Krypton-90 "Krypton-90"), a radioactive [noble gas](/wiki/Noble_gas "Noble gas"). It diffuses easily in the cloud and undergoes two decays to rubidium\-90 and then [strontium\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 "Strontium-90"), with half\-lives of 33 seconds and 3 minutes. The noble gas nonreactivity and rapid diffusion is responsible for depletion of local fallout in Sr\-90, and corresponding Sr\-90 enrichment of remote fallout.Ralph E. Lapp (October 1956\) ["Strontium limits in peace and war"](https://books.google.com/books?id=9QkAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA288), *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, **12** (8\): 287–289, 320\.
The radioactivity of the particles decreases with time, with different isotopes being significant at different timespans. For soil activation products, aluminium\-28 is the most important contributor during the first 15 minutes. Manganese\-56 and sodium\-24 follow until about 200 hours. Iron\-59 follows at 300 hours, and after 100–300 days, the significant contributor becomes cobalt\-60\.
Radioactive particles can be carried for considerable distances. Radiation from the [Trinity test](/wiki/Trinity_test "Trinity test") was washed out by a [rainstorm](/wiki/Rainstorm "Rainstorm") in [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"). This was deduced, and the origin traced, when [Eastman Kodak](/wiki/Eastman_Kodak "Eastman Kodak") found x\-ray films were being [fogged](/wiki/Fogging_%28photography%29 "Fogging (photography)") by [cardboard](/wiki/Paperboard "Paperboard") packaging produced in the [Midwest](/wiki/Midwest "Midwest"). Unanticipated winds carried lethal doses of [Castle Bravo](/wiki/Castle_Bravo "Castle Bravo") fallout over the [Rongelap Atoll](/wiki/Rongelap_Atoll "Rongelap Atoll"), forcing its evacuation. The crew of [Daigo Fukuryu Maru](/wiki/Daigo_Fukuryu_Maru "Daigo Fukuryu Maru"), a Japanese fishing boat located outside of the predicted danger zone, was also affected. Strontium\-90 found in worldwide fallout later led to the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty "Partial Test Ban Treaty").
|
[
"### Radioisotopes",
"The primary fallout hazard is [gamma radiation](/wiki/Gamma_radiation \"Gamma radiation\") from short\\-lived [radioisotopes](/wiki/Radionuclide \"Radionuclide\"), which represent the bulk of activity. Within 24 hours after a burst, the fallout gamma radiation level drops 60 times. Longer\\-life radioisotopes, typically [caesium\\-137](/wiki/Caesium-137 \"Caesium-137\") and [strontium\\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 \"Strontium-90\"), present a long\\-term hazard. Intense beta radiation from the fallout particles can cause beta burns to people and animals coming in contact with the fallout shortly after the blast. Ingested or inhaled particles cause an [internal dose](/wiki/Internal_dosimetry \"Internal dosimetry\") of alpha and beta radiation, which may lead to long\\-term effects, including cancer. The neutron irradiation of the atmosphere produces a small amount of activation, mainly as long\\-lived [carbon\\-14](/wiki/Carbon-14 \"Carbon-14\") and short\\-lived [argon](/wiki/Argon \"Argon\")\\-41\\. The elements most important for induced radioactivity for sea water are [sodium](/wiki/Sodium \"Sodium\")\\-24, [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine \"Chlorine\"), [magnesium](/wiki/Magnesium \"Magnesium\"), and [bromine](/wiki/Bromine \"Bromine\"). For ground bursts, the elements of concern are [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\")\\-28, [silicon](/wiki/Silicon \"Silicon\")\\-31, sodium\\-24, [manganese](/wiki/Manganese \"Manganese\")\\-56, [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\")\\-59, and [cobalt\\-60](/wiki/Cobalt-60 \"Cobalt-60\").",
"The bomb casing can be a significant sources of neutron\\-activated radioisotopes. The neutron flux in the bombs, especially thermonuclear devices, is sufficient for high\\-threshold [nuclear reactions](/wiki/Nuclear_reaction \"Nuclear reaction\"). The induced isotopes include cobalt\\-60, 57 and 58, iron\\-59 and 55, manganese\\-54, zinc\\-65, yttrium\\-88, and possibly nickel\\-58 and 62, niobium\\-63, holmium\\-165, iridium\\-191, and short\\-lived manganese\\-56, sodium\\-24, silicon\\-31, and aluminium\\-28\\. [Europium](/wiki/Europium \"Europium\")\\-152 and 154 can be present, as well as two [nuclear isomers](/wiki/Nuclear_isomer \"Nuclear isomer\") of [rhodium](/wiki/Rhodium \"Rhodium\")\\-102\\. During the [Operation Hardtack](/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I \"Operation Hardtack I\"), [tungsten](/wiki/Tungsten \"Tungsten\")\\-185, 181 and 187 and [rhenium](/wiki/Rhenium \"Rhenium\")\\-188 were produced from elements added as [tracers](/wiki/Isotopic_tracer \"Isotopic tracer\") to the bomb casings, to allow identification of fallout produced by specific explosions. [Antimony](/wiki/Antimony \"Antimony\")\\-124, [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium \"Cadmium\")\\-109, and cadmium\\-113m are also mentioned as tracers.",
"The most significant radiation sources are the fission products from the primary fission stage, and in the case of fission\\-fusion\\-fission weapons, from the fission of the fusion stage uranium tamper. Many more neutrons per unit of energy are released in a thermonuclear explosion in comparison with a purely fission yield influencing the fission products composition. For example, [uranium\\-237](/wiki/Uranium-237 \"Uranium-237\") is a unique thermonuclear explosion marker, as it is produced by a (n,2n) reaction from [uranium\\-238](/wiki/Uranium-238 \"Uranium-238\"), with the minimal neutron energy needed being about 5\\.9 MeV. Considerable amounts of neptunium\\-239 and uranium\\-237 are indicators of a fission\\-fusion\\-fission explosion. Minor amounts of uranium\\-240 are also formed, and capture of large numbers of neutrons by individual nuclei leads to formation of small but detectable amounts of higher [transuranium elements](/wiki/Transuranium_element \"Transuranium element\"), e.g. [einsteinium](/wiki/Einsteinium \"Einsteinium\")\\-255 and [fermium](/wiki/Fermium \"Fermium\")\\-255\\.",
"One of the important fission products is [krypton\\-90](/wiki/Krypton-90 \"Krypton-90\"), a radioactive [noble gas](/wiki/Noble_gas \"Noble gas\"). It diffuses easily in the cloud and undergoes two decays to rubidium\\-90 and then [strontium\\-90](/wiki/Strontium-90 \"Strontium-90\"), with half\\-lives of 33 seconds and 3 minutes. The noble gas nonreactivity and rapid diffusion is responsible for depletion of local fallout in Sr\\-90, and corresponding Sr\\-90 enrichment of remote fallout.Ralph E. Lapp (October 1956\\) [\"Strontium limits in peace and war\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=9QkAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA288), *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, **12** (8\\): 287–289, 320\\.",
"The radioactivity of the particles decreases with time, with different isotopes being significant at different timespans. For soil activation products, aluminium\\-28 is the most important contributor during the first 15 minutes. Manganese\\-56 and sodium\\-24 follow until about 200 hours. Iron\\-59 follows at 300 hours, and after 100–300 days, the significant contributor becomes cobalt\\-60\\.",
"Radioactive particles can be carried for considerable distances. Radiation from the [Trinity test](/wiki/Trinity_test \"Trinity test\") was washed out by a [rainstorm](/wiki/Rainstorm \"Rainstorm\") in [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"). This was deduced, and the origin traced, when [Eastman Kodak](/wiki/Eastman_Kodak \"Eastman Kodak\") found x\\-ray films were being [fogged](/wiki/Fogging_%28photography%29 \"Fogging (photography)\") by [cardboard](/wiki/Paperboard \"Paperboard\") packaging produced in the [Midwest](/wiki/Midwest \"Midwest\"). Unanticipated winds carried lethal doses of [Castle Bravo](/wiki/Castle_Bravo \"Castle Bravo\") fallout over the [Rongelap Atoll](/wiki/Rongelap_Atoll \"Rongelap Atoll\"), forcing its evacuation. The crew of [Daigo Fukuryu Maru](/wiki/Daigo_Fukuryu_Maru \"Daigo Fukuryu Maru\"), a Japanese fishing boat located outside of the predicted danger zone, was also affected. Strontium\\-90 found in worldwide fallout later led to the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty \"Partial Test Ban Treaty\").",
""
] |
Coaching career
---------------
He began his coaching career in 2006 at [second league](/wiki/Liga_II "Liga II") club [FC Săcele](/wiki/FC_S%C4%83cele "FC Săcele"). He then joined the technical staff of [Răzvan Lucescu](/wiki/R%C4%83zvan_Lucescu "Răzvan Lucescu"), becoming his assistant at FC Brașov.
From July 2010 he was in numerous occasions the head coach of FC Brașov, overseen by technical director [Daniel Oprea](/wiki/Daniel_Oprea "Daniel Oprea"), Isăilă not having the PRO License coach certificate yet.
In November 2011, Isăilă signed a contract for four seasons with [Sportul Studențesc](/wiki/FC_Sportul_Studen%C8%9Besc_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Sportul Studențesc București"). The club relegated under his command. In August 2012, he moved to second division club [FCM Târgu Mureș](/wiki/FCM_T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99 "FCM Târgu Mureș"), where he received a contract for a season with the main objective being promotion in [Liga I](/wiki/Liga_I "Liga I"). He resigned in the middle of the season, because the team was far from reaching the target, being only 5th after 16 games.
In April 2013, he was appointed head coach of [Liga I](/wiki/Liga_I "Liga I") side [Astra Giurgiu](/wiki/FC_Astra_Giurgiu "FC Astra Giurgiu"). With Astra Giurgiu he had fantastic performances and in two years he won almost everything possible. In his first season in charge, he won the [Cupa României](/wiki/Cupa_Rom%C3%A2niei "Cupa României") at the National Arena Stadium against [Steaua Bucharest](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Steaua București") in front of 53,000 Steaua supporters. On 11 July he won the second historical cup for Astra, the Supercup, again against Steaua Bucharest. After the best performance of Astra Giurgiu in the [Championship](/wiki/Liga_I "Liga I"), (2nd place) he qualified his team in the [Europa League](/wiki/Europa_League "Europa League") group stages for the first time, winning against [Lyon](/wiki/Olympique_Lyon "Olympique Lyon") in a fantastic double match which will remain in the history of the club. In October 2014, he stepped down as manager of Astra. In October the same year, he became one of the assistant coaches for the [Romania national team](/wiki/Romanian_national_football_team "Romanian national football team") working under [Anghel Iordănescu](/wiki/Anghel_Iord%C4%83nescu "Anghel Iordănescu") and later [Christoph Daum](/wiki/Christoph_Daum "Christoph Daum").
In December 2016, Isăilă was named as the head coach of [Romania under\-21 national team](/wiki/Romania_national_under-21_football_team "Romania national under-21 football team"). After nearly two years in control he gave up the national team, thus leaving it with chances of qualifying to the [2019 UEFA European Under\-21 Championship](/wiki/2019_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_qualification "2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification").
In June 2018, he signed with newly promoted [Saudi Professional League](/wiki/Saudi_Professional_League "Saudi Professional League") side [Al\-Hazem](/wiki/Al-Hazem_F.C. "Al-Hazem F.C."). He was sacked on 31 January 2020 following a 0–0 draw with [Al\-Taawoun](/wiki/Al-Taawoun_FC "Al-Taawoun FC").{{cite web \|title\=الحزم ينهي عقد مدربه إيسايلا \|url\=https://spl.com.sa/ar/node/3210 \|access\-date\=1 February 2020 \|archive\-date\=6 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406074703/https://spl.com.sa/ar/node/3210 \|url\-status\=dead }}
|
[
"Coaching career\n---------------",
"He began his coaching career in 2006 at [second league](/wiki/Liga_II \"Liga II\") club [FC Săcele](/wiki/FC_S%C4%83cele \"FC Săcele\"). He then joined the technical staff of [Răzvan Lucescu](/wiki/R%C4%83zvan_Lucescu \"Răzvan Lucescu\"), becoming his assistant at FC Brașov.",
"From July 2010 he was in numerous occasions the head coach of FC Brașov, overseen by technical director [Daniel Oprea](/wiki/Daniel_Oprea \"Daniel Oprea\"), Isăilă not having the PRO License coach certificate yet.",
"In November 2011, Isăilă signed a contract for four seasons with [Sportul Studențesc](/wiki/FC_Sportul_Studen%C8%9Besc_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Sportul Studențesc București\"). The club relegated under his command. In August 2012, he moved to second division club [FCM Târgu Mureș](/wiki/FCM_T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99 \"FCM Târgu Mureș\"), where he received a contract for a season with the main objective being promotion in [Liga I](/wiki/Liga_I \"Liga I\"). He resigned in the middle of the season, because the team was far from reaching the target, being only 5th after 16 games.",
"In April 2013, he was appointed head coach of [Liga I](/wiki/Liga_I \"Liga I\") side [Astra Giurgiu](/wiki/FC_Astra_Giurgiu \"FC Astra Giurgiu\"). With Astra Giurgiu he had fantastic performances and in two years he won almost everything possible. In his first season in charge, he won the [Cupa României](/wiki/Cupa_Rom%C3%A2niei \"Cupa României\") at the National Arena Stadium against [Steaua Bucharest](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Steaua București\") in front of 53,000 Steaua supporters. On 11 July he won the second historical cup for Astra, the Supercup, again against Steaua Bucharest. After the best performance of Astra Giurgiu in the [Championship](/wiki/Liga_I \"Liga I\"), (2nd place) he qualified his team in the [Europa League](/wiki/Europa_League \"Europa League\") group stages for the first time, winning against [Lyon](/wiki/Olympique_Lyon \"Olympique Lyon\") in a fantastic double match which will remain in the history of the club. In October 2014, he stepped down as manager of Astra. In October the same year, he became one of the assistant coaches for the [Romania national team](/wiki/Romanian_national_football_team \"Romanian national football team\") working under [Anghel Iordănescu](/wiki/Anghel_Iord%C4%83nescu \"Anghel Iordănescu\") and later [Christoph Daum](/wiki/Christoph_Daum \"Christoph Daum\").",
"In December 2016, Isăilă was named as the head coach of [Romania under\\-21 national team](/wiki/Romania_national_under-21_football_team \"Romania national under-21 football team\"). After nearly two years in control he gave up the national team, thus leaving it with chances of qualifying to the [2019 UEFA European Under\\-21 Championship](/wiki/2019_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_qualification \"2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification\").",
"In June 2018, he signed with newly promoted [Saudi Professional League](/wiki/Saudi_Professional_League \"Saudi Professional League\") side [Al\\-Hazem](/wiki/Al-Hazem_F.C. \"Al-Hazem F.C.\"). He was sacked on 31 January 2020 following a 0–0 draw with [Al\\-Taawoun](/wiki/Al-Taawoun_FC \"Al-Taawoun FC\").{{cite web \\|title\\=الحزم ينهي عقد مدربه إيسايلا \\|url\\=https://spl.com.sa/ar/node/3210 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406074703/https://spl.com.sa/ar/node/3210 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
""
] |
Robberies
---------
On December 22, 1995, Zhang robbed the Chongqing Friendship store, killing one person and stole gold jewelry worth 455,000 yuan.
On December 25, 1996, Zhang robbed [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai")'s first department store, stealing gold jewelry worth more than 630,000 yuan.
On November 27, 1997, Zhang robbed [Changsha](/wiki/Changsha "Changsha") Friendship Mall, killing two people and stole gold jewelry worth 1\.372 million yuan.
On December 20, 1998, Zhang raided a public security checkpoint and the toll station of the Public Security County of Hebei Province, killing two people.
On January 4, 1999, Zhang robbed the gold jewelry cabinet of Wuhan Square in [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), killing one person and stealing 30,000 yuan and 2\.634 million in gold jewelry.
On August 15, 2000, Zhang robbed the president of the Agricultural Bank of [Anxiang County](/wiki/Anxiang_County "Anxiang County"), killing two people and stealing 16,000 yuan.
On September 1 of the same year, Zhang robbed a cash truck in [Changde](/wiki/Changde "Changde"), killing seven people and stealing two small sub\-machine guns and 20 bullets.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.cctv.com/news/special/zt1/judgement/7054\.html\|title\=张君、李泽军等人主要罪行}}
|
[
"Robberies\n---------",
"On December 22, 1995, Zhang robbed the Chongqing Friendship store, killing one person and stole gold jewelry worth 455,000 yuan.",
"On December 25, 1996, Zhang robbed [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai \"Shanghai\")'s first department store, stealing gold jewelry worth more than 630,000 yuan.",
"On November 27, 1997, Zhang robbed [Changsha](/wiki/Changsha \"Changsha\") Friendship Mall, killing two people and stole gold jewelry worth 1\\.372 million yuan.",
"On December 20, 1998, Zhang raided a public security checkpoint and the toll station of the Public Security County of Hebei Province, killing two people.",
"On January 4, 1999, Zhang robbed the gold jewelry cabinet of Wuhan Square in [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan \"Wuhan\"), killing one person and stealing 30,000 yuan and 2\\.634 million in gold jewelry.",
"On August 15, 2000, Zhang robbed the president of the Agricultural Bank of [Anxiang County](/wiki/Anxiang_County \"Anxiang County\"), killing two people and stealing 16,000 yuan.",
"On September 1 of the same year, Zhang robbed a cash truck in [Changde](/wiki/Changde \"Changde\"), killing seven people and stealing two small sub\\-machine guns and 20 bullets.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cctv.com/news/special/zt1/judgement/7054\\.html\\|title\\=张君、李泽军等人主要罪行}}",
""
] |
Artworks
--------
Yamazaki was known for her daring use of saturated colors and abstract visual languages. She was also interested in unconventional materials like [tinplate](/wiki/Tinplate "Tinplate"), mirrors, and vinyl.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.artforum.com/print/201302/artist\-s\-portfolio\-tsuruko\-yamazaki\-38563\|title\=Artist's Portfolio: Tsuruko Yamazaki\|last\=Kee\|first\=Joan\|date\=2013\-02\-01\|website\=Artforum\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-07}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dma.org/object/artwork/5335378/\|title\=Work \- DMA Collection Online\|website\=Dallas Museum of Art\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-08}} Eschewing figurative and literal representations, her early works often highlighted the specific chemical and physical properties of these materials, responding to Yoshihara's assertion that: 'Gutai Art does not alter matter \[…] Gutai Art does not distort matter. In Gutai Art, the human spirit and matter shake hands with each other while keeping their distance. Matter never compromises itself with spirit; spirit never dominates matter.'Yoshihara, Jiro, "Gutai Art Manifesto, 1956\." In *F[rom Postwar to Postmodern: Art in Japan 1945\-1989](https://assets.moma.org/d/pdfs/W1siZiIsIjIwMjAvMDMvMzEvOHhxc3MxZTVrOV9Nb01BX0Zyb21fUG9zdHdhcl90b19Qb3N0bW9kZXJuX0FydF9pbl9KYXBhbl9QUkVWSUVXLnBkZiJdXQ/MoMA_From_Postwar_to_Postmodern_Art_in_Japan_PREVIEW.pdf?sha=cbffe586543cdd6d)*, edited by Doryun Chong et al., 89\-91\. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2012\.
Reflective materials played a significant role in Yamazaki's early works. At 'The **First Gutai Art Exhibition**' in 1955, Yamazaki displayed *Tin Cans*, a sculpture made from stacking some 25 tin cans on the floor of the exhibition space.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=E764DwAAQBAJ\&dq\=tsuruko\+yamazaki\&pg\=PA237\|title\=A Companion to Curation\|last1\=Buckley\|first1\=Brad\|last2\=Conomos\|first2\=John\|date\=2020\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons\|isbn\=978\-1\-119\-20685\-9\|pages\=237\|language\=en}} The artist recycled the cans discarded by American servicemen in Osaka and varnished them fluorescent pink. Reflecting, tinting, and distorting the surroundings, the pile of pink tin cans captured the mesmerizing visual shock brought by Western consumer goods, urbanization, and technological development in post\-war Japan.Nishizawa, Midori, "Tsuruko Yamazaki, Beyond Gutai: 1957\-2009," in *Tsuruko Yamazaki. Beyond Gutai: 1957\-2009*. Paris: Almine Rech Gallery, 2010\. The blurry reflections on the surface of the tins also viewers to contemplate the physical space.
At the same exhibition, Yamazaki also exhibited *Work* (1955\), a large iron panel covered by black and white stripes. At the four edges of the panel, Yamazaki mounted small rectangular mirrors, which reflected viewers’ bodies and the exhibition space in fragments. The uninterrupted reflection challenged viewers to reconsider the very act of 'viewing' and viewing subjects' taken\-for\-granted control over art objects.
In another work, *Three\-Sided Mirror* (1956\), Yamazaki again used pink tinplate. The work consisted of thirty\-six sheets of tinplate, which were assembled into three enormous reflective panels like a triptych mirror. Exhibited at the Outdoor Gutai Art Exhibition at Ashiya Park, the striking color of the tin triptych disrupted the harmonious greenery of the park. On its slightly dented surface, the reflection of surrounding trees and passers\-by deformed into eerie and barely recognizable shapes. Like a [funhouse mirror](/wiki/Distorting_mirror "Distorting mirror"), the work reframed and defamiliarized the world to challenge viewers' habitual perception of it.
Yamazaki's installation created for '**Gutai Group Room**' at the Shinko Independent Exhibition in 1956 similarly aimed at redefining how viewers see the world. The installation was a crumpled sheet of orange\-red cellophane, which Yamazaki hang over the entrance to the Gutai Group Room. The wrinkled cellophane sheet refracted light, distorted the view into the room, and cast a colored glow over the space. It called for a departure from conventional and accepted vantage points of viewing the world, prompting viewers to look and experience differently.
Her work *Red* (1956\), exhibited at the **'Outdoor Gutai Art Exhibition**', was a large cubic tent suspended by strings attached to nearby trees.{{Cite web\|title\=Art Basel 2016 – ART iT: Japanese\-English contemporary art portal site\|date\=3 June 2016 \|url\=https://www.art\-it.asia/en/u/takeninagawa\_e/vkm1b0hypcg6u2vziacm\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-07\|language\=en\-GB}} The tent was made of red vinyl sheets stretched over a wooden frame. The tent was illuminated from the inside at night, glowing in the darkness. Viewers were attracted to bend under the edge of the tent and enter. Once inside, their bodies were entirely bathed in the red glow of the installation, merging into an unfamiliar and fantastic space of art. Meanwhile, viewers outside the tent observed flimsy shadows of deformed human shapes that floated on the red vinyl sheets. As the shapes and sizes of the shadows changed constantly, the work provoked a curious experience of unease and unfamiliarity. Different versions of this work were also featured in a number of exhibits afterwards, including at the [Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of Art](/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefectural_Museum_of_Art "Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of Art"); at the [Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum") in New York.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guggenheim.org/audio/track/yamazaki\-tsuruko\-work\-red\-cube\-1956\|title\=Yamazaki Tsuruko, Work (Red Cube), 1956\|date\=2013\-06\-26\|website\=Guggenheim\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-08}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/arts/design/gutai\-splendid\-playground\-at\-the\-guggenheim.html\|title\=The Seriousness of Fun in Postwar Japan\|last\=Smith\|first\=Roberta\|date\=2013\-02\-14\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-08\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
In 1957, Yamazaki pushed further her experiments with tinplate. At '**The 3rd Gutai Art Exhibition**' (1957\), she showed a series of tinplate panels which she had hammered and perforated. Protruding and concaving irregularly, the panels looked like abstract metal reliefs. Yamazaki used color\-gel lights to underscore further the metallic texture and the uneven surface of the works. The manipulated surfaces highlighted the materiality and three\-dimensionality of tin panels, echoing Gutai's shared interest in physical materials. At the same time, the dazzlingly colorful gleams again evoked the visual experience of the luminosity of movie screens, televisions, [pachinko](/wiki/Pachinko "Pachinko") machines, and neon lights – increasingly prevalent objects in the prospering urban space of 1950s Japan. For '**The 4th Gutai Art Exhibition**', held in the same year in Tokyo, Yamazaki created a group of tin works by pouring and dripping aniline dye and varnish onto tinplate panels. Flowing and streaking freely on the surface of the panels, the bright and semi\-transparent dyes complicated the reflective texture of tin, creating a complex interplay of colors, lights, and reflections.
Yamazaki's visual vocabulary in the **1960s and 70s** gradually assimilated elements from [Pop Art](/wiki/Pop_art "Pop art"). Rather than continuing the earlier gestural abstraction, she created kitschy works with highly luminous colors and eye\-dazzling patterns. Pop\-inspired motifs such as speech bubbles and polka dots also began to appear in her paintings from this period. After Gutai disbanded in 1972, Yamazaki started incorporating more figural motifs like images of animals and advert posters. In a 2009 series titled *Ukiyoe: Hell of Color*, she reworked readymade Ukiyoe prints by covering them with patches and strokes of bright paints. Since the late 1990s, Yamazaki had returned to her earlier exploration of tinplate, creating abstract paintings with liquid dye on tin panels.
|
[
"Artworks\n--------",
"Yamazaki was known for her daring use of saturated colors and abstract visual languages. She was also interested in unconventional materials like [tinplate](/wiki/Tinplate \"Tinplate\"), mirrors, and vinyl.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.artforum.com/print/201302/artist\\-s\\-portfolio\\-tsuruko\\-yamazaki\\-38563\\|title\\=Artist's Portfolio: Tsuruko Yamazaki\\|last\\=Kee\\|first\\=Joan\\|date\\=2013\\-02\\-01\\|website\\=Artforum\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-07}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dma.org/object/artwork/5335378/\\|title\\=Work \\- DMA Collection Online\\|website\\=Dallas Museum of Art\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-08}} Eschewing figurative and literal representations, her early works often highlighted the specific chemical and physical properties of these materials, responding to Yoshihara's assertion that: 'Gutai Art does not alter matter \\[…] Gutai Art does not distort matter. In Gutai Art, the human spirit and matter shake hands with each other while keeping their distance. Matter never compromises itself with spirit; spirit never dominates matter.'Yoshihara, Jiro, \"Gutai Art Manifesto, 1956\\.\" In *F[rom Postwar to Postmodern: Art in Japan 1945\\-1989](https://assets.moma.org/d/pdfs/W1siZiIsIjIwMjAvMDMvMzEvOHhxc3MxZTVrOV9Nb01BX0Zyb21fUG9zdHdhcl90b19Qb3N0bW9kZXJuX0FydF9pbl9KYXBhbl9QUkVWSUVXLnBkZiJdXQ/MoMA_From_Postwar_to_Postmodern_Art_in_Japan_PREVIEW.pdf?sha=cbffe586543cdd6d)*, edited by Doryun Chong et al., 89\\-91\\. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2012\\.",
"Reflective materials played a significant role in Yamazaki's early works. At 'The **First Gutai Art Exhibition**' in 1955, Yamazaki displayed *Tin Cans*, a sculpture made from stacking some 25 tin cans on the floor of the exhibition space.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=E764DwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=tsuruko\\+yamazaki\\&pg\\=PA237\\|title\\=A Companion to Curation\\|last1\\=Buckley\\|first1\\=Brad\\|last2\\=Conomos\\|first2\\=John\\|date\\=2020\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-119\\-20685\\-9\\|pages\\=237\\|language\\=en}} The artist recycled the cans discarded by American servicemen in Osaka and varnished them fluorescent pink. Reflecting, tinting, and distorting the surroundings, the pile of pink tin cans captured the mesmerizing visual shock brought by Western consumer goods, urbanization, and technological development in post\\-war Japan.Nishizawa, Midori, \"Tsuruko Yamazaki, Beyond Gutai: 1957\\-2009,\" in *Tsuruko Yamazaki. Beyond Gutai: 1957\\-2009*. Paris: Almine Rech Gallery, 2010\\. The blurry reflections on the surface of the tins also viewers to contemplate the physical space.",
"At the same exhibition, Yamazaki also exhibited *Work* (1955\\), a large iron panel covered by black and white stripes. At the four edges of the panel, Yamazaki mounted small rectangular mirrors, which reflected viewers’ bodies and the exhibition space in fragments. The uninterrupted reflection challenged viewers to reconsider the very act of 'viewing' and viewing subjects' taken\\-for\\-granted control over art objects.",
"In another work, *Three\\-Sided Mirror* (1956\\), Yamazaki again used pink tinplate. The work consisted of thirty\\-six sheets of tinplate, which were assembled into three enormous reflective panels like a triptych mirror. Exhibited at the Outdoor Gutai Art Exhibition at Ashiya Park, the striking color of the tin triptych disrupted the harmonious greenery of the park. On its slightly dented surface, the reflection of surrounding trees and passers\\-by deformed into eerie and barely recognizable shapes. Like a [funhouse mirror](/wiki/Distorting_mirror \"Distorting mirror\"), the work reframed and defamiliarized the world to challenge viewers' habitual perception of it.",
"Yamazaki's installation created for '**Gutai Group Room**' at the Shinko Independent Exhibition in 1956 similarly aimed at redefining how viewers see the world. The installation was a crumpled sheet of orange\\-red cellophane, which Yamazaki hang over the entrance to the Gutai Group Room. The wrinkled cellophane sheet refracted light, distorted the view into the room, and cast a colored glow over the space. It called for a departure from conventional and accepted vantage points of viewing the world, prompting viewers to look and experience differently.",
"Her work *Red* (1956\\), exhibited at the **'Outdoor Gutai Art Exhibition**', was a large cubic tent suspended by strings attached to nearby trees.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Art Basel 2016 – ART iT: Japanese\\-English contemporary art portal site\\|date\\=3 June 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.art\\-it.asia/en/u/takeninagawa\\_e/vkm1b0hypcg6u2vziacm\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-07\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} The tent was made of red vinyl sheets stretched over a wooden frame. The tent was illuminated from the inside at night, glowing in the darkness. Viewers were attracted to bend under the edge of the tent and enter. Once inside, their bodies were entirely bathed in the red glow of the installation, merging into an unfamiliar and fantastic space of art. Meanwhile, viewers outside the tent observed flimsy shadows of deformed human shapes that floated on the red vinyl sheets. As the shapes and sizes of the shadows changed constantly, the work provoked a curious experience of unease and unfamiliarity. Different versions of this work were also featured in a number of exhibits afterwards, including at the [Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of Art](/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefectural_Museum_of_Art \"Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of Art\"); at the [Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum \"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum\") in New York.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guggenheim.org/audio/track/yamazaki\\-tsuruko\\-work\\-red\\-cube\\-1956\\|title\\=Yamazaki Tsuruko, Work (Red Cube), 1956\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-26\\|website\\=Guggenheim\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-08}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/arts/design/gutai\\-splendid\\-playground\\-at\\-the\\-guggenheim.html\\|title\\=The Seriousness of Fun in Postwar Japan\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Roberta\\|date\\=2013\\-02\\-14\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-08\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"In 1957, Yamazaki pushed further her experiments with tinplate. At '**The 3rd Gutai Art Exhibition**' (1957\\), she showed a series of tinplate panels which she had hammered and perforated. Protruding and concaving irregularly, the panels looked like abstract metal reliefs. Yamazaki used color\\-gel lights to underscore further the metallic texture and the uneven surface of the works. The manipulated surfaces highlighted the materiality and three\\-dimensionality of tin panels, echoing Gutai's shared interest in physical materials. At the same time, the dazzlingly colorful gleams again evoked the visual experience of the luminosity of movie screens, televisions, [pachinko](/wiki/Pachinko \"Pachinko\") machines, and neon lights – increasingly prevalent objects in the prospering urban space of 1950s Japan. For '**The 4th Gutai Art Exhibition**', held in the same year in Tokyo, Yamazaki created a group of tin works by pouring and dripping aniline dye and varnish onto tinplate panels. Flowing and streaking freely on the surface of the panels, the bright and semi\\-transparent dyes complicated the reflective texture of tin, creating a complex interplay of colors, lights, and reflections.",
"Yamazaki's visual vocabulary in the **1960s and 70s** gradually assimilated elements from [Pop Art](/wiki/Pop_art \"Pop art\"). Rather than continuing the earlier gestural abstraction, she created kitschy works with highly luminous colors and eye\\-dazzling patterns. Pop\\-inspired motifs such as speech bubbles and polka dots also began to appear in her paintings from this period. After Gutai disbanded in 1972, Yamazaki started incorporating more figural motifs like images of animals and advert posters. In a 2009 series titled *Ukiyoe: Hell of Color*, she reworked readymade Ukiyoe prints by covering them with patches and strokes of bright paints. Since the late 1990s, Yamazaki had returned to her earlier exploration of tinplate, creating abstract paintings with liquid dye on tin panels.",
""
] |
As a sexual practice
--------------------
{{more citations needed section\|date\=July 2015}}
### General
[thumb\|Stroking with pressure and gentle rhythmic squeezing on the [perineum](/wiki/Perineum "Perineum") cause a transfer of pressure to the underlying tissues up to the prostate. Perineal massage can trigger [sexual arousal](/wiki/Sexual_arousal "Sexual arousal") or enhance it.](/wiki/File:Damm-Massage_%28Massage_des_Perineums%29.png "Damm-Massage (Massage des Perineums).png")
[thumb\|Insertion of a finger protected with a latex glove and coated with lubricant into the [anus](/wiki/Human_anus "Human anus") and lower [rectum](/wiki/Rectum "Rectum") of a male in a lying position, where, after gently penetrating both sphincters the prostate as a small roundish organ can be massaged together with the penis](/wiki/File:Prostatamassage.png "Prostatamassage.png")
Prostate massage is also used as an [erotic massage](/wiki/Erotic_massage "Erotic massage") for sexual stimulation, often in order to reach [orgasm](/wiki/Orgasm "Orgasm"). The prostate is sometimes referred to as the "male [G\-spot](/wiki/G-spot "G-spot")"{{cite journal \|last1\=Levin \|first1\=R. J. \|title\=Prostate\-induced orgasms: A concise review illustrated with a highly relevant case study \|journal\=Clinical Anatomy \|date\=2018 \|volume\=31 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=81–85 \|pmid\=29265651 \|doi\=10\.1002/ca.23006 \|doi\-access\=free}} or "P\-spot".{{cite web \|last\=Saleh \|first\=Naveed \|title\=Hitting the P\-Spot \|date\=3 October 2014 \|url\=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\-red\-light\-district/201410/hitting\-the\-p\-spot \|website\=Psychology Today \|department\=The Red\-Light District}} Some men can achieve orgasm through stimulation of the prostate gland, such as prostate massage or receptive [anal intercourse](/wiki/Anal_intercourse "Anal intercourse"), and men who report the sensation of prostate stimulation often give descriptions similar to females' accounts of G\-spot stimulation.{{cite book \|first\=Martha \|last\=Rosenthal \|title\=Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society \|publisher\=Cengage Learning \|year\=2012 \|pages\=133–135 \|isbn\=978\-0\-618\-75571\-4}}{{cite book \|last1\=Ladas \|first1\=Alice Kahn \|last2\=Whipple \|first2\=Beverly \|last3\=Perry \|first3\=John D. \|title\=The G spot and other recent discoveries about human sexuality \|year\=1982 \|publisher\=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston \|location\=New York \|isbn\=978\-0\-03\-061831\-4 \|edition\=1st \|url\=https://archive.org/details/gspototherrece00lada \|url\-access\=registration \|page\=55 \|quote\=Men report that the orgasm they experience as a result of stimulation of the prostate gland is more like the pushing\-down feeling reported by women in connection with the stimulation of the G spot.}} Prostate stimulation can sometimes produce a strong, powerful orgasm. However, all male orgasms, including those by penile stimulation, involve muscular contractions in the prostate gland.{{cite book \|last1\=Blesi \|first1\=Michelle \|title\=Medical Assisting: Administrative \& Clinical Competencies \|page\=390 \|date\=15 June 2021 \|publisher\=Cengage Learning \|isbn\=978\-0\-357\-50294\-5 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jmI4EAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA390 \|access\-date\=13 September 2021 \|language\=en}} It is possible for some men to achieve orgasms through [prostate](/wiki/Prostate "Prostate") stimulation alone.{{cite journal \|title\=Multiple Orgasms in Men—What We Know So Far \|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293195654 \|last1\=Wibowo \|first1\=Erik \|last2\=Wassersug \|first2\=Richard J. \|year\=2016 \|journal\=Sexual Medicine Reviews \|volume\=4 \|issue\=2 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.sxmr.2015\.12\.004 \|pmid\=27872023 \|pages\=136–148 \|via\=ResearchGate}} Stimulation may be achieved by use of one or more fingers or by using sex toys designed to bring pressure to the anterior wall of the rectum at the location of the gland.
Prostate massage may be practiced between sexual partners, either as a discrete activity or during other sexual acts stimulating the penis for example. The increasing availability (online via the Internet) of purpose\-designed, safe and hygienic sex toys and devices aimed at prostate stimulation may encourage sexual experimentation and incorporation into sex play. The use of a finger for anal penetration and prostate stimulation can enhance a male's orgasm or vary the sensations experienced during sexual arousal. The finger of the prostate massager is introduced into the rectum through the anus and the prostate gland is gently massaged via the anterior (front) wall of the rectum. In some individuals or for some massagers the correct location of the prostate may be slightly too deep or the finger too short to reach easily. Prostate massage can be performed individually or with the help of a partner.
Prostate massage may also be used in long\-term orgasm denial play, for the purpose of relieving immediate need for orgasm without impacting general feelings of arousal. For this purpose it is often referred to as milking.
There are safety matters relating to prostate stimulation and anal penetration. It is strongly recommended that plenty of lubricant be used with prostate massagers to prevent rectal lining damage. A smaller instrument or finger may be introduced gradually to minimize the discomfort that some may feel. Massagers may be used with or without a condom; however, because of the bacteria found in the rectum, if a condom is not used, it is very important to clean the tool with soap before use in another orifice or by a partner. Receiving anal stimulation may cause feelings of having to defecate. More often than not, this is just a sensation that the stimulation causes and may take some getting used to.{{cite web \|title\=The male hot spot: Massaging the prostate \|url\=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered\-questions/massaging\-the\-prostate \|website\=Go Ask Alice! \|publisher\=Columbia University \|access\-date\=11 September 2021}}
### Equipment
A *prostate massager*, or *prostate stimulator*, is a device for massaging the prostate gland.{{Cite web\|title\=Prostate Massager Guide: 6 Tips for Using a Prostate Massager\|url\=https://www.masterclass.com/articles/prostate\-massager\-guide\|publisher\=MasterClass\|access\-date\=22 June 2024}} The shape of a prostate massager is similar to a finger, since prostate massages are traditionally given digitally (for example, via [fingering](/wiki/Fingering_%28sexual_act%29%23Anus "Fingering (sexual act)#Anus")). They usually have a slightly curved head to effectively massage the prostate.{{Cite web\|title\=How To Use A Prostate Massager?\|url\=https://spacecoastdaily.com/2022/06/how\-does\-a\-prostate\-massager\-work\-5\-things\-you\-should\-know/\|publisher\=Space Coast Daily\|access\-date\=22 June 2024}} Lubricant is usually necessary before inserting anything into the anus and helps to avoid injury to the rectal mucosa (lining). Caution should be exercised when a prostate massager is used because of the sensitivity of the prostate. Correct use involves a medium to light repetitive [massage](/wiki/Massage "Massage"), or circular motion—the device being used to administer the massage should not be used too vigorously or without care, since this may lead to injury.
Prostate massage equipment ranges from [dildos](/wiki/Dildo "Dildo") to [butt plugs](/wiki/Butt_plug "Butt plug"). When used in sexual practice, prostate massagers are commonly referred to as "prostate toys", "prostate [sex toys](/wiki/Sex_toys "Sex toys")", and "anal toys". These prostate massagers are inserted into the [rectum](/wiki/Rectum "Rectum") through the anus and are intended to stimulate the prostate by simple massaging or vibrating. They are used during [foreplay](/wiki/Foreplay "Foreplay") by many couples.
Prostate dildos are similar to vaginal dildos, but they tend to be more curved, slimmer and with a softer texture. Some of the new prostate dildos on the market are driven by [batteries](/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29 "Battery (electricity)") and offer vibration at the tip; the speed or intensity of which may be changed depending on the subject's personal preference. Unlike vaginal dildos, the anal prostate massager has a flared end to prevent it from being fully inserted and 'lost' inside the rectum.
Some males prefer butt plugs, which are easy to use, can be inserted freely and left in place while the male's hands are free for other sexual activities such as [masturbation](/wiki/Masturbation "Masturbation"). Anal plugs also come in various shapes, sizes and designs and are not commonly intended to stimulate the prostate. Newer, more angled models (second generation) of prostate massagers have been developed to provide a more direct and thorough massage of the prostate gland. These new devices feature a more curved shape and are slightly longer than the originals. They commonly have a narrow neck and a flared end to avoid losing them in the rectum. While many massagers rely upon the body's own natural muscular contractions of the anal sphincter and anal wall to stimulate the prostate, some of the newer models come with vibrators built into them to increase sexual pleasure.
|
[
"As a sexual practice\n--------------------",
"{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=July 2015}}\n### General",
"[thumb\\|Stroking with pressure and gentle rhythmic squeezing on the [perineum](/wiki/Perineum \"Perineum\") cause a transfer of pressure to the underlying tissues up to the prostate. Perineal massage can trigger [sexual arousal](/wiki/Sexual_arousal \"Sexual arousal\") or enhance it.](/wiki/File:Damm-Massage_%28Massage_des_Perineums%29.png \"Damm-Massage (Massage des Perineums).png\")\n[thumb\\|Insertion of a finger protected with a latex glove and coated with lubricant into the [anus](/wiki/Human_anus \"Human anus\") and lower [rectum](/wiki/Rectum \"Rectum\") of a male in a lying position, where, after gently penetrating both sphincters the prostate as a small roundish organ can be massaged together with the penis](/wiki/File:Prostatamassage.png \"Prostatamassage.png\")\nProstate massage is also used as an [erotic massage](/wiki/Erotic_massage \"Erotic massage\") for sexual stimulation, often in order to reach [orgasm](/wiki/Orgasm \"Orgasm\"). The prostate is sometimes referred to as the \"male [G\\-spot](/wiki/G-spot \"G-spot\")\"{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Levin \\|first1\\=R. J. \\|title\\=Prostate\\-induced orgasms: A concise review illustrated with a highly relevant case study \\|journal\\=Clinical Anatomy \\|date\\=2018 \\|volume\\=31 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=81–85 \\|pmid\\=29265651 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/ca.23006 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} or \"P\\-spot\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Saleh \\|first\\=Naveed \\|title\\=Hitting the P\\-Spot \\|date\\=3 October 2014 \\|url\\=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the\\-red\\-light\\-district/201410/hitting\\-the\\-p\\-spot \\|website\\=Psychology Today \\|department\\=The Red\\-Light District}} Some men can achieve orgasm through stimulation of the prostate gland, such as prostate massage or receptive [anal intercourse](/wiki/Anal_intercourse \"Anal intercourse\"), and men who report the sensation of prostate stimulation often give descriptions similar to females' accounts of G\\-spot stimulation.{{cite book \\|first\\=Martha \\|last\\=Rosenthal \\|title\\=Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society \\|publisher\\=Cengage Learning \\|year\\=2012 \\|pages\\=133–135 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-618\\-75571\\-4}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ladas \\|first1\\=Alice Kahn \\|last2\\=Whipple \\|first2\\=Beverly \\|last3\\=Perry \\|first3\\=John D. \\|title\\=The G spot and other recent discoveries about human sexuality \\|year\\=1982 \\|publisher\\=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-03\\-061831\\-4 \\|edition\\=1st \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/gspototherrece00lada \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|page\\=55 \\|quote\\=Men report that the orgasm they experience as a result of stimulation of the prostate gland is more like the pushing\\-down feeling reported by women in connection with the stimulation of the G spot.}} Prostate stimulation can sometimes produce a strong, powerful orgasm. However, all male orgasms, including those by penile stimulation, involve muscular contractions in the prostate gland.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Blesi \\|first1\\=Michelle \\|title\\=Medical Assisting: Administrative \\& Clinical Competencies \\|page\\=390 \\|date\\=15 June 2021 \\|publisher\\=Cengage Learning \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-357\\-50294\\-5 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jmI4EAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA390 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021 \\|language\\=en}} It is possible for some men to achieve orgasms through [prostate](/wiki/Prostate \"Prostate\") stimulation alone.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Multiple Orgasms in Men—What We Know So Far \\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293195654 \\|last1\\=Wibowo \\|first1\\=Erik \\|last2\\=Wassersug \\|first2\\=Richard J. \\|year\\=2016 \\|journal\\=Sexual Medicine Reviews \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=2 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.sxmr.2015\\.12\\.004 \\|pmid\\=27872023 \\|pages\\=136–148 \\|via\\=ResearchGate}} Stimulation may be achieved by use of one or more fingers or by using sex toys designed to bring pressure to the anterior wall of the rectum at the location of the gland.",
"Prostate massage may be practiced between sexual partners, either as a discrete activity or during other sexual acts stimulating the penis for example. The increasing availability (online via the Internet) of purpose\\-designed, safe and hygienic sex toys and devices aimed at prostate stimulation may encourage sexual experimentation and incorporation into sex play. The use of a finger for anal penetration and prostate stimulation can enhance a male's orgasm or vary the sensations experienced during sexual arousal. The finger of the prostate massager is introduced into the rectum through the anus and the prostate gland is gently massaged via the anterior (front) wall of the rectum. In some individuals or for some massagers the correct location of the prostate may be slightly too deep or the finger too short to reach easily. Prostate massage can be performed individually or with the help of a partner.",
"Prostate massage may also be used in long\\-term orgasm denial play, for the purpose of relieving immediate need for orgasm without impacting general feelings of arousal. For this purpose it is often referred to as milking.",
"There are safety matters relating to prostate stimulation and anal penetration. It is strongly recommended that plenty of lubricant be used with prostate massagers to prevent rectal lining damage. A smaller instrument or finger may be introduced gradually to minimize the discomfort that some may feel. Massagers may be used with or without a condom; however, because of the bacteria found in the rectum, if a condom is not used, it is very important to clean the tool with soap before use in another orifice or by a partner. Receiving anal stimulation may cause feelings of having to defecate. More often than not, this is just a sensation that the stimulation causes and may take some getting used to.{{cite web \\|title\\=The male hot spot: Massaging the prostate \\|url\\=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered\\-questions/massaging\\-the\\-prostate \\|website\\=Go Ask Alice! \\|publisher\\=Columbia University \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2021}}",
"### Equipment",
"A *prostate massager*, or *prostate stimulator*, is a device for massaging the prostate gland.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Prostate Massager Guide: 6 Tips for Using a Prostate Massager\\|url\\=https://www.masterclass.com/articles/prostate\\-massager\\-guide\\|publisher\\=MasterClass\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024}} The shape of a prostate massager is similar to a finger, since prostate massages are traditionally given digitally (for example, via [fingering](/wiki/Fingering_%28sexual_act%29%23Anus \"Fingering (sexual act)#Anus\")). They usually have a slightly curved head to effectively massage the prostate.{{Cite web\\|title\\=How To Use A Prostate Massager?\\|url\\=https://spacecoastdaily.com/2022/06/how\\-does\\-a\\-prostate\\-massager\\-work\\-5\\-things\\-you\\-should\\-know/\\|publisher\\=Space Coast Daily\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024}} Lubricant is usually necessary before inserting anything into the anus and helps to avoid injury to the rectal mucosa (lining). Caution should be exercised when a prostate massager is used because of the sensitivity of the prostate. Correct use involves a medium to light repetitive [massage](/wiki/Massage \"Massage\"), or circular motion—the device being used to administer the massage should not be used too vigorously or without care, since this may lead to injury.",
"Prostate massage equipment ranges from [dildos](/wiki/Dildo \"Dildo\") to [butt plugs](/wiki/Butt_plug \"Butt plug\"). When used in sexual practice, prostate massagers are commonly referred to as \"prostate toys\", \"prostate [sex toys](/wiki/Sex_toys \"Sex toys\")\", and \"anal toys\". These prostate massagers are inserted into the [rectum](/wiki/Rectum \"Rectum\") through the anus and are intended to stimulate the prostate by simple massaging or vibrating. They are used during [foreplay](/wiki/Foreplay \"Foreplay\") by many couples.",
"Prostate dildos are similar to vaginal dildos, but they tend to be more curved, slimmer and with a softer texture. Some of the new prostate dildos on the market are driven by [batteries](/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29 \"Battery (electricity)\") and offer vibration at the tip; the speed or intensity of which may be changed depending on the subject's personal preference. Unlike vaginal dildos, the anal prostate massager has a flared end to prevent it from being fully inserted and 'lost' inside the rectum.",
"Some males prefer butt plugs, which are easy to use, can be inserted freely and left in place while the male's hands are free for other sexual activities such as [masturbation](/wiki/Masturbation \"Masturbation\"). Anal plugs also come in various shapes, sizes and designs and are not commonly intended to stimulate the prostate. Newer, more angled models (second generation) of prostate massagers have been developed to provide a more direct and thorough massage of the prostate gland. These new devices feature a more curved shape and are slightly longer than the originals. They commonly have a narrow neck and a flared end to avoid losing them in the rectum. While many massagers rely upon the body's own natural muscular contractions of the anal sphincter and anal wall to stimulate the prostate, some of the newer models come with vibrators built into them to increase sexual pleasure.",
""
] |
Plot
----
On August 19, 1953, a burned crewman talks to three government agents about his experience on the submarine *Zeus Faber*, completing the story told in the [previous episode](/wiki/Piper_Maru "Piper Maru"). He explains that he and other crew members were locked in with their captain, who was infected by the [black oil](/wiki/Black_oil_%28The_X-Files%29 "Black oil (The X-Files)"). After being knocked out from behind, the black oil leaves the captain's body and exits via a grate into the sea. It is revealed that [Bill Mulder](/wiki/Bill_Mulder "Bill Mulder") and the [Smoking Man](/wiki/Smoking_Man "Smoking Man") are two of the agents who are interviewing the crewman.
In the present, [Fox Mulder](/wiki/Fox_Mulder "Fox Mulder") and [Alex Krycek](/wiki/Alex_Krycek "Alex Krycek") return to the United States, but are run off the road by another vehicle. The assailants attempt to apprehend Krycek, but are severely injured when he emits a flashing light. The Smoking Man sees their bodies and orders their destruction. Mulder, who was knocked unconscious in the crash, awakens in the hospital. [Dana Scully](/wiki/Dana_Scully "Dana Scully") tells Mulder about [Walter Skinner](/wiki/Walter_Skinner "Walter Skinner")'s condition, and says that an analysis of saliva has identified his shooter as the same person who killed her sister [Melissa](/wiki/Melissa_Scully "Melissa Scully").
The [Syndicate](/wiki/Syndicate_%28The_X-Files%29 "Syndicate (The X-Files)") meets to discuss the events surrounding *Piper Maru* and realizes someone is leaking information. Meanwhile, Skinner tells Scully that he recognizes his shooter as the man who was with Krycek when [the digital tape](/wiki/Paper_Clip "Paper Clip") was stolen from him. Mulder believes that the black oil is a medium used by an alien to transfer from body to body, and that Krycek is currently occupied by it. Mulder and the [Lone Gunmen](/wiki/The_Lone_Gunmen "The Lone Gunmen") use Krycek's key to recover the digital tape from a locker at an ice rink, but Mulder finds the case empty. Krycek, possessed by the black oil, returns the tape to the Smoking Man in exchange for the location of the recovered UFO.
As Luis Cardinal is identified as Skinner's shooter, the Syndicate admonishes the Smoking Man for moving the UFO to a new location. By rubbing a pencil over the envelope containing the tape case, Mulder finds a phone number which connects him to the Syndicate's office. Mulder speaks to the [Well\-Manicured Man](/wiki/Well-Manicured_Man "Well-Manicured Man"), who offers to meet with him. The Well\-Manicured Man tells Mulder that a UFO was sunk during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and that a cover story of a sunken [atomic bomb](/wiki/Atomic_bomb "Atomic bomb") was used to cover up its attempted recovery. He reveals that anyone can be gotten to, causing Mulder to ask Scully to check on Skinner.
Scully accompanies Skinner as he is being transported in an [ambulance](/wiki/Ambulance "Ambulance"). When Cardinal attempts to break in, she tracks him down and arrests him. Cardinal tells her that Krycek is headed to an abandoned [missile silo](/wiki/Missile_silo "Missile silo") in [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota "North Dakota"). There, the agents are captured by the Smoking Man's men and are escorted away. Deep inside, Krycek sits atop the UFO as the alien, suspended in the black oil inside of Krycek's body, is painfully excreted out of Krycek's facial orifices, which then seeps into the ship. Skinner recovers and returns to work. Mulder sees Scully at Melissa's grave, explaining that Cardinal was found dead in his cell. Meanwhile, Krycek is trapped within the silo, banging on the door in an attempt to be let out.Lowry (1996\), pp. 167–170\.Lovece (1996\), p. 212\.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"On August 19, 1953, a burned crewman talks to three government agents about his experience on the submarine *Zeus Faber*, completing the story told in the [previous episode](/wiki/Piper_Maru \"Piper Maru\"). He explains that he and other crew members were locked in with their captain, who was infected by the [black oil](/wiki/Black_oil_%28The_X-Files%29 \"Black oil (The X-Files)\"). After being knocked out from behind, the black oil leaves the captain's body and exits via a grate into the sea. It is revealed that [Bill Mulder](/wiki/Bill_Mulder \"Bill Mulder\") and the [Smoking Man](/wiki/Smoking_Man \"Smoking Man\") are two of the agents who are interviewing the crewman.",
"In the present, [Fox Mulder](/wiki/Fox_Mulder \"Fox Mulder\") and [Alex Krycek](/wiki/Alex_Krycek \"Alex Krycek\") return to the United States, but are run off the road by another vehicle. The assailants attempt to apprehend Krycek, but are severely injured when he emits a flashing light. The Smoking Man sees their bodies and orders their destruction. Mulder, who was knocked unconscious in the crash, awakens in the hospital. [Dana Scully](/wiki/Dana_Scully \"Dana Scully\") tells Mulder about [Walter Skinner](/wiki/Walter_Skinner \"Walter Skinner\")'s condition, and says that an analysis of saliva has identified his shooter as the same person who killed her sister [Melissa](/wiki/Melissa_Scully \"Melissa Scully\").",
"The [Syndicate](/wiki/Syndicate_%28The_X-Files%29 \"Syndicate (The X-Files)\") meets to discuss the events surrounding *Piper Maru* and realizes someone is leaking information. Meanwhile, Skinner tells Scully that he recognizes his shooter as the man who was with Krycek when [the digital tape](/wiki/Paper_Clip \"Paper Clip\") was stolen from him. Mulder believes that the black oil is a medium used by an alien to transfer from body to body, and that Krycek is currently occupied by it. Mulder and the [Lone Gunmen](/wiki/The_Lone_Gunmen \"The Lone Gunmen\") use Krycek's key to recover the digital tape from a locker at an ice rink, but Mulder finds the case empty. Krycek, possessed by the black oil, returns the tape to the Smoking Man in exchange for the location of the recovered UFO.",
"As Luis Cardinal is identified as Skinner's shooter, the Syndicate admonishes the Smoking Man for moving the UFO to a new location. By rubbing a pencil over the envelope containing the tape case, Mulder finds a phone number which connects him to the Syndicate's office. Mulder speaks to the [Well\\-Manicured Man](/wiki/Well-Manicured_Man \"Well-Manicured Man\"), who offers to meet with him. The Well\\-Manicured Man tells Mulder that a UFO was sunk during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and that a cover story of a sunken [atomic bomb](/wiki/Atomic_bomb \"Atomic bomb\") was used to cover up its attempted recovery. He reveals that anyone can be gotten to, causing Mulder to ask Scully to check on Skinner.",
"Scully accompanies Skinner as he is being transported in an [ambulance](/wiki/Ambulance \"Ambulance\"). When Cardinal attempts to break in, she tracks him down and arrests him. Cardinal tells her that Krycek is headed to an abandoned [missile silo](/wiki/Missile_silo \"Missile silo\") in [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota \"North Dakota\"). There, the agents are captured by the Smoking Man's men and are escorted away. Deep inside, Krycek sits atop the UFO as the alien, suspended in the black oil inside of Krycek's body, is painfully excreted out of Krycek's facial orifices, which then seeps into the ship. Skinner recovers and returns to work. Mulder sees Scully at Melissa's grave, explaining that Cardinal was found dead in his cell. Meanwhile, Krycek is trapped within the silo, banging on the door in an attempt to be let out.Lowry (1996\\), pp. 167–170\\.Lovece (1996\\), p. 212\\.",
""
] |
Aftermath
---------
### Accusations of fraud
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| direction \= vertical
\| header \= Election leaks mapped by territory and city
\| image1 \= 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CENI leak mapped by territory.svg
\| alt1 \= CENI leak
\| caption1 \= Leak from the CENI given to journalists by a whistleblower, representing 86% of the total votes cast
\| image2 \= 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CENCO leak mapped by territory.svg
\| alt2 \= CENCO leak
\| caption2 \= Leak from the CENCO, representing 43% of the total votes cast
}}
Second\-place candidate Martin Fayulu claimed that the results were rigged later that day, stating "In [2006](/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election "2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election"), Jean\-Pierre Bemba's victory was stolen, in [2011](/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election "2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election"), [Étienne Tshisekedi](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi "Étienne Tshisekedi")'s victory was stolen. In 2018 victory won't be stolen from Martin Fayulu." He also said he believes that President\-elect Félix Tshisekedi and President Joseph Kabila made a secret agreement. According to foreign diplomatic sources, the Catholic Church had claimed that Fayulu was the winner, and both the SADC and African Union observation missions had also believed him to have been the winner.[The Latest: Opposition candidate Fayulu denounces results](https://www.apnews.com/64b3de3ee8e1482682d16654b20f517e). Associated Press. Published 10 January 2019\.[Runner\-up in Congo's presidential election dismisses results as an 'electoral coup'](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-fayulu/runner-up-in-congos-presidential-election-dismisses-results-as-an-electoral-coup-idUSKCN1P40BX). Reuters. Published 10 January 2019\. The Catholic Church in the DRC made a statement questioning the result as well, stating that it did not align with their findings. Tshisekedi denied making any power\-sharing agreement with Kabila or his ruling party.[DR Congo presidential election: Church questions results](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46827760). BBC. Published 10 January 2019\. Fayulu told the BBC that he will challenge the result in the Constitutional Court.Keane, Fergal (10 January 2019\). [DR Congo poll: The divisive aftermath of Tshisekedi's victory](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46823459). BBC.
On 11 January, Fayulu claimed he received 62% of the vote and said he would challenge the result in the country's [Constitutional Court](/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo").[DRC opposition candidate Fayulu to file election result challenge](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/drc-opposition-candidate-fayulu-file-election-result-challenge-190111133026357.html). Al Jazeera. Published 11 January 2019\. The Court could confirm Tshisekedi, order a recount, or cancel the results and call for new elections. But Fayulu admitted that he did not believe he would have any success, saying the court is "composed of Kabila's people." He also claimed that "Felix Tshisekedi has been nominated by Mr Kabila to perpetuate the Kabila regime. Because today the boss is Kabila." Tshisekedi's spokesman denied that there was any deal between them.[DR Congo election: Defeated candidate vows legal challenge](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46834804). BBC. Published 11 January 2019\. Fayulu officially filed a challenge to the results on 12 January.{{cite news \|title\=DR Congo election: Candidate Martin Fayulu appeals against result \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-africa\-46850690 \|access\-date\=12 January 2019 \|agency\=BBC News \|date\=12 January 2019}}
A joint investigation by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* and [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale "Radio France Internationale") appeared to reveal that massive fraud occurred during the election. FT claimed on 15 January that its analysis of two separate collections of voting data — one from an anonymous person close to Fayulu who said they had obtained it with the help of a whistleblower, representing about 86% of votes cast, and another from the [Episcopal Conference](/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Episcopal Conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo") (CENCO), which represents all Congolese bishops and fielded 39,824 observers on election day — showed Fayulu as the clear winner of the election.Tom Wilson, David Blood, and David Pilling (15 January 2019\). [Congo voting data reveal huge fraud in poll to replace Kabila](https://www.ft.com/content/2b97f6e6-189d-11e9-b93e-f4351a53f1c3). *Financial Times*. Retrieved 17 January 2019\.[Huge election fraud revealed in DR Congo](https://www.france24.com/en/20190117-dr-congo-election-fraud-kabila-fayula-tshisekedi). France24\. Published 17 January 2019\. Retrieved 17 January 2019\.{{Cite web \|title\=Who really won the Congolese elections? \|url\=https://www.congoresearchgroup.org/en/2019/01/16/congolese\-election\-leaks/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-19 \|website\=www.congoresearchgroup.org \|language\=en}}
According to the Congo Research Group (CRG), the CENI leak was provided to several journalists by members of the opposition close to Fayulu, who all claimed they obtained it with the help of a whistleblower. At least one journalist claimed to have managed to contact the alleged source of the leak and the whistleblower’s account was deemed credible. The CENCO leak was given to journalists from different sources within the organization. The CENI leak indicated that Fayulu received 59\.42% of the vote, followed by Felix Tshisekedi with 18\.97% and Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary with 18\.54%. CENCO’s tallies were 62\.80%, 15\.00%, and 17\.99%, respectively.
The two leaks were almost identical at both the national and provincial levels, with a correlation of 0\.976 to 0\.991 for each of the three leading candidates (1 would represent a perfect match). Nationally, despite the Catholic Church tallying less than half of the total votes, the differences between the respective candidates were less than 4%. In 22 provinces, the differences were less than 2%, although there were larger differences in four provinces: [Tanganyika](/wiki/Tanganyika_Province "Tanganyika Province") (\+/\-18%), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu "South Kivu") (\+/\-9%), [Tshuapa](/wiki/Tshuapa "Tshuapa") (\+/\-5%), and [Maniema](/wiki/Maniema "Maniema") (\+/\-4%).
The CENI data was provided in a [comma\-separated values](/wiki/Comma-separated_values "Comma-separated values") (CSV) format and consisted of a total of 49,000 rows, including the number of each polling site, the names of the schools and institutions where voting took place, and the vote tallies for the presidential candidates. A data analyst from one of the media companies concluded that fabricating the entire dataset would have been extremely difficult without detection when using [Benford’s Law](/wiki/Benford%E2%80%99s_Law%23Accounting_fraud_detection "Benford’s Law#Accounting fraud detection"). Furthermore, the rapid fabrication of such data would have been challenging, as the names and numbers of the approximately 17,000 polling sites were only finalized on December 12\. The CENCO data, however, did not provide information down to the polling site level.
It is reasonable for the CENI to possess this kind of data as Article 69 of the CENI’s measures for applying the electoral law requires results to be transmitted to the central CENI office by local technicians. This leak appears to have occurred several days before the CENI announced its official results, representing 86%, or approximately 15\.7 million, of the 18\.3 million votes cast. The remaining results may not have been immediately transmitted due to technical issues and had to be sent through other means. There is also the possibility that the CENCO and the opposition simply collaborated to create similar fake leaks.
Whatever the case, only a comprehensive audit could've confirmed whether there was indeed massive fraud but as of 16 January 2019, the CENI has not published any disaggregated data beyond the national number of votes.
### Protests
Four people—two police officers and two civilians—were killed in the western city of [Kikwit](/wiki/Kikwit "Kikwit") during protests.[2 police, 2 civilians killed in DR Congo vote result protest](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Police-civilians-killed-in-DR-Congo-vote-result-protest/4552902-4929426-ukc5ig/index.html). The East African. Published 10 January 2019\. The following day, 11 January, at least one protester was killed in [Goma](/wiki/Goma "Goma"). There were also reports of protests in [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani") and [Mbandaka](/wiki/Mbandaka "Mbandaka"). More civilian and police casualties were reported as protests increased across the country, and thousands of [military](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo") and [Republican Guard](/wiki/Republican_Guard_%28Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%29 "Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)") troops were deployed to maintain order.Burke, Jason (11 January 2019\). [Runner\-up in Congo election says he beat official winner by wide margin](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/11/runner-up-in-congo-election-says-he-beat-official-winner-by-wide-margin). *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*.
On 18 January, the UN human rights office has said that 34 people have been killed, 59 wounded, and 241 arbitrarily arrested since the announcement of the provisional results on 10 January.[Dozens killed, wounded in wake of Congo election results \- U.N.](https://web.archive.org/web/20190118134915/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-congo-election-un/dozens-killed-wounded-in-wake-of-congo-election-results-u-n-idUKKCN1PC0YP). Reuters. Published 18 January 2019\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\.
### International reactions
The governments of France and Belgium also issued statements questioning the official result. French Foreign Minister [Jean\-Yves Le Drian](/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian "Jean-Yves Le Drian") claimed that Fayulu was expected to be declared the winner. Belgian Foreign Minister [Didier Reynders](/wiki/Didier_Reynders "Didier Reynders") also doubted the result, saying that Belgium would use its temporary UN Security Council seat to investigate the situation.[France, Belgium cast doubt on DR Congo election result](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/france-belgium-cast-doubt-dr-congo-election-result-190110091040088.html). Al Jazeera. Published 10 January 2019\. British Foreign Secretary [Jeremy Hunt](/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt "Jeremy Hunt") said he was "very concerned about discrepancies" in the results.[The Latest: Police, military seen near Congo opposition area](https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article224216500.html). *The Miami Herald*. 10 January 2019\. In an official statement, [Secretary\-General of the United Nations](/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations "Secretary-General of the United Nations") [António Guterres](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "António Guterres") urged all parties to "refrain from violence" and "live up to their responsibility in preserving stability." African Union leader [Moussa Faki](/wiki/Moussa_Faki "Moussa Faki") said that any disputes should be "resolved peacefully, by turning to the relevant laws". The Southern African Development Community (SADC) called for the creation of a [national unity government](/wiki/National_unity_government "National unity government") in DR Congo, a negotiated settlement by factions representing Kabila, Tshisekedi, and Fayulu, on January 13\. The organisation also called for a vote recount.[DR Congo election: Sadc proposes unity government](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46856660). BBC. Published 13 January 2019\.[Regional body SADC calls for DR Congo election vote recount](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/regional-body-sadc-calls-dr-congo-election-vote-recount-190113143558375.html). Al Jazeera. Published 14 January 2019\.
The [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") issued a statement drafted by the French delegation urging all sides to respect the outcome of the vote on 15 January.[UN urges DR Congo to respect election outcome](https://www.france24.com/en/20190115-un-urges-dr-congo-respect-election-outcome). France24\. Published 15 January 2019\.
Representatives of Russia and China stated that they oppose foreign interference in the DRC election.[Foreign governments divided over Congo election fraud](https://www.ft.com/content/30cb5544-19b1-11e9-9e64-d150b3105d21). *Financial Times*. Published 16 January 2019\.[Russia, China push UN to stay out of DR Congo poll dispute](https://www.france24.com/en/20190111-russia-china-push-un-stay-out-dr-congo-poll-dispute). France24\. Published 11 January 2019\.
A number of African Union heads of state and government met in the Ethiopian capital [Addis Ababa](/wiki/Addis_Ababa "Addis Ababa") on 17 January, issuing a statement that the organization had "serious doubts" about the provisional results and calling on the Congolese government to delay the release of the final results. The AU also stated that it would send a delegation to the DRC with "the view to reaching a consensus on a way out of the post\-electoral crisis."[African Union urges DR Congo to delay final election results](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46914032). BBC. Published 17 January 2019\.[African Union calls on DRC to delay election announcement](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/17/african-union-democratic-republic-congo-dc-delay-election-announcement). *The Guardian*. Published 17 January 2019\. The delegation would include AU commission head Moussa Faki and AU chairman, the [President of Rwanda](/wiki/President_of_Rwanda "President of Rwanda"), [Paul Kagame](/wiki/Paul_Kagame "Paul Kagame").
The Congolese government rejected the AU's appeal to delay that announcement of the final results on 18 January, and that the announcement will be made after the Constitutional Court makes a decision. Government spokesman [Lambert Mende](/wiki/Lambert_Mende_Omalanga "Lambert Mende Omalanga") stated that "I do not think anyone has the right to tell the court what to do. I am not under the impression (the AU) fully understands Congo's judicial process."[DR Congo rejects African Union demands to delay election results amid concerns over 'rigged vote'](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/18/dr-congo-rejects-african-union-demands-delay-election-results/). *The Telegraph*. Published 18 January 2019\.[DR Congo slams African Union's call to suspend election result](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2019/01/dr-congo-slams-african-union-call-suspend-election-result-190118140840583.html). *Al Jazeera*. Published 18 January 2019\.
After the Constitutional Court ruling upholding Tshisekedi's victory on 20 January, Kenyan President [Uhuru Kenyatta](/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta "Uhuru Kenyatta") and South Africa President [Cyril Ramaphosa](/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa "Cyril Ramaphosa") both sent their congratulations to Tshisekedi and recognized him as the next president.[DR Congo election: African leaders congratulate Tshisekedi](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46935898). BBC. Published 20 January 2019\. AU spokeswoman Ebba Kalondo also issued a statement revealing that the AU agreed to postpone the DRC delegation talks.[The Latest: AU 'postpones' urgent trip to Congo over vote](https://www.apnews.com/ce04146e3e6f4d25b4df19f2ebef8a35) Associated Press. Published 20 January 2019[African Union postpones Congo talks on contested election](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-african-union/african-union-postpones-congo-talks-on-contested-election-idUSKCN1PE0Q1) Reuters. Published 20 January 2019 Kalondo claimed “I can confirm to you that the trip has been postponed. Not canceled.” Other African leaders, including Zimbabwe President [Emmerson Mnangagwa](/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa "Emmerson Mnangagwa") and the leaders of Tanzania and Burundi, congratulated Tshisekdi for his victory and also recognized him as the next president as well.[Mnanagwa speaks on DRC ConCourt decision](https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-154231.html) Bulawayo 24 News. Published 20 January 2019 By January 22, the AU and EU had agreed to support Tshisekedi's Presidency as well.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/eu\-\-african\-union\-signal\-support\-for\-contested\-congo\-president\-elect\-11153628\|title\=EU, African Union signal support for contested Congo president\-elect\|publisher\=Channel News Asia\|date\=January 22, 2018}} On January 23, the United States agreed to support the court's certification of Tshisekdi's victory and also work with the incoming DRC President's government as well.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-congo\-election\-usa/u\-s\-welcomes\-court\-certification\-of\-new\-congo\-president\-idUSKCN1PH1WS\|title\=U.S. welcomes court certification of new Congo president\|work\=Reuters\|date\=23 January 2019}}
### Constitutional Court appeal
Fayulu officially filed a court case on 12 January. The Constitutional Court announced on Monday, 14 January, that it would review Fayulu's and another candidate, Theodore Ngoy's, appeal the following day.[DR Congo court to examine election appeal from Tuesday](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/DR-Congo-court-to-examine-election-appeal-from-Tuesday/4552902-4934964-wh7o3t/index.html). *The East African*. Published 14 January 2019\. Proceedings began on 15 January and armed riot police were deployed outside the Palace of Justice in Kinshasa.[DR Congo's top court begins hearing election appeal](https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/DRC-top-court-begins-hearing-election-appeal/1066-4936276-ipv64t/index.html). Nation.co.ke. Published 15 January 2019\. Lawyers representing Fayulu have said that the poll was rigged and have urged the Constitutional Court to order a recount. A decision is due to be made by the Court on 18 January or 19 January. The Court confirmed early on 19 January to [Agence France\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse") that the ruling would be made later that day.[DRC poll hub: Court to give verdict on Fayulu's petition today](http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/19/drc-poll-hub-updates-by-africanews-web/). *Africanews.com*. Published 19 January 2019\. The Court ruling rejected appeals for a recount, with the verdict declaring Tshisekedi "President of the Democratic Republic of Congo by simple majority."[Congo's Martin Fayulu declares himself president, top court sides with Felix Tshisekedi](https://www.dw.com/en/congos-martin-fayulu-declares-himself-president-top-court-sides-with-felix-tshisekedi/a-47154470). *[Deutsche Welle](/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle")*. Published 20 January 2019\. Government spokesman Lambert Mende stated afterwards "Felix Tshisekedi will become the fifth president of the republic."[DR Congo court upholds Tshisekedi presidential election win](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46935898). BBC. Published 19 January 2019\.
After the ruling Fayulu claimed to be the "only legitimate president" and has called for mass protests. In a statement he said "The constitutional court has just confirmed that it serves a dictatorial regime ... by validating false results, (and enabling) a constitutional coup d'etat." Fayulu also called on the international community to not recognize this result. Hundreds of Tshisekedi supporters gathered outside of the court building.
|
[
"Aftermath\n---------",
"### Accusations of fraud",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| direction \\= vertical\n \\| header \\= Election leaks mapped by territory and city\n \\| image1 \\= 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CENI leak mapped by territory.svg\n \\| alt1 \\= CENI leak\n \\| caption1 \\= Leak from the CENI given to journalists by a whistleblower, representing 86% of the total votes cast\n \\| image2 \\= 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CENCO leak mapped by territory.svg\n \\| alt2 \\= CENCO leak\n \\| caption2 \\= Leak from the CENCO, representing 43% of the total votes cast\n}}",
"Second\\-place candidate Martin Fayulu claimed that the results were rigged later that day, stating \"In [2006](/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election \"2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election\"), Jean\\-Pierre Bemba's victory was stolen, in [2011](/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election \"2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election\"), [Étienne Tshisekedi](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi \"Étienne Tshisekedi\")'s victory was stolen. In 2018 victory won't be stolen from Martin Fayulu.\" He also said he believes that President\\-elect Félix Tshisekedi and President Joseph Kabila made a secret agreement. According to foreign diplomatic sources, the Catholic Church had claimed that Fayulu was the winner, and both the SADC and African Union observation missions had also believed him to have been the winner.[The Latest: Opposition candidate Fayulu denounces results](https://www.apnews.com/64b3de3ee8e1482682d16654b20f517e). Associated Press. Published 10 January 2019\\.[Runner\\-up in Congo's presidential election dismisses results as an 'electoral coup'](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-fayulu/runner-up-in-congos-presidential-election-dismisses-results-as-an-electoral-coup-idUSKCN1P40BX). Reuters. Published 10 January 2019\\. The Catholic Church in the DRC made a statement questioning the result as well, stating that it did not align with their findings. Tshisekedi denied making any power\\-sharing agreement with Kabila or his ruling party.[DR Congo presidential election: Church questions results](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46827760). BBC. Published 10 January 2019\\. Fayulu told the BBC that he will challenge the result in the Constitutional Court.Keane, Fergal (10 January 2019\\). [DR Congo poll: The divisive aftermath of Tshisekedi's victory](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46823459). BBC.",
"On 11 January, Fayulu claimed he received 62% of the vote and said he would challenge the result in the country's [Constitutional Court](/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\").[DRC opposition candidate Fayulu to file election result challenge](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/drc-opposition-candidate-fayulu-file-election-result-challenge-190111133026357.html). Al Jazeera. Published 11 January 2019\\. The Court could confirm Tshisekedi, order a recount, or cancel the results and call for new elections. But Fayulu admitted that he did not believe he would have any success, saying the court is \"composed of Kabila's people.\" He also claimed that \"Felix Tshisekedi has been nominated by Mr Kabila to perpetuate the Kabila regime. Because today the boss is Kabila.\" Tshisekedi's spokesman denied that there was any deal between them.[DR Congo election: Defeated candidate vows legal challenge](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46834804). BBC. Published 11 January 2019\\. Fayulu officially filed a challenge to the results on 12 January.{{cite news \\|title\\=DR Congo election: Candidate Martin Fayulu appeals against result \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-africa\\-46850690 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2019 \\|agency\\=BBC News \\|date\\=12 January 2019}}",
"A joint investigation by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* and [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale \"Radio France Internationale\") appeared to reveal that massive fraud occurred during the election. FT claimed on 15 January that its analysis of two separate collections of voting data — one from an anonymous person close to Fayulu who said they had obtained it with the help of a whistleblower, representing about 86% of votes cast, and another from the [Episcopal Conference](/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Episcopal Conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") (CENCO), which represents all Congolese bishops and fielded 39,824 observers on election day — showed Fayulu as the clear winner of the election.Tom Wilson, David Blood, and David Pilling (15 January 2019\\). [Congo voting data reveal huge fraud in poll to replace Kabila](https://www.ft.com/content/2b97f6e6-189d-11e9-b93e-f4351a53f1c3). *Financial Times*. Retrieved 17 January 2019\\.[Huge election fraud revealed in DR Congo](https://www.france24.com/en/20190117-dr-congo-election-fraud-kabila-fayula-tshisekedi). France24\\. Published 17 January 2019\\. Retrieved 17 January 2019\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Who really won the Congolese elections? \\|url\\=https://www.congoresearchgroup.org/en/2019/01/16/congolese\\-election\\-leaks/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-19 \\|website\\=www.congoresearchgroup.org \\|language\\=en}}",
"According to the Congo Research Group (CRG), the CENI leak was provided to several journalists by members of the opposition close to Fayulu, who all claimed they obtained it with the help of a whistleblower. At least one journalist claimed to have managed to contact the alleged source of the leak and the whistleblower’s account was deemed credible. The CENCO leak was given to journalists from different sources within the organization. The CENI leak indicated that Fayulu received 59\\.42% of the vote, followed by Felix Tshisekedi with 18\\.97% and Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary with 18\\.54%. CENCO’s tallies were 62\\.80%, 15\\.00%, and 17\\.99%, respectively.",
"The two leaks were almost identical at both the national and provincial levels, with a correlation of 0\\.976 to 0\\.991 for each of the three leading candidates (1 would represent a perfect match). Nationally, despite the Catholic Church tallying less than half of the total votes, the differences between the respective candidates were less than 4%. In 22 provinces, the differences were less than 2%, although there were larger differences in four provinces: [Tanganyika](/wiki/Tanganyika_Province \"Tanganyika Province\") (\\+/\\-18%), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu \"South Kivu\") (\\+/\\-9%), [Tshuapa](/wiki/Tshuapa \"Tshuapa\") (\\+/\\-5%), and [Maniema](/wiki/Maniema \"Maniema\") (\\+/\\-4%).",
"The CENI data was provided in a [comma\\-separated values](/wiki/Comma-separated_values \"Comma-separated values\") (CSV) format and consisted of a total of 49,000 rows, including the number of each polling site, the names of the schools and institutions where voting took place, and the vote tallies for the presidential candidates. A data analyst from one of the media companies concluded that fabricating the entire dataset would have been extremely difficult without detection when using [Benford’s Law](/wiki/Benford%E2%80%99s_Law%23Accounting_fraud_detection \"Benford’s Law#Accounting fraud detection\"). Furthermore, the rapid fabrication of such data would have been challenging, as the names and numbers of the approximately 17,000 polling sites were only finalized on December 12\\. The CENCO data, however, did not provide information down to the polling site level.",
"It is reasonable for the CENI to possess this kind of data as Article 69 of the CENI’s measures for applying the electoral law requires results to be transmitted to the central CENI office by local technicians. This leak appears to have occurred several days before the CENI announced its official results, representing 86%, or approximately 15\\.7 million, of the 18\\.3 million votes cast. The remaining results may not have been immediately transmitted due to technical issues and had to be sent through other means. There is also the possibility that the CENCO and the opposition simply collaborated to create similar fake leaks.",
"Whatever the case, only a comprehensive audit could've confirmed whether there was indeed massive fraud but as of 16 January 2019, the CENI has not published any disaggregated data beyond the national number of votes.",
"### Protests",
"Four people—two police officers and two civilians—were killed in the western city of [Kikwit](/wiki/Kikwit \"Kikwit\") during protests.[2 police, 2 civilians killed in DR Congo vote result protest](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Police-civilians-killed-in-DR-Congo-vote-result-protest/4552902-4929426-ukc5ig/index.html). The East African. Published 10 January 2019\\. The following day, 11 January, at least one protester was killed in [Goma](/wiki/Goma \"Goma\"). There were also reports of protests in [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\") and [Mbandaka](/wiki/Mbandaka \"Mbandaka\"). More civilian and police casualties were reported as protests increased across the country, and thousands of [military](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") and [Republican Guard](/wiki/Republican_Guard_%28Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%29 \"Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)\") troops were deployed to maintain order.Burke, Jason (11 January 2019\\). [Runner\\-up in Congo election says he beat official winner by wide margin](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/11/runner-up-in-congo-election-says-he-beat-official-winner-by-wide-margin). *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*.",
"On 18 January, the UN human rights office has said that 34 people have been killed, 59 wounded, and 241 arbitrarily arrested since the announcement of the provisional results on 10 January.[Dozens killed, wounded in wake of Congo election results \\- U.N.](https://web.archive.org/web/20190118134915/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-congo-election-un/dozens-killed-wounded-in-wake-of-congo-election-results-u-n-idUKKCN1PC0YP). Reuters. Published 18 January 2019\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.",
"### International reactions",
"The governments of France and Belgium also issued statements questioning the official result. French Foreign Minister [Jean\\-Yves Le Drian](/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian \"Jean-Yves Le Drian\") claimed that Fayulu was expected to be declared the winner. Belgian Foreign Minister [Didier Reynders](/wiki/Didier_Reynders \"Didier Reynders\") also doubted the result, saying that Belgium would use its temporary UN Security Council seat to investigate the situation.[France, Belgium cast doubt on DR Congo election result](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/france-belgium-cast-doubt-dr-congo-election-result-190110091040088.html). Al Jazeera. Published 10 January 2019\\. British Foreign Secretary [Jeremy Hunt](/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt \"Jeremy Hunt\") said he was \"very concerned about discrepancies\" in the results.[The Latest: Police, military seen near Congo opposition area](https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article224216500.html). *The Miami Herald*. 10 January 2019\\. In an official statement, [Secretary\\-General of the United Nations](/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations \"Secretary-General of the United Nations\") [António Guterres](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres \"António Guterres\") urged all parties to \"refrain from violence\" and \"live up to their responsibility in preserving stability.\" African Union leader [Moussa Faki](/wiki/Moussa_Faki \"Moussa Faki\") said that any disputes should be \"resolved peacefully, by turning to the relevant laws\". The Southern African Development Community (SADC) called for the creation of a [national unity government](/wiki/National_unity_government \"National unity government\") in DR Congo, a negotiated settlement by factions representing Kabila, Tshisekedi, and Fayulu, on January 13\\. The organisation also called for a vote recount.[DR Congo election: Sadc proposes unity government](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46856660). BBC. Published 13 January 2019\\.[Regional body SADC calls for DR Congo election vote recount](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/regional-body-sadc-calls-dr-congo-election-vote-recount-190113143558375.html). Al Jazeera. Published 14 January 2019\\.",
"The [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\") issued a statement drafted by the French delegation urging all sides to respect the outcome of the vote on 15 January.[UN urges DR Congo to respect election outcome](https://www.france24.com/en/20190115-un-urges-dr-congo-respect-election-outcome). France24\\. Published 15 January 2019\\.",
"Representatives of Russia and China stated that they oppose foreign interference in the DRC election.[Foreign governments divided over Congo election fraud](https://www.ft.com/content/30cb5544-19b1-11e9-9e64-d150b3105d21). *Financial Times*. Published 16 January 2019\\.[Russia, China push UN to stay out of DR Congo poll dispute](https://www.france24.com/en/20190111-russia-china-push-un-stay-out-dr-congo-poll-dispute). France24\\. Published 11 January 2019\\.",
"A number of African Union heads of state and government met in the Ethiopian capital [Addis Ababa](/wiki/Addis_Ababa \"Addis Ababa\") on 17 January, issuing a statement that the organization had \"serious doubts\" about the provisional results and calling on the Congolese government to delay the release of the final results. The AU also stated that it would send a delegation to the DRC with \"the view to reaching a consensus on a way out of the post\\-electoral crisis.\"[African Union urges DR Congo to delay final election results](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46914032). BBC. Published 17 January 2019\\.[African Union calls on DRC to delay election announcement](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/17/african-union-democratic-republic-congo-dc-delay-election-announcement). *The Guardian*. Published 17 January 2019\\. The delegation would include AU commission head Moussa Faki and AU chairman, the [President of Rwanda](/wiki/President_of_Rwanda \"President of Rwanda\"), [Paul Kagame](/wiki/Paul_Kagame \"Paul Kagame\").",
"The Congolese government rejected the AU's appeal to delay that announcement of the final results on 18 January, and that the announcement will be made after the Constitutional Court makes a decision. Government spokesman [Lambert Mende](/wiki/Lambert_Mende_Omalanga \"Lambert Mende Omalanga\") stated that \"I do not think anyone has the right to tell the court what to do. I am not under the impression (the AU) fully understands Congo's judicial process.\"[DR Congo rejects African Union demands to delay election results amid concerns over 'rigged vote'](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/18/dr-congo-rejects-african-union-demands-delay-election-results/). *The Telegraph*. Published 18 January 2019\\.[DR Congo slams African Union's call to suspend election result](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2019/01/dr-congo-slams-african-union-call-suspend-election-result-190118140840583.html). *Al Jazeera*. Published 18 January 2019\\.",
"After the Constitutional Court ruling upholding Tshisekedi's victory on 20 January, Kenyan President [Uhuru Kenyatta](/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta \"Uhuru Kenyatta\") and South Africa President [Cyril Ramaphosa](/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa \"Cyril Ramaphosa\") both sent their congratulations to Tshisekedi and recognized him as the next president.[DR Congo election: African leaders congratulate Tshisekedi](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46935898). BBC. Published 20 January 2019\\. AU spokeswoman Ebba Kalondo also issued a statement revealing that the AU agreed to postpone the DRC delegation talks.[The Latest: AU 'postpones' urgent trip to Congo over vote](https://www.apnews.com/ce04146e3e6f4d25b4df19f2ebef8a35) Associated Press. Published 20 January 2019[African Union postpones Congo talks on contested election](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-african-union/african-union-postpones-congo-talks-on-contested-election-idUSKCN1PE0Q1) Reuters. Published 20 January 2019 Kalondo claimed “I can confirm to you that the trip has been postponed. Not canceled.” Other African leaders, including Zimbabwe President [Emmerson Mnangagwa](/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa \"Emmerson Mnangagwa\") and the leaders of Tanzania and Burundi, congratulated Tshisekdi for his victory and also recognized him as the next president as well.[Mnanagwa speaks on DRC ConCourt decision](https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-154231.html) Bulawayo 24 News. Published 20 January 2019 By January 22, the AU and EU had agreed to support Tshisekedi's Presidency as well.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/eu\\-\\-african\\-union\\-signal\\-support\\-for\\-contested\\-congo\\-president\\-elect\\-11153628\\|title\\=EU, African Union signal support for contested Congo president\\-elect\\|publisher\\=Channel News Asia\\|date\\=January 22, 2018}} On January 23, the United States agreed to support the court's certification of Tshisekdi's victory and also work with the incoming DRC President's government as well.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-congo\\-election\\-usa/u\\-s\\-welcomes\\-court\\-certification\\-of\\-new\\-congo\\-president\\-idUSKCN1PH1WS\\|title\\=U.S. welcomes court certification of new Congo president\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=23 January 2019}}",
"### Constitutional Court appeal",
"Fayulu officially filed a court case on 12 January. The Constitutional Court announced on Monday, 14 January, that it would review Fayulu's and another candidate, Theodore Ngoy's, appeal the following day.[DR Congo court to examine election appeal from Tuesday](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/DR-Congo-court-to-examine-election-appeal-from-Tuesday/4552902-4934964-wh7o3t/index.html). *The East African*. Published 14 January 2019\\. Proceedings began on 15 January and armed riot police were deployed outside the Palace of Justice in Kinshasa.[DR Congo's top court begins hearing election appeal](https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/DRC-top-court-begins-hearing-election-appeal/1066-4936276-ipv64t/index.html). Nation.co.ke. Published 15 January 2019\\. Lawyers representing Fayulu have said that the poll was rigged and have urged the Constitutional Court to order a recount. A decision is due to be made by the Court on 18 January or 19 January. The Court confirmed early on 19 January to [Agence France\\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\") that the ruling would be made later that day.[DRC poll hub: Court to give verdict on Fayulu's petition today](http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/19/drc-poll-hub-updates-by-africanews-web/). *Africanews.com*. Published 19 January 2019\\. The Court ruling rejected appeals for a recount, with the verdict declaring Tshisekedi \"President of the Democratic Republic of Congo by simple majority.\"[Congo's Martin Fayulu declares himself president, top court sides with Felix Tshisekedi](https://www.dw.com/en/congos-martin-fayulu-declares-himself-president-top-court-sides-with-felix-tshisekedi/a-47154470). *[Deutsche Welle](/wiki/Deutsche_Welle \"Deutsche Welle\")*. Published 20 January 2019\\. Government spokesman Lambert Mende stated afterwards \"Felix Tshisekedi will become the fifth president of the republic.\"[DR Congo court upholds Tshisekedi presidential election win](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46935898). BBC. Published 19 January 2019\\.",
"After the ruling Fayulu claimed to be the \"only legitimate president\" and has called for mass protests. In a statement he said \"The constitutional court has just confirmed that it serves a dictatorial regime ... by validating false results, (and enabling) a constitutional coup d'etat.\" Fayulu also called on the international community to not recognize this result. Hundreds of Tshisekedi supporters gathered outside of the court building.",
""
] |
### Accusations of fraud
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| direction \= vertical
\| header \= Election leaks mapped by territory and city
\| image1 \= 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CENI leak mapped by territory.svg
\| alt1 \= CENI leak
\| caption1 \= Leak from the CENI given to journalists by a whistleblower, representing 86% of the total votes cast
\| image2 \= 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CENCO leak mapped by territory.svg
\| alt2 \= CENCO leak
\| caption2 \= Leak from the CENCO, representing 43% of the total votes cast
}}
Second\-place candidate Martin Fayulu claimed that the results were rigged later that day, stating "In [2006](/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election "2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election"), Jean\-Pierre Bemba's victory was stolen, in [2011](/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election "2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election"), [Étienne Tshisekedi](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi "Étienne Tshisekedi")'s victory was stolen. In 2018 victory won't be stolen from Martin Fayulu." He also said he believes that President\-elect Félix Tshisekedi and President Joseph Kabila made a secret agreement. According to foreign diplomatic sources, the Catholic Church had claimed that Fayulu was the winner, and both the SADC and African Union observation missions had also believed him to have been the winner.[The Latest: Opposition candidate Fayulu denounces results](https://www.apnews.com/64b3de3ee8e1482682d16654b20f517e). Associated Press. Published 10 January 2019\.[Runner\-up in Congo's presidential election dismisses results as an 'electoral coup'](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-fayulu/runner-up-in-congos-presidential-election-dismisses-results-as-an-electoral-coup-idUSKCN1P40BX). Reuters. Published 10 January 2019\. The Catholic Church in the DRC made a statement questioning the result as well, stating that it did not align with their findings. Tshisekedi denied making any power\-sharing agreement with Kabila or his ruling party.[DR Congo presidential election: Church questions results](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46827760). BBC. Published 10 January 2019\. Fayulu told the BBC that he will challenge the result in the Constitutional Court.Keane, Fergal (10 January 2019\). [DR Congo poll: The divisive aftermath of Tshisekedi's victory](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46823459). BBC.
On 11 January, Fayulu claimed he received 62% of the vote and said he would challenge the result in the country's [Constitutional Court](/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo").[DRC opposition candidate Fayulu to file election result challenge](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/drc-opposition-candidate-fayulu-file-election-result-challenge-190111133026357.html). Al Jazeera. Published 11 January 2019\. The Court could confirm Tshisekedi, order a recount, or cancel the results and call for new elections. But Fayulu admitted that he did not believe he would have any success, saying the court is "composed of Kabila's people." He also claimed that "Felix Tshisekedi has been nominated by Mr Kabila to perpetuate the Kabila regime. Because today the boss is Kabila." Tshisekedi's spokesman denied that there was any deal between them.[DR Congo election: Defeated candidate vows legal challenge](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46834804). BBC. Published 11 January 2019\. Fayulu officially filed a challenge to the results on 12 January.{{cite news \|title\=DR Congo election: Candidate Martin Fayulu appeals against result \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-africa\-46850690 \|access\-date\=12 January 2019 \|agency\=BBC News \|date\=12 January 2019}}
A joint investigation by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* and [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale "Radio France Internationale") appeared to reveal that massive fraud occurred during the election. FT claimed on 15 January that its analysis of two separate collections of voting data — one from an anonymous person close to Fayulu who said they had obtained it with the help of a whistleblower, representing about 86% of votes cast, and another from the [Episcopal Conference](/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Episcopal Conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo") (CENCO), which represents all Congolese bishops and fielded 39,824 observers on election day — showed Fayulu as the clear winner of the election.Tom Wilson, David Blood, and David Pilling (15 January 2019\). [Congo voting data reveal huge fraud in poll to replace Kabila](https://www.ft.com/content/2b97f6e6-189d-11e9-b93e-f4351a53f1c3). *Financial Times*. Retrieved 17 January 2019\.[Huge election fraud revealed in DR Congo](https://www.france24.com/en/20190117-dr-congo-election-fraud-kabila-fayula-tshisekedi). France24\. Published 17 January 2019\. Retrieved 17 January 2019\.{{Cite web \|title\=Who really won the Congolese elections? \|url\=https://www.congoresearchgroup.org/en/2019/01/16/congolese\-election\-leaks/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-19 \|website\=www.congoresearchgroup.org \|language\=en}}
According to the Congo Research Group (CRG), the CENI leak was provided to several journalists by members of the opposition close to Fayulu, who all claimed they obtained it with the help of a whistleblower. At least one journalist claimed to have managed to contact the alleged source of the leak and the whistleblower’s account was deemed credible. The CENCO leak was given to journalists from different sources within the organization. The CENI leak indicated that Fayulu received 59\.42% of the vote, followed by Felix Tshisekedi with 18\.97% and Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary with 18\.54%. CENCO’s tallies were 62\.80%, 15\.00%, and 17\.99%, respectively.
The two leaks were almost identical at both the national and provincial levels, with a correlation of 0\.976 to 0\.991 for each of the three leading candidates (1 would represent a perfect match). Nationally, despite the Catholic Church tallying less than half of the total votes, the differences between the respective candidates were less than 4%. In 22 provinces, the differences were less than 2%, although there were larger differences in four provinces: [Tanganyika](/wiki/Tanganyika_Province "Tanganyika Province") (\+/\-18%), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu "South Kivu") (\+/\-9%), [Tshuapa](/wiki/Tshuapa "Tshuapa") (\+/\-5%), and [Maniema](/wiki/Maniema "Maniema") (\+/\-4%).
The CENI data was provided in a [comma\-separated values](/wiki/Comma-separated_values "Comma-separated values") (CSV) format and consisted of a total of 49,000 rows, including the number of each polling site, the names of the schools and institutions where voting took place, and the vote tallies for the presidential candidates. A data analyst from one of the media companies concluded that fabricating the entire dataset would have been extremely difficult without detection when using [Benford’s Law](/wiki/Benford%E2%80%99s_Law%23Accounting_fraud_detection "Benford’s Law#Accounting fraud detection"). Furthermore, the rapid fabrication of such data would have been challenging, as the names and numbers of the approximately 17,000 polling sites were only finalized on December 12\. The CENCO data, however, did not provide information down to the polling site level.
It is reasonable for the CENI to possess this kind of data as Article 69 of the CENI’s measures for applying the electoral law requires results to be transmitted to the central CENI office by local technicians. This leak appears to have occurred several days before the CENI announced its official results, representing 86%, or approximately 15\.7 million, of the 18\.3 million votes cast. The remaining results may not have been immediately transmitted due to technical issues and had to be sent through other means. There is also the possibility that the CENCO and the opposition simply collaborated to create similar fake leaks.
Whatever the case, only a comprehensive audit could've confirmed whether there was indeed massive fraud but as of 16 January 2019, the CENI has not published any disaggregated data beyond the national number of votes.
|
[
"### Accusations of fraud",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| direction \\= vertical\n \\| header \\= Election leaks mapped by territory and city\n \\| image1 \\= 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CENI leak mapped by territory.svg\n \\| alt1 \\= CENI leak\n \\| caption1 \\= Leak from the CENI given to journalists by a whistleblower, representing 86% of the total votes cast\n \\| image2 \\= 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CENCO leak mapped by territory.svg\n \\| alt2 \\= CENCO leak\n \\| caption2 \\= Leak from the CENCO, representing 43% of the total votes cast\n}}",
"Second\\-place candidate Martin Fayulu claimed that the results were rigged later that day, stating \"In [2006](/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election \"2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election\"), Jean\\-Pierre Bemba's victory was stolen, in [2011](/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election \"2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election\"), [Étienne Tshisekedi](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi \"Étienne Tshisekedi\")'s victory was stolen. In 2018 victory won't be stolen from Martin Fayulu.\" He also said he believes that President\\-elect Félix Tshisekedi and President Joseph Kabila made a secret agreement. According to foreign diplomatic sources, the Catholic Church had claimed that Fayulu was the winner, and both the SADC and African Union observation missions had also believed him to have been the winner.[The Latest: Opposition candidate Fayulu denounces results](https://www.apnews.com/64b3de3ee8e1482682d16654b20f517e). Associated Press. Published 10 January 2019\\.[Runner\\-up in Congo's presidential election dismisses results as an 'electoral coup'](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-fayulu/runner-up-in-congos-presidential-election-dismisses-results-as-an-electoral-coup-idUSKCN1P40BX). Reuters. Published 10 January 2019\\. The Catholic Church in the DRC made a statement questioning the result as well, stating that it did not align with their findings. Tshisekedi denied making any power\\-sharing agreement with Kabila or his ruling party.[DR Congo presidential election: Church questions results](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46827760). BBC. Published 10 January 2019\\. Fayulu told the BBC that he will challenge the result in the Constitutional Court.Keane, Fergal (10 January 2019\\). [DR Congo poll: The divisive aftermath of Tshisekedi's victory](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46823459). BBC.",
"On 11 January, Fayulu claimed he received 62% of the vote and said he would challenge the result in the country's [Constitutional Court](/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\").[DRC opposition candidate Fayulu to file election result challenge](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/drc-opposition-candidate-fayulu-file-election-result-challenge-190111133026357.html). Al Jazeera. Published 11 January 2019\\. The Court could confirm Tshisekedi, order a recount, or cancel the results and call for new elections. But Fayulu admitted that he did not believe he would have any success, saying the court is \"composed of Kabila's people.\" He also claimed that \"Felix Tshisekedi has been nominated by Mr Kabila to perpetuate the Kabila regime. Because today the boss is Kabila.\" Tshisekedi's spokesman denied that there was any deal between them.[DR Congo election: Defeated candidate vows legal challenge](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46834804). BBC. Published 11 January 2019\\. Fayulu officially filed a challenge to the results on 12 January.{{cite news \\|title\\=DR Congo election: Candidate Martin Fayulu appeals against result \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-africa\\-46850690 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2019 \\|agency\\=BBC News \\|date\\=12 January 2019}}",
"A joint investigation by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* and [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale \"Radio France Internationale\") appeared to reveal that massive fraud occurred during the election. FT claimed on 15 January that its analysis of two separate collections of voting data — one from an anonymous person close to Fayulu who said they had obtained it with the help of a whistleblower, representing about 86% of votes cast, and another from the [Episcopal Conference](/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Episcopal Conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") (CENCO), which represents all Congolese bishops and fielded 39,824 observers on election day — showed Fayulu as the clear winner of the election.Tom Wilson, David Blood, and David Pilling (15 January 2019\\). [Congo voting data reveal huge fraud in poll to replace Kabila](https://www.ft.com/content/2b97f6e6-189d-11e9-b93e-f4351a53f1c3). *Financial Times*. Retrieved 17 January 2019\\.[Huge election fraud revealed in DR Congo](https://www.france24.com/en/20190117-dr-congo-election-fraud-kabila-fayula-tshisekedi). France24\\. Published 17 January 2019\\. Retrieved 17 January 2019\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Who really won the Congolese elections? \\|url\\=https://www.congoresearchgroup.org/en/2019/01/16/congolese\\-election\\-leaks/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-19 \\|website\\=www.congoresearchgroup.org \\|language\\=en}}",
"According to the Congo Research Group (CRG), the CENI leak was provided to several journalists by members of the opposition close to Fayulu, who all claimed they obtained it with the help of a whistleblower. At least one journalist claimed to have managed to contact the alleged source of the leak and the whistleblower’s account was deemed credible. The CENCO leak was given to journalists from different sources within the organization. The CENI leak indicated that Fayulu received 59\\.42% of the vote, followed by Felix Tshisekedi with 18\\.97% and Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary with 18\\.54%. CENCO’s tallies were 62\\.80%, 15\\.00%, and 17\\.99%, respectively.",
"The two leaks were almost identical at both the national and provincial levels, with a correlation of 0\\.976 to 0\\.991 for each of the three leading candidates (1 would represent a perfect match). Nationally, despite the Catholic Church tallying less than half of the total votes, the differences between the respective candidates were less than 4%. In 22 provinces, the differences were less than 2%, although there were larger differences in four provinces: [Tanganyika](/wiki/Tanganyika_Province \"Tanganyika Province\") (\\+/\\-18%), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu \"South Kivu\") (\\+/\\-9%), [Tshuapa](/wiki/Tshuapa \"Tshuapa\") (\\+/\\-5%), and [Maniema](/wiki/Maniema \"Maniema\") (\\+/\\-4%).",
"The CENI data was provided in a [comma\\-separated values](/wiki/Comma-separated_values \"Comma-separated values\") (CSV) format and consisted of a total of 49,000 rows, including the number of each polling site, the names of the schools and institutions where voting took place, and the vote tallies for the presidential candidates. A data analyst from one of the media companies concluded that fabricating the entire dataset would have been extremely difficult without detection when using [Benford’s Law](/wiki/Benford%E2%80%99s_Law%23Accounting_fraud_detection \"Benford’s Law#Accounting fraud detection\"). Furthermore, the rapid fabrication of such data would have been challenging, as the names and numbers of the approximately 17,000 polling sites were only finalized on December 12\\. The CENCO data, however, did not provide information down to the polling site level.",
"It is reasonable for the CENI to possess this kind of data as Article 69 of the CENI’s measures for applying the electoral law requires results to be transmitted to the central CENI office by local technicians. This leak appears to have occurred several days before the CENI announced its official results, representing 86%, or approximately 15\\.7 million, of the 18\\.3 million votes cast. The remaining results may not have been immediately transmitted due to technical issues and had to be sent through other means. There is also the possibility that the CENCO and the opposition simply collaborated to create similar fake leaks.",
"Whatever the case, only a comprehensive audit could've confirmed whether there was indeed massive fraud but as of 16 January 2019, the CENI has not published any disaggregated data beyond the national number of votes.",
""
] |
### International reactions
The governments of France and Belgium also issued statements questioning the official result. French Foreign Minister [Jean\-Yves Le Drian](/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian "Jean-Yves Le Drian") claimed that Fayulu was expected to be declared the winner. Belgian Foreign Minister [Didier Reynders](/wiki/Didier_Reynders "Didier Reynders") also doubted the result, saying that Belgium would use its temporary UN Security Council seat to investigate the situation.[France, Belgium cast doubt on DR Congo election result](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/france-belgium-cast-doubt-dr-congo-election-result-190110091040088.html). Al Jazeera. Published 10 January 2019\. British Foreign Secretary [Jeremy Hunt](/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt "Jeremy Hunt") said he was "very concerned about discrepancies" in the results.[The Latest: Police, military seen near Congo opposition area](https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article224216500.html). *The Miami Herald*. 10 January 2019\. In an official statement, [Secretary\-General of the United Nations](/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations "Secretary-General of the United Nations") [António Guterres](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "António Guterres") urged all parties to "refrain from violence" and "live up to their responsibility in preserving stability." African Union leader [Moussa Faki](/wiki/Moussa_Faki "Moussa Faki") said that any disputes should be "resolved peacefully, by turning to the relevant laws". The Southern African Development Community (SADC) called for the creation of a [national unity government](/wiki/National_unity_government "National unity government") in DR Congo, a negotiated settlement by factions representing Kabila, Tshisekedi, and Fayulu, on January 13\. The organisation also called for a vote recount.[DR Congo election: Sadc proposes unity government](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46856660). BBC. Published 13 January 2019\.[Regional body SADC calls for DR Congo election vote recount](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/regional-body-sadc-calls-dr-congo-election-vote-recount-190113143558375.html). Al Jazeera. Published 14 January 2019\.
The [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") issued a statement drafted by the French delegation urging all sides to respect the outcome of the vote on 15 January.[UN urges DR Congo to respect election outcome](https://www.france24.com/en/20190115-un-urges-dr-congo-respect-election-outcome). France24\. Published 15 January 2019\.
Representatives of Russia and China stated that they oppose foreign interference in the DRC election.[Foreign governments divided over Congo election fraud](https://www.ft.com/content/30cb5544-19b1-11e9-9e64-d150b3105d21). *Financial Times*. Published 16 January 2019\.[Russia, China push UN to stay out of DR Congo poll dispute](https://www.france24.com/en/20190111-russia-china-push-un-stay-out-dr-congo-poll-dispute). France24\. Published 11 January 2019\.
A number of African Union heads of state and government met in the Ethiopian capital [Addis Ababa](/wiki/Addis_Ababa "Addis Ababa") on 17 January, issuing a statement that the organization had "serious doubts" about the provisional results and calling on the Congolese government to delay the release of the final results. The AU also stated that it would send a delegation to the DRC with "the view to reaching a consensus on a way out of the post\-electoral crisis."[African Union urges DR Congo to delay final election results](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46914032). BBC. Published 17 January 2019\.[African Union calls on DRC to delay election announcement](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/17/african-union-democratic-republic-congo-dc-delay-election-announcement). *The Guardian*. Published 17 January 2019\. The delegation would include AU commission head Moussa Faki and AU chairman, the [President of Rwanda](/wiki/President_of_Rwanda "President of Rwanda"), [Paul Kagame](/wiki/Paul_Kagame "Paul Kagame").
The Congolese government rejected the AU's appeal to delay that announcement of the final results on 18 January, and that the announcement will be made after the Constitutional Court makes a decision. Government spokesman [Lambert Mende](/wiki/Lambert_Mende_Omalanga "Lambert Mende Omalanga") stated that "I do not think anyone has the right to tell the court what to do. I am not under the impression (the AU) fully understands Congo's judicial process."[DR Congo rejects African Union demands to delay election results amid concerns over 'rigged vote'](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/18/dr-congo-rejects-african-union-demands-delay-election-results/). *The Telegraph*. Published 18 January 2019\.[DR Congo slams African Union's call to suspend election result](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2019/01/dr-congo-slams-african-union-call-suspend-election-result-190118140840583.html). *Al Jazeera*. Published 18 January 2019\.
After the Constitutional Court ruling upholding Tshisekedi's victory on 20 January, Kenyan President [Uhuru Kenyatta](/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta "Uhuru Kenyatta") and South Africa President [Cyril Ramaphosa](/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa "Cyril Ramaphosa") both sent their congratulations to Tshisekedi and recognized him as the next president.[DR Congo election: African leaders congratulate Tshisekedi](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46935898). BBC. Published 20 January 2019\. AU spokeswoman Ebba Kalondo also issued a statement revealing that the AU agreed to postpone the DRC delegation talks.[The Latest: AU 'postpones' urgent trip to Congo over vote](https://www.apnews.com/ce04146e3e6f4d25b4df19f2ebef8a35) Associated Press. Published 20 January 2019[African Union postpones Congo talks on contested election](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-african-union/african-union-postpones-congo-talks-on-contested-election-idUSKCN1PE0Q1) Reuters. Published 20 January 2019 Kalondo claimed “I can confirm to you that the trip has been postponed. Not canceled.” Other African leaders, including Zimbabwe President [Emmerson Mnangagwa](/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa "Emmerson Mnangagwa") and the leaders of Tanzania and Burundi, congratulated Tshisekdi for his victory and also recognized him as the next president as well.[Mnanagwa speaks on DRC ConCourt decision](https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-154231.html) Bulawayo 24 News. Published 20 January 2019 By January 22, the AU and EU had agreed to support Tshisekedi's Presidency as well.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/eu\-\-african\-union\-signal\-support\-for\-contested\-congo\-president\-elect\-11153628\|title\=EU, African Union signal support for contested Congo president\-elect\|publisher\=Channel News Asia\|date\=January 22, 2018}} On January 23, the United States agreed to support the court's certification of Tshisekdi's victory and also work with the incoming DRC President's government as well.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-congo\-election\-usa/u\-s\-welcomes\-court\-certification\-of\-new\-congo\-president\-idUSKCN1PH1WS\|title\=U.S. welcomes court certification of new Congo president\|work\=Reuters\|date\=23 January 2019}}
|
[
"### International reactions",
"The governments of France and Belgium also issued statements questioning the official result. French Foreign Minister [Jean\\-Yves Le Drian](/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian \"Jean-Yves Le Drian\") claimed that Fayulu was expected to be declared the winner. Belgian Foreign Minister [Didier Reynders](/wiki/Didier_Reynders \"Didier Reynders\") also doubted the result, saying that Belgium would use its temporary UN Security Council seat to investigate the situation.[France, Belgium cast doubt on DR Congo election result](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/france-belgium-cast-doubt-dr-congo-election-result-190110091040088.html). Al Jazeera. Published 10 January 2019\\. British Foreign Secretary [Jeremy Hunt](/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt \"Jeremy Hunt\") said he was \"very concerned about discrepancies\" in the results.[The Latest: Police, military seen near Congo opposition area](https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article224216500.html). *The Miami Herald*. 10 January 2019\\. In an official statement, [Secretary\\-General of the United Nations](/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations \"Secretary-General of the United Nations\") [António Guterres](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres \"António Guterres\") urged all parties to \"refrain from violence\" and \"live up to their responsibility in preserving stability.\" African Union leader [Moussa Faki](/wiki/Moussa_Faki \"Moussa Faki\") said that any disputes should be \"resolved peacefully, by turning to the relevant laws\". The Southern African Development Community (SADC) called for the creation of a [national unity government](/wiki/National_unity_government \"National unity government\") in DR Congo, a negotiated settlement by factions representing Kabila, Tshisekedi, and Fayulu, on January 13\\. The organisation also called for a vote recount.[DR Congo election: Sadc proposes unity government](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46856660). BBC. Published 13 January 2019\\.[Regional body SADC calls for DR Congo election vote recount](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/regional-body-sadc-calls-dr-congo-election-vote-recount-190113143558375.html). Al Jazeera. Published 14 January 2019\\.",
"The [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\") issued a statement drafted by the French delegation urging all sides to respect the outcome of the vote on 15 January.[UN urges DR Congo to respect election outcome](https://www.france24.com/en/20190115-un-urges-dr-congo-respect-election-outcome). France24\\. Published 15 January 2019\\.",
"Representatives of Russia and China stated that they oppose foreign interference in the DRC election.[Foreign governments divided over Congo election fraud](https://www.ft.com/content/30cb5544-19b1-11e9-9e64-d150b3105d21). *Financial Times*. Published 16 January 2019\\.[Russia, China push UN to stay out of DR Congo poll dispute](https://www.france24.com/en/20190111-russia-china-push-un-stay-out-dr-congo-poll-dispute). France24\\. Published 11 January 2019\\.",
"A number of African Union heads of state and government met in the Ethiopian capital [Addis Ababa](/wiki/Addis_Ababa \"Addis Ababa\") on 17 January, issuing a statement that the organization had \"serious doubts\" about the provisional results and calling on the Congolese government to delay the release of the final results. The AU also stated that it would send a delegation to the DRC with \"the view to reaching a consensus on a way out of the post\\-electoral crisis.\"[African Union urges DR Congo to delay final election results](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46914032). BBC. Published 17 January 2019\\.[African Union calls on DRC to delay election announcement](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/17/african-union-democratic-republic-congo-dc-delay-election-announcement). *The Guardian*. Published 17 January 2019\\. The delegation would include AU commission head Moussa Faki and AU chairman, the [President of Rwanda](/wiki/President_of_Rwanda \"President of Rwanda\"), [Paul Kagame](/wiki/Paul_Kagame \"Paul Kagame\").",
"The Congolese government rejected the AU's appeal to delay that announcement of the final results on 18 January, and that the announcement will be made after the Constitutional Court makes a decision. Government spokesman [Lambert Mende](/wiki/Lambert_Mende_Omalanga \"Lambert Mende Omalanga\") stated that \"I do not think anyone has the right to tell the court what to do. I am not under the impression (the AU) fully understands Congo's judicial process.\"[DR Congo rejects African Union demands to delay election results amid concerns over 'rigged vote'](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/18/dr-congo-rejects-african-union-demands-delay-election-results/). *The Telegraph*. Published 18 January 2019\\.[DR Congo slams African Union's call to suspend election result](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2019/01/dr-congo-slams-african-union-call-suspend-election-result-190118140840583.html). *Al Jazeera*. Published 18 January 2019\\.",
"After the Constitutional Court ruling upholding Tshisekedi's victory on 20 January, Kenyan President [Uhuru Kenyatta](/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta \"Uhuru Kenyatta\") and South Africa President [Cyril Ramaphosa](/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa \"Cyril Ramaphosa\") both sent their congratulations to Tshisekedi and recognized him as the next president.[DR Congo election: African leaders congratulate Tshisekedi](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46935898). BBC. Published 20 January 2019\\. AU spokeswoman Ebba Kalondo also issued a statement revealing that the AU agreed to postpone the DRC delegation talks.[The Latest: AU 'postpones' urgent trip to Congo over vote](https://www.apnews.com/ce04146e3e6f4d25b4df19f2ebef8a35) Associated Press. Published 20 January 2019[African Union postpones Congo talks on contested election](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-african-union/african-union-postpones-congo-talks-on-contested-election-idUSKCN1PE0Q1) Reuters. Published 20 January 2019 Kalondo claimed “I can confirm to you that the trip has been postponed. Not canceled.” Other African leaders, including Zimbabwe President [Emmerson Mnangagwa](/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa \"Emmerson Mnangagwa\") and the leaders of Tanzania and Burundi, congratulated Tshisekdi for his victory and also recognized him as the next president as well.[Mnanagwa speaks on DRC ConCourt decision](https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-154231.html) Bulawayo 24 News. Published 20 January 2019 By January 22, the AU and EU had agreed to support Tshisekedi's Presidency as well.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/eu\\-\\-african\\-union\\-signal\\-support\\-for\\-contested\\-congo\\-president\\-elect\\-11153628\\|title\\=EU, African Union signal support for contested Congo president\\-elect\\|publisher\\=Channel News Asia\\|date\\=January 22, 2018}} On January 23, the United States agreed to support the court's certification of Tshisekdi's victory and also work with the incoming DRC President's government as well.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-congo\\-election\\-usa/u\\-s\\-welcomes\\-court\\-certification\\-of\\-new\\-congo\\-president\\-idUSKCN1PH1WS\\|title\\=U.S. welcomes court certification of new Congo president\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=23 January 2019}}",
""
] |
Business career
---------------
Tunku Abdullah consolidated his business ventures into a conglomerate under the name of "Melewar" Group or Corporation.
In his book *Melewar Turns Silver 1963\-1988*,{{cite book \|last1\=Melewar \|title\=Melewar Turns Silver 1963\-1988 \|date\=1988\-05\-02 \|publisher\=Melewar Corporation \|location\=Kuala Lumpur}} the Melewar companies mentioned are; Binaan Nasional S/B \[1963, construction], Duncan, Gilbey \& Matheson \[1964, drink industry], Pacific World Travel \[1964, travel \& tours], Mitra Malaysia \[1970, travel agency], Melewar Trading \[1974, defence equipment], Pacific Asia Leasing \[1974, finance lease \& hire purchase], Melewar Clarkson \[1975, insurance brokers], Melewar Transport \[1975, transport \& logistics], M\&C Saatchi Malaysia S/B \[1976, advertising], Melewar Corporation \[1981, investment company], Kompusat \[1982, computer retail], Accent Technology \[1982, computer assembly], Nishio Lease \[1982, equipment leasing], Daniel J Edelman \[1984, public relations], Vita Tenggara Fruits Industries \[1984, fruit farm], Central Market S/B \[1985, shopping centre],{{cite web \|last1\=Central Market (KL) \|title\=Central Market Sdn. Bhd. \|url\=https://centralmarket.com.my/ \|website\=Central Market Sdn. Bhd.}} Great Value Holidays S/B \[1985, travel \& tours], Malaysian Assurance Alliance {MAA Group} \[1985, insurance],{{cite web \|last1\=MAA Group \|title\=Malaysian Assurance Alliance Berhad \|url\=https://www.maa.my/maa/maagroup/index.php \|website\=Malaysian Assurance Alliance Berhad}} Trace Management Services S/B \[1985, company secretarial], Academia S/B \[1987, education] \-\&\- Prai Malaysia Wood \& Rattan Industries \[1987, wood manufacture]. Non\-Melewar companies of mention are; MBf Finance Berhad \[1968, financial services] \-\&\- Granite Industries Berhad \[1987, mining \& manufacture]: as well as others : Central Market Japan Co., Ltd.
Beyond 1988, other Melewar companies and foundations include: MasterConsult, [MetroVision](/wiki/8TV_%28Malaysian_TV_network%29 "8TV (Malaysian TV network)"), Royal Langkawi Yacht Club,{{cite web \|last1\=Langkawi Yacht Club \|title\=Royal Langkawi Yacht Club \|url\=https://www.langkawiyachtclub.com/ \|website\=Royal Langkawi Yacht Club}} Melewar Industrial Group,{{cite web \|last1\=Melewar\-MIG \|title\=Melewar Industrial Group Berhad \|url\=http://www.melewar\-mig.com/ \|website\=Melewar Industrial Group Berhad}} Mycron Steel,{{cite web \|last1\=Mycron \|title\=Mycron Steel Berhad \|url\=https://www.mycronsteel.com/ \|website\=Mycron Steel Berhad}} Budimas Charitable Foundation,{{cite web \|last1\=Budimas \|title\=Budimas Charitable Foundation \|url\=https://www.budimas.org/ \|website\=Budimas Charitable Foundation}} as well as MAA Medicare Charitable Foundation.{{cite web \|last1\=MAA Medicare \|title\=MAA Medicare Sdn. Bhd. \|url\=http://www.maamedicare.org/ \|website\=MAA Medicare Sdn. Bhd.}} Tunku Abdullah also served as Chairman to several companies which include: MBf Holdings,{{cite web \|last1\=MBf Holdings \|title\=MBf Holdings Berhad \|url\=https://mbfh.com.my/ \|website\=MBf Holdings Berhad}} Malayan Cement Berhad, Aokam Tin Berhad, Georgetown Holdings Berhad, Taisho Marine \& Fire Insurance (M) S/B, MBf Capital Berhad, PWE Industries Berhad, Nusantara Steel S/B, Toshiba Electronics Malaysia S/B, Gentali Malaysia S/B.{{cite web \|last1\=Khyra \|first1\=T Yaacob \|title\=Tunku Abdullah ibni almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman \|url\=http://melewar\-equities.com/index.php/legacy\-of\-melewar/tunku\-abdullah \|website\=Melewar Equities \|publisher\=Melewar Equities S/B}}
Tunku Abdullah's involvement with the MBf Group was due to his close friendship with *Tan Sri* Loy Hean Heong.
MasterConsult marketed defence equipment to the government and was sales agent for companies like [Rosoboronexport](/wiki/Rosoboronexport "Rosoboronexport"), [McDonnell Douglas](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas "McDonnell Douglas"), [ASMAR](/wiki/ASMAR "ASMAR"), [Dassault Aviation](/wiki/Dassault_Aviation "Dassault Aviation"), [Aermacchi](/wiki/Aermacchi "Aermacchi"), [Engesa](/wiki/Engesa "Engesa") and [Dornier Flugzeugwerke](/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke "Dornier Flugzeugwerke").
Tunku Abdullah was particularly well known for the successful urban re\-development of [Central Market, Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Central_Market%2C_Kuala_Lumpur "Central Market, Kuala Lumpur"), preserving the heritage building {which had been earmarked for demolition}. Other heritage buildings refurbished include Wisma Melewar {now, Wisma Ekran}. He is also known for the development of Royal Langkawi Yacht Club and marina in Kuah, Langkawi.
|
[
"Business career\n---------------",
"Tunku Abdullah consolidated his business ventures into a conglomerate under the name of \"Melewar\" Group or Corporation.",
"In his book *Melewar Turns Silver 1963\\-1988*,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Melewar \\|title\\=Melewar Turns Silver 1963\\-1988 \\|date\\=1988\\-05\\-02 \\|publisher\\=Melewar Corporation \\|location\\=Kuala Lumpur}} the Melewar companies mentioned are; Binaan Nasional S/B \\[1963, construction], Duncan, Gilbey \\& Matheson \\[1964, drink industry], Pacific World Travel \\[1964, travel \\& tours], Mitra Malaysia \\[1970, travel agency], Melewar Trading \\[1974, defence equipment], Pacific Asia Leasing \\[1974, finance lease \\& hire purchase], Melewar Clarkson \\[1975, insurance brokers], Melewar Transport \\[1975, transport \\& logistics], M\\&C Saatchi Malaysia S/B \\[1976, advertising], Melewar Corporation \\[1981, investment company], Kompusat \\[1982, computer retail], Accent Technology \\[1982, computer assembly], Nishio Lease \\[1982, equipment leasing], Daniel J Edelman \\[1984, public relations], Vita Tenggara Fruits Industries \\[1984, fruit farm], Central Market S/B \\[1985, shopping centre],{{cite web \\|last1\\=Central Market (KL) \\|title\\=Central Market Sdn. Bhd. \\|url\\=https://centralmarket.com.my/ \\|website\\=Central Market Sdn. Bhd.}} Great Value Holidays S/B \\[1985, travel \\& tours], Malaysian Assurance Alliance {MAA Group} \\[1985, insurance],{{cite web \\|last1\\=MAA Group \\|title\\=Malaysian Assurance Alliance Berhad \\|url\\=https://www.maa.my/maa/maagroup/index.php \\|website\\=Malaysian Assurance Alliance Berhad}} Trace Management Services S/B \\[1985, company secretarial], Academia S/B \\[1987, education] \\-\\&\\- Prai Malaysia Wood \\& Rattan Industries \\[1987, wood manufacture]. Non\\-Melewar companies of mention are; MBf Finance Berhad \\[1968, financial services] \\-\\&\\- Granite Industries Berhad \\[1987, mining \\& manufacture]: as well as others : Central Market Japan Co., Ltd.",
"Beyond 1988, other Melewar companies and foundations include: MasterConsult, [MetroVision](/wiki/8TV_%28Malaysian_TV_network%29 \"8TV (Malaysian TV network)\"), Royal Langkawi Yacht Club,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Langkawi Yacht Club \\|title\\=Royal Langkawi Yacht Club \\|url\\=https://www.langkawiyachtclub.com/ \\|website\\=Royal Langkawi Yacht Club}} Melewar Industrial Group,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Melewar\\-MIG \\|title\\=Melewar Industrial Group Berhad \\|url\\=http://www.melewar\\-mig.com/ \\|website\\=Melewar Industrial Group Berhad}} Mycron Steel,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mycron \\|title\\=Mycron Steel Berhad \\|url\\=https://www.mycronsteel.com/ \\|website\\=Mycron Steel Berhad}} Budimas Charitable Foundation,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Budimas \\|title\\=Budimas Charitable Foundation \\|url\\=https://www.budimas.org/ \\|website\\=Budimas Charitable Foundation}} as well as MAA Medicare Charitable Foundation.{{cite web \\|last1\\=MAA Medicare \\|title\\=MAA Medicare Sdn. Bhd. \\|url\\=http://www.maamedicare.org/ \\|website\\=MAA Medicare Sdn. Bhd.}} Tunku Abdullah also served as Chairman to several companies which include: MBf Holdings,{{cite web \\|last1\\=MBf Holdings \\|title\\=MBf Holdings Berhad \\|url\\=https://mbfh.com.my/ \\|website\\=MBf Holdings Berhad}} Malayan Cement Berhad, Aokam Tin Berhad, Georgetown Holdings Berhad, Taisho Marine \\& Fire Insurance (M) S/B, MBf Capital Berhad, PWE Industries Berhad, Nusantara Steel S/B, Toshiba Electronics Malaysia S/B, Gentali Malaysia S/B.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Khyra \\|first1\\=T Yaacob \\|title\\=Tunku Abdullah ibni almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman \\|url\\=http://melewar\\-equities.com/index.php/legacy\\-of\\-melewar/tunku\\-abdullah \\|website\\=Melewar Equities \\|publisher\\=Melewar Equities S/B}}",
"Tunku Abdullah's involvement with the MBf Group was due to his close friendship with *Tan Sri* Loy Hean Heong.",
"MasterConsult marketed defence equipment to the government and was sales agent for companies like [Rosoboronexport](/wiki/Rosoboronexport \"Rosoboronexport\"), [McDonnell Douglas](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas \"McDonnell Douglas\"), [ASMAR](/wiki/ASMAR \"ASMAR\"), [Dassault Aviation](/wiki/Dassault_Aviation \"Dassault Aviation\"), [Aermacchi](/wiki/Aermacchi \"Aermacchi\"), [Engesa](/wiki/Engesa \"Engesa\") and [Dornier Flugzeugwerke](/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke \"Dornier Flugzeugwerke\").",
"Tunku Abdullah was particularly well known for the successful urban re\\-development of [Central Market, Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Central_Market%2C_Kuala_Lumpur \"Central Market, Kuala Lumpur\"), preserving the heritage building {which had been earmarked for demolition}. Other heritage buildings refurbished include Wisma Melewar {now, Wisma Ekran}. He is also known for the development of Royal Langkawi Yacht Club and marina in Kuah, Langkawi.",
""
] |
Production
----------
### Conception and writing
[thumb\|right\|upright\|The episode was written by series co\-creator [Craig Mazin](/wiki/Craig_Mazin "Craig Mazin").\|alt\=A 51 year\-old man with a grey beard smiling to the left of the camera.](/wiki/File:Craig_Mazin%2C_MovieZine_interview_%28cropped%29.png "Craig Mazin, MovieZine interview (cropped).png")
"Endure and Survive" was written by [Craig Mazin](/wiki/Craig_Mazin "Craig Mazin") and directed by Jeremy Webb. The [Directors Guild of Canada](/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_Canada "Directors Guild of Canada") revealed Webb would direct for the series in January 2022\. [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes "Rotten Tomatoes") revealed the episode's title in January 2023\. *[The Last of Us](/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_%28TV_series%29 "The Last of Us (TV series)")* series co\-creators Mazin and [Neil Druckmann](/wiki/Neil_Druckmann "Neil Druckmann"), the latter of whom wrote and co\-directed [the video game](/wiki/The_Last_of_Us "The Last of Us") on which the series is based, found the differing perspectives of the television series granted an opportunity to explore the backstory of Kansas City—a replacement of [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") from the game—and show the stories behind the violence, the aftermath of which Joel and Ellie discover in the game.{{rp\|at\=1:14}}
The writers wanted to honor the game's unseen character [Ish](/wiki/Ish_%28The_Last_of_Us%29 "Ish (The Last of Us)")—who built a community in tunnels underneath the city—but found they could not properly depict it in the episode, opting for brief references.{{rp\|at\=26:08}} Mazin felt a standalone episode focusing on Ish may have worked but found [environmental storytelling](/wiki/Environmental_storytelling "Environmental storytelling") more effective.{{rp\|at\=27:37}} The writers understood the game's sniper sequence would have translated poorly to television and chose to make the shooter an old man to add sadness to the scene.{{rp\|at\=32:36}} While meeting with Druckmann and Webb in [Santa Monica, California](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California "Santa Monica, California"), Mazin realized the full action sequence would be more effective at night—as opposed to day like the game—as its visuals and the creepiness of infected would be improved.{{rp\|at\=37:06}} The episode's credits use the song "Fuel to Fire" by [Agnes Obel](/wiki/Agnes_Obel "Agnes Obel"), which subsequently ranked fifth on *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")*{{'}}s Top TV Songs [chart](/wiki/Billboard_charts "Billboard charts") for February, with 378,000 streams and 1,000 downloads.
### Casting and characters
[Lamar Johnson](/wiki/Lamar_Johnson_%28actor%29 "Lamar Johnson (actor)") and [Keivonn Montreal Woodard](/wiki/Keivonn_Montreal_Woodard "Keivonn Montreal Woodard")'s casting as Henry and Sam was announced in August 2021\. Johnson recalled his casting process occurred quickly: he sent his audition tape on Monday, received the role by Wednesday, departed for the set by Saturday, and began filming by Wednesday. He had played the game and wanted to avoid imitating the original performance due to its impact. He was nervous about the role due to the character's importance, but found his nervousness prompted him to challenge himself. Mazin provided information to Johnson regarding Henry's backstory to help him understand the character. Johnson felt Henry was hurt by his own actions against Michael, but Sam was ultimately more important to him. Mazin and Druckmann had several long discussions regarding Henry's fate and considered many alternatives, but ultimately considered his suicide, like in the game, reflected that he had nothing left after Sam's death.{{rp\|at\=59:37}} Johnson found the final scenes emotionally draining due to his relationship with Woodard; he "tried to be as present and authentic as possible" as he considered it the most important and iconic scene of the characters, and felt [Pedro Pascal](/wiki/Pedro_Pascal "Pedro Pascal") did the same opposite him as Joel. He was allowed to experiment with the scene, including performing lines similar to the game; he wanted to portray Henry's shock and confusion at the sudden events. Johnson believed Henry's final decision was to join Sam, as he felt they were likely religious. He recalled crying behind the camera with Webb during Ellie's final scene with Sam.
[Bella Ramsey](/wiki/Bella_Ramsey "Bella Ramsey"), who portrays Ellie, felt Sam brought out Ellie's childlike energy, which they largely attributed to Woodard.{{rp\|at\=2:24}} Mazin wrote Sam as deaf—a change from the game—to avoid his relationship with Henry feeling repetitious of Ellie's with Joel, which he felt would have been emphasized due to the different perspectives of the series.{{rp\|at\=3:00}} He had been watching the television series *[This Close](/wiki/This_Close "This Close")* (2018–2019\)—which follows two deaf characters—and felt it may have influenced his decision.{{rp\|at\=4:12}} He found it automatically introduced intimacy to the scenes due to their quietness, which contrasted with Ellie's talkative nature.{{rp\|at\=5:04}} Druckmann was instantly drawn to the idea and wished he had included it in the game.{{rp\|at\=5:32}} Mazin hired *This Close* co\-creator [Shoshannah Stern](/wiki/Shoshannah_Stern "Shoshannah Stern") to review the scripts.{{rp\|at\=5:55}} The production team faced difficulties in casting Sam; they were met with minimal candidates.{{rp\|at\=6:26}} In February 2021, Mazin distributed a casting call for a boy aged 8–14 who is deaf, black, and proficient in [American Sign Language](/wiki/American_Sign_Language "American Sign Language") (ASL) or [Black American Sign Language](/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language "Black American Sign Language"); [Deaf West Theatre](/wiki/Deaf_West_Theatre "Deaf West Theatre") confirmed this was for the character of Sam. He had expected to receive around 80 auditions, but ultimately got about five, including Woodard;{{rp\|at\=7:53}} it was his first acting role.
Mazin felt Sam's leukemia was a more significant part of his story than his deafness.{{rp\|at\=9:35}} [CJ Jones](/wiki/CJ_Jones "CJ Jones"), whom Mazin met through Stern, acted as Woodard's liaison to the crew and helped teach ASL to cast and crew;{{rp\|at\=11:14}} Johnson began learning the language via [Zoom](/wiki/Zoom_%28software%29 "Zoom (software)") shortly after arriving in Calgary, and spent his time away from set learning the language. He did not want viewers to think his knowledge of the language was fake,{{rp\|at\=11:14}} and considered his performance important for deaf representation. He felt spending time around Woodard for production gave him a better grasp on the language; Woodard would sometimes correct his mistakes in scenes. Ramsey similarly learned ASL during production.{{rp\|at\=1:16}} Sam's age was reduced from the game to allow him to look up to Ellie;{{rp\|at\=3:47}} Mazin felt this justified his revelation of his bite to Ellie, which does not occur in the game.{{rp\|at\=53:55}} In portraying Sam's bravery, Woodard recalled his own experiences of being told to stay brave after his father died. Johnson and Woodard worked on the series for two\-and\-a\-half months.
Mazin and Druckmann did not want characters like Kathleen to feel like [non\-player characters](/wiki/Non-player_characters "Non-player characters") from a video game, opting to give them full stories to humanize them and justify their actions.{{rp\|at\=15:58}} They felt adding a connection between Kathleen and Henry—and, by extension, to Joel and Ellie—made the storylines more effective and justified the different perspectives.{{rp\|at\=21:00}} Mazin wanted Kathleen's death to represent the notion of violent actions meeting violent ends, and Druckmann felt her obsession with justice led her to become distracted from her own survival.{{rp\|at\=48:14}} [Melanie Lynskey](/wiki/Melanie_Lynskey "Melanie Lynskey") knew of Kathleen's fate when she accepted the role. She found the scene easy to film due to the coordination of the team, as they had been planning for weeks. Mazin found it important that Kathleen was killed by a child, as minutes earlier she had told Henry that children die all the time.{{rp\|at\=50:27}} Lynskey recorded her death sounds as [automated dialogue replacement](/wiki/Automated_dialogue_replacement "Automated dialogue replacement") (ADR); Mazin and Druckmann directed her to "sound like someone was ripping your throat out". Lynskey's husband [Jason Ritter](/wiki/Jason_Ritter "Jason Ritter") had a cameo appearance as an infected creature.
[Jeffrey Pierce](/wiki/Jeffrey_Pierce "Jeffrey Pierce") felt Perry was in love with Kathleen, which prompted several of his actions. He considered Perry's sacrifice selfless as it was to allow Kathleen to escape, and thought it reflected Perry's constant wish to be a hero. Mazin had told Pierce earlier that he was "gonna get the best death of the entire season". Pierce played the role akin to a *[rōnin](/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin "Rōnin")* from an [Akira Kurosawa](/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa "Akira Kurosawa") film and saw his death as an honorable "samurai death", sacrificing himself for the woman he loves.
### Filming
[thumb\|right\|upright\=1\.2\|The design of the sniper house in the action sequence was partly inspired by [Edward Hopper](/wiki/Edward_Hopper "Edward Hopper")'s painting *[House by the Railroad](/wiki/House_by_the_Railroad "House by the Railroad")* (1925\).\|alt\=An oil painting of a blue four\-story house.](/wiki/File:The_House_by_the_Railroad_by_Edward_Hopper_1925.jpg "The House by the Railroad by Edward Hopper 1925.jpg")
"Endure and Survive" was primarily filmed in April 2022, shortly before production finished on the season finale. Eben Bolter worked as [cinematographer](/wiki/Cinematographer "Cinematographer") for the episode. Johnson and Woodard were on set in Calgary on March 23, 2022\. The classroom and tunnels were built in the cellar underneath the old Inglewood Brewery in Calgary; production designer John Paino and his team enjoyed the "kind of dankness" it had. The team mapped the room with [laser scanning](/wiki/Laser_scanning "Laser scanning") to allow the visual effects team to extend the hallways. Production took place around the [Calgary Courts Centre](/wiki/Calgary_Courts_Centre "Calgary Courts Centre") and [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Calgary "Victoria Park, Calgary") in May. Pascal and Ramsey were spotted on set in Calgary in May, followed some days later by military vehicles representing FEDRA.
The action sequence took significant planning—Bolter estimated around 80% of the episode's planning focused on the scene—and was filmed in four weeks; about a week\-and\-a\-half was dedicated to the infected horde rising from the ground. The sequence was one of few in the series prepared on a [storyboard](/wiki/Storyboard "Storyboard") due to the combination of elements like pyrotechnics and visual effects, which presented potential dangers. The neighborhood was built in an empty lot near the Calgary Film Centre to allow full control of the significant special effects required.{{rp\|at\=34:50}} Modelers crafted to\-scale versions of the area based on [Lidar](/wiki/Lidar "Lidar") scans of Kansas City, and the game and real Kansas City neighborhoods were referenced.{{rp\|at\=34:50}} The nine\-week building process, led by Paino, art director Don Macaulay, and construction coordinator Donadino Valentino Centanni,{{rp\|at\=34:50}} involved crafting [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete "Asphalt concrete") driveways, paving [gravel](/wiki/Gravel "Gravel"), arranging damaged vehicles, and constructing front and sides of thirteen houses; they engaged several housebuilders for construction.{{rp\|at\=34:50}} The sniper's three\-story building was modeled after [Edward Hopper](/wiki/Edward_Hopper "Edward Hopper")'s painting *[House by the Railroad](/wiki/House_by_the_Railroad "House by the Railroad")* (1925\) and the Bates residence from *[Psycho](/wiki/Psycho_%281960_film%29 "Psycho (1960 film)")* (1960\). The interior was aged for two weeks with water, and Calgary's snow and ice added more water damage, which Paino appreciated.
Webb cited *[Saving Private Ryan](/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan "Saving Private Ryan")* (1998\) as inspiration for some of the shots during the sequence, particularly from Joel's perspective in the house or Ellie's on the street. A camera with a [sniper scope](/wiki/Sniper_scope "Sniper scope") was used for Joel, and three [handheld cameras](/wiki/Handheld_camera "Handheld camera") were used to track the action sequence from the ground, with long [lenses](/wiki/Camera_lens "Camera lens") "to compress the space, to make it feel scary and cinematic and real". The shots of the truck crashing into the house and the subsequent explosion could only be filmed once. Bolter faced difficulty lighting the sequence. [Street lights](/wiki/Street_light "Street light") located two blocks away were switched off to allow Bolter to fully craft the lighting. He took inspiration from [stadiums](/wiki/Stadium "Stadium") by surrounding the set with [backlights](/wiki/Backlight "Backlight") and lighting from above with [ambient light](/wiki/Low-key_lighting "Low-key lighting"). [Troy Baker](/wiki/Troy_Baker "Troy Baker"), who portrayed Joel in the video games and James in the television series, visited the set while he was in the city for a convention. The ending scenes at the motel were filmed in [Nanton, Alberta](/wiki/Nanton%2C_Alberta "Nanton, Alberta"). The episode completed production in the early hours of June 11, marking the final day of [principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography "Principal photography") for the season, two days later than originally scheduled.
### Prosthetics and visual effects
Barrie and Sarah Gower led the prosthetics teams for the series. Around 60 actors were used in the infected mob, and 10 to 15 wore clicker masks, all crafted by 70 prosthetic artists; they applied prosthetics to about 30 people in each three\-hour shift. The makeup process began around 3:00 p.m. to prepare for shooting, which began at 9:00 p.m. Due to the amount of infected in the episode, the production team worked with [Terry Notary](/wiki/Terry_Notary "Terry Notary") to coordinate their movements; he set up a boot camp to prepare the actors for the role.{{rp\|at\=3:44}} The child clicker—designed by [Naughty Dog](/wiki/Naughty_Dog "Naughty Dog") artist Hyoung Taek Nam, who originally designed clickers for the game—was portrayed by a young [contortionist](/wiki/Contortionist "Contortionist") actress,{{rp\|at\=49:22}} Skye Belle Cowton; prosthetics and visual effects were combined to make the creature. Mazin insisted Cowton wear a *[Blue's Clues](/wiki/Blue%27s_Clues "Blue's Clues")* shirt to contrast the innocence and horror.{{rp\|at\=49:22}}
The writers spent months trying to decide whether or not to include a bloater in the series before ultimately adding it.{{rp\|at\=46:22}} It was portrayed by actor Adam Basil, with whom Barrie Gower had worked on *[Game of Thrones](/wiki/Game_of_Thrones "Game of Thrones")*. A cast of Basil's body was created to help create the bloater. The {{convert\|40\|kg\|lb\|adj\=on}} suit was coated in a gel\-like liquid during filming to appear wet and reflective. Gower said his team wanted the creature to have a "practical presence" for interaction on set, which could later be emphasized with visual effects; the bloater was made taller and given additional muscle definition. In the script, Mazin wrote that the bloater tore Perry in two at the waist, but Druckmann wanted his death to be more grounded; as visual effects were implemented, Mazin realized decapitation looked more realistic and paid homage to the games.{{rp\|at\=46:22}}
The visual effects team consulted with Mazin and Druckmann to emphasize her childlike features, adding [pigtails](/wiki/Pigtail "Pigtail") and showing more of her face. Sixteen visual effects teams worked on the action sequence; while the season averaged 250 visual effects shots per episode, "Endure and Survive" had around 350 to 400\. [Wētā FX](/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81_FX "Wētā FX") created the visual effects of the infected;{{rp\|at\=41:05}} 50 to 70 infected were added to the horde through visual effects. Mazin compared the infected emerging from the ground to an [ant colony](/wiki/Ant_colony "Ant colony"), as well as a scene of goblins in the mines in *[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring](/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring "The Fellowship of the Ring")* (2001\), which he considered terrifying.{{rp\|at\=44:14}}
|
[
"Production\n----------",
"### Conception and writing",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|The episode was written by series co\\-creator [Craig Mazin](/wiki/Craig_Mazin \"Craig Mazin\").\\|alt\\=A 51 year\\-old man with a grey beard smiling to the left of the camera.](/wiki/File:Craig_Mazin%2C_MovieZine_interview_%28cropped%29.png \"Craig Mazin, MovieZine interview (cropped).png\")",
"\"Endure and Survive\" was written by [Craig Mazin](/wiki/Craig_Mazin \"Craig Mazin\") and directed by Jeremy Webb. The [Directors Guild of Canada](/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_Canada \"Directors Guild of Canada\") revealed Webb would direct for the series in January 2022\\. [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\") revealed the episode's title in January 2023\\. *[The Last of Us](/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_%28TV_series%29 \"The Last of Us (TV series)\")* series co\\-creators Mazin and [Neil Druckmann](/wiki/Neil_Druckmann \"Neil Druckmann\"), the latter of whom wrote and co\\-directed [the video game](/wiki/The_Last_of_Us \"The Last of Us\") on which the series is based, found the differing perspectives of the television series granted an opportunity to explore the backstory of Kansas City—a replacement of [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\") from the game—and show the stories behind the violence, the aftermath of which Joel and Ellie discover in the game.{{rp\\|at\\=1:14}}",
"The writers wanted to honor the game's unseen character [Ish](/wiki/Ish_%28The_Last_of_Us%29 \"Ish (The Last of Us)\")—who built a community in tunnels underneath the city—but found they could not properly depict it in the episode, opting for brief references.{{rp\\|at\\=26:08}} Mazin felt a standalone episode focusing on Ish may have worked but found [environmental storytelling](/wiki/Environmental_storytelling \"Environmental storytelling\") more effective.{{rp\\|at\\=27:37}} The writers understood the game's sniper sequence would have translated poorly to television and chose to make the shooter an old man to add sadness to the scene.{{rp\\|at\\=32:36}} While meeting with Druckmann and Webb in [Santa Monica, California](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California \"Santa Monica, California\"), Mazin realized the full action sequence would be more effective at night—as opposed to day like the game—as its visuals and the creepiness of infected would be improved.{{rp\\|at\\=37:06}} The episode's credits use the song \"Fuel to Fire\" by [Agnes Obel](/wiki/Agnes_Obel \"Agnes Obel\"), which subsequently ranked fifth on *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")*{{'}}s Top TV Songs [chart](/wiki/Billboard_charts \"Billboard charts\") for February, with 378,000 streams and 1,000 downloads.",
"### Casting and characters",
"[Lamar Johnson](/wiki/Lamar_Johnson_%28actor%29 \"Lamar Johnson (actor)\") and [Keivonn Montreal Woodard](/wiki/Keivonn_Montreal_Woodard \"Keivonn Montreal Woodard\")'s casting as Henry and Sam was announced in August 2021\\. Johnson recalled his casting process occurred quickly: he sent his audition tape on Monday, received the role by Wednesday, departed for the set by Saturday, and began filming by Wednesday. He had played the game and wanted to avoid imitating the original performance due to its impact. He was nervous about the role due to the character's importance, but found his nervousness prompted him to challenge himself. Mazin provided information to Johnson regarding Henry's backstory to help him understand the character. Johnson felt Henry was hurt by his own actions against Michael, but Sam was ultimately more important to him. Mazin and Druckmann had several long discussions regarding Henry's fate and considered many alternatives, but ultimately considered his suicide, like in the game, reflected that he had nothing left after Sam's death.{{rp\\|at\\=59:37}} Johnson found the final scenes emotionally draining due to his relationship with Woodard; he \"tried to be as present and authentic as possible\" as he considered it the most important and iconic scene of the characters, and felt [Pedro Pascal](/wiki/Pedro_Pascal \"Pedro Pascal\") did the same opposite him as Joel. He was allowed to experiment with the scene, including performing lines similar to the game; he wanted to portray Henry's shock and confusion at the sudden events. Johnson believed Henry's final decision was to join Sam, as he felt they were likely religious. He recalled crying behind the camera with Webb during Ellie's final scene with Sam.",
"[Bella Ramsey](/wiki/Bella_Ramsey \"Bella Ramsey\"), who portrays Ellie, felt Sam brought out Ellie's childlike energy, which they largely attributed to Woodard.{{rp\\|at\\=2:24}} Mazin wrote Sam as deaf—a change from the game—to avoid his relationship with Henry feeling repetitious of Ellie's with Joel, which he felt would have been emphasized due to the different perspectives of the series.{{rp\\|at\\=3:00}} He had been watching the television series *[This Close](/wiki/This_Close \"This Close\")* (2018–2019\\)—which follows two deaf characters—and felt it may have influenced his decision.{{rp\\|at\\=4:12}} He found it automatically introduced intimacy to the scenes due to their quietness, which contrasted with Ellie's talkative nature.{{rp\\|at\\=5:04}} Druckmann was instantly drawn to the idea and wished he had included it in the game.{{rp\\|at\\=5:32}} Mazin hired *This Close* co\\-creator [Shoshannah Stern](/wiki/Shoshannah_Stern \"Shoshannah Stern\") to review the scripts.{{rp\\|at\\=5:55}} The production team faced difficulties in casting Sam; they were met with minimal candidates.{{rp\\|at\\=6:26}} In February 2021, Mazin distributed a casting call for a boy aged 8–14 who is deaf, black, and proficient in [American Sign Language](/wiki/American_Sign_Language \"American Sign Language\") (ASL) or [Black American Sign Language](/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language \"Black American Sign Language\"); [Deaf West Theatre](/wiki/Deaf_West_Theatre \"Deaf West Theatre\") confirmed this was for the character of Sam. He had expected to receive around 80 auditions, but ultimately got about five, including Woodard;{{rp\\|at\\=7:53}} it was his first acting role.",
"Mazin felt Sam's leukemia was a more significant part of his story than his deafness.{{rp\\|at\\=9:35}} [CJ Jones](/wiki/CJ_Jones \"CJ Jones\"), whom Mazin met through Stern, acted as Woodard's liaison to the crew and helped teach ASL to cast and crew;{{rp\\|at\\=11:14}} Johnson began learning the language via [Zoom](/wiki/Zoom_%28software%29 \"Zoom (software)\") shortly after arriving in Calgary, and spent his time away from set learning the language. He did not want viewers to think his knowledge of the language was fake,{{rp\\|at\\=11:14}} and considered his performance important for deaf representation. He felt spending time around Woodard for production gave him a better grasp on the language; Woodard would sometimes correct his mistakes in scenes. Ramsey similarly learned ASL during production.{{rp\\|at\\=1:16}} Sam's age was reduced from the game to allow him to look up to Ellie;{{rp\\|at\\=3:47}} Mazin felt this justified his revelation of his bite to Ellie, which does not occur in the game.{{rp\\|at\\=53:55}} In portraying Sam's bravery, Woodard recalled his own experiences of being told to stay brave after his father died. Johnson and Woodard worked on the series for two\\-and\\-a\\-half months.",
"Mazin and Druckmann did not want characters like Kathleen to feel like [non\\-player characters](/wiki/Non-player_characters \"Non-player characters\") from a video game, opting to give them full stories to humanize them and justify their actions.{{rp\\|at\\=15:58}} They felt adding a connection between Kathleen and Henry—and, by extension, to Joel and Ellie—made the storylines more effective and justified the different perspectives.{{rp\\|at\\=21:00}} Mazin wanted Kathleen's death to represent the notion of violent actions meeting violent ends, and Druckmann felt her obsession with justice led her to become distracted from her own survival.{{rp\\|at\\=48:14}} [Melanie Lynskey](/wiki/Melanie_Lynskey \"Melanie Lynskey\") knew of Kathleen's fate when she accepted the role. She found the scene easy to film due to the coordination of the team, as they had been planning for weeks. Mazin found it important that Kathleen was killed by a child, as minutes earlier she had told Henry that children die all the time.{{rp\\|at\\=50:27}} Lynskey recorded her death sounds as [automated dialogue replacement](/wiki/Automated_dialogue_replacement \"Automated dialogue replacement\") (ADR); Mazin and Druckmann directed her to \"sound like someone was ripping your throat out\". Lynskey's husband [Jason Ritter](/wiki/Jason_Ritter \"Jason Ritter\") had a cameo appearance as an infected creature.",
"[Jeffrey Pierce](/wiki/Jeffrey_Pierce \"Jeffrey Pierce\") felt Perry was in love with Kathleen, which prompted several of his actions. He considered Perry's sacrifice selfless as it was to allow Kathleen to escape, and thought it reflected Perry's constant wish to be a hero. Mazin had told Pierce earlier that he was \"gonna get the best death of the entire season\". Pierce played the role akin to a *[rōnin](/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin \"Rōnin\")* from an [Akira Kurosawa](/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa \"Akira Kurosawa\") film and saw his death as an honorable \"samurai death\", sacrificing himself for the woman he loves.",
"### Filming",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|The design of the sniper house in the action sequence was partly inspired by [Edward Hopper](/wiki/Edward_Hopper \"Edward Hopper\")'s painting *[House by the Railroad](/wiki/House_by_the_Railroad \"House by the Railroad\")* (1925\\).\\|alt\\=An oil painting of a blue four\\-story house.](/wiki/File:The_House_by_the_Railroad_by_Edward_Hopper_1925.jpg \"The House by the Railroad by Edward Hopper 1925.jpg\")",
"\"Endure and Survive\" was primarily filmed in April 2022, shortly before production finished on the season finale. Eben Bolter worked as [cinematographer](/wiki/Cinematographer \"Cinematographer\") for the episode. Johnson and Woodard were on set in Calgary on March 23, 2022\\. The classroom and tunnels were built in the cellar underneath the old Inglewood Brewery in Calgary; production designer John Paino and his team enjoyed the \"kind of dankness\" it had. The team mapped the room with [laser scanning](/wiki/Laser_scanning \"Laser scanning\") to allow the visual effects team to extend the hallways. Production took place around the [Calgary Courts Centre](/wiki/Calgary_Courts_Centre \"Calgary Courts Centre\") and [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Calgary \"Victoria Park, Calgary\") in May. Pascal and Ramsey were spotted on set in Calgary in May, followed some days later by military vehicles representing FEDRA.",
"The action sequence took significant planning—Bolter estimated around 80% of the episode's planning focused on the scene—and was filmed in four weeks; about a week\\-and\\-a\\-half was dedicated to the infected horde rising from the ground. The sequence was one of few in the series prepared on a [storyboard](/wiki/Storyboard \"Storyboard\") due to the combination of elements like pyrotechnics and visual effects, which presented potential dangers. The neighborhood was built in an empty lot near the Calgary Film Centre to allow full control of the significant special effects required.{{rp\\|at\\=34:50}} Modelers crafted to\\-scale versions of the area based on [Lidar](/wiki/Lidar \"Lidar\") scans of Kansas City, and the game and real Kansas City neighborhoods were referenced.{{rp\\|at\\=34:50}} The nine\\-week building process, led by Paino, art director Don Macaulay, and construction coordinator Donadino Valentino Centanni,{{rp\\|at\\=34:50}} involved crafting [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete \"Asphalt concrete\") driveways, paving [gravel](/wiki/Gravel \"Gravel\"), arranging damaged vehicles, and constructing front and sides of thirteen houses; they engaged several housebuilders for construction.{{rp\\|at\\=34:50}} The sniper's three\\-story building was modeled after [Edward Hopper](/wiki/Edward_Hopper \"Edward Hopper\")'s painting *[House by the Railroad](/wiki/House_by_the_Railroad \"House by the Railroad\")* (1925\\) and the Bates residence from *[Psycho](/wiki/Psycho_%281960_film%29 \"Psycho (1960 film)\")* (1960\\). The interior was aged for two weeks with water, and Calgary's snow and ice added more water damage, which Paino appreciated.",
"Webb cited *[Saving Private Ryan](/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan \"Saving Private Ryan\")* (1998\\) as inspiration for some of the shots during the sequence, particularly from Joel's perspective in the house or Ellie's on the street. A camera with a [sniper scope](/wiki/Sniper_scope \"Sniper scope\") was used for Joel, and three [handheld cameras](/wiki/Handheld_camera \"Handheld camera\") were used to track the action sequence from the ground, with long [lenses](/wiki/Camera_lens \"Camera lens\") \"to compress the space, to make it feel scary and cinematic and real\". The shots of the truck crashing into the house and the subsequent explosion could only be filmed once. Bolter faced difficulty lighting the sequence. [Street lights](/wiki/Street_light \"Street light\") located two blocks away were switched off to allow Bolter to fully craft the lighting. He took inspiration from [stadiums](/wiki/Stadium \"Stadium\") by surrounding the set with [backlights](/wiki/Backlight \"Backlight\") and lighting from above with [ambient light](/wiki/Low-key_lighting \"Low-key lighting\"). [Troy Baker](/wiki/Troy_Baker \"Troy Baker\"), who portrayed Joel in the video games and James in the television series, visited the set while he was in the city for a convention. The ending scenes at the motel were filmed in [Nanton, Alberta](/wiki/Nanton%2C_Alberta \"Nanton, Alberta\"). The episode completed production in the early hours of June 11, marking the final day of [principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography \"Principal photography\") for the season, two days later than originally scheduled.",
"### Prosthetics and visual effects",
"Barrie and Sarah Gower led the prosthetics teams for the series. Around 60 actors were used in the infected mob, and 10 to 15 wore clicker masks, all crafted by 70 prosthetic artists; they applied prosthetics to about 30 people in each three\\-hour shift. The makeup process began around 3:00 p.m. to prepare for shooting, which began at 9:00 p.m. Due to the amount of infected in the episode, the production team worked with [Terry Notary](/wiki/Terry_Notary \"Terry Notary\") to coordinate their movements; he set up a boot camp to prepare the actors for the role.{{rp\\|at\\=3:44}} The child clicker—designed by [Naughty Dog](/wiki/Naughty_Dog \"Naughty Dog\") artist Hyoung Taek Nam, who originally designed clickers for the game—was portrayed by a young [contortionist](/wiki/Contortionist \"Contortionist\") actress,{{rp\\|at\\=49:22}} Skye Belle Cowton; prosthetics and visual effects were combined to make the creature. Mazin insisted Cowton wear a *[Blue's Clues](/wiki/Blue%27s_Clues \"Blue's Clues\")* shirt to contrast the innocence and horror.{{rp\\|at\\=49:22}}",
"The writers spent months trying to decide whether or not to include a bloater in the series before ultimately adding it.{{rp\\|at\\=46:22}} It was portrayed by actor Adam Basil, with whom Barrie Gower had worked on *[Game of Thrones](/wiki/Game_of_Thrones \"Game of Thrones\")*. A cast of Basil's body was created to help create the bloater. The {{convert\\|40\\|kg\\|lb\\|adj\\=on}} suit was coated in a gel\\-like liquid during filming to appear wet and reflective. Gower said his team wanted the creature to have a \"practical presence\" for interaction on set, which could later be emphasized with visual effects; the bloater was made taller and given additional muscle definition. In the script, Mazin wrote that the bloater tore Perry in two at the waist, but Druckmann wanted his death to be more grounded; as visual effects were implemented, Mazin realized decapitation looked more realistic and paid homage to the games.{{rp\\|at\\=46:22}}",
"The visual effects team consulted with Mazin and Druckmann to emphasize her childlike features, adding [pigtails](/wiki/Pigtail \"Pigtail\") and showing more of her face. Sixteen visual effects teams worked on the action sequence; while the season averaged 250 visual effects shots per episode, \"Endure and Survive\" had around 350 to 400\\. [Wētā FX](/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81_FX \"Wētā FX\") created the visual effects of the infected;{{rp\\|at\\=41:05}} 50 to 70 infected were added to the horde through visual effects. Mazin compared the infected emerging from the ground to an [ant colony](/wiki/Ant_colony \"Ant colony\"), as well as a scene of goblins in the mines in *[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring](/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring \"The Fellowship of the Ring\")* (2001\\), which he considered terrifying.{{rp\\|at\\=44:14}}",
""
] |
Reception
---------
### Broadcast and ratings
The episode was released online on [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max "HBO Max") and [HBO on Demand](/wiki/HBO_on_Demand "HBO on Demand") on February 10, 2023, ahead of its broadcast on television to avoid conflicting with [Super Bowl LVII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII "Super Bowl LVII"). It aired on [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") in its weekly slot on February 12\. The episode had 11\.6 million viewers in the United States on its first weekend, including [linear viewers](/wiki/Linear_viewers "Linear viewers") and streams on HBO Max. On linear television, it had 382,000 viewers, with a 0\.09 [ratings share](/wiki/Ratings_share "Ratings share").
### Critical response
{{Multiple image \|align\=right \|direction\=horizontal \|total\_width\=375
\|image1\=Lamar Johnson \- Close\-up Waving \- TIFF (43917080104\) (further cropped).jpg \|alt1\=A 24\-year\-old man with black hair smiles towards the camera.
\|image2\=Keivonn Woodard, Daily Moth 2022 4\.png \|alt2\=A 10\-year\-old boy with black hair smirks to the right of the camera.
\|image3\=Melanie Lynskey at the premiere of The Meddler, 2015 Toronto Film Festival \-a (slightly further cropped).jpg \|alt3\=A 38\-year\-old woman with brown hair smiles to the left of the camera.
\|footer\=The performances of \[\[Lamar Johnson (actor)\|Lamar Johnson]], \[\[Keivonn Montreal Woodard]], and \[\[Melanie Lynskey]] (L–R) were praised by critics, and earned them nominations at the \[\[75th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]].}}
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Endure and Survive" has an approval rating of 95 percent based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 9\.1/10\. The website's critical consensus called the episode "a sobering reminder of how unsparing this apocalyptic world can be". *IndieWire* named "Endure and Survive" the seventh\-best television episode of 2023; Ben Travers praised its portrayal of love and loss in the midst of authoritarian rule.
The performances of Johnson, Woodard, Lynskey, and Ramsey received particular praise. *[Den of Geek](/wiki/Den_of_Geek "Den of Geek")*{{'}}s Bernard Boo called Ramsey's reaction to Henry's death "utterly heartbreaking", and Russell found their performance throughout the episode made the moment more effective, and was ultimately worthy of awards consideration. *[TVLine](/wiki/TVLine "TVLine")* named Johnson an honorable mention for Performer of the Week; *IGN*{{'}}s Cardy lauded his emotional performance in his final scene, and *[Total Film](/wiki/Total_Film "Total Film")*{{'}}s Bradley Russell felt the naivety of Woodard's role intensified the narrative. Boo thought Lynskey and Pierce's performances effectively conveyed Perry's devotion to Kathleen. *The A.V. Club*{{'}}s Cote found Lynskey's delivery "edges dangerously close to end\-times [camp](/wiki/Camp_%28style%29 "Camp (style)")".
Reviewers lauded Mazin's writing. *IndieWire*{{'}}s Travers called the episode "a potent examination of heroes and villains". *[The Escapist](/wiki/The_Escapist_%28magazine%29 "The Escapist (magazine)")*{{'}}s Darren Mooney found it "surprisingly literary", citing the imagery of the rising infected being built thematically beforehand, and found the [zombie apocalypse](/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse "Zombie apocalypse") tropes were employed more elegantly than in the show's [first](/wiki/When_You%27re_Lost_in_the_Darkness "When You're Lost in the Darkness") and [second](/wiki/Infected_%28The_Last_of_Us%29 "Infected (The Last of Us)") episodes. *Total Film*{{'}}s Russell considered some moments—like Henry painting Sam's face—just as powerful as the show's acclaimed [third episode](/wiki/Long%2C_Long_Time_%28The_Last_of_Us%29 "Long, Long Time (The Last of Us)"), but found Kathleen's death underwhelming. *[Digital Spy](/wiki/Digital_Spy "Digital Spy")*{{'}}s Janet A. Leigh found the episode's deaths pointless, noting Henry and Sam were not given enough meaningful scenes and questioning Kathleen's inclusion if only to kill her abruptly. *[Radio Times](/wiki/Radio_Times "Radio Times")*{{'}}s Liam O'Dell criticized the episode's deaf representation and felt the writers made Sam deaf to manipulate emotions and depict Henry as a savior.
*[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*{{'}}s [Alan Sepinwall](/wiki/Alan_Sepinwall "Alan Sepinwall") praised the action sequences for remaining character\-driven, and *Kotaku*{{'}}s Jackson thought the pacing of the sniper scene made it more effective than the game. *[Game Rant](/wiki/Game_Rant "Game Rant")*{{'}}s Rabab Khan wrote that the cinematography captured the tension during the sniper sequence, and the changing shots effectively represented the horror of the subsequent action scenes. *[IGN](/wiki/IGN "IGN")*{{'}}s Simon Cardy found the cinematography reflected the intense atmosphere and the cuts from [close\-ups](/wiki/Close-up "Close-up") to [wide shots](/wiki/Wide_shot "Wide shot") emphasized the terror and scale. *[The A.V. Club](/wiki/The_A.V._Club "The A.V. Club")*{{'}}s David Cote lauded the production design, and *[Kotaku](/wiki/Kotaku "Kotaku")*{{'}}s Claire Jackson praised the sniper's sound design. *Den of Geek*{{'}}s Boo found the action entertaining enough to forgive the lack of character development earlier in the episode; and *[Push Square](/wiki/Push_Square "Push Square")*{{'}}s Aaron Bayne felt the Kansas City scenes were less memorable and frightening than the game's Pittsburgh. *[Slant Magazine](/wiki/Slant_Magazine "Slant Magazine")*{{'}}s Pat Brown found the action sequence insufficiently tense as the episode failed to "build the undead up as objects of real dread". *[Polygon](/wiki/Polygon_%28website%29 "Polygon (website)")*{{'}}s Pete Volk criticized it for its low lighting and the bloater for its weightlessness and lack of presence in the world, comparing it to the child clicker which he found effective due to its inhuman movements. *[Mashable](/wiki/Mashable "Mashable")*{{'}}s Belen Edwards praised Cowton's performance and movements.
### Accolades
At the [75th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards](/wiki/75th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards "75th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards"), editors Timothy A. Good and Emily Mendez won [Outstanding Picture Editing for a Drama Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Picture_Editing_for_a_Drama_Series "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Picture Editing for a Drama Series") for their work on the episode. The episode was nominated for [Outstanding Contemporary Costumes](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Contemporary_Costumes_for_a_Series "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Contemporary Costumes for a Series"),{{efn\|Nominees: costume designer Cynthia Ann Summers; and assistant costume designers Kelsey Chobotar, Rebecca Toon, and Michelle Carr}} while Johnson and Woodard were nominated for [Outstanding Guest Actor](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series") and Lynskey for [Guest Actress](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series") for their performances; Johnson and Woodard lost to [Nick Offerman](/wiki/Nick_Offerman "Nick Offerman") from the season's third episode, and Lynskey to [Storm Reid](/wiki/Storm_Reid "Storm Reid") from [the seventh](/wiki/Left_Behind_%28The_Last_of_Us%29 "Left Behind (The Last of Us)"). Woodard is the second\-youngest Emmy nominee,{{efn\|The youngest\-ever Emmy nominee is \[\[Keshia Knight Pulliam]], nominated in \[\[38th Primetime Emmy Awards\|1986]] for ''\[\[The Cosby Show]]''.}} the youngest ever for Guest Actor in a Drama Series, and the second deaf{{efn\|The first Emmy\-nominated deaf actor is \[\[Marlee Matlin]], with four nominations.}} and first black deaf acting nominee. Johnson and Woodard were also nominated for Outstanding Guest Performance in a Drama Series at the [Black Reel Awards of 2023](/wiki/Black_Reel_Awards_of_2023 "Black Reel Awards of 2023"), and Woodard was awarded Rising Star – Television at the [1st Celebration of Cinema and Television: Honoring Black, Latino and AAPI Achievements](/wiki/1st_Celebration_of_Cinema_and_Television:Honoring_Black%2C_Latino_and_AAPI_Achievements "Honoring Black, Latino and AAPI Achievements") and Best Breakthrough Performance in a New Scripted Series at the [39th Independent Spirit Awards](/wiki/39th_Independent_Spirit_Awards "39th Independent Spirit Awards").
The episode won [Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real\-Time Project](/wiki/Visual_Effects_Society_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Character_in_an_Episode_or_Real-Time_Project "Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real-Time Project") for the Bloater{{efn\|Nominees: Gino Acevedo, Max Telfer, Dennis Yoo, and Fabio Leporelli}} and [Outstanding Compositing and Lighting in an Episode](/wiki/Visual_Effects_Society_Award_for_Outstanding_Compositing_%26_Lighting_in_an_Episode "Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Compositing & Lighting in an Episode") for the Infected Horde Battle{{efn\|Nominees: Matthew Lumb, Ben Roberts, Ben Campbell, and Quentin Hema}} at the [22nd Visual Effects Society Awards](/wiki/22nd_Visual_Effects_Society_Awards "22nd Visual Effects Society Awards"), and Cynthia Ann Summers was nominated for [Excellence in Contemporary Television](/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design_%E2%80%93_Contemporary_TV_Series "Costume Designers Guild Award for Best Costume Design – Contemporary TV Series") at the [Costume Designers Guild Awards 2023](/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2023 "Costume Designers Guild Awards 2023"). The episode was nominated for Art Direction for a Feature Film or Television Production{{efn\|Nominees: Art director Callum Webster, production designer John Paino, set designer Kyle White, and supervising art director Don Macaulay}} at the [Australian Production Design Guild Awards](/wiki/Australian_Production_Design_Guild_Awards "Australian Production Design Guild Awards").
|
[
"Reception\n---------",
"### Broadcast and ratings",
"The episode was released online on [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max \"HBO Max\") and [HBO on Demand](/wiki/HBO_on_Demand \"HBO on Demand\") on February 10, 2023, ahead of its broadcast on television to avoid conflicting with [Super Bowl LVII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII \"Super Bowl LVII\"). It aired on [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") in its weekly slot on February 12\\. The episode had 11\\.6 million viewers in the United States on its first weekend, including [linear viewers](/wiki/Linear_viewers \"Linear viewers\") and streams on HBO Max. On linear television, it had 382,000 viewers, with a 0\\.09 [ratings share](/wiki/Ratings_share \"Ratings share\").",
"### Critical response",
"{{Multiple image \\|align\\=right \\|direction\\=horizontal \\|total\\_width\\=375\n\\|image1\\=Lamar Johnson \\- Close\\-up Waving \\- TIFF (43917080104\\) (further cropped).jpg \\|alt1\\=A 24\\-year\\-old man with black hair smiles towards the camera.\n\\|image2\\=Keivonn Woodard, Daily Moth 2022 4\\.png \\|alt2\\=A 10\\-year\\-old boy with black hair smirks to the right of the camera.\n\\|image3\\=Melanie Lynskey at the premiere of The Meddler, 2015 Toronto Film Festival \\-a (slightly further cropped).jpg \\|alt3\\=A 38\\-year\\-old woman with brown hair smiles to the left of the camera.\n\\|footer\\=The performances of \\[\\[Lamar Johnson (actor)\\|Lamar Johnson]], \\[\\[Keivonn Montreal Woodard]], and \\[\\[Melanie Lynskey]] (L–R) were praised by critics, and earned them nominations at the \\[\\[75th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]].}}",
"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, \"Endure and Survive\" has an approval rating of 95 percent based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 9\\.1/10\\. The website's critical consensus called the episode \"a sobering reminder of how unsparing this apocalyptic world can be\". *IndieWire* named \"Endure and Survive\" the seventh\\-best television episode of 2023; Ben Travers praised its portrayal of love and loss in the midst of authoritarian rule.",
"The performances of Johnson, Woodard, Lynskey, and Ramsey received particular praise. *[Den of Geek](/wiki/Den_of_Geek \"Den of Geek\")*{{'}}s Bernard Boo called Ramsey's reaction to Henry's death \"utterly heartbreaking\", and Russell found their performance throughout the episode made the moment more effective, and was ultimately worthy of awards consideration. *[TVLine](/wiki/TVLine \"TVLine\")* named Johnson an honorable mention for Performer of the Week; *IGN*{{'}}s Cardy lauded his emotional performance in his final scene, and *[Total Film](/wiki/Total_Film \"Total Film\")*{{'}}s Bradley Russell felt the naivety of Woodard's role intensified the narrative. Boo thought Lynskey and Pierce's performances effectively conveyed Perry's devotion to Kathleen. *The A.V. Club*{{'}}s Cote found Lynskey's delivery \"edges dangerously close to end\\-times [camp](/wiki/Camp_%28style%29 \"Camp (style)\")\".",
"Reviewers lauded Mazin's writing. *IndieWire*{{'}}s Travers called the episode \"a potent examination of heroes and villains\". *[The Escapist](/wiki/The_Escapist_%28magazine%29 \"The Escapist (magazine)\")*{{'}}s Darren Mooney found it \"surprisingly literary\", citing the imagery of the rising infected being built thematically beforehand, and found the [zombie apocalypse](/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse \"Zombie apocalypse\") tropes were employed more elegantly than in the show's [first](/wiki/When_You%27re_Lost_in_the_Darkness \"When You're Lost in the Darkness\") and [second](/wiki/Infected_%28The_Last_of_Us%29 \"Infected (The Last of Us)\") episodes. *Total Film*{{'}}s Russell considered some moments—like Henry painting Sam's face—just as powerful as the show's acclaimed [third episode](/wiki/Long%2C_Long_Time_%28The_Last_of_Us%29 \"Long, Long Time (The Last of Us)\"), but found Kathleen's death underwhelming. *[Digital Spy](/wiki/Digital_Spy \"Digital Spy\")*{{'}}s Janet A. Leigh found the episode's deaths pointless, noting Henry and Sam were not given enough meaningful scenes and questioning Kathleen's inclusion if only to kill her abruptly. *[Radio Times](/wiki/Radio_Times \"Radio Times\")*{{'}}s Liam O'Dell criticized the episode's deaf representation and felt the writers made Sam deaf to manipulate emotions and depict Henry as a savior.",
"*[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")*{{'}}s [Alan Sepinwall](/wiki/Alan_Sepinwall \"Alan Sepinwall\") praised the action sequences for remaining character\\-driven, and *Kotaku*{{'}}s Jackson thought the pacing of the sniper scene made it more effective than the game. *[Game Rant](/wiki/Game_Rant \"Game Rant\")*{{'}}s Rabab Khan wrote that the cinematography captured the tension during the sniper sequence, and the changing shots effectively represented the horror of the subsequent action scenes. *[IGN](/wiki/IGN \"IGN\")*{{'}}s Simon Cardy found the cinematography reflected the intense atmosphere and the cuts from [close\\-ups](/wiki/Close-up \"Close-up\") to [wide shots](/wiki/Wide_shot \"Wide shot\") emphasized the terror and scale. *[The A.V. Club](/wiki/The_A.V._Club \"The A.V. Club\")*{{'}}s David Cote lauded the production design, and *[Kotaku](/wiki/Kotaku \"Kotaku\")*{{'}}s Claire Jackson praised the sniper's sound design. *Den of Geek*{{'}}s Boo found the action entertaining enough to forgive the lack of character development earlier in the episode; and *[Push Square](/wiki/Push_Square \"Push Square\")*{{'}}s Aaron Bayne felt the Kansas City scenes were less memorable and frightening than the game's Pittsburgh. *[Slant Magazine](/wiki/Slant_Magazine \"Slant Magazine\")*{{'}}s Pat Brown found the action sequence insufficiently tense as the episode failed to \"build the undead up as objects of real dread\". *[Polygon](/wiki/Polygon_%28website%29 \"Polygon (website)\")*{{'}}s Pete Volk criticized it for its low lighting and the bloater for its weightlessness and lack of presence in the world, comparing it to the child clicker which he found effective due to its inhuman movements. *[Mashable](/wiki/Mashable \"Mashable\")*{{'}}s Belen Edwards praised Cowton's performance and movements.",
"### Accolades",
"At the [75th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards](/wiki/75th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards \"75th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards\"), editors Timothy A. Good and Emily Mendez won [Outstanding Picture Editing for a Drama Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Picture_Editing_for_a_Drama_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Picture Editing for a Drama Series\") for their work on the episode. The episode was nominated for [Outstanding Contemporary Costumes](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Contemporary_Costumes_for_a_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Contemporary Costumes for a Series\"),{{efn\\|Nominees: costume designer Cynthia Ann Summers; and assistant costume designers Kelsey Chobotar, Rebecca Toon, and Michelle Carr}} while Johnson and Woodard were nominated for [Outstanding Guest Actor](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series\") and Lynskey for [Guest Actress](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series\") for their performances; Johnson and Woodard lost to [Nick Offerman](/wiki/Nick_Offerman \"Nick Offerman\") from the season's third episode, and Lynskey to [Storm Reid](/wiki/Storm_Reid \"Storm Reid\") from [the seventh](/wiki/Left_Behind_%28The_Last_of_Us%29 \"Left Behind (The Last of Us)\"). Woodard is the second\\-youngest Emmy nominee,{{efn\\|The youngest\\-ever Emmy nominee is \\[\\[Keshia Knight Pulliam]], nominated in \\[\\[38th Primetime Emmy Awards\\|1986]] for ''\\[\\[The Cosby Show]]''.}} the youngest ever for Guest Actor in a Drama Series, and the second deaf{{efn\\|The first Emmy\\-nominated deaf actor is \\[\\[Marlee Matlin]], with four nominations.}} and first black deaf acting nominee. Johnson and Woodard were also nominated for Outstanding Guest Performance in a Drama Series at the [Black Reel Awards of 2023](/wiki/Black_Reel_Awards_of_2023 \"Black Reel Awards of 2023\"), and Woodard was awarded Rising Star – Television at the [1st Celebration of Cinema and Television: Honoring Black, Latino and AAPI Achievements](/wiki/1st_Celebration_of_Cinema_and_Television:Honoring_Black%2C_Latino_and_AAPI_Achievements \"Honoring Black, Latino and AAPI Achievements\") and Best Breakthrough Performance in a New Scripted Series at the [39th Independent Spirit Awards](/wiki/39th_Independent_Spirit_Awards \"39th Independent Spirit Awards\").",
"The episode won [Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real\\-Time Project](/wiki/Visual_Effects_Society_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Character_in_an_Episode_or_Real-Time_Project \"Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real-Time Project\") for the Bloater{{efn\\|Nominees: Gino Acevedo, Max Telfer, Dennis Yoo, and Fabio Leporelli}} and [Outstanding Compositing and Lighting in an Episode](/wiki/Visual_Effects_Society_Award_for_Outstanding_Compositing_%26_Lighting_in_an_Episode \"Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Compositing & Lighting in an Episode\") for the Infected Horde Battle{{efn\\|Nominees: Matthew Lumb, Ben Roberts, Ben Campbell, and Quentin Hema}} at the [22nd Visual Effects Society Awards](/wiki/22nd_Visual_Effects_Society_Awards \"22nd Visual Effects Society Awards\"), and Cynthia Ann Summers was nominated for [Excellence in Contemporary Television](/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design_%E2%80%93_Contemporary_TV_Series \"Costume Designers Guild Award for Best Costume Design – Contemporary TV Series\") at the [Costume Designers Guild Awards 2023](/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2023 \"Costume Designers Guild Awards 2023\"). The episode was nominated for Art Direction for a Feature Film or Television Production{{efn\\|Nominees: Art director Callum Webster, production designer John Paino, set designer Kyle White, and supervising art director Don Macaulay}} at the [Australian Production Design Guild Awards](/wiki/Australian_Production_Design_Guild_Awards \"Australian Production Design Guild Awards\").",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Cass's letter, which forms the bulk of the novel, describes his contact with a bizarre form of [alien](/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture "Extraterrestrial life in popular culture") species. Whilst holidaying in the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District "Lake District"), Cass is inexplicably drawn to a lump of rock, which he pockets and takes back with him to his room. There, he is driven to place the rock on the fire, and this action releases a bizarre form of alien life \- a living flame, which has been trapped in the rock for millennia.
The flame reveals itself to be one of an ancient alien race who originated in the photosphere of the sun. Solar catastrophe has distributed the ancient race throughout the planets of the solar system, and the flame\-beings can only be woken by intense heat. The flame and Cass discourse at great length about typically "Stapledonian" topics \- the life of the spirit, the role of the individual and the purpose and meaning of the universe. Over the succeeding nights they develop a strange friendship, in which Cass reactivates the flame in his hearth, (which slumbers in the cold rock of the firebrick) with a hot coal fire.
Eventually, the flame reveals that it has grand plans for Cass \- it wishes him to be an ambassador for his people, and explains that the flame and his race have been manipulating events on Earth in order to better their chances of survival, manipulation that included the unfortunate suicide of Cass's wife. The flame proposes that Cass aid in introducing the flames to humankind. In exchange for a permanent home on earth \- a zone of extreme heat \- the flames will use their telepathic powers to assist mankind. Cass agonises over this offer for two days, and comes to the decision that humanity must stand or fall on its own merits, without outside help or control. He reactivates the flame and douses it violently with cold water. The rapid change in temperature kills the ancient being at once.
Cass, torn with regret and doubt, but set in his course of action, begins finding and killing the little flame creatures wherever he can find them. Posing as a journalist, he visits a foundry where locomotives are made and attempts to shut off the furnace. He is arrested and placed in a mental home.
Thos takes up the final part of the narrative, visiting Cass in the asylum. Cass claims to have been in contact with the flames once more, who have re\-established contact with their brethren on the sun. Cass tells the story of their race: how they became part of a "cosmical mind" reaching out to the creator of all things, and how this enterprise failed. Thos hears nothing from Cass for a few months, but is later informed of Cass's death \- he perished in a fire at the asylum, which he started himself.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Cass's letter, which forms the bulk of the novel, describes his contact with a bizarre form of [alien](/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture \"Extraterrestrial life in popular culture\") species. Whilst holidaying in the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District \"Lake District\"), Cass is inexplicably drawn to a lump of rock, which he pockets and takes back with him to his room. There, he is driven to place the rock on the fire, and this action releases a bizarre form of alien life \\- a living flame, which has been trapped in the rock for millennia.",
"The flame reveals itself to be one of an ancient alien race who originated in the photosphere of the sun. Solar catastrophe has distributed the ancient race throughout the planets of the solar system, and the flame\\-beings can only be woken by intense heat. The flame and Cass discourse at great length about typically \"Stapledonian\" topics \\- the life of the spirit, the role of the individual and the purpose and meaning of the universe. Over the succeeding nights they develop a strange friendship, in which Cass reactivates the flame in his hearth, (which slumbers in the cold rock of the firebrick) with a hot coal fire.",
"Eventually, the flame reveals that it has grand plans for Cass \\- it wishes him to be an ambassador for his people, and explains that the flame and his race have been manipulating events on Earth in order to better their chances of survival, manipulation that included the unfortunate suicide of Cass's wife. The flame proposes that Cass aid in introducing the flames to humankind. In exchange for a permanent home on earth \\- a zone of extreme heat \\- the flames will use their telepathic powers to assist mankind. Cass agonises over this offer for two days, and comes to the decision that humanity must stand or fall on its own merits, without outside help or control. He reactivates the flame and douses it violently with cold water. The rapid change in temperature kills the ancient being at once.",
"Cass, torn with regret and doubt, but set in his course of action, begins finding and killing the little flame creatures wherever he can find them. Posing as a journalist, he visits a foundry where locomotives are made and attempts to shut off the furnace. He is arrested and placed in a mental home.",
"Thos takes up the final part of the narrative, visiting Cass in the asylum. Cass claims to have been in contact with the flames once more, who have re\\-established contact with their brethren on the sun. Cass tells the story of their race: how they became part of a \"cosmical mind\" reaching out to the creator of all things, and how this enterprise failed. Thos hears nothing from Cass for a few months, but is later informed of Cass's death \\- he perished in a fire at the asylum, which he started himself.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1873–1885: Before Johnson \& Johnson
[Robert Wood Johnson](/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_I "Robert Wood Johnson I") began his professional training at age 16 as a pharmaceutical apprentice at an apothecary run by his mother's cousin, James G. Wood, in Poughkeepsie, New York.{{Cite news\|date\=November 12, 2000\|title\=Carbondale Area Native Founded Johnson \& Johnson\|pages\=129\|work\=The Times\-Tribune\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61974716/carbondale\-area\-native\-founded\-johnson/\|access\-date\=October 28, 2020}}{{Cite book\| vauthors \= Foster LG \|title\=The Gentleman Rebel\|publisher\=Lillian Press\|year\=1999\|isbn\=0966288203}}{{Rp\|12}} Johnson co\-founded his own company with [George Seabury](/wiki/George_J._Seabury "George J. Seabury") in 1873\. The New York\-based Seabury \& Johnson became known for its medicated plasters.{{Cite book\| vauthors \= Ingham JN \|title\=Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders\|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group\|year\=1983\|isbn\=0313239088\|volume\= 2}}{{Rp\|675}}{{Rp\|15}} Robert Wood Johnson represented the company at the [1876 World's Fair.](/wiki/Centennial_Exposition "Centennial Exposition"){{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rutkow I \| title \= Joseph Lister and his 1876 tour of America \| journal \= Annals of Surgery \| volume \= 257 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 1181–7 \| date \= June 2013 \| pmid \= 23059499 \| doi \= 10\.1097/SLA.0b013e31826d9116 \| s2cid \= 389275 }}{{Cite web\|title\=World's Fair in Philadelphia : Johnson \& Johnson Our Story\|url\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/worlds\-fair\-philadelphia\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=ourstory.jnj.com}} There he heard [Joseph Lister](/wiki/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister "Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister")'s explanation of a new procedure: antiseptic surgery.{{Rp\|31}} Johnson parted ways with his business partner Seabury in 1885\.{{Rp\|38}}
### 1886: Founding of Johnson \& Johnson
[thumb\|180px\|right\|Robert Wood Johnson](/wiki/File:Robert-wood-johnson-i.jpg "Robert-wood-johnson-i.jpg")
[thumb\|Early corrosive sublimate cotton packaging with the signature logo](/wiki/File:Johnson_and_Johnson_corrosive_sublimate_cotton.jpg "Johnson and Johnson corrosive sublimate cotton.jpg")
Robert Wood Johnson joined his brothers, [James Wood Johnson](/wiki/James_Wood_Johnson "James Wood Johnson") and [Edward Mead Johnson](/wiki/Edward_Mead_Johnson "Edward Mead Johnson"), and created a line of ready\-to\-use sterile surgical dressings in 1886\. They founded Johnson \& Johnson in 1886{{Rp\|675}}{{Rp\|38}} with 14 employees, eight women and six men.{{Rp\|43}} Johnson \& Johnson opened its first factory building in the old Janeway and Carpenter factory on Neilson Street in New Brunswick, New Jersey.{{Cite news \|last\=Gordon \|first\=A. E. \|date\=March 16, 1994 \|title\=The New Enterprise \|work\=The New Brunswick Times}}
They manufactured sterile surgical supplies, household products, and medical guides.{{Cite web\|title\=History of Johnson \& Johnson – TheStreet\|url\=https://www.thestreet.com/personal\-finance/history\-of\-johnson\-and\-johnson\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=www.thestreet.com\|date\=February 24, 2020 }} Those products initially featured a logo that resembled the signature of James Wood Johnson.{{Cite news\| vauthors \= Warner S \|date\=April 10, 2005\|title\=From Band\-Aids To Biotech (Published 2005\)\|language\=en\-US\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/10/nyregion/from\-bandaids\-to\-biotech.html\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|issn\=0362\-4331}} Robert Wood Johnson served as the first president of the company.{{Rp\|675}}
### 1887–1942: Early history
The company sold medicated plasters such as Johnson \& Johnson's Black Perfect Taffeta Court Plaster{{Cite book\|title\=Pharmaceutische Rundschau\|publisher\=Fr. Hoffmann\|year\=1888\|volume\=6\|location\=Harvard University\|pages\=181}} and also manufactured the world's first sterile surgical products, including sutures, absorbent cotton, and gauze.{{Cite book\| vauthors \= McDonnell G \|title\=Block's Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation\|publisher\=Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins\|year\=2020\|isbn\=978\-1496381507}} The company published "Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment", a guide on how to do sterile surgery using its products, and in 1888, distributed 85,000 copies to doctors and pharmacists across the United States.{{Cite book\| vauthors \= Pickersgill HE \|title\=Frederick Barnett Kilmer in History of Middlesex County, New Jersey 1664\- 1920\|publisher\=Lewis Historical Publishing Company\|year\=1921\|location\=New York and Chicago}}{{Rp\|3–99}} The manual was translated into three languages and distributed worldwide. The first commercial [first aid kit](/wiki/First_aid_kit "First aid kit") was designed in 1888 to support railroad construction workers, who were often hundreds of miles from medical care. The kits included antiseptic emergency supplies and directions for field use. In 1901, the company published the *Handbook of First Aid*, a guide on applying first aid.
In 1889, the company hired pharmacist [Fred Kilmer](/wiki/Frederick_Barnett_Kilmer "Frederick Barnett Kilmer") as its first scientific director, who led its scientific research and wrote educational manuals. Kilmer's first achievement as scientific director was developing the industrial sterilization process. He was employed at the company until 1934\.
Johnson \& Johnson had more than 400 employees and 14 buildings by 1894\.{{Cite web\|title\=1893, 1907, 1929 and Today\|url\=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2009/02/1893\-1907\-1929\-and\-today\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=Kilmer House\|language\=en}} In 1894, the company began producing Johnson's Baby Powder, the company's first baby product.
The company introduced the world's first maternity kit in 1894 to aid at\-home births, called Dr. Simpson's Maternity Packet, presumably after Scottish [obstetrician](/wiki/Obstetrics "Obstetrics") [James Young Simpson](/wiki/James_Young_Simpson "James Young Simpson"). The kit included a washcloth; safety pins; sterile sutures, sponges, and gauze; antiseptic soap; an obstetric sheet and ligatures; flannel to wrap the baby in; and a chart for keeping birth records.{{Cite web \|last\=Jenkins \|first\=Elizabeth \|date\=May 11, 2017 \|title\=Oh, Baby! Why Johnson \& Johnson Created Dr. Simpson's Maternity Packets \|url\=https://www.jnj.com/our\-heritage/why\-johnson\-and\-johnson\-created\-dr\-simpsons\-maternity\-packets \|access\-date\=May 24, 2023 \|website\=Johnson \& Johnson}} The products were later marketed separately, including "Lister's Towels", the world's first mass\-produced sanitary napkins.{{Cite web\|title\=Lister's Towels, Johnson \& Johnson, ads at MUM\|url\=http://www.mum.org/listers.htm\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=www.mum.org}}{{Cite news\|date\=February 26, 2020\|title\=How did companies sell 'unmentionable' sanitary towels?\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\-51297025\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020}} Kilmer wrote "Hygiene in Maternity", an instructional guide for mothers before and after delivery.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=H8eEF8xhJNgC\|title\=Red Cross Notes\|date\=1898\|publisher\=Johnson \& Johnson.\|language\=en}} In 1904, the company expanded its baby care products with "Lister's Sanitary Diapers", a diaper product for infants.{{Cite web\|title\=Facts about disposable diapers as P\&G celebrates 50 years in Cape County\|url\=https://www.semissourian.com/story/2629488\.html\|access\-date\=October 28, 2020\|website\=Southeast Missourian}}
During the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War"), Johnson \& Johnson developed and donated 300,000 packaged compressed surgical dressings for soldiers in the field{{Rp\|78}} and created a trauma stretcher for field medics. The company donated its products in disaster relief efforts of the [1900 Galveston hurricane](/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane "1900 Galveston hurricane"){{Rp\|79}} and the [1906 San Francisco earthquake](/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake "1906 San Francisco earthquake").{{Rp\|81}}
Johnson \& Johnson vaccinated all of its employees against [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox "Smallpox") during the 1901 smallpox epidemic. The firm employed more than 1,200 people by 1910\.{{Cite news\|date\=March 28, 1911\|title\=Peril of City Factories\|work\=Daily Home News\|location\=New Brunswick, N.J.}} Women accounted for half of the company's workforce and led a quarter of its departments.
Robert Wood Johnson died in 1910, and he was succeeded as president of the company by his brother James Wood Johnson.{{Rp\|195}}
During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Johnson \& Johnson factories increased production to meet wartime demands for sterile surgical products.{{Cite web\|title\=World War I Centennial: How the Great War Changed Johnson \& Johnson\|url\=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2014/08/world\-war\-i\-centennial\-how\-the\-great\-war\-changed\-johnson\-johnson\|access\-date\=October 24, 2020\|website\=Kilmer House\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|title\=About Us\|url\=http://chicopee.com/en\-us/about\-us\|access\-date\=October 24, 2020\|website\=Chicopee Solutions\|language\=en\-us}} In 1916, the company acquired Chicopee Manufacturing Company in [Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts](/wiki/Chicopee_Falls%2C_Massachusetts "Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts"), to meet demand.{{Rp\|129}} Near the end of World War I, the [1918 flu pandemic](/wiki/Spanish_flu "Spanish flu") broke out. The company invented and distributed an epidemic mask that helped prevent the spread of the flu.{{Cite web\|title\=Epidemic Mask – Johnson \& Johnson Our Story\|url\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/epidemic\-mask\|access\-date\=October 24, 2020\|website\=ourstory.jnj.com\|archive\-date\=November 29, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164657/https://ourstory.jnj.com/epidemic\-mask\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|title\=History of Johnson \& Johnson – FundingUniverse\|url\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\-histories/johnson\-johnson\-history/\|access\-date\=October 24, 2020\|website\=www.fundinguniverse.com}}
In 1919, Johnson \& Johnson opened the Gilmour Plant near Montreal, its first factory outside the United States, which produced surgical products for international customers. In 1924 the company's first overseas manufacturing facility was opened in [Slough](/wiki/Slough%2C_England "Slough, England"), England.
In 1920, Earle Dickson combined two Johnson \& Johnson products, adhesive tape and gauze, to create the first commercial adhesive bandage. Band\-Aid Brand Adhesive Bandages began sales the following year. In 1921, the company released Johnson's Baby Soap.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wLU9AQAAMAAJ\|title\=Marketing Communications\|date\=1921\|language\=en}} Named after its Massachusetts facility, Johnson \& Johnson built a textile mill and company town, Chicopee, outside Gainesville, Georgia.{{Rp\|170}} In the 1930s, the company expanded operations to Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa.{{Cite web\| vauthors \= Sengupta N \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson: Caring for People, Worldwide\|url\=https://www.sdmimd.ac.in/SDMRCMS/cases/CIM2013/5\.pdf\|access\-date\=October 8, 2020\|website\=Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute for Management Development}} In 1931, Johnson \& Johnson introduced the first prescription contraceptive gel marketed as Ortho\-Gynol.{{Cite web\|title\=1936 Magazine Print Advertisement Ortho Gynol Feminine Jelly Johnson \& Johnson\|url\=http://www.advintageplus.com/1936\-magazine\-print\-advertisement\-ortho\-gynol\-feminine\-jelly\-johnson\-and\-johnson/\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=Advintage Plus\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=October 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045534/http://www.advintageplus.com/1936\-magazine\-print\-advertisement\-ortho\-gynol\-feminine\-jelly\-johnson\-and\-johnson/\|url\-status\=dead}}
[Robert Wood Johnson II](/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_II "Robert Wood Johnson II") became president of the company in 1932\.{{Rp\|195}}
During The Great Depression Johnson \& Johnson kept all its workers employed and raised wages by 5%.{{Rp\|191}} In 1933, Robert Wood Johnson II wrote a letter to [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"), calling for a federal law to increase wages and reduce hours for all American workers.{{Rp\|199}} The company also opened a new facility in Chicago during that period.{{Rp\|191}} Johnson wrote and distributed "Try Reality: A Discussion of Hours, Wages, and The Industrial Future" to persuade business leaders to follow his lead, advocating that business is more than profit and that companies have responsibilities to consumers, employees, and society. In "Try Reality", the section titled "An Industrial Philosophy" would later become the company's credo.{{Rp\|224}}
In 1935, Johnson's Baby Oil was added to its line of baby products.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=T1AEAAAAMBAJ\|title\=LIFE\|date\=August 9, 1943\|publisher\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|title\=Old School Products That Still Rock\|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/old\-school\-products\-that\-still\-rock\-88003401298\.html\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=www.yahoo.com\|date\=June 22, 2014 \|language\=en\-US}} Both male and female Johnson \& Johnson employees were drafted and enlisted during World War II.{{Cite web\|title\=First Peacetime Draft Enacted Just Before World War II\|url\=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/Story/Article/2140942/first\-peacetime\-draft\-enacted\-just\-before\-world\-war\-ii/\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=U.S. Department of Defense\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|date\=August 15, 2016\|title\=World War I Draft Registration Cards\|url\=https://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww1/draft\-registration\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=National Archives\|language\=en}} The company ensured no one would lose their job when they returned home. Robert Wood Johnson II was appointed head of the Smaller War Plants Corporation in Washington, D.C. His work ensured U.S. factories with under 500 employees were awarded government contracts.{{Cite web\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Helped by the Healing Powers of Innovation, the Johnson Family Found a Health\-Care Empire Inside the Family Medicine Chest. That's Opened up Endless Opportunities. April 1, 2003\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb\_archive/2003/04/01/341012/index.htm\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=money.cnn.com}}{{Cite news\|date\=January 31, 1968\|title\=Robert Wood Johnson, 74, Dies; Chairman of Johnson \& Johnson; Founder's Son Led Company until 1963 No. 2 Man on War Production Board (Published 1968\)\|language\=en\-US\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/31/archives/robert\-wood\-johnson\-74\-dies\-chairman\-of\-johnson\-johnson\-founders.html\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
### 1943: Credo and going public
In 1943, as the company was preparing for its [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO), Robert Wood Johnson wrote what the company would call, "Our Credo",{{Cite web\|title\=Our Credo\|url\=https://www.jnj.com/credo/\|access\-date\=November 29, 2020\|website\=Content Lab U.S.\|language\=en}} a defining document that has been used to guide the company's decisions over the years.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nj.com/business/2012/04/johnson\_johnsons\_new\_ceo\_empha.html \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson's new CEO emphasizes company credo at shareholder's meeting \| vauthors \= Todd S \|website\=NJ.com \|date\=April 26, 2012 \|access\-date\=March 13, 2020}} The company completed its IPO and became a public company in 1944\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/12/31/if\-you\-invested\-10000\-in\-johnson\-johnsons\-ipo\-this.aspx \|title\=If You Invested $10,000 in Johnson \& Johnson's IPO, This Is How Much Money You'd Have Now \| vauthors \= Carmichael T \|website\=fool.com \|date\=December 31, 2019 \|access\-date\=March 13, 2020}}
In 1943, [Vesta Stoudt](/wiki/Vesta_Stoudt "Vesta Stoudt") identified a need for waterproof tape for ammunition boxes in [World War Two](/wiki/World_War_Two "World War Two"). She wrote to [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") with the idea; the president commissioned Revolite, a subsidiary of Johnson \& Johnson at the time, to develop and manufacture a cloth\-based adhesive tape.{{Cite web \|date\=May 6, 2015 \|title\=October 24, 1943 – COULDN'T KEEP HER IDEA DOWN {{!}} Chicago Tribune Archive \|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/10/24/page/1/article/couldnt\-keep\-her\-idea\-down/ \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506050728/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/10/24/page/1/article/couldnt\-keep\-her\-idea\-down/ \|archive\-date\=May 6, 2015 }}
### 1944–1999: Acquisitions and international expansion
[thumb\|Former logo used from the company's establishment until September 14, 2023\.](/wiki/File:Johnson_and_Johnson_Logo.svg "Johnson and Johnson Logo.svg")
In 1944, the company began selling [Johnson's Baby](/wiki/Johnson%27s_Baby "Johnson's Baby") Lotion. The same year, the company established Ethicon Suture Laboratories. In 1947, G. F. Merson Ltd. was acquired to expand the company's suture business in the United Kingdom. The company was rebranded and absorbed into [Ethicon](/wiki/Ethicon "Ethicon").{{Cite web \|date\=January 10, 2016 \|title\=ETHICON History \|url\=http://www.ethiconproducts.co.uk/about/ethicon\-history \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110154950/http://www.ethiconproducts.co.uk/about/ethicon\-history \|archive\-date\=January 10, 2016 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 }}
Johnson \& Johnson [chairman of the board](/wiki/Chairperson "Chairperson"), Robert Wood Johnson, published *Or Forfeit Freedom*, in 1947\. The book outlined that businesses need to develop [sustainable](/wiki/Sustainability "Sustainability") methods of using [natural resources](/wiki/Natural_resource "Natural resource") for the future of business and the planet.{{Cite web \|title\=Robert Wood Johnson II Writes Or Forfeit Freedom {{!}} Johnson \& Johnson Our Story \|url\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/johnson\-writes\-or\-forfeit\-freedom \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=ourstory.jnj.com}}
In 1955, Ethicon developed a micro\-point reverse\-cutting ophthalmic needle attached to the suture. Micro\-point surgical needles and sutures allowed for advances in modern vision surgery.{{Cite web \|date\=December 3, 2014 \|title\=A Comparison of Suturing Needles Available \|url\=https://www.theapprenticedoctor.com/comparison\-different\-suturing\-needles\-available\-today/ \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=The Apprentice Doctor \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Byrne \|first1\=Miriam \|last2\=Aly \|first2\=Al \|date\=March 14, 2019 \|title\=The Surgical Needle \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30869752/ \|journal\=Aesthetic Surgery Journal \|volume\=39 \|issue\=Suppl\_2 \|pages\=S73–S77 \|doi\=10\.1093/asj/sjz035 \|issn\=1527\-330X \|pmid\=30869752}} In 1956, the company opened its first Asia\-based operating company in the Philippines.{{Cite web \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Expands to the Philippines {{!}} Johnson \& Johnson Our Story \|url\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/johnson\-johnson\-expands\-philippines \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=ourstory.jnj.com}} The following year, an operating company opened in India.{{Cite web \|title\=Expanding to India {{!}} Johnson \& Johnson Our Story \|url\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/expanding\-india \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=ourstory.jnj.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Private Limited – Manufacturer from Jogeshwari (E), Mumbai, India {{!}} About Us \|url\=https://www.indiamart.com/jnj\-india/profile.html \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=www.indiamart.com}}{{Cite web \|last\=Check \|first\=The Company \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Private Limited – Company Details {{!}} The Company Check \|url\=https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/johnson\-johnson\-private\-limited/U33110MH1957PTC010928 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=www.thecompanycheck.com \|language\=en\-IN}}
In 1959, Johnson \& Johnson acquired McNeil Laboratories.{{Cite web \|date\=February 26, 2021 \|title\=A history of Johnson \& Johnson \|url\=https://pharmaphorum.com/views\-analysis\-sales\-marketing/a\-history\-of\-johnson\-johnson/ \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=pharmaphorum.com \|language\=en\-GB}} A year later, the company sold Tylenol for the first time without a prescription. In the same year, Cilag Chemie joined Johnson \& Johnson as Cilag.
In 1961, Johnson \& Johnson acquired [Janssen Pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals "Janssen Pharmaceuticals"), which had been founded in 1953 by Belgian scientist [Paul Janssen](/wiki/Paul_Janssen "Paul Janssen"), the inventor of [Fentanyl](/wiki/Fentanyl "Fentanyl").{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-02\-06 \|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/health\-shots/2019/09/04/757089868/fentanyl\-as\-a\-dark\-web\-profit\-center\-from\-chinese\-labs\-to\-u\-s\-streets\#:\~:text\=On%20how%20Belgian%20physician%20Paul%20Janssen%20invented%20fentanyl\&text\=He%20started%20his%20own%20company,is%20also%20a%20medical%20drug. \| website\=\[\[NPR]] }}
In 1963, [Philip B. Hofmann](/wiki/Philip_B._Hofmann "Philip B. Hofmann") succeeded Robert Wood Johnson as chairman and CEO. He was the first non\-Johnson family member to become chief executive. Hofmann also helped found the [Robert Wood Johnson Foundation](/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation "Robert Wood Johnson Foundation"). In the same year, the Food and Drug Administration approved a synthetic hormone contraceptive pill, Ortho\-Novum.{{Cite web \|title\=Ortho\-Novum Oral Contraceptive \|url\=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah\_557425 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=National Museum of American History \|language\=en}}
In 1965, Johnson \& Johnson acquired Codman \& Shurtleff. The acquired company produced neurovascular devices and neurosurgery technologies.{{Cite web \|last\=Winokoor \|first\=Charles \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson's Codman \& Shurtleff surgical instrument line sold to Indiana company \|url\=https://www.tauntongazette.com/story/entertainment/movies/2011/12/19/johnson\-johnson\-s\-codman\-shurtleff/38263438007/ \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=Taunton Daily Gazette \|language\=en\-US}} In 1968, the company developed the [RhoGAM](/wiki/Rho%28D%29_immune_globulin "Rho(D) immune globulin") vaccine. The vaccine prevented Rh hemolytic disease in newborns.{{Cite web \|date\=February 22, 2018 \|title\=RhoGAM at 50: A Columbia Drug Still Saving Lives of Newborns \|url\=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/rhogam\-50\-columbia\-drug\-still\-saving\-lives\-newborns \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=Columbia University Irving Medical Center \|language\=en}}
In 1969, Ortho Diagnostics, a company subsidiary, launched the Sickledex Tube Test for detecting anemia.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Henry \|first1\=R. L. \|last2\=Nalbandian \|first2\=R. M. \|last3\=Nichols \|first3\=B. M. \|last4\=Camp \|first4\=F. R. \|last5\=Conte \|first5\=N. F. \|last6\=Wolf \|first6\=P. L. \|date\=April 1, 1971 \|title\=Modified Sickledex tube test: a specific test for S hemoglobin \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009912071915049 \|journal\=Clinical Biochemistry \|language\=en \|volume\=4 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=196–207 \|doi\=10\.1016/S0009\-9120(71\)91504\-9 \|pmid\=5143535 \|issn\=0009\-9120}} The same year, the FDA approved the Johnson \& Johnson arterial graft.{{Cite web \|date\=August 8, 2021 \|title\=Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery \|url\=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment\-tests\-and\-therapies/coronary\-artery\-bypass\-graft\-surgery \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=www.hopkinsmedicine.org \|language\=en}} In 1971, the company launched Hapindex Diagnostic Test, a rapid [hepatitis B](/wiki/Hepatitis_B "Hepatitis B") test for blood donors. The test was developed to prevent the spread of hepatitis B through blood transfusions.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Caul \|first1\=E. O. \|last2\=Roberts \|first2\=P. C. \|date\=December 1974 \|title\=An evaluation of low voltage counterimmuno\-electrophoresis for the detection of hepatitis\-B antigen (HB Ag) \|journal\=Journal of Clinical Pathology \|volume\=27 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=990–993 \|doi\=10\.1136/jcp.27\.12\.990 \|issn\=0021\-9746 \|pmid\=4156037\|pmc\=475570 }}
In the 1970s, Johnson \& Johnson hired Henry N. Cobb from Pei Cobb Freed \& Partners to design its new headquarters.{{Cite web \|title\=Learning from our Late\-Modern Legacy \|url\=http://www.docomomo\-us.org/news/learning\-from\-our\-late\-modern\-legacy \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-22 \|website\=www.docomomo\-us.org \|language\=en}} The firm designed Johnson \& Johnson Plaza across the railroad tracks from the older section of the Johnson \& Johnson campus.{{Cite book \|last1\=Dorothea \|first1\=Berkhout \|title\=New Brunswick, New Jersey, The Decline and Revitalization of Urban America \|last2\=Listokin \|first2\=David \|last3\=Hughes \|first3\=James \|publisher\=Rutgers University Press \|year\=2016 \|isbn\=978\-0813575148}}
In 1973, [Richard Sellars](/wiki/Richard_B._Sellars "Richard B. Sellars") became chairman and CEO of Johnson \& Johnson.{{Cite news \|last\=Abelson \|first\=Reed \|date\=June 27, 2010 \|title\=Richard B. Sellars, Former Chief of Johnson \& Johnson, Dies at 94 \|language\=en\-US \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/business/27sellars.html \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} In 1976, [James E. Burke](/wiki/James_E._Burke "James E. Burke") became the company's chairman and CEO. During Burke's tenure, he managed the 1982 Tylenol tampering incident. It became a case study on crisis management. Under his leadership, the company recalled 31 million bottles of Tylenol, relaunched the product with a triple tamper\-evident seal, and urged consumers not to use if tampered with. These practices became the pharmaceutical and packaged food industry norm.{{Cite news \|last\=Hilts \|first\=Philip J. \|date\=November 12, 1982 \|title\=Tylenol Is Reintroduced In Triple\-Sealed Package \|language\=en\-US \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/11/12/tylenol\-is\-reintroduced\-in\-triple\-sealed\-package/1831aa9c\-be08\-4c93\-a4de\-b54e8c0428ed/ \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|issn\=0190\-8286}}
Johnson \& Johnson opened operating companies in China and Egypt in 1985\. In 1987, [Acuvue](/wiki/Acuvue "Acuvue") [contact lenses](/wiki/Contact_lens "Contact lens") became the first disposable contact lenses available to consumers. The lenses lasted up to one week, reducing the cost of contact lenses. In the same year, the company launched One Touch, a blood glucose monitoring system. In 1989, [Ralph S. Larsen](/wiki/Ralph_S._Larsen "Ralph S. Larsen") was appointed chairman and CEO of the company.{{Cite web \|date\=October 20, 2012 \|title\=Ralph S. Larsen – Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \|url\=http://www.rwjf.org/en/about\-rwjf/leadership\-staff/board\-of\-trustees/ralph\-s\-\-larsen.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020073724/http://www.rwjf.org/en/about\-rwjf/leadership\-staff/board\-of\-trustees/ralph\-s\-\-larsen.html \|archive\-date\=October 20, 2012 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 }}
After the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Dissolution of the Soviet Union"), Johnson \& Johnson expanded into eastern Europe. By 1991, the company had a presence in Hungary, Russia, the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"), and Poland.{{Cite web \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Reaches Eastern Europe {{!}} Johnson \& Johnson Our Story \|url\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/johnson\-johnson\-reaches\-eastern\-europe \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=ourstory.jnj.com}} In the 1990s, the company acquired many familiar consumer health brands that made up the Johnson \& Johnson family of companies. These acquisitions included [Clean \& Clear](/wiki/Clean_%26_Clear "Clean & Clear"), [Neutrogena](/wiki/Neutrogena "Neutrogena"), [Motrin](/wiki/Motrin "Motrin"), and [Aveeno](/wiki/Aveeno "Aveeno").{{Cite web \|title\=History of Johnson \& Johnson – FundingUniverse \|url\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\-histories/johnson\-johnson\-history/ \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=www.fundinguniverse.com}}
Johnson \& Johnson opened an operating company in Israel in 1996\.{{Cite web \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Opens in Israel {{!}} Johnson \& Johnson Our Story \|url\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/johnson\-johnson\-opens\-israel \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=ourstory.jnj.com}} In 1997, Johnson \& Johnson acquired Biosense Webster. [DePuy](/wiki/DePuy_Synthes "DePuy Synthes") was acquired by Johnson \& Johnson in 1998, rolling it into the Medtech business group.
### 2000–present
[William C. Weldon](/wiki/William_C._Weldon "William C. Weldon") was appointed chairman and CEO of the company in 2002\.{{Cite news \|date\=February 21, 2012 \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson CEO Weldon to step down in April \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-johnsonjohnson\-idUSTRE81K1YO20120221 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022}} In 2003, Ethicon launched [Vicryl](/wiki/Vicryl "Vicryl") Plus Antibacterial Sutures. The products prevent post\-surgery infection within stitches. In 2006, Johnson \& Johnson acquired Pfizer's consumer healthcare business and merged it with its consumer healthcare business group. The acquisition added brands like [Listerine](/wiki/Listerine "Listerine"), [Bengay](/wiki/Bengay "Bengay"), and [Neosporin](/wiki/Neomycin/polymyxin_B/bacitracin "Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin") to the company's portfolio.{{Cite web \|date\=June 27, 2006 \|title\=J\&J Buys Pfizer Consumer Healthcare Biz for $16\.6 Billion \|url\=https://www.chiefmarketer.com/jj\-buys\-pfizer\-consumer\-healthcare\-biz\-for\-16\-6\-billion/ \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=Chief Marketer \|language\=en\-US}} In the same year, Johnson \& Johnson's Janssen Pharmaceuticals, launched [Prezista](/wiki/Prezista "Prezista"), a protease inhibitor for patients with failed previous HIV therapies.{{Cite news \|date\=April 4, 2007 \|title\=AIDS drug Prezista performs well in new study \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN04342271 \|access\-date\=November 7, 2022}}{{Cite web \|title\=J\&J's 800mg Prezista launched in UK – Pharmaceutical industry news \|url\=https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/j\-j\-s\-800mg\-prezista\-launched\-in\-uk \|access\-date\=November 7, 2022 \|website\=www.thepharmaletter.com}}
In 2008, Johnson \& Johnson acquired [Mentor Corporation](/wiki/Mentor_%28company%29 "Mentor (company)") for $1 billion and merge its operations into Ethicon. In 2009, the company acquired HealthMedia, later renamed to Health \& Wellness Solutions and the Human Performance Institute. In October 2010, J\&J acquired [Crucell](/wiki/Janssen_Vaccines "Janssen Vaccines") for $2\.4 billion. The subsidiary operates as the centre for vaccines, within Johnson \& Johnson pharmaceuticals business group.{{Cite web \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Acquires Vaccine Developer Crucell \|url\=https://www.biopharminternational.com/view/johnson\-johnson\-acquires\-vaccine\-developer\-crucell \|access\-date\=November 7, 2022 \|website\=BioPharm International \|date\=March 8, 2011 \|language\=en}}
In 2012, [Alex Gorsky](/wiki/Alex_Gorsky "Alex Gorsky") became chairman and CEO of Johnson \& Johnson.{{Cite web \|last\=Murphy \|first\=Tom \|title\=J\&J CEO Gorsky to step down, company veteran to lead in 2022 \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/jj\-ceo\-gorsky\-step\-company\-veteran\-lead\-2022\-79559098 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|language\=en}} In November 2015, Biosense Webster, Inc. acquired Coherex Medical Inc. expanding the company's range of treatment options for patients with atrial fibrillation.{{Cite web \|last\=Perriello \|first\=Brad \|date\=November 20, 2015 \|title\=J\&J's Biosense Webster buys Coherex Medical and its WaveCrest anti\-stroke device \|url\=https://www.massdevice.com/jjs\-biosense\-webster\-buys\-coherex\-medical/ \|access\-date\=November 7, 2022 \|website\=MassDevice \|language\=en\-US}}
In 2017, Johnson \& Johnson acquired Abbott Medical Optics from Abbott Laboratories for $4\.325 billion, adding the new division into [Johnson \& Johnson Vision](/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson_Vision "Johnson & Johnson Vision") Care, Inc. in 2017\.{{Cite web \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Vision to acquire TearScience \|url\=https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20170804/johnson\-johnson\-vision\-to\-acquire\-tearscience \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=www.healio.com \|language\=en}} That same year, Johnson \& Johnson acquired [Actelion](/wiki/Actelion "Actelion") in a $30 billion deal, the largest ever purchase by the company. After the purchase, Johnson \& Johnson spun off Actelion's research and development unit into a separate legal entity.{{Cite news \|date\=January 26, 2017 \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson refills drug cabinet with $30 billion Actelion deal \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-actelion\-johnson\-johnson\-idUSKBN15A0KM \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022}} In July 2017, Johnson \& Johnson Vision Care, Inc acquired [TearScience](/wiki/TearScience "TearScience"). In September 2017, the company acquired subscription\-based contact lens startup Sightbox. In September of the same year Johnson \& Johnson Medical GmbH acquired Emerging Implant Technologies GmbH, manufacturer of 3D\-printed titanium interbody implants for [spinal fusion](/wiki/Spinal_fusion "Spinal fusion") surgery.{{Cite web \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Medical GmbH Acquires Emerging Implant Technologies GmbH to Enhance Global Offering of Interbody Spine Implants \|url\=https://www.biospace.com/article/johnson\-and\-amp\-johnson\-medical\-gmbh\-acquires\-emerging\-implant\-technologies\-gmbh\-to\-enhance\-global\-offering\-of\-interbody\-spine\-implants/ \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=BioSpace \|language\=en\-US}}
In March 2019, the FDA approved [esketamine](/wiki/Esketamine "Esketamine") for the treatment of severe depression, which is marketed as [Spravato](/wiki/Spravato "Spravato") by Janssen Pharmaceuticals.{{Cite web \|last\=Commissioner \|first\=Office of the \|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=FDA approves new nasal spray medication for treatment\-resistant depression; available only at a certified doctor's office or clinic \|url\=https://www.fda.gov/news\-events/press\-announcements/fda\-approves\-new\-nasal\-spray\-medication\-treatment\-resistant\-depression\-available\-only\-certified \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=FDA \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=January 29, 2019 \|title\=SPRAVATO – Overview \|url\=https://www.janssencarepath.com/hcp/spravato \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=Janssen CarePath \|language\=en}} In 2019, Johnson \& Johnson announced the release of photochromic contact lenses. The lenses adjust to sunlight and help eyes recover from bright light exposure faster. The lenses contain a photochromic additive that adapts visible light amounts filtered to the eyes and are the first to use such additives.{{Cite web \|last\=Research \|first\=National Center for Toxicological \|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=FDA clears first contact lens with light\-adaptive technology \|url\=https://www.fda.gov/news\-events/press\-announcements/fda\-clears\-first\-contact\-lens\-light\-adaptive\-technology \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=FDA \|language\=en}}
In November 2020, Johnson \& Johnson acquired Momenta Pharmaceuticals for $6\.5 billion.{{Cite news \|date\=August 19, 2020 \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson to buy biotech Momenta in $6\.5bn deal \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/9ecd1edc\-5709\-4264\-842b\-3c7d2d75f801 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9ecd1edc\-5709\-4264\-842b\-3c7d2d75f801 \|archive\-date\=December 10, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022}}
In January 2022, [Joaquin Duato](/wiki/Joaquin_Duato "Joaquin Duato") became CEO of Johnson \& Johnson.{{Cite web \|first1\=Amanda \| last1\=Macias \| first2\=Berkeley Jr. \| last2 \= Lovelace \|title\=J\&J names Joaquin Duato as CEO effective Jan 3, replacing Alex Gorsky \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/19/jj\-names\-joaquin\-duato\-as\-ceo\-effective\-january\-3\-replacing\-alex\-gorsky.html \|access\-date\=August 30, 2022 \|website\=\[\[CNBC]] \| date\=August 19, 2021 \|language\=en}}
In December 2022, Johnson \& Johnson acquired cardiovascular medical technology company [Abiomed Inc.](/wiki/Abiomed "Abiomed") for $16\.6 billion.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.abiomed.com/about\-us/news\-and\-media/press\-releases/johnson\-and\-johnson\-completes\-acquisition\-of\-abiomed \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Completes Acquisition of Abiomed \|website\=Abiomed.com \|date\=December 22, 2022}}{{Cite web \|last\=Whooley \|first\=Sean \|date\=December 22, 2022 \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson completes $16\.6B Abiomed acquisition \|url\=https://www.massdevice.com/johnson\-johnson\-completes\-16\-6b\-abiomed\-acquisition/ \|access\-date\=December 22, 2022 \|website\=MassDevice \|language\=en\-US}}
Johnson \& Johnson began the separation of their consumer healthcare business sector in November 2021\.{{Cite web \|last\=Stych \|first\=Anne \|date\=September 30, 2022 \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson unveils new name for planned consumer products spinoff \|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest\-news/2022/09/johnson\-johnson\-unveils\-rebrand\-for\-planned\-cons.html?page\=all \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-29 \|website\=www.bizjournals.com}} In the split, Johnson \& Johnson will retain the Johnson \& Johnson name for [prescription drugs](/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug") and [medical devices](/wiki/Medical_device "Medical device"), while the second company will sell consumer health products and take over the [Neutrogena](/wiki/Neutrogena "Neutrogena"), [Aveeno](/wiki/Aveeno "Aveeno"), [Tylenol](/wiki/Tylenol_%28brand%29 "Tylenol (brand)"), [Listerine](/wiki/Listerine "Listerine"), Johnson's, [Band\-Aid](/wiki/Band-Aid "Band-Aid") and other brands.{{Cite web\|lang\=en\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnson\-johnson\-split\-two\-companies/\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson to split into two companies\|website\=CBS News\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-25\|archive\-date\=2022\-03\-30\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110642/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnson\-johnson\-split\-two\-companies/}} In September 2022, Johnson \& Johnson chose [Kenvue](/wiki/Kenvue "Kenvue") as the new name for its Consumer Health business. Kenvue went public through an IPO in May 2023, with Johnson \& Johnson maintaining a controlling stake of around 91 percent.{{Cite web \|last\=Constantino \|first\=Annika Kim \|date\=2023\-05\-04 \|title\=J\&J's consumer\-health spinoff Kenvue jumps 22% in public market debut \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/04/jj\-kenvue\-ipo\-kvue\-starts\-trading\-on\-nyse.html \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-29 \|website\=\[\[CNBC]] \|language\=en}} On July 24, 2023, Johnson \& Johnson Launched an exchange offer to split\-off Kenvue.{{Cite news \|date\=2023\-07\-24 \|title\=J\&J starts share exchange offer for consumer health spin\-off Kenvue \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare\-pharmaceuticals/jj\-begins\-share\-exchange\-offer\-consumer\-health\-spin\-off\-kenvue\-2023\-07\-24/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-29}} Following the completion of the exchange offer, Johnson \& Johnson will retain approximately 9\.5% of the outstanding shares of Kenvue common stock.{{Cite web \|last\=Whooley \|first\=Sean \|date\=2023\-08\-23 \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson finalizes Kenvue spilt\-off \|url\=https://www.massdevice.com/johnson\-johnson\-finalizes\-kenvue\-spilt\-off/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-29 \|website\=MassDevice \|language\=en\-US}}
Johnson \& Johnson holds a patent on the tuberculosis\-treating drug [bedaquiline](/wiki/Bedaquiline "Bedaquiline"), with secondary patents in at least 25 out of 43 countries with a high burden of tuberculosis blocking affordable generic versions of the drug, preventing millions of people from accessing the life\-saving treatment.{{Cite web \|date\=April 26, 2023 \|title\=MSF: J\&J must stop blocking generic versions of lifesaving TB drug \|url\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf\-jj\-must\-stop\-blocking\-generic\-versions\-lifesaving\-tb\-drug \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-13 \|website\=Doctors Without Borders – USA \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=((The Wire Staff)) \|date\=2023\-03\-23 \|title\=J\&J's Application to Extend Patent on Anti\-Tuberculosis Drug Bedaquiline Rejected \|url\=https://thewire.in/health/johnson\-and\-johnson\-patent\-tuberculosis\-drug\-bedaquiline \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-13 \|website\=The Wire}} Though the patent was set to expire in many countries in 2023, Johnson \& Johnson applied to extend the patent. On July 13, 2023, [Stop TB Partnership](/wiki/Stop_TB_Partnership "Stop TB Partnership") announced that after negotiations with Johnson \& Johnson, they had been granted licenses to produce generic versions of the drug.{{Cite web \|title\=Global Drug Facility Update on Access to Bedaquiline {{!}} Stop TB Partnership \|url\=https://www.stoptb.org/news/global\-drug\-facility\-update\-access\-to\-bedaquiline \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-10 \|website\=www.stoptb.org}}
In January 2024, Johnson \& Johnson announced it was acquiring Ambrx Biopharma for $2 billion.{{Cite web \|last\=Constantino \|first\=Annika Kim \|date\=2024\-01\-08 \|title\=J\&J to acquire cancer drug developer Ambrx Biopharma for $2 billion \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/08/jj\-to\-acquire\-ambrx\-biopharma\-a\-cancer\-drug\-developer.html \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-09 \|website\=CNBC \|language\=en}} In April 2024, Johnson \& Johnson announced it was acquiring Shockwave Medical for $13\.1 billion.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-04\-05 \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson boosts heart device business with $12\.5 billion Shockwave Medical deal \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/05/johnson\-johnson\-to\-buy\-shockwave\-medical\-for\-12point5\-billion.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-05 \|website\=CNBC \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-04\-05 \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson to Acquire Shockwave Medical \|url\=https://www.jnj.com/media\-center/press\-releases/johnson\-johnson\-to\-acquire\-shockwave\-medical \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-10 \|website\=JNJ.com \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news \|last\=Loftus \|first\=Colin Kellaher and Peter \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson to Buy Shockwave Medical in $13\.1 Billion Deal \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/health/pharma/johnson\-johnson\-to\-buy\-shockwave\-medical\-in\-13\-1\-billion\-deal\-5c3a45ce \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-10 \|work\=WSJ \|language\=en\-US}} In May, the business announced it would acquire Proteologix for $850 million.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-05\-16 \|title\=J\&J Buys Proteologix for $850M, Bispecific Antibodies for Atopic Dermatitis \|url\=https://www.biospace.com/j\-and\-j\-buys\-proteologix\-for\-850m\-secures\-bispecific\-antibodies\-targeting\-atopic\-dermatitis?s\=79 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-16 \|website\=BioSpace \|language\=en\-US}}
#### Coronavirus (COVID\-19\) response
Johnson \& Johnson committed over $1 billion toward the development of a not\-for\-profit [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") vaccine in partnership with the [Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority](/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority "Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority") (BARDA) Office of the [Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response](/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_for_Preparedness_and_Response "Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response") (ASPR) at the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services") (HHS).{{Cite web\|url\=https://njbiz.com/jj\-collaborates\-accelerate\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-development/\|title\=J\&J collaborates to accelerate COVID\-19 vaccine development\|last\=Vecchione\|first\=Anthony\|date\=March 13, 2020\|website\=NJBIZ\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=April 22, 2020}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wspa.com/news/prisma\-health\-collaborates\-with\-ethicon\-inc\-to\-make\-distribute\-vesper\-ventilator\-expansion\-splitter\-device/\|title\=Prisma Health collaborates with Ethicon Inc. to make, distribute VESper Ventilator Expansion Splitter Device\|date\=April 6, 2020\|website\=WSPA 7News\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=April 22, 2020\|archive\-date\=January 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122191226/https://www.wspa.com/news/prisma\-health\-collaborates\-with\-ethicon\-inc\-to\-make\-distribute\-vesper\-ventilator\-expansion\-splitter\-device/\|url\-status\=dead}} Paul Stoffels of Johnson \& Johnson said, "In order to go fast, the people of Johnson \& Johnson are committed to do this and all together we say we're going to do this not for profit. That's the fastest and the best way to find all the collaborations in the world to make this happen so we commit to bring this at a not\-for\-profit level."{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus\-johnson\-johnson\-vows\-to\-make\-not\-for\-profit\-vaccine\-11966292\|title\=Coronavirus: Johnson \& Johnson vows to make 'not\-for\-profit' vaccine\|website\=Sky News\|language\=en\|access\-date\=April 22, 2020}}
[Janssen Vaccines](/wiki/Crucell "Crucell"), in partnership with [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center "Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center") (BIDMC), is responsible for developing the vaccine candidate, based on the same technology used to make its [Ebola vaccine](/wiki/Ebola_vaccine "Ebola vaccine"). The vaccine candidate is expected to enter phase 1 human clinical study in September 2020\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/jj\-hopes\-to\-start\-human\-trials\-for\-coronavirus\-vaccine\-in\-november.html\|title\=J\&J hopes to start human trials for coronavirus vaccine in November \|last\=Stankiewicz \|first\=Kevin \|date\=March 17, 2020 \|website\=\[\[CNBC]] \|language\=en \|access\-date\=April 22, 2020}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://njbiz.com/jj\-collaborates\-accelerate\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-development/\|title\=J\&J collaborates to accelerate COVID\-19 vaccine development \|last\=Vecchione \|first\=Anthony \|date\=March 13, 2020 \|website\=NJBIZ \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=April 22, 2020}}
Demand for the product [Tylenol](/wiki/Tylenol_%28brand%29 "Tylenol (brand)") surged two to four times normal levels in March 2020\. In response, the company increased production globally. For example, the Tylenol plant in Puerto Rico ran 24 hours a day, seven days a week.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-johnson\-johnson\-idUSKBN2162FU\|title\=J\&J's Tylenol production at maximum capacity as coronavirus boosts demand\|date\=March 19, 2020\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|access\-date\=April 22, 2020\|language\=en}}
In response to the shortage of ventilators, Ethicon, with [Prisma Health](/wiki/Prisma_Health "Prisma Health"), made and distributed the VESper Ventilator Expansion Splitter, which uses 3D printing technology, to allow one ventilator to support two patients.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.morningstar.com/news/dow\-jones/202004068375/prisma\-health\-ethicon\-to\-build\-ventilator\-split\-device\-for\-emergency\-use\|title\=Prisma Health, Ethicon to Build Ventilator Split Device for Emergency Use\|website\=www.morningstar.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=April 22, 2020\|archive\-date\=January 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122175048/https://www.morningstar.com/news/dow\-jones/202004068375/prisma\-health\-ethicon\-to\-build\-ventilator\-split\-device\-for\-emergency\-use\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Janssen COVID\-19 vaccine
{{main\|Janssen COVID\-19 vaccine}}
In June 2020, Johnson \& Johnson and the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases") (NIAID) confirmed its intention to start a clinical trials of J\&J's vaccine in September 2020, with the possibility of Phase 1/2a human clinical trials starting at an accelerated pace in the second half of July.{{Cite web\|last\=Coleman\|first\=Justine\|date\=June 10, 2020\|title\=Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July\|url\=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/501999\-final\-testing\-stage\-for\-coronavirus\-vaccine\-could\-begin\-in\-july\-report\|access\-date\=June 11, 2020\|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|title\=Moderna, AstraZeneca and J\&J coronavirus shots rev up for NIH tests beginning in July: WSJ\|url\=https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/nih\-preps\-late\-stage\-studies\-moderna\-az\-and\-j\-j\-coronavirus\-vaccines\-wsj\|access\-date\=June 11, 2020\|newspaper\=Fierce Pharma\|date\=June 10, 2020 \|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson to start human testing of COVID\-19 vaccine next week\|url\=https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/j\-j\-to\-start\-human\-testing\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-next\-week\-exec\|access\-date\=July 20, 2020\|newspaper\=Fierce Pharma\|date\=July 16, 2020 \|language\=en}}
On August 5, 2020, the [US government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") agreed to pay more than $1 billion to Johnson \& Johnson (medical device company) for the production of 100 million doses of COVID\-19 vaccine. As part of the agreed\-upon deal, the U.S. can order up to 200 million additional doses of SARS\-CoV\-2 vaccine.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.voanews.com/covid\-19\-pandemic/us\-pay\-johnson\-and\-johnson\-1\-billion\-covid\-19\-vaccine\|title\=US to Pay Johnson and Johnson $1 Billion for COVID\-19 Vaccine\|access\-date\=August 5, 2020\|website\=Voice of America\|date\=August 5, 2020 }}
In September 2020, Johnson \& Johnson started its 60,000\-person phase 3 [adenovirus](/wiki/Adenoviridae "Adenoviridae")\-based vaccine trial.{{Cite press release\|last\=Johnson\|first\=Johnson \&\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Initiates Pivotal Global Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Janssen's COVID\-19 Vaccine Candidate\|url\=https://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/johnson\-\-johnson\-initiates\-pivotal\-global\-phase\-3\-clinical\-trial\-of\-janssens\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-candidate\-301136522\.html\|access\-date\=September 24, 2020\|website\=www.prnewswire.com\|language\=en}} The trial was paused on October 12, 2020, because a volunteer became ill,{{Cite news\|last1\=Hughes\|first1\=Virginia\|last2\=Thomas\|first2\=Katie\|last3\=Zimmer\|first3\=Carl\|last4\=Wu\|first4\=Katherine J.\|date\=October 12, 2020\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson halts coronavirus vaccine trial because of sick volunteer.\|language\=en\-US\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/10/12/world/coronavirus\-covid\|access\-date\=October 12, 2020\|issn\=0362\-4331}} but the company said it found no evidence that the vaccine had caused the illness and announced on October 23, 2020, that it would resume the trial.{{Cite web\|date\=October 23, 2020\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Prepares to Resume Phase 3 ENSEMBLE Trial of its Janssen COVID\-19 Vaccine Candidate in the U.S.\|url\=https://www.jnj.com/our\-company/johnson\-johnson\-prepares\-to\-resume\-phase\-3\-ensemble\-trial\-of\-its\-janssen\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-candidate\-in\-the\-us\|access\-date\=October 28, 2020\|website\=Johnson \& Johnson\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|last1\=Edwards\|first1\=Erika\|last2\=Miller\|first2\=Sara G.\|date\=October 23, 2020\|title\=AstraZeneca, Johnson \& Johnson resume late\-stage Covid\-19 vaccine trials\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health\-news/astrazeneca\-johnson\-johnson\-resume\-late\-stage\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-trials\-n1244579\|access\-date\=October 28, 2020\|website\=\[\[NBC News]]\|language\=en}}
In April 2021, the company reported that its COVID\-19 vaccine achieved $100 million sales in the first quarter, accounting for less than 1% of its total revenue.{{Cite web\|last\=Lovelace\|first\=Berkeley Jr.\|date\=April 20, 2021\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson reports $100 million in quarterly sales from Covid vaccine\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/20/johnson\-johnson\-jnj\-earnings\-q1\-2021\.html\|access\-date\=April 29, 2021\|website\=\[\[CNBC]]\|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|last\=Grant\|first\=Charley\|date\=April 20, 2021\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Shows Health Economy Is Nearing Full Strength\|language\=en\-US\|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/johnson\-johnson\-shows\-health\-economy\-is\-nearing\-full\-strength\-11618931401\|access\-date\=April 29, 2021\|issn\=0099\-9660}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1873–1885: Before Johnson \\& Johnson",
"[Robert Wood Johnson](/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_I \"Robert Wood Johnson I\") began his professional training at age 16 as a pharmaceutical apprentice at an apothecary run by his mother's cousin, James G. Wood, in Poughkeepsie, New York.{{Cite news\\|date\\=November 12, 2000\\|title\\=Carbondale Area Native Founded Johnson \\& Johnson\\|pages\\=129\\|work\\=The Times\\-Tribune\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61974716/carbondale\\-area\\-native\\-founded\\-johnson/\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2020}}{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= Foster LG \\|title\\=The Gentleman Rebel\\|publisher\\=Lillian Press\\|year\\=1999\\|isbn\\=0966288203}}{{Rp\\|12}} Johnson co\\-founded his own company with [George Seabury](/wiki/George_J._Seabury \"George J. Seabury\") in 1873\\. The New York\\-based Seabury \\& Johnson became known for its medicated plasters.{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= Ingham JN \\|title\\=Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders\\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group\\|year\\=1983\\|isbn\\=0313239088\\|volume\\= 2}}{{Rp\\|675}}{{Rp\\|15}} Robert Wood Johnson represented the company at the [1876 World's Fair.](/wiki/Centennial_Exposition \"Centennial Exposition\"){{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rutkow I \\| title \\= Joseph Lister and his 1876 tour of America \\| journal \\= Annals of Surgery \\| volume \\= 257 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 1181–7 \\| date \\= June 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23059499 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/SLA.0b013e31826d9116 \\| s2cid \\= 389275 }}{{Cite web\\|title\\=World's Fair in Philadelphia : Johnson \\& Johnson Our Story\\|url\\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/worlds\\-fair\\-philadelphia\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=ourstory.jnj.com}} There he heard [Joseph Lister](/wiki/Joseph_Lister%2C_1st_Baron_Lister \"Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister\")'s explanation of a new procedure: antiseptic surgery.{{Rp\\|31}} Johnson parted ways with his business partner Seabury in 1885\\.{{Rp\\|38}}",
"### 1886: Founding of Johnson \\& Johnson",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|right\\|Robert Wood Johnson](/wiki/File:Robert-wood-johnson-i.jpg \"Robert-wood-johnson-i.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Early corrosive sublimate cotton packaging with the signature logo](/wiki/File:Johnson_and_Johnson_corrosive_sublimate_cotton.jpg \"Johnson and Johnson corrosive sublimate cotton.jpg\")",
"Robert Wood Johnson joined his brothers, [James Wood Johnson](/wiki/James_Wood_Johnson \"James Wood Johnson\") and [Edward Mead Johnson](/wiki/Edward_Mead_Johnson \"Edward Mead Johnson\"), and created a line of ready\\-to\\-use sterile surgical dressings in 1886\\. They founded Johnson \\& Johnson in 1886{{Rp\\|675}}{{Rp\\|38}} with 14 employees, eight women and six men.{{Rp\\|43}} Johnson \\& Johnson opened its first factory building in the old Janeway and Carpenter factory on Neilson Street in New Brunswick, New Jersey.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gordon \\|first\\=A. E. \\|date\\=March 16, 1994 \\|title\\=The New Enterprise \\|work\\=The New Brunswick Times}}\nThey manufactured sterile surgical supplies, household products, and medical guides.{{Cite web\\|title\\=History of Johnson \\& Johnson – TheStreet\\|url\\=https://www.thestreet.com/personal\\-finance/history\\-of\\-johnson\\-and\\-johnson\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=www.thestreet.com\\|date\\=February 24, 2020 }} Those products initially featured a logo that resembled the signature of James Wood Johnson.{{Cite news\\| vauthors \\= Warner S \\|date\\=April 10, 2005\\|title\\=From Band\\-Aids To Biotech (Published 2005\\)\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/10/nyregion/from\\-bandaids\\-to\\-biotech.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Robert Wood Johnson served as the first president of the company.{{Rp\\|675}}",
"### 1887–1942: Early history",
"The company sold medicated plasters such as Johnson \\& Johnson's Black Perfect Taffeta Court Plaster{{Cite book\\|title\\=Pharmaceutische Rundschau\\|publisher\\=Fr. Hoffmann\\|year\\=1888\\|volume\\=6\\|location\\=Harvard University\\|pages\\=181}} and also manufactured the world's first sterile surgical products, including sutures, absorbent cotton, and gauze.{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= McDonnell G \\|title\\=Block's Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation\\|publisher\\=Lippincott Williams \\& Wilkins\\|year\\=2020\\|isbn\\=978\\-1496381507}} The company published \"Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment\", a guide on how to do sterile surgery using its products, and in 1888, distributed 85,000 copies to doctors and pharmacists across the United States.{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= Pickersgill HE \\|title\\=Frederick Barnett Kilmer in History of Middlesex County, New Jersey 1664\\- 1920\\|publisher\\=Lewis Historical Publishing Company\\|year\\=1921\\|location\\=New York and Chicago}}{{Rp\\|3–99}} The manual was translated into three languages and distributed worldwide. The first commercial [first aid kit](/wiki/First_aid_kit \"First aid kit\") was designed in 1888 to support railroad construction workers, who were often hundreds of miles from medical care. The kits included antiseptic emergency supplies and directions for field use. In 1901, the company published the *Handbook of First Aid*, a guide on applying first aid.",
"In 1889, the company hired pharmacist [Fred Kilmer](/wiki/Frederick_Barnett_Kilmer \"Frederick Barnett Kilmer\") as its first scientific director, who led its scientific research and wrote educational manuals. Kilmer's first achievement as scientific director was developing the industrial sterilization process. He was employed at the company until 1934\\.",
"Johnson \\& Johnson had more than 400 employees and 14 buildings by 1894\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=1893, 1907, 1929 and Today\\|url\\=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2009/02/1893\\-1907\\-1929\\-and\\-today\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=Kilmer House\\|language\\=en}} In 1894, the company began producing Johnson's Baby Powder, the company's first baby product.",
"The company introduced the world's first maternity kit in 1894 to aid at\\-home births, called Dr. Simpson's Maternity Packet, presumably after Scottish [obstetrician](/wiki/Obstetrics \"Obstetrics\") [James Young Simpson](/wiki/James_Young_Simpson \"James Young Simpson\"). The kit included a washcloth; safety pins; sterile sutures, sponges, and gauze; antiseptic soap; an obstetric sheet and ligatures; flannel to wrap the baby in; and a chart for keeping birth records.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Jenkins \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|date\\=May 11, 2017 \\|title\\=Oh, Baby! Why Johnson \\& Johnson Created Dr. Simpson's Maternity Packets \\|url\\=https://www.jnj.com/our\\-heritage/why\\-johnson\\-and\\-johnson\\-created\\-dr\\-simpsons\\-maternity\\-packets \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2023 \\|website\\=Johnson \\& Johnson}} The products were later marketed separately, including \"Lister's Towels\", the world's first mass\\-produced sanitary napkins.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Lister's Towels, Johnson \\& Johnson, ads at MUM\\|url\\=http://www.mum.org/listers.htm\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=www.mum.org}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=February 26, 2020\\|title\\=How did companies sell 'unmentionable' sanitary towels?\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\\-51297025\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020}} Kilmer wrote \"Hygiene in Maternity\", an instructional guide for mothers before and after delivery.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=H8eEF8xhJNgC\\|title\\=Red Cross Notes\\|date\\=1898\\|publisher\\=Johnson \\& Johnson.\\|language\\=en}} In 1904, the company expanded its baby care products with \"Lister's Sanitary Diapers\", a diaper product for infants.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Facts about disposable diapers as P\\&G celebrates 50 years in Cape County\\|url\\=https://www.semissourian.com/story/2629488\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2020\\|website\\=Southeast Missourian}}",
"During the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\"), Johnson \\& Johnson developed and donated 300,000 packaged compressed surgical dressings for soldiers in the field{{Rp\\|78}} and created a trauma stretcher for field medics. The company donated its products in disaster relief efforts of the [1900 Galveston hurricane](/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane \"1900 Galveston hurricane\"){{Rp\\|79}} and the [1906 San Francisco earthquake](/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake \"1906 San Francisco earthquake\").{{Rp\\|81}}",
"Johnson \\& Johnson vaccinated all of its employees against [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox \"Smallpox\") during the 1901 smallpox epidemic. The firm employed more than 1,200 people by 1910\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=March 28, 1911\\|title\\=Peril of City Factories\\|work\\=Daily Home News\\|location\\=New Brunswick, N.J.}} Women accounted for half of the company's workforce and led a quarter of its departments.",
"Robert Wood Johnson died in 1910, and he was succeeded as president of the company by his brother James Wood Johnson.{{Rp\\|195}}",
"During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Johnson \\& Johnson factories increased production to meet wartime demands for sterile surgical products.{{Cite web\\|title\\=World War I Centennial: How the Great War Changed Johnson \\& Johnson\\|url\\=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2014/08/world\\-war\\-i\\-centennial\\-how\\-the\\-great\\-war\\-changed\\-johnson\\-johnson\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|website\\=Kilmer House\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=About Us\\|url\\=http://chicopee.com/en\\-us/about\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|website\\=Chicopee Solutions\\|language\\=en\\-us}} In 1916, the company acquired Chicopee Manufacturing Company in [Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts](/wiki/Chicopee_Falls%2C_Massachusetts \"Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts\"), to meet demand.{{Rp\\|129}} Near the end of World War I, the [1918 flu pandemic](/wiki/Spanish_flu \"Spanish flu\") broke out. The company invented and distributed an epidemic mask that helped prevent the spread of the flu.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Epidemic Mask – Johnson \\& Johnson Our Story\\|url\\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/epidemic\\-mask\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|website\\=ourstory.jnj.com\\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164657/https://ourstory.jnj.com/epidemic\\-mask\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=History of Johnson \\& Johnson – FundingUniverse\\|url\\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\\-histories/johnson\\-johnson\\-history/\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|website\\=www.fundinguniverse.com}}",
"In 1919, Johnson \\& Johnson opened the Gilmour Plant near Montreal, its first factory outside the United States, which produced surgical products for international customers. In 1924 the company's first overseas manufacturing facility was opened in [Slough](/wiki/Slough%2C_England \"Slough, England\"), England.",
"In 1920, Earle Dickson combined two Johnson \\& Johnson products, adhesive tape and gauze, to create the first commercial adhesive bandage. Band\\-Aid Brand Adhesive Bandages began sales the following year. In 1921, the company released Johnson's Baby Soap.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wLU9AQAAMAAJ\\|title\\=Marketing Communications\\|date\\=1921\\|language\\=en}} Named after its Massachusetts facility, Johnson \\& Johnson built a textile mill and company town, Chicopee, outside Gainesville, Georgia.{{Rp\\|170}} In the 1930s, the company expanded operations to Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa.{{Cite web\\| vauthors \\= Sengupta N \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson: Caring for People, Worldwide\\|url\\=https://www.sdmimd.ac.in/SDMRCMS/cases/CIM2013/5\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2020\\|website\\=Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute for Management Development}} In 1931, Johnson \\& Johnson introduced the first prescription contraceptive gel marketed as Ortho\\-Gynol.{{Cite web\\|title\\=1936 Magazine Print Advertisement Ortho Gynol Feminine Jelly Johnson \\& Johnson\\|url\\=http://www.advintageplus.com/1936\\-magazine\\-print\\-advertisement\\-ortho\\-gynol\\-feminine\\-jelly\\-johnson\\-and\\-johnson/\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=Advintage Plus\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045534/http://www.advintageplus.com/1936\\-magazine\\-print\\-advertisement\\-ortho\\-gynol\\-feminine\\-jelly\\-johnson\\-and\\-johnson/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"[Robert Wood Johnson II](/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_II \"Robert Wood Johnson II\") became president of the company in 1932\\.{{Rp\\|195}}",
"During The Great Depression Johnson \\& Johnson kept all its workers employed and raised wages by 5%.{{Rp\\|191}} In 1933, Robert Wood Johnson II wrote a letter to [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\"), calling for a federal law to increase wages and reduce hours for all American workers.{{Rp\\|199}} The company also opened a new facility in Chicago during that period.{{Rp\\|191}} Johnson wrote and distributed \"Try Reality: A Discussion of Hours, Wages, and The Industrial Future\" to persuade business leaders to follow his lead, advocating that business is more than profit and that companies have responsibilities to consumers, employees, and society. In \"Try Reality\", the section titled \"An Industrial Philosophy\" would later become the company's credo.{{Rp\\|224}}",
"In 1935, Johnson's Baby Oil was added to its line of baby products.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=T1AEAAAAMBAJ\\|title\\=LIFE\\|date\\=August 9, 1943\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Old School Products That Still Rock\\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/old\\-school\\-products\\-that\\-still\\-rock\\-88003401298\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=www.yahoo.com\\|date\\=June 22, 2014 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Both male and female Johnson \\& Johnson employees were drafted and enlisted during World War II.{{Cite web\\|title\\=First Peacetime Draft Enacted Just Before World War II\\|url\\=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/Story/Article/2140942/first\\-peacetime\\-draft\\-enacted\\-just\\-before\\-world\\-war\\-ii/\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=U.S. Department of Defense\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=August 15, 2016\\|title\\=World War I Draft Registration Cards\\|url\\=https://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww1/draft\\-registration\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=National Archives\\|language\\=en}} The company ensured no one would lose their job when they returned home. Robert Wood Johnson II was appointed head of the Smaller War Plants Corporation in Washington, D.C. His work ensured U.S. factories with under 500 employees were awarded government contracts.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Helped by the Healing Powers of Innovation, the Johnson Family Found a Health\\-Care Empire Inside the Family Medicine Chest. That's Opened up Endless Opportunities. April 1, 2003\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb\\_archive/2003/04/01/341012/index.htm\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=money.cnn.com}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=January 31, 1968\\|title\\=Robert Wood Johnson, 74, Dies; Chairman of Johnson \\& Johnson; Founder's Son Led Company until 1963 No. 2 Man on War Production Board (Published 1968\\)\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/31/archives/robert\\-wood\\-johnson\\-74\\-dies\\-chairman\\-of\\-johnson\\-johnson\\-founders.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"### 1943: Credo and going public",
"In 1943, as the company was preparing for its [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") (IPO), Robert Wood Johnson wrote what the company would call, \"Our Credo\",{{Cite web\\|title\\=Our Credo\\|url\\=https://www.jnj.com/credo/\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020\\|website\\=Content Lab U.S.\\|language\\=en}} a defining document that has been used to guide the company's decisions over the years.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nj.com/business/2012/04/johnson\\_johnsons\\_new\\_ceo\\_empha.html \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson's new CEO emphasizes company credo at shareholder's meeting \\| vauthors \\= Todd S \\|website\\=NJ.com \\|date\\=April 26, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2020}} The company completed its IPO and became a public company in 1944\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/12/31/if\\-you\\-invested\\-10000\\-in\\-johnson\\-johnsons\\-ipo\\-this.aspx \\|title\\=If You Invested $10,000 in Johnson \\& Johnson's IPO, This Is How Much Money You'd Have Now \\| vauthors \\= Carmichael T \\|website\\=fool.com \\|date\\=December 31, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2020}}",
"In 1943, [Vesta Stoudt](/wiki/Vesta_Stoudt \"Vesta Stoudt\") identified a need for waterproof tape for ammunition boxes in [World War Two](/wiki/World_War_Two \"World War Two\"). She wrote to [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") with the idea; the president commissioned Revolite, a subsidiary of Johnson \\& Johnson at the time, to develop and manufacture a cloth\\-based adhesive tape.{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 6, 2015 \\|title\\=October 24, 1943 – COULDN'T KEEP HER IDEA DOWN {{!}} Chicago Tribune Archive \\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/10/24/page/1/article/couldnt\\-keep\\-her\\-idea\\-down/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506050728/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/10/24/page/1/article/couldnt\\-keep\\-her\\-idea\\-down/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2015 }}",
"### 1944–1999: Acquisitions and international expansion",
"[thumb\\|Former logo used from the company's establishment until September 14, 2023\\.](/wiki/File:Johnson_and_Johnson_Logo.svg \"Johnson and Johnson Logo.svg\")\nIn 1944, the company began selling [Johnson's Baby](/wiki/Johnson%27s_Baby \"Johnson's Baby\") Lotion. The same year, the company established Ethicon Suture Laboratories. In 1947, G. F. Merson Ltd. was acquired to expand the company's suture business in the United Kingdom. The company was rebranded and absorbed into [Ethicon](/wiki/Ethicon \"Ethicon\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 10, 2016 \\|title\\=ETHICON History \\|url\\=http://www.ethiconproducts.co.uk/about/ethicon\\-history \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110154950/http://www.ethiconproducts.co.uk/about/ethicon\\-history \\|archive\\-date\\=January 10, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 }}",
"Johnson \\& Johnson [chairman of the board](/wiki/Chairperson \"Chairperson\"), Robert Wood Johnson, published *Or Forfeit Freedom*, in 1947\\. The book outlined that businesses need to develop [sustainable](/wiki/Sustainability \"Sustainability\") methods of using [natural resources](/wiki/Natural_resource \"Natural resource\") for the future of business and the planet.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Robert Wood Johnson II Writes Or Forfeit Freedom {{!}} Johnson \\& Johnson Our Story \\|url\\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/johnson\\-writes\\-or\\-forfeit\\-freedom \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=ourstory.jnj.com}}",
"In 1955, Ethicon developed a micro\\-point reverse\\-cutting ophthalmic needle attached to the suture. Micro\\-point surgical needles and sutures allowed for advances in modern vision surgery.{{Cite web \\|date\\=December 3, 2014 \\|title\\=A Comparison of Suturing Needles Available \\|url\\=https://www.theapprenticedoctor.com/comparison\\-different\\-suturing\\-needles\\-available\\-today/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=The Apprentice Doctor \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Byrne \\|first1\\=Miriam \\|last2\\=Aly \\|first2\\=Al \\|date\\=March 14, 2019 \\|title\\=The Surgical Needle \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30869752/ \\|journal\\=Aesthetic Surgery Journal \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=Suppl\\_2 \\|pages\\=S73–S77 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/asj/sjz035 \\|issn\\=1527\\-330X \\|pmid\\=30869752}} In 1956, the company opened its first Asia\\-based operating company in the Philippines.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Expands to the Philippines {{!}} Johnson \\& Johnson Our Story \\|url\\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/johnson\\-johnson\\-expands\\-philippines \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=ourstory.jnj.com}} The following year, an operating company opened in India.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Expanding to India {{!}} Johnson \\& Johnson Our Story \\|url\\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/expanding\\-india \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=ourstory.jnj.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Private Limited – Manufacturer from Jogeshwari (E), Mumbai, India {{!}} About Us \\|url\\=https://www.indiamart.com/jnj\\-india/profile.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=www.indiamart.com}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Check \\|first\\=The Company \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Private Limited – Company Details {{!}} The Company Check \\|url\\=https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/johnson\\-johnson\\-private\\-limited/U33110MH1957PTC010928 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=www.thecompanycheck.com \\|language\\=en\\-IN}}",
"In 1959, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired McNeil Laboratories.{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 26, 2021 \\|title\\=A history of Johnson \\& Johnson \\|url\\=https://pharmaphorum.com/views\\-analysis\\-sales\\-marketing/a\\-history\\-of\\-johnson\\-johnson/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=pharmaphorum.com \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} A year later, the company sold Tylenol for the first time without a prescription. In the same year, Cilag Chemie joined Johnson \\& Johnson as Cilag.",
"In 1961, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired [Janssen Pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals \"Janssen Pharmaceuticals\"), which had been founded in 1953 by Belgian scientist [Paul Janssen](/wiki/Paul_Janssen \"Paul Janssen\"), the inventor of [Fentanyl](/wiki/Fentanyl \"Fentanyl\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-06 \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/health\\-shots/2019/09/04/757089868/fentanyl\\-as\\-a\\-dark\\-web\\-profit\\-center\\-from\\-chinese\\-labs\\-to\\-u\\-s\\-streets\\#:\\~:text\\=On%20how%20Belgian%20physician%20Paul%20Janssen%20invented%20fentanyl\\&text\\=He%20started%20his%20own%20company,is%20also%20a%20medical%20drug. \\| website\\=\\[\\[NPR]] }}",
"In 1963, [Philip B. Hofmann](/wiki/Philip_B._Hofmann \"Philip B. Hofmann\") succeeded Robert Wood Johnson as chairman and CEO. He was the first non\\-Johnson family member to become chief executive. Hofmann also helped found the [Robert Wood Johnson Foundation](/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation \"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation\"). In the same year, the Food and Drug Administration approved a synthetic hormone contraceptive pill, Ortho\\-Novum.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ortho\\-Novum Oral Contraceptive \\|url\\=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah\\_557425 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=National Museum of American History \\|language\\=en}}",
"In 1965, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired Codman \\& Shurtleff. The acquired company produced neurovascular devices and neurosurgery technologies.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Winokoor \\|first\\=Charles \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson's Codman \\& Shurtleff surgical instrument line sold to Indiana company \\|url\\=https://www.tauntongazette.com/story/entertainment/movies/2011/12/19/johnson\\-johnson\\-s\\-codman\\-shurtleff/38263438007/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=Taunton Daily Gazette \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In 1968, the company developed the [RhoGAM](/wiki/Rho%28D%29_immune_globulin \"Rho(D) immune globulin\") vaccine. The vaccine prevented Rh hemolytic disease in newborns.{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 22, 2018 \\|title\\=RhoGAM at 50: A Columbia Drug Still Saving Lives of Newborns \\|url\\=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/rhogam\\-50\\-columbia\\-drug\\-still\\-saving\\-lives\\-newborns \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=Columbia University Irving Medical Center \\|language\\=en}}",
"In 1969, Ortho Diagnostics, a company subsidiary, launched the Sickledex Tube Test for detecting anemia.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Henry \\|first1\\=R. L. \\|last2\\=Nalbandian \\|first2\\=R. M. \\|last3\\=Nichols \\|first3\\=B. M. \\|last4\\=Camp \\|first4\\=F. R. \\|last5\\=Conte \\|first5\\=N. F. \\|last6\\=Wolf \\|first6\\=P. L. \\|date\\=April 1, 1971 \\|title\\=Modified Sickledex tube test: a specific test for S hemoglobin \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009912071915049 \\|journal\\=Clinical Biochemistry \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=196–207 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0009\\-9120(71\\)91504\\-9 \\|pmid\\=5143535 \\|issn\\=0009\\-9120}} The same year, the FDA approved the Johnson \\& Johnson arterial graft.{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 8, 2021 \\|title\\=Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery \\|url\\=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment\\-tests\\-and\\-therapies/coronary\\-artery\\-bypass\\-graft\\-surgery \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=www.hopkinsmedicine.org \\|language\\=en}} In 1971, the company launched Hapindex Diagnostic Test, a rapid [hepatitis B](/wiki/Hepatitis_B \"Hepatitis B\") test for blood donors. The test was developed to prevent the spread of hepatitis B through blood transfusions.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Caul \\|first1\\=E. O. \\|last2\\=Roberts \\|first2\\=P. C. \\|date\\=December 1974 \\|title\\=An evaluation of low voltage counterimmuno\\-electrophoresis for the detection of hepatitis\\-B antigen (HB Ag) \\|journal\\=Journal of Clinical Pathology \\|volume\\=27 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=990–993 \\|doi\\=10\\.1136/jcp.27\\.12\\.990 \\|issn\\=0021\\-9746 \\|pmid\\=4156037\\|pmc\\=475570 }}",
"In the 1970s, Johnson \\& Johnson hired Henry N. Cobb from Pei Cobb Freed \\& Partners to design its new headquarters.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Learning from our Late\\-Modern Legacy \\|url\\=http://www.docomomo\\-us.org/news/learning\\-from\\-our\\-late\\-modern\\-legacy \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=www.docomomo\\-us.org \\|language\\=en}} The firm designed Johnson \\& Johnson Plaza across the railroad tracks from the older section of the Johnson \\& Johnson campus.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Dorothea \\|first1\\=Berkhout \\|title\\=New Brunswick, New Jersey, The Decline and Revitalization of Urban America \\|last2\\=Listokin \\|first2\\=David \\|last3\\=Hughes \\|first3\\=James \\|publisher\\=Rutgers University Press \\|year\\=2016 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0813575148}}",
"In 1973, [Richard Sellars](/wiki/Richard_B._Sellars \"Richard B. Sellars\") became chairman and CEO of Johnson \\& Johnson.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Abelson \\|first\\=Reed \\|date\\=June 27, 2010 \\|title\\=Richard B. Sellars, Former Chief of Johnson \\& Johnson, Dies at 94 \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/business/27sellars.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} In 1976, [James E. Burke](/wiki/James_E._Burke \"James E. Burke\") became the company's chairman and CEO. During Burke's tenure, he managed the 1982 Tylenol tampering incident. It became a case study on crisis management. Under his leadership, the company recalled 31 million bottles of Tylenol, relaunched the product with a triple tamper\\-evident seal, and urged consumers not to use if tampered with. These practices became the pharmaceutical and packaged food industry norm.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hilts \\|first\\=Philip J. \\|date\\=November 12, 1982 \\|title\\=Tylenol Is Reintroduced In Triple\\-Sealed Package \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/11/12/tylenol\\-is\\-reintroduced\\-in\\-triple\\-sealed\\-package/1831aa9c\\-be08\\-4c93\\-a4de\\-b54e8c0428ed/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}}",
"Johnson \\& Johnson opened operating companies in China and Egypt in 1985\\. In 1987, [Acuvue](/wiki/Acuvue \"Acuvue\") [contact lenses](/wiki/Contact_lens \"Contact lens\") became the first disposable contact lenses available to consumers. The lenses lasted up to one week, reducing the cost of contact lenses. In the same year, the company launched One Touch, a blood glucose monitoring system. In 1989, [Ralph S. Larsen](/wiki/Ralph_S._Larsen \"Ralph S. Larsen\") was appointed chairman and CEO of the company.{{Cite web \\|date\\=October 20, 2012 \\|title\\=Ralph S. Larsen – Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \\|url\\=http://www.rwjf.org/en/about\\-rwjf/leadership\\-staff/board\\-of\\-trustees/ralph\\-s\\-\\-larsen.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020073724/http://www.rwjf.org/en/about\\-rwjf/leadership\\-staff/board\\-of\\-trustees/ralph\\-s\\-\\-larsen.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 20, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 }}",
"After the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\"), Johnson \\& Johnson expanded into eastern Europe. By 1991, the company had a presence in Hungary, Russia, the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\"), and Poland.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Reaches Eastern Europe {{!}} Johnson \\& Johnson Our Story \\|url\\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/johnson\\-johnson\\-reaches\\-eastern\\-europe \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=ourstory.jnj.com}} In the 1990s, the company acquired many familiar consumer health brands that made up the Johnson \\& Johnson family of companies. These acquisitions included [Clean \\& Clear](/wiki/Clean_%26_Clear \"Clean & Clear\"), [Neutrogena](/wiki/Neutrogena \"Neutrogena\"), [Motrin](/wiki/Motrin \"Motrin\"), and [Aveeno](/wiki/Aveeno \"Aveeno\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=History of Johnson \\& Johnson – FundingUniverse \\|url\\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\\-histories/johnson\\-johnson\\-history/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=www.fundinguniverse.com}}",
"Johnson \\& Johnson opened an operating company in Israel in 1996\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Opens in Israel {{!}} Johnson \\& Johnson Our Story \\|url\\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/johnson\\-johnson\\-opens\\-israel \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=ourstory.jnj.com}} In 1997, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired Biosense Webster. [DePuy](/wiki/DePuy_Synthes \"DePuy Synthes\") was acquired by Johnson \\& Johnson in 1998, rolling it into the Medtech business group.",
"### 2000–present",
"[William C. Weldon](/wiki/William_C._Weldon \"William C. Weldon\") was appointed chairman and CEO of the company in 2002\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=February 21, 2012 \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson CEO Weldon to step down in April \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-johnsonjohnson\\-idUSTRE81K1YO20120221 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022}} In 2003, Ethicon launched [Vicryl](/wiki/Vicryl \"Vicryl\") Plus Antibacterial Sutures. The products prevent post\\-surgery infection within stitches. In 2006, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired Pfizer's consumer healthcare business and merged it with its consumer healthcare business group. The acquisition added brands like [Listerine](/wiki/Listerine \"Listerine\"), [Bengay](/wiki/Bengay \"Bengay\"), and [Neosporin](/wiki/Neomycin/polymyxin_B/bacitracin \"Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin\") to the company's portfolio.{{Cite web \\|date\\=June 27, 2006 \\|title\\=J\\&J Buys Pfizer Consumer Healthcare Biz for $16\\.6 Billion \\|url\\=https://www.chiefmarketer.com/jj\\-buys\\-pfizer\\-consumer\\-healthcare\\-biz\\-for\\-16\\-6\\-billion/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=Chief Marketer \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In the same year, Johnson \\& Johnson's Janssen Pharmaceuticals, launched [Prezista](/wiki/Prezista \"Prezista\"), a protease inhibitor for patients with failed previous HIV therapies.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 4, 2007 \\|title\\=AIDS drug Prezista performs well in new study \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN04342271 \\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2022}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=J\\&J's 800mg Prezista launched in UK – Pharmaceutical industry news \\|url\\=https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/j\\-j\\-s\\-800mg\\-prezista\\-launched\\-in\\-uk \\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2022 \\|website\\=www.thepharmaletter.com}}",
"In 2008, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired [Mentor Corporation](/wiki/Mentor_%28company%29 \"Mentor (company)\") for $1 billion and merge its operations into Ethicon. In 2009, the company acquired HealthMedia, later renamed to Health \\& Wellness Solutions and the Human Performance Institute. In October 2010, J\\&J acquired [Crucell](/wiki/Janssen_Vaccines \"Janssen Vaccines\") for $2\\.4 billion. The subsidiary operates as the centre for vaccines, within Johnson \\& Johnson pharmaceuticals business group.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Acquires Vaccine Developer Crucell \\|url\\=https://www.biopharminternational.com/view/johnson\\-johnson\\-acquires\\-vaccine\\-developer\\-crucell \\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2022 \\|website\\=BioPharm International \\|date\\=March 8, 2011 \\|language\\=en}}",
"In 2012, [Alex Gorsky](/wiki/Alex_Gorsky \"Alex Gorsky\") became chairman and CEO of Johnson \\& Johnson.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Murphy \\|first\\=Tom \\|title\\=J\\&J CEO Gorsky to step down, company veteran to lead in 2022 \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/jj\\-ceo\\-gorsky\\-step\\-company\\-veteran\\-lead\\-2022\\-79559098 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|language\\=en}} In November 2015, Biosense Webster, Inc. acquired Coherex Medical Inc. expanding the company's range of treatment options for patients with atrial fibrillation.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Perriello \\|first\\=Brad \\|date\\=November 20, 2015 \\|title\\=J\\&J's Biosense Webster buys Coherex Medical and its WaveCrest anti\\-stroke device \\|url\\=https://www.massdevice.com/jjs\\-biosense\\-webster\\-buys\\-coherex\\-medical/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2022 \\|website\\=MassDevice \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In 2017, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired Abbott Medical Optics from Abbott Laboratories for $4\\.325 billion, adding the new division into [Johnson \\& Johnson Vision](/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson_Vision \"Johnson & Johnson Vision\") Care, Inc. in 2017\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Vision to acquire TearScience \\|url\\=https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20170804/johnson\\-johnson\\-vision\\-to\\-acquire\\-tearscience \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=www.healio.com \\|language\\=en}} That same year, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired [Actelion](/wiki/Actelion \"Actelion\") in a $30 billion deal, the largest ever purchase by the company. After the purchase, Johnson \\& Johnson spun off Actelion's research and development unit into a separate legal entity.{{Cite news \\|date\\=January 26, 2017 \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson refills drug cabinet with $30 billion Actelion deal \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-actelion\\-johnson\\-johnson\\-idUSKBN15A0KM \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022}} In July 2017, Johnson \\& Johnson Vision Care, Inc acquired [TearScience](/wiki/TearScience \"TearScience\"). In September 2017, the company acquired subscription\\-based contact lens startup Sightbox. In September of the same year Johnson \\& Johnson Medical GmbH acquired Emerging Implant Technologies GmbH, manufacturer of 3D\\-printed titanium interbody implants for [spinal fusion](/wiki/Spinal_fusion \"Spinal fusion\") surgery.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Medical GmbH Acquires Emerging Implant Technologies GmbH to Enhance Global Offering of Interbody Spine Implants \\|url\\=https://www.biospace.com/article/johnson\\-and\\-amp\\-johnson\\-medical\\-gmbh\\-acquires\\-emerging\\-implant\\-technologies\\-gmbh\\-to\\-enhance\\-global\\-offering\\-of\\-interbody\\-spine\\-implants/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=BioSpace \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In March 2019, the FDA approved [esketamine](/wiki/Esketamine \"Esketamine\") for the treatment of severe depression, which is marketed as [Spravato](/wiki/Spravato \"Spravato\") by Janssen Pharmaceuticals.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Commissioner \\|first\\=Office of the \\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=FDA approves new nasal spray medication for treatment\\-resistant depression; available only at a certified doctor's office or clinic \\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/news\\-events/press\\-announcements/fda\\-approves\\-new\\-nasal\\-spray\\-medication\\-treatment\\-resistant\\-depression\\-available\\-only\\-certified \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=FDA \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 29, 2019 \\|title\\=SPRAVATO – Overview \\|url\\=https://www.janssencarepath.com/hcp/spravato \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=Janssen CarePath \\|language\\=en}} In 2019, Johnson \\& Johnson announced the release of photochromic contact lenses. The lenses adjust to sunlight and help eyes recover from bright light exposure faster. The lenses contain a photochromic additive that adapts visible light amounts filtered to the eyes and are the first to use such additives.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Research \\|first\\=National Center for Toxicological \\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=FDA clears first contact lens with light\\-adaptive technology \\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/news\\-events/press\\-announcements/fda\\-clears\\-first\\-contact\\-lens\\-light\\-adaptive\\-technology \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=FDA \\|language\\=en}}",
"In November 2020, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired Momenta Pharmaceuticals for $6\\.5 billion.{{Cite news \\|date\\=August 19, 2020 \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson to buy biotech Momenta in $6\\.5bn deal \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/9ecd1edc\\-5709\\-4264\\-842b\\-3c7d2d75f801 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9ecd1edc\\-5709\\-4264\\-842b\\-3c7d2d75f801 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 10, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022}}",
"In January 2022, [Joaquin Duato](/wiki/Joaquin_Duato \"Joaquin Duato\") became CEO of Johnson \\& Johnson.{{Cite web \\|first1\\=Amanda \\| last1\\=Macias \\| first2\\=Berkeley Jr. \\| last2 \\= Lovelace \\|title\\=J\\&J names Joaquin Duato as CEO effective Jan 3, replacing Alex Gorsky \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/19/jj\\-names\\-joaquin\\-duato\\-as\\-ceo\\-effective\\-january\\-3\\-replacing\\-alex\\-gorsky.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2022 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNBC]] \\| date\\=August 19, 2021 \\|language\\=en}}",
"In December 2022, Johnson \\& Johnson acquired cardiovascular medical technology company [Abiomed Inc.](/wiki/Abiomed \"Abiomed\") for $16\\.6 billion.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.abiomed.com/about\\-us/news\\-and\\-media/press\\-releases/johnson\\-and\\-johnson\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-of\\-abiomed \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Completes Acquisition of Abiomed \\|website\\=Abiomed.com \\|date\\=December 22, 2022}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Whooley \\|first\\=Sean \\|date\\=December 22, 2022 \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson completes $16\\.6B Abiomed acquisition \\|url\\=https://www.massdevice.com/johnson\\-johnson\\-completes\\-16\\-6b\\-abiomed\\-acquisition/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2022 \\|website\\=MassDevice \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Johnson \\& Johnson began the separation of their consumer healthcare business sector in November 2021\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Stych \\|first\\=Anne \\|date\\=September 30, 2022 \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson unveils new name for planned consumer products spinoff \\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest\\-news/2022/09/johnson\\-johnson\\-unveils\\-rebrand\\-for\\-planned\\-cons.html?page\\=all \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-29 \\|website\\=www.bizjournals.com}} In the split, Johnson \\& Johnson will retain the Johnson \\& Johnson name for [prescription drugs](/wiki/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\") and [medical devices](/wiki/Medical_device \"Medical device\"), while the second company will sell consumer health products and take over the [Neutrogena](/wiki/Neutrogena \"Neutrogena\"), [Aveeno](/wiki/Aveeno \"Aveeno\"), [Tylenol](/wiki/Tylenol_%28brand%29 \"Tylenol (brand)\"), [Listerine](/wiki/Listerine \"Listerine\"), Johnson's, [Band\\-Aid](/wiki/Band-Aid \"Band-Aid\") and other brands.{{Cite web\\|lang\\=en\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnson\\-johnson\\-split\\-two\\-companies/\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson to split into two companies\\|website\\=CBS News\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-25\\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-30\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110642/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnson\\-johnson\\-split\\-two\\-companies/}} In September 2022, Johnson \\& Johnson chose [Kenvue](/wiki/Kenvue \"Kenvue\") as the new name for its Consumer Health business. Kenvue went public through an IPO in May 2023, with Johnson \\& Johnson maintaining a controlling stake of around 91 percent.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Constantino \\|first\\=Annika Kim \\|date\\=2023\\-05\\-04 \\|title\\=J\\&J's consumer\\-health spinoff Kenvue jumps 22% in public market debut \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/04/jj\\-kenvue\\-ipo\\-kvue\\-starts\\-trading\\-on\\-nyse.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-29 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNBC]] \\|language\\=en}} On July 24, 2023, Johnson \\& Johnson Launched an exchange offer to split\\-off Kenvue.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-24 \\|title\\=J\\&J starts share exchange offer for consumer health spin\\-off Kenvue \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare\\-pharmaceuticals/jj\\-begins\\-share\\-exchange\\-offer\\-consumer\\-health\\-spin\\-off\\-kenvue\\-2023\\-07\\-24/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-29}} Following the completion of the exchange offer, Johnson \\& Johnson will retain approximately 9\\.5% of the outstanding shares of Kenvue common stock.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Whooley \\|first\\=Sean \\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-23 \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson finalizes Kenvue spilt\\-off \\|url\\=https://www.massdevice.com/johnson\\-johnson\\-finalizes\\-kenvue\\-spilt\\-off/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-29 \\|website\\=MassDevice \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Johnson \\& Johnson holds a patent on the tuberculosis\\-treating drug [bedaquiline](/wiki/Bedaquiline \"Bedaquiline\"), with secondary patents in at least 25 out of 43 countries with a high burden of tuberculosis blocking affordable generic versions of the drug, preventing millions of people from accessing the life\\-saving treatment.{{Cite web \\|date\\=April 26, 2023 \\|title\\=MSF: J\\&J must stop blocking generic versions of lifesaving TB drug \\|url\\=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf\\-jj\\-must\\-stop\\-blocking\\-generic\\-versions\\-lifesaving\\-tb\\-drug \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=Doctors Without Borders – USA \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=((The Wire Staff)) \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-23 \\|title\\=J\\&J's Application to Extend Patent on Anti\\-Tuberculosis Drug Bedaquiline Rejected \\|url\\=https://thewire.in/health/johnson\\-and\\-johnson\\-patent\\-tuberculosis\\-drug\\-bedaquiline \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=The Wire}} Though the patent was set to expire in many countries in 2023, Johnson \\& Johnson applied to extend the patent. On July 13, 2023, [Stop TB Partnership](/wiki/Stop_TB_Partnership \"Stop TB Partnership\") announced that after negotiations with Johnson \\& Johnson, they had been granted licenses to produce generic versions of the drug.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Global Drug Facility Update on Access to Bedaquiline {{!}} Stop TB Partnership \\|url\\=https://www.stoptb.org/news/global\\-drug\\-facility\\-update\\-access\\-to\\-bedaquiline \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-10 \\|website\\=www.stoptb.org}}",
"In January 2024, Johnson \\& Johnson announced it was acquiring Ambrx Biopharma for $2 billion.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Constantino \\|first\\=Annika Kim \\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-08 \\|title\\=J\\&J to acquire cancer drug developer Ambrx Biopharma for $2 billion \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/08/jj\\-to\\-acquire\\-ambrx\\-biopharma\\-a\\-cancer\\-drug\\-developer.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-09 \\|website\\=CNBC \\|language\\=en}} In April 2024, Johnson \\& Johnson announced it was acquiring Shockwave Medical for $13\\.1 billion.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson boosts heart device business with $12\\.5 billion Shockwave Medical deal \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/05/johnson\\-johnson\\-to\\-buy\\-shockwave\\-medical\\-for\\-12point5\\-billion.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=CNBC \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson to Acquire Shockwave Medical \\|url\\=https://www.jnj.com/media\\-center/press\\-releases/johnson\\-johnson\\-to\\-acquire\\-shockwave\\-medical \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-10 \\|website\\=JNJ.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Loftus \\|first\\=Colin Kellaher and Peter \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson to Buy Shockwave Medical in $13\\.1 Billion Deal \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/health/pharma/johnson\\-johnson\\-to\\-buy\\-shockwave\\-medical\\-in\\-13\\-1\\-billion\\-deal\\-5c3a45ce \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-10 \\|work\\=WSJ \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In May, the business announced it would acquire Proteologix for $850 million.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-16 \\|title\\=J\\&J Buys Proteologix for $850M, Bispecific Antibodies for Atopic Dermatitis \\|url\\=https://www.biospace.com/j\\-and\\-j\\-buys\\-proteologix\\-for\\-850m\\-secures\\-bispecific\\-antibodies\\-targeting\\-atopic\\-dermatitis?s\\=79 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-16 \\|website\\=BioSpace \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### Coronavirus (COVID\\-19\\) response",
"Johnson \\& Johnson committed over $1 billion toward the development of a not\\-for\\-profit [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") vaccine in partnership with the [Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority](/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority \"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority\") (BARDA) Office of the [Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response](/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_for_Preparedness_and_Response \"Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response\") (ASPR) at the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\") (HHS).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://njbiz.com/jj\\-collaborates\\-accelerate\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-development/\\|title\\=J\\&J collaborates to accelerate COVID\\-19 vaccine development\\|last\\=Vecchione\\|first\\=Anthony\\|date\\=March 13, 2020\\|website\\=NJBIZ\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2020}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wspa.com/news/prisma\\-health\\-collaborates\\-with\\-ethicon\\-inc\\-to\\-make\\-distribute\\-vesper\\-ventilator\\-expansion\\-splitter\\-device/\\|title\\=Prisma Health collaborates with Ethicon Inc. to make, distribute VESper Ventilator Expansion Splitter Device\\|date\\=April 6, 2020\\|website\\=WSPA 7News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=January 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122191226/https://www.wspa.com/news/prisma\\-health\\-collaborates\\-with\\-ethicon\\-inc\\-to\\-make\\-distribute\\-vesper\\-ventilator\\-expansion\\-splitter\\-device/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Paul Stoffels of Johnson \\& Johnson said, \"In order to go fast, the people of Johnson \\& Johnson are committed to do this and all together we say we're going to do this not for profit. That's the fastest and the best way to find all the collaborations in the world to make this happen so we commit to bring this at a not\\-for\\-profit level.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus\\-johnson\\-johnson\\-vows\\-to\\-make\\-not\\-for\\-profit\\-vaccine\\-11966292\\|title\\=Coronavirus: Johnson \\& Johnson vows to make 'not\\-for\\-profit' vaccine\\|website\\=Sky News\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2020}}",
"[Janssen Vaccines](/wiki/Crucell \"Crucell\"), in partnership with [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center \"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center\") (BIDMC), is responsible for developing the vaccine candidate, based on the same technology used to make its [Ebola vaccine](/wiki/Ebola_vaccine \"Ebola vaccine\"). The vaccine candidate is expected to enter phase 1 human clinical study in September 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/jj\\-hopes\\-to\\-start\\-human\\-trials\\-for\\-coronavirus\\-vaccine\\-in\\-november.html\\|title\\=J\\&J hopes to start human trials for coronavirus vaccine in November \\|last\\=Stankiewicz \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=March 17, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNBC]] \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2020}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://njbiz.com/jj\\-collaborates\\-accelerate\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-development/\\|title\\=J\\&J collaborates to accelerate COVID\\-19 vaccine development \\|last\\=Vecchione \\|first\\=Anthony \\|date\\=March 13, 2020 \\|website\\=NJBIZ \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2020}}",
"Demand for the product [Tylenol](/wiki/Tylenol_%28brand%29 \"Tylenol (brand)\") surged two to four times normal levels in March 2020\\. In response, the company increased production globally. For example, the Tylenol plant in Puerto Rico ran 24 hours a day, seven days a week.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-johnson\\-johnson\\-idUSKBN2162FU\\|title\\=J\\&J's Tylenol production at maximum capacity as coronavirus boosts demand\\|date\\=March 19, 2020\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2020\\|language\\=en}}",
"In response to the shortage of ventilators, Ethicon, with [Prisma Health](/wiki/Prisma_Health \"Prisma Health\"), made and distributed the VESper Ventilator Expansion Splitter, which uses 3D printing technology, to allow one ventilator to support two patients.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.morningstar.com/news/dow\\-jones/202004068375/prisma\\-health\\-ethicon\\-to\\-build\\-ventilator\\-split\\-device\\-for\\-emergency\\-use\\|title\\=Prisma Health, Ethicon to Build Ventilator Split Device for Emergency Use\\|website\\=www.morningstar.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=January 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122175048/https://www.morningstar.com/news/dow\\-jones/202004068375/prisma\\-health\\-ethicon\\-to\\-build\\-ventilator\\-split\\-device\\-for\\-emergency\\-use\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Janssen COVID\\-19 vaccine",
"{{main\\|Janssen COVID\\-19 vaccine}}\nIn June 2020, Johnson \\& Johnson and the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") (NIAID) confirmed its intention to start a clinical trials of J\\&J's vaccine in September 2020, with the possibility of Phase 1/2a human clinical trials starting at an accelerated pace in the second half of July.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Coleman\\|first\\=Justine\\|date\\=June 10, 2020\\|title\\=Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/501999\\-final\\-testing\\-stage\\-for\\-coronavirus\\-vaccine\\-could\\-begin\\-in\\-july\\-report\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|title\\=Moderna, AstraZeneca and J\\&J coronavirus shots rev up for NIH tests beginning in July: WSJ\\|url\\=https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/nih\\-preps\\-late\\-stage\\-studies\\-moderna\\-az\\-and\\-j\\-j\\-coronavirus\\-vaccines\\-wsj\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2020\\|newspaper\\=Fierce Pharma\\|date\\=June 10, 2020 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson to start human testing of COVID\\-19 vaccine next week\\|url\\=https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/j\\-j\\-to\\-start\\-human\\-testing\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-next\\-week\\-exec\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2020\\|newspaper\\=Fierce Pharma\\|date\\=July 16, 2020 \\|language\\=en}}",
"On August 5, 2020, the [US government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States \"Federal government of the United States\") agreed to pay more than $1 billion to Johnson \\& Johnson (medical device company) for the production of 100 million doses of COVID\\-19 vaccine. As part of the agreed\\-upon deal, the U.S. can order up to 200 million additional doses of SARS\\-CoV\\-2 vaccine.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.voanews.com/covid\\-19\\-pandemic/us\\-pay\\-johnson\\-and\\-johnson\\-1\\-billion\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\|title\\=US to Pay Johnson and Johnson $1 Billion for COVID\\-19 Vaccine\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2020\\|website\\=Voice of America\\|date\\=August 5, 2020 }}",
"In September 2020, Johnson \\& Johnson started its 60,000\\-person phase 3 [adenovirus](/wiki/Adenoviridae \"Adenoviridae\")\\-based vaccine trial.{{Cite press release\\|last\\=Johnson\\|first\\=Johnson \\&\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Initiates Pivotal Global Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Janssen's COVID\\-19 Vaccine Candidate\\|url\\=https://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/johnson\\-\\-johnson\\-initiates\\-pivotal\\-global\\-phase\\-3\\-clinical\\-trial\\-of\\-janssens\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-candidate\\-301136522\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020\\|website\\=www.prnewswire.com\\|language\\=en}} The trial was paused on October 12, 2020, because a volunteer became ill,{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Hughes\\|first1\\=Virginia\\|last2\\=Thomas\\|first2\\=Katie\\|last3\\=Zimmer\\|first3\\=Carl\\|last4\\=Wu\\|first4\\=Katherine J.\\|date\\=October 12, 2020\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson halts coronavirus vaccine trial because of sick volunteer.\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/10/12/world/coronavirus\\-covid\\|access\\-date\\=October 12, 2020\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} but the company said it found no evidence that the vaccine had caused the illness and announced on October 23, 2020, that it would resume the trial.{{Cite web\\|date\\=October 23, 2020\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Prepares to Resume Phase 3 ENSEMBLE Trial of its Janssen COVID\\-19 Vaccine Candidate in the U.S.\\|url\\=https://www.jnj.com/our\\-company/johnson\\-johnson\\-prepares\\-to\\-resume\\-phase\\-3\\-ensemble\\-trial\\-of\\-its\\-janssen\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-candidate\\-in\\-the\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2020\\|website\\=Johnson \\& Johnson\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Edwards\\|first1\\=Erika\\|last2\\=Miller\\|first2\\=Sara G.\\|date\\=October 23, 2020\\|title\\=AstraZeneca, Johnson \\& Johnson resume late\\-stage Covid\\-19 vaccine trials\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health\\-news/astrazeneca\\-johnson\\-johnson\\-resume\\-late\\-stage\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-trials\\-n1244579\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|language\\=en}}",
"In April 2021, the company reported that its COVID\\-19 vaccine achieved $100 million sales in the first quarter, accounting for less than 1% of its total revenue.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Lovelace\\|first\\=Berkeley Jr.\\|date\\=April 20, 2021\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson reports $100 million in quarterly sales from Covid vaccine\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/20/johnson\\-johnson\\-jnj\\-earnings\\-q1\\-2021\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[CNBC]]\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Grant\\|first\\=Charley\\|date\\=April 20, 2021\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Shows Health Economy Is Nearing Full Strength\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/johnson\\-johnson\\-shows\\-health\\-economy\\-is\\-nearing\\-full\\-strength\\-11618931401\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2021\\|issn\\=0099\\-9660}}",
""
] |
### 1887–1942: Early history
The company sold medicated plasters such as Johnson \& Johnson's Black Perfect Taffeta Court Plaster{{Cite book\|title\=Pharmaceutische Rundschau\|publisher\=Fr. Hoffmann\|year\=1888\|volume\=6\|location\=Harvard University\|pages\=181}} and also manufactured the world's first sterile surgical products, including sutures, absorbent cotton, and gauze.{{Cite book\| vauthors \= McDonnell G \|title\=Block's Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation\|publisher\=Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins\|year\=2020\|isbn\=978\-1496381507}} The company published "Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment", a guide on how to do sterile surgery using its products, and in 1888, distributed 85,000 copies to doctors and pharmacists across the United States.{{Cite book\| vauthors \= Pickersgill HE \|title\=Frederick Barnett Kilmer in History of Middlesex County, New Jersey 1664\- 1920\|publisher\=Lewis Historical Publishing Company\|year\=1921\|location\=New York and Chicago}}{{Rp\|3–99}} The manual was translated into three languages and distributed worldwide. The first commercial [first aid kit](/wiki/First_aid_kit "First aid kit") was designed in 1888 to support railroad construction workers, who were often hundreds of miles from medical care. The kits included antiseptic emergency supplies and directions for field use. In 1901, the company published the *Handbook of First Aid*, a guide on applying first aid.
In 1889, the company hired pharmacist [Fred Kilmer](/wiki/Frederick_Barnett_Kilmer "Frederick Barnett Kilmer") as its first scientific director, who led its scientific research and wrote educational manuals. Kilmer's first achievement as scientific director was developing the industrial sterilization process. He was employed at the company until 1934\.
Johnson \& Johnson had more than 400 employees and 14 buildings by 1894\.{{Cite web\|title\=1893, 1907, 1929 and Today\|url\=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2009/02/1893\-1907\-1929\-and\-today\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=Kilmer House\|language\=en}} In 1894, the company began producing Johnson's Baby Powder, the company's first baby product.
The company introduced the world's first maternity kit in 1894 to aid at\-home births, called Dr. Simpson's Maternity Packet, presumably after Scottish [obstetrician](/wiki/Obstetrics "Obstetrics") [James Young Simpson](/wiki/James_Young_Simpson "James Young Simpson"). The kit included a washcloth; safety pins; sterile sutures, sponges, and gauze; antiseptic soap; an obstetric sheet and ligatures; flannel to wrap the baby in; and a chart for keeping birth records.{{Cite web \|last\=Jenkins \|first\=Elizabeth \|date\=May 11, 2017 \|title\=Oh, Baby! Why Johnson \& Johnson Created Dr. Simpson's Maternity Packets \|url\=https://www.jnj.com/our\-heritage/why\-johnson\-and\-johnson\-created\-dr\-simpsons\-maternity\-packets \|access\-date\=May 24, 2023 \|website\=Johnson \& Johnson}} The products were later marketed separately, including "Lister's Towels", the world's first mass\-produced sanitary napkins.{{Cite web\|title\=Lister's Towels, Johnson \& Johnson, ads at MUM\|url\=http://www.mum.org/listers.htm\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=www.mum.org}}{{Cite news\|date\=February 26, 2020\|title\=How did companies sell 'unmentionable' sanitary towels?\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\-51297025\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020}} Kilmer wrote "Hygiene in Maternity", an instructional guide for mothers before and after delivery.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=H8eEF8xhJNgC\|title\=Red Cross Notes\|date\=1898\|publisher\=Johnson \& Johnson.\|language\=en}} In 1904, the company expanded its baby care products with "Lister's Sanitary Diapers", a diaper product for infants.{{Cite web\|title\=Facts about disposable diapers as P\&G celebrates 50 years in Cape County\|url\=https://www.semissourian.com/story/2629488\.html\|access\-date\=October 28, 2020\|website\=Southeast Missourian}}
During the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War"), Johnson \& Johnson developed and donated 300,000 packaged compressed surgical dressings for soldiers in the field{{Rp\|78}} and created a trauma stretcher for field medics. The company donated its products in disaster relief efforts of the [1900 Galveston hurricane](/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane "1900 Galveston hurricane"){{Rp\|79}} and the [1906 San Francisco earthquake](/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake "1906 San Francisco earthquake").{{Rp\|81}}
Johnson \& Johnson vaccinated all of its employees against [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox "Smallpox") during the 1901 smallpox epidemic. The firm employed more than 1,200 people by 1910\.{{Cite news\|date\=March 28, 1911\|title\=Peril of City Factories\|work\=Daily Home News\|location\=New Brunswick, N.J.}} Women accounted for half of the company's workforce and led a quarter of its departments.
Robert Wood Johnson died in 1910, and he was succeeded as president of the company by his brother James Wood Johnson.{{Rp\|195}}
During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Johnson \& Johnson factories increased production to meet wartime demands for sterile surgical products.{{Cite web\|title\=World War I Centennial: How the Great War Changed Johnson \& Johnson\|url\=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2014/08/world\-war\-i\-centennial\-how\-the\-great\-war\-changed\-johnson\-johnson\|access\-date\=October 24, 2020\|website\=Kilmer House\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|title\=About Us\|url\=http://chicopee.com/en\-us/about\-us\|access\-date\=October 24, 2020\|website\=Chicopee Solutions\|language\=en\-us}} In 1916, the company acquired Chicopee Manufacturing Company in [Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts](/wiki/Chicopee_Falls%2C_Massachusetts "Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts"), to meet demand.{{Rp\|129}} Near the end of World War I, the [1918 flu pandemic](/wiki/Spanish_flu "Spanish flu") broke out. The company invented and distributed an epidemic mask that helped prevent the spread of the flu.{{Cite web\|title\=Epidemic Mask – Johnson \& Johnson Our Story\|url\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/epidemic\-mask\|access\-date\=October 24, 2020\|website\=ourstory.jnj.com\|archive\-date\=November 29, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164657/https://ourstory.jnj.com/epidemic\-mask\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|title\=History of Johnson \& Johnson – FundingUniverse\|url\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\-histories/johnson\-johnson\-history/\|access\-date\=October 24, 2020\|website\=www.fundinguniverse.com}}
In 1919, Johnson \& Johnson opened the Gilmour Plant near Montreal, its first factory outside the United States, which produced surgical products for international customers. In 1924 the company's first overseas manufacturing facility was opened in [Slough](/wiki/Slough%2C_England "Slough, England"), England.
In 1920, Earle Dickson combined two Johnson \& Johnson products, adhesive tape and gauze, to create the first commercial adhesive bandage. Band\-Aid Brand Adhesive Bandages began sales the following year. In 1921, the company released Johnson's Baby Soap.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wLU9AQAAMAAJ\|title\=Marketing Communications\|date\=1921\|language\=en}} Named after its Massachusetts facility, Johnson \& Johnson built a textile mill and company town, Chicopee, outside Gainesville, Georgia.{{Rp\|170}} In the 1930s, the company expanded operations to Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa.{{Cite web\| vauthors \= Sengupta N \|title\=Johnson \& Johnson: Caring for People, Worldwide\|url\=https://www.sdmimd.ac.in/SDMRCMS/cases/CIM2013/5\.pdf\|access\-date\=October 8, 2020\|website\=Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute for Management Development}} In 1931, Johnson \& Johnson introduced the first prescription contraceptive gel marketed as Ortho\-Gynol.{{Cite web\|title\=1936 Magazine Print Advertisement Ortho Gynol Feminine Jelly Johnson \& Johnson\|url\=http://www.advintageplus.com/1936\-magazine\-print\-advertisement\-ortho\-gynol\-feminine\-jelly\-johnson\-and\-johnson/\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=Advintage Plus\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=October 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045534/http://www.advintageplus.com/1936\-magazine\-print\-advertisement\-ortho\-gynol\-feminine\-jelly\-johnson\-and\-johnson/\|url\-status\=dead}}
[Robert Wood Johnson II](/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_II "Robert Wood Johnson II") became president of the company in 1932\.{{Rp\|195}}
During The Great Depression Johnson \& Johnson kept all its workers employed and raised wages by 5%.{{Rp\|191}} In 1933, Robert Wood Johnson II wrote a letter to [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"), calling for a federal law to increase wages and reduce hours for all American workers.{{Rp\|199}} The company also opened a new facility in Chicago during that period.{{Rp\|191}} Johnson wrote and distributed "Try Reality: A Discussion of Hours, Wages, and The Industrial Future" to persuade business leaders to follow his lead, advocating that business is more than profit and that companies have responsibilities to consumers, employees, and society. In "Try Reality", the section titled "An Industrial Philosophy" would later become the company's credo.{{Rp\|224}}
In 1935, Johnson's Baby Oil was added to its line of baby products.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=T1AEAAAAMBAJ\|title\=LIFE\|date\=August 9, 1943\|publisher\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|title\=Old School Products That Still Rock\|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/old\-school\-products\-that\-still\-rock\-88003401298\.html\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=www.yahoo.com\|date\=June 22, 2014 \|language\=en\-US}} Both male and female Johnson \& Johnson employees were drafted and enlisted during World War II.{{Cite web\|title\=First Peacetime Draft Enacted Just Before World War II\|url\=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/Story/Article/2140942/first\-peacetime\-draft\-enacted\-just\-before\-world\-war\-ii/\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=U.S. Department of Defense\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|date\=August 15, 2016\|title\=World War I Draft Registration Cards\|url\=https://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww1/draft\-registration\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=National Archives\|language\=en}} The company ensured no one would lose their job when they returned home. Robert Wood Johnson II was appointed head of the Smaller War Plants Corporation in Washington, D.C. His work ensured U.S. factories with under 500 employees were awarded government contracts.{{Cite web\|title\=Johnson \& Johnson Helped by the Healing Powers of Innovation, the Johnson Family Found a Health\-Care Empire Inside the Family Medicine Chest. That's Opened up Endless Opportunities. April 1, 2003\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb\_archive/2003/04/01/341012/index.htm\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|website\=money.cnn.com}}{{Cite news\|date\=January 31, 1968\|title\=Robert Wood Johnson, 74, Dies; Chairman of Johnson \& Johnson; Founder's Son Led Company until 1963 No. 2 Man on War Production Board (Published 1968\)\|language\=en\-US\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/31/archives/robert\-wood\-johnson\-74\-dies\-chairman\-of\-johnson\-johnson\-founders.html\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
|
[
"### 1887–1942: Early history",
"The company sold medicated plasters such as Johnson \\& Johnson's Black Perfect Taffeta Court Plaster{{Cite book\\|title\\=Pharmaceutische Rundschau\\|publisher\\=Fr. Hoffmann\\|year\\=1888\\|volume\\=6\\|location\\=Harvard University\\|pages\\=181}} and also manufactured the world's first sterile surgical products, including sutures, absorbent cotton, and gauze.{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= McDonnell G \\|title\\=Block's Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation\\|publisher\\=Lippincott Williams \\& Wilkins\\|year\\=2020\\|isbn\\=978\\-1496381507}} The company published \"Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment\", a guide on how to do sterile surgery using its products, and in 1888, distributed 85,000 copies to doctors and pharmacists across the United States.{{Cite book\\| vauthors \\= Pickersgill HE \\|title\\=Frederick Barnett Kilmer in History of Middlesex County, New Jersey 1664\\- 1920\\|publisher\\=Lewis Historical Publishing Company\\|year\\=1921\\|location\\=New York and Chicago}}{{Rp\\|3–99}} The manual was translated into three languages and distributed worldwide. The first commercial [first aid kit](/wiki/First_aid_kit \"First aid kit\") was designed in 1888 to support railroad construction workers, who were often hundreds of miles from medical care. The kits included antiseptic emergency supplies and directions for field use. In 1901, the company published the *Handbook of First Aid*, a guide on applying first aid.",
"In 1889, the company hired pharmacist [Fred Kilmer](/wiki/Frederick_Barnett_Kilmer \"Frederick Barnett Kilmer\") as its first scientific director, who led its scientific research and wrote educational manuals. Kilmer's first achievement as scientific director was developing the industrial sterilization process. He was employed at the company until 1934\\.",
"Johnson \\& Johnson had more than 400 employees and 14 buildings by 1894\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=1893, 1907, 1929 and Today\\|url\\=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2009/02/1893\\-1907\\-1929\\-and\\-today\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=Kilmer House\\|language\\=en}} In 1894, the company began producing Johnson's Baby Powder, the company's first baby product.",
"The company introduced the world's first maternity kit in 1894 to aid at\\-home births, called Dr. Simpson's Maternity Packet, presumably after Scottish [obstetrician](/wiki/Obstetrics \"Obstetrics\") [James Young Simpson](/wiki/James_Young_Simpson \"James Young Simpson\"). The kit included a washcloth; safety pins; sterile sutures, sponges, and gauze; antiseptic soap; an obstetric sheet and ligatures; flannel to wrap the baby in; and a chart for keeping birth records.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Jenkins \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|date\\=May 11, 2017 \\|title\\=Oh, Baby! Why Johnson \\& Johnson Created Dr. Simpson's Maternity Packets \\|url\\=https://www.jnj.com/our\\-heritage/why\\-johnson\\-and\\-johnson\\-created\\-dr\\-simpsons\\-maternity\\-packets \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2023 \\|website\\=Johnson \\& Johnson}} The products were later marketed separately, including \"Lister's Towels\", the world's first mass\\-produced sanitary napkins.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Lister's Towels, Johnson \\& Johnson, ads at MUM\\|url\\=http://www.mum.org/listers.htm\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=www.mum.org}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=February 26, 2020\\|title\\=How did companies sell 'unmentionable' sanitary towels?\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\\-51297025\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020}} Kilmer wrote \"Hygiene in Maternity\", an instructional guide for mothers before and after delivery.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=H8eEF8xhJNgC\\|title\\=Red Cross Notes\\|date\\=1898\\|publisher\\=Johnson \\& Johnson.\\|language\\=en}} In 1904, the company expanded its baby care products with \"Lister's Sanitary Diapers\", a diaper product for infants.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Facts about disposable diapers as P\\&G celebrates 50 years in Cape County\\|url\\=https://www.semissourian.com/story/2629488\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2020\\|website\\=Southeast Missourian}}",
"During the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\"), Johnson \\& Johnson developed and donated 300,000 packaged compressed surgical dressings for soldiers in the field{{Rp\\|78}} and created a trauma stretcher for field medics. The company donated its products in disaster relief efforts of the [1900 Galveston hurricane](/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane \"1900 Galveston hurricane\"){{Rp\\|79}} and the [1906 San Francisco earthquake](/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake \"1906 San Francisco earthquake\").{{Rp\\|81}}",
"Johnson \\& Johnson vaccinated all of its employees against [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox \"Smallpox\") during the 1901 smallpox epidemic. The firm employed more than 1,200 people by 1910\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=March 28, 1911\\|title\\=Peril of City Factories\\|work\\=Daily Home News\\|location\\=New Brunswick, N.J.}} Women accounted for half of the company's workforce and led a quarter of its departments.",
"Robert Wood Johnson died in 1910, and he was succeeded as president of the company by his brother James Wood Johnson.{{Rp\\|195}}",
"During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Johnson \\& Johnson factories increased production to meet wartime demands for sterile surgical products.{{Cite web\\|title\\=World War I Centennial: How the Great War Changed Johnson \\& Johnson\\|url\\=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2014/08/world\\-war\\-i\\-centennial\\-how\\-the\\-great\\-war\\-changed\\-johnson\\-johnson\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|website\\=Kilmer House\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=About Us\\|url\\=http://chicopee.com/en\\-us/about\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|website\\=Chicopee Solutions\\|language\\=en\\-us}} In 1916, the company acquired Chicopee Manufacturing Company in [Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts](/wiki/Chicopee_Falls%2C_Massachusetts \"Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts\"), to meet demand.{{Rp\\|129}} Near the end of World War I, the [1918 flu pandemic](/wiki/Spanish_flu \"Spanish flu\") broke out. The company invented and distributed an epidemic mask that helped prevent the spread of the flu.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Epidemic Mask – Johnson \\& Johnson Our Story\\|url\\=https://ourstory.jnj.com/epidemic\\-mask\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|website\\=ourstory.jnj.com\\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164657/https://ourstory.jnj.com/epidemic\\-mask\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=History of Johnson \\& Johnson – FundingUniverse\\|url\\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\\-histories/johnson\\-johnson\\-history/\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|website\\=www.fundinguniverse.com}}",
"In 1919, Johnson \\& Johnson opened the Gilmour Plant near Montreal, its first factory outside the United States, which produced surgical products for international customers. In 1924 the company's first overseas manufacturing facility was opened in [Slough](/wiki/Slough%2C_England \"Slough, England\"), England.",
"In 1920, Earle Dickson combined two Johnson \\& Johnson products, adhesive tape and gauze, to create the first commercial adhesive bandage. Band\\-Aid Brand Adhesive Bandages began sales the following year. In 1921, the company released Johnson's Baby Soap.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wLU9AQAAMAAJ\\|title\\=Marketing Communications\\|date\\=1921\\|language\\=en}} Named after its Massachusetts facility, Johnson \\& Johnson built a textile mill and company town, Chicopee, outside Gainesville, Georgia.{{Rp\\|170}} In the 1930s, the company expanded operations to Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa.{{Cite web\\| vauthors \\= Sengupta N \\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson: Caring for People, Worldwide\\|url\\=https://www.sdmimd.ac.in/SDMRCMS/cases/CIM2013/5\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2020\\|website\\=Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute for Management Development}} In 1931, Johnson \\& Johnson introduced the first prescription contraceptive gel marketed as Ortho\\-Gynol.{{Cite web\\|title\\=1936 Magazine Print Advertisement Ortho Gynol Feminine Jelly Johnson \\& Johnson\\|url\\=http://www.advintageplus.com/1936\\-magazine\\-print\\-advertisement\\-ortho\\-gynol\\-feminine\\-jelly\\-johnson\\-and\\-johnson/\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=Advintage Plus\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045534/http://www.advintageplus.com/1936\\-magazine\\-print\\-advertisement\\-ortho\\-gynol\\-feminine\\-jelly\\-johnson\\-and\\-johnson/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"[Robert Wood Johnson II](/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_II \"Robert Wood Johnson II\") became president of the company in 1932\\.{{Rp\\|195}}",
"During The Great Depression Johnson \\& Johnson kept all its workers employed and raised wages by 5%.{{Rp\\|191}} In 1933, Robert Wood Johnson II wrote a letter to [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\"), calling for a federal law to increase wages and reduce hours for all American workers.{{Rp\\|199}} The company also opened a new facility in Chicago during that period.{{Rp\\|191}} Johnson wrote and distributed \"Try Reality: A Discussion of Hours, Wages, and The Industrial Future\" to persuade business leaders to follow his lead, advocating that business is more than profit and that companies have responsibilities to consumers, employees, and society. In \"Try Reality\", the section titled \"An Industrial Philosophy\" would later become the company's credo.{{Rp\\|224}}",
"In 1935, Johnson's Baby Oil was added to its line of baby products.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=T1AEAAAAMBAJ\\|title\\=LIFE\\|date\\=August 9, 1943\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Old School Products That Still Rock\\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/old\\-school\\-products\\-that\\-still\\-rock\\-88003401298\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=www.yahoo.com\\|date\\=June 22, 2014 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Both male and female Johnson \\& Johnson employees were drafted and enlisted during World War II.{{Cite web\\|title\\=First Peacetime Draft Enacted Just Before World War II\\|url\\=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/Story/Article/2140942/first\\-peacetime\\-draft\\-enacted\\-just\\-before\\-world\\-war\\-ii/\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=U.S. Department of Defense\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=August 15, 2016\\|title\\=World War I Draft Registration Cards\\|url\\=https://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww1/draft\\-registration\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=National Archives\\|language\\=en}} The company ensured no one would lose their job when they returned home. Robert Wood Johnson II was appointed head of the Smaller War Plants Corporation in Washington, D.C. His work ensured U.S. factories with under 500 employees were awarded government contracts.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Johnson \\& Johnson Helped by the Healing Powers of Innovation, the Johnson Family Found a Health\\-Care Empire Inside the Family Medicine Chest. That's Opened up Endless Opportunities. April 1, 2003\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb\\_archive/2003/04/01/341012/index.htm\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|website\\=money.cnn.com}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=January 31, 1968\\|title\\=Robert Wood Johnson, 74, Dies; Chairman of Johnson \\& Johnson; Founder's Son Led Company until 1963 No. 2 Man on War Production Board (Published 1968\\)\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/31/archives/robert\\-wood\\-johnson\\-74\\-dies\\-chairman\\-of\\-johnson\\-johnson\\-founders.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
""
] |
Life
----
Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando was a son of Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres y Mogollón, who granted a [will](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 "Will (law)") at [Cáceres](/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres%2C_Spain "Cáceres, Spain") in 1443, and wife Leonor Alfón de Ovando, daughter of [Fernando Alfón de Ovando](/wiki/Fernando_Alf%C3%B3n_de_Ovando "Fernando Alfón de Ovando") and wife Teresa Alfón (seventh grandparents in male line of the conqueror of the [castle](/wiki/Castle "Castle") of Brindis, [Italian](/wiki/Italy "Italy") [city](/wiki/City "City") and [sea port](/wiki/Sea_port "Sea port") in the [Adriatic](/wiki/Adriatic "Adriatic"), formerly called *Brundisium* and currently [Brindisi](/wiki/Brindisi "Brindisi"), [Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi](/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ovando%2C_1st_Marquis_of_Brindisi "Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi"), and his brother Alonso Pablo de Ovando y Solís Rol de La Cerda, 2nd Marqués de Brindis), and paternal grandson of [Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres](/wiki/Fern%C3%A1n_Bl%C3%A1zquez_de_C%C3%A1ceres "Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres") and wife Juana González.
He was the 1st Lord of the [Manor House](/wiki/Manor_House "Manor House") del Alcázar Viejo, which place was granted *de jure* by [Henry IV of Castile](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile "Henry IV of Castile") by Royal Cedule of July 16, 1473, *famous Captain* of the aforementioned King and of the [Catholic Monarchs](/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs "Catholic Monarchs") since 1475, *Alcalde* of [Benquerencia](/wiki/Benquerencia "Benquerencia") and [Monleón](/wiki/Monle%C3%B3n "Monleón"), where he passed on in 1487, having tested on February 2\.
He was firstly married to Isabel Flores de las Varillas, [Dame](/wiki/Dame_%28title%29 "Dame (title)") of Queen [Isabel I of Castile](/wiki/Isabel_I_of_Castile "Isabel I of Castile"), daughter of Rodrigo Flores de las Varillas, a distant relative of [Hernán Cortés](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s "Hernán Cortés"), and wife María Estebán Tejado de Paredes.
He grew up and learned the [military art](/wiki/Military_science "Military science") at the house of the Infant Lord King [John II of Navarre](/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon "John II of Aragon")[Jerónimo de Zurita y Castro](/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Zurita_y_Castro "Jerónimo de Zurita y Castro"), *[Anales de la Corona de Aragón](/wiki/Anales_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n "Anales de la Corona de Aragón")* and his services are historical.
They had at least two sons, first born [Diego de Cáceres y Ovando](/wiki/Diego_de_C%C3%A1ceres_y_Ovando "Diego de Cáceres y Ovando") and [Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres "Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres").
He was the ascendant of the Marqueses de [Leganés](/wiki/Legan%C3%A9s "Leganés") (Mesía, on June 22, 1627, [Grandees](/wiki/Grandee "Grandee") of [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") in 1640\), [Loriana](/wiki/Loriana "Loriana") (Velázquez\-Dávila, December 19, 1591\) and [La Puebla de Ovanda](/wiki/La_Puebla_de_Ovanda "La Puebla de Ovanda") (Velázquez\-Dávila, March 10, 1627\), Vizcondes de [Penapardo](/wiki/Penapardo "Penapardo"), Condes de [La Gomera](/wiki/La_Gomera "La Gomera") with a [Coat of Arms](/wiki/Coat_of_Arms "Coat of Arms") of de Herrera (de Herrera, 1487, also Señores de las [Islas Canarias](/wiki/Canary_Islands "Canary Islands")), de [Oliva de Gaytan](/wiki/Oliva_de_Gaytan "Oliva de Gaytan") with a [Coat of Arms](/wiki/Coat_of_Arms "Coat of Arms") of de Galarza (de Galarza, May 18, 1649\), [Fuenterubia](/wiki/Fuenterubia "Fuenterubia"), etc.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando was a son of Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres y Mogollón, who granted a [will](/wiki/Will_%28law%29 \"Will (law)\") at [Cáceres](/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres%2C_Spain \"Cáceres, Spain\") in 1443, and wife Leonor Alfón de Ovando, daughter of [Fernando Alfón de Ovando](/wiki/Fernando_Alf%C3%B3n_de_Ovando \"Fernando Alfón de Ovando\") and wife Teresa Alfón (seventh grandparents in male line of the conqueror of the [castle](/wiki/Castle \"Castle\") of Brindis, [Italian](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") [city](/wiki/City \"City\") and [sea port](/wiki/Sea_port \"Sea port\") in the [Adriatic](/wiki/Adriatic \"Adriatic\"), formerly called *Brundisium* and currently [Brindisi](/wiki/Brindisi \"Brindisi\"), [Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi](/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ovando%2C_1st_Marquis_of_Brindisi \"Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi\"), and his brother Alonso Pablo de Ovando y Solís Rol de La Cerda, 2nd Marqués de Brindis), and paternal grandson of [Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres](/wiki/Fern%C3%A1n_Bl%C3%A1zquez_de_C%C3%A1ceres \"Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres\") and wife Juana González.",
"He was the 1st Lord of the [Manor House](/wiki/Manor_House \"Manor House\") del Alcázar Viejo, which place was granted *de jure* by [Henry IV of Castile](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile \"Henry IV of Castile\") by Royal Cedule of July 16, 1473, *famous Captain* of the aforementioned King and of the [Catholic Monarchs](/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs \"Catholic Monarchs\") since 1475, *Alcalde* of [Benquerencia](/wiki/Benquerencia \"Benquerencia\") and [Monleón](/wiki/Monle%C3%B3n \"Monleón\"), where he passed on in 1487, having tested on February 2\\.",
"He was firstly married to Isabel Flores de las Varillas, [Dame](/wiki/Dame_%28title%29 \"Dame (title)\") of Queen [Isabel I of Castile](/wiki/Isabel_I_of_Castile \"Isabel I of Castile\"), daughter of Rodrigo Flores de las Varillas, a distant relative of [Hernán Cortés](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s \"Hernán Cortés\"), and wife María Estebán Tejado de Paredes.",
"He grew up and learned the [military art](/wiki/Military_science \"Military science\") at the house of the Infant Lord King [John II of Navarre](/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon \"John II of Aragon\")[Jerónimo de Zurita y Castro](/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Zurita_y_Castro \"Jerónimo de Zurita y Castro\"), *[Anales de la Corona de Aragón](/wiki/Anales_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n \"Anales de la Corona de Aragón\")* and his services are historical.",
"They had at least two sons, first born [Diego de Cáceres y Ovando](/wiki/Diego_de_C%C3%A1ceres_y_Ovando \"Diego de Cáceres y Ovando\") and [Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres \"Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres\").",
"He was the ascendant of the Marqueses de [Leganés](/wiki/Legan%C3%A9s \"Leganés\") (Mesía, on June 22, 1627, [Grandees](/wiki/Grandee \"Grandee\") of [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") in 1640\\), [Loriana](/wiki/Loriana \"Loriana\") (Velázquez\\-Dávila, December 19, 1591\\) and [La Puebla de Ovanda](/wiki/La_Puebla_de_Ovanda \"La Puebla de Ovanda\") (Velázquez\\-Dávila, March 10, 1627\\), Vizcondes de [Penapardo](/wiki/Penapardo \"Penapardo\"), Condes de [La Gomera](/wiki/La_Gomera \"La Gomera\") with a [Coat of Arms](/wiki/Coat_of_Arms \"Coat of Arms\") of de Herrera (de Herrera, 1487, also Señores de las [Islas Canarias](/wiki/Canary_Islands \"Canary Islands\")), de [Oliva de Gaytan](/wiki/Oliva_de_Gaytan \"Oliva de Gaytan\") with a [Coat of Arms](/wiki/Coat_of_Arms \"Coat of Arms\") of de Galarza (de Galarza, May 18, 1649\\), [Fuenterubia](/wiki/Fuenterubia \"Fuenterubia\"), etc.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{see also\|History of the MBTA}}
[thumb\|left\|The new Cambridge (now [Longfellow](/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge "Longfellow Bridge")) Bridge pre\-1912, viewed from the Boston end, with an unfinished heavy rail right\-of\-way down its center. Tracks visible at the sides are for streetcars.](/wiki/File:Cambridge_Bridge_postcard.jpg "Cambridge Bridge postcard.jpg")
### Cambridge tunnel
The Red Line was the last of the four original Boston subway lines (the others being the [Green](/wiki/Green_Line_%28MBTA%29 "Green Line (MBTA)"), [Orange](/wiki/Orange_Line_%28MBTA%29 "Orange Line (MBTA)"), and [Blue](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28MBTA%29 "Blue Line (MBTA)") Lines, opened in 1897, 1901, and 1904, respectively) to come into being.
Construction of the **Cambridge tunnel**, connecting [Harvard Square](/wiki/Harvard_Square "Harvard Square") to Boston, was delayed by a dispute over the number of intermediate stations to be built along the new line. Cambridge residents, led by Mayor Wardwell, wanted at least five stations built along the line, while suburbanites interested in faster through travel argued for only a single intermediate station, at Central Square. The contending groups finally compromised on two intermediate stations, at Central and Kendall Squares, allowing construction to start in 1909\.{{explain\|date\=May 2016}}{{cite book\|last1\=Cudahy\|first1\=Brian J.\|title\=Change at Park Street Under: The Story of Boston's Subways\|date\=1972\|publisher\=Stephen Greene Press\|location\=Brattleboro, Vermont, US\|isbn\=0\-8289\-0173\-2\|url\=https://archive.org/details/changeatparkstre00cuda}}{{rp\|41}}
The section from [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_%28MBTA_station%29 "Harvard (MBTA station)") (and new maintenance facilities at [Eliot Yard](/wiki/Eliot_Yard "Eliot Yard")) to [Park Street](/wiki/Park_Street_station_%28MBTA%29 "Park Street station (MBTA)") was opened by the [Boston Elevated Railway](/wiki/Boston_Elevated_Railway "Boston Elevated Railway") (BERy) on March 23, 1912\. At Harvard, a [prepayment station](/wiki/Prepayment_station "Prepayment station") provided easy transfer to streetcars routed through what is now the [Harvard bus tunnel](/wiki/Harvard_bus_tunnel "Harvard bus tunnel"). From Harvard, the Cambridge tunnel traveled beneath [Massachusetts Avenue](/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_%28metropolitan_Boston%29 "Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)") to [Central Square station](/wiki/Central_%28MBTA_station%29 "Central (MBTA station)"). It then continued under Mass. Ave until [Main Street](/wiki/Main_Street_%28Cambridge%29 "Main Street (Cambridge)"), which it followed to reach [Kendall](/wiki/Kendall/MIT_%28MBTA_station%29 "Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)") station. The underground line then rose onto the [Longfellow Bridge](/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge "Longfellow Bridge"), using a central right\-of\-way which had been reserved during the bridge's 1900–1906 construction. On the Boston side, the line briefly became an [elevated railway](/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit"), as vehicle lanes descended beneath it to [Charles Circle](/wiki/Charles_Circle_%28Boston%29 "Charles Circle (Boston)"); the tracks then immediately entered a tunnel beneath [Beacon Hill](/wiki/Beacon_Hill%2C_Boston "Beacon Hill, Boston"), leading to new lower\-level platforms at Park Street Under. Charles Station (now [Charles/MGH](/wiki/Charles/MGH_%28MBTA_station%29 "Charles/MGH (MBTA station)")) was added above the traffic circle in 1932\.
### Dorchester Tunnel and extension
[thumb\|left\|Columbia station (later JFK/UMass) on the Dorchester extension under construction in 1927](/wiki/File:Southerly_view_of_easterly_side_of_Columbia_Station%2C_August_1927.jpg "Southerly view of easterly side of Columbia Station, August 1927.jpg")
The **Dorchester Tunnel** to [Washington Street](/wiki/Downtown_Crossing_%28MBTA_station%29 "Downtown Crossing (MBTA station)") and South Station Under opened on April 4, 1915 and December 3, 1916, with transfers to the [Washington Street Tunnel](/wiki/Washington_Street_Tunnel_%28Boston%29 "Washington Street Tunnel (Boston)") and [Atlantic Avenue Elevated](/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_Elevated "Atlantic Avenue Elevated"), respectively. Further extensions opened to [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_%28MBTA_station%29 "Broadway (MBTA station)") on December 15, 1917 and [Andrew](/wiki/Andrew_%28MBTA_station%29 "Andrew (MBTA station)") on June 29, 1918, both [prepayment stations](/wiki/Prepayment_station "Prepayment station") for streetcar transfer. The Broadway station included [an upper level with its own tunnel for streetcars](/wiki/Broadway_%28MBTA_station%29%23Streetcar_tunnel "Broadway (MBTA station)#Streetcar tunnel"), which was soon abandoned in 1919 due to most lines being truncated to Andrew. The upper level at Broadway was later incorporated into the [mezzanine](/wiki/Mezzanine_%28architecture%29 "Mezzanine (architecture)").
Next came the **Dorchester extension** (now the **Ashmont branch**), following a [rail right\-of\-way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28railroad%29 "Right-of-way (railroad)") created in 1870 by the **Shawmut Branch Railroad**. In 1872, the right\-of\-way was acquired by the [Old Colony Railroad](/wiki/Old_Colony_Railroad "Old Colony Railroad") to connect their main line at [Harrison Square](/wiki/Harrison_Square_%28Boston%29 "Harrison Square (Boston)") with the [Dorchester and Milton Branch Railroad](/wiki/Dorchester_and_Milton_Branch_Railroad "Dorchester and Milton Branch Railroad"), running from the Old Colony at [Neponset](/wiki/Neponset%2C_Boston "Neponset, Boston"), west to what is now [Mattapan station](/wiki/Mattapan_%28MBTA_station%29 "Mattapan (MBTA station)"). The [New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad](/wiki/New_York%2C_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad "New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad") succeeded the Old Colony in operating the branch, but passenger service ceased on September 4, 1926, in anticipation of the construction of the BERy's Dorchester extension.[End of service on Old Colony's Shawmut Branch](http://world.nycsubway.org/us/boston/red.html)
The BERy opened the first phase of the Dorchester extension, to [Fields Corner station](/wiki/Fields_Corner_%28MBTA_station%29 "Fields Corner (MBTA station)"), on November 5, 1927, south from [Andrew](/wiki/Andrew_%28MBTA_station%29 "Andrew (MBTA station)"), then southeast to the surface and along the west side of the Old Colony mainline in a depressed right\-of\-way. [Columbia](/wiki/JFK/UMass_%28MBTA_station%29 "JFK/UMass (MBTA station)") and [Savin Hill](/wiki/Savin_Hill_%28MBTA_station%29 "Savin Hill (MBTA station)") stations were built on the surface at the sites of former Old Colony stations. The remainder of the extension opened to [Ashmont](/wiki/Ashmont_%28MBTA_station%29 "Ashmont (MBTA station)") and [Codman Yard](/wiki/Codman_Yard "Codman Yard") on September 1, 1928, and included [Shawmut station](/wiki/Shawmut_%28MBTA_station%29 "Shawmut (MBTA station)"), where there had been a surface Old Colony station, but where the new rapid transit station was placed underground. The first phase of the [Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line](/wiki/Ashmont%E2%80%93Mattapan_High_Speed_Line "Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line") opened on August 26, 1929, using the rest of the Shawmut Branch right\-of\-way, including [Cedar Grove station](/wiki/Cedar_Grove_%28MBTA_station%29 "Cedar Grove (MBTA station)"), and part of the old [Dorchester and Milton Branch](/wiki/Dorchester_and_Milton_Branch "Dorchester and Milton Branch").
On January 13, 1961, the MTA began operating "[modified express service](/wiki/Skip-stop "Skip-stop")" on the line during the morning rush hour, following the introduction of similar service on the Forest Hills–Everett line the month before. Every other train bypassed Shawmut, Savin Hill, Columbia, and Charles stations.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-boston\-globe/137738689/ \|title\=MTA Boosts Service For New Year's Eve \|newspaper\=The Boston Globe \|date\=December 29, 1960 \|page\=8 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} This was discontinued in September 1961 to reduce wait times at the skipped stations, most of which were outdoors.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-boston\-globe/137738740/ \|title\=M.T.A. Dropping Morning Express \|newspaper\=The Boston Globe \|date\=September 27, 1961 \|page\=10 \|via\=Newspapers.com}}
Charles was renamed Charles/MGH in December 1973, and Kendall was renamed Kendall/MIT on August 7, 1978\. In January 1981, the MBTA proposed to close the Ashmont branch on Sundays – and the Mattapan Line at all times – beginning that March due to severe budget issues.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38328446/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=Public Hearing Notice \|date\=January 28, 1981 \|author\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|page\=65 \|via\=Newspapers.com}}{{open access}} The closure was cancelled, though the lines were closed from June 20, 1981, to January 16, 1982, for track replacement and tunnel repairs.
### MBTA era and branding
[thumb\|right\|The station entrance in Harvard Square](/wiki/File:Tichnor_Brothers_Harvard_Square_postcard%2C_circa_1930s.jpg "Tichnor Brothers Harvard Square postcard, circa 1930s.jpg")
The line was sometimes referred to as the **Cambridge–Dorchester line**{{cite journal \|title\=Developed at Boston \|journal\=Transit Journal \|date\=December 1932 \|volume\=76 \|issue\=12 \|page\=512 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=620TAAAAIAAJ\&q\=%22Cambridge%E2%80%93Dorchester\+line%22}} and the **Cambridge–Dorchester subway**.{{cite book \|author1\=Horace Nathaniel Gilbert \|author2\=Charles Insco Gragg \|title\=An Introduction to Business: A Case Book \|date\=1929 \|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill \|page\=313}} It was marked on maps as "Route 1".{{cite map \|title\=System Route Map \|date\=1966 \|title\-link\=:commons:File:1966 MBTA system map.png \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|first\=Richard F. \|last\=Lufkin \|via\=Wikimedia Commons}} After taking over operations in August 1964, the MBTA began rebranding many elements of Boston's public transportation network. Colors were assigned to the rail lines on August 26, 1965 as part of a wider modernization developed by [Cambridge Seven Associates](/wiki/Cambridge_Seven_Associates "Cambridge Seven Associates"), with the Cambridge–Dorchester line becoming the **Red Line**.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56546635/the\-boston\-globe/ \|title\=...Meanwhile, Back on the Circle\-T \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|first\=Robert B. \|last\=Hanron \|date\=August 26, 1965 \|page\=10 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} [Peter Chermayeff](/wiki/Peter_Chermayeff "Peter Chermayeff") claims to have assigned red to the line because of Harvard's association with [crimson](/wiki/Crimson "Crimson").{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.citylab.com/design/2018/09/how\-boston\-got\-its\-t/570004/ \|title\=How Boston Got Its 'T' \|magazine\=\[\[CityLab (web magazine)\|CityLab]] \|quote\=I remember sitting in my Cambridge office preparing for a meeting with the MBTA in which I would be proposing colored lines. I had markers in front of me and I chose red for the line that went to Harvard since it’s a well\-known institution whose main color is crimson. \|date\=September 17, 2018 \|first\=Mark \|last\=Byrnes}}
### South Shore line
On July 28, 1965, the MBTA signed an agreement with the [New Haven Railroad](/wiki/New_Haven_Railroad "New Haven Railroad") to purchase {{convert\|11\|miles}} of the former Old Colony mainline from [Fort Point Channel](/wiki/Fort_Point_Channel "Fort Point Channel") to South Braintree in order to construct a new rapid transit line along the corridor. The line was expected to be completed within two years. The agreement also provided for the MBTA to subsidize commuter service on the railroad's remaining commuter rail lines for $1\.2 million annually.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38297699/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=MBTA Buys Old Colony Line For a South Shore Express \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=July 29, 1965 \|first\=Robert \|last\=Carr \|via\=Newspapers.com}} Original plans called for the South Shore line to be largely independent of the existing Red Line, with either a northern terminus at the surface level at South Station or a tunnel leading to a stub\-end terminal between [Post Office Square](/wiki/Post_Office_Square_%28Boston%29 "Post Office Square (Boston)") and State Street.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38297773/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=MBTA Plans Downtown Tunnel \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|page\=4 \|date\=November 20, 1965 \|via\=Newspapers.com}}{{open access}} However, it was later decided to have the line be a new southern branch of the Red Line.
The first section of the South Shore line, under construction since 1966, opened on September 1, 1971, branching from the original Red Line at a [flying junction](/wiki/Flying_junction "Flying junction") north of Columbia (now [JFK/UMass](/wiki/JFK/UMass_%28MBTA_station%29 "JFK/UMass (MBTA station)")). It ran along the west side of the Old Colony rail right\-of\-way (which has since been reduced to one track), crossing to the east side north of Savin Hill. The northernmost station was [North Quincy](/wiki/North_Quincy_%28MBTA_station%29 "North Quincy (MBTA station)"), with others at [Wollaston](/wiki/Wollaston_%28MBTA_station%29 "Wollaston (MBTA station)") and [Quincy Center](/wiki/Quincy_Center_%28MBTA_station%29 "Quincy Center (MBTA station)"). Service began alternating between Ashmont and Quincy. Ashmont service operated with 1400\-series cars, while the Quincy branch only had 1500\- and 1600\-series cars because they had cab signaling.
In December 1969, the MBTA purchased [Penn Central](/wiki/Penn_Central "Penn Central")'s Dover Street Yards for $7 million.{{cite book \|url\=http://web.mit.edu/cron/project/uncertainty/Dowd\_Data/Baum\_Snow/boston\-history.txt \|title\=A Chronicle of the Boston Transit System \|year\=1992 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|via\=MIT \|last\=Sanborn \|first\=George M. \|access\-date\=2016\-01\-19 \|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416214442/http://web.mit.edu/cron/project/uncertainty/Dowd\_Data/Baum\_Snow/boston\-history.txt \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite magazine \|magazine\=Rollsign \|title\=MBTA South Bay Maintenance Center Contract \|volume\=9 \|issue\=8/9 \|date\=August–September 1972 \|publisher\=Boston Street Railway Association}} Via [Tremont Street Subway NHL documentation](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/63793905). The site was used for the South Bay Maintenance Center (later Cabot Yard), which included Red Line shops (to replace Eliot Yard) and an adjacent bus garage. A $7\.8 million construction contract was awarded in 1972, with groundbreaking on September 16\. The facility was dedicated on June 24, 1974; on December 28, Bartlett Street garage in Roxbury was closed.
Three southbound trains collided inside the Beacon Hill tunnel on August 1, 1975, injuring 132 passengers.{{cite book \|last\=Clarke \|first\=Bradley H. \|title\=The Boston Rapid Transit Album \|publisher\=Boston Street Railway Association \|year\=1981 \|location\=Cambridge, Mass. \|page\=16}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43833787/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=132 hurt in rush\-hour crash of 3 MBTA trains \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=August 2, 1975 \|page\=1 \|first1\=Charles E. \|last1\=Claffey \|first2\=David \|last2\=Richwine \|via\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
#### Braintree extension
[thumb\|left\|Quincy Adams (pictured) and Braintree stations include massive parking garages to accommodate suburban commuters.](/wiki/File:Quincy_Adams_garage_facing_northeast%2C_January_2016.JPG "Quincy Adams garage facing northeast, January 2016.JPG")
Beyond Quincy Center, the **Braintree extension** runs southward to [Braintree](/wiki/Braintree_%28MBTA_station%29 "Braintree (MBTA station)"), opened on March 22, 1980, via an intermediate stop at [Quincy Adams](/wiki/Quincy_Adams_%28MBTA_station%29 "Quincy Adams (MBTA station)") which opened on September 10, 1983 due to delays. The extension was part of the massive 1965 extension plan, although it was delayed due to questions over station siting in Braintree.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38302568/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=MBTA to Unveil Master Plan Soon For 75\-mph Service to Far Points \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|page\=48 \|date\=November 7, 1965 \|first\=Robert \|last\=Hanron \|via\=Newspapers.com}}{{open access}} The [Boston Transportation Planning Review](/wiki/Boston_Transportation_Planning_Review "Boston Transportation Planning Review"), published in 1969, proposed North Braintree and South Braintree stations following the [Quincy Center](/wiki/Quincy_Center_%28MBTA_station%29 "Quincy Center (MBTA station)") station.
Several outlying sections of the MBTA subway system, including Quincy Adams and Braintree, originally charged a double fare to account for the additional costs of running service far from downtown. Passengers paid two fares to enter at the stations, and an [exit fare](/wiki/Exit_fare "Exit fare") when leaving the station. Double fares on the Braintree extension, the last on the system, were discontinued in 2007 as part of a wider fare restructuring.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mbta.com/fares\_and\_passes/charlie/?id\=10132 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014518/http://www.mbta.com/fares\_and\_passes/charlie/?id\=10132 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2007 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|title\=Frequently Asked Questions on the Fare Restructuring and Increase}}
### Northwest extension
[thumb\|right\|Subway exit hatches at the northern end of the line, where a future extension to [Lexington](/wiki/Lexington%2C_Massachusetts "Lexington, Massachusetts") may someday be added](/wiki/File:Red_Line_hatches_at_Thorndike_Field%2C_October_2011.jpg "Red Line hatches at Thorndike Field, October 2011.jpg")
By 1922, the BERy believed that Harvard would be the permanent terminus; the heavy ridership from the north was expected to be handled by [extending rapid transit from Lechmere Square](/wiki/Green_Line_Extension%23History "Green Line Extension#History").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52404512/the\-boston\-globe/ \|title\=Three New Subways Planned \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=June 25, 1922 \|page\=71 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} The 1926 *Report on Improved Transportation Facilities in the Boston Metropolitan District* proposed an extension from Lechmere to North Cambridge via the [Southern Division](/wiki/Lowell_Line "Lowell Line") and the [Fitchburg Cutoff](/wiki/Fitchburg_Cutoff "Fitchburg Cutoff"), with a possible further extension along the [Lexington Branch](/wiki/Lexington_Branch "Lexington Branch"). An extension of the Cambridge–Dorchester Line under Mount Auburn Street to Watertown, and thence along the [Watertown Branch](/wiki/Watertown_Branch "Watertown Branch") to Waltham, was also raised as a possibility.{{cite book \|title\=Report on Improved Transportation Facilities in Boston \|date\=December 1926 \|publisher\=Division of Metropolitan Planning \|hdl \= 2027/mdp.39015049422689}} A northwards extension from Harvard to the North Cambridge/Arlington border was proposed by Cambridge mayor [John D. Lynch](/wiki/John_D._Lynch "John D. Lynch") in 1933 and by then\-freshmen state representative [Tip O'Neill](/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill "Tip O'Neill") in 1936, but was not pursued.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56476134/the\-boston\-globe/ \|title\=T puts last link in Red Line extension \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=March 31, 1985 \|page\=34 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
The 1945 Coolidge Commission report – the first major transit planning initiative in the region since 1926 – recommended an extension from Harvard to Arlington Heights via East Watertown.{{citation \|title\=\[\[:commons:File:1945 BERy extensions map.jpg\|Air View: Present Rapid Transit System – Boston Elevated Railway and Proposed Extensions of Rapid Transit into Suburban Boston]] \|date\=April 1945 \|author1\=Boston Elevated Railway \|author2\=Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities \|via\=Wikimedia Commons}}{{cite web \|url\=http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/boston.html \|title\=The Transportation Plan for the Boston Region – Volume 2 \|date\=November 15, 1993 \|publisher\=National Transportation Library \|author\=Central Transportation Planning Staff \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703024654/http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/boston.html \|archive\-date\=July 3, 2015}} The 1947 revision recommended an extension north to Porter Square instead, with branches along the [Fitchburg Division](/wiki/Fitchburg_Railroad "Fitchburg Railroad") to Waltham and the Lexington Branch to Lexington.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42959374/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=10 Electric\-Train Lines Proposed by Board in Report to Legislature \|first\=Gene R. \|last\=Casey \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=April 6, 1947 \|pages\=1, 28 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} ([second section](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42959392/the_boston_globe/), [third page](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42959409/the_boston_globe/)) {{open access}} The 1966 *Program for Mass Transportation* by the 1964\-created [MBTA](/wiki/MBTA "MBTA") called for an immediate extension to Alewife Brook Parkway via Porter Square, with possible future extensions to Arlington or Waltham.{{cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/details/comprehensivedev00mass/page/n83/mode/2up \|title\=A Comprehensive Development Program for Public Transportation in the Massachusetts Bay Area \|year\=1966 \|pages\=V\-16 to V\-19 \|via\=Internet Archive \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} Original plans called for a subway under Massachusetts Avenue to Porter Square, then a surface route along the Fitchburg Route to Alewife.{{rp\|I\-3}} In the late 1960s, the project was expanded to follow the Lexington Branch to a terminal at [Route 128](/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128 "Massachusetts Route 128").{{rp\|I\-5}}
In 1970, Cambridge began advocating for the project, and for the consideration of an all\-subway route under Garden Street.{{rp\|I\-4}} That October, then\-governor [Francis Sargent](/wiki/Francis_Sargent "Francis Sargent") suspended most highway construction inside Route 128 and created the Boston Transportation Planning Review, which focused on the implementation of new transit routes.{{rp\|I\-4}} In 1972, a new all\-subway route via Porter Square and Davis Square was considered (and ultimately chosen).{{cite magazine \|magazine\=Rollsign \|title\=Harvard\-Alewife Extension \|volume\=9 \|issue\=8/9 \|date\=August–September 1972 \|publisher\=Boston Street Railway Association}} Via [Tremont Street Subway NHL documentation](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/63793905). By the mid\-1970s, the project was split into two phases: an all\-subway extension to Arlington Heights via Alewife, with a later extension to Route 128\.{{cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/details/redlineextension01mass \|title\=Final Environmental Impact Statement: Red Line Extension – Harvard Square to Arlington Heights \|year\=1977 \|volume\=1 \|publisher\=Urban Mass Transportation Administration \|via\=Internet Archive}}{{rp\|I\-5}}
Arlington did not wish for Arlington Heights to be even a temporary terminal.{{rp\|I\-5}} In March 1977, Arlington voters rejected the project in a nonbinding referendum, citing fears of increased taxes and congestion.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42960537/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=MBTA weighs Arlington Red Line 'no' vote \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=March 7, 1977 \|page\=3 \|first\=Jerry \|last\=Taylor \|via\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} A May 1977 state bill prohibiting extension into Arlington was vetoed by then\-governor [Michael Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42960552/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=Arlington MBTA ban loses \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|first\=Robert L. \|last\=Turner \|date\=May 5, 1977 \|page\=24 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} The [Environmental Impact Statement](/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Statement "Environmental Impact Statement"), released in August 1977, primarily evaluated the Arlington Heights terminus but also provided for a shorter Alewife extension. By the time the northwest extension began construction in 1978, opposition in Arlington and reductions in federal funding had caused the MBTA to choose the shorter Alewife alternative.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42960549/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=Don't halt MBTA job, judge advised \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=June 16, 1979 \|page\=15 \|author\=David McKay Wilson \|via\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
The Red Line was extended temporarily to Harvard–Brattle over former yard and storage tracks on March 24, 1979\. This allowed for bus transfers to be provided. The Harvard bus tunnel was closed temporarily at the time. On January 31, 1981, the original [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_%28MBTA_station%29 "Harvard (MBTA station)") station was permanently closed, as its demolition was required. To replace it, a temporary station at Harvard–Holyoke was built across the tracks. The two temporary stations were closed on September 2, 1983 in preparation for the opening of the new Harvard station. On September 6, 1983, the new station at Harvard opened, with trains changing direction at Davis Square without carrying passengers. Eliot Yard was demolished; [Harvard Kennedy School](/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") now sits inside its retaining walls.
The line was extended to [Davis](/wiki/Davis_%28MBTA_station%29 "Davis (MBTA station)") with a station at [Porter](/wiki/Porter_%28MBTA_station%29 "Porter (MBTA station)") on December 8, 1984\. The line was extended to its current terminus at [Alewife](/wiki/Alewife_%28MBTA_station%29 "Alewife (MBTA station)") on March 30, 1985\. At the time, all off\-peak trains terminated there, but due to the incomplete construction of a yard at Alewife, only Ashmont trains ran to Alewife during rush hours. Davis was the terminal for rush hour Braintree trains. These trains were finally extended to Alewife during rush hours on December 26, 1985, with the completion of the yard at Alewife. During the expansion, the MBTA pioneered an investment in the "[Arts on the Line](/wiki/Arts_on_the_Line "Arts on the Line")" [public art](/wiki/Public_art "Public art") program. Fill from the tunnel excavation was used to create [Danehy Park](/wiki/Danehy_Park "Danehy Park") on the former site of the Cambridge City Dump, and to restore Russell Field in Cambridge and Magnolia Park in Arlington.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42548935/the\_boston\_globe/ \|title\=T dedicates new Harvard station \|date\=March 3, 1985 \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|first1\=Douglas S. \|last1\=Crocket \|first2\=Paul \|last2\=Hirshon \|via\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1993/10/13/dump\-succeeds\-as\-park\-pthe\-city/ \|title\=Dump Succeeds As Park \|newspaper\=Harvard Crimson \|date\=October 13, 1993 \|first\=Terry H. \|last\=Lanson}}
### Station renovations
[thumb\|left\|Reconstruction of {{bts\|Wollaston}} in 2018](/wiki/File:Wollaston_station_construction_from_Beale_Street%2C_August_2018.JPG "Wollaston station construction from Beale Street, August 2018.JPG")
A 1979 renovation of {{bts\|Park Street}} added two elevators, making it the first [accessible](/wiki/Accessible "Accessible") station on the Red Line.{{cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1979mass\_0 \|title\=1979 Annual Report \|year\=1979 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1979mass\_0/page/27 27] \|via\=Internet Archive}} In the early 1980s, the MBTA began extending platforms for six\-car trains: {{bts\|Ashmont}} and {{bts\|Shawmut}} in 1981, {{bts\|Charles/MGH}} in 1982, and {{bts\|Fields Corner}} and {{bts\|Savin Hill}} in the mid\-1980s.{{cite web \|url\=https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/fmcb\-meeting\-docs/2019/04\-april/2019\-04\-29\-fmcb\-P\-longfellow\-contract.pdf \|title\=MBTA Contract No. B43PS02: Longfellow Approach Architecture and Engineering Services \|date\=April 29, 2019 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} (The Northwest and South Shore extensions had been built for longer trains, while {{bts\|JFK/UMass}} had been modified in 1970\.) In the mid\-1980s, the MBTA spent $80 million to extend the platforms of seven underground Red Line stations ({{bts\|Central}}, {{bts\|Kendall/MIT}}, Park Street, [Washington](/wiki/Downtown_Crossing_station "Downtown Crossing station"), {{bts\|South Station Under}}, {{bts\|Broadway}}, and {{bts\|Andrew}}) and three Orange Line stations.{{cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1985mass\_0 \|title\=1985 Annual Report \|year\=1985 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1985mass\_0/page/13 13] \|via\=Internet Archive}} Six\-car trains entered service on January 21, 1988\.
Central, Kendall/MIT, Park Street, and Downtown Crossing (renamed from Washington in 1987\) were completed in 1988\.{{cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1987mass\_0 \|title\=1985 Annual Report \|year\=1987 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1987mass\_0/page/19 19] \|via\=Internet Archive}} A major reconstruction of JFK/UMass added a platform for the Braintree branch, which opened on December 14, 1988\. Renovations to Broadway were completed in October 1989\. {{bts\|Quincy Adams}} and {{bts\|Braintree}} were accessible by 1989, if not from their original construction.{{cite web \|url\=https://old.mbta.com/uploadedFiles/Accessibility/final%20report%20082407%20on%20CD.pdf \|title\=Evaluation of MBTA Paratransit and Accessible Fixed Route Transit Services: Final Report \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|author\=Tran Systems and Planners Collaborative \|date\=August 24, 2007}}{{cite web \|url\=https://archive.org/details/ridershipservice990mass \|edition\=3 \|title\=Ridership and Service Statistics \|date\=November 1990 \|pages\=1–4 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|author\=Operations Directorate Planning Division \|via\=Internet Archive}} South Station was completed around 1992, followed by Andrew in 1994\.{{cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/stream/mbtaaccessguidet00mass\#page/14/mode/2up \|title\=MBTA : ACCESS; The Guide to Accessible Services and Facilities \|page\=15 \|date\=June 1992 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|via\=Internet Archive}}
The 1990 passage of the [Americans with Disabilities Act](/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act "Americans with Disabilities Act") spurred the renovation of additional stations. {{bts\|Quincy Center}} was modified in 1991, followed by {{bts\|North Quincy}} in 1998\. Charles/MGH was rebuilt from 2003 to 2007\.{{cite web \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406022956/http://www.mbta.com/about\_the\_mbta/t\_projects/?id\=982 \|archive\-date\=April 6, 2008 \|title\=Charles MGH Renovation \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|url\=http://www.mbta.com/about\_the\_mbta/t\_projects/?id\=982}}{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2007\-03\-27/new\-charlesmgh\-station\-opens \|title\=New Charles/MGH Station Opens \|date\=March 27, 2007 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} The agency began design for the four Ashmont branch stations in 2001\.{{cite report \|title\=Official Audit Report – Issued June 16, 2014: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, For the period January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2012 \|date\=June 16, 2014 \|url\=https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/ww/201305833a.pdf \|publisher\=Auditor of the Commonwealth}}{{rp\|33}} Savin Hill was closed from May 2004 to July 31, 2005 for reconstruction. It was followed by the completion of the rebuilt Fields Corner station in 2008, the modified Shawmut in 2009, and the rebuilt Ashmont in 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=https://blog.mass.gov/transportation/mbta/governor\-patrick\-celebrates\-ashmont\-station\-completion/ \|title\=Governor Patrick Celebrates Ashmont Station Completion \|date\=October 21, 2011 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Department of Transportation \|access\-date\=October 19, 2015 \|archive\-date\=October 25, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025022129/http://blog.mass.gov/transportation/mbta/governor\-patrick\-celebrates\-ashmont\-station\-completion/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite press release \|url\=https://mbta.com/news/2008\-09\-23/governor\-patrick\-mayor\-menino\-celebrate\-completion\-fields\-corner\-station \|title\=Governor Patrick, Mayor Menino Celebrate Completion of Fields Corner Station \|date\=September 23, 2008 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} The final Red Line station to be modified for accessibility was {{bts\|Wollaston}}, which was closed from January 2018 to August 2019 for a complete reconstruction.
{{clear left}}
### 2010s
{{anchor\|Longfellow Bridge rehabilitation project}} A $255 million project, which started in Spring 2013, replaced structural elements of the [Longfellow Bridge](/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge "Longfellow Bridge"), which carries the line across the Charles River between the [Charles/MGH](/wiki/Charles/MGH_%28MBTA_station%29 "Charles/MGH (MBTA station)") and [Kendall/MIT](/wiki/Kendall/MIT_%28MBTA_station%29 "Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)") stations. The project required at least 25 weekend shutdowns, including temporary relocation of the tracks and a substitute bus shuttle service. All outbound roadway traffic was detoured from the bridge for the three years of construction. The bridge finished construction in May 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/07/28/longfellow\-bridge\-construction\-delayed\-two\-years/9m7OpQrAIpV6B2IF9mlegL/story.html\|title \= Longfellow Bridge construction extended until late 2018 \- the Boston Globe\|website \= \[\[The Boston Globe]]}}{{cite news\|last\=Powers\|first\=Martine\|title\=Longfellow Bridge repairs, disruption to start in summer\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/02/28/longfellow\-bridge\-construction\-begin\-this\-summer\-with\-major\-traffic\-diversions/gPqPYiWt2KmmWpxB5vmOaM/story.html\|access\-date\=2 March 2013\|newspaper\=Boston Globe\|date\=February 28, 2013}}{{cite web\|last\=MassDOT\|title\=Longfellow Bridge\|url\=http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/charlesriverbridges/LongfellowBridge.aspx\|work\=Accelerated Bridge Program\|publisher\=Commonwealth of Massachusetts\|access\-date\=2 March 2013\|archive\-date\=28 March 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328060558/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/charlesriverbridges/LongfellowBridge.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}}
[thumb\|right\|Buses forming a "bus bridge" linking JFK/UMass and North Quincy in August 2015, during winter resiliency work](/wiki/File:Bus_Bridge_at_JFK-UMass_Station%2C_August_2015.jpg "Bus Bridge at JFK-UMass Station, August 2015.jpg")
During the [unusually frigid and snowy winter of 2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_North_American_winter%23Northeastern_United_States "2014–15 North American winter#Northeastern United States"), almost the entire MBTA rail system was shut down on several occasions by heavy snowfalls. The aboveground sections of the Orange and Red lines were particularly vulnerable due to their exposed [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail "Third rail") power feed, which iced over during storms. If a single train were stopped due to power loss, other trains behind it soon had to stop as well; without continually running trains pushing snow off the rails, the lines would become quickly blocked by heavy snowfalls. (Because the Blue Line was built with [overhead catenary](/wiki/Overhead_line "Overhead line") on its surface section due to its exposure to corrosive [salt air](/wiki/Salt_air "Salt air"), it was not as easily disabled by the icing conditions.)
During 2015, the MBTA implemented its $83\.7 million Winter Resiliency Program, much of which focused on preventing similar vulnerabilities with the Orange and Red lines. The section of the Braintree branch between JFK/UMass and Wollaston had old infrastructure and was largely built on an embankment, rendering it more vulnerable. New third rail with heaters and a different metal composition to reduce wear was installed, along with [snow fences](/wiki/Snow_fence "Snow fence") and [switch heaters](/wiki/Railroad_switch%23Cold_conditions "Railroad switch#Cold conditions").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.boston.com/business/news/2015/09/23/how\-the\-mbta\-getting\-winter\-ready/SeTjLsOSUUZ1nGlIAc5p3N/story.html \|title\=Winter is coming, and the MBTA is getting ready \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|last\=Vaccaro \|first\=Adam \|date\=23 September 2015 \|access\-date\=4 October 2015}}{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.mbta.com/about\_the\_mbta/news\_events/?id\=6442454500\&month\=\&year \|title\=Gov. Baker Announces $83\.7 Million MBTA Winter Resiliency Plan \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|date\=4 June 2015}} The work required [bustitution](/wiki/Bustitution "Bustitution") of the line from JFK/UMass to [North Quincy](/wiki/North_Quincy_%28MBTA_station%29 "North Quincy (MBTA station)") on many weeknights.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.mbta.com/about\_the\_mbta/news\_events/?id\=6442454945\&month\=\&year\= \|title\=Winter Resiliency Work Continues on the Red Line: WEEKEND TRAIN SERVICE BETWEEN JFK/UMASS AND QUINCY CENTER SUSPENDED \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|date\=9 September 2015}} This program did not include work south of Wollaston.
In July 2016, the MBTA Fiscal and Management Control Board approved a $18\.5 million contract to complete work along the remainder of the southern branches. The project included all remaining third rail replacement, track work between Fields Corner and Savin Hill, signal system work between North Quincy and Braintree, and track replacement at Quincy Center, Quincy Adams, and Braintree. The work was completed in the second half of 2016\.{{cite press release \|url\=http://blog.mass.gov/transportation/mbta/mbta\-next\-phase\-of\-red\-line\-winter\-resiliency\-improvements\-approved/ \|title\=MBTA: Next Phase of Red Line Winter Resiliency Improvements Approved \|publisher\=Massachusetts Department of Transportation \|date\=25 July 2016 \|work\=MassDOT Blog \|access\-date\=26 July 2016 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200558/http://blog.mass.gov/transportation/mbta/mbta\-next\-phase\-of\-red\-line\-winter\-resiliency\-improvements\-approved/ \|url\-status\=dead }}
On December 10, 2015, a Red Line train in revenue service traveled from {{bts\|Braintree}} to {{bts\|North Quincy}} without an operator in the cab before it was stopped by cutting power to the [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail "Third rail"). The MBTA initially said that the train appeared to have been tampered with and the incident was not an accident, but later determined operator error to have been the cause.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/12/10/red\-line\-train\-leaves\-station\-without\-operator/L5NzTcDEX8dMQCQLvC7UBN/story.html \|title\=Red Line train leaves station without operator \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=10 December 2015 \|last1\=Rosen \|first1\=Andy \|last2\=Dungca \|first2\=Nicole \|access\-date\=11 December 2015}}
On February 21, 2018, a Red Line train motor failed on approach to [Andrew station](/wiki/Andrew_station "Andrew station") causing the train to derail.{{cite web\|last1\=McDonald\|first1\=Danny\|last2\=Levene\|first2\=Alana\|title\=Red Line service resumes between Broadway and JFK stations – The Boston Globe\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/02/21/red\-line\-problems\-redux\-buses\-now\-shuttling\-passengers\-between\-dorchester\-and\-south\-boston/KTSx9UlAZelUHbYgl98rbM/story.html\|website\=BostonGlobe.com\|publisher\=\[\[Boston Globe]]\|access\-date\=23 February 2018}} On June 11, 2019, a Red Line train derailed just north of JFK/UMass station, damaging three sheds of signal equipment that control the complex interlockings around the station. The Red Line was limited to 10 trains per hour (instead of the usual 13\-14\) for several months while repairs were made.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2019\-06\-21/plans\-accelerate\-red\-line\-signal\-repairs \|title\=Plans to Accelerate Red Line Signal Repairs \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|date\=June 21, 2019}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/21/step\-pace\-red\-line\-signal\-repairs/yGTeOs234uGab9gdcni6EJ/story.html \|title\=T says Red Line reduced schedule to last through summer \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=June 21, 2019 \|first1\=Matt \|last1\=Stout \|first2\=Diamond Naga \|last2\=Siu}} The derailment was caused by a broken axle, which had been made brittle by sparks from a faulty grounding component on a motor.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/09/16/attributes\-red\-line\-derailment\-broken\-subway\-axle/SlnOglTe0kZ6jSqWC8YnII/story.html \|title\=T attributes Red Line derailment to broken subway axle \|date\=September 16, 2019 \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|first\=Michael \|last\=Levenson}} Full service resumed on September 25, 2019\.{{cite press release \|url\=https://mbta.com/news/2019\-09\-25/completion\-red\-line\-signal\-repairs \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|date\=September 25, 2019 \|title\=Completion of Red Line Signal Repairs}}
Speed restrictions were placed on much of the MBTA subway system in March 2023 due to deteriorated track conditions.{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2023\-03\-12/mbta\-reminds\-riders\-allow\-extra\-time \|title\=MBTA Reminds Riders to Allow for Extra Time \|date\=March 12, 2023 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} Portions of the line were shut down for several periods in 2023–2024 to allow for track work to remove the speed restrictions.{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2023\-11\-09/mbta\-announces\-ambitious\-track\-improvement\-program\-eliminate\-all\-speed\-restrictions \|title\=MBTA Announces Ambitious Track Improvement Program to Eliminate All Speed Restrictions by End of 2024 \|date\=November 9, 2023 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} A shutdown of the Braintree branch from September 6–29, 2024, was intended to "lay the groundwork" for a future speed increase as well as removing speed restrictions. The branch has been restricted to {{convert\|40\|mph}} for several decades, but the MBTA intends to eventually increase some portions to {{convert\|50\|mph}}.{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2024\-07\-18/major\-red\-line\-braintree\-branch\-improvement\-work\-take\-place\-september\-6\-29\-mbta \|title\=Major Red Line Braintree Branch Improvement Work to Take Place September 6 – 29, MBTA to Remove 20\+ Speed Restrictions \|date\=July 18, 2024 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wbur.org/news/2024/07/19/mbta\-red\-line\-closure\-braintree\-branch\-50\-mph\-trains\-newsletter \|title\=MBTA to close part of Red Line for 24 days this September — with plans for future 50 mph trains \|date\=July 19, 2024 \|first\=Nik \|last\=DeCosta\-Klipa \|newspaper\=WBUR \|access\-date\=July 23, 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{see also\\|History of the MBTA}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|The new Cambridge (now [Longfellow](/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge \"Longfellow Bridge\")) Bridge pre\\-1912, viewed from the Boston end, with an unfinished heavy rail right\\-of\\-way down its center. Tracks visible at the sides are for streetcars.](/wiki/File:Cambridge_Bridge_postcard.jpg \"Cambridge Bridge postcard.jpg\")",
"### Cambridge tunnel",
"The Red Line was the last of the four original Boston subway lines (the others being the [Green](/wiki/Green_Line_%28MBTA%29 \"Green Line (MBTA)\"), [Orange](/wiki/Orange_Line_%28MBTA%29 \"Orange Line (MBTA)\"), and [Blue](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28MBTA%29 \"Blue Line (MBTA)\") Lines, opened in 1897, 1901, and 1904, respectively) to come into being.",
"Construction of the **Cambridge tunnel**, connecting [Harvard Square](/wiki/Harvard_Square \"Harvard Square\") to Boston, was delayed by a dispute over the number of intermediate stations to be built along the new line. Cambridge residents, led by Mayor Wardwell, wanted at least five stations built along the line, while suburbanites interested in faster through travel argued for only a single intermediate station, at Central Square. The contending groups finally compromised on two intermediate stations, at Central and Kendall Squares, allowing construction to start in 1909\\.{{explain\\|date\\=May 2016}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Cudahy\\|first1\\=Brian J.\\|title\\=Change at Park Street Under: The Story of Boston's Subways\\|date\\=1972\\|publisher\\=Stephen Greene Press\\|location\\=Brattleboro, Vermont, US\\|isbn\\=0\\-8289\\-0173\\-2\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/changeatparkstre00cuda}}{{rp\\|41}}",
"The section from [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Harvard (MBTA station)\") (and new maintenance facilities at [Eliot Yard](/wiki/Eliot_Yard \"Eliot Yard\")) to [Park Street](/wiki/Park_Street_station_%28MBTA%29 \"Park Street station (MBTA)\") was opened by the [Boston Elevated Railway](/wiki/Boston_Elevated_Railway \"Boston Elevated Railway\") (BERy) on March 23, 1912\\. At Harvard, a [prepayment station](/wiki/Prepayment_station \"Prepayment station\") provided easy transfer to streetcars routed through what is now the [Harvard bus tunnel](/wiki/Harvard_bus_tunnel \"Harvard bus tunnel\"). From Harvard, the Cambridge tunnel traveled beneath [Massachusetts Avenue](/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_%28metropolitan_Boston%29 \"Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)\") to [Central Square station](/wiki/Central_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Central (MBTA station)\"). It then continued under Mass. Ave until [Main Street](/wiki/Main_Street_%28Cambridge%29 \"Main Street (Cambridge)\"), which it followed to reach [Kendall](/wiki/Kendall/MIT_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)\") station. The underground line then rose onto the [Longfellow Bridge](/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge \"Longfellow Bridge\"), using a central right\\-of\\-way which had been reserved during the bridge's 1900–1906 construction. On the Boston side, the line briefly became an [elevated railway](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\"), as vehicle lanes descended beneath it to [Charles Circle](/wiki/Charles_Circle_%28Boston%29 \"Charles Circle (Boston)\"); the tracks then immediately entered a tunnel beneath [Beacon Hill](/wiki/Beacon_Hill%2C_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\"), leading to new lower\\-level platforms at Park Street Under. Charles Station (now [Charles/MGH](/wiki/Charles/MGH_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Charles/MGH (MBTA station)\")) was added above the traffic circle in 1932\\.",
"### Dorchester Tunnel and extension",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Columbia station (later JFK/UMass) on the Dorchester extension under construction in 1927](/wiki/File:Southerly_view_of_easterly_side_of_Columbia_Station%2C_August_1927.jpg \"Southerly view of easterly side of Columbia Station, August 1927.jpg\")\nThe **Dorchester Tunnel** to [Washington Street](/wiki/Downtown_Crossing_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Downtown Crossing (MBTA station)\") and South Station Under opened on April 4, 1915 and December 3, 1916, with transfers to the [Washington Street Tunnel](/wiki/Washington_Street_Tunnel_%28Boston%29 \"Washington Street Tunnel (Boston)\") and [Atlantic Avenue Elevated](/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_Elevated \"Atlantic Avenue Elevated\"), respectively. Further extensions opened to [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Broadway (MBTA station)\") on December 15, 1917 and [Andrew](/wiki/Andrew_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Andrew (MBTA station)\") on June 29, 1918, both [prepayment stations](/wiki/Prepayment_station \"Prepayment station\") for streetcar transfer. The Broadway station included [an upper level with its own tunnel for streetcars](/wiki/Broadway_%28MBTA_station%29%23Streetcar_tunnel \"Broadway (MBTA station)#Streetcar tunnel\"), which was soon abandoned in 1919 due to most lines being truncated to Andrew. The upper level at Broadway was later incorporated into the [mezzanine](/wiki/Mezzanine_%28architecture%29 \"Mezzanine (architecture)\").",
"Next came the **Dorchester extension** (now the **Ashmont branch**), following a [rail right\\-of\\-way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28railroad%29 \"Right-of-way (railroad)\") created in 1870 by the **Shawmut Branch Railroad**. In 1872, the right\\-of\\-way was acquired by the [Old Colony Railroad](/wiki/Old_Colony_Railroad \"Old Colony Railroad\") to connect their main line at [Harrison Square](/wiki/Harrison_Square_%28Boston%29 \"Harrison Square (Boston)\") with the [Dorchester and Milton Branch Railroad](/wiki/Dorchester_and_Milton_Branch_Railroad \"Dorchester and Milton Branch Railroad\"), running from the Old Colony at [Neponset](/wiki/Neponset%2C_Boston \"Neponset, Boston\"), west to what is now [Mattapan station](/wiki/Mattapan_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Mattapan (MBTA station)\"). The [New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad](/wiki/New_York%2C_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad \"New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad\") succeeded the Old Colony in operating the branch, but passenger service ceased on September 4, 1926, in anticipation of the construction of the BERy's Dorchester extension.[End of service on Old Colony's Shawmut Branch](http://world.nycsubway.org/us/boston/red.html)",
"The BERy opened the first phase of the Dorchester extension, to [Fields Corner station](/wiki/Fields_Corner_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Fields Corner (MBTA station)\"), on November 5, 1927, south from [Andrew](/wiki/Andrew_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Andrew (MBTA station)\"), then southeast to the surface and along the west side of the Old Colony mainline in a depressed right\\-of\\-way. [Columbia](/wiki/JFK/UMass_%28MBTA_station%29 \"JFK/UMass (MBTA station)\") and [Savin Hill](/wiki/Savin_Hill_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Savin Hill (MBTA station)\") stations were built on the surface at the sites of former Old Colony stations. The remainder of the extension opened to [Ashmont](/wiki/Ashmont_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Ashmont (MBTA station)\") and [Codman Yard](/wiki/Codman_Yard \"Codman Yard\") on September 1, 1928, and included [Shawmut station](/wiki/Shawmut_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Shawmut (MBTA station)\"), where there had been a surface Old Colony station, but where the new rapid transit station was placed underground. The first phase of the [Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line](/wiki/Ashmont%E2%80%93Mattapan_High_Speed_Line \"Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line\") opened on August 26, 1929, using the rest of the Shawmut Branch right\\-of\\-way, including [Cedar Grove station](/wiki/Cedar_Grove_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Cedar Grove (MBTA station)\"), and part of the old [Dorchester and Milton Branch](/wiki/Dorchester_and_Milton_Branch \"Dorchester and Milton Branch\").",
"On January 13, 1961, the MTA began operating \"[modified express service](/wiki/Skip-stop \"Skip-stop\")\" on the line during the morning rush hour, following the introduction of similar service on the Forest Hills–Everett line the month before. Every other train bypassed Shawmut, Savin Hill, Columbia, and Charles stations.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-boston\\-globe/137738689/ \\|title\\=MTA Boosts Service For New Year's Eve \\|newspaper\\=The Boston Globe \\|date\\=December 29, 1960 \\|page\\=8 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} This was discontinued in September 1961 to reduce wait times at the skipped stations, most of which were outdoors.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-boston\\-globe/137738740/ \\|title\\=M.T.A. Dropping Morning Express \\|newspaper\\=The Boston Globe \\|date\\=September 27, 1961 \\|page\\=10 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"Charles was renamed Charles/MGH in December 1973, and Kendall was renamed Kendall/MIT on August 7, 1978\\. In January 1981, the MBTA proposed to close the Ashmont branch on Sundays – and the Mattapan Line at all times – beginning that March due to severe budget issues.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38328446/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=Public Hearing Notice \\|date\\=January 28, 1981 \\|author\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|page\\=65 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}}{{open access}} The closure was cancelled, though the lines were closed from June 20, 1981, to January 16, 1982, for track replacement and tunnel repairs.",
"### MBTA era and branding",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The station entrance in Harvard Square](/wiki/File:Tichnor_Brothers_Harvard_Square_postcard%2C_circa_1930s.jpg \"Tichnor Brothers Harvard Square postcard, circa 1930s.jpg\")",
"The line was sometimes referred to as the **Cambridge–Dorchester line**{{cite journal \\|title\\=Developed at Boston \\|journal\\=Transit Journal \\|date\\=December 1932 \\|volume\\=76 \\|issue\\=12 \\|page\\=512 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=620TAAAAIAAJ\\&q\\=%22Cambridge%E2%80%93Dorchester\\+line%22}} and the **Cambridge–Dorchester subway**.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Horace Nathaniel Gilbert \\|author2\\=Charles Insco Gragg \\|title\\=An Introduction to Business: A Case Book \\|date\\=1929 \\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill \\|page\\=313}} It was marked on maps as \"Route 1\".{{cite map \\|title\\=System Route Map \\|date\\=1966 \\|title\\-link\\=:commons:File:1966 MBTA system map.png \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|first\\=Richard F. \\|last\\=Lufkin \\|via\\=Wikimedia Commons}} After taking over operations in August 1964, the MBTA began rebranding many elements of Boston's public transportation network. Colors were assigned to the rail lines on August 26, 1965 as part of a wider modernization developed by [Cambridge Seven Associates](/wiki/Cambridge_Seven_Associates \"Cambridge Seven Associates\"), with the Cambridge–Dorchester line becoming the **Red Line**.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56546635/the\\-boston\\-globe/ \\|title\\=...Meanwhile, Back on the Circle\\-T \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|first\\=Robert B. \\|last\\=Hanron \\|date\\=August 26, 1965 \\|page\\=10 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} [Peter Chermayeff](/wiki/Peter_Chermayeff \"Peter Chermayeff\") claims to have assigned red to the line because of Harvard's association with [crimson](/wiki/Crimson \"Crimson\").{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.citylab.com/design/2018/09/how\\-boston\\-got\\-its\\-t/570004/ \\|title\\=How Boston Got Its 'T' \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[CityLab (web magazine)\\|CityLab]] \\|quote\\=I remember sitting in my Cambridge office preparing for a meeting with the MBTA in which I would be proposing colored lines. I had markers in front of me and I chose red for the line that went to Harvard since it’s a well\\-known institution whose main color is crimson. \\|date\\=September 17, 2018 \\|first\\=Mark \\|last\\=Byrnes}}",
"### South Shore line",
"On July 28, 1965, the MBTA signed an agreement with the [New Haven Railroad](/wiki/New_Haven_Railroad \"New Haven Railroad\") to purchase {{convert\\|11\\|miles}} of the former Old Colony mainline from [Fort Point Channel](/wiki/Fort_Point_Channel \"Fort Point Channel\") to South Braintree in order to construct a new rapid transit line along the corridor. The line was expected to be completed within two years. The agreement also provided for the MBTA to subsidize commuter service on the railroad's remaining commuter rail lines for $1\\.2 million annually.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38297699/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=MBTA Buys Old Colony Line For a South Shore Express \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=July 29, 1965 \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Carr \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} Original plans called for the South Shore line to be largely independent of the existing Red Line, with either a northern terminus at the surface level at South Station or a tunnel leading to a stub\\-end terminal between [Post Office Square](/wiki/Post_Office_Square_%28Boston%29 \"Post Office Square (Boston)\") and State Street.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38297773/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=MBTA Plans Downtown Tunnel \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|page\\=4 \\|date\\=November 20, 1965 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}}{{open access}} However, it was later decided to have the line be a new southern branch of the Red Line.",
"The first section of the South Shore line, under construction since 1966, opened on September 1, 1971, branching from the original Red Line at a [flying junction](/wiki/Flying_junction \"Flying junction\") north of Columbia (now [JFK/UMass](/wiki/JFK/UMass_%28MBTA_station%29 \"JFK/UMass (MBTA station)\")). It ran along the west side of the Old Colony rail right\\-of\\-way (which has since been reduced to one track), crossing to the east side north of Savin Hill. The northernmost station was [North Quincy](/wiki/North_Quincy_%28MBTA_station%29 \"North Quincy (MBTA station)\"), with others at [Wollaston](/wiki/Wollaston_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Wollaston (MBTA station)\") and [Quincy Center](/wiki/Quincy_Center_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Quincy Center (MBTA station)\"). Service began alternating between Ashmont and Quincy. Ashmont service operated with 1400\\-series cars, while the Quincy branch only had 1500\\- and 1600\\-series cars because they had cab signaling.",
"In December 1969, the MBTA purchased [Penn Central](/wiki/Penn_Central \"Penn Central\")'s Dover Street Yards for $7 million.{{cite book \\|url\\=http://web.mit.edu/cron/project/uncertainty/Dowd\\_Data/Baum\\_Snow/boston\\-history.txt \\|title\\=A Chronicle of the Boston Transit System \\|year\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|via\\=MIT \\|last\\=Sanborn \\|first\\=George M. \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-19 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416214442/http://web.mit.edu/cron/project/uncertainty/Dowd\\_Data/Baum\\_Snow/boston\\-history.txt \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite magazine \\|magazine\\=Rollsign \\|title\\=MBTA South Bay Maintenance Center Contract \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=8/9 \\|date\\=August–September 1972 \\|publisher\\=Boston Street Railway Association}} Via [Tremont Street Subway NHL documentation](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/63793905). The site was used for the South Bay Maintenance Center (later Cabot Yard), which included Red Line shops (to replace Eliot Yard) and an adjacent bus garage. A $7\\.8 million construction contract was awarded in 1972, with groundbreaking on September 16\\. The facility was dedicated on June 24, 1974; on December 28, Bartlett Street garage in Roxbury was closed.",
"Three southbound trains collided inside the Beacon Hill tunnel on August 1, 1975, injuring 132 passengers.{{cite book \\|last\\=Clarke \\|first\\=Bradley H. \\|title\\=The Boston Rapid Transit Album \\|publisher\\=Boston Street Railway Association \\|year\\=1981 \\|location\\=Cambridge, Mass. \\|page\\=16}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43833787/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=132 hurt in rush\\-hour crash of 3 MBTA trains \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=August 2, 1975 \\|page\\=1 \\|first1\\=Charles E. \\|last1\\=Claffey \\|first2\\=David \\|last2\\=Richwine \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}",
"#### Braintree extension",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Quincy Adams (pictured) and Braintree stations include massive parking garages to accommodate suburban commuters.](/wiki/File:Quincy_Adams_garage_facing_northeast%2C_January_2016.JPG \"Quincy Adams garage facing northeast, January 2016.JPG\")\nBeyond Quincy Center, the **Braintree extension** runs southward to [Braintree](/wiki/Braintree_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Braintree (MBTA station)\"), opened on March 22, 1980, via an intermediate stop at [Quincy Adams](/wiki/Quincy_Adams_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Quincy Adams (MBTA station)\") which opened on September 10, 1983 due to delays. The extension was part of the massive 1965 extension plan, although it was delayed due to questions over station siting in Braintree.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38302568/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=MBTA to Unveil Master Plan Soon For 75\\-mph Service to Far Points \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|page\\=48 \\|date\\=November 7, 1965 \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Hanron \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}}{{open access}} The [Boston Transportation Planning Review](/wiki/Boston_Transportation_Planning_Review \"Boston Transportation Planning Review\"), published in 1969, proposed North Braintree and South Braintree stations following the [Quincy Center](/wiki/Quincy_Center_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Quincy Center (MBTA station)\") station.",
"Several outlying sections of the MBTA subway system, including Quincy Adams and Braintree, originally charged a double fare to account for the additional costs of running service far from downtown. Passengers paid two fares to enter at the stations, and an [exit fare](/wiki/Exit_fare \"Exit fare\") when leaving the station. Double fares on the Braintree extension, the last on the system, were discontinued in 2007 as part of a wider fare restructuring.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mbta.com/fares\\_and\\_passes/charlie/?id\\=10132 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014518/http://www.mbta.com/fares\\_and\\_passes/charlie/?id\\=10132 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2007 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|title\\=Frequently Asked Questions on the Fare Restructuring and Increase}}",
"### Northwest extension",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Subway exit hatches at the northern end of the line, where a future extension to [Lexington](/wiki/Lexington%2C_Massachusetts \"Lexington, Massachusetts\") may someday be added](/wiki/File:Red_Line_hatches_at_Thorndike_Field%2C_October_2011.jpg \"Red Line hatches at Thorndike Field, October 2011.jpg\")\nBy 1922, the BERy believed that Harvard would be the permanent terminus; the heavy ridership from the north was expected to be handled by [extending rapid transit from Lechmere Square](/wiki/Green_Line_Extension%23History \"Green Line Extension#History\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52404512/the\\-boston\\-globe/ \\|title\\=Three New Subways Planned \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=June 25, 1922 \\|page\\=71 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} The 1926 *Report on Improved Transportation Facilities in the Boston Metropolitan District* proposed an extension from Lechmere to North Cambridge via the [Southern Division](/wiki/Lowell_Line \"Lowell Line\") and the [Fitchburg Cutoff](/wiki/Fitchburg_Cutoff \"Fitchburg Cutoff\"), with a possible further extension along the [Lexington Branch](/wiki/Lexington_Branch \"Lexington Branch\"). An extension of the Cambridge–Dorchester Line under Mount Auburn Street to Watertown, and thence along the [Watertown Branch](/wiki/Watertown_Branch \"Watertown Branch\") to Waltham, was also raised as a possibility.{{cite book \\|title\\=Report on Improved Transportation Facilities in Boston \\|date\\=December 1926 \\|publisher\\=Division of Metropolitan Planning \\|hdl \\= 2027/mdp.39015049422689}} A northwards extension from Harvard to the North Cambridge/Arlington border was proposed by Cambridge mayor [John D. Lynch](/wiki/John_D._Lynch \"John D. Lynch\") in 1933 and by then\\-freshmen state representative [Tip O'Neill](/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill \"Tip O'Neill\") in 1936, but was not pursued.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56476134/the\\-boston\\-globe/ \\|title\\=T puts last link in Red Line extension \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=March 31, 1985 \\|page\\=34 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}",
"The 1945 Coolidge Commission report – the first major transit planning initiative in the region since 1926 – recommended an extension from Harvard to Arlington Heights via East Watertown.{{citation \\|title\\=\\[\\[:commons:File:1945 BERy extensions map.jpg\\|Air View: Present Rapid Transit System – Boston Elevated Railway and Proposed Extensions of Rapid Transit into Suburban Boston]] \\|date\\=April 1945 \\|author1\\=Boston Elevated Railway \\|author2\\=Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities \\|via\\=Wikimedia Commons}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/boston.html \\|title\\=The Transportation Plan for the Boston Region – Volume 2 \\|date\\=November 15, 1993 \\|publisher\\=National Transportation Library \\|author\\=Central Transportation Planning Staff \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703024654/http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/boston.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2015}} The 1947 revision recommended an extension north to Porter Square instead, with branches along the [Fitchburg Division](/wiki/Fitchburg_Railroad \"Fitchburg Railroad\") to Waltham and the Lexington Branch to Lexington.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42959374/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=10 Electric\\-Train Lines Proposed by Board in Report to Legislature \\|first\\=Gene R. \\|last\\=Casey \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=April 6, 1947 \\|pages\\=1, 28 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} ([second section](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42959392/the_boston_globe/), [third page](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42959409/the_boston_globe/)) {{open access}} The 1966 *Program for Mass Transportation* by the 1964\\-created [MBTA](/wiki/MBTA \"MBTA\") called for an immediate extension to Alewife Brook Parkway via Porter Square, with possible future extensions to Arlington or Waltham.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/comprehensivedev00mass/page/n83/mode/2up \\|title\\=A Comprehensive Development Program for Public Transportation in the Massachusetts Bay Area \\|year\\=1966 \\|pages\\=V\\-16 to V\\-19 \\|via\\=Internet Archive \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} Original plans called for a subway under Massachusetts Avenue to Porter Square, then a surface route along the Fitchburg Route to Alewife.{{rp\\|I\\-3}} In the late 1960s, the project was expanded to follow the Lexington Branch to a terminal at [Route 128](/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128 \"Massachusetts Route 128\").{{rp\\|I\\-5}}",
"In 1970, Cambridge began advocating for the project, and for the consideration of an all\\-subway route under Garden Street.{{rp\\|I\\-4}} That October, then\\-governor [Francis Sargent](/wiki/Francis_Sargent \"Francis Sargent\") suspended most highway construction inside Route 128 and created the Boston Transportation Planning Review, which focused on the implementation of new transit routes.{{rp\\|I\\-4}} In 1972, a new all\\-subway route via Porter Square and Davis Square was considered (and ultimately chosen).{{cite magazine \\|magazine\\=Rollsign \\|title\\=Harvard\\-Alewife Extension \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=8/9 \\|date\\=August–September 1972 \\|publisher\\=Boston Street Railway Association}} Via [Tremont Street Subway NHL documentation](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/63793905). By the mid\\-1970s, the project was split into two phases: an all\\-subway extension to Arlington Heights via Alewife, with a later extension to Route 128\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/redlineextension01mass \\|title\\=Final Environmental Impact Statement: Red Line Extension – Harvard Square to Arlington Heights \\|year\\=1977 \\|volume\\=1 \\|publisher\\=Urban Mass Transportation Administration \\|via\\=Internet Archive}}{{rp\\|I\\-5}}",
"Arlington did not wish for Arlington Heights to be even a temporary terminal.{{rp\\|I\\-5}} In March 1977, Arlington voters rejected the project in a nonbinding referendum, citing fears of increased taxes and congestion.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42960537/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=MBTA weighs Arlington Red Line 'no' vote \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=March 7, 1977 \\|page\\=3 \\|first\\=Jerry \\|last\\=Taylor \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} A May 1977 state bill prohibiting extension into Arlington was vetoed by then\\-governor [Michael Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis \"Michael Dukakis\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42960552/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=Arlington MBTA ban loses \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|first\\=Robert L. \\|last\\=Turner \\|date\\=May 5, 1977 \\|page\\=24 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} The [Environmental Impact Statement](/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Statement \"Environmental Impact Statement\"), released in August 1977, primarily evaluated the Arlington Heights terminus but also provided for a shorter Alewife extension. By the time the northwest extension began construction in 1978, opposition in Arlington and reductions in federal funding had caused the MBTA to choose the shorter Alewife alternative.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42960549/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=Don't halt MBTA job, judge advised \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=June 16, 1979 \\|page\\=15 \\|author\\=David McKay Wilson \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}",
"The Red Line was extended temporarily to Harvard–Brattle over former yard and storage tracks on March 24, 1979\\. This allowed for bus transfers to be provided. The Harvard bus tunnel was closed temporarily at the time. On January 31, 1981, the original [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Harvard (MBTA station)\") station was permanently closed, as its demolition was required. To replace it, a temporary station at Harvard–Holyoke was built across the tracks. The two temporary stations were closed on September 2, 1983 in preparation for the opening of the new Harvard station. On September 6, 1983, the new station at Harvard opened, with trains changing direction at Davis Square without carrying passengers. Eliot Yard was demolished; [Harvard Kennedy School](/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School \"Harvard Kennedy School\") now sits inside its retaining walls.",
"The line was extended to [Davis](/wiki/Davis_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Davis (MBTA station)\") with a station at [Porter](/wiki/Porter_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Porter (MBTA station)\") on December 8, 1984\\. The line was extended to its current terminus at [Alewife](/wiki/Alewife_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Alewife (MBTA station)\") on March 30, 1985\\. At the time, all off\\-peak trains terminated there, but due to the incomplete construction of a yard at Alewife, only Ashmont trains ran to Alewife during rush hours. Davis was the terminal for rush hour Braintree trains. These trains were finally extended to Alewife during rush hours on December 26, 1985, with the completion of the yard at Alewife. During the expansion, the MBTA pioneered an investment in the \"[Arts on the Line](/wiki/Arts_on_the_Line \"Arts on the Line\")\" [public art](/wiki/Public_art \"Public art\") program. Fill from the tunnel excavation was used to create [Danehy Park](/wiki/Danehy_Park \"Danehy Park\") on the former site of the Cambridge City Dump, and to restore Russell Field in Cambridge and Magnolia Park in Arlington.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42548935/the\\_boston\\_globe/ \\|title\\=T dedicates new Harvard station \\|date\\=March 3, 1985 \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|first1\\=Douglas S. \\|last1\\=Crocket \\|first2\\=Paul \\|last2\\=Hirshon \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1993/10/13/dump\\-succeeds\\-as\\-park\\-pthe\\-city/ \\|title\\=Dump Succeeds As Park \\|newspaper\\=Harvard Crimson \\|date\\=October 13, 1993 \\|first\\=Terry H. \\|last\\=Lanson}}",
"### Station renovations",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Reconstruction of {{bts\\|Wollaston}} in 2018](/wiki/File:Wollaston_station_construction_from_Beale_Street%2C_August_2018.JPG \"Wollaston station construction from Beale Street, August 2018.JPG\")\nA 1979 renovation of {{bts\\|Park Street}} added two elevators, making it the first [accessible](/wiki/Accessible \"Accessible\") station on the Red Line.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1979mass\\_0 \\|title\\=1979 Annual Report \\|year\\=1979 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1979mass\\_0/page/27 27] \\|via\\=Internet Archive}} In the early 1980s, the MBTA began extending platforms for six\\-car trains: {{bts\\|Ashmont}} and {{bts\\|Shawmut}} in 1981, {{bts\\|Charles/MGH}} in 1982, and {{bts\\|Fields Corner}} and {{bts\\|Savin Hill}} in the mid\\-1980s.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/fmcb\\-meeting\\-docs/2019/04\\-april/2019\\-04\\-29\\-fmcb\\-P\\-longfellow\\-contract.pdf \\|title\\=MBTA Contract No. B43PS02: Longfellow Approach Architecture and Engineering Services \\|date\\=April 29, 2019 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} (The Northwest and South Shore extensions had been built for longer trains, while {{bts\\|JFK/UMass}} had been modified in 1970\\.) In the mid\\-1980s, the MBTA spent $80 million to extend the platforms of seven underground Red Line stations ({{bts\\|Central}}, {{bts\\|Kendall/MIT}}, Park Street, [Washington](/wiki/Downtown_Crossing_station \"Downtown Crossing station\"), {{bts\\|South Station Under}}, {{bts\\|Broadway}}, and {{bts\\|Andrew}}) and three Orange Line stations.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1985mass\\_0 \\|title\\=1985 Annual Report \\|year\\=1985 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1985mass\\_0/page/13 13] \\|via\\=Internet Archive}} Six\\-car trains entered service on January 21, 1988\\.",
"Central, Kendall/MIT, Park Street, and Downtown Crossing (renamed from Washington in 1987\\) were completed in 1988\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1987mass\\_0 \\|title\\=1985 Annual Report \\|year\\=1987 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1987mass\\_0/page/19 19] \\|via\\=Internet Archive}} A major reconstruction of JFK/UMass added a platform for the Braintree branch, which opened on December 14, 1988\\. Renovations to Broadway were completed in October 1989\\. {{bts\\|Quincy Adams}} and {{bts\\|Braintree}} were accessible by 1989, if not from their original construction.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://old.mbta.com/uploadedFiles/Accessibility/final%20report%20082407%20on%20CD.pdf \\|title\\=Evaluation of MBTA Paratransit and Accessible Fixed Route Transit Services: Final Report \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|author\\=Tran Systems and Planners Collaborative \\|date\\=August 24, 2007}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ridershipservice990mass \\|edition\\=3 \\|title\\=Ridership and Service Statistics \\|date\\=November 1990 \\|pages\\=1–4 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|author\\=Operations Directorate Planning Division \\|via\\=Internet Archive}} South Station was completed around 1992, followed by Andrew in 1994\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/mbtaaccessguidet00mass\\#page/14/mode/2up \\|title\\=MBTA : ACCESS; The Guide to Accessible Services and Facilities \\|page\\=15 \\|date\\=June 1992 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|via\\=Internet Archive}}",
"The 1990 passage of the [Americans with Disabilities Act](/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act \"Americans with Disabilities Act\") spurred the renovation of additional stations. {{bts\\|Quincy Center}} was modified in 1991, followed by {{bts\\|North Quincy}} in 1998\\. Charles/MGH was rebuilt from 2003 to 2007\\.{{cite web \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406022956/http://www.mbta.com/about\\_the\\_mbta/t\\_projects/?id\\=982 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2008 \\|title\\=Charles MGH Renovation \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|url\\=http://www.mbta.com/about\\_the\\_mbta/t\\_projects/?id\\=982}}{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2007\\-03\\-27/new\\-charlesmgh\\-station\\-opens \\|title\\=New Charles/MGH Station Opens \\|date\\=March 27, 2007 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} The agency began design for the four Ashmont branch stations in 2001\\.{{cite report \\|title\\=Official Audit Report – Issued June 16, 2014: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, For the period January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2012 \\|date\\=June 16, 2014 \\|url\\=https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/ww/201305833a.pdf \\|publisher\\=Auditor of the Commonwealth}}{{rp\\|33}} Savin Hill was closed from May 2004 to July 31, 2005 for reconstruction. It was followed by the completion of the rebuilt Fields Corner station in 2008, the modified Shawmut in 2009, and the rebuilt Ashmont in 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://blog.mass.gov/transportation/mbta/governor\\-patrick\\-celebrates\\-ashmont\\-station\\-completion/ \\|title\\=Governor Patrick Celebrates Ashmont Station Completion \\|date\\=October 21, 2011 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Department of Transportation \\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025022129/http://blog.mass.gov/transportation/mbta/governor\\-patrick\\-celebrates\\-ashmont\\-station\\-completion/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://mbta.com/news/2008\\-09\\-23/governor\\-patrick\\-mayor\\-menino\\-celebrate\\-completion\\-fields\\-corner\\-station \\|title\\=Governor Patrick, Mayor Menino Celebrate Completion of Fields Corner Station \\|date\\=September 23, 2008 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} The final Red Line station to be modified for accessibility was {{bts\\|Wollaston}}, which was closed from January 2018 to August 2019 for a complete reconstruction.\n{{clear left}}",
"### 2010s",
"{{anchor\\|Longfellow Bridge rehabilitation project}} A $255 million project, which started in Spring 2013, replaced structural elements of the [Longfellow Bridge](/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge \"Longfellow Bridge\"), which carries the line across the Charles River between the [Charles/MGH](/wiki/Charles/MGH_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Charles/MGH (MBTA station)\") and [Kendall/MIT](/wiki/Kendall/MIT_%28MBTA_station%29 \"Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)\") stations. The project required at least 25 weekend shutdowns, including temporary relocation of the tracks and a substitute bus shuttle service. All outbound roadway traffic was detoured from the bridge for the three years of construction. The bridge finished construction in May 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/07/28/longfellow\\-bridge\\-construction\\-delayed\\-two\\-years/9m7OpQrAIpV6B2IF9mlegL/story.html\\|title \\= Longfellow Bridge construction extended until late 2018 \\- the Boston Globe\\|website \\= \\[\\[The Boston Globe]]}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Powers\\|first\\=Martine\\|title\\=Longfellow Bridge repairs, disruption to start in summer\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/02/28/longfellow\\-bridge\\-construction\\-begin\\-this\\-summer\\-with\\-major\\-traffic\\-diversions/gPqPYiWt2KmmWpxB5vmOaM/story.html\\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2013\\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe\\|date\\=February 28, 2013}}{{cite web\\|last\\=MassDOT\\|title\\=Longfellow Bridge\\|url\\=http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/charlesriverbridges/LongfellowBridge.aspx\\|work\\=Accelerated Bridge Program\\|publisher\\=Commonwealth of Massachusetts\\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328060558/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/charlesriverbridges/LongfellowBridge.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Buses forming a \"bus bridge\" linking JFK/UMass and North Quincy in August 2015, during winter resiliency work](/wiki/File:Bus_Bridge_at_JFK-UMass_Station%2C_August_2015.jpg \"Bus Bridge at JFK-UMass Station, August 2015.jpg\")\nDuring the [unusually frigid and snowy winter of 2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_North_American_winter%23Northeastern_United_States \"2014–15 North American winter#Northeastern United States\"), almost the entire MBTA rail system was shut down on several occasions by heavy snowfalls. The aboveground sections of the Orange and Red lines were particularly vulnerable due to their exposed [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail \"Third rail\") power feed, which iced over during storms. If a single train were stopped due to power loss, other trains behind it soon had to stop as well; without continually running trains pushing snow off the rails, the lines would become quickly blocked by heavy snowfalls. (Because the Blue Line was built with [overhead catenary](/wiki/Overhead_line \"Overhead line\") on its surface section due to its exposure to corrosive [salt air](/wiki/Salt_air \"Salt air\"), it was not as easily disabled by the icing conditions.)",
"During 2015, the MBTA implemented its $83\\.7 million Winter Resiliency Program, much of which focused on preventing similar vulnerabilities with the Orange and Red lines. The section of the Braintree branch between JFK/UMass and Wollaston had old infrastructure and was largely built on an embankment, rendering it more vulnerable. New third rail with heaters and a different metal composition to reduce wear was installed, along with [snow fences](/wiki/Snow_fence \"Snow fence\") and [switch heaters](/wiki/Railroad_switch%23Cold_conditions \"Railroad switch#Cold conditions\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/business/news/2015/09/23/how\\-the\\-mbta\\-getting\\-winter\\-ready/SeTjLsOSUUZ1nGlIAc5p3N/story.html \\|title\\=Winter is coming, and the MBTA is getting ready \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|last\\=Vaccaro \\|first\\=Adam \\|date\\=23 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2015}}{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.mbta.com/about\\_the\\_mbta/news\\_events/?id\\=6442454500\\&month\\=\\&year \\|title\\=Gov. Baker Announces $83\\.7 Million MBTA Winter Resiliency Plan \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|date\\=4 June 2015}} The work required [bustitution](/wiki/Bustitution \"Bustitution\") of the line from JFK/UMass to [North Quincy](/wiki/North_Quincy_%28MBTA_station%29 \"North Quincy (MBTA station)\") on many weeknights.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.mbta.com/about\\_the\\_mbta/news\\_events/?id\\=6442454945\\&month\\=\\&year\\= \\|title\\=Winter Resiliency Work Continues on the Red Line: WEEKEND TRAIN SERVICE BETWEEN JFK/UMASS AND QUINCY CENTER SUSPENDED \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|date\\=9 September 2015}} This program did not include work south of Wollaston.",
"In July 2016, the MBTA Fiscal and Management Control Board approved a $18\\.5 million contract to complete work along the remainder of the southern branches. The project included all remaining third rail replacement, track work between Fields Corner and Savin Hill, signal system work between North Quincy and Braintree, and track replacement at Quincy Center, Quincy Adams, and Braintree. The work was completed in the second half of 2016\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://blog.mass.gov/transportation/mbta/mbta\\-next\\-phase\\-of\\-red\\-line\\-winter\\-resiliency\\-improvements\\-approved/ \\|title\\=MBTA: Next Phase of Red Line Winter Resiliency Improvements Approved \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Department of Transportation \\|date\\=25 July 2016 \\|work\\=MassDOT Blog \\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200558/http://blog.mass.gov/transportation/mbta/mbta\\-next\\-phase\\-of\\-red\\-line\\-winter\\-resiliency\\-improvements\\-approved/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"On December 10, 2015, a Red Line train in revenue service traveled from {{bts\\|Braintree}} to {{bts\\|North Quincy}} without an operator in the cab before it was stopped by cutting power to the [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail \"Third rail\"). The MBTA initially said that the train appeared to have been tampered with and the incident was not an accident, but later determined operator error to have been the cause.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/12/10/red\\-line\\-train\\-leaves\\-station\\-without\\-operator/L5NzTcDEX8dMQCQLvC7UBN/story.html \\|title\\=Red Line train leaves station without operator \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=10 December 2015 \\|last1\\=Rosen \\|first1\\=Andy \\|last2\\=Dungca \\|first2\\=Nicole \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2015}}",
"On February 21, 2018, a Red Line train motor failed on approach to [Andrew station](/wiki/Andrew_station \"Andrew station\") causing the train to derail.{{cite web\\|last1\\=McDonald\\|first1\\=Danny\\|last2\\=Levene\\|first2\\=Alana\\|title\\=Red Line service resumes between Broadway and JFK stations – The Boston Globe\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/02/21/red\\-line\\-problems\\-redux\\-buses\\-now\\-shuttling\\-passengers\\-between\\-dorchester\\-and\\-south\\-boston/KTSx9UlAZelUHbYgl98rbM/story.html\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Boston Globe]]\\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2018}} On June 11, 2019, a Red Line train derailed just north of JFK/UMass station, damaging three sheds of signal equipment that control the complex interlockings around the station. The Red Line was limited to 10 trains per hour (instead of the usual 13\\-14\\) for several months while repairs were made.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2019\\-06\\-21/plans\\-accelerate\\-red\\-line\\-signal\\-repairs \\|title\\=Plans to Accelerate Red Line Signal Repairs \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|date\\=June 21, 2019}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/06/21/step\\-pace\\-red\\-line\\-signal\\-repairs/yGTeOs234uGab9gdcni6EJ/story.html \\|title\\=T says Red Line reduced schedule to last through summer \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=June 21, 2019 \\|first1\\=Matt \\|last1\\=Stout \\|first2\\=Diamond Naga \\|last2\\=Siu}} The derailment was caused by a broken axle, which had been made brittle by sparks from a faulty grounding component on a motor.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/09/16/attributes\\-red\\-line\\-derailment\\-broken\\-subway\\-axle/SlnOglTe0kZ6jSqWC8YnII/story.html \\|title\\=T attributes Red Line derailment to broken subway axle \\|date\\=September 16, 2019 \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=Levenson}} Full service resumed on September 25, 2019\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://mbta.com/news/2019\\-09\\-25/completion\\-red\\-line\\-signal\\-repairs \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|date\\=September 25, 2019 \\|title\\=Completion of Red Line Signal Repairs}}",
"Speed restrictions were placed on much of the MBTA subway system in March 2023 due to deteriorated track conditions.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2023\\-03\\-12/mbta\\-reminds\\-riders\\-allow\\-extra\\-time \\|title\\=MBTA Reminds Riders to Allow for Extra Time \\|date\\=March 12, 2023 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} Portions of the line were shut down for several periods in 2023–2024 to allow for track work to remove the speed restrictions.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2023\\-11\\-09/mbta\\-announces\\-ambitious\\-track\\-improvement\\-program\\-eliminate\\-all\\-speed\\-restrictions \\|title\\=MBTA Announces Ambitious Track Improvement Program to Eliminate All Speed Restrictions by End of 2024 \\|date\\=November 9, 2023 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} A shutdown of the Braintree branch from September 6–29, 2024, was intended to \"lay the groundwork\" for a future speed increase as well as removing speed restrictions. The branch has been restricted to {{convert\\|40\\|mph}} for several decades, but the MBTA intends to eventually increase some portions to {{convert\\|50\\|mph}}.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2024\\-07\\-18/major\\-red\\-line\\-braintree\\-branch\\-improvement\\-work\\-take\\-place\\-september\\-6\\-29\\-mbta \\|title\\=Major Red Line Braintree Branch Improvement Work to Take Place September 6 – 29, MBTA to Remove 20\\+ Speed Restrictions \\|date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wbur.org/news/2024/07/19/mbta\\-red\\-line\\-closure\\-braintree\\-branch\\-50\\-mph\\-trains\\-newsletter \\|title\\=MBTA to close part of Red Line for 24 days this September — with plans for future 50 mph trains \\|date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|first\\=Nik \\|last\\=DeCosta\\-Klipa \\|newspaper\\=WBUR \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2024}}",
""
] |
Rolling stock
-------------
| Series \# | Year Built | Manufacturer | CarLength | CarWidth | Photo | Fleet numbers(Total ordered) | Number in service{{cite web \|url\=http://roster.transithistory.org/ \|title\=Home \|website\=roster.transithistory.org}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
\#1 |
1969–1970 |
[Pullman\-Standard](/wiki/Pullman-Standard "Pullman-Standard") |
{{convert\|69\|ft\|6\|in\|m\|2}} |
{{convert\|10\|ft\|2\|in\|m\|2}} |
[100px](/wiki/File:MBTA_Red_Line_1522.jpg "MBTA Red Line 1522.jpg") |
1500\-1523(24 total) |
22 || [100px](/wiki/File:Southbound_Red_Line_train_arriving_at_Park_Street_station%2C_December_2019.JPG "Southbound Red Line train arriving at Park Street station, December 2019.JPG") | 1600\-1651(52 total) | 38 |
| \#2 | 1987–1989 | [UTDC](/wiki/Urban_Transportation_Development_Corporation "Urban Transportation Development Corporation") | {{convert\|10\|ft\|m\|2}} | [100px](/wiki/File:Inbound_Red_Line_train_at_Central_Oct_2024_2.jpg "Inbound Red Line train at Central Oct 2024 2.jpg") | 1700–1757(58 total) | 54 |
| \#3 | 1993–1994 | [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation "Bombardier Transportation") | [100px](/wiki/File:Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station%2C_May_2006.jpg "Outbound train at Charles MGH station, May 2006.jpg") | 1800–1885(86 total) | 82 |
| \#4 | 2021–2023 | [CRRC](/wiki/CRRC "CRRC") / [CRRC Massachusetts](/wiki/CRRC_Massachusetts "CRRC Massachusetts") | {{convert\|69\|ft\|9\.75\|in\|m\|2}}{{Cite web\|title\=Red Line transit vehicle for Boston's MBTA\|url\=https://www.crrcma.com/product/red\-line\-transit\-vehicle\-for\-bostons\-mbta/\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-22\|website\=CRRC\|language\=en\-US}} | [100px](/wiki/File:MBTA_Red_Line_number_4_cars_entering_Central_Square_station.jpg "MBTA Red Line number 4 cars entering Central Square station.jpg") | 1900–2151(252 in total) | 16 |
|
* + - * + The Red Line is [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard_gauge "Standard gauge") [heavy rail](/wiki/Heavy_rail "Heavy rail"). Trains consist of mated pairs of [electric multiple unit](/wiki/Multiple_unit "Multiple unit") cars powered from a [600 V](/wiki/List_of_current_systems_for_electric_rail_traction "List of current systems for electric rail traction") [DC](/wiki/Direct_current "Direct current") [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail "Third rail"). All trains run in six\-car sets. All cars are roughly {{convert\|69 \- 70\|ft\|m\|1\|}} long, {{Convert\|10\|ft\|m}} wide, and have a platform height of {{Convert\|49\|in\|cm}} above the top of rail.
Rolling stock is maintained at the Cabot Yard in [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston "South Boston"). Yard leads connect to the mainline at Columbia Junction, just north of [JFK/UMass station](/wiki/JFK/UMass_station "JFK/UMass station"). Trains are also stored at Braintree (Caddigan Yard), Ashmont (Codman Yard), and Alewife.{{cite web \|url\=http://world.nycsubway.org/us/boston/red.html \|title\=MBTA Red Line \|publisher\=nycsubway.org \|author\=O'Regan, Gerry \|access\-date\=29 September 2011}} Eliot Yard, on the surface near [Harvard Square](/wiki/Harvard_Square "Harvard Square"), served [East Boston Tunnel](/wiki/East_Boston_Tunnel "East Boston Tunnel") cars for a short time and Red Line cars until it was demolished in the 1970s. (East Boston Tunnel cars accessed the yard through the now\-closed Joy Street portal near [Bowdoin station](/wiki/Bowdoin_station "Bowdoin station") and a track connection on the [Longfellow Bridge](/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge "Longfellow Bridge")).
### 1912 Cambridge subway and 1928 Dorchester cars
[thumb\|left\|1912 cars at the original Harvard station](/wiki/File:Harvard_station_1912.jpg "Harvard station 1912.jpg")
The Cambridge subway began service in 1912 with 40 all\-steel motor cars built by the [Standard Steel Car Company](/wiki/Standard_Steel_Car_Company "Standard Steel Car Company"), and 20 cars from the [Laconia Car Company](/wiki/Laconia_Car_Company "Laconia Car Company"). They had a novel design as a result of studies about Boston's existing lines, with a then\-extraordinary length of {{convert\|69\|ft\|6\|in\|m}} over buffers, and a large standee capacity, while weighing only {{convert\|85,900\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=5}}. They had an all\-new door arrangement: three single sliding doors per side evenly distributed along the car's length so that the maximum distance to a door was around {{convert\|9\|ft\|cm}}. Upon their debut, the new subway cars were the largest in the world; they remained so until the Toronto [M1 cars](/wiki/M_series_%28Toronto_subway%29 "M series (Toronto subway)") were built in 1962\.{{cite book\|last1\=Fischler\|first1\=Stanley I.\|title\=Moving millions : an inside look at mass transit\|date\=1979\|publisher\=Harper \& Row\|location\=New York\|isbn\=0\-06\-011272\-7\|edition\=1st\|url\=https://archive.org/details/movingmillions00stan}}{{rp\|127}}{{cite book \|last1\=Carlson \|first1\=Stephen P. \|last2\=Harding \|first2\=Thomas W. \|title\=From Boston to the Berkshires: a pictorial review of electric transportation in Massachusetts \|year\=1990 \|publisher\=Boston Street Railway Association \|isbn\=093831503X \|page\=40}} A similar configuration was later adopted by the [BMT](/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation "Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation")'s [Standard cars](/wiki/BMT_Standard "BMT Standard") in New York and the [Broad Street Subway cars](/wiki/Broad_Street_Line%23Rolling_stock "Broad Street Line#Rolling stock") in Philadelphia.
About {{convert\|20\|ft\|m}} of the Boston car was separated by a bulkhead for a [smoking](/wiki/Smoking "Smoking") compartment. In contrast to the elevated lines, passenger flowthrough was not intended, and every door was used as both entrance and exit.*Steel Cars for the Cambridge Subway* In: Electric Railway Journal, Vol XXXIX, No. 2, p. 58\. Thirty\-five cars of similar design were added in 1919 from the [Pressed Steel Car Company](/wiki/Pressed_Steel_Car_Company "Pressed Steel Car Company"), followed by 60 more in 1928 from the [Bradley Car Company](/wiki/Osgood_Bradley_Car_Company "Osgood Bradley Car Company") for the Cambridge–Dorchester subway.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.transithistory.org/roster/ \|title\=The MBTA Vehicle Inventory Page \|publisher\=NETransit \|date\=October 3, 2019 \|access\-date\=October 3, 2019}}
### 1963 Pullman cars
[thumb\|right\|1400\-series work cars (at right) at Cabot Yard](/wiki/File:MBTA_Red_Line_1400_series.JPG "MBTA Red Line 1400 series.JPG")
The 1912–1928 Cambridge–Dorchester fleet remained in service until 1963, when it was replaced all at once by 92 married\-pair cars from [Pullman\-Standard](/wiki/Pullman-Standard "Pullman-Standard") numbered 01400–01491\.New Cars Cut Costs for Boston Transit *[Railway Age](/wiki/Railway_Age "Railway Age")* March 4, 1963 pages 16/17 These carbon\-steel cars were originally delivered in a blue, white and gold paint scheme (the state colors of the [Commonwealth of Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"), which funded their purchase),{{cite book\|last\=Clarke\|first\=Bradley H.\|title\=The Boston Rapid Transit Album\|year\=1981\|publisher\=Boston Street Railway Association\|location\=Cambridge, Massachusetts\|page\=11}} and retained that color scheme into the early 1980s when most were finally repainted into Red Line colors for the opening of the Alewife Extension. The 01400s (or 1400s) were the last pre\-MBTA transit cars and also the last ones built without [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning "Air conditioning"). With delivery of the 1800\-series, all cars were retired from passenger service by 1994 due to mechanical and electrical equipment not being able to operate with six\-car trains.
Cars 01450 and 01455 were sent to the [Seashore Trolley Museum](/wiki/Seashore_Trolley_Museum "Seashore Trolley Museum") in [Kennebunkport, Maine](/wiki/Kennebunkport%2C_Maine "Kennebunkport, Maine") for preservation. Four other cars \- 01470/01471 and 01480/01481 \- remained as Red Line work equipment, but were sidelined after some time and are awaiting disposal.
### Aluminum\-bodied cars
[thumb\|left\|A train of 1600\-series cars on the Longfellow Bridge](/wiki/File:Ashmont_train_on_Longfellow_Bridge.jpg "Ashmont train on Longfellow Bridge.jpg")
Three series of older [aluminum](/wiki/Aluminum "Aluminum")\-bodied cars were built: the 1500 and 1600 series by [Pullman\-Standard](/wiki/Pullman-Standard "Pullman-Standard") 1969–1970 (known as the "No. 1" fleet), and 1700–57 by [UTDC](/wiki/Urban_Transportation_Development_Corporation "Urban Transportation Development Corporation") in 1988 ("No. 2" fleet). These cars seat 62 to 64 each and approximately 132 cars are in active service {{as of\|2015\|lc\=y}}, including some of the oldest cars still in regular revenue service on the MBTA system. All cars are painted white with red trim, with manually operated exterior [roll signs](/wiki/Roll_sign "Roll sign"). Before their overhauls, the 1500 and 1600 series had a brushed aluminum livery with a thin red stripe and were usually called "Silverbird" cars from their natural metal finish.
All these cars use traditional [DC](/wiki/Direct_current "Direct current") [traction motors](/wiki/Traction_motor "Traction motor") with [electromechanical](/wiki/Electromechanical "Electromechanical") controls manufactured by [Westinghouse](/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation "Westinghouse Electric Corporation") and can interoperate. The 1500 and 1700 series cars could operate as singles, but in practice are always operated as married pairs. The 1600 series could only operate as married pairs. Originally, the 1500s were double\-ended and had two cabs, but were converted to single ended during their midlife overhaul.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.trolleymuseum.org/documents/fundraiser\-EastBoston4\.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319192246/http://www.trolleymuseum.org/documents/fundraiser\-EastBoston4\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2012\-03\-19 }} Headlights are still present on the non\-cab ends on the 1500s. The 1700s also have headlights on their non\-cab end, but they were built with only one cab.
### Stainless steel–bodied cars
[thumb\|right\|A train of 1800\-series cars](/wiki/File:Outbound_Red_Line_train_at_Ashmont%2C_May_2008.jpg "Outbound Red Line train at Ashmont, May 2008.jpg")
The 1800–85 series of [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel")–bodied cars was built in 1993–94 by [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation "Bombardier Transportation") from components manufactured in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada") and assembled in [Barre, Vermont](/wiki/Barre%2C_Vermont_%28city%29 "Barre, Vermont (city)"). (This is known as the "No. 3" fleet.) These cars seat 50, and all 86 cars are in active service. An automated stop announcement system provides station announcements synchronized with visual announcements in red [LED](/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "Light-emitting diode") signs ceiling\-mounted in each car. These cars are stainless steel with red trim, and use yellow [LCD](/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display "Liquid crystal display") exterior signs. These cars originally had red cloth seats (in contrast to the black leather seats of other cars), but in the early 21st century the cloth seats were replaced with black leather seats. More recently the black leather seats were replaced with vandalism\-proof reinforced carpet type seats containing multi\-colored patterns, as with the other Red Line stock.
They have modern [AC](/wiki/Alternating_current "Alternating current") traction motors with [solid state](/wiki/Solid_state_%28electronics%29 "Solid state (electronics)") controls manufactured by [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"), very similar to the [Breda A650](/wiki/Breda_A650 "Breda A650") for the [Los Angeles Metro Rail](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail "Los Angeles Metro Rail"), the [Bombardier R110B](/wiki/R110B_%28New_York_City_Subway_car%29 "R110B (New York City Subway car)") prototype for the [New York City Subway](/wiki/New_York_City_Subway "New York City Subway"), and the [Washington Metro](/wiki/Washington_Metro "Washington Metro") [1000 series](/wiki/Washington_Metro_rolling_stock%231000-series "Washington Metro rolling stock#1000-series"). They can operate only as mated pairs and can partially interoperate with older cars in emergencies or non\-revenue equipment moves, but not in revenue service.
In December 2008, the MBTA began running a pair of modified 1800 series cars without seats, in order to increase train capacity. The MBTA became the first transit operator in the United States with heavy rail operations to run cars modified for this purpose. These cars, set 1802–1803, have been designated as "Big Red" cars, denoted by large stickers adjacent to the doors. Automated service announcements at stations alert passengers to the arrival of these high\-capacity trains.[MBTA strips out the seats from some Red Line trains](http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x1720679869/MBTA-introduces-new-high-capacity-cars) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108010518/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x1720679869/MBTA\-introduces\-new\-high\-capacity\-cars \|date\=2012\-11\-08 }} As of 2018, both Big Red cars have been retrofitted with seats, about half as many as the standard 01800 series cars.
Cars 01816 and 01817, out of service since 2004, were donated to the US Coast Guard in November 2021\. They were relocated to [Otis Air Force Base](/wiki/Otis_Air_Force_Base "Otis Air Force Base") for training use.{{cite magazine \|magazine\=Rollsign \|publisher\=\[\[Boston Street Railway Association]] \|date\=January–February 2022 \|issue\=1–2 \|volume\=59 \|title\=MBTA Vehicle Inventory as of February 28, 2022 \|first\=Jonathan \|last\=Belcher \|page\=6}}
### CRRC cars and upgraded signal system
[thumb\|left\|A CRRC\-built 1900\-series Red Line train in service in July 2024](/wiki/File:Park_Street_Southbound_MBTA_Red_Line_Platform%2C_July_2024.jpg "Park Street Southbound MBTA Red Line Platform, July 2024.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Interior of a \#4 CRRC car](/wiki/File:MBTA_Red_Line_1906_Interior%2C_August_2024.jpg "MBTA Red Line 1906 Interior, August 2024.jpg")
In October 2013, MassDOT announced plans for a $1\.3 billion subway car order for the Orange and Red Lines, which would provide 74 new cars to replace the 1500/1600\-series cars, with an option to increase the number to 132 to replace the 1700\-series cars.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.mbta.com/about\_the\_mbta/news\_events/?id\=27773\&month\=\&year\= \|title\=Governor Patrick Announces Major Transportation Funding Investments \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|date\=October 22, 2013}}
On October 22, 2014, the MassDOT Board awarded a $567 million contract to build 132 replacement railcars for the Red Line, as well as additional cars for the Orange Line to a [China](/wiki/China "China") based manufacturer [CNR](/wiki/China_CNR "China CNR") (which became part of [CRRC](/wiki/CRRC "CRRC") the following year). CRRC will build the new cars at a new manufacturing plant in [Springfield](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Massachusetts "Springfield, Massachusetts") at the site of the former [New England Westinghouse Company](/wiki/New_England_Westinghouse_Company "New England Westinghouse Company"), with initial deliveries of Red Line cars expected in 2020 (Orange Line deliveries began a year earlier) and all cars required to be in service by 2023\. The Board forwent federal funding to allow the contract to specify the cars be built in Massachusetts, to create a local railcar manufacturing industry.[MBTA: Orange Line problems not linked to Springfield\-built cars](https://www.masslive.com/business/2019/12/mbta-orange-line-problems-not-linked-to-springfield-built-cars.html) In conjunction with the new rolling stock, the remainder of the $1\.3 billion allocated for the project will pay for testing, signal improvements and expanded maintenance facilities, as well as other related expenses.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.wbur.org/2014/10/22/chinese\-company\-mbta\-contract \|title\=Chinese Company Hopes MBTA Contract Will Be U.S. Launching Pad \|publisher\=WBUR \|date\=October 22, 2014 \|access\-date\=December 13, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826104513/http://www.wbur.org/news/2014/10/22/chinese\-company\-mbta\-contract \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2016}} Sixty percent of the car's components are sourced from the United States.{{cite news\|title\=MBTA Orange Line Cars Pulled From Service: Report\|first\=William C. \|last\=Vantuono\|date\=October 1, 2019\|publisher\=Railway Age\|url\=https://www.railwayage.com/passenger/rapid\-transit/mbta\-orange\-line\-cars\-pulled\-from\-service\-report/}} The new cars will hold 15 additional passengers, will have four wheelchair parking areas per car, and will be equipped with on\-board [video surveillance](/wiki/Video_surveillance "Video surveillance"). The cars will have wider doors to allow faster boarding at busy stations, and can allow wheelchair access even if one of a pair of door panels fails to open.{{cite press release \|url\=http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/214486/ocn795183245\-2014\-10\-21\.pdf?sequence\=1\&isAllowed\=y \|title\=GOVERNOR PATRICK ANNOUNCES MBTA'S RECOMMENDED COMPANY TO BUILD NEW SUBWAY CARS IN MASSACHUSETTS \|publisher\=Office of Governor Deval L. Patrick \|date\=October 21, 2014 \|via\=State Library of Massachusetts}} The MBTA rebuilt [Track 61](/wiki/Track_61_%28Boston%29 "Track 61 (Boston)") to serve as a test track for the new Red Line cars.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mbta.com/projects/red\-line\-improvement\-program\|title \= Red Line Transformation Program \| Projects \| MBTA}}
In December 2016, the MBTA opted to purchase additional identical cars from CRRC, allowing replacement rather than costly refurbishment of the 01800 series cars. The second order is for 120 cars costing $277 million, with an option for 14 additional cars. Combined, the 2014 and 2016 orders will provide a single common fleet for the entire Red Line, with enough cars to eventually run 3\-minute headways at peak.{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2016\-12\-12/mbta\-purchases\-additional\-120\-new\-red\-line\-cars \|title\=MBTA purchases an additional 120 new Red Line cars \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \|date\=December 12, 2016}} Replacement of the signal system is expected to be complete by 2021 on the Red Line; the total cost is $218 million for both the Red and Orange Lines.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/10/01/signal\-problem\-mbta\-takes\-aim\-prime\-cause\-delays\-with\-new\-signal\-system/LcrvW47h5jCAZZBNe9oFcO/story.html \|title\=Signal problem? MBTA takes aim at prime cause of delays with new signal system \|first\=Adam \|last\=Vaccaro \|date\=October 1, 2018 \|newspaper\=Boston Globe}} The first trainset of new cars entered revenue service on December 30, 2020\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.boston.com/news/local\-news/2020/12/30/new\-mbta\-red\-line\-train \|title\=The first new Red Line train hit the tracks Wednesday. Here's what it looked like. \|newspaper\=Boston Globe \|date\=December 30, 2020 \|first\=Nik \|last\=DeCosta\-Klipa \|access\-date\=December 31, 2020}} The cars were taken out of service on March 16, 2021 after a CRRC car on the Orange Line derailed.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-03\-17\|title\=All new MBTA trains pulled from service after new Orange Line train derails\|url\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/mbta\-orange\-line\-train\-derails\-in\-work\-zone\-at\-wellington\-station/35853192\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-18\|website\=WCVB\|language\=en}} After investigations were completed, they returned to service in January 2022,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boston.com/news/local\-news/2022/01/05/mbta\-new\-red\-line\-train\-is\-back/\|title \= The MBTA's new Red Line train is slowly returning to passenger service}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/12/11/new\-mbta\-red\-line\-cars\-to\-return\-to\-tracks\-by\-the\-end\-of\-the\-month/\|title \= New MBTA Red Line cars to return to tracks by the end of the month\|date \= 11 December 2021}} at which point an increased number of deliveries was expected during 2022\.{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2022\-01\-05/test\-track\-and\-vehicle\-testing\-facility\-be\-used\-new\-red\-line\-cars \|title\=Test Track and Vehicle Testing Facility to Be Used for New Red Line Cars \|date\=January 5, 2022 \|publisher\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} The cars were pulled from service again in June 2022 after a battery failure;{{cite web \| url\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/mbta\-orange\-red\-line\-trains\-out\-of\-service\-dead\-battery\-june\-21/40367458\# \| title\=New Orange, Red line trains taken back out of service by MBTA \| date\=21 June 2022 }} they returned in July 2022\.
Production delays became apparent in 2019, and then factory shutdowns and staffing limitations caused by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") delayed projected final delivery to 2024,[The new Orange and Red Line cars are going to arrive at least a year late](https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2020/10/06/mbta-red-line-orange-line-car-delays/) with subsequent issues with staffing, supply chain, and delaying expected completion to summer 2025\.[More new T cars? Not so fast. New Red, Orange Line trains face more delays.](https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2022/09/30/mbta-red-line-orange-line-new-trains-delays/) The CRRC contract specifies a penalty of $500 per car per day of delay after September 2023; as of September 2022, 12 cars had been delivered.
{{clear}}
|
[
"Rolling stock\n-------------",
"",
"| Series \\# | Year Built | Manufacturer | CarLength | CarWidth | Photo | Fleet numbers(Total ordered) | Number in service{{cite web \\|url\\=http://roster.transithistory.org/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=roster.transithistory.org}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |",
"\\#1 |\n 1969–1970 |\n [Pullman\\-Standard](/wiki/Pullman-Standard \"Pullman-Standard\") |\n {{convert\\|69\\|ft\\|6\\|in\\|m\\|2}} |\n {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|2\\|in\\|m\\|2}} |\n [100px](/wiki/File:MBTA_Red_Line_1522.jpg \"MBTA Red Line 1522.jpg\") |\n 1500\\-1523(24 total) |\n 22 || [100px](/wiki/File:Southbound_Red_Line_train_arriving_at_Park_Street_station%2C_December_2019.JPG \"Southbound Red Line train arriving at Park Street station, December 2019.JPG\") | 1600\\-1651(52 total) | 38 |\n| \\#2 | 1987–1989 | [UTDC](/wiki/Urban_Transportation_Development_Corporation \"Urban Transportation Development Corporation\") | {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|m\\|2}} | [100px](/wiki/File:Inbound_Red_Line_train_at_Central_Oct_2024_2.jpg \"Inbound Red Line train at Central Oct 2024 2.jpg\") | 1700–1757(58 total) | 54 |\n| \\#3 | 1993–1994 | [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation \"Bombardier Transportation\") | [100px](/wiki/File:Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station%2C_May_2006.jpg \"Outbound train at Charles MGH station, May 2006.jpg\") | 1800–1885(86 total) | 82 |\n| \\#4 | 2021–2023 | [CRRC](/wiki/CRRC \"CRRC\") / [CRRC Massachusetts](/wiki/CRRC_Massachusetts \"CRRC Massachusetts\") | {{convert\\|69\\|ft\\|9\\.75\\|in\\|m\\|2}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Red Line transit vehicle for Boston's MBTA\\|url\\=https://www.crrcma.com/product/red\\-line\\-transit\\-vehicle\\-for\\-bostons\\-mbta/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-22\\|website\\=CRRC\\|language\\=en\\-US}} | [100px](/wiki/File:MBTA_Red_Line_number_4_cars_entering_Central_Square_station.jpg \"MBTA Red Line number 4 cars entering Central Square station.jpg\") | 1900–2151(252 in total) | 16 |\n|",
"* + - * + The Red Line is [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard_gauge \"Standard gauge\") [heavy rail](/wiki/Heavy_rail \"Heavy rail\"). Trains consist of mated pairs of [electric multiple unit](/wiki/Multiple_unit \"Multiple unit\") cars powered from a [600 V](/wiki/List_of_current_systems_for_electric_rail_traction \"List of current systems for electric rail traction\") [DC](/wiki/Direct_current \"Direct current\") [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail \"Third rail\"). All trains run in six\\-car sets. All cars are roughly {{convert\\|69 \\- 70\\|ft\\|m\\|1\\|}} long, {{Convert\\|10\\|ft\\|m}} wide, and have a platform height of {{Convert\\|49\\|in\\|cm}} above the top of rail.",
"Rolling stock is maintained at the Cabot Yard in [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\"). Yard leads connect to the mainline at Columbia Junction, just north of [JFK/UMass station](/wiki/JFK/UMass_station \"JFK/UMass station\"). Trains are also stored at Braintree (Caddigan Yard), Ashmont (Codman Yard), and Alewife.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://world.nycsubway.org/us/boston/red.html \\|title\\=MBTA Red Line \\|publisher\\=nycsubway.org \\|author\\=O'Regan, Gerry \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2011}} Eliot Yard, on the surface near [Harvard Square](/wiki/Harvard_Square \"Harvard Square\"), served [East Boston Tunnel](/wiki/East_Boston_Tunnel \"East Boston Tunnel\") cars for a short time and Red Line cars until it was demolished in the 1970s. (East Boston Tunnel cars accessed the yard through the now\\-closed Joy Street portal near [Bowdoin station](/wiki/Bowdoin_station \"Bowdoin station\") and a track connection on the [Longfellow Bridge](/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge \"Longfellow Bridge\")).",
"### 1912 Cambridge subway and 1928 Dorchester cars",
"[thumb\\|left\\|1912 cars at the original Harvard station](/wiki/File:Harvard_station_1912.jpg \"Harvard station 1912.jpg\")\nThe Cambridge subway began service in 1912 with 40 all\\-steel motor cars built by the [Standard Steel Car Company](/wiki/Standard_Steel_Car_Company \"Standard Steel Car Company\"), and 20 cars from the [Laconia Car Company](/wiki/Laconia_Car_Company \"Laconia Car Company\"). They had a novel design as a result of studies about Boston's existing lines, with a then\\-extraordinary length of {{convert\\|69\\|ft\\|6\\|in\\|m}} over buffers, and a large standee capacity, while weighing only {{convert\\|85,900\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=5}}. They had an all\\-new door arrangement: three single sliding doors per side evenly distributed along the car's length so that the maximum distance to a door was around {{convert\\|9\\|ft\\|cm}}. Upon their debut, the new subway cars were the largest in the world; they remained so until the Toronto [M1 cars](/wiki/M_series_%28Toronto_subway%29 \"M series (Toronto subway)\") were built in 1962\\.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Fischler\\|first1\\=Stanley I.\\|title\\=Moving millions : an inside look at mass transit\\|date\\=1979\\|publisher\\=Harper \\& Row\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=0\\-06\\-011272\\-7\\|edition\\=1st\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/movingmillions00stan}}{{rp\\|127}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Carlson \\|first1\\=Stephen P. \\|last2\\=Harding \\|first2\\=Thomas W. \\|title\\=From Boston to the Berkshires: a pictorial review of electric transportation in Massachusetts \\|year\\=1990 \\|publisher\\=Boston Street Railway Association \\|isbn\\=093831503X \\|page\\=40}} A similar configuration was later adopted by the [BMT](/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation \"Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation\")'s [Standard cars](/wiki/BMT_Standard \"BMT Standard\") in New York and the [Broad Street Subway cars](/wiki/Broad_Street_Line%23Rolling_stock \"Broad Street Line#Rolling stock\") in Philadelphia.",
"About {{convert\\|20\\|ft\\|m}} of the Boston car was separated by a bulkhead for a [smoking](/wiki/Smoking \"Smoking\") compartment. In contrast to the elevated lines, passenger flowthrough was not intended, and every door was used as both entrance and exit.*Steel Cars for the Cambridge Subway* In: Electric Railway Journal, Vol XXXIX, No. 2, p. 58\\. Thirty\\-five cars of similar design were added in 1919 from the [Pressed Steel Car Company](/wiki/Pressed_Steel_Car_Company \"Pressed Steel Car Company\"), followed by 60 more in 1928 from the [Bradley Car Company](/wiki/Osgood_Bradley_Car_Company \"Osgood Bradley Car Company\") for the Cambridge–Dorchester subway.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.transithistory.org/roster/ \\|title\\=The MBTA Vehicle Inventory Page \\|publisher\\=NETransit \\|date\\=October 3, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2019}}",
"### 1963 Pullman cars",
"[thumb\\|right\\|1400\\-series work cars (at right) at Cabot Yard](/wiki/File:MBTA_Red_Line_1400_series.JPG \"MBTA Red Line 1400 series.JPG\")\nThe 1912–1928 Cambridge–Dorchester fleet remained in service until 1963, when it was replaced all at once by 92 married\\-pair cars from [Pullman\\-Standard](/wiki/Pullman-Standard \"Pullman-Standard\") numbered 01400–01491\\.New Cars Cut Costs for Boston Transit *[Railway Age](/wiki/Railway_Age \"Railway Age\")* March 4, 1963 pages 16/17 These carbon\\-steel cars were originally delivered in a blue, white and gold paint scheme (the state colors of the [Commonwealth of Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"), which funded their purchase),{{cite book\\|last\\=Clarke\\|first\\=Bradley H.\\|title\\=The Boston Rapid Transit Album\\|year\\=1981\\|publisher\\=Boston Street Railway Association\\|location\\=Cambridge, Massachusetts\\|page\\=11}} and retained that color scheme into the early 1980s when most were finally repainted into Red Line colors for the opening of the Alewife Extension. The 01400s (or 1400s) were the last pre\\-MBTA transit cars and also the last ones built without [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning \"Air conditioning\"). With delivery of the 1800\\-series, all cars were retired from passenger service by 1994 due to mechanical and electrical equipment not being able to operate with six\\-car trains.",
"Cars 01450 and 01455 were sent to the [Seashore Trolley Museum](/wiki/Seashore_Trolley_Museum \"Seashore Trolley Museum\") in [Kennebunkport, Maine](/wiki/Kennebunkport%2C_Maine \"Kennebunkport, Maine\") for preservation. Four other cars \\- 01470/01471 and 01480/01481 \\- remained as Red Line work equipment, but were sidelined after some time and are awaiting disposal.",
"### Aluminum\\-bodied cars",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A train of 1600\\-series cars on the Longfellow Bridge](/wiki/File:Ashmont_train_on_Longfellow_Bridge.jpg \"Ashmont train on Longfellow Bridge.jpg\")\nThree series of older [aluminum](/wiki/Aluminum \"Aluminum\")\\-bodied cars were built: the 1500 and 1600 series by [Pullman\\-Standard](/wiki/Pullman-Standard \"Pullman-Standard\") 1969–1970 (known as the \"No. 1\" fleet), and 1700–57 by [UTDC](/wiki/Urban_Transportation_Development_Corporation \"Urban Transportation Development Corporation\") in 1988 (\"No. 2\" fleet). These cars seat 62 to 64 each and approximately 132 cars are in active service {{as of\\|2015\\|lc\\=y}}, including some of the oldest cars still in regular revenue service on the MBTA system. All cars are painted white with red trim, with manually operated exterior [roll signs](/wiki/Roll_sign \"Roll sign\"). Before their overhauls, the 1500 and 1600 series had a brushed aluminum livery with a thin red stripe and were usually called \"Silverbird\" cars from their natural metal finish.",
"All these cars use traditional [DC](/wiki/Direct_current \"Direct current\") [traction motors](/wiki/Traction_motor \"Traction motor\") with [electromechanical](/wiki/Electromechanical \"Electromechanical\") controls manufactured by [Westinghouse](/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation \"Westinghouse Electric Corporation\") and can interoperate. The 1500 and 1700 series cars could operate as singles, but in practice are always operated as married pairs. The 1600 series could only operate as married pairs. Originally, the 1500s were double\\-ended and had two cabs, but were converted to single ended during their midlife overhaul.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.trolleymuseum.org/documents/fundraiser\\-EastBoston4\\.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319192246/http://www.trolleymuseum.org/documents/fundraiser\\-EastBoston4\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-19 }} Headlights are still present on the non\\-cab ends on the 1500s. The 1700s also have headlights on their non\\-cab end, but they were built with only one cab.",
"### Stainless steel–bodied cars",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A train of 1800\\-series cars](/wiki/File:Outbound_Red_Line_train_at_Ashmont%2C_May_2008.jpg \"Outbound Red Line train at Ashmont, May 2008.jpg\")\nThe 1800–85 series of [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\")–bodied cars was built in 1993–94 by [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation \"Bombardier Transportation\") from components manufactured in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") and assembled in [Barre, Vermont](/wiki/Barre%2C_Vermont_%28city%29 \"Barre, Vermont (city)\"). (This is known as the \"No. 3\" fleet.) These cars seat 50, and all 86 cars are in active service. An automated stop announcement system provides station announcements synchronized with visual announcements in red [LED](/wiki/Light-emitting_diode \"Light-emitting diode\") signs ceiling\\-mounted in each car. These cars are stainless steel with red trim, and use yellow [LCD](/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display \"Liquid crystal display\") exterior signs. These cars originally had red cloth seats (in contrast to the black leather seats of other cars), but in the early 21st century the cloth seats were replaced with black leather seats. More recently the black leather seats were replaced with vandalism\\-proof reinforced carpet type seats containing multi\\-colored patterns, as with the other Red Line stock.",
"They have modern [AC](/wiki/Alternating_current \"Alternating current\") traction motors with [solid state](/wiki/Solid_state_%28electronics%29 \"Solid state (electronics)\") controls manufactured by [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\"), very similar to the [Breda A650](/wiki/Breda_A650 \"Breda A650\") for the [Los Angeles Metro Rail](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail \"Los Angeles Metro Rail\"), the [Bombardier R110B](/wiki/R110B_%28New_York_City_Subway_car%29 \"R110B (New York City Subway car)\") prototype for the [New York City Subway](/wiki/New_York_City_Subway \"New York City Subway\"), and the [Washington Metro](/wiki/Washington_Metro \"Washington Metro\") [1000 series](/wiki/Washington_Metro_rolling_stock%231000-series \"Washington Metro rolling stock#1000-series\"). They can operate only as mated pairs and can partially interoperate with older cars in emergencies or non\\-revenue equipment moves, but not in revenue service.",
"In December 2008, the MBTA began running a pair of modified 1800 series cars without seats, in order to increase train capacity. The MBTA became the first transit operator in the United States with heavy rail operations to run cars modified for this purpose. These cars, set 1802–1803, have been designated as \"Big Red\" cars, denoted by large stickers adjacent to the doors. Automated service announcements at stations alert passengers to the arrival of these high\\-capacity trains.[MBTA strips out the seats from some Red Line trains](http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x1720679869/MBTA-introduces-new-high-capacity-cars) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108010518/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x1720679869/MBTA\\-introduces\\-new\\-high\\-capacity\\-cars \\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-08 }} As of 2018, both Big Red cars have been retrofitted with seats, about half as many as the standard 01800 series cars.",
"Cars 01816 and 01817, out of service since 2004, were donated to the US Coast Guard in November 2021\\. They were relocated to [Otis Air Force Base](/wiki/Otis_Air_Force_Base \"Otis Air Force Base\") for training use.{{cite magazine \\|magazine\\=Rollsign \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Boston Street Railway Association]] \\|date\\=January–February 2022 \\|issue\\=1–2 \\|volume\\=59 \\|title\\=MBTA Vehicle Inventory as of February 28, 2022 \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last\\=Belcher \\|page\\=6}}",
"### CRRC cars and upgraded signal system",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A CRRC\\-built 1900\\-series Red Line train in service in July 2024](/wiki/File:Park_Street_Southbound_MBTA_Red_Line_Platform%2C_July_2024.jpg \"Park Street Southbound MBTA Red Line Platform, July 2024.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Interior of a \\#4 CRRC car](/wiki/File:MBTA_Red_Line_1906_Interior%2C_August_2024.jpg \"MBTA Red Line 1906 Interior, August 2024.jpg\")\nIn October 2013, MassDOT announced plans for a $1\\.3 billion subway car order for the Orange and Red Lines, which would provide 74 new cars to replace the 1500/1600\\-series cars, with an option to increase the number to 132 to replace the 1700\\-series cars.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.mbta.com/about\\_the\\_mbta/news\\_events/?id\\=27773\\&month\\=\\&year\\= \\|title\\=Governor Patrick Announces Major Transportation Funding Investments \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|date\\=October 22, 2013}}",
"On October 22, 2014, the MassDOT Board awarded a $567 million contract to build 132 replacement railcars for the Red Line, as well as additional cars for the Orange Line to a [China](/wiki/China \"China\") based manufacturer [CNR](/wiki/China_CNR \"China CNR\") (which became part of [CRRC](/wiki/CRRC \"CRRC\") the following year). CRRC will build the new cars at a new manufacturing plant in [Springfield](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Massachusetts \"Springfield, Massachusetts\") at the site of the former [New England Westinghouse Company](/wiki/New_England_Westinghouse_Company \"New England Westinghouse Company\"), with initial deliveries of Red Line cars expected in 2020 (Orange Line deliveries began a year earlier) and all cars required to be in service by 2023\\. The Board forwent federal funding to allow the contract to specify the cars be built in Massachusetts, to create a local railcar manufacturing industry.[MBTA: Orange Line problems not linked to Springfield\\-built cars](https://www.masslive.com/business/2019/12/mbta-orange-line-problems-not-linked-to-springfield-built-cars.html) In conjunction with the new rolling stock, the remainder of the $1\\.3 billion allocated for the project will pay for testing, signal improvements and expanded maintenance facilities, as well as other related expenses.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.wbur.org/2014/10/22/chinese\\-company\\-mbta\\-contract \\|title\\=Chinese Company Hopes MBTA Contract Will Be U.S. Launching Pad \\|publisher\\=WBUR \\|date\\=October 22, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826104513/http://www.wbur.org/news/2014/10/22/chinese\\-company\\-mbta\\-contract \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2016}} Sixty percent of the car's components are sourced from the United States.{{cite news\\|title\\=MBTA Orange Line Cars Pulled From Service: Report\\|first\\=William C. \\|last\\=Vantuono\\|date\\=October 1, 2019\\|publisher\\=Railway Age\\|url\\=https://www.railwayage.com/passenger/rapid\\-transit/mbta\\-orange\\-line\\-cars\\-pulled\\-from\\-service\\-report/}} The new cars will hold 15 additional passengers, will have four wheelchair parking areas per car, and will be equipped with on\\-board [video surveillance](/wiki/Video_surveillance \"Video surveillance\"). The cars will have wider doors to allow faster boarding at busy stations, and can allow wheelchair access even if one of a pair of door panels fails to open.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/214486/ocn795183245\\-2014\\-10\\-21\\.pdf?sequence\\=1\\&isAllowed\\=y \\|title\\=GOVERNOR PATRICK ANNOUNCES MBTA'S RECOMMENDED COMPANY TO BUILD NEW SUBWAY CARS IN MASSACHUSETTS \\|publisher\\=Office of Governor Deval L. Patrick \\|date\\=October 21, 2014 \\|via\\=State Library of Massachusetts}} The MBTA rebuilt [Track 61](/wiki/Track_61_%28Boston%29 \"Track 61 (Boston)\") to serve as a test track for the new Red Line cars.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mbta.com/projects/red\\-line\\-improvement\\-program\\|title \\= Red Line Transformation Program \\| Projects \\| MBTA}}",
"In December 2016, the MBTA opted to purchase additional identical cars from CRRC, allowing replacement rather than costly refurbishment of the 01800 series cars. The second order is for 120 cars costing $277 million, with an option for 14 additional cars. Combined, the 2014 and 2016 orders will provide a single common fleet for the entire Red Line, with enough cars to eventually run 3\\-minute headways at peak.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2016\\-12\\-12/mbta\\-purchases\\-additional\\-120\\-new\\-red\\-line\\-cars \\|title\\=MBTA purchases an additional 120 new Red Line cars \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority \\|date\\=December 12, 2016}} Replacement of the signal system is expected to be complete by 2021 on the Red Line; the total cost is $218 million for both the Red and Orange Lines.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/10/01/signal\\-problem\\-mbta\\-takes\\-aim\\-prime\\-cause\\-delays\\-with\\-new\\-signal\\-system/LcrvW47h5jCAZZBNe9oFcO/story.html \\|title\\=Signal problem? MBTA takes aim at prime cause of delays with new signal system \\|first\\=Adam \\|last\\=Vaccaro \\|date\\=October 1, 2018 \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe}} The first trainset of new cars entered revenue service on December 30, 2020\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/news/local\\-news/2020/12/30/new\\-mbta\\-red\\-line\\-train \\|title\\=The first new Red Line train hit the tracks Wednesday. Here's what it looked like. \\|newspaper\\=Boston Globe \\|date\\=December 30, 2020 \\|first\\=Nik \\|last\\=DeCosta\\-Klipa \\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2020}} The cars were taken out of service on March 16, 2021 after a CRRC car on the Orange Line derailed.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-17\\|title\\=All new MBTA trains pulled from service after new Orange Line train derails\\|url\\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/mbta\\-orange\\-line\\-train\\-derails\\-in\\-work\\-zone\\-at\\-wellington\\-station/35853192\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-18\\|website\\=WCVB\\|language\\=en}} After investigations were completed, they returned to service in January 2022,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/news/local\\-news/2022/01/05/mbta\\-new\\-red\\-line\\-train\\-is\\-back/\\|title \\= The MBTA's new Red Line train is slowly returning to passenger service}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/12/11/new\\-mbta\\-red\\-line\\-cars\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-tracks\\-by\\-the\\-end\\-of\\-the\\-month/\\|title \\= New MBTA Red Line cars to return to tracks by the end of the month\\|date \\= 11 December 2021}} at which point an increased number of deliveries was expected during 2022\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.mbta.com/news/2022\\-01\\-05/test\\-track\\-and\\-vehicle\\-testing\\-facility\\-be\\-used\\-new\\-red\\-line\\-cars \\|title\\=Test Track and Vehicle Testing Facility to Be Used for New Red Line Cars \\|date\\=January 5, 2022 \\|publisher\\=Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority}} The cars were pulled from service again in June 2022 after a battery failure;{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.wcvb.com/article/mbta\\-orange\\-red\\-line\\-trains\\-out\\-of\\-service\\-dead\\-battery\\-june\\-21/40367458\\# \\| title\\=New Orange, Red line trains taken back out of service by MBTA \\| date\\=21 June 2022 }} they returned in July 2022\\.",
"Production delays became apparent in 2019, and then factory shutdowns and staffing limitations caused by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") delayed projected final delivery to 2024,[The new Orange and Red Line cars are going to arrive at least a year late](https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2020/10/06/mbta-red-line-orange-line-car-delays/) with subsequent issues with staffing, supply chain, and delaying expected completion to summer 2025\\.[More new T cars? Not so fast. New Red, Orange Line trains face more delays.](https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2022/09/30/mbta-red-line-orange-line-new-trains-delays/) The CRRC contract specifies a penalty of $500 per car per day of delay after September 2023; as of September 2022, 12 cars had been delivered.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
Work history through 1964
-------------------------
He wrote three papers, two with [Anatol Rapoport](/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport "Anatol Rapoport"), in 1950–52,"[An Exact Method for the Computation of the Connectivity of Random Nets](http://raysolomonoff.com/publications/exactneuralnets.pdf)", *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics*, Vol 14, p. 153, 1952\. that are regarded as the earliest statistical analysis of networks.
He was one of the 10 attendees at the 1956 [Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence](/wiki/Dartmouth_Workshop "Dartmouth Workshop"). He wrote and circulated a report among the attendees: "An Inductive Inference Machine". It viewed machine learning as probabilistic, with an emphasis on the importance of training sequences, and on the use of parts of previous solutions to problems in constructing trial solutions for new problems. He published a version of his findings in 1957\.An Inductive Inference Machine," IRE Convention Record, Section on Information Theory, Part 2, pp. 56–62\.[(pdf version)](http://raysolomonoff.com/publications/An%20Inductive%20Inference%20Machine1957.pdf) These were the first papers to be written on probabilistic machine learning.
In the late 1950s, he invented probabilistic languages and their associated grammars."[A Progress Report on Machines to Learn to Translate Languages and Retrieve Information](http://raysolomonoff.com/publications/A%20Progress%20Report%20on%20Machines%20_%20Translate%20_%20Retrieve%20Information.pdf)", Advances in Documentation and Library Science, Vol III, pt. 2, pp. 941–953\. (Proceedings of a conference in Sept. 1959\.) A probabilistic language assigns a probability value to every possible string.
Generalizing the concept of probabilistic grammars led him to his discovery in 1960 of Algorithmic Probability and General Theory of Inductive Inference.
Prior to the 1960s, the usual method of calculating probability was based on frequency: taking the ratio of favorable results to the total number of trials. In his 1960 publication, and, more completely, in his 1964 publications, Solomonoff seriously revised this definition of probability. He called this new form of probability "Algorithmic Probability" and showed how to use it for prediction in his theory of inductive inference. As part of this work, he produced the philosophical foundation for the use of Bayes rule of causation for prediction.
The basic theorem of what was later called [Kolmogorov Complexity](/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity "Kolmogorov complexity") was part of his General Theory. Writing in 1960, he begins: "Consider a very long sequence of symbols ... We shall consider such a sequence of symbols to be 'simple' and have a high a priori probability, if there exists a very brief description of this sequence – using, of course, some sort of stipulated description method. More exactly, if we use only the symbols 0 and 1 to express our description, we will assign the probability 2−*N* to a sequence of symbols if its shortest possible binary description contains *N* digits.""A Preliminary Report on a General Theory of Inductive Inference", 1960 p. 1
The probability is with reference to a particular [universal Turing machine](/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine "Universal Turing machine"). Solomonoff showed and in 1964 proved that the choice of machine, while it could add a constant factor would not change the probability ratios very much. These probabilities are machine independent.
In 1965, the Russian mathematician Kolmogorov [independently](/wiki/Multiple_discovery "Multiple discovery") published similar ideas. When he became aware of Solomonoff's work, he acknowledged Solomonoff, and for several years, Solomonoff's work was better known in the Soviet Union than in the Western World. The general consensus in the scientific community, however, was to associate this type of complexity with Kolmogorov, who was more concerned with randomness of a sequence. Algorithmic Probability and Universal (Solomonoff) Induction became associated with Solomonoff, who was focused on prediction — the extrapolation of a sequence.
Later in the same 1960 publication Solomonoff describes his extension of the single\-shortest\-code theory. This is Algorithmic
Probability. He states: "It would seem that if there are several different methods of describing a sequence, each of these methods should be given *some* weight in determining the probability of that sequence.""A Preliminary Report on a General Theory of Inductive Inference",1960, p. 17 He then shows how this idea can be used to generate the universal a priori probability distribution and how it enables the use of Bayes rule in inductive inference. Inductive inference, by adding up the predictions of all models describing a particular sequence, using suitable weights based on the lengths of those models, gets the probability distribution for the extension of that sequence. This method of prediction has since become known as [Solomonoff induction](/wiki/Solomonoff_induction "Solomonoff induction").
He enlarged his theory, publishing a number of reports leading up to the publications in 1964\. The 1964 papers give a more detailed description of Algorithmic Probability, and Solomonoff Induction, presenting five different models, including the model popularly called the Universal Distribution.
|
[
"Work history through 1964\n-------------------------",
"He wrote three papers, two with [Anatol Rapoport](/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport \"Anatol Rapoport\"), in 1950–52,\"[An Exact Method for the Computation of the Connectivity of Random Nets](http://raysolomonoff.com/publications/exactneuralnets.pdf)\", *Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics*, Vol 14, p. 153, 1952\\. that are regarded as the earliest statistical analysis of networks.",
"He was one of the 10 attendees at the 1956 [Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence](/wiki/Dartmouth_Workshop \"Dartmouth Workshop\"). He wrote and circulated a report among the attendees: \"An Inductive Inference Machine\". It viewed machine learning as probabilistic, with an emphasis on the importance of training sequences, and on the use of parts of previous solutions to problems in constructing trial solutions for new problems. He published a version of his findings in 1957\\.An Inductive Inference Machine,\" IRE Convention Record, Section on Information Theory, Part 2, pp. 56–62\\.[(pdf version)](http://raysolomonoff.com/publications/An%20Inductive%20Inference%20Machine1957.pdf) These were the first papers to be written on probabilistic machine learning.",
"In the late 1950s, he invented probabilistic languages and their associated grammars.\"[A Progress Report on Machines to Learn to Translate Languages and Retrieve Information](http://raysolomonoff.com/publications/A%20Progress%20Report%20on%20Machines%20_%20Translate%20_%20Retrieve%20Information.pdf)\", Advances in Documentation and Library Science, Vol III, pt. 2, pp. 941–953\\. (Proceedings of a conference in Sept. 1959\\.) A probabilistic language assigns a probability value to every possible string.",
"Generalizing the concept of probabilistic grammars led him to his discovery in 1960 of Algorithmic Probability and General Theory of Inductive Inference.",
"Prior to the 1960s, the usual method of calculating probability was based on frequency: taking the ratio of favorable results to the total number of trials. In his 1960 publication, and, more completely, in his 1964 publications, Solomonoff seriously revised this definition of probability. He called this new form of probability \"Algorithmic Probability\" and showed how to use it for prediction in his theory of inductive inference. As part of this work, he produced the philosophical foundation for the use of Bayes rule of causation for prediction.",
"The basic theorem of what was later called [Kolmogorov Complexity](/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity \"Kolmogorov complexity\") was part of his General Theory. Writing in 1960, he begins: \"Consider a very long sequence of symbols ... We shall consider such a sequence of symbols to be 'simple' and have a high a priori probability, if there exists a very brief description of this sequence – using, of course, some sort of stipulated description method. More exactly, if we use only the symbols 0 and 1 to express our description, we will assign the probability 2−*N* to a sequence of symbols if its shortest possible binary description contains *N* digits.\"\"A Preliminary Report on a General Theory of Inductive Inference\", 1960 p. 1",
"The probability is with reference to a particular [universal Turing machine](/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine \"Universal Turing machine\"). Solomonoff showed and in 1964 proved that the choice of machine, while it could add a constant factor would not change the probability ratios very much. These probabilities are machine independent.",
"In 1965, the Russian mathematician Kolmogorov [independently](/wiki/Multiple_discovery \"Multiple discovery\") published similar ideas. When he became aware of Solomonoff's work, he acknowledged Solomonoff, and for several years, Solomonoff's work was better known in the Soviet Union than in the Western World. The general consensus in the scientific community, however, was to associate this type of complexity with Kolmogorov, who was more concerned with randomness of a sequence. Algorithmic Probability and Universal (Solomonoff) Induction became associated with Solomonoff, who was focused on prediction — the extrapolation of a sequence.",
"Later in the same 1960 publication Solomonoff describes his extension of the single\\-shortest\\-code theory. This is Algorithmic\nProbability. He states: \"It would seem that if there are several different methods of describing a sequence, each of these methods should be given *some* weight in determining the probability of that sequence.\"\"A Preliminary Report on a General Theory of Inductive Inference\",1960, p. 17 He then shows how this idea can be used to generate the universal a priori probability distribution and how it enables the use of Bayes rule in inductive inference. Inductive inference, by adding up the predictions of all models describing a particular sequence, using suitable weights based on the lengths of those models, gets the probability distribution for the extension of that sequence. This method of prediction has since become known as [Solomonoff induction](/wiki/Solomonoff_induction \"Solomonoff induction\").",
"He enlarged his theory, publishing a number of reports leading up to the publications in 1964\\. The 1964 papers give a more detailed description of Algorithmic Probability, and Solomonoff Induction, presenting five different models, including the model popularly called the Universal Distribution.",
""
] |
Work history from 1964 to 1984
------------------------------
Other scientists who had been at the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Conference (such as [Newell](/wiki/Allen_Newell "Allen Newell") and [Simon](/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon "Herbert A. Simon")) were developing the branch of Artificial Intelligence that used machines governed by if\-then rules, fact based. Solomonoff was developing the branch of Artificial Intelligence that focussed on probability and prediction; his specific view of A.I. described machines that were governed by the Algorithmic Probability distribution. The machine generates theories together with their associated probabilities, to solve problems, and as new problems and theories develop, updates the probability distribution on the theories.
In 1968 he found a proof for the
efficacy of Algorithmic Probability,"Complexity\-based Induction Systems, Comparisons and convergence Theorems" *IEEE Trans. on Information Theory* Vol. IT\-24, No. 4, pp.422–432, July,1978\. [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/solo1.pdf) but mainly because of lack of general interest at that time, did not publish it until 10 years later. In his report, he published the proof for the convergence theorem.
In the years following his discovery of Algorithmic Probability he focused on how to use this probability and Solomonoff Induction in actual prediction and problem solving for A.I. He also wanted to understand the deeper implications of this probability system.
One important aspect of Algorithmic Probability is that it is complete and incomputable.
In the 1968 report he shows that Algorithmic Probability is *complete*; that is, if there is any describable regularity in a body of data, Algorithmic Probability will eventually discover that regularity, requiring a relatively small sample of that data. Algorithmic Probability is the only probability system known to be complete in this way. As a necessary consequence of its completeness it is *incomputable*. The incomputability is because some algorithms—a subset of those that are partially recursive—can never be evaluated fully because it would take too long. But these programs will at least be recognized as possible solutions. On the other hand, any *computable* system is *incomplete*. There will always be descriptions outside that system's search space, which will never be acknowledged or considered, even in an infinite amount of time. Computable prediction models hide this fact by ignoring such algorithms.
In many of his papers he described how to search for solutions to problems and in the 1970s and early 1980s developed what he felt was the best way to update the machine.
The use of probability in A.I., however, did not have a completely smooth path. In the early years of A.I., the relevance of probability was problematic. Many in the A.I. community felt probability was not usable in their work. The area of pattern recognition did use a form of probability, but because there was no broadly based theory of how to incorporate probability in any A.I. field, most fields did not use it at all.
There were, however, researchers such as [Pearl](/wiki/Judea_Pearl "Judea Pearl") and Peter Cheeseman who argued that probability could be used in artificial intelligence.
About 1984, at an annual meeting of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), it was decided that probability was in no way relevant to A.I.
A protest group formed, and the next year there was a workshop at the AAAI meeting devoted to "Probability and Uncertainty in AI." This yearly workshop has continued to the present day."[The Universal Distribution and Machine Learning](http://world.std.com/~rjs/kollect.pdf)", The Kolmogorov Lecture, Feb. 27, 2003, Royal Holloway, Univ. of London. The Computer Journal, Vol 46, No. 6, 2003\.
As part of the protest at the first workshop, Solomonoff gave a paper on how to apply the universal distribution to problems in A.I."[The Application of Algorithmic Probability to Problems in Artificial Intelligence](http://world.std.com/~rjs/86.pdf)", in Kanal and Lemmer (Eds.), *Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence,*, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., pp 473–491, 1986\. This was an early version of the system he has been developing since that time.
In that report, he described the search technique he had developed. In search problems, the best order of search, is time T\_i/P\_i, where T\_i is the time needed to test the trial and P\_i is the probability of success of that trial. He called this the "Conceptual Jump Size" of the problem. Levin's search technique approximates this order,Levin, L.A., "Universal Search Problems", in Problemy Peredaci Informacii 9, pp. 115–116, 1973 and so Solomonoff, who had studied Levin's work, called this search technique Lsearch.
|
[
"Work history from 1964 to 1984\n------------------------------",
"Other scientists who had been at the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Conference (such as [Newell](/wiki/Allen_Newell \"Allen Newell\") and [Simon](/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon \"Herbert A. Simon\")) were developing the branch of Artificial Intelligence that used machines governed by if\\-then rules, fact based. Solomonoff was developing the branch of Artificial Intelligence that focussed on probability and prediction; his specific view of A.I. described machines that were governed by the Algorithmic Probability distribution. The machine generates theories together with their associated probabilities, to solve problems, and as new problems and theories develop, updates the probability distribution on the theories.",
"In 1968 he found a proof for the\nefficacy of Algorithmic Probability,\"Complexity\\-based Induction Systems, Comparisons and convergence Theorems\" *IEEE Trans. on Information Theory* Vol. IT\\-24, No. 4, pp.422–432, July,1978\\. [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/solo1.pdf) but mainly because of lack of general interest at that time, did not publish it until 10 years later. In his report, he published the proof for the convergence theorem.",
"In the years following his discovery of Algorithmic Probability he focused on how to use this probability and Solomonoff Induction in actual prediction and problem solving for A.I. He also wanted to understand the deeper implications of this probability system.",
"One important aspect of Algorithmic Probability is that it is complete and incomputable.",
"In the 1968 report he shows that Algorithmic Probability is *complete*; that is, if there is any describable regularity in a body of data, Algorithmic Probability will eventually discover that regularity, requiring a relatively small sample of that data. Algorithmic Probability is the only probability system known to be complete in this way. As a necessary consequence of its completeness it is *incomputable*. The incomputability is because some algorithms—a subset of those that are partially recursive—can never be evaluated fully because it would take too long. But these programs will at least be recognized as possible solutions. On the other hand, any *computable* system is *incomplete*. There will always be descriptions outside that system's search space, which will never be acknowledged or considered, even in an infinite amount of time. Computable prediction models hide this fact by ignoring such algorithms.",
"In many of his papers he described how to search for solutions to problems and in the 1970s and early 1980s developed what he felt was the best way to update the machine.",
"The use of probability in A.I., however, did not have a completely smooth path. In the early years of A.I., the relevance of probability was problematic. Many in the A.I. community felt probability was not usable in their work. The area of pattern recognition did use a form of probability, but because there was no broadly based theory of how to incorporate probability in any A.I. field, most fields did not use it at all.",
"There were, however, researchers such as [Pearl](/wiki/Judea_Pearl \"Judea Pearl\") and Peter Cheeseman who argued that probability could be used in artificial intelligence.",
"About 1984, at an annual meeting of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), it was decided that probability was in no way relevant to A.I.",
"A protest group formed, and the next year there was a workshop at the AAAI meeting devoted to \"Probability and Uncertainty in AI.\" This yearly workshop has continued to the present day.\"[The Universal Distribution and Machine Learning](http://world.std.com/~rjs/kollect.pdf)\", The Kolmogorov Lecture, Feb. 27, 2003, Royal Holloway, Univ. of London. The Computer Journal, Vol 46, No. 6, 2003\\.",
"As part of the protest at the first workshop, Solomonoff gave a paper on how to apply the universal distribution to problems in A.I.\"[The Application of Algorithmic Probability to Problems in Artificial Intelligence](http://world.std.com/~rjs/86.pdf)\", in Kanal and Lemmer (Eds.), *Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence,*, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., pp 473–491, 1986\\. This was an early version of the system he has been developing since that time.",
"In that report, he described the search technique he had developed. In search problems, the best order of search, is time T\\_i/P\\_i, where T\\_i is the time needed to test the trial and P\\_i is the probability of success of that trial. He called this the \"Conceptual Jump Size\" of the problem. Levin's search technique approximates this order,Levin, L.A., \"Universal Search Problems\", in Problemy Peredaci Informacii 9, pp. 115–116, 1973 and so Solomonoff, who had studied Levin's work, called this search technique Lsearch.",
""
] |
Work history — the later years
------------------------------
In other papers he explored how to limit the time needed to search for solutions, writing on resource bounded search. The search space is limited by available time or computation cost rather than by cutting out search space as is done in some other prediction methods, such as Minimum Description Length.
Throughout his career Solomonoff was concerned with the potential benefits and dangers of A.I., discussing it in many of his published reports. In 1985 he analyzed a likely evolution of A.I., giving a formula predicting when it would reach the "Infinity Point"."The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence: Reflections on Social Effects," Human Systems Management, Vol 5, pp. 149–153, 1985 [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/timesc.pdf) This work is part of the history of thought about a possible [technological singularity](/wiki/Technological_Singularity "Technological Singularity").
Originally algorithmic induction methods extrapolated ordered sequences of strings. Methods were needed for dealing with other kinds of data.
A 1999 report,"Two Kinds of Probabilistic Induction," The Computer Journal, Vol 42, No. 4, 1999\. [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/compj99.pdf) generalizes the Universal Distribution and associated convergence theorems to unordered sets of strings and a 2008 report,"Three Kinds of Probabilistic Induction, Universal Distributions and Convergence Theorems" 2008\. [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/chris1.pdf) to unordered pairs of strings.
In 1997,"The Discovery of Algorithmi Probability," Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Vol 55, No. 1, pp. 73–88 [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/barc97.pdf) 2003 and 2006 he showed that incomputability and subjectivity are both necessary and desirable characteristics of any high performance induction system.
In 1970 he formed his own one man company, Oxbridge Research, and continued his research there except for periods at other
institutions such as MIT, University of Saarland in Germany and the Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Lugano, Switzerland. In 2003 he was the first recipient of the Kolmogorov Award by The Computer Learning Research Center at the Royal Holloway, University of London, where he gave the inaugural Kolmogorov Lecture. Solomonoff was most recently a visiting professor at the CLRC.
In 2006 he spoke at [AI@50](/wiki/AI%4050 "AI@50"), "Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: the Next Fifty Years" commemorating the fiftieth anniversary
of the original Dartmouth summer study group. Solomonoff was one of five original participants to attend.
In Feb. 2008, he gave the keynote address at the Conference "Current Trends in the Theory and Application of Computer Science" (CTTACS), held at [Notre Dame University](/wiki/Notre_Dame_University%E2%80%93Louaize "Notre Dame University–Louaize") in Lebanon. He followed this with a short series of lectures, and began research on new applications of Algorithmic Probability.
Algorithmic Probability and Solomonoff Induction have many advantages for Artificial Intelligence. Algorithmic Probability gives extremely accurate probability estimates. These estimates can be revised by a reliable method so that they continue to be acceptable. It utilizes search time in a very efficient way. In addition to probability estimates, Algorithmic Probability "has for AI another important value: its multiplicity of models gives us many different ways to understand our data;
A description of Solomonoff's life and work prior to 1997 is in "The Discovery of Algorithmic Probability", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Vol 55, No. 1, pp 73–88, August 1997\. The paper, as well as most of the others mentioned here, are available on his website at the [publications page](http://world.std.com/~rjs/pubs.html).
In an article published the year of his death, a journal article said of Solomonoff: "A very conventional scientist understands his science using a single 'current paradigm'—the way of understanding that is most in vogue at the present time. A more creative scientist understands his science in very many ways, and can more easily create new theories, new ways of understanding, when the 'current paradigm' no longer fits the current data"."Algorithmic Probability, Theory and Applications," In Information Theory and Statistical Learning, Eds Frank Emmert\-Streib and Matthias Dehmer, Springer Science and Business Media, 2009, p. 11
|
[
"Work history — the later years\n------------------------------",
"In other papers he explored how to limit the time needed to search for solutions, writing on resource bounded search. The search space is limited by available time or computation cost rather than by cutting out search space as is done in some other prediction methods, such as Minimum Description Length.",
"Throughout his career Solomonoff was concerned with the potential benefits and dangers of A.I., discussing it in many of his published reports. In 1985 he analyzed a likely evolution of A.I., giving a formula predicting when it would reach the \"Infinity Point\".\"The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence: Reflections on Social Effects,\" Human Systems Management, Vol 5, pp. 149–153, 1985 [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/timesc.pdf) This work is part of the history of thought about a possible [technological singularity](/wiki/Technological_Singularity \"Technological Singularity\").",
"Originally algorithmic induction methods extrapolated ordered sequences of strings. Methods were needed for dealing with other kinds of data.",
"A 1999 report,\"Two Kinds of Probabilistic Induction,\" The Computer Journal, Vol 42, No. 4, 1999\\. [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/compj99.pdf) generalizes the Universal Distribution and associated convergence theorems to unordered sets of strings and a 2008 report,\"Three Kinds of Probabilistic Induction, Universal Distributions and Convergence Theorems\" 2008\\. [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/chris1.pdf) to unordered pairs of strings.",
"In 1997,\"The Discovery of Algorithmi Probability,\" Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Vol 55, No. 1, pp. 73–88 [(pdf version)](http://world.std.com/~rjs/barc97.pdf) 2003 and 2006 he showed that incomputability and subjectivity are both necessary and desirable characteristics of any high performance induction system.",
"In 1970 he formed his own one man company, Oxbridge Research, and continued his research there except for periods at other\ninstitutions such as MIT, University of Saarland in Germany and the Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Lugano, Switzerland. In 2003 he was the first recipient of the Kolmogorov Award by The Computer Learning Research Center at the Royal Holloway, University of London, where he gave the inaugural Kolmogorov Lecture. Solomonoff was most recently a visiting professor at the CLRC.",
"In 2006 he spoke at [AI@50](/wiki/AI%4050 \"AI@50\"), \"Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: the Next Fifty Years\" commemorating the fiftieth anniversary\nof the original Dartmouth summer study group. Solomonoff was one of five original participants to attend.",
"In Feb. 2008, he gave the keynote address at the Conference \"Current Trends in the Theory and Application of Computer Science\" (CTTACS), held at [Notre Dame University](/wiki/Notre_Dame_University%E2%80%93Louaize \"Notre Dame University–Louaize\") in Lebanon. He followed this with a short series of lectures, and began research on new applications of Algorithmic Probability.",
"Algorithmic Probability and Solomonoff Induction have many advantages for Artificial Intelligence. Algorithmic Probability gives extremely accurate probability estimates. These estimates can be revised by a reliable method so that they continue to be acceptable. It utilizes search time in a very efficient way. In addition to probability estimates, Algorithmic Probability \"has for AI another important value: its multiplicity of models gives us many different ways to understand our data;",
"A description of Solomonoff's life and work prior to 1997 is in \"The Discovery of Algorithmic Probability\", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Vol 55, No. 1, pp 73–88, August 1997\\. The paper, as well as most of the others mentioned here, are available on his website at the [publications page](http://world.std.com/~rjs/pubs.html).",
"In an article published the year of his death, a journal article said of Solomonoff: \"A very conventional scientist understands his science using a single 'current paradigm'—the way of understanding that is most in vogue at the present time. A more creative scientist understands his science in very many ways, and can more easily create new theories, new ways of understanding, when the 'current paradigm' no longer fits the current data\".\"Algorithmic Probability, Theory and Applications,\" In Information Theory and Statistical Learning, Eds Frank Emmert\\-Streib and Matthias Dehmer, Springer Science and Business Media, 2009, p. 11",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1957–1971
After the [1953 Iranian coup d'état](/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1953 Iranian coup d'état"), Prime Minister [Mohammad Mosaddeq](/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddeq "Mohammad Mosaddeq") was removed. He was originally focused on [nationalizing](/wiki/Nationalizing "Nationalizing") Iran's oil industry but had also set out to weaken the [Shah's](/wiki/Shah-an-shah "Shah-an-shah") power. After the coup, the monarch, [Mohammad Reza Shah](/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi"), established an intelligence service with police powers. The Shah's goal was to strengthen his regime by placing political opponents under surveillance and repressing dissident movements.[Nikki R. Keddie](/wiki/Nikki_R._Keddie "Nikki R. Keddie") and [Yann Richard](/wiki/Yann_Richard "Yann Richard"), [*Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tTqPdDNgfYoC) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726161634/http://books.google.com/books?id\=tTqPdDNgfYoC\&printsec\=frontcover\&dq\#PPA134,M1\#PPA134,M1 \|date\=2014\-07\-26 }} (Yale University Press, 2006\), p. 134\. According to *[Encyclopædia Iranica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica "Encyclopædia Iranica")*:
{{quote\|A U.S. Army colonel working for the CIA was sent to Persia in September 1953 to work with General \[\[Teymur Bakhtiar]], who was appointed military governor of Tehran in December 1953, and immediately began to assemble the nucleus of a new intelligence organization. The U.S. Army colonel worked closely with Bakhtīār and his subordinates, commanding the new intelligence organization and training its members in basic intelligence techniques, such as surveillance and interrogation methods, the use of intelligence networks, and organizational security. This organization was the first modern, effective intelligence service to operate in Persia. Its main achievement occurred in September 1954, when it discovered and destroyed a large communist \[\[Tudeh Party]] network that had been established in the Persian armed forces.M. J. Gasiorowski, eds., ''Neither East Nor West. Iran, the United States, and the Soviet Union'', New Haven, 1990, pp. 148–51\[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article\=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v5f3/v5f3a002\.html Central Intelligence Agency in Persia] {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622031811/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticles%2Funicode%2Fv5f3%2Fv5f3a002\.html \|date\=2009\-06\-22}} ''\[\[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]''. Retrieved 26 July 2008\.}}
In March 1955, the Army colonel was "replaced with a more permanent team of five career [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA) officers, including specialists in covert operations, intelligence analysis, and counterintelligence, including [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 "Major general (United States)") [Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf](/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Sr. "Norman Schwarzkopf Sr.") who "trained virtually all of the first generation of SAVAK personnel". In October 1956, news of the intended establishment of an agency was reported by state media and in 1965, this agency was reorganized and given the name *Sazeman\-e Ettela'at va Amniyat\-e Keshvar* (SAVAK).{{Cite web \|last\=Moravej \|first\=K. \|date\=2011 \|title\=The SAVAK and the Cold War: Counter\-Intelligence and Foreign Intelligence (1957–1968\) \|url\=https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/32469873/FULL\_TEXT.PDF \|website\=}} These in turn were replaced by SAVAK's own instructors in 1965\.N. R. Keddie and M. J. Gasiorowski, eds., *Neither East Nor West: Iran, the United States, and the Soviet Union* (New Haven, 1990\), pp. 154–55; personal interviews.[Profile: Norman Schwarzkopf Sr.](http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=norman_schwarzkopf_sr__1) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422181500/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity\=norman\_schwarzkopf\_sr\_\_1 \|date\=2011\-04\-22}} History Commons
SAVAK had the power to censor the media, screen applicants for government jobs, and "according to reliable Western source,*New York Times*, 21 September 1972\.{{which\|date\=June 2020}} use all means necessary, including torture, to hunt down dissidents".Ervand Abrahamian, *Iran Between Two Revolutions*, p. 437{{clarify\|date\=June 2020}} After 1963, the Shah expanded his security organizations, including SAVAK, which grew to over 5,300 full\-time agents and a large but unknown number of part\-time informers.
In 1961 the Iranian authorities dismissed the agency's first director, General [Teymur Bakhtiar](/wiki/Teymur_Bakhtiar "Teymur Bakhtiar"),{{cite web\|title\=National security\|url\=http://www.parstimes.com/history/national\_security.html\|work\=Pars Times\|access\-date\=24 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515172515/http://www.parstimes.com/history/national\_security.html\|archive\-date\=2013\-05\-15\|url\-status\=live}} and he later became a political dissident. In 1970, SAVAK agents assassinated him, disguising the deed as an accident.
[General](/wiki/General "General") [Hassan Pakravan](/wiki/Hassan_Pakravan "Hassan Pakravan"), director of SAVAK from 1961 to 1966, had an almost benevolent reputation, for example dining on a weekly basis with [Ayatollah Khomeini](/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini "Ruhollah Khomeini") while Khomeini was under house arrest, and later intervened to prevent Khomeini's execution on the grounds that it would "anger the common people of Iran".[Harvard Iranian Oral History Project](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iohp/pakravan.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229061120/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/\~iohp/pakravan.html \|date\=2008\-02\-29 }} Transcript of interview with Fatemeh Pakravan conducted by Habib Ladjevardi 3 March 1983\. After the [Iranian Revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Revolution "Iranian Revolution"), however, Pakravan was among the first of the Shah's officials to be executed by the Khomeini regime.
Pakravan was replaced in 1966 by General [Nematollah Nassiri](/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri "Nematollah Nassiri"), a close associate of the Shah, and the service was reorganized and became increasingly active in the face of rising leftist and Islamist militancy and political unrest.
### Siahkal attack and after
A turning point in SAVAK's reputation for ruthless brutality was reportedly an [attack on a gendarmerie post](/wiki/Siahkal_incident "Siahkal incident") in the Caspian village of [Siahkal](/wiki/Siahkal "Siahkal") by a small band of armed [Marxists](/wiki/Marxists "Marxists") in February 1971, although it is also reported to have tortured to death a Shia cleric, Ayatollah Muhammad Reza Sa'idi, in 1970\.Momen, Moojan, *An Introduction to Shi'i Islam* (Yale University Press, 1985\), p. 255\.Bill, James A., [Tragedy of American\-Iranian Relations](https://archive.org/details/eaglelion00bill/page/181) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518105818/https://books.google.com/books?id\=FNBpbh\-mDcoC\&lpg\=PA181\&ots\=i2JgJHF267\&dq\=Muhammad%20Reza%20Sa'idi\&pg\=PA182 \|date\=2016\-05\-18 }}(Yale University Press, 1989\), p. 181–82 According to Iranian political historian [Ervand Abrahamian](/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian "Ervand Abrahamian"), after this attack SAVAK interrogators were sent abroad for "scientific training to prevent unwanted deaths from 'brute force.'" Brute force was supplemented with the [bastinado](/wiki/Bastinado "Bastinado"); sleep deprivation; extensive solitary confinement; glaring searchlights; standing in one place for hours on end; nail extractions; snakes (favored for use with women); electrical shocks with cattle prods, often into the rectum; [cigarette burns](/wiki/Cigarette_burns "Cigarette burns"); sitting on hot grills; acid dripped into nostrils; near\-drownings; mock executions; and an electric chair with a large metal mask to muffle screams while amplifying them for the victim. This latter contraption was dubbed the Apollo—an allusion to the [American spacecraft](/wiki/Apollo_%28spacecraft%29 "Apollo (spacecraft)") of the same name. Prisoners were also humiliated by being raped, urinated on, and forced to stand naked.Ervand Abrahamian, *[Tortured Confessions](http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft3s2005jq&chunk.id=d0e5364&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4549)* (University of California Press, 1999\), p. 106\. Despite the new 'scientific' methods, the [torture](/wiki/Torture "Torture") of choice remained the traditional bastinado used to beat soles of the feet. The "primary goal" of those using the bastinados "was to locate arms caches, safe houses and accomplices ..."Abrahamian, *Tortured Confessions*, p. 106\.
Abrahamian estimates that SAVAK (and other police and military) killed 368 [guerrillas](/wiki/Guerrilla "Guerrilla") including the leadership of the major [urban guerrilla](/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare "Urban guerrilla warfare") organizations ([Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas](/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas "Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas"), [People's Mujahedin of Iran](/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran "People's Mujahedin of Iran")) such as [Hamid Ashraf](/wiki/Hamid_Ashraf "Hamid Ashraf") between 1971–1977 and executed up to 100 political prisoners between 1971 and 1979—the most violent era of the SAVAK's existence.Abrahamian, *Tortured Confessions*, pp. 103, 169\.
{{quote\|One well known writer was arrested, tortured for months, and finally placed before television cameras to 'confess' that his works paid too much attention to social problems and not enough to the great achievements of the \[\[White Revolution]]. By the end of 1975, twenty\-two prominent poets, novelist, professors, theater directors, and film makers were in jail for criticizing the regime. And many others had been physically attacked for refusing to cooperate with the authorities.Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', pp. 442–43\.\|}}
The repression was softened thanks to publicity and scrutiny by "numerous international organizations and foreign newspapers." [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") became President of the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") and he raised the issue of [human rights in the Imperial State of Iran](/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran "Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran"). Overnight prison conditions changed. Inmates dubbed this the dawn of "jimmykrasy".Abrahamian, *Tortured Confessions*, p. 119\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1957–1971",
"After the [1953 Iranian coup d'état](/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1953 Iranian coup d'état\"), Prime Minister [Mohammad Mosaddeq](/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddeq \"Mohammad Mosaddeq\") was removed. He was originally focused on [nationalizing](/wiki/Nationalizing \"Nationalizing\") Iran's oil industry but had also set out to weaken the [Shah's](/wiki/Shah-an-shah \"Shah-an-shah\") power. After the coup, the monarch, [Mohammad Reza Shah](/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi \"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi\"), established an intelligence service with police powers. The Shah's goal was to strengthen his regime by placing political opponents under surveillance and repressing dissident movements.[Nikki R. Keddie](/wiki/Nikki_R._Keddie \"Nikki R. Keddie\") and [Yann Richard](/wiki/Yann_Richard \"Yann Richard\"), [*Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tTqPdDNgfYoC) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726161634/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=tTqPdDNgfYoC\\&printsec\\=frontcover\\&dq\\#PPA134,M1\\#PPA134,M1 \\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-26 }} (Yale University Press, 2006\\), p. 134\\. According to *[Encyclopædia Iranica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica \"Encyclopædia Iranica\")*:",
"{{quote\\|A U.S. Army colonel working for the CIA was sent to Persia in September 1953 to work with General \\[\\[Teymur Bakhtiar]], who was appointed military governor of Tehran in December 1953, and immediately began to assemble the nucleus of a new intelligence organization. The U.S. Army colonel worked closely with Bakhtīār and his subordinates, commanding the new intelligence organization and training its members in basic intelligence techniques, such as surveillance and interrogation methods, the use of intelligence networks, and organizational security. This organization was the first modern, effective intelligence service to operate in Persia. Its main achievement occurred in September 1954, when it discovered and destroyed a large communist \\[\\[Tudeh Party]] network that had been established in the Persian armed forces.M. J. Gasiorowski, eds., ''Neither East Nor West. Iran, the United States, and the Soviet Union'', New Haven, 1990, pp. 148–51\\[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article\\=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v5f3/v5f3a002\\.html Central Intelligence Agency in Persia] {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622031811/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticles%2Funicode%2Fv5f3%2Fv5f3a002\\.html \\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-22}} ''\\[\\[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]''. Retrieved 26 July 2008\\.}}",
"In March 1955, the Army colonel was \"replaced with a more permanent team of five career [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") (CIA) officers, including specialists in covert operations, intelligence analysis, and counterintelligence, including [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 \"Major general (United States)\") [Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf](/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Sr. \"Norman Schwarzkopf Sr.\") who \"trained virtually all of the first generation of SAVAK personnel\". In October 1956, news of the intended establishment of an agency was reported by state media and in 1965, this agency was reorganized and given the name *Sazeman\\-e Ettela'at va Amniyat\\-e Keshvar* (SAVAK).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Moravej \\|first\\=K. \\|date\\=2011 \\|title\\=The SAVAK and the Cold War: Counter\\-Intelligence and Foreign Intelligence (1957–1968\\) \\|url\\=https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/32469873/FULL\\_TEXT.PDF \\|website\\=}} These in turn were replaced by SAVAK's own instructors in 1965\\.N. R. Keddie and M. J. Gasiorowski, eds., *Neither East Nor West: Iran, the United States, and the Soviet Union* (New Haven, 1990\\), pp. 154–55; personal interviews.[Profile: Norman Schwarzkopf Sr.](http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=norman_schwarzkopf_sr__1) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422181500/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity\\=norman\\_schwarzkopf\\_sr\\_\\_1 \\|date\\=2011\\-04\\-22}} History Commons",
"SAVAK had the power to censor the media, screen applicants for government jobs, and \"according to reliable Western source,*New York Times*, 21 September 1972\\.{{which\\|date\\=June 2020}} use all means necessary, including torture, to hunt down dissidents\".Ervand Abrahamian, *Iran Between Two Revolutions*, p. 437{{clarify\\|date\\=June 2020}} After 1963, the Shah expanded his security organizations, including SAVAK, which grew to over 5,300 full\\-time agents and a large but unknown number of part\\-time informers.",
"In 1961 the Iranian authorities dismissed the agency's first director, General [Teymur Bakhtiar](/wiki/Teymur_Bakhtiar \"Teymur Bakhtiar\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=National security\\|url\\=http://www.parstimes.com/history/national\\_security.html\\|work\\=Pars Times\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515172515/http://www.parstimes.com/history/national\\_security.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and he later became a political dissident. In 1970, SAVAK agents assassinated him, disguising the deed as an accident.",
"[General](/wiki/General \"General\") [Hassan Pakravan](/wiki/Hassan_Pakravan \"Hassan Pakravan\"), director of SAVAK from 1961 to 1966, had an almost benevolent reputation, for example dining on a weekly basis with [Ayatollah Khomeini](/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini \"Ruhollah Khomeini\") while Khomeini was under house arrest, and later intervened to prevent Khomeini's execution on the grounds that it would \"anger the common people of Iran\".[Harvard Iranian Oral History Project](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iohp/pakravan.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229061120/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/\\~iohp/pakravan.html \\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-29 }} Transcript of interview with Fatemeh Pakravan conducted by Habib Ladjevardi 3 March 1983\\. After the [Iranian Revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Revolution \"Iranian Revolution\"), however, Pakravan was among the first of the Shah's officials to be executed by the Khomeini regime.",
"Pakravan was replaced in 1966 by General [Nematollah Nassiri](/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri \"Nematollah Nassiri\"), a close associate of the Shah, and the service was reorganized and became increasingly active in the face of rising leftist and Islamist militancy and political unrest.",
"### Siahkal attack and after",
"A turning point in SAVAK's reputation for ruthless brutality was reportedly an [attack on a gendarmerie post](/wiki/Siahkal_incident \"Siahkal incident\") in the Caspian village of [Siahkal](/wiki/Siahkal \"Siahkal\") by a small band of armed [Marxists](/wiki/Marxists \"Marxists\") in February 1971, although it is also reported to have tortured to death a Shia cleric, Ayatollah Muhammad Reza Sa'idi, in 1970\\.Momen, Moojan, *An Introduction to Shi'i Islam* (Yale University Press, 1985\\), p. 255\\.Bill, James A., [Tragedy of American\\-Iranian Relations](https://archive.org/details/eaglelion00bill/page/181) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518105818/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FNBpbh\\-mDcoC\\&lpg\\=PA181\\&ots\\=i2JgJHF267\\&dq\\=Muhammad%20Reza%20Sa'idi\\&pg\\=PA182 \\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-18 }}(Yale University Press, 1989\\), p. 181–82 According to Iranian political historian [Ervand Abrahamian](/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian \"Ervand Abrahamian\"), after this attack SAVAK interrogators were sent abroad for \"scientific training to prevent unwanted deaths from 'brute force.'\" Brute force was supplemented with the [bastinado](/wiki/Bastinado \"Bastinado\"); sleep deprivation; extensive solitary confinement; glaring searchlights; standing in one place for hours on end; nail extractions; snakes (favored for use with women); electrical shocks with cattle prods, often into the rectum; [cigarette burns](/wiki/Cigarette_burns \"Cigarette burns\"); sitting on hot grills; acid dripped into nostrils; near\\-drownings; mock executions; and an electric chair with a large metal mask to muffle screams while amplifying them for the victim. This latter contraption was dubbed the Apollo—an allusion to the [American spacecraft](/wiki/Apollo_%28spacecraft%29 \"Apollo (spacecraft)\") of the same name. Prisoners were also humiliated by being raped, urinated on, and forced to stand naked.Ervand Abrahamian, *[Tortured Confessions](http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft3s2005jq&chunk.id=d0e5364&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4549)* (University of California Press, 1999\\), p. 106\\. Despite the new 'scientific' methods, the [torture](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\") of choice remained the traditional bastinado used to beat soles of the feet. The \"primary goal\" of those using the bastinados \"was to locate arms caches, safe houses and accomplices ...\"Abrahamian, *Tortured Confessions*, p. 106\\.",
"Abrahamian estimates that SAVAK (and other police and military) killed 368 [guerrillas](/wiki/Guerrilla \"Guerrilla\") including the leadership of the major [urban guerrilla](/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare \"Urban guerrilla warfare\") organizations ([Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas](/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas \"Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas\"), [People's Mujahedin of Iran](/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran \"People's Mujahedin of Iran\")) such as [Hamid Ashraf](/wiki/Hamid_Ashraf \"Hamid Ashraf\") between 1971–1977 and executed up to 100 political prisoners between 1971 and 1979—the most violent era of the SAVAK's existence.Abrahamian, *Tortured Confessions*, pp. 103, 169\\.",
"{{quote\\|One well known writer was arrested, tortured for months, and finally placed before television cameras to 'confess' that his works paid too much attention to social problems and not enough to the great achievements of the \\[\\[White Revolution]]. By the end of 1975, twenty\\-two prominent poets, novelist, professors, theater directors, and film makers were in jail for criticizing the regime. And many others had been physically attacked for refusing to cooperate with the authorities.Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', pp. 442–43\\.\\|}}",
"The repression was softened thanks to publicity and scrutiny by \"numerous international organizations and foreign newspapers.\" [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\") became President of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") and he raised the issue of [human rights in the Imperial State of Iran](/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran \"Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran\"). Overnight prison conditions changed. Inmates dubbed this the dawn of \"jimmykrasy\".Abrahamian, *Tortured Confessions*, p. 119\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
K. K. Warslut formed Deströyer 666 following his departure from the [black metal](/wiki/Black_metal "Black metal") band [Bestial Warlust](/wiki/Bestial_Warlust "Bestial Warlust"). Initially the project was a solo venture but eventually a black\-[death](/wiki/Death_metal "Death metal")\-[thrash metal](/wiki/Thrash_metal "Thrash metal") band was formed in 1994 in Melbourne. The group's debut EP, *Violence is the Prince of this World* featured Warslut on guitar, [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar") and vocals, with [Matt Skitz](/wiki/Matt_%22Skitz%22_Sanders "Matt ") (aka Matt Sanders) from [Damaged](/wiki/Damaged_%28band%29 "Damaged (band)") and Criss Volcano from [Abominator](/wiki/Abominator_%28band%29 "Abominator (band)") on [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit "Drum kit"). The song "The Eternal Glory of War" was later re\-recorded for their 2000 album *Phoenix Rising*.
Following their debut release, Deströyer 666 had a line\-up of Warslut; bassist Bullet Eater (aka Phil Gresik, ex\-Bestial Warlust, [Hobbs' Angel of Death](/wiki/Hobbs%27_Angel_of_Death "Hobbs' Angel of Death"), Mass Confusion); [Gospel of the Horns](/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Horns "Gospel of the Horns")' drummer Howitzer; and guitarist Shrapnel. They recorded the group's first studio album, *Unchain the Wolves* (1997\). Soon after Howitzer was replaced by Deceiver and during 1999 Deströyer 666 recorded *Phoenix Rising*, though it was not released until more than a year later. K.K. Warslut also joined neo\-Nazi metal musician Scott McGuinness, of Fortress fame, in the band Raven's Wing, which released one album, *Through the Looking Glass*, in 1997\.
During 2000, Deströyer 666 toured Europe extensively. Dutch drummer Erich de Windt of [Sinister](/wiki/Sinister_%28band%29 "Sinister (band)") and Prostitute Disfigurement joined the band after the recording of the EP *King of Kings*. Gresik left to be replaced by Simon Berserker. *Phoenix Rising* was released by [Season of Mist](/wiki/Season_of_Mist "Season of Mist") in November. De Windt was replaced by German drummer Mersus in 2001 and Deströyer 666 toured through Europe again with [Immolation](/wiki/Immolation_%28band%29 "Immolation (band)") and Deranged, after which the band left Australia to relocate to Europe. Warslut settled in Eindhoven in the Netherlands and Shrapnel began living in London.
The 2002 album *[Cold Steel... for an Iron Age](/wiki/Cold_Steel..._for_an_Iron_Age "Cold Steel... for an Iron Age")* featured cover art, which the band has since disavowed, claiming they never approved it.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.metalobsession.net/destroyer\-666\-ian\-shrapnel\-9122009 \|title\=Deströyer 666 (Ian Shrapnel) – 9/12/2009 :: Metal Obsession \|access\-date\=15 December 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227132140/http://www.metalobsession.net/destroyer\-666\-ian\-shrapnel\-9122009 \|archive\-date\=27 December 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }} A reissue of the album was scheduled for late 2005 but as of May 2009, it had not appeared. It is supposed to feature all new artwork as well as bonus songs. The next album, [*Defiance*](/wiki/Defiance_%28Destr%C3%B6yer_666_album%29 "Defiance (Deströyer 666 album)"), was released in June 2009\. It is their first album where none of the music was composed by Warslut, whereas he has concentrated on the lyrics as usual with the music composed by Shrapnel and Matt Razor. The album has been very well received by both fans and critics to keep Deströyer 666 well in the bracket of the cult act they have become.
In 2010, the group released a compilation album, "To the Devil His Due" which contains all of the tracks previously available only on 7" vinyl EPs. Deströyer 666's lyrical themes deal with blasphemy, nihilism, Nietzsche and warlike subjects.
In August 2012, it was announced that Shrapnel left the band for personal reasons.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/destr\-yer\-666\-parts\-ways\-with\-guitarist/\|title\=DESTRÖYER 666 Parts Ways With Guitarist\|last\=Blabbermouth\|date\=7 August 2012\|website\=Blabbermouth.net\|access\-date\=30 June 2018}}
Deströyer 666 released their latest album, titled *Wildfire*, on 26 February 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/new\-song\-premiere\-destroyer\-666s\-live\-and\-burn/\|title\=New Song Premiere: DESTRÖYER 666's 'Live And Burn'\|publisher\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=6 January 2016\|access\-date\=6 January 2016}}
On 2 December 2022, the group released their sixth studio album, *Never Surrender*. It was promoted by the single "Guillotine", released that September, whose music video featured footage from [anti\-lockdown protests](/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia "COVID-19 protests in Australia") that had taken place in their home country.
### Notable tours and shows
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|Live at [Hole in the Sky](/wiki/Hole_in_the_Sky_%28festival%29 "Hole in the Sky (festival)"), Bergen Metal Fest 2007](/wiki/File:Destroyer666_by_Christian_Misje.jpg "Destroyer666 by Christian Misje.jpg")
In 2003, the group undertook an Australian tour that year that culminated in a headlining appearance at the [Metal for the Brain](/wiki/Metal_for_the_Brain "Metal for the Brain") festival. Their first [North American](/wiki/North_America "North America") tour occurred during September and October 2006\.[Roadrunnerrecords.com](http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=59109) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310175016/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=59109 \|date\=10 March 2007 }}
Starting from the first of January 2010, Deströyer 666 returned to their homeland in Australia, first playing Screamfest and then extensively touring the country, including Tasmania. They had not played the continent since 2004\.
2010 saw further touring and noteworthy live appearances. They were a highlight at Norway's Inferno Festival in March and followed on a very busy and successful year with a US tour alongside Enthroned and a lengthy European jaunt with Watain.
In 2011, they were scheduled to tour with German thrash band [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 "Destruction (band)") in the United States. However, due to unforeseen circumstances they had to drop out of the tour.
### Controversy
Deströyer 666, particularly lead singer K. K. Warslut, have espoused racist, Islamophobic, misogynistic, and homophobic messages at their concerts. Warslut said that Muslims were "invading” performing in Germany in 2012\. During a show at New York City's [Saint Vitus](/wiki/Saint_Vitus_%28venue%29 "Saint Vitus (venue)") in 2016, he led the audience to chant "no pussies" and "no faggots" before calling an Asian attendee a "[chink](/wiki/Chink "Chink")." While performing in Sweden in 2018, Warslut said that women participating in the [MeToo movement](/wiki/MeToo_movement "MeToo movement") "need a hard dick" and called them "political cunt suckers."{{Cite web \|last\=Kelly \|first\=Kim \|date\=2018\-03\-16 \|title\=With \#KillTheKing, Heavy Metal Is Having Its \#MeToo Moment \|url\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mb5m5v/with\-killtheking\-heavy\-metal\-is\-having\-its\-metoo\-moment \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-05 \|website\=Vice \|language\=en}} In 2019, a planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was cancelled after the publicizing of some of these incidents.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/destroyer\-666\-cancels\-tour\-after\-racist\-past\-unearthed\-20190424\-p51gur.html\|title\=Destroyer 666 cancels tour after 'racist' past unearthed\|last\=Carmody\|first\=Broede\|date\=24 April 2019\|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald\|language\=en\|access\-date\=15 January 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=https://toiletovhell.com/threats\-censorship\-and\-destroyer\-666/\|title\=On Threats, Censorship, and Destroyer 666\|last\=Stockhausen\|date\=19 July 2016\|website\=toiletovhell.com\|access\-date\=18 September 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tonedeaf.thebrag.com/are\-we\-really\-touring\-destroyer\-666\-australia/\|title\=Are we really touring Destroyer 666 in Australia? Really?\|first\=Mike\|last\=Hohnen\|date\=23 April 2019\|website\=tonedeaf.thebrag.com\|access\-date\=18 September 2019}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.invisibleoranges.com/destroyer666\-live\-at\-st\-vitus/\|title\=Destroyer 666 Live at St. Vitus\|last\=Hopkins\|first\=Blair\|website\=\[\[Invisible Oranges]]\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=16 January 2020}} Due to the tour's close proximity to the [Christchurch shooting](/wiki/Christchurch_shooting "Christchurch shooting"), [Anti\-Defamation Commission](/wiki/Anti-Defamation_Commission "Anti-Defamation Commission") head [Dvir Abramovich](/wiki/Dvir_Abramovich "Dvir Abramovich") criticised it.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"K. K. Warslut formed Deströyer 666 following his departure from the [black metal](/wiki/Black_metal \"Black metal\") band [Bestial Warlust](/wiki/Bestial_Warlust \"Bestial Warlust\"). Initially the project was a solo venture but eventually a black\\-[death](/wiki/Death_metal \"Death metal\")\\-[thrash metal](/wiki/Thrash_metal \"Thrash metal\") band was formed in 1994 in Melbourne. The group's debut EP, *Violence is the Prince of this World* featured Warslut on guitar, [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") and vocals, with [Matt Skitz](/wiki/Matt_%22Skitz%22_Sanders \"Matt \") (aka Matt Sanders) from [Damaged](/wiki/Damaged_%28band%29 \"Damaged (band)\") and Criss Volcano from [Abominator](/wiki/Abominator_%28band%29 \"Abominator (band)\") on [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\"). The song \"The Eternal Glory of War\" was later re\\-recorded for their 2000 album *Phoenix Rising*.",
"Following their debut release, Deströyer 666 had a line\\-up of Warslut; bassist Bullet Eater (aka Phil Gresik, ex\\-Bestial Warlust, [Hobbs' Angel of Death](/wiki/Hobbs%27_Angel_of_Death \"Hobbs' Angel of Death\"), Mass Confusion); [Gospel of the Horns](/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Horns \"Gospel of the Horns\")' drummer Howitzer; and guitarist Shrapnel. They recorded the group's first studio album, *Unchain the Wolves* (1997\\). Soon after Howitzer was replaced by Deceiver and during 1999 Deströyer 666 recorded *Phoenix Rising*, though it was not released until more than a year later. K.K. Warslut also joined neo\\-Nazi metal musician Scott McGuinness, of Fortress fame, in the band Raven's Wing, which released one album, *Through the Looking Glass*, in 1997\\.",
"During 2000, Deströyer 666 toured Europe extensively. Dutch drummer Erich de Windt of [Sinister](/wiki/Sinister_%28band%29 \"Sinister (band)\") and Prostitute Disfigurement joined the band after the recording of the EP *King of Kings*. Gresik left to be replaced by Simon Berserker. *Phoenix Rising* was released by [Season of Mist](/wiki/Season_of_Mist \"Season of Mist\") in November. De Windt was replaced by German drummer Mersus in 2001 and Deströyer 666 toured through Europe again with [Immolation](/wiki/Immolation_%28band%29 \"Immolation (band)\") and Deranged, after which the band left Australia to relocate to Europe. Warslut settled in Eindhoven in the Netherlands and Shrapnel began living in London.",
"The 2002 album *[Cold Steel... for an Iron Age](/wiki/Cold_Steel..._for_an_Iron_Age \"Cold Steel... for an Iron Age\")* featured cover art, which the band has since disavowed, claiming they never approved it.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.metalobsession.net/destroyer\\-666\\-ian\\-shrapnel\\-9122009 \\|title\\=Deströyer 666 (Ian Shrapnel) – 9/12/2009 :: Metal Obsession \\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227132140/http://www.metalobsession.net/destroyer\\-666\\-ian\\-shrapnel\\-9122009 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 December 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} A reissue of the album was scheduled for late 2005 but as of May 2009, it had not appeared. It is supposed to feature all new artwork as well as bonus songs. The next album, [*Defiance*](/wiki/Defiance_%28Destr%C3%B6yer_666_album%29 \"Defiance (Deströyer 666 album)\"), was released in June 2009\\. It is their first album where none of the music was composed by Warslut, whereas he has concentrated on the lyrics as usual with the music composed by Shrapnel and Matt Razor. The album has been very well received by both fans and critics to keep Deströyer 666 well in the bracket of the cult act they have become.",
"In 2010, the group released a compilation album, \"To the Devil His Due\" which contains all of the tracks previously available only on 7\" vinyl EPs. Deströyer 666's lyrical themes deal with blasphemy, nihilism, Nietzsche and warlike subjects.",
"In August 2012, it was announced that Shrapnel left the band for personal reasons.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/destr\\-yer\\-666\\-parts\\-ways\\-with\\-guitarist/\\|title\\=DESTRÖYER 666 Parts Ways With Guitarist\\|last\\=Blabbermouth\\|date\\=7 August 2012\\|website\\=Blabbermouth.net\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2018}}",
"Deströyer 666 released their latest album, titled *Wildfire*, on 26 February 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/new\\-song\\-premiere\\-destroyer\\-666s\\-live\\-and\\-burn/\\|title\\=New Song Premiere: DESTRÖYER 666's 'Live And Burn'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=6 January 2016\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2016}}",
"On 2 December 2022, the group released their sixth studio album, *Never Surrender*. It was promoted by the single \"Guillotine\", released that September, whose music video featured footage from [anti\\-lockdown protests](/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia \"COVID-19 protests in Australia\") that had taken place in their home country.",
"### Notable tours and shows",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Live at [Hole in the Sky](/wiki/Hole_in_the_Sky_%28festival%29 \"Hole in the Sky (festival)\"), Bergen Metal Fest 2007](/wiki/File:Destroyer666_by_Christian_Misje.jpg \"Destroyer666 by Christian Misje.jpg\")\nIn 2003, the group undertook an Australian tour that year that culminated in a headlining appearance at the [Metal for the Brain](/wiki/Metal_for_the_Brain \"Metal for the Brain\") festival. Their first [North American](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") tour occurred during September and October 2006\\.[Roadrunnerrecords.com](http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=59109) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310175016/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=59109 \\|date\\=10 March 2007 }}",
"Starting from the first of January 2010, Deströyer 666 returned to their homeland in Australia, first playing Screamfest and then extensively touring the country, including Tasmania. They had not played the continent since 2004\\.",
"2010 saw further touring and noteworthy live appearances. They were a highlight at Norway's Inferno Festival in March and followed on a very busy and successful year with a US tour alongside Enthroned and a lengthy European jaunt with Watain.",
"In 2011, they were scheduled to tour with German thrash band [Destruction](/wiki/Destruction_%28band%29 \"Destruction (band)\") in the United States. However, due to unforeseen circumstances they had to drop out of the tour.",
"### Controversy",
"Deströyer 666, particularly lead singer K. K. Warslut, have espoused racist, Islamophobic, misogynistic, and homophobic messages at their concerts. Warslut said that Muslims were \"invading” performing in Germany in 2012\\. During a show at New York City's [Saint Vitus](/wiki/Saint_Vitus_%28venue%29 \"Saint Vitus (venue)\") in 2016, he led the audience to chant \"no pussies\" and \"no faggots\" before calling an Asian attendee a \"[chink](/wiki/Chink \"Chink\").\" While performing in Sweden in 2018, Warslut said that women participating in the [MeToo movement](/wiki/MeToo_movement \"MeToo movement\") \"need a hard dick\" and called them \"political cunt suckers.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kelly \\|first\\=Kim \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-16 \\|title\\=With \\#KillTheKing, Heavy Metal Is Having Its \\#MeToo Moment \\|url\\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mb5m5v/with\\-killtheking\\-heavy\\-metal\\-is\\-having\\-its\\-metoo\\-moment \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=Vice \\|language\\=en}} In 2019, a planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was cancelled after the publicizing of some of these incidents.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/destroyer\\-666\\-cancels\\-tour\\-after\\-racist\\-past\\-unearthed\\-20190424\\-p51gur.html\\|title\\=Destroyer 666 cancels tour after 'racist' past unearthed\\|last\\=Carmody\\|first\\=Broede\\|date\\=24 April 2019\\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://toiletovhell.com/threats\\-censorship\\-and\\-destroyer\\-666/\\|title\\=On Threats, Censorship, and Destroyer 666\\|last\\=Stockhausen\\|date\\=19 July 2016\\|website\\=toiletovhell.com\\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tonedeaf.thebrag.com/are\\-we\\-really\\-touring\\-destroyer\\-666\\-australia/\\|title\\=Are we really touring Destroyer 666 in Australia? Really?\\|first\\=Mike\\|last\\=Hohnen\\|date\\=23 April 2019\\|website\\=tonedeaf.thebrag.com\\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.invisibleoranges.com/destroyer666\\-live\\-at\\-st\\-vitus/\\|title\\=Destroyer 666 Live at St. Vitus\\|last\\=Hopkins\\|first\\=Blair\\|website\\=\\[\\[Invisible Oranges]]\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2020}} Due to the tour's close proximity to the [Christchurch shooting](/wiki/Christchurch_shooting \"Christchurch shooting\"), [Anti\\-Defamation Commission](/wiki/Anti-Defamation_Commission \"Anti-Defamation Commission\") head [Dvir Abramovich](/wiki/Dvir_Abramovich \"Dvir Abramovich\") criticised it.",
""
] |
Research
--------
Her first ten years' research were devoted almost entirely to the analysis and interpretation of data collected from gamma astronomy satellite [Cos\-B](/wiki/Cos-B "Cos-B"), and the beginning of the study of X\-ray astronomy with the analysis of data collected by the [Einstein Observatory](/wiki/Einstein_Observatory "Einstein Observatory") and [EXOSAT](/wiki/EXOSAT "EXOSAT"). In the following period, her interests widened to include all of multi\-wavelength astronomy, especially optical astronomy and interpretation of its results.
Since her thesis work, Caraveo has taken part in the development of multi\-wavelength observations that led to the discovery and understanding of the neutron star Geminga. This required the use of multiple optical instruments both on the ground and in space. She has used observations from satellites such as [SAS\-2](/wiki/SAS-2 "SAS-2"), [HEAO\-1](/wiki/HEAO-1 "HEAO-1"), Cos\-B, Einstein, EXOSAT, [Ginga](/wiki/Ginga_%28satellite%29 "Ginga (satellite)"), [ROSAT](/wiki/ROSAT "ROSAT"), [Egret](/wiki/EGRET_%28telescope%29 "EGRET (telescope)"), [EUVE](/wiki/EUVE "EUVE"), [Hubble](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope "Hubble Space Telescope"), [Hipparcos](/wiki/Hipparcos "Hipparcos"), [XMM\-Newton](/wiki/XMM-Newton "XMM-Newton"), and [Chandra](/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory "Chandra X-ray Observatory"), in addition to ground\-based telescopes such as the [Very Large Array](/wiki/Very_Large_Array "Very Large Array"). The results of Geminga have opened a new chapter in astrophysics: the study of unidentified gamma\-ray sources. This is now one of the main topics of research by several groups around the world.
Her identification of Geminga, the first neutron star to show no radio emissions, has opened the way for a more general study of the phenomenology and number of optical pulsars. Caraveo and her team are dedicated to studying the color, motions, and distances of neutron stars, along with the relationship between neutron stars and young supernova remnants. With the use of [parallax](/wiki/Parallax "Parallax") with Geminga, Caraveo accomplished the first optical measurement of the distance to an isolated neutron star. The correlation of data from Hipparcos with images from the Hubble Space Telescope to determine the absolute position of the faint optical counterpart of Geminga, was chosen by the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency") as one of the 30 success stories presented at the Ministerial Conference in May 1999 (see ESA BR 147\).{{cite web\|url\=http://sci.esa.int/education/13555\-success\-story/?fbodylongid\=1035\|title\=ESA Science \& Technology: Success Story\|work\=esa.int}}
Caraveo's continuous improvement to the techniques of analysis of data from the Hubble Space Telescope allowed the measurement of the proper motion of the Crab pulsar and then proper motion and parallax of the pulsar in the constellation of Sails, yielding a result much closer than she had expected. In both cases there was a significant alignment between the direction of the proper motion vector and the X\-ray jets revealed by these two neutron stars. This alignment has profound implications for the physics of the explosion of supernovae.
Using the telescope XMM\-Newton, Caraveo has contributed to the first direct measurement of the magnetic field of an isolated neutron star, thanks to the discovery of cyclotron absorption lines in the data source 1E1207\-59, a neutron star at the center of a [supernova](/wiki/Supernova "Supernova") with no radio counterpart.
The high sensitivity of XMM\-Newton has also resulted in two major findings on Geminga. The star, as it moves with supersonic speed in the interstellar medium, generates a shock wave that produces a train of X\-rays. This allows scientists to probe both the density of the interstellar medium and the energy of the accelerated electrons from the source. The result, with Caraveo as first author, was published in Science, on September 5, 2003 (which devoted its cover to XMM\-Newton), and has received substantial coverage in the Italian and world press. Observations from Chandra also revealed a tail that follows the pulsar, perfectly aligned with its proper motion. It could be the PWN ([pulsar wind nebula](/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula "Pulsar wind nebula")) of Geminga. While several other pulsars have comet tails of this type, the combination between the large structures revealed by XMM\-Newton and the new data from Chandra is unprecedented.
The data accumulated by XMM\-Newton enabled Caraveo to take a significant step in understanding Geminga through studying the spectrum of the source as a function of phase. This suggests that some observations of the star are due to a small hot spot which rotates with the star. The result, with Caraveo as first author, published in [Science](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 "Science (journal)") on July 16, 2004, is of great importance for the understanding of the physics of neutron stars, as the technique developed for Geminga is applicable to other neutron stars.
Geminga is not the only example of a pulsar without radio emission. The satellite Fermi has discovered{{cite web\|url\=http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/1yr\_catalog/\|title\=FSSC: Data » Data Access » LAT 1\-year Catalog\|work\=nasa.gov}} dozens of others, demonstrating that the predictions made on the basis of the phenomenology of Geminga were fundamentally correct.
Following the publication of the catalog of gamma sources{{cite web\|url\=http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/2yr\_catalog/\|title\=FSSC: Data » Data Access » LAT 2\-year Catalog\|work\=nasa.gov}} revealed by Fermi, Caraveo coordinated a program centered on the study of unidentified gamma\-ray sources. The purpose of the exercise is to find sources with the highest ratio of X\-ray to optical emissions, one of the characteristic signs of neutron stars.
|
[
"Research\n--------",
"Her first ten years' research were devoted almost entirely to the analysis and interpretation of data collected from gamma astronomy satellite [Cos\\-B](/wiki/Cos-B \"Cos-B\"), and the beginning of the study of X\\-ray astronomy with the analysis of data collected by the [Einstein Observatory](/wiki/Einstein_Observatory \"Einstein Observatory\") and [EXOSAT](/wiki/EXOSAT \"EXOSAT\"). In the following period, her interests widened to include all of multi\\-wavelength astronomy, especially optical astronomy and interpretation of its results.",
"Since her thesis work, Caraveo has taken part in the development of multi\\-wavelength observations that led to the discovery and understanding of the neutron star Geminga. This required the use of multiple optical instruments both on the ground and in space. She has used observations from satellites such as [SAS\\-2](/wiki/SAS-2 \"SAS-2\"), [HEAO\\-1](/wiki/HEAO-1 \"HEAO-1\"), Cos\\-B, Einstein, EXOSAT, [Ginga](/wiki/Ginga_%28satellite%29 \"Ginga (satellite)\"), [ROSAT](/wiki/ROSAT \"ROSAT\"), [Egret](/wiki/EGRET_%28telescope%29 \"EGRET (telescope)\"), [EUVE](/wiki/EUVE \"EUVE\"), [Hubble](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope \"Hubble Space Telescope\"), [Hipparcos](/wiki/Hipparcos \"Hipparcos\"), [XMM\\-Newton](/wiki/XMM-Newton \"XMM-Newton\"), and [Chandra](/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory \"Chandra X-ray Observatory\"), in addition to ground\\-based telescopes such as the [Very Large Array](/wiki/Very_Large_Array \"Very Large Array\"). The results of Geminga have opened a new chapter in astrophysics: the study of unidentified gamma\\-ray sources. This is now one of the main topics of research by several groups around the world.",
"Her identification of Geminga, the first neutron star to show no radio emissions, has opened the way for a more general study of the phenomenology and number of optical pulsars. Caraveo and her team are dedicated to studying the color, motions, and distances of neutron stars, along with the relationship between neutron stars and young supernova remnants. With the use of [parallax](/wiki/Parallax \"Parallax\") with Geminga, Caraveo accomplished the first optical measurement of the distance to an isolated neutron star. The correlation of data from Hipparcos with images from the Hubble Space Telescope to determine the absolute position of the faint optical counterpart of Geminga, was chosen by the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency \"European Space Agency\") as one of the 30 success stories presented at the Ministerial Conference in May 1999 (see ESA BR 147\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sci.esa.int/education/13555\\-success\\-story/?fbodylongid\\=1035\\|title\\=ESA Science \\& Technology: Success Story\\|work\\=esa.int}}",
"Caraveo's continuous improvement to the techniques of analysis of data from the Hubble Space Telescope allowed the measurement of the proper motion of the Crab pulsar and then proper motion and parallax of the pulsar in the constellation of Sails, yielding a result much closer than she had expected. In both cases there was a significant alignment between the direction of the proper motion vector and the X\\-ray jets revealed by these two neutron stars. This alignment has profound implications for the physics of the explosion of supernovae.",
"Using the telescope XMM\\-Newton, Caraveo has contributed to the first direct measurement of the magnetic field of an isolated neutron star, thanks to the discovery of cyclotron absorption lines in the data source 1E1207\\-59, a neutron star at the center of a [supernova](/wiki/Supernova \"Supernova\") with no radio counterpart.",
"The high sensitivity of XMM\\-Newton has also resulted in two major findings on Geminga. The star, as it moves with supersonic speed in the interstellar medium, generates a shock wave that produces a train of X\\-rays. This allows scientists to probe both the density of the interstellar medium and the energy of the accelerated electrons from the source. The result, with Caraveo as first author, was published in Science, on September 5, 2003 (which devoted its cover to XMM\\-Newton), and has received substantial coverage in the Italian and world press. Observations from Chandra also revealed a tail that follows the pulsar, perfectly aligned with its proper motion. It could be the PWN ([pulsar wind nebula](/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula \"Pulsar wind nebula\")) of Geminga. While several other pulsars have comet tails of this type, the combination between the large structures revealed by XMM\\-Newton and the new data from Chandra is unprecedented.",
"The data accumulated by XMM\\-Newton enabled Caraveo to take a significant step in understanding Geminga through studying the spectrum of the source as a function of phase. This suggests that some observations of the star are due to a small hot spot which rotates with the star. The result, with Caraveo as first author, published in [Science](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 \"Science (journal)\") on July 16, 2004, is of great importance for the understanding of the physics of neutron stars, as the technique developed for Geminga is applicable to other neutron stars.",
"Geminga is not the only example of a pulsar without radio emission. The satellite Fermi has discovered{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/1yr\\_catalog/\\|title\\=FSSC: Data » Data Access » LAT 1\\-year Catalog\\|work\\=nasa.gov}} dozens of others, demonstrating that the predictions made on the basis of the phenomenology of Geminga were fundamentally correct.",
"Following the publication of the catalog of gamma sources{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/2yr\\_catalog/\\|title\\=FSSC: Data » Data Access » LAT 2\\-year Catalog\\|work\\=nasa.gov}} revealed by Fermi, Caraveo coordinated a program centered on the study of unidentified gamma\\-ray sources. The purpose of the exercise is to find sources with the highest ratio of X\\-ray to optical emissions, one of the characteristic signs of neutron stars.",
""
] |
Coordination efforts
--------------------
In addition to data analysis, Caraveo was responsible for the study and planning of new missions. She was part of the Astronomy Working Group of the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency") and contributed to the study and selection of new missions.
After involvement in the spectrometer of INTEGRAL, Caraveo was part of the group proposing ESA's participation in the [James Webb Space Telescope](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope") (then the New Generation Space Telescope) In parallel, Caraveo took part in the development of new high\-energy astrophysics missions such as the AGILE mission of the Italian Space Agency and the Swift and GLAST missions of NASA, for which she holds the position of Co\-Investigator.
Caraveo is also responsible for the contract the [Italian Space Agency](/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency "Italian Space Agency") (ASI) signed for the financing of activities related to astrophysical mission GLAST (now Fermi) of NASA.
Within [ASTRONET](/wiki/Astronet "Astronet"), Caraveo was co\-chair of the panel dedicated to high\-energy astrophysics.
Caraveo was vice\-coordinator of the panel of Italy's aerospace National Operational Program (NOP).
She is currently responsible for the participation of [INAF](/wiki/INAF "INAF") in the [Cherenkov Telescope Array](/wiki/Cherenkov_Telescope_Array "Cherenkov Telescope Array").
|
[
"Coordination efforts\n--------------------",
"In addition to data analysis, Caraveo was responsible for the study and planning of new missions. She was part of the Astronomy Working Group of the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency \"European Space Agency\") and contributed to the study and selection of new missions.",
"After involvement in the spectrometer of INTEGRAL, Caraveo was part of the group proposing ESA's participation in the [James Webb Space Telescope](/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope \"James Webb Space Telescope\") (then the New Generation Space Telescope) In parallel, Caraveo took part in the development of new high\\-energy astrophysics missions such as the AGILE mission of the Italian Space Agency and the Swift and GLAST missions of NASA, for which she holds the position of Co\\-Investigator.",
"Caraveo is also responsible for the contract the [Italian Space Agency](/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency \"Italian Space Agency\") (ASI) signed for the financing of activities related to astrophysical mission GLAST (now Fermi) of NASA.",
"Within [ASTRONET](/wiki/Astronet \"Astronet\"), Caraveo was co\\-chair of the panel dedicated to high\\-energy astrophysics.",
"Caraveo was vice\\-coordinator of the panel of Italy's aerospace National Operational Program (NOP).",
"She is currently responsible for the participation of [INAF](/wiki/INAF \"INAF\") in the [Cherenkov Telescope Array](/wiki/Cherenkov_Telescope_Array \"Cherenkov Telescope Array\").",
""
] |
Rising hopes under the New Deal
-------------------------------
The election of [Franklin Delano Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt "Franklin Delano Roosevelt") and the passage of the [National Industrial Recovery Act](/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act "National Industrial Recovery Act") (NIRA) appeared to change things. The NIRA, which Roosevelt signed in June 1933, called for cooperation among business, labor and government and established the [National Recovery Administration](/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration "National Recovery Administration") (NRA). It was to oversee the creation of codes of conduct for particular industries that would reduce overproduction, raise wages, control hours of work, guarantee the rights of workers to form unions, and stimulate an economic recovery.
The NIRA rarely, if ever, lived up to its promises: employers usually dominated the panels that created these codes, which often offered far less than what workers and their unions demanded, and the NIRA and the codes themselves were toothless, since the Act did not provide any effective means to enforce the standards.
Even so, the promise of the right to join a union had an electrifying effect on textile workers: the [United Textile Workers](/wiki/United_Textile_Workers "United Textile Workers") (UTW), which had no more than 15,000 members in February, 1933, grew to 250,000 members by June, 1934, of whom roughly half were cotton mill workers. Textile workers also put tremendous faith in the NIRA to bring an end to the stretch\-out, or at least temper its worst features. As one union organizer said, textile workers in the South saw the NIRA as something that "God has sent to them."
The NIRA quickly promulgated a code for the cotton industry regulating workers' hours and establishing a minimum wage; it also established a committee to study the problem of workloads. In the meantime, however, the employers responded to the new minimum wages by increasing the pace of work. When the labor board set a forty\-hour work week, mill owners required the same amount of work in those forty hours as they had in the previous fifty\- to sixty\-hour week.
By August 1934, workers had filed nearly 4,000 complaints to the labor board protesting "code chiseling" by their employers; the board found in favor of only one worker. Union supporters often lost their jobs and found themselves [blacklisted](/wiki/Blacklist "Blacklist") throughout the industry. Workers, both north and south, wrote thousands of letters to the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House"), the [Department of Labor](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor "United States Department of Labor"), the NRA, and [Eleanor Roosevelt](/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt "Eleanor Roosevelt") asking for them to intervene.
In what proved to be a [dry run](/wiki/Dry_Run_%28testing%29 "Dry Run (testing)") of the larger strike to follow, cotton mill workers in [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina")'s Horse Creek Valley struck to force employers to live up to the code, only to face special deputies, highway patrolmen and a machine\-gun unit of the National Guard sent to keep the mills open. When the NIRA's special board came to Horse Creek, it did not respond to the workers' complaints, but urged them to return to work. When they attempted to do so, the mill owners not only refused to allow the workers back, but evicted them from company housing. The NIRA took no action to stop the employers from violating the codes.
|
[
"Rising hopes under the New Deal\n-------------------------------",
"The election of [Franklin Delano Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt \"Franklin Delano Roosevelt\") and the passage of the [National Industrial Recovery Act](/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act \"National Industrial Recovery Act\") (NIRA) appeared to change things. The NIRA, which Roosevelt signed in June 1933, called for cooperation among business, labor and government and established the [National Recovery Administration](/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration \"National Recovery Administration\") (NRA). It was to oversee the creation of codes of conduct for particular industries that would reduce overproduction, raise wages, control hours of work, guarantee the rights of workers to form unions, and stimulate an economic recovery.",
"The NIRA rarely, if ever, lived up to its promises: employers usually dominated the panels that created these codes, which often offered far less than what workers and their unions demanded, and the NIRA and the codes themselves were toothless, since the Act did not provide any effective means to enforce the standards.",
"Even so, the promise of the right to join a union had an electrifying effect on textile workers: the [United Textile Workers](/wiki/United_Textile_Workers \"United Textile Workers\") (UTW), which had no more than 15,000 members in February, 1933, grew to 250,000 members by June, 1934, of whom roughly half were cotton mill workers. Textile workers also put tremendous faith in the NIRA to bring an end to the stretch\\-out, or at least temper its worst features. As one union organizer said, textile workers in the South saw the NIRA as something that \"God has sent to them.\"",
"The NIRA quickly promulgated a code for the cotton industry regulating workers' hours and establishing a minimum wage; it also established a committee to study the problem of workloads. In the meantime, however, the employers responded to the new minimum wages by increasing the pace of work. When the labor board set a forty\\-hour work week, mill owners required the same amount of work in those forty hours as they had in the previous fifty\\- to sixty\\-hour week.",
"By August 1934, workers had filed nearly 4,000 complaints to the labor board protesting \"code chiseling\" by their employers; the board found in favor of only one worker. Union supporters often lost their jobs and found themselves [blacklisted](/wiki/Blacklist \"Blacklist\") throughout the industry. Workers, both north and south, wrote thousands of letters to the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\"), the [Department of Labor](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor \"United States Department of Labor\"), the NRA, and [Eleanor Roosevelt](/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt \"Eleanor Roosevelt\") asking for them to intervene.",
"In what proved to be a [dry run](/wiki/Dry_Run_%28testing%29 \"Dry Run (testing)\") of the larger strike to follow, cotton mill workers in [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\")'s Horse Creek Valley struck to force employers to live up to the code, only to face special deputies, highway patrolmen and a machine\\-gun unit of the National Guard sent to keep the mills open. When the NIRA's special board came to Horse Creek, it did not respond to the workers' complaints, but urged them to return to work. When they attempted to do so, the mill owners not only refused to allow the workers back, but evicted them from company housing. The NIRA took no action to stop the employers from violating the codes.",
""
] |
Reaction from the authorities
-----------------------------
The mill owners were initially taken by surprise by the scope of the strike. They immediately took the position that these flying squadrons were, in fact, coercing their employees to go out on strike.
Governor [Blackwood](/wiki/Ibra_Charles_Blackwood "Ibra Charles Blackwood") of [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") took up this theme, announcing that he would deputize the state's "mayors, sheriffs, peace officers and every good citizen" to maintain order, then called out the National Guard with orders to shoot to kill any picketers who tried to enter the mills. Governor [Ehringhaus](/wiki/John_C.B._Ehringhaus "John C.B. Ehringhaus") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") followed suit on September 5\.
Millowners persuaded local authorities throughout the [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont_%28United_States%29 "Piedmont (United States)") to augment their forces by swearing in special deputies, often their own employees or local residents opposed to the strike; in other cases they simply hired private guards to police the areas around the plant. Violence between guards and picketers broke out almost immediately. The major known incidents include:
* On September 2, a picketer and mill guard died in a shootout in [Trion, Georgia](/wiki/Trion%2C_Georgia "Trion, Georgia")
* On September 2, guards killed two picketers in [Augusta, Georgia](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia "Augusta, Georgia")
* On September 3, the [Saylesville Massacre](/wiki/Saylesville_Massacre "Saylesville Massacre") was committed by the Rhode Island State Guard. Four picketers were killed and 132 injured.{{cite web \|last1\=DOTZENROD \|first1\=Nicole \|title\=Ceremony commemorates 1934 Saylesville Massacre \|url\=https://www.valleybreeze.com/news/ceremony\-commemorates\-1934\-saylesville\-massacre/article\_86f0138d\-4a11\-5a21\-b5de\-b057813f72ee.html \|website\=The Valley Breeze \|date\=5 September 2018 \|access\-date\=1 December 2021}}
* On September 6, the [Chiquola Mill Massacre](/wiki/Chiquola_Mill_Massacre "Chiquola Mill Massacre") saw seven picketers killed and thirty others wounded as they fled the picketline ([Honea Path, South Carolina](/wiki/Honea_Path%2C_South_Carolina "Honea Path, South Carolina"))
Authorities ordered out the National Guard elsewhere in the second week of the strike. Governor [Green](/wiki/Theodore_Francis_Green "Theodore Francis Green") sent the Guard to [Saylesville, Rhode Island](/wiki/Saylesville%2C_Rhode_Island "Saylesville, Rhode Island") after several thousand strikers and sympathizers trapped several hundred [strikebreakers](/wiki/Strikebreakers "Strikebreakers") in a factory. Governor Green declared martial law in the area on September 11, after picketers armed with rocks, flowerpots and broken headstones from a nearby cemetery battled troops armed with machine guns, in a 36\-hour incident that resembled a civic insurrection. Casualty figures vary. A granite marker erected at one of the battle sites names four workers who died in the Saylesville conflict.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.uri.edu/research/lrc/info/Labor\_Day\-2010\.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|website\=www.uri.edu \|access\-date\=22 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806061058/http://www.uri.edu/research/lrc/info/Labor\_Day\-2010\.pdf \|archive\-date\=6 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}}
Another picketer was shot to death the following day, about five miles away in [Woonsocket, Rhode Island](/wiki/Woonsocket%2C_Rhode_Island "Woonsocket, Rhode Island"), when guardsmen fired into the crowd attempting to storm the Woonsocket Rayon Plant. Governor Green then asked the federal government to send federal troops; the Roosevelt administration ignored the request.
[Maine](/wiki/Maine "Maine") deployed the Guard in a more tactical manner, sending them to [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Maine "Augusta, Maine") and [Lewiston](/wiki/Lewiston%2C_Maine "Lewiston, Maine") to discourage wavering employees from joining the strike.{{Citation needed\|date \= September 2015}} That tactic did not work, however, everywhere: workers at Pepperell Mills' plant in [Biddeford](/wiki/Biddeford%2C_Maine "Biddeford, Maine") and York Manufacturing's plant in [Saco](/wiki/Saco%2C_Maine "Saco, Maine") went out even though the guard was sent to prevent the arrival of flying squadrons rumored to be coming from [New Bedford, Massachusetts](/wiki/New_Bedford%2C_Massachusetts "New Bedford, Massachusetts").
Governor [Wilbur L. Cross](/wiki/Wilbur_L._Cross "Wilbur L. Cross") of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") also mobilized the Guard, but did not declare martial law. Instead the state labor commissioner met with picketers during the second week of the strike and brought about a reduction in tensions by urging strikers to respect the law and not hurl epithets at strikebreakers.
Things were different in [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)"), where Governor [Eugene Talmadge](/wiki/Eugene_Talmadge "Eugene Talmadge") declared martial law in the third week of the strike and directed the National Guard to arrest all picketers throughout the state, holding them in a former [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") [prisoner of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") camp for trial by a military tribunal. While the state only interned a hundred or so picketers, the show of force effectively ended picketing throughout most of the state.
|
[
"Reaction from the authorities\n-----------------------------",
"The mill owners were initially taken by surprise by the scope of the strike. They immediately took the position that these flying squadrons were, in fact, coercing their employees to go out on strike.",
"Governor [Blackwood](/wiki/Ibra_Charles_Blackwood \"Ibra Charles Blackwood\") of [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") took up this theme, announcing that he would deputize the state's \"mayors, sheriffs, peace officers and every good citizen\" to maintain order, then called out the National Guard with orders to shoot to kill any picketers who tried to enter the mills. Governor [Ehringhaus](/wiki/John_C.B._Ehringhaus \"John C.B. Ehringhaus\") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\") followed suit on September 5\\.",
"Millowners persuaded local authorities throughout the [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont_%28United_States%29 \"Piedmont (United States)\") to augment their forces by swearing in special deputies, often their own employees or local residents opposed to the strike; in other cases they simply hired private guards to police the areas around the plant. Violence between guards and picketers broke out almost immediately. The major known incidents include:\n* On September 2, a picketer and mill guard died in a shootout in [Trion, Georgia](/wiki/Trion%2C_Georgia \"Trion, Georgia\")\n* On September 2, guards killed two picketers in [Augusta, Georgia](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia \"Augusta, Georgia\")\n* On September 3, the [Saylesville Massacre](/wiki/Saylesville_Massacre \"Saylesville Massacre\") was committed by the Rhode Island State Guard. Four picketers were killed and 132 injured.{{cite web \\|last1\\=DOTZENROD \\|first1\\=Nicole \\|title\\=Ceremony commemorates 1934 Saylesville Massacre \\|url\\=https://www.valleybreeze.com/news/ceremony\\-commemorates\\-1934\\-saylesville\\-massacre/article\\_86f0138d\\-4a11\\-5a21\\-b5de\\-b057813f72ee.html \\|website\\=The Valley Breeze \\|date\\=5 September 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2021}}\n* On September 6, the [Chiquola Mill Massacre](/wiki/Chiquola_Mill_Massacre \"Chiquola Mill Massacre\") saw seven picketers killed and thirty others wounded as they fled the picketline ([Honea Path, South Carolina](/wiki/Honea_Path%2C_South_Carolina \"Honea Path, South Carolina\"))",
"Authorities ordered out the National Guard elsewhere in the second week of the strike. Governor [Green](/wiki/Theodore_Francis_Green \"Theodore Francis Green\") sent the Guard to [Saylesville, Rhode Island](/wiki/Saylesville%2C_Rhode_Island \"Saylesville, Rhode Island\") after several thousand strikers and sympathizers trapped several hundred [strikebreakers](/wiki/Strikebreakers \"Strikebreakers\") in a factory. Governor Green declared martial law in the area on September 11, after picketers armed with rocks, flowerpots and broken headstones from a nearby cemetery battled troops armed with machine guns, in a 36\\-hour incident that resembled a civic insurrection. Casualty figures vary. A granite marker erected at one of the battle sites names four workers who died in the Saylesville conflict.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.uri.edu/research/lrc/info/Labor\\_Day\\-2010\\.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|website\\=www.uri.edu \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806061058/http://www.uri.edu/research/lrc/info/Labor\\_Day\\-2010\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Another picketer was shot to death the following day, about five miles away in [Woonsocket, Rhode Island](/wiki/Woonsocket%2C_Rhode_Island \"Woonsocket, Rhode Island\"), when guardsmen fired into the crowd attempting to storm the Woonsocket Rayon Plant. Governor Green then asked the federal government to send federal troops; the Roosevelt administration ignored the request.",
"[Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\") deployed the Guard in a more tactical manner, sending them to [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Maine \"Augusta, Maine\") and [Lewiston](/wiki/Lewiston%2C_Maine \"Lewiston, Maine\") to discourage wavering employees from joining the strike.{{Citation needed\\|date \\= September 2015}} That tactic did not work, however, everywhere: workers at Pepperell Mills' plant in [Biddeford](/wiki/Biddeford%2C_Maine \"Biddeford, Maine\") and York Manufacturing's plant in [Saco](/wiki/Saco%2C_Maine \"Saco, Maine\") went out even though the guard was sent to prevent the arrival of flying squadrons rumored to be coming from [New Bedford, Massachusetts](/wiki/New_Bedford%2C_Massachusetts \"New Bedford, Massachusetts\").",
"Governor [Wilbur L. Cross](/wiki/Wilbur_L._Cross \"Wilbur L. Cross\") of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\") also mobilized the Guard, but did not declare martial law. Instead the state labor commissioner met with picketers during the second week of the strike and brought about a reduction in tensions by urging strikers to respect the law and not hurl epithets at strikebreakers.",
"Things were different in [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\"), where Governor [Eugene Talmadge](/wiki/Eugene_Talmadge \"Eugene Talmadge\") declared martial law in the third week of the strike and directed the National Guard to arrest all picketers throughout the state, holding them in a former [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") [prisoner of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\") camp for trial by a military tribunal. While the state only interned a hundred or so picketers, the show of force effectively ended picketing throughout most of the state.",
""
] |
History
-------
By the 14th century, some [Iroquoian](/wiki/Iroquoian "Iroquoian")\-speaking peoples, later called the [St. Lawrence Iroquoians](/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians "St. Lawrence Iroquoians"), had created [fortified](/wiki/Fortified "Fortified") villages along the fertile valley of what is now called the [St. Lawrence River](/wiki/St._Lawrence_River "St. Lawrence River"). They spoke a discrete [Laurentian language](/wiki/Laurentian_language "Laurentian language"). Among their villages were *[Stadacona](/wiki/Stadacona "Stadacona")* and *[Hochelaga](/wiki/Hochelaga_%28village%29 "Hochelaga (village)")*, recorded as visited in 1535–1536 by French [explorer](/wiki/Explorer "Explorer") [Jacques Cartier](/wiki/Jacques_Cartier "Jacques Cartier").
By the time [Samuel de Champlain](/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain "Samuel de Champlain") explored the same area 75 years later, the villages had disappeared. The *Kanienkehaka* (Mohawk), based in other Iroquoian territories, used the valley for hunting grounds and routes for war parties. [Historians](/wiki/Historians "Historians") are continuing to examine the St. Lawrence Iroquoian culture, but theorize that the stronger *Kanienkehaka* (Mohawk) waged war against this people to get control of the [fur trade](/wiki/Fur_trade "Fur trade") and hunting along the valley downriver from [Tadoussac](/wiki/Tadoussac "Tadoussac"). (The [Montagnais](/wiki/Innu_people "Innu people") controlled Tadoussac, which was closer to the Atlantic coast.) For a period the [Wyandot people](/wiki/Wyandot_people "Wyandot people") (also known as Huron), another Iroquoian\-speaking people based north of Lake Ontario, may also have hunted here.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2021}}
As noted above, by 1600, the Mohawk of the Iroquois Confederacy, based largely in present\-day New York and Pennsylvania south of the Great Lakes, used the St. Lawrence Valley for hunting grounds. The Mohawk were the easternmost of the Five Nations. While the Mohawk and contemporary Iroquoian nations shared certain culture with the earlier Iroquoian groups, [archeological](/wiki/Archeological "Archeological") and [linguistic](/wiki/Linguistics "Linguistics") studies since the 1950s have demonstrated that the Mohawk and [St. Lawrence Iroquoians](/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians "St. Lawrence Iroquoians") were distinctly separate peoples. [Historians](/wiki/Historian "Historian") and [anthropologists](/wiki/Anthropologist "Anthropologist") believe the Mohawk pushed out or destroyed the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.{{cite journal\|last1\=Pendergast\|first1\=James F.\|title\=The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga\|journal\=Journal of Canadian Studies\|date\=Winter 1998\|volume\=32\|issue\=4\|pages\=149–159\|doi\=10\.3138/jcs.32\.4\.149\|s2cid\=141363427}}
In the colonial period, the French established trading posts and missions with the Mohawk. They also had intermittent conflict with the tribe and raiding took place between them. Some Mohawk moved near or in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") for trading and protection at mission villages, located south of the St. Lawrence River.
In 1717, the King of France granted the Mohawk in Quebec a tract of land 9 miles long by 9 miles wide about 40 miles to the northwest of Montreal, under the condition that they leave the island of Montreal. The settlement of Kanesatake was formally founded as a Catholic [mission](/wiki/Mission_%28Christianity%29 "Mission (Christianity)"), a [seigneury](/wiki/Seigneury "Seigneury") under the supervision of the [Sulpician Order](/wiki/Sulpician_Order "Sulpician Order") for 300 Christian Mohawk, about 100 [Algonquin](/wiki/Algonquin_people "Algonquin people"), and approximately 250 [Nipissing](/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation "Nipissing First Nation") peoples in their care. Over time the Sulpicians claimed total control of the land, gaining a deed that gave them legal title. But the Mohawk had believed that this land was being held in trust for them.[Alanis Obomsawin, *Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance*](http://www.nfb.ca/film/kanehsatake_270_years_of_resistance/), National Film Board of Canada, 1993, accessed 30 January 2010
The Sulpician mission village of Lake of Two Mountains (Lac des Deux Montagnes), west of Montreal, became known both by its Algonquin name *Oka* (meaning "pickerel"), and the Mohawk language *Kanehsatà:ke* ("sandy place"); however, the Algonquin also called the village *Ganashtaageng* after the Mohawk\-language name.
During the colonial period, a majority of the Mohawk in Quebec converted to Catholicism. They grew wary of the Sulpicians due to mistreatment and unjust dealings with regard to their right to the land. The Sulpicians sold some of it for settlement, and the village of Oka developed around the Kanesatake reserve. In 1787 Chief Aughneeta complained by letter to Sir [John Johnson](/wiki/Sir_John_Johnson%2C_2nd_Baronet "Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet"), the British superintendent general of Indian Affairs, that the Mohawk had moved to Kanesatake only after being promised a deed to the land by the King of France.{{Cite DCB\|last\=Smith \|first\=Donald B. \|ID\=5743 \|name\=Onasakenrat Joseph \|volume\=XI}}, accessed 13 October 2015
[160px\|thumbnail\|right\|[Joseph Onasakenrat](/wiki/Joseph_Onasakenrat "Joseph Onasakenrat"), Kanesatà:ke Chief, 1868–1881](/wiki/File:Joseph_Onasakenrat.jpg "Joseph Onasakenrat.jpg")
By 1851, the Mohawk made seven other protests about the land to the government. Mohawk dissent increased, and their conversion to Protestantism in 1851 was avoided only when the Sulpicians excommunicated 15 activists. In 1868 the Mohawk selected [Sosé Onasakenrat](/wiki/Joseph_Onasakenrat "Joseph Onasakenrat") as chief at the age of 22\. Baptized as Joseph, he had been educated by the Sulpicians in a Catholic seminary and worked with them afterward at Oka. That year he traveled to Montreal to present the Mohawk land claim to the seigneury, but to no avail. Later that year, he and many other Mohawk converted to the Protestant [Methodist Episcopal Church](/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church "Methodist Episcopal Church"), as they were outraged by their treatment by the Catholic Church.
In 1880 Onasakenrat was ordained and became a Methodist missionary to the Mohawk\-dominated communities at [Kahnawake](/wiki/Kahnawake "Kahnawake") and [Akwesasne](/wiki/Akwesasne "Akwesasne"). These later were designated as [First Nations reserves](/wiki/First_Nations_reserves "First Nations reserves"), primarily occupied by Mohawk. He began to urge moderation and acceptance of a Sulpician offer to buy land for the Mohawk away from Oka and to pay for their move. He lost the support of many followers by this change in position and died in 1881 at age 35\. Six months later, when the Sulpicians had completed arrangements for the relocation, only 20 percent of the Mohawk left *Kanehsatà:ke* to relocate to present\-day [Wahta Mohawk Territory](/wiki/Wahta_Mohawk_Territory "Wahta Mohawk Territory") near [Muskoka, Ontario](/wiki/Muskoka%2C_Ontario "Muskoka, Ontario").
In 1910 the Sulpician Order claim to the land was upheld by the Canadian Supreme Court. Kanesatake has been defined by the federal government as an 'interim land base', unlike the reserves, which are a creation of the [Indian Act](/wiki/Indian_Act "Indian Act").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"By the 14th century, some [Iroquoian](/wiki/Iroquoian \"Iroquoian\")\\-speaking peoples, later called the [St. Lawrence Iroquoians](/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians \"St. Lawrence Iroquoians\"), had created [fortified](/wiki/Fortified \"Fortified\") villages along the fertile valley of what is now called the [St. Lawrence River](/wiki/St._Lawrence_River \"St. Lawrence River\"). They spoke a discrete [Laurentian language](/wiki/Laurentian_language \"Laurentian language\"). Among their villages were *[Stadacona](/wiki/Stadacona \"Stadacona\")* and *[Hochelaga](/wiki/Hochelaga_%28village%29 \"Hochelaga (village)\")*, recorded as visited in 1535–1536 by French [explorer](/wiki/Explorer \"Explorer\") [Jacques Cartier](/wiki/Jacques_Cartier \"Jacques Cartier\").",
"By the time [Samuel de Champlain](/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain \"Samuel de Champlain\") explored the same area 75 years later, the villages had disappeared. The *Kanienkehaka* (Mohawk), based in other Iroquoian territories, used the valley for hunting grounds and routes for war parties. [Historians](/wiki/Historians \"Historians\") are continuing to examine the St. Lawrence Iroquoian culture, but theorize that the stronger *Kanienkehaka* (Mohawk) waged war against this people to get control of the [fur trade](/wiki/Fur_trade \"Fur trade\") and hunting along the valley downriver from [Tadoussac](/wiki/Tadoussac \"Tadoussac\"). (The [Montagnais](/wiki/Innu_people \"Innu people\") controlled Tadoussac, which was closer to the Atlantic coast.) For a period the [Wyandot people](/wiki/Wyandot_people \"Wyandot people\") (also known as Huron), another Iroquoian\\-speaking people based north of Lake Ontario, may also have hunted here.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2021}}",
"As noted above, by 1600, the Mohawk of the Iroquois Confederacy, based largely in present\\-day New York and Pennsylvania south of the Great Lakes, used the St. Lawrence Valley for hunting grounds. The Mohawk were the easternmost of the Five Nations. While the Mohawk and contemporary Iroquoian nations shared certain culture with the earlier Iroquoian groups, [archeological](/wiki/Archeological \"Archeological\") and [linguistic](/wiki/Linguistics \"Linguistics\") studies since the 1950s have demonstrated that the Mohawk and [St. Lawrence Iroquoians](/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians \"St. Lawrence Iroquoians\") were distinctly separate peoples. [Historians](/wiki/Historian \"Historian\") and [anthropologists](/wiki/Anthropologist \"Anthropologist\") believe the Mohawk pushed out or destroyed the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Pendergast\\|first1\\=James F.\\|title\\=The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga\\|journal\\=Journal of Canadian Studies\\|date\\=Winter 1998\\|volume\\=32\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=149–159\\|doi\\=10\\.3138/jcs.32\\.4\\.149\\|s2cid\\=141363427}}",
"In the colonial period, the French established trading posts and missions with the Mohawk. They also had intermittent conflict with the tribe and raiding took place between them. Some Mohawk moved near or in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") for trading and protection at mission villages, located south of the St. Lawrence River.",
"In 1717, the King of France granted the Mohawk in Quebec a tract of land 9 miles long by 9 miles wide about 40 miles to the northwest of Montreal, under the condition that they leave the island of Montreal. The settlement of Kanesatake was formally founded as a Catholic [mission](/wiki/Mission_%28Christianity%29 \"Mission (Christianity)\"), a [seigneury](/wiki/Seigneury \"Seigneury\") under the supervision of the [Sulpician Order](/wiki/Sulpician_Order \"Sulpician Order\") for 300 Christian Mohawk, about 100 [Algonquin](/wiki/Algonquin_people \"Algonquin people\"), and approximately 250 [Nipissing](/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation \"Nipissing First Nation\") peoples in their care. Over time the Sulpicians claimed total control of the land, gaining a deed that gave them legal title. But the Mohawk had believed that this land was being held in trust for them.[Alanis Obomsawin, *Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance*](http://www.nfb.ca/film/kanehsatake_270_years_of_resistance/), National Film Board of Canada, 1993, accessed 30 January 2010",
"The Sulpician mission village of Lake of Two Mountains (Lac des Deux Montagnes), west of Montreal, became known both by its Algonquin name *Oka* (meaning \"pickerel\"), and the Mohawk language *Kanehsatà:ke* (\"sandy place\"); however, the Algonquin also called the village *Ganashtaageng* after the Mohawk\\-language name.",
"During the colonial period, a majority of the Mohawk in Quebec converted to Catholicism. They grew wary of the Sulpicians due to mistreatment and unjust dealings with regard to their right to the land. The Sulpicians sold some of it for settlement, and the village of Oka developed around the Kanesatake reserve. In 1787 Chief Aughneeta complained by letter to Sir [John Johnson](/wiki/Sir_John_Johnson%2C_2nd_Baronet \"Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet\"), the British superintendent general of Indian Affairs, that the Mohawk had moved to Kanesatake only after being promised a deed to the land by the King of France.{{Cite DCB\\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Donald B. \\|ID\\=5743 \\|name\\=Onasakenrat Joseph \\|volume\\=XI}}, accessed 13 October 2015",
"[160px\\|thumbnail\\|right\\|[Joseph Onasakenrat](/wiki/Joseph_Onasakenrat \"Joseph Onasakenrat\"), Kanesatà:ke Chief, 1868–1881](/wiki/File:Joseph_Onasakenrat.jpg \"Joseph Onasakenrat.jpg\")\nBy 1851, the Mohawk made seven other protests about the land to the government. Mohawk dissent increased, and their conversion to Protestantism in 1851 was avoided only when the Sulpicians excommunicated 15 activists. In 1868 the Mohawk selected [Sosé Onasakenrat](/wiki/Joseph_Onasakenrat \"Joseph Onasakenrat\") as chief at the age of 22\\. Baptized as Joseph, he had been educated by the Sulpicians in a Catholic seminary and worked with them afterward at Oka. That year he traveled to Montreal to present the Mohawk land claim to the seigneury, but to no avail. Later that year, he and many other Mohawk converted to the Protestant [Methodist Episcopal Church](/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church \"Methodist Episcopal Church\"), as they were outraged by their treatment by the Catholic Church.",
"In 1880 Onasakenrat was ordained and became a Methodist missionary to the Mohawk\\-dominated communities at [Kahnawake](/wiki/Kahnawake \"Kahnawake\") and [Akwesasne](/wiki/Akwesasne \"Akwesasne\"). These later were designated as [First Nations reserves](/wiki/First_Nations_reserves \"First Nations reserves\"), primarily occupied by Mohawk. He began to urge moderation and acceptance of a Sulpician offer to buy land for the Mohawk away from Oka and to pay for their move. He lost the support of many followers by this change in position and died in 1881 at age 35\\. Six months later, when the Sulpicians had completed arrangements for the relocation, only 20 percent of the Mohawk left *Kanehsatà:ke* to relocate to present\\-day [Wahta Mohawk Territory](/wiki/Wahta_Mohawk_Territory \"Wahta Mohawk Territory\") near [Muskoka, Ontario](/wiki/Muskoka%2C_Ontario \"Muskoka, Ontario\").",
"In 1910 the Sulpician Order claim to the land was upheld by the Canadian Supreme Court. Kanesatake has been defined by the federal government as an 'interim land base', unlike the reserves, which are a creation of the [Indian Act](/wiki/Indian_Act \"Indian Act\").",
""
] |
Governance
----------
The Mohawk at *Kanehsatà:ke* continued "custom", or the traditional practice of having [clan](/wiki/Clan "Clan") mothers select chiefs from [clans](/wiki/Clan "Clan") with hereditary leadership responsibility. Clan mothers made the selection and could remove their support from a chief whose actions displeased them, causing him to step down. Like the other Iroquois nations and many other Native American tribes, the Mohawk had a [matrilineal](/wiki/Matrilineal "Matrilineal") [kinship system](/wiki/Kinship_system "Kinship system"), with inheritance and property passed through the maternal line.
In the late 20th century, the Mohawk renewed a [land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada "Indigenous land claims in Canada") case to recover their property at Kanesatake. The courts ruled against them on technical issues. The settlement is surrounded by the city of [Oka, Quebec](/wiki/Oka%2C_Quebec "Oka, Quebec").
In 2001 Parliament passed S\-24, to clarify the relationship between Kanesatake and the federal government, and make the band's relationship with provincial and federal governments comparable to those of the governments of reserves.["BILL S\-24: THE KANESATAKE INTERIM LAND BASE GOVERNANCE ACT"](http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/LegislativeSummaries/bills_ls.asp?ls=S24&Parl=37&Ses=1), Parliament, Canada Different members of the community have disputed the interpretation of the intent and implementation of this act. Disagreements over this legislation added to internal tensions among different groups on the reserve.
### Kanehsatà:ke Resistance
{{Main\|Oka crisis}}
*Kanehsatà:ke* is the oldest continuing Mohawk community today and existed pre\-European contact.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2021}} It was the first community to accept *kaianera'kó:wa* (the 'great law of peace'), and is mentioned in the [condolence ceremony](/wiki/Condolence_ceremony "Condolence ceremony") (*hi hi*) of a chief and clan mother. The town of Oka developed along the Lake of Two Mountains through the fraudulent sale of land of the Mohawk community of *Kanehsatà:ke* by the Sulpician order. The Sulpicians sold off land to French settlers and were the biggest landowners in the region.
Since 1717, when the Sulpician priests arrived with their Mohawk, Nippising, and Algonquin Christian converts, the Mohawk have contested the [Sulpician land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada%23Kanesatake "Indigenous specific land claims in Canada#Kanesatake"). They argue that the King of France, [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV"), never owned the land and thus the Crown did not have the right to grant the land to the Sulpician Order.{{Cite web \|url\=http://commonground.ca/2013/05/oka\-origin\-of\-a\-crisis/ \|title\=Oka origin of a crisis \| Common Ground \|access\-date\=2015\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108083958/http://commonground.ca/2013/05/oka\-origin\-of\-a\-crisis/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-08 \|url\-status\=dead}}
Included in this territory is a pine forest and cemetery that was long used by the Mohawk. It is still accessible, although it is not part of the Kanesatake reserve. The Mohawks of Kanesatake have tried many times to resolve the land dispute (as part of their [land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada "Indigenous specific land claims in Canada") against the government and Sulpician mission), but were rejected by the Crown on technical issues.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2021}}
In 1990, the town of Oka unilaterally approved plans to expand their 9\-hole golf course to an 18\-hole course and related buildings. The Mohawk protested formally because the development would affect the historic cemetery, and they considered the land to be sacred. The city persisted in letting the developer proceed in spite of protests from the community. In response, the Mohawk barricaded a secondary dirt road leading into the pines slated for development, in order to prevent the developers from cutting any trees.
After the city gained three injunctions against the barricade, and the Mohawk had tried to gain a moratorium on development, the provincial *[Sûreté du Québec](/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec "Sûreté du Québec")* (SQ) police raided the barricade in the early morning hours of July 11, 1990\. Oka requested support from the SQ, which barricaded [Route 344](/wiki/Quebec_Route_344 "Quebec Route 344") leading to *Kanehsatà:ke*. In the first days of the confrontation, a police officer was killed in an exchange of gunfire with the protesters.
The SQ were joined by a [paramilitary](/wiki/Paramilitary "Paramilitary") squad of Canadian army and [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") police. The Quebec government requested support from the Canadian Army, which sent in 3700 troops.\[ Marian Scott, "Revisiting the Pines: Oka's legacy"], *Montreal Gazette,* 10 July 2015, accessed 13 October 205 This was the beginning of a 78\-day standoff between the Mohawk Nation and their allies (both aboriginal and non\-aboriginal) against the SQ and Canadian Army.
The sister community of [Kahnawake](/wiki/Kahnawake "Kahnawake") erected a barricade on the Mercier Bridge at the South Shore of Montreal, in support of the Mohawk at Kahnesatake. Non\-Mohawk residents of the area became enraged about traffic delays in trying to get through the area and across the river.
Provincial and national leaders participated in negotiations between the Mohawk and the provincial government. Negotiations between the Mohawk nation and the Quebec and the Canadian governments did not resolve the land issue. The International Federation of Human Rights, based in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), France, investigated and concluded that neither the provincial nor federal governments acted in good faith during negotiations.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2021}} But the Mohawk at *Kanehsatà:ke* were forced by the Canadian Army to remove their barricades. Police and military forces pushed the remaining protesters back until they were confined to the Onentokon Treatment Centre and surrounded by the military.
In the end, the Mohawk chose to leave the treatment center, although they did not formally surrender. Those who remained at the treatment center were immediately arrested, with the men and the women separated and sent to the Farnham army base. Other Mohawk activists were ultimately arrested for criminal acts committed before the army moved into the community. These Mohawk were convicted.
All the Mohawk arrested at the treatment center on the issue of the barricades were acquitted. A separate trial was held for individual Mohawks, who were charged. As of 2019, the land dispute is still ongoing.
### Representation in other media
* Some of the events and history are explored in [Alanis Obomsawin](/wiki/Alanis_Obomsawin "Alanis Obomsawin")'s documentary film, *[Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance](/wiki/Kanehsatake:270_Years_of_Resistance "270 Years of Resistance")* (1993\).
* *[Beans](/wiki/Beans_%282020_film%29 "Beans (2020 film)")*, a fictional semi\-autobiographical film written and directed by [Tracey Deer](/wiki/Tracey_Deer "Tracey Deer"), was featured in the 2021 [New York International Children's Film Festival](/wiki/New_York_International_Children%27s_Film_Festival "New York International Children's Film Festival"). Set during the Oka crisis, the film features a lead role played by Kiawenti'io Tarbell, a young Mohawk actress from [Akwesasne](/wiki/Akwesasne "Akwesasne").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/movies/ny\-childrens\-film\-festival.html\|title\=Children's Film Festival Pushes Boundaries, Mixing Somber and Sweet\|last\=Graeber\| first\=Laurel\|work\=New York Times \|date\=5 March 2021 \|orig\-date\=3 March 2021 \|access\-date\=6 March 2021}}
### Electoral changes
In 1991, the people adopted an electoral political system for the first time (see Governance below). Because they do not come under the [Indian Act](/wiki/Indian_Act "Indian Act"), their choice was still considered "custom." There has continued to be internal division over how chiefs are selected. In the first election, Jerry Peltier was elected as grand chief and served two terms into 1996\.
In 2013 the *Kanehsatà:ke* Health Centre Inc. was the first Indigenous health centre in North America to receive a Baby Friendly Accreditation.
That same year, the local Pikwadin group, a funded initiative of the First Nations Human Resource and Development Commission of Quebec, began a re\-vamp of the local radio station CKHQ 101\.7 FM. It had become idle after its previous manager died in 2003\. In 2004, the station failed to renew its broadcasting licence with the CRTC. The radio station was running under a [pirate radio](/wiki/Pirate_radio "Pirate radio") status pending a licence renewal until it was accepted on June 17, 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2014/2014\-324\.htm\|title\=ARCHIVED \- Low\-power Type B Native FM radio station in Kanesatake\|first\=Canadian Radio\-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)\|last\=Government of Canada\|date\=17 June 2014\|website\=CRTC.gc.ca\|access\-date\=19 February 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=http://blog.fagstein.com/2014/06/17/crtc\-approves\-ckhq\-licence/\|title\=CRTC approves new licence for CKHQ\-FM Kanesatake \- Fagstein\|website\=fagstein.com\|access\-date\=19 February 2019}} The Montréal\-based non\-profit organization Exeko assisted with the licensing process through their idAction program. {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.wawataynews.ca/archive/all/2014/5/16/exeko\-uniting\-kanesatake\-through\-radio\_25577 \|title\="Uniting Kanesatake through radio", ''Wawatay News'', 16 May 2014 \|access\-date\=25 November 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20141125152329/http://www.wawataynews.ca/archive/all/2014/5/16/exeko\-uniting\-kanesatake\-through\-radio\_25577 \|archive\-date\=25 November 2014 \|url\-status\=dead}}
The band has had a traditional form of governance under the [longhouse](/wiki/Longhouse "Longhouse"), a system that existed pre\-contact. This is still practiced by much of the community. Canada refuses to recognize the longhouse and excludes its leaders from any form of decision\-making on land rights.
### Governance
Following the Oka Crisis, the Mohawk of *Kanehsatà:ke* altered their method of governance, under provisions of the Indian Act. In 1991, citizens held the first general elections for grand chief and six council chiefs. Chiefs previously had traditional hereditary claims to positions through their [clans](/wiki/Clans "Clans") under the [matrilineal](/wiki/Matrilineal "Matrilineal") [kinship system](/wiki/Kinship_system "Kinship system"), in which inheritance and property were passed through the maternal lines. Chiefs were nominated and could be unseated by [clan](/wiki/Clan "Clan") mothers.
In 1991, [Jerry Peltier](/wiki/Jerry_Peltier "Jerry Peltier") was elected as grand chief and served until 1996\.[Jeff Heinrich, "Wide\-open race in Kanesatake"](http://www.autochtones.ca/portal/fr/ArticleView.php?article_id=494), *The Gazette*, 27 June 2008, La Nation Autochthone du Quebec, accessed 29 January 2010 He also served as Chairman for the Quebec First Nations Education Council.{{cn\|date\=February 2020}}
In the 1990s, the nation began to exercise more autonomy and established its own police force.Aubin, Benoit (March 23, 2004\). ["Kanesatake Chief in Exile"](http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012573) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608085140/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm\=TCE\&Params\=M1ARTM0012573 \|date\=2011\-06\-08 }}, *Maclean's Magazine,* online at *The Canadian Encyclopedia,* Retrieved on: July 12\. 2008\.
In 2004 and 2005, disputes over the governance practices of Grand Chief [James Gabriel](/wiki/James_Gabriel_%28politician%29 "James Gabriel (politician)"), who had been elected three times in succession, resulted in violence and political disruption in *Kanehsatà:ke*. Chiefs [Pearl Bonspille](/wiki/Pearl_Bonspille "Pearl Bonspille"), [Steven Bonspille](/wiki/Steven_Bonspille "Steven Bonspille") and [John Harding](/wiki/John_Harding_%28Sha_ko_hen_the_tha%29 "John Harding (Sha ko hen the tha)") (*Sha ko hen the tha*) opposed Gabriel. They and other opponents effectively ended Gabriel's tenure as grand chief.
John Harding and fellow council chiefs Steven Bonspille (who was elected to the council in 2001\) and Pearl Bonspille said they opposed Gabriel's attempt to control policing. In January 2004, in concert with [Quebec provincial police](/wiki/Surete_du_Quebec "Surete du Quebec"), Gabriel brought in more than 60 officers from other reserves and forces for a drug raid. These three chiefs considered Gabriel's action to be an unlawful attempt to usurp the power of the Police Commission. After 200 community members surrounded the police station, the 67 special constables were forced to take shelter there. Gabriel lost his home when it was burned in an alleged [arson](/wiki/Arson "Arson") incident; he left the community for Montreal. Following his departure, "A long criminal trial resulted in multiple convictions of Kanesatake residents for arson, rioting and other offences."
Meanwhile, the reserve organized a Community Watch team to counter the lack of a police force. A liaison team was established with the SQ.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2008}} Political communication lines were opened up with the Quebec government to prevent another crisis like the one in 1990 at Oka.
Following the overthrow of Gabriel, elections were held on June 26, 2005\. [Steven Bonspille](/wiki/Steven_Bonspille "Steven Bonspille") defeated Gabriel in the election for grand chief. Harding and Pearl Bonspille were both replaced as chiefs on the council when six Gabriel allies were elected to the open posts. The Nation operated under a federal trusteeship, while an investigation was conducted of alleged spending excesses under Gabriel. Findings were not conclusive.
Tribal engagement in politics has remained high. In 2008 some 25 candidates ran for seven seats on the council. Steven Bonspille did not run for re\-election, having moved off the reserve to Oka. More than 2300 Kanesatake voters were registered: 1685 who live on the reserve territory and 664 outside.
As of 2015, the grand chief of Kanesatake was Serge Otsi Simon. Soon after his election, he spoke in an interview with the *[Montreal Gazette](/wiki/Montreal_Gazette "Montreal Gazette")* about the Oka Crisis.[Marian Scott, "Kanesatake chief remembers the chaos: 'They were out to kill' "](https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/kanesatake-chief-remembers-the-chaos-they-were-out-to-kill), *Montreal Gazette*, 10 July 2015, accessed 13 October 2015
|
[
"Governance\n----------",
"The Mohawk at *Kanehsatà:ke* continued \"custom\", or the traditional practice of having [clan](/wiki/Clan \"Clan\") mothers select chiefs from [clans](/wiki/Clan \"Clan\") with hereditary leadership responsibility. Clan mothers made the selection and could remove their support from a chief whose actions displeased them, causing him to step down. Like the other Iroquois nations and many other Native American tribes, the Mohawk had a [matrilineal](/wiki/Matrilineal \"Matrilineal\") [kinship system](/wiki/Kinship_system \"Kinship system\"), with inheritance and property passed through the maternal line.",
"In the late 20th century, the Mohawk renewed a [land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada \"Indigenous land claims in Canada\") case to recover their property at Kanesatake. The courts ruled against them on technical issues. The settlement is surrounded by the city of [Oka, Quebec](/wiki/Oka%2C_Quebec \"Oka, Quebec\").",
"In 2001 Parliament passed S\\-24, to clarify the relationship between Kanesatake and the federal government, and make the band's relationship with provincial and federal governments comparable to those of the governments of reserves.[\"BILL S\\-24: THE KANESATAKE INTERIM LAND BASE GOVERNANCE ACT\"](http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/LegislativeSummaries/bills_ls.asp?ls=S24&Parl=37&Ses=1), Parliament, Canada Different members of the community have disputed the interpretation of the intent and implementation of this act. Disagreements over this legislation added to internal tensions among different groups on the reserve.",
"### Kanehsatà:ke Resistance",
"{{Main\\|Oka crisis}}\n*Kanehsatà:ke* is the oldest continuing Mohawk community today and existed pre\\-European contact.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2021}} It was the first community to accept *kaianera'kó:wa* (the 'great law of peace'), and is mentioned in the [condolence ceremony](/wiki/Condolence_ceremony \"Condolence ceremony\") (*hi hi*) of a chief and clan mother. The town of Oka developed along the Lake of Two Mountains through the fraudulent sale of land of the Mohawk community of *Kanehsatà:ke* by the Sulpician order. The Sulpicians sold off land to French settlers and were the biggest landowners in the region.",
"Since 1717, when the Sulpician priests arrived with their Mohawk, Nippising, and Algonquin Christian converts, the Mohawk have contested the [Sulpician land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada%23Kanesatake \"Indigenous specific land claims in Canada#Kanesatake\"). They argue that the King of France, [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\"), never owned the land and thus the Crown did not have the right to grant the land to the Sulpician Order.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://commonground.ca/2013/05/oka\\-origin\\-of\\-a\\-crisis/ \\|title\\=Oka origin of a crisis \\| Common Ground \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108083958/http://commonground.ca/2013/05/oka\\-origin\\-of\\-a\\-crisis/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Included in this territory is a pine forest and cemetery that was long used by the Mohawk. It is still accessible, although it is not part of the Kanesatake reserve. The Mohawks of Kanesatake have tried many times to resolve the land dispute (as part of their [land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada \"Indigenous specific land claims in Canada\") against the government and Sulpician mission), but were rejected by the Crown on technical issues.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2021}}",
"In 1990, the town of Oka unilaterally approved plans to expand their 9\\-hole golf course to an 18\\-hole course and related buildings. The Mohawk protested formally because the development would affect the historic cemetery, and they considered the land to be sacred. The city persisted in letting the developer proceed in spite of protests from the community. In response, the Mohawk barricaded a secondary dirt road leading into the pines slated for development, in order to prevent the developers from cutting any trees.",
"After the city gained three injunctions against the barricade, and the Mohawk had tried to gain a moratorium on development, the provincial *[Sûreté du Québec](/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec \"Sûreté du Québec\")* (SQ) police raided the barricade in the early morning hours of July 11, 1990\\. Oka requested support from the SQ, which barricaded [Route 344](/wiki/Quebec_Route_344 \"Quebec Route 344\") leading to *Kanehsatà:ke*. In the first days of the confrontation, a police officer was killed in an exchange of gunfire with the protesters.",
"The SQ were joined by a [paramilitary](/wiki/Paramilitary \"Paramilitary\") squad of Canadian army and [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") police. The Quebec government requested support from the Canadian Army, which sent in 3700 troops.\\[ Marian Scott, \"Revisiting the Pines: Oka's legacy\"], *Montreal Gazette,* 10 July 2015, accessed 13 October 205 This was the beginning of a 78\\-day standoff between the Mohawk Nation and their allies (both aboriginal and non\\-aboriginal) against the SQ and Canadian Army.",
"The sister community of [Kahnawake](/wiki/Kahnawake \"Kahnawake\") erected a barricade on the Mercier Bridge at the South Shore of Montreal, in support of the Mohawk at Kahnesatake. Non\\-Mohawk residents of the area became enraged about traffic delays in trying to get through the area and across the river.",
"Provincial and national leaders participated in negotiations between the Mohawk and the provincial government. Negotiations between the Mohawk nation and the Quebec and the Canadian governments did not resolve the land issue. The International Federation of Human Rights, based in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), France, investigated and concluded that neither the provincial nor federal governments acted in good faith during negotiations.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2021}} But the Mohawk at *Kanehsatà:ke* were forced by the Canadian Army to remove their barricades. Police and military forces pushed the remaining protesters back until they were confined to the Onentokon Treatment Centre and surrounded by the military.",
"In the end, the Mohawk chose to leave the treatment center, although they did not formally surrender. Those who remained at the treatment center were immediately arrested, with the men and the women separated and sent to the Farnham army base. Other Mohawk activists were ultimately arrested for criminal acts committed before the army moved into the community. These Mohawk were convicted.",
"All the Mohawk arrested at the treatment center on the issue of the barricades were acquitted. A separate trial was held for individual Mohawks, who were charged. As of 2019, the land dispute is still ongoing.",
"### Representation in other media",
"* Some of the events and history are explored in [Alanis Obomsawin](/wiki/Alanis_Obomsawin \"Alanis Obomsawin\")'s documentary film, *[Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance](/wiki/Kanehsatake:270_Years_of_Resistance \"270 Years of Resistance\")* (1993\\).\n* *[Beans](/wiki/Beans_%282020_film%29 \"Beans (2020 film)\")*, a fictional semi\\-autobiographical film written and directed by [Tracey Deer](/wiki/Tracey_Deer \"Tracey Deer\"), was featured in the 2021 [New York International Children's Film Festival](/wiki/New_York_International_Children%27s_Film_Festival \"New York International Children's Film Festival\"). Set during the Oka crisis, the film features a lead role played by Kiawenti'io Tarbell, a young Mohawk actress from [Akwesasne](/wiki/Akwesasne \"Akwesasne\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/movies/ny\\-childrens\\-film\\-festival.html\\|title\\=Children's Film Festival Pushes Boundaries, Mixing Somber and Sweet\\|last\\=Graeber\\| first\\=Laurel\\|work\\=New York Times \\|date\\=5 March 2021 \\|orig\\-date\\=3 March 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2021}}",
"### Electoral changes",
"In 1991, the people adopted an electoral political system for the first time (see Governance below). Because they do not come under the [Indian Act](/wiki/Indian_Act \"Indian Act\"), their choice was still considered \"custom.\" There has continued to be internal division over how chiefs are selected. In the first election, Jerry Peltier was elected as grand chief and served two terms into 1996\\.",
"In 2013 the *Kanehsatà:ke* Health Centre Inc. was the first Indigenous health centre in North America to receive a Baby Friendly Accreditation.",
"That same year, the local Pikwadin group, a funded initiative of the First Nations Human Resource and Development Commission of Quebec, began a re\\-vamp of the local radio station CKHQ 101\\.7 FM. It had become idle after its previous manager died in 2003\\. In 2004, the station failed to renew its broadcasting licence with the CRTC. The radio station was running under a [pirate radio](/wiki/Pirate_radio \"Pirate radio\") status pending a licence renewal until it was accepted on June 17, 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2014/2014\\-324\\.htm\\|title\\=ARCHIVED \\- Low\\-power Type B Native FM radio station in Kanesatake\\|first\\=Canadian Radio\\-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)\\|last\\=Government of Canada\\|date\\=17 June 2014\\|website\\=CRTC.gc.ca\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blog.fagstein.com/2014/06/17/crtc\\-approves\\-ckhq\\-licence/\\|title\\=CRTC approves new licence for CKHQ\\-FM Kanesatake \\- Fagstein\\|website\\=fagstein.com\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2019}} The Montréal\\-based non\\-profit organization Exeko assisted with the licensing process through their idAction program. {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wawataynews.ca/archive/all/2014/5/16/exeko\\-uniting\\-kanesatake\\-through\\-radio\\_25577 \\|title\\=\"Uniting Kanesatake through radio\", ''Wawatay News'', 16 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20141125152329/http://www.wawataynews.ca/archive/all/2014/5/16/exeko\\-uniting\\-kanesatake\\-through\\-radio\\_25577 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The band has had a traditional form of governance under the [longhouse](/wiki/Longhouse \"Longhouse\"), a system that existed pre\\-contact. This is still practiced by much of the community. Canada refuses to recognize the longhouse and excludes its leaders from any form of decision\\-making on land rights.",
"### Governance",
"Following the Oka Crisis, the Mohawk of *Kanehsatà:ke* altered their method of governance, under provisions of the Indian Act. In 1991, citizens held the first general elections for grand chief and six council chiefs. Chiefs previously had traditional hereditary claims to positions through their [clans](/wiki/Clans \"Clans\") under the [matrilineal](/wiki/Matrilineal \"Matrilineal\") [kinship system](/wiki/Kinship_system \"Kinship system\"), in which inheritance and property were passed through the maternal lines. Chiefs were nominated and could be unseated by [clan](/wiki/Clan \"Clan\") mothers.",
"In 1991, [Jerry Peltier](/wiki/Jerry_Peltier \"Jerry Peltier\") was elected as grand chief and served until 1996\\.[Jeff Heinrich, \"Wide\\-open race in Kanesatake\"](http://www.autochtones.ca/portal/fr/ArticleView.php?article_id=494), *The Gazette*, 27 June 2008, La Nation Autochthone du Quebec, accessed 29 January 2010 He also served as Chairman for the Quebec First Nations Education Council.{{cn\\|date\\=February 2020}}",
"In the 1990s, the nation began to exercise more autonomy and established its own police force.Aubin, Benoit (March 23, 2004\\). [\"Kanesatake Chief in Exile\"](http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012573) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608085140/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm\\=TCE\\&Params\\=M1ARTM0012573 \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-08 }}, *Maclean's Magazine,* online at *The Canadian Encyclopedia,* Retrieved on: July 12\\. 2008\\.",
"In 2004 and 2005, disputes over the governance practices of Grand Chief [James Gabriel](/wiki/James_Gabriel_%28politician%29 \"James Gabriel (politician)\"), who had been elected three times in succession, resulted in violence and political disruption in *Kanehsatà:ke*. Chiefs [Pearl Bonspille](/wiki/Pearl_Bonspille \"Pearl Bonspille\"), [Steven Bonspille](/wiki/Steven_Bonspille \"Steven Bonspille\") and [John Harding](/wiki/John_Harding_%28Sha_ko_hen_the_tha%29 \"John Harding (Sha ko hen the tha)\") (*Sha ko hen the tha*) opposed Gabriel. They and other opponents effectively ended Gabriel's tenure as grand chief.",
"John Harding and fellow council chiefs Steven Bonspille (who was elected to the council in 2001\\) and Pearl Bonspille said they opposed Gabriel's attempt to control policing. In January 2004, in concert with [Quebec provincial police](/wiki/Surete_du_Quebec \"Surete du Quebec\"), Gabriel brought in more than 60 officers from other reserves and forces for a drug raid. These three chiefs considered Gabriel's action to be an unlawful attempt to usurp the power of the Police Commission. After 200 community members surrounded the police station, the 67 special constables were forced to take shelter there. Gabriel lost his home when it was burned in an alleged [arson](/wiki/Arson \"Arson\") incident; he left the community for Montreal. Following his departure, \"A long criminal trial resulted in multiple convictions of Kanesatake residents for arson, rioting and other offences.\"",
"Meanwhile, the reserve organized a Community Watch team to counter the lack of a police force. A liaison team was established with the SQ.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2008}} Political communication lines were opened up with the Quebec government to prevent another crisis like the one in 1990 at Oka.",
"Following the overthrow of Gabriel, elections were held on June 26, 2005\\. [Steven Bonspille](/wiki/Steven_Bonspille \"Steven Bonspille\") defeated Gabriel in the election for grand chief. Harding and Pearl Bonspille were both replaced as chiefs on the council when six Gabriel allies were elected to the open posts. The Nation operated under a federal trusteeship, while an investigation was conducted of alleged spending excesses under Gabriel. Findings were not conclusive.",
"Tribal engagement in politics has remained high. In 2008 some 25 candidates ran for seven seats on the council. Steven Bonspille did not run for re\\-election, having moved off the reserve to Oka. More than 2300 Kanesatake voters were registered: 1685 who live on the reserve territory and 664 outside.",
"As of 2015, the grand chief of Kanesatake was Serge Otsi Simon. Soon after his election, he spoke in an interview with the *[Montreal Gazette](/wiki/Montreal_Gazette \"Montreal Gazette\")* about the Oka Crisis.[Marian Scott, \"Kanesatake chief remembers the chaos: 'They were out to kill' \"](https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/kanesatake-chief-remembers-the-chaos-they-were-out-to-kill), *Montreal Gazette*, 10 July 2015, accessed 13 October 2015",
""
] |
### Kanehsatà:ke Resistance
{{Main\|Oka crisis}}
*Kanehsatà:ke* is the oldest continuing Mohawk community today and existed pre\-European contact.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2021}} It was the first community to accept *kaianera'kó:wa* (the 'great law of peace'), and is mentioned in the [condolence ceremony](/wiki/Condolence_ceremony "Condolence ceremony") (*hi hi*) of a chief and clan mother. The town of Oka developed along the Lake of Two Mountains through the fraudulent sale of land of the Mohawk community of *Kanehsatà:ke* by the Sulpician order. The Sulpicians sold off land to French settlers and were the biggest landowners in the region.
Since 1717, when the Sulpician priests arrived with their Mohawk, Nippising, and Algonquin Christian converts, the Mohawk have contested the [Sulpician land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada%23Kanesatake "Indigenous specific land claims in Canada#Kanesatake"). They argue that the King of France, [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV"), never owned the land and thus the Crown did not have the right to grant the land to the Sulpician Order.{{Cite web \|url\=http://commonground.ca/2013/05/oka\-origin\-of\-a\-crisis/ \|title\=Oka origin of a crisis \| Common Ground \|access\-date\=2015\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108083958/http://commonground.ca/2013/05/oka\-origin\-of\-a\-crisis/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-08 \|url\-status\=dead}}
Included in this territory is a pine forest and cemetery that was long used by the Mohawk. It is still accessible, although it is not part of the Kanesatake reserve. The Mohawks of Kanesatake have tried many times to resolve the land dispute (as part of their [land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada "Indigenous specific land claims in Canada") against the government and Sulpician mission), but were rejected by the Crown on technical issues.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2021}}
In 1990, the town of Oka unilaterally approved plans to expand their 9\-hole golf course to an 18\-hole course and related buildings. The Mohawk protested formally because the development would affect the historic cemetery, and they considered the land to be sacred. The city persisted in letting the developer proceed in spite of protests from the community. In response, the Mohawk barricaded a secondary dirt road leading into the pines slated for development, in order to prevent the developers from cutting any trees.
After the city gained three injunctions against the barricade, and the Mohawk had tried to gain a moratorium on development, the provincial *[Sûreté du Québec](/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec "Sûreté du Québec")* (SQ) police raided the barricade in the early morning hours of July 11, 1990\. Oka requested support from the SQ, which barricaded [Route 344](/wiki/Quebec_Route_344 "Quebec Route 344") leading to *Kanehsatà:ke*. In the first days of the confrontation, a police officer was killed in an exchange of gunfire with the protesters.
The SQ were joined by a [paramilitary](/wiki/Paramilitary "Paramilitary") squad of Canadian army and [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") police. The Quebec government requested support from the Canadian Army, which sent in 3700 troops.\[ Marian Scott, "Revisiting the Pines: Oka's legacy"], *Montreal Gazette,* 10 July 2015, accessed 13 October 205 This was the beginning of a 78\-day standoff between the Mohawk Nation and their allies (both aboriginal and non\-aboriginal) against the SQ and Canadian Army.
The sister community of [Kahnawake](/wiki/Kahnawake "Kahnawake") erected a barricade on the Mercier Bridge at the South Shore of Montreal, in support of the Mohawk at Kahnesatake. Non\-Mohawk residents of the area became enraged about traffic delays in trying to get through the area and across the river.
Provincial and national leaders participated in negotiations between the Mohawk and the provincial government. Negotiations between the Mohawk nation and the Quebec and the Canadian governments did not resolve the land issue. The International Federation of Human Rights, based in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), France, investigated and concluded that neither the provincial nor federal governments acted in good faith during negotiations.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2021}} But the Mohawk at *Kanehsatà:ke* were forced by the Canadian Army to remove their barricades. Police and military forces pushed the remaining protesters back until they were confined to the Onentokon Treatment Centre and surrounded by the military.
In the end, the Mohawk chose to leave the treatment center, although they did not formally surrender. Those who remained at the treatment center were immediately arrested, with the men and the women separated and sent to the Farnham army base. Other Mohawk activists were ultimately arrested for criminal acts committed before the army moved into the community. These Mohawk were convicted.
All the Mohawk arrested at the treatment center on the issue of the barricades were acquitted. A separate trial was held for individual Mohawks, who were charged. As of 2019, the land dispute is still ongoing.
|
[
"### Kanehsatà:ke Resistance",
"{{Main\\|Oka crisis}}\n*Kanehsatà:ke* is the oldest continuing Mohawk community today and existed pre\\-European contact.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2021}} It was the first community to accept *kaianera'kó:wa* (the 'great law of peace'), and is mentioned in the [condolence ceremony](/wiki/Condolence_ceremony \"Condolence ceremony\") (*hi hi*) of a chief and clan mother. The town of Oka developed along the Lake of Two Mountains through the fraudulent sale of land of the Mohawk community of *Kanehsatà:ke* by the Sulpician order. The Sulpicians sold off land to French settlers and were the biggest landowners in the region.",
"Since 1717, when the Sulpician priests arrived with their Mohawk, Nippising, and Algonquin Christian converts, the Mohawk have contested the [Sulpician land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada%23Kanesatake \"Indigenous specific land claims in Canada#Kanesatake\"). They argue that the King of France, [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\"), never owned the land and thus the Crown did not have the right to grant the land to the Sulpician Order.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://commonground.ca/2013/05/oka\\-origin\\-of\\-a\\-crisis/ \\|title\\=Oka origin of a crisis \\| Common Ground \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108083958/http://commonground.ca/2013/05/oka\\-origin\\-of\\-a\\-crisis/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Included in this territory is a pine forest and cemetery that was long used by the Mohawk. It is still accessible, although it is not part of the Kanesatake reserve. The Mohawks of Kanesatake have tried many times to resolve the land dispute (as part of their [land claim](/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada \"Indigenous specific land claims in Canada\") against the government and Sulpician mission), but were rejected by the Crown on technical issues.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2021}}",
"In 1990, the town of Oka unilaterally approved plans to expand their 9\\-hole golf course to an 18\\-hole course and related buildings. The Mohawk protested formally because the development would affect the historic cemetery, and they considered the land to be sacred. The city persisted in letting the developer proceed in spite of protests from the community. In response, the Mohawk barricaded a secondary dirt road leading into the pines slated for development, in order to prevent the developers from cutting any trees.",
"After the city gained three injunctions against the barricade, and the Mohawk had tried to gain a moratorium on development, the provincial *[Sûreté du Québec](/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec \"Sûreté du Québec\")* (SQ) police raided the barricade in the early morning hours of July 11, 1990\\. Oka requested support from the SQ, which barricaded [Route 344](/wiki/Quebec_Route_344 \"Quebec Route 344\") leading to *Kanehsatà:ke*. In the first days of the confrontation, a police officer was killed in an exchange of gunfire with the protesters.",
"The SQ were joined by a [paramilitary](/wiki/Paramilitary \"Paramilitary\") squad of Canadian army and [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") police. The Quebec government requested support from the Canadian Army, which sent in 3700 troops.\\[ Marian Scott, \"Revisiting the Pines: Oka's legacy\"], *Montreal Gazette,* 10 July 2015, accessed 13 October 205 This was the beginning of a 78\\-day standoff between the Mohawk Nation and their allies (both aboriginal and non\\-aboriginal) against the SQ and Canadian Army.",
"The sister community of [Kahnawake](/wiki/Kahnawake \"Kahnawake\") erected a barricade on the Mercier Bridge at the South Shore of Montreal, in support of the Mohawk at Kahnesatake. Non\\-Mohawk residents of the area became enraged about traffic delays in trying to get through the area and across the river.",
"Provincial and national leaders participated in negotiations between the Mohawk and the provincial government. Negotiations between the Mohawk nation and the Quebec and the Canadian governments did not resolve the land issue. The International Federation of Human Rights, based in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), France, investigated and concluded that neither the provincial nor federal governments acted in good faith during negotiations.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2021}} But the Mohawk at *Kanehsatà:ke* were forced by the Canadian Army to remove their barricades. Police and military forces pushed the remaining protesters back until they were confined to the Onentokon Treatment Centre and surrounded by the military.",
"In the end, the Mohawk chose to leave the treatment center, although they did not formally surrender. Those who remained at the treatment center were immediately arrested, with the men and the women separated and sent to the Farnham army base. Other Mohawk activists were ultimately arrested for criminal acts committed before the army moved into the community. These Mohawk were convicted.",
"All the Mohawk arrested at the treatment center on the issue of the barricades were acquitted. A separate trial was held for individual Mohawks, who were charged. As of 2019, the land dispute is still ongoing.",
""
] |
### Governance
Following the Oka Crisis, the Mohawk of *Kanehsatà:ke* altered their method of governance, under provisions of the Indian Act. In 1991, citizens held the first general elections for grand chief and six council chiefs. Chiefs previously had traditional hereditary claims to positions through their [clans](/wiki/Clans "Clans") under the [matrilineal](/wiki/Matrilineal "Matrilineal") [kinship system](/wiki/Kinship_system "Kinship system"), in which inheritance and property were passed through the maternal lines. Chiefs were nominated and could be unseated by [clan](/wiki/Clan "Clan") mothers.
In 1991, [Jerry Peltier](/wiki/Jerry_Peltier "Jerry Peltier") was elected as grand chief and served until 1996\.[Jeff Heinrich, "Wide\-open race in Kanesatake"](http://www.autochtones.ca/portal/fr/ArticleView.php?article_id=494), *The Gazette*, 27 June 2008, La Nation Autochthone du Quebec, accessed 29 January 2010 He also served as Chairman for the Quebec First Nations Education Council.{{cn\|date\=February 2020}}
In the 1990s, the nation began to exercise more autonomy and established its own police force.Aubin, Benoit (March 23, 2004\). ["Kanesatake Chief in Exile"](http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012573) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608085140/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm\=TCE\&Params\=M1ARTM0012573 \|date\=2011\-06\-08 }}, *Maclean's Magazine,* online at *The Canadian Encyclopedia,* Retrieved on: July 12\. 2008\.
In 2004 and 2005, disputes over the governance practices of Grand Chief [James Gabriel](/wiki/James_Gabriel_%28politician%29 "James Gabriel (politician)"), who had been elected three times in succession, resulted in violence and political disruption in *Kanehsatà:ke*. Chiefs [Pearl Bonspille](/wiki/Pearl_Bonspille "Pearl Bonspille"), [Steven Bonspille](/wiki/Steven_Bonspille "Steven Bonspille") and [John Harding](/wiki/John_Harding_%28Sha_ko_hen_the_tha%29 "John Harding (Sha ko hen the tha)") (*Sha ko hen the tha*) opposed Gabriel. They and other opponents effectively ended Gabriel's tenure as grand chief.
John Harding and fellow council chiefs Steven Bonspille (who was elected to the council in 2001\) and Pearl Bonspille said they opposed Gabriel's attempt to control policing. In January 2004, in concert with [Quebec provincial police](/wiki/Surete_du_Quebec "Surete du Quebec"), Gabriel brought in more than 60 officers from other reserves and forces for a drug raid. These three chiefs considered Gabriel's action to be an unlawful attempt to usurp the power of the Police Commission. After 200 community members surrounded the police station, the 67 special constables were forced to take shelter there. Gabriel lost his home when it was burned in an alleged [arson](/wiki/Arson "Arson") incident; he left the community for Montreal. Following his departure, "A long criminal trial resulted in multiple convictions of Kanesatake residents for arson, rioting and other offences."
Meanwhile, the reserve organized a Community Watch team to counter the lack of a police force. A liaison team was established with the SQ.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2008}} Political communication lines were opened up with the Quebec government to prevent another crisis like the one in 1990 at Oka.
Following the overthrow of Gabriel, elections were held on June 26, 2005\. [Steven Bonspille](/wiki/Steven_Bonspille "Steven Bonspille") defeated Gabriel in the election for grand chief. Harding and Pearl Bonspille were both replaced as chiefs on the council when six Gabriel allies were elected to the open posts. The Nation operated under a federal trusteeship, while an investigation was conducted of alleged spending excesses under Gabriel. Findings were not conclusive.
Tribal engagement in politics has remained high. In 2008 some 25 candidates ran for seven seats on the council. Steven Bonspille did not run for re\-election, having moved off the reserve to Oka. More than 2300 Kanesatake voters were registered: 1685 who live on the reserve territory and 664 outside.
As of 2015, the grand chief of Kanesatake was Serge Otsi Simon. Soon after his election, he spoke in an interview with the *[Montreal Gazette](/wiki/Montreal_Gazette "Montreal Gazette")* about the Oka Crisis.[Marian Scott, "Kanesatake chief remembers the chaos: 'They were out to kill' "](https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/kanesatake-chief-remembers-the-chaos-they-were-out-to-kill), *Montreal Gazette*, 10 July 2015, accessed 13 October 2015
|
[
"### Governance",
"Following the Oka Crisis, the Mohawk of *Kanehsatà:ke* altered their method of governance, under provisions of the Indian Act. In 1991, citizens held the first general elections for grand chief and six council chiefs. Chiefs previously had traditional hereditary claims to positions through their [clans](/wiki/Clans \"Clans\") under the [matrilineal](/wiki/Matrilineal \"Matrilineal\") [kinship system](/wiki/Kinship_system \"Kinship system\"), in which inheritance and property were passed through the maternal lines. Chiefs were nominated and could be unseated by [clan](/wiki/Clan \"Clan\") mothers.",
"In 1991, [Jerry Peltier](/wiki/Jerry_Peltier \"Jerry Peltier\") was elected as grand chief and served until 1996\\.[Jeff Heinrich, \"Wide\\-open race in Kanesatake\"](http://www.autochtones.ca/portal/fr/ArticleView.php?article_id=494), *The Gazette*, 27 June 2008, La Nation Autochthone du Quebec, accessed 29 January 2010 He also served as Chairman for the Quebec First Nations Education Council.{{cn\\|date\\=February 2020}}",
"In the 1990s, the nation began to exercise more autonomy and established its own police force.Aubin, Benoit (March 23, 2004\\). [\"Kanesatake Chief in Exile\"](http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012573) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608085140/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm\\=TCE\\&Params\\=M1ARTM0012573 \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-08 }}, *Maclean's Magazine,* online at *The Canadian Encyclopedia,* Retrieved on: July 12\\. 2008\\.",
"In 2004 and 2005, disputes over the governance practices of Grand Chief [James Gabriel](/wiki/James_Gabriel_%28politician%29 \"James Gabriel (politician)\"), who had been elected three times in succession, resulted in violence and political disruption in *Kanehsatà:ke*. Chiefs [Pearl Bonspille](/wiki/Pearl_Bonspille \"Pearl Bonspille\"), [Steven Bonspille](/wiki/Steven_Bonspille \"Steven Bonspille\") and [John Harding](/wiki/John_Harding_%28Sha_ko_hen_the_tha%29 \"John Harding (Sha ko hen the tha)\") (*Sha ko hen the tha*) opposed Gabriel. They and other opponents effectively ended Gabriel's tenure as grand chief.",
"John Harding and fellow council chiefs Steven Bonspille (who was elected to the council in 2001\\) and Pearl Bonspille said they opposed Gabriel's attempt to control policing. In January 2004, in concert with [Quebec provincial police](/wiki/Surete_du_Quebec \"Surete du Quebec\"), Gabriel brought in more than 60 officers from other reserves and forces for a drug raid. These three chiefs considered Gabriel's action to be an unlawful attempt to usurp the power of the Police Commission. After 200 community members surrounded the police station, the 67 special constables were forced to take shelter there. Gabriel lost his home when it was burned in an alleged [arson](/wiki/Arson \"Arson\") incident; he left the community for Montreal. Following his departure, \"A long criminal trial resulted in multiple convictions of Kanesatake residents for arson, rioting and other offences.\"",
"Meanwhile, the reserve organized a Community Watch team to counter the lack of a police force. A liaison team was established with the SQ.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2008}} Political communication lines were opened up with the Quebec government to prevent another crisis like the one in 1990 at Oka.",
"Following the overthrow of Gabriel, elections were held on June 26, 2005\\. [Steven Bonspille](/wiki/Steven_Bonspille \"Steven Bonspille\") defeated Gabriel in the election for grand chief. Harding and Pearl Bonspille were both replaced as chiefs on the council when six Gabriel allies were elected to the open posts. The Nation operated under a federal trusteeship, while an investigation was conducted of alleged spending excesses under Gabriel. Findings were not conclusive.",
"Tribal engagement in politics has remained high. In 2008 some 25 candidates ran for seven seats on the council. Steven Bonspille did not run for re\\-election, having moved off the reserve to Oka. More than 2300 Kanesatake voters were registered: 1685 who live on the reserve territory and 664 outside.",
"As of 2015, the grand chief of Kanesatake was Serge Otsi Simon. Soon after his election, he spoke in an interview with the *[Montreal Gazette](/wiki/Montreal_Gazette \"Montreal Gazette\")* about the Oka Crisis.[Marian Scott, \"Kanesatake chief remembers the chaos: 'They were out to kill' \"](https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/kanesatake-chief-remembers-the-chaos-they-were-out-to-kill), *Montreal Gazette*, 10 July 2015, accessed 13 October 2015",
""
] |
Career
------
Cofield's first coaching assignment was at H. E. Davis Junior High School in [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), Ohio in 1963\. After two years he was named to coach [East Technical High School](/wiki/East_Technical_High_School "East Technical High School") in Cleveland, as an assistant coach where the team went 20–1 in 1965–66\.
Cofield's first year of collegiate coaching came at [Kentucky State University](/wiki/Kentucky_State_University "Kentucky State University"), where he spent one year as an assistant before being named to head the [Lincoln University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lincoln_University_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)") team. His two\-year record of 38–12 included two conference championships and [NAIA playoff](/wiki/NAIA_Men%27s_Basketball_Championships "NAIA Men's Basketball Championships") berths.
Cofield moved to [Prairie View A\&M University](/wiki/Prairie_View_A%26M_University "Prairie View A&M University") in [Prairie View, Texas](/wiki/Prairie_View%2C_Texas "Prairie View, Texas"), where he posted a 57–48 record over four years. His 1972–73 squad went 19–8, placing second in the [Southwestern Athletic Conference](/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference "Southwestern Athletic Conference").
Cofield became the nation's first black athletic director and head coach at a predominantly white institution of higher learning by accepting both positions at the [College of Racine](/wiki/Dominican_College_of_Racine "Dominican College of Racine") in 1973\. There, Cofield hired [Bo Ryan](/wiki/Bo_Ryan "Bo Ryan") as his assistant coach. Following a 14–15 season, the school closed. Cofield joined the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") staff, where he served as an assistant under head coach [Terry Holland](/wiki/Terry_Holland "Terry Holland") for two seasons.
Cofield signed a five\-year contract to become the head coach at [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball "Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball") on March 16, 1976, succeeding [John Powless](/wiki/John_Powless "John Powless") who had resigned one month prior on February 11 during a Badgers' 14\-game losing streak.[Dinkin, Naomi. "People in Sports," *The New York Times*, Wednesday, March 17, 1976\.](https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/17/archives/people-in-sports-big-10s-first-black-court-coach.html) Retrieved March 26, 2023\. He coached at Wisconsin for six seasons. His best team was his 1979–80 team, which posted a record of 15–14 and had future [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") players [Wes Matthews](/wiki/Wes_Matthews "Wes Matthews") and [Claude Gregory](/wiki/Claude_Gregory "Claude Gregory") on its roster.
Cofield is a member of the [McKendree University](/wiki/McKendree_University "McKendree University") Sports Hall of Fame. He died at age 43 from cancer in [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin") in 1983\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/22/obituaries/bill\-cofield.html\|title\=BILL COFIELD\|work\=The New York Times \|date\=June 22, 1983\|via\=NYTimes.com}} He is buried at the Sunset Lawn Cemetery in [Harrisburg, Illinois](/wiki/Harrisburg%2C_Illinois "Harrisburg, Illinois").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Cofield's first coaching assignment was at H. E. Davis Junior High School in [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\"), Ohio in 1963\\. After two years he was named to coach [East Technical High School](/wiki/East_Technical_High_School \"East Technical High School\") in Cleveland, as an assistant coach where the team went 20–1 in 1965–66\\.",
"Cofield's first year of collegiate coaching came at [Kentucky State University](/wiki/Kentucky_State_University \"Kentucky State University\"), where he spent one year as an assistant before being named to head the [Lincoln University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lincoln_University_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)\") team. His two\\-year record of 38–12 included two conference championships and [NAIA playoff](/wiki/NAIA_Men%27s_Basketball_Championships \"NAIA Men's Basketball Championships\") berths.",
"Cofield moved to [Prairie View A\\&M University](/wiki/Prairie_View_A%26M_University \"Prairie View A&M University\") in [Prairie View, Texas](/wiki/Prairie_View%2C_Texas \"Prairie View, Texas\"), where he posted a 57–48 record over four years. His 1972–73 squad went 19–8, placing second in the [Southwestern Athletic Conference](/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference \"Southwestern Athletic Conference\").",
"Cofield became the nation's first black athletic director and head coach at a predominantly white institution of higher learning by accepting both positions at the [College of Racine](/wiki/Dominican_College_of_Racine \"Dominican College of Racine\") in 1973\\. There, Cofield hired [Bo Ryan](/wiki/Bo_Ryan \"Bo Ryan\") as his assistant coach. Following a 14–15 season, the school closed. Cofield joined the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\") staff, where he served as an assistant under head coach [Terry Holland](/wiki/Terry_Holland \"Terry Holland\") for two seasons.",
"Cofield signed a five\\-year contract to become the head coach at [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball \"Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball\") on March 16, 1976, succeeding [John Powless](/wiki/John_Powless \"John Powless\") who had resigned one month prior on February 11 during a Badgers' 14\\-game losing streak.[Dinkin, Naomi. \"People in Sports,\" *The New York Times*, Wednesday, March 17, 1976\\.](https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/17/archives/people-in-sports-big-10s-first-black-court-coach.html) Retrieved March 26, 2023\\. He coached at Wisconsin for six seasons. His best team was his 1979–80 team, which posted a record of 15–14 and had future [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") players [Wes Matthews](/wiki/Wes_Matthews \"Wes Matthews\") and [Claude Gregory](/wiki/Claude_Gregory \"Claude Gregory\") on its roster.",
"Cofield is a member of the [McKendree University](/wiki/McKendree_University \"McKendree University\") Sports Hall of Fame. He died at age 43 from cancer in [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\") in 1983\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/22/obituaries/bill\\-cofield.html\\|title\\=BILL COFIELD\\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=June 22, 1983\\|via\\=NYTimes.com}} He is buried at the Sunset Lawn Cemetery in [Harrisburg, Illinois](/wiki/Harrisburg%2C_Illinois \"Harrisburg, Illinois\").",
""
] |
History
-------
The Scottish BAFTA\-winning [pilot episode](/wiki/Pilot_episode "Pilot episode") "Killer", directed by [Laurence Moody](/wiki/Laurence_Moody "Laurence Moody") and broadcast in 1983, introduced the character [Detective Chief Inspector](/wiki/Detective_Chief_Inspector "Detective Chief Inspector") Jim Taggart (played by [Mark McManus](/wiki/Mark_McManus "Mark McManus") until his death in 1994\), a tough and experienced detective who had worked his way up through the ranks. His original sidekick was [Detective Sergeant](/wiki/Detective_Sergeant "Detective Sergeant") Peter Livingstone ([Neil Duncan](/wiki/Neil_Duncan "Neil Duncan")). Livingstone represented the new breed of young graduates entering the police force and frequently had a difficult relationship with Taggart as a result. Taggart's boss in the pilot was Superintendent Robert Murray ([Tom Watson](/wiki/Tom_Watson_%28actor%29 "Tom Watson (actor)")), and his boss after the second episode, "Dead Ringer", was Superintendent Jack McVitie ([Iain Anders](/wiki/Iain_Anders "Iain Anders")). Another important character was Taggart's wife Jean (Harriet Buchan), whose physical disability did not prevent her from pursuing a number of interests in life, while her cynical husband stuck mainly to his job. Throughout the McManus era, there was nearly always a sub\-plot in every episode which involved the domestic life of the Taggarts, which on occasion became intertwined with the case being investigated. The most memorable of these was the Taggarts' ongoing care of Jean's senile Aunt Hettie (Sheila Donald), whom Jim despises and begrudges staying in his house. This sub\-plot ran through 1990–91 until the Hettie character was killed off in the 1991 season finale, "Violent Delights", in which her funeral is carried out by a corrupt firm of undertakers who are also the subject of Taggart's investigation.
In 1987 the character of Michael Jardine ([James MacPherson](/wiki/James_MacPherson_%28actor%29 "James MacPherson (actor)")) was introduced. [Neil Duncan](/wiki/Neil_Duncan "Neil Duncan") left the series in 1987 and in 1990 a new female sidekick Jackie Reid ([Blythe Duff](/wiki/Blythe_Duff "Blythe Duff")) was introduced.
McManus died in 1994 during the filming of an episode. Taggart's absence in the broadcast story was explained by his being in meetings with the [Chief Constable](/wiki/Chief_Constable "Chief Constable") throughout. In 1995 the episode "Black Orchid" opened with Taggart's funeral. Despite the death of the title character the series continued. Jardine was promoted to Detective Inspector and DC Stuart Fraser ([Colin McCredie](/wiki/Colin_McCredie "Colin McCredie")) was introduced, becoming the long\-suffering sidekick to Jardine, former long\-suffering sidekick to Taggart. Fraser was later revealed to be gay. McCredie had made an early appearance in *Taggart* when he played a suspect part of a youth gang. DI Robbie Ross ([John Michie](/wiki/John_Michie "John Michie")) joined the team in 1998\. Michie had made an early appearance in *Taggart* in 1990 when he played a suspect called Robby Meiklejohn in an episode called "Love Knot".
When MacPherson left the series in 2002 his character was killed off and replaced with DCI Matt Burke, formerly of [Special Branch](/wiki/Special_Branch "Special Branch"), played by [Alex Norton](/wiki/Alex_Norton "Alex Norton"), who had previously appeared in the series playing murder suspect George Bryce in 1986 in the episode "Knife\-Edge". The personal relationships of the police officers in this series were shown as nothing to be envious of: Reid described herself, Burke, Ross and Fraser as "three divorcees and a celibate homosexual" in the episode "Penthouse and Pavement". After filming was completed on series 26 in December 2009, [Colin McCredie](/wiki/Colin_McCredie "Colin McCredie") was informed that he and his character would not be returning for filming of the next series.
### ITV/STV dispute
[ITV plc](/wiki/ITV_plc "ITV plc"), the company that operates the [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 "ITV (TV network)") network franchises in England, Wales and southern Scotland, failed to announce whether it planned to show any new episodes of *Taggart*, prompting [STV](/wiki/STV_%28TV_channel%29 "STV (TV channel)") to suspend production of the programme in September 2009\. STV announced in November 2009 that it would produce new episodes of *Taggart* for broadcast in 2010 regardless of whether [ITV plc](/wiki/ITV_plc "ITV plc") decided to screen it.
In February 2010 it was announced that ITV and STV had put their wider commercial differences to one side to make a new series, which Scottish viewers got to see first. The two broadcasters co\-commissioned a six\-part series of the show; [UKTV](/wiki/UKTV "UKTV") also invested in return for repeat rights. New episodes of *Taggart* debuted on STV in autumn 2010 before being broadcast on ITV across the rest of the UK in 2011\. The UKTV Channel [Alibi](/wiki/Alibi_%28TV_channel%29 "Alibi (TV channel)") showed the episodes in 2013\. Online catch\-up of the new series was not available to users of [STV Player](/wiki/STV_Player "STV Player") until the show had been broadcast on ITV and [UTV](/wiki/UTV_%28TV_channel%29 "UTV (TV channel)").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Scottish BAFTA\\-winning [pilot episode](/wiki/Pilot_episode \"Pilot episode\") \"Killer\", directed by [Laurence Moody](/wiki/Laurence_Moody \"Laurence Moody\") and broadcast in 1983, introduced the character [Detective Chief Inspector](/wiki/Detective_Chief_Inspector \"Detective Chief Inspector\") Jim Taggart (played by [Mark McManus](/wiki/Mark_McManus \"Mark McManus\") until his death in 1994\\), a tough and experienced detective who had worked his way up through the ranks. His original sidekick was [Detective Sergeant](/wiki/Detective_Sergeant \"Detective Sergeant\") Peter Livingstone ([Neil Duncan](/wiki/Neil_Duncan \"Neil Duncan\")). Livingstone represented the new breed of young graduates entering the police force and frequently had a difficult relationship with Taggart as a result. Taggart's boss in the pilot was Superintendent Robert Murray ([Tom Watson](/wiki/Tom_Watson_%28actor%29 \"Tom Watson (actor)\")), and his boss after the second episode, \"Dead Ringer\", was Superintendent Jack McVitie ([Iain Anders](/wiki/Iain_Anders \"Iain Anders\")). Another important character was Taggart's wife Jean (Harriet Buchan), whose physical disability did not prevent her from pursuing a number of interests in life, while her cynical husband stuck mainly to his job. Throughout the McManus era, there was nearly always a sub\\-plot in every episode which involved the domestic life of the Taggarts, which on occasion became intertwined with the case being investigated. The most memorable of these was the Taggarts' ongoing care of Jean's senile Aunt Hettie (Sheila Donald), whom Jim despises and begrudges staying in his house. This sub\\-plot ran through 1990–91 until the Hettie character was killed off in the 1991 season finale, \"Violent Delights\", in which her funeral is carried out by a corrupt firm of undertakers who are also the subject of Taggart's investigation.",
"In 1987 the character of Michael Jardine ([James MacPherson](/wiki/James_MacPherson_%28actor%29 \"James MacPherson (actor)\")) was introduced. [Neil Duncan](/wiki/Neil_Duncan \"Neil Duncan\") left the series in 1987 and in 1990 a new female sidekick Jackie Reid ([Blythe Duff](/wiki/Blythe_Duff \"Blythe Duff\")) was introduced.",
"McManus died in 1994 during the filming of an episode. Taggart's absence in the broadcast story was explained by his being in meetings with the [Chief Constable](/wiki/Chief_Constable \"Chief Constable\") throughout. In 1995 the episode \"Black Orchid\" opened with Taggart's funeral. Despite the death of the title character the series continued. Jardine was promoted to Detective Inspector and DC Stuart Fraser ([Colin McCredie](/wiki/Colin_McCredie \"Colin McCredie\")) was introduced, becoming the long\\-suffering sidekick to Jardine, former long\\-suffering sidekick to Taggart. Fraser was later revealed to be gay. McCredie had made an early appearance in *Taggart* when he played a suspect part of a youth gang. DI Robbie Ross ([John Michie](/wiki/John_Michie \"John Michie\")) joined the team in 1998\\. Michie had made an early appearance in *Taggart* in 1990 when he played a suspect called Robby Meiklejohn in an episode called \"Love Knot\".",
"When MacPherson left the series in 2002 his character was killed off and replaced with DCI Matt Burke, formerly of [Special Branch](/wiki/Special_Branch \"Special Branch\"), played by [Alex Norton](/wiki/Alex_Norton \"Alex Norton\"), who had previously appeared in the series playing murder suspect George Bryce in 1986 in the episode \"Knife\\-Edge\". The personal relationships of the police officers in this series were shown as nothing to be envious of: Reid described herself, Burke, Ross and Fraser as \"three divorcees and a celibate homosexual\" in the episode \"Penthouse and Pavement\". After filming was completed on series 26 in December 2009, [Colin McCredie](/wiki/Colin_McCredie \"Colin McCredie\") was informed that he and his character would not be returning for filming of the next series.",
"### ITV/STV dispute",
"[ITV plc](/wiki/ITV_plc \"ITV plc\"), the company that operates the [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 \"ITV (TV network)\") network franchises in England, Wales and southern Scotland, failed to announce whether it planned to show any new episodes of *Taggart*, prompting [STV](/wiki/STV_%28TV_channel%29 \"STV (TV channel)\") to suspend production of the programme in September 2009\\. STV announced in November 2009 that it would produce new episodes of *Taggart* for broadcast in 2010 regardless of whether [ITV plc](/wiki/ITV_plc \"ITV plc\") decided to screen it.",
"In February 2010 it was announced that ITV and STV had put their wider commercial differences to one side to make a new series, which Scottish viewers got to see first. The two broadcasters co\\-commissioned a six\\-part series of the show; [UKTV](/wiki/UKTV \"UKTV\") also invested in return for repeat rights. New episodes of *Taggart* debuted on STV in autumn 2010 before being broadcast on ITV across the rest of the UK in 2011\\. The UKTV Channel [Alibi](/wiki/Alibi_%28TV_channel%29 \"Alibi (TV channel)\") showed the episodes in 2013\\. Online catch\\-up of the new series was not available to users of [STV Player](/wiki/STV_Player \"STV Player\") until the show had been broadcast on ITV and [UTV](/wiki/UTV_%28TV_channel%29 \"UTV (TV channel)\").",
""
] |
Architecture
------------
The Apple Bank Building, originally the Central Savings Bank Building, was designed by bank architects [York and Sawyer](/wiki/York_and_Sawyer "York and Sawyer") for the [Central Savings Bank](/wiki/Central_Savings_Bank "Central Savings Bank"). The structure was designed in the [Renaissance Revival](/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture "Renaissance Revival architecture") and [palazzo styles](/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture "Palazzo style architecture") and was patterned after an [Italian Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture "Renaissance architecture")\-style [palazzo](/wiki/Palazzo "Palazzo").{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1975\|p\=1}}; {{harvnb\|National Park Service\|1983\|ps\=.\|p\=2}} Prior to the building's construction, York and Sawyer had designed the [Bowery Savings Bank Building at 110 East 42nd Street](/wiki/110_East_42nd_Street "110 East 42nd Street"), the [Greenwich Savings Bank Building](/wiki/Greenwich_Savings_Bank_Building "Greenwich Savings Bank Building"), and the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York_Building "Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building").{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=5}}{{Cite news \|last\=Dunlap \|first\=David W. \|date\=January 31, 2001 \|title\=Commercial Real Estate; Seeking New Uses for Mighty Banking Chambers of the Past \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/31/nyregion/commercial\-real\-estate\-seeking\-new\-uses\-for\-mighty\-banking\-chambers\-of\-the\-past.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318180901/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/31/nyregion/commercial\-real\-estate\-seeking\-new\-uses\-for\-mighty\-banking\-chambers\-of\-the\-past.html \|url\-status\=live }} The building was constructed by [general contractor](/wiki/General_contractor "General contractor") Hegeman\-Harris Company.{{cite news \|date\=May 29, 1927 \|title\=Bank Building on Broadway \|page\=RE1 \|work\=The New York Times \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|id\={{ProQuest\|104160764}}}} Though the Central Savings Bank Building was designed as a neighborhood branch (as contrasted with the Bowery Savings Bank or Greenwich Savings Bank buildings), its architecture evoked that of a large headquarters such as the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.{{cite NY1930\|page\=174}}
The Apple Bank Building houses a branch of the [Apple Bank for Savings](/wiki/Apple_Bank_for_Savings "Apple Bank for Savings"){{cite web \|title\=73rd St \& Broadway Bank \- Upper West Side NYC Bank \|url\=https://www.applebank.com/about/get\-in\-touch/atm\-branch\-locations/manhattan/manhattan\-west\-side/2100\-broadway\-(new\-york) \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|website\=Apple Bank \|archive\-date\=January 19, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119123414/https://www.applebank.com/about/get\-in\-touch/atm\-branch\-locations/manhattan/manhattan\-west\-side/2100\-broadway\-(new\-york) \|url\-status\=live }} (previously the Central Savings Bank).{{cite web \|date\=August 21, 2013 \|title\=The Solidity and Stature of NYC's Central Savings Bank \|url\=https://ny.curbed.com/2013/8/21/10206486/the\-solidity\-and\-stature\-of\-nycs\-central\-savings\-bank \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|website\=Curbed NY \|archive\-date\=August 3, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803211927/https://ny.curbed.com/2013/8/21/10206486/the\-solidity\-and\-stature\-of\-nycs\-central\-savings\-bank \|url\-status\=live }} In addition, there are 29 condominiums on the upper floors.{{Cite news \|last\=Karmin \|first\=Craig \|date\=April 15, 2011 \|title\=Laureate Wins in Sales \|language\=en\-US \|work\=Wall Street Journal \|url\=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703983104576263270210457168\.html \|access\-date\=March 20, 2022 \|issn\=0099\-9660 \|archive\-date\=January 3, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103122106/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703983104576263270210457168\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Though the Apple Bank Building originally contained six full stories excluding mezzanines, the ceilings were so high that the structure was equivalent to an eight\- or nine\-story building.{{Cite news \|date\=December 2, 1928 \|title\=New Bank Edifice Adorns Broadway; Central Savings Will Open Its Imposing Home at Seventy\-third Street Next Saturday \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/02/archives/new\-bank\-edifice\-adorns\-broadway\-central\-savings\-will\-open\-its.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318184340/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/02/archives/new\-bank\-edifice\-adorns\-broadway\-central\-savings\-will\-open\-its.html \|url\-status\=live }}
### Facade
Each [elevation](/wiki/Elevation_%28architecture%29 "Elevation (architecture)"), or side of the building, has a different arrangement of window openings. The [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") is divided horizontally into four sections on all elevations: a one\-story base, two intermediate sections, and a seventh\-story attic. The northwestern corner is a diagonal [chamfer](/wiki/Chamfer "Chamfer").{{harvnb\|National Park Service\|1983\|ps\=.\|p\=2}}
#### Ground floor
[left\|thumb\|Entrance on 73rd Street](/wiki/File:Central_Savings_Bank_Building_Feb_2022_08.jpg "Central Savings Bank Building Feb 2022 08.jpg")
The base of the facade is made of [rusticated](/wiki/Rustication_%28architecture%29 "Rustication (architecture)") blocks of limestone. Each limestone block measures up to {{convert\|2\|by\|6\|ft}} across.{{Cite news \|last\=Gray \|first\=Christopher \|date\=April 17, 2005 \|title\=At a Landmark Bank Building, Change Is in the Air \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/17/realestate/at\-a\-landmark\-bank\-building\-change\-is\-in\-the\-air.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318174224/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/17/realestate/at\-a\-landmark\-bank\-building\-change\-is\-in\-the\-air.html \|url\-status\=live }} Above the ground floor is a frieze with a [torus](/wiki/Torus "Torus") molding. The frieze is inscribed with the phrases "Central Savings Bank", "Chartered MDCCCLIX" (referencing the Central Savings Bank's founding in 1859\) and "Erected MCMXXVIII" (referencing the building's completion in 1928\). These phrases are arranged in different orders on each elevation.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1975\|ps\=.\|p\=1}}
There are entrances along 73rd Street, 74th Street, and Broadway, all surrounded by large stone frames and topped by heavy [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") with [denticulation](/wiki/Denticulation "Denticulation"). The center entrance on Broadway is flanked by square windows with metal [grilles](/wiki/Grille_%28architecture%29 "Grille (architecture)").{{harvnb\|National Park Service\|1983\|ps\=.\|p\=13}} A secondary entrance to the building's apartments is at the north end of the Broadway elevation, with the address 2112 Broadway. The northwestern entrance on 74th Street and Broadway contains a wheelchair access ramp.{{Cite web \|date\=March 18, 2021 \|title\=Expedited Certificate of No Effect \|url\=http://s\-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/Permits/PermitFiles/CNE\-22\-05319\.pdf \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|publisher\=\[\[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] \|archive\-date\=March 23, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323015012/http://s\-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/Permits/PermitFiles/CNE\-22\-05319\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} The southern entrance on 73rd Street contains a recessed doorway with a grille in front. Above the 73rd Street entrance's cornice is a clock with a lion to either side;{{cite web \|last\=Indiana Limestone Company \|date\=1930 \|title\=Indiana Limestone: Sculpture, Carving and Finishes : Indiana Limestone Company : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive \|url\=https://archive.org/details/IndianaLimestoneSculptureCarvingAndFinishes \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|website\=Internet Archive \|page\=6}} the firm of Ricci and Zari carved the clock and lion out of Indiana limestone. The north elevation on 74th Street has an entrance near the building's northeastern corner.{{harvnb\|National Park Service\|1983\|ps\=.\|p\=11}} The east elevation on Amsterdam Avenue has square windows with grilles; there are no entrances.
#### Upper stories
On the second to fourth stories, each elevation is faced in rusticated limestone blocks similar to those at the base. The second and third stories have double\-height arched windows that overlook the banking room. The bottoms of the arches contain wrought\-iron grilles with gargoyle heads, manufactured by [Samuel Yellin](/wiki/Samuel_Yellin "Samuel Yellin") of Philadelphia. The primary elevation faces west on Broadway and contains three arched windows. The east elevation on Amsterdam Avenue has five arched windows. A panel with the inscription "Central Savings Bank 1859–1928", with shields on either side flanked by [garlands](/wiki/Garland "Garland"), is placed above the center arch on both Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. The outermost [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") on Amsterdam Avenue contain rectangular windows on the second and third floors.
[thumb\|Upper stories of facade on 74th Street](/wiki/File:Central_Savings_Bank_Building_Feb_2022_27.jpg "Central Savings Bank Building Feb 2022 27.jpg")
The north elevation on 74th Street has a single arched window on its left (eastern) section. To the right (west) are four bays of rectangular windows on either of the second and third floors, of which three bays are clustered together. The south elevation on 73rd Street has one arched window that takes up much of the facade.{{harvnb\|National Park Service\|1983\|ps\=.\|p\=9}} A sign displaying the time and temperature is also placed on the 73rd Street elevation.{{Cite news \|last1\=Johnston \|first1\=Laurie \|last2\=Anderson \|first2\=Susan Heller \|date\=August 22, 1983 \|title\=New York Day by Day; Saga of a Sign of the Time (And Temperature) \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/22/nyregion/new\-york\-day\-by\-day\-saga\-of\-a\-sign\-of\-the\-time\-and\-temperature.html \|access\-date\=March 20, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 20, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320184935/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/22/nyregion/new\-york\-day\-by\-day\-saga\-of\-a\-sign\-of\-the\-time\-and\-temperature.html \|url\-status\=live }} The [keystones](/wiki/Keystone_%28architecture%29 "Keystone (architecture)") above these arches have [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche "Cartouche") shaped like shields.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1975\|ps\=\|p\=1}}; {{harvnb\|National Park Service\|1983\|ps\=.\|pp\=9, 11}} Each shield contains a depiction of a [caduceus](/wiki/Caduceus "Caduceus"), as well as a flagpole extending diagonally from the top of the shield.{{harvnb\|National Park Service\|1983\|ps\=.\|pp\=9, 11}}
Above the arches, the fourth story has fourteen rectangular windows on Broadway, eighteen on Amsterdam Avenue, eight on 74th Street, and five on 73rd Street. On all sides, there is a horizontal [band course](/wiki/Band_course "Band course") above the fourth\-story windows. On each elevation, the fifth and sixth stories are treated like a [loggia](/wiki/Loggia "Loggia") and are divided into the same number of bays as on the fourth story. Each bay contains double\-height tripartite windows spanning both stories, with iron [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrel "Spandrel") separating the windows on either story. There are also [balustrades](/wiki/Balustrades "Balustrades") in front of the lower section of each double\-height window, at the fifth story. The bays are separated vertically by [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster "Pilaster"), which in turn are overlaid on rusticated [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 "Pier (architecture)"). Above is a cornice with [modillions](/wiki/Modillion "Modillion"), which projects from the facade. The seventh story, above the cornice, includes pairs of windows that correspond to the bays below. There is a sloped Spanish tile roof above.
### Bank interior
Most of the bank is aligned with the axes of Amsterdam Avenue, 74th Street, and 73rd Street. Because Broadway runs diagonally to all three streets, the bank's Broadway entrance vestibule is perpendicular to that street.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=15}} An entrance foyer, between the Broadway entrance vestibule and the rest of the bank, curves 40 degrees.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=7}}
#### Vestibules
On the west side of the ground floor, leading from Broadway, is a vestibule shaped as an irregular quadrilateral.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=6}} This vestibule has a floor of polychrome marble strips, surrounded by a black slate border. The walls are made of sandstone [paneling](/wiki/Paneling "Paneling") above black\-slate [baseboards](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard") and have wrought\-iron radiator grilles. The north wall is wider and contains an inscription relating to the building's construction, a gift from the Broadway Association.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|pp\=7, 11}} The metal double doors facing Broadway are flanked by [sidelights](/wiki/Sidelight "Sidelight"), which are held in place by iron [mullions](/wiki/Mullion "Mullion"). The [coffered](/wiki/Coffer "Coffer") ceiling is made of plaster, which is painted to appear like iron, and contains an iron lantern at its center.
From the Broadway entrance vestibule, a doorway leads east to an foyer with an irregular octagonal plan. A metal\-and\-glass [revolving door](/wiki/Revolving_door "Revolving door"), with an incision on its interior, takes up two\-thirds of the doorway, while a single plate\-glass door occupies the other third. Above these doors is a [transom window](/wiki/Transom_window "Transom window") with six panes; the bottom section of each pane contains wrought\-iron flowers, and the panes are held in place by iron mullions. This foyer also has a polychrome marble floor with a black\-slate border. As with the vestibule, the walls are made of sandstone paneling above black\-slate baseboard and have wrought\-iron grilles. The coffered ceiling is also made of plaster and painted to appear like iron. An [openwork](/wiki/Openwork "Openwork") iron lantern hangs from the center of the ceiling. The east wall of the entrance vestibule contains an [architrave](/wiki/Architrave "Architrave") on its eastern wall, made of [Mondragone](/wiki/Mondragone "Mondragone") marble; this links to the banking room.
There are two more entrance vestibules facing 73rd and 74th Street, which open directly into the banking room and are similar in style. The vestibules consist of revolving doors with incisions on their interiors. The vestibule floors are made of travertine with [tesserae](/wiki/Tessera "Tessera"), surrounded by a strip of black slate. The vestibules also include plate\-glass doors with metal frames. Above each revolving door are plate\-glass transoms with ornamental iron panels.
#### Banking room
The floors are paved in multicolored marble squares. The square tiles contain alternating circle and square motifs in one of eight colors. The tellers' counter, at the center of the room, is made of Mondragone marble. South of the main counter is a partial wall that is also made of Mondragone marble. The southern and northern ends of the counter contain bronze counter screens with wrought\-iron finials. These screens have entablatures with the words "Industry", "Thrift", and "Prosperity" on the friezes.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=12}} *The New York Times* described the screens as resembling a "particularly elegant torture device from the time of Savonarola".{{Cite news \|last\=Gray \|first\=Christopher \|date\=June 10, 2010 \|title\=When Banks Looked Like a Million Bucks \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/realestate/13scapes.html \|access\-date\=March 20, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=October 30, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030165613/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/realestate/13scapes.html \|url\-status\=live }} In addition, a wrought\-iron cresting runs beneath the entire counter. Throughout the banking room, Yellin designed wrought\-iron pieces of furniture such as desks, chairs, and lamps. York \& Sawyer also placed eight marble benches in the banking room.
The north and south walls of the banking room are made of smooth sandstone blocks with black\-slate baseboards. The west and east sides of the banking room each contain six massive piers, which are also designed in sandstone and black slate and flank five arches on either wall. Flagpoles project from the two center piers on either side, with ventilation grilles beneath these piers.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|pp\=7–8}} The three central arches on the west wall form a [loggia](/wiki/Loggia "Loggia"), behind which is the mezzanine level. The west wall's outermost arches are blind openings, with inscriptions commemorating the Central Savings Bank's trustees. Underneath the blind openings are architraves of Mondragone marble, beneath which stairways lead up to the mezzanine. The arches on the east wall correspond to the large windows on Amsterdam Avenue, with heating grilles just beneath each window. A [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") with [Greek key](/wiki/Greek_key_%28art%29 "Greek key (art)") motifs wraps beneath the arches on the west and east walls. Both the piers and the walls are topped by a cornice with dentils.
To the north and south, above the 73rd and 74th Street entrance vestibules, are [barrel\-vaulted](/wiki/Barrel_vault "Barrel vault") alcoves with sandstone walls. The side walls contain radiator grilles and the [soffits](/wiki/Soffit "Soffit") are made of ashlar sandstone panels. The rear walls of the alcoves contain marble screens, above which are round\-arched windows. The bottoms of these windows contain glazed railings, held in place by iron standards. Each alcove contains a coffered ceiling with a bronze chandelier.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=8}} The main barrel\-vaulted ceiling is suspended from the upper stories via a steel frame, even though the piers give the appearance of holding up the ceiling. The barrel vault measures {{convert\|65\|ft}} tall. The ceiling surface is covered with gilded octagonal and square coffers throughout, separated by ribs with foliate decoration. Massive bronze chandeliers are suspended from three medallions in the ceiling, which are placed at equal intervals.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|pp\=8, 11}} Each medallion is decorated with three [acanthus leaf](/wiki/Acanthus_leaf "Acanthus leaf") wreaths, a frieze, and a border of rosettes and Greek key motifs. The friezes contain Latin inscriptions related to banking.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=11}}
#### Mezzanine
The stairs from the mezzanine lead from the northernmost and southernmost arches of the banking room's west wall. Six travertine steps lead westward from the banking room to an intermediate landing. The square landing for each stair contains polychrome marble and travertine surfaces. Above the landings, the northern stair turns south, while the southern stair turns north; both flights of stairs continue upward. The upper flight of each stair has walls made of rusticated sandstone ashlar, as well as a [canted](/wiki/Cant_%28architecture%29 "Cant (architecture)") ceiling with a segmental\-arched cross\-section and small coffers. At the top of each stair, a segmental arch leads into the mezzanine.
On the mezzanine's east wall, there are travertine balustrades underneath each of the three arches overlook the banking room. Yellin also made metal handrails and balusters for the mezzanine. The other walls of the mezzanine are made of sandstone ashlar, divided into two sections by a cornice with denticulation. The walls below the cornice are rusticated while the walls above are smooth. The south wall only has one opening, the staircase from the banking room. The north wall is symmetrical with three arches from east to west: the staircase from the banking room, a blind opening, and a doorway to another room. The leftmost arch contains a rectangular opening with a lintel, above which is a window within the arch's architrave. The mezzanine's ceiling has hexagonal and triangular coffers; the ribs between the coffers have a rope motif painted onto them. Three painted bronze chandeliers hang from the ceiling.
Leading off the mezzanine were executive offices with decorations from the Barnet Phillips Company. The meeting rooms of the executive offices had double\-height beamed ceilings, as well as wood\-paneled walls and ornate imitations of paintings. There were also large fireplaces with [torchères](/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re "Torchère") on either side. According to one of Barnet Phillips's brochures, the ceilings were inspired by Florence's [Palazzo Davanzati](/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati "Palazzo Davanzati").
### Other interior spaces
The top four floors originally contained offices that were rented to other tenants. These offices were arranged around a corridor that wrapped around the building in a trapezoidal shape. Each office's doors were largely made of solid metal, with brass doorknobs, though the tops of each door had frosted\-glass panes. The walls had marble wainscoting and brass sign boards. Through the beginning of the 21st century, the doors' original ornamentation was kept in their original condition; the doors still worked properly 75 years after they were installed. Though the spaces had been repainted multiple times, the paint schemes always complemented the original design. The highest floor contained "rest rooms" and a dining room for the Central Savings Bank's officers.{{Cite news \|date\=July 29, 1928 \|title\=Completing Bank Building. \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/29/archives/completing\-bank\-building.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318184340/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/29/archives/completing\-bank\-building.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|date\=July 15, 1928 \|title\=New Bank Building Involves $6,500,000 \|page\=D12 \|work\=New York Herald Tribune \|id\={{ProQuest\|1113670615}}}}
The bank's basement contained vault doors weighing {{convert\|60\|ST\|LT t}} each.{{Cite news \|date\=December 10, 1928 \|title\=Transfer $170,000,000 Under Machine Guns; Sixty Men Move Central Savings Securities Three Miles Up Broadway in Thirty\-eight Trips. \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/10/archives/transfer\-170000000\-under\-machine\-guns\-sixty\-men\-move\-central.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318184626/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/10/archives/transfer\-170000000\-under\-machine\-guns\-sixty\-men\-move\-central.html \|url\-status\=live }} The basement covers {{convert\|15000\|ft2}} and is used as a baseball and softball facility,{{Cite news \|last\=Soloski \|first\=Alexis \|date\=June 28, 2019 \|title\=Aubrey Plaza Cracks a Grin at the Batting Cage \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/style/aubrey\-plaza\-cracks\-a\-grin\-at\-the\-batting\-cage.html \|access\-date\=March 20, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 20, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205937/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/style/aubrey\-plaza\-cracks\-a\-grin\-at\-the\-batting\-cage.html \|url\-status\=live }} which opened in 2000\.{{Cite press release \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/445830199 \|title\=Frozen Ropes New York City Introduces Manhattan's First and Only Year Round Baseball and Softball Full Service Training Center \|publisher\=Business Wire \|date\=October 31, 2000 \|page\=1 \|via\=ProQuest \|url\-access\=subscription \|access\-date\=March 20, 2022 \|archive\-date\=March 23, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323015029/https://www.proquest.com/docview/445830199 \|id\={{ProQuest\|445830199}} \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Residences
[thumb\|The Apple Bank Condo development is on the upper floors of the building.](/wiki/File:Central_Savings_Bank_Building_Mar_2022_15.jpg "Central Savings Bank Building Mar 2022 15.jpg")
In 2006, the seven upper stories were converted into a residential [condominium](/wiki/Condominium "Condominium") development known as Apple Bank Condo.{{Cite news \|last\=Hughes \|first\=C. J. \|date\=December 17, 2006 \|title\=Homes Above the Tellers' Windows \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/17/realestate/17post.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318152603/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/17/realestate/17post.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Horsley \|first\=Carter B. \|title\=The Upper West Side Book: Broadway: The Apple Bank Building at 2112 Broadway between 73rd and 74th Streets \|url\=https://www.thecityreview.com/uws/bway/appleb.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|website\=City Review \|archive\-date\=May 13, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513132108/https://thecityreview.com/uws/bway/appleb.html \|url\-status\=live }} The residential section of the building is accessed by its own entrance at 2112 Broadway, with a concierge area designed by [Beyer Blinder Belle](/wiki/Beyer_Blinder_Belle "Beyer Blinder Belle"). There are 29 apartments in the building, each with a different arrangement. The apartments have one to four bedrooms and range from {{convert\|1360\|to\|4055\|ft2}}. The top two stories of the building contain six [duplex](/wiki/Duplex_%28building%29 "Duplex (building)") units. The residential units also have a shared exercise room, laundry service, and pet shower. Because the bank at ground level remains active, there is no mailroom or basement storage room, and mail carriers deliver mail directly to the residents. In addition, the exercise room and the residential lobby each take up only {{convert\|1,000\|ft2}}.
In each apartment, the floors are made of dark wood, while the kitchens have flecked\-granite surfaces. One such unit is a two\-bedroom condo with a large fireplace in the living room; French doors leading to both bedrooms; and a hallway, walk\-in closet, and bathroom for the main bedroom.{{cite web \|last\=Schulz \|first\=Dana \|date\=March 15, 2021 \|title\=$3\.5M condo in the Upper West Side's Apple Bank Building is patterned to perfection \|url\=https://www.6sqft.com/3\-5m\-condo\-in\-the\-upper\-west\-sides\-apple\-bank\-building\-is\-patterned\-to\-perfection/ \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|website\=6sqft \|archive\-date\=April 13, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413002133/https://www.6sqft.com/3\-5m\-condo\-in\-the\-upper\-west\-sides\-apple\-bank\-building\-is\-patterned\-to\-perfection/ \|url\-status\=live }} The apartments below the duplexes have {{convert\|13\|ft\|m\|\-tall\|adj\=mid}} ceilings and are illuminated by {{convert\|8\.5\|ft\|m\|\-tall\|adj\=mid}} windows. Each of the duplexes has an interior courtyard, which corresponds to the locations of the ceiling trusses inside.
|
[
"Architecture\n------------",
"The Apple Bank Building, originally the Central Savings Bank Building, was designed by bank architects [York and Sawyer](/wiki/York_and_Sawyer \"York and Sawyer\") for the [Central Savings Bank](/wiki/Central_Savings_Bank \"Central Savings Bank\"). The structure was designed in the [Renaissance Revival](/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture \"Renaissance Revival architecture\") and [palazzo styles](/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture \"Palazzo style architecture\") and was patterned after an [Italian Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture \"Renaissance architecture\")\\-style [palazzo](/wiki/Palazzo \"Palazzo\").{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1975\\|p\\=1}}; {{harvnb\\|National Park Service\\|1983\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=2}} Prior to the building's construction, York and Sawyer had designed the [Bowery Savings Bank Building at 110 East 42nd Street](/wiki/110_East_42nd_Street \"110 East 42nd Street\"), the [Greenwich Savings Bank Building](/wiki/Greenwich_Savings_Bank_Building \"Greenwich Savings Bank Building\"), and the [Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York_Building \"Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building\").{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=5}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dunlap \\|first\\=David W. \\|date\\=January 31, 2001 \\|title\\=Commercial Real Estate; Seeking New Uses for Mighty Banking Chambers of the Past \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/31/nyregion/commercial\\-real\\-estate\\-seeking\\-new\\-uses\\-for\\-mighty\\-banking\\-chambers\\-of\\-the\\-past.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318180901/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/31/nyregion/commercial\\-real\\-estate\\-seeking\\-new\\-uses\\-for\\-mighty\\-banking\\-chambers\\-of\\-the\\-past.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The building was constructed by [general contractor](/wiki/General_contractor \"General contractor\") Hegeman\\-Harris Company.{{cite news \\|date\\=May 29, 1927 \\|title\\=Bank Building on Broadway \\|page\\=RE1 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|104160764}}}} Though the Central Savings Bank Building was designed as a neighborhood branch (as contrasted with the Bowery Savings Bank or Greenwich Savings Bank buildings), its architecture evoked that of a large headquarters such as the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.{{cite NY1930\\|page\\=174}}",
"The Apple Bank Building houses a branch of the [Apple Bank for Savings](/wiki/Apple_Bank_for_Savings \"Apple Bank for Savings\"){{cite web \\|title\\=73rd St \\& Broadway Bank \\- Upper West Side NYC Bank \\|url\\=https://www.applebank.com/about/get\\-in\\-touch/atm\\-branch\\-locations/manhattan/manhattan\\-west\\-side/2100\\-broadway\\-(new\\-york) \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|website\\=Apple Bank \\|archive\\-date\\=January 19, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119123414/https://www.applebank.com/about/get\\-in\\-touch/atm\\-branch\\-locations/manhattan/manhattan\\-west\\-side/2100\\-broadway\\-(new\\-york) \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (previously the Central Savings Bank).{{cite web \\|date\\=August 21, 2013 \\|title\\=The Solidity and Stature of NYC's Central Savings Bank \\|url\\=https://ny.curbed.com/2013/8/21/10206486/the\\-solidity\\-and\\-stature\\-of\\-nycs\\-central\\-savings\\-bank \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|website\\=Curbed NY \\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803211927/https://ny.curbed.com/2013/8/21/10206486/the\\-solidity\\-and\\-stature\\-of\\-nycs\\-central\\-savings\\-bank \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In addition, there are 29 condominiums on the upper floors.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Karmin \\|first\\=Craig \\|date\\=April 15, 2011 \\|title\\=Laureate Wins in Sales \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=Wall Street Journal \\|url\\=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703983104576263270210457168\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2022 \\|issn\\=0099\\-9660 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 3, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103122106/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703983104576263270210457168\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Though the Apple Bank Building originally contained six full stories excluding mezzanines, the ceilings were so high that the structure was equivalent to an eight\\- or nine\\-story building.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 2, 1928 \\|title\\=New Bank Edifice Adorns Broadway; Central Savings Will Open Its Imposing Home at Seventy\\-third Street Next Saturday \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/02/archives/new\\-bank\\-edifice\\-adorns\\-broadway\\-central\\-savings\\-will\\-open\\-its.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318184340/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/02/archives/new\\-bank\\-edifice\\-adorns\\-broadway\\-central\\-savings\\-will\\-open\\-its.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Facade",
"Each [elevation](/wiki/Elevation_%28architecture%29 \"Elevation (architecture)\"), or side of the building, has a different arrangement of window openings. The [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") is divided horizontally into four sections on all elevations: a one\\-story base, two intermediate sections, and a seventh\\-story attic. The northwestern corner is a diagonal [chamfer](/wiki/Chamfer \"Chamfer\").{{harvnb\\|National Park Service\\|1983\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=2}}",
"#### Ground floor",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Entrance on 73rd Street](/wiki/File:Central_Savings_Bank_Building_Feb_2022_08.jpg \"Central Savings Bank Building Feb 2022 08.jpg\")\nThe base of the facade is made of [rusticated](/wiki/Rustication_%28architecture%29 \"Rustication (architecture)\") blocks of limestone. Each limestone block measures up to {{convert\\|2\\|by\\|6\\|ft}} across.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gray \\|first\\=Christopher \\|date\\=April 17, 2005 \\|title\\=At a Landmark Bank Building, Change Is in the Air \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/17/realestate/at\\-a\\-landmark\\-bank\\-building\\-change\\-is\\-in\\-the\\-air.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318174224/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/17/realestate/at\\-a\\-landmark\\-bank\\-building\\-change\\-is\\-in\\-the\\-air.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Above the ground floor is a frieze with a [torus](/wiki/Torus \"Torus\") molding. The frieze is inscribed with the phrases \"Central Savings Bank\", \"Chartered MDCCCLIX\" (referencing the Central Savings Bank's founding in 1859\\) and \"Erected MCMXXVIII\" (referencing the building's completion in 1928\\). These phrases are arranged in different orders on each elevation.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1975\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=1}}",
"There are entrances along 73rd Street, 74th Street, and Broadway, all surrounded by large stone frames and topped by heavy [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") with [denticulation](/wiki/Denticulation \"Denticulation\"). The center entrance on Broadway is flanked by square windows with metal [grilles](/wiki/Grille_%28architecture%29 \"Grille (architecture)\").{{harvnb\\|National Park Service\\|1983\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=13}} A secondary entrance to the building's apartments is at the north end of the Broadway elevation, with the address 2112 Broadway. The northwestern entrance on 74th Street and Broadway contains a wheelchair access ramp.{{Cite web \\|date\\=March 18, 2021 \\|title\\=Expedited Certificate of No Effect \\|url\\=http://s\\-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/Permits/PermitFiles/CNE\\-22\\-05319\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] \\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323015012/http://s\\-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/Permits/PermitFiles/CNE\\-22\\-05319\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The southern entrance on 73rd Street contains a recessed doorway with a grille in front. Above the 73rd Street entrance's cornice is a clock with a lion to either side;{{cite web \\|last\\=Indiana Limestone Company \\|date\\=1930 \\|title\\=Indiana Limestone: Sculpture, Carving and Finishes : Indiana Limestone Company : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/IndianaLimestoneSculptureCarvingAndFinishes \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|website\\=Internet Archive \\|page\\=6}} the firm of Ricci and Zari carved the clock and lion out of Indiana limestone. The north elevation on 74th Street has an entrance near the building's northeastern corner.{{harvnb\\|National Park Service\\|1983\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=11}} The east elevation on Amsterdam Avenue has square windows with grilles; there are no entrances.",
"#### Upper stories",
"On the second to fourth stories, each elevation is faced in rusticated limestone blocks similar to those at the base. The second and third stories have double\\-height arched windows that overlook the banking room. The bottoms of the arches contain wrought\\-iron grilles with gargoyle heads, manufactured by [Samuel Yellin](/wiki/Samuel_Yellin \"Samuel Yellin\") of Philadelphia. The primary elevation faces west on Broadway and contains three arched windows. The east elevation on Amsterdam Avenue has five arched windows. A panel with the inscription \"Central Savings Bank 1859–1928\", with shields on either side flanked by [garlands](/wiki/Garland \"Garland\"), is placed above the center arch on both Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. The outermost [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") on Amsterdam Avenue contain rectangular windows on the second and third floors.\n[thumb\\|Upper stories of facade on 74th Street](/wiki/File:Central_Savings_Bank_Building_Feb_2022_27.jpg \"Central Savings Bank Building Feb 2022 27.jpg\")\nThe north elevation on 74th Street has a single arched window on its left (eastern) section. To the right (west) are four bays of rectangular windows on either of the second and third floors, of which three bays are clustered together. The south elevation on 73rd Street has one arched window that takes up much of the facade.{{harvnb\\|National Park Service\\|1983\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=9}} A sign displaying the time and temperature is also placed on the 73rd Street elevation.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Johnston \\|first1\\=Laurie \\|last2\\=Anderson \\|first2\\=Susan Heller \\|date\\=August 22, 1983 \\|title\\=New York Day by Day; Saga of a Sign of the Time (And Temperature) \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/22/nyregion/new\\-york\\-day\\-by\\-day\\-saga\\-of\\-a\\-sign\\-of\\-the\\-time\\-and\\-temperature.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 20, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320184935/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/22/nyregion/new\\-york\\-day\\-by\\-day\\-saga\\-of\\-a\\-sign\\-of\\-the\\-time\\-and\\-temperature.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [keystones](/wiki/Keystone_%28architecture%29 \"Keystone (architecture)\") above these arches have [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche \"Cartouche\") shaped like shields.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1975\\|ps\\=\\|p\\=1}}; {{harvnb\\|National Park Service\\|1983\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=9, 11}} Each shield contains a depiction of a [caduceus](/wiki/Caduceus \"Caduceus\"), as well as a flagpole extending diagonally from the top of the shield.{{harvnb\\|National Park Service\\|1983\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=9, 11}}",
"Above the arches, the fourth story has fourteen rectangular windows on Broadway, eighteen on Amsterdam Avenue, eight on 74th Street, and five on 73rd Street. On all sides, there is a horizontal [band course](/wiki/Band_course \"Band course\") above the fourth\\-story windows. On each elevation, the fifth and sixth stories are treated like a [loggia](/wiki/Loggia \"Loggia\") and are divided into the same number of bays as on the fourth story. Each bay contains double\\-height tripartite windows spanning both stories, with iron [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrel \"Spandrel\") separating the windows on either story. There are also [balustrades](/wiki/Balustrades \"Balustrades\") in front of the lower section of each double\\-height window, at the fifth story. The bays are separated vertically by [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster \"Pilaster\"), which in turn are overlaid on rusticated [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 \"Pier (architecture)\"). Above is a cornice with [modillions](/wiki/Modillion \"Modillion\"), which projects from the facade. The seventh story, above the cornice, includes pairs of windows that correspond to the bays below. There is a sloped Spanish tile roof above.",
"### Bank interior",
"Most of the bank is aligned with the axes of Amsterdam Avenue, 74th Street, and 73rd Street. Because Broadway runs diagonally to all three streets, the bank's Broadway entrance vestibule is perpendicular to that street.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=15}} An entrance foyer, between the Broadway entrance vestibule and the rest of the bank, curves 40 degrees.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=7}}",
"#### Vestibules",
"On the west side of the ground floor, leading from Broadway, is a vestibule shaped as an irregular quadrilateral.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=6}} This vestibule has a floor of polychrome marble strips, surrounded by a black slate border. The walls are made of sandstone [paneling](/wiki/Paneling \"Paneling\") above black\\-slate [baseboards](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\") and have wrought\\-iron radiator grilles. The north wall is wider and contains an inscription relating to the building's construction, a gift from the Broadway Association.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=7, 11}} The metal double doors facing Broadway are flanked by [sidelights](/wiki/Sidelight \"Sidelight\"), which are held in place by iron [mullions](/wiki/Mullion \"Mullion\"). The [coffered](/wiki/Coffer \"Coffer\") ceiling is made of plaster, which is painted to appear like iron, and contains an iron lantern at its center.",
"From the Broadway entrance vestibule, a doorway leads east to an foyer with an irregular octagonal plan. A metal\\-and\\-glass [revolving door](/wiki/Revolving_door \"Revolving door\"), with an incision on its interior, takes up two\\-thirds of the doorway, while a single plate\\-glass door occupies the other third. Above these doors is a [transom window](/wiki/Transom_window \"Transom window\") with six panes; the bottom section of each pane contains wrought\\-iron flowers, and the panes are held in place by iron mullions. This foyer also has a polychrome marble floor with a black\\-slate border. As with the vestibule, the walls are made of sandstone paneling above black\\-slate baseboard and have wrought\\-iron grilles. The coffered ceiling is also made of plaster and painted to appear like iron. An [openwork](/wiki/Openwork \"Openwork\") iron lantern hangs from the center of the ceiling. The east wall of the entrance vestibule contains an [architrave](/wiki/Architrave \"Architrave\") on its eastern wall, made of [Mondragone](/wiki/Mondragone \"Mondragone\") marble; this links to the banking room.",
"There are two more entrance vestibules facing 73rd and 74th Street, which open directly into the banking room and are similar in style. The vestibules consist of revolving doors with incisions on their interiors. The vestibule floors are made of travertine with [tesserae](/wiki/Tessera \"Tessera\"), surrounded by a strip of black slate. The vestibules also include plate\\-glass doors with metal frames. Above each revolving door are plate\\-glass transoms with ornamental iron panels.",
"#### Banking room",
"The floors are paved in multicolored marble squares. The square tiles contain alternating circle and square motifs in one of eight colors. The tellers' counter, at the center of the room, is made of Mondragone marble. South of the main counter is a partial wall that is also made of Mondragone marble. The southern and northern ends of the counter contain bronze counter screens with wrought\\-iron finials. These screens have entablatures with the words \"Industry\", \"Thrift\", and \"Prosperity\" on the friezes.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=12}} *The New York Times* described the screens as resembling a \"particularly elegant torture device from the time of Savonarola\".{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gray \\|first\\=Christopher \\|date\\=June 10, 2010 \\|title\\=When Banks Looked Like a Million Bucks \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/realestate/13scapes.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 30, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030165613/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/realestate/13scapes.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In addition, a wrought\\-iron cresting runs beneath the entire counter. Throughout the banking room, Yellin designed wrought\\-iron pieces of furniture such as desks, chairs, and lamps. York \\& Sawyer also placed eight marble benches in the banking room.",
"The north and south walls of the banking room are made of smooth sandstone blocks with black\\-slate baseboards. The west and east sides of the banking room each contain six massive piers, which are also designed in sandstone and black slate and flank five arches on either wall. Flagpoles project from the two center piers on either side, with ventilation grilles beneath these piers.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=7–8}} The three central arches on the west wall form a [loggia](/wiki/Loggia \"Loggia\"), behind which is the mezzanine level. The west wall's outermost arches are blind openings, with inscriptions commemorating the Central Savings Bank's trustees. Underneath the blind openings are architraves of Mondragone marble, beneath which stairways lead up to the mezzanine. The arches on the east wall correspond to the large windows on Amsterdam Avenue, with heating grilles just beneath each window. A [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") with [Greek key](/wiki/Greek_key_%28art%29 \"Greek key (art)\") motifs wraps beneath the arches on the west and east walls. Both the piers and the walls are topped by a cornice with dentils.",
"To the north and south, above the 73rd and 74th Street entrance vestibules, are [barrel\\-vaulted](/wiki/Barrel_vault \"Barrel vault\") alcoves with sandstone walls. The side walls contain radiator grilles and the [soffits](/wiki/Soffit \"Soffit\") are made of ashlar sandstone panels. The rear walls of the alcoves contain marble screens, above which are round\\-arched windows. The bottoms of these windows contain glazed railings, held in place by iron standards. Each alcove contains a coffered ceiling with a bronze chandelier.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=8}} The main barrel\\-vaulted ceiling is suspended from the upper stories via a steel frame, even though the piers give the appearance of holding up the ceiling. The barrel vault measures {{convert\\|65\\|ft}} tall. The ceiling surface is covered with gilded octagonal and square coffers throughout, separated by ribs with foliate decoration. Massive bronze chandeliers are suspended from three medallions in the ceiling, which are placed at equal intervals.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=8, 11}} Each medallion is decorated with three [acanthus leaf](/wiki/Acanthus_leaf \"Acanthus leaf\") wreaths, a frieze, and a border of rosettes and Greek key motifs. The friezes contain Latin inscriptions related to banking.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=11}}",
"#### Mezzanine",
"The stairs from the mezzanine lead from the northernmost and southernmost arches of the banking room's west wall. Six travertine steps lead westward from the banking room to an intermediate landing. The square landing for each stair contains polychrome marble and travertine surfaces. Above the landings, the northern stair turns south, while the southern stair turns north; both flights of stairs continue upward. The upper flight of each stair has walls made of rusticated sandstone ashlar, as well as a [canted](/wiki/Cant_%28architecture%29 \"Cant (architecture)\") ceiling with a segmental\\-arched cross\\-section and small coffers. At the top of each stair, a segmental arch leads into the mezzanine.",
"On the mezzanine's east wall, there are travertine balustrades underneath each of the three arches overlook the banking room. Yellin also made metal handrails and balusters for the mezzanine. The other walls of the mezzanine are made of sandstone ashlar, divided into two sections by a cornice with denticulation. The walls below the cornice are rusticated while the walls above are smooth. The south wall only has one opening, the staircase from the banking room. The north wall is symmetrical with three arches from east to west: the staircase from the banking room, a blind opening, and a doorway to another room. The leftmost arch contains a rectangular opening with a lintel, above which is a window within the arch's architrave. The mezzanine's ceiling has hexagonal and triangular coffers; the ribs between the coffers have a rope motif painted onto them. Three painted bronze chandeliers hang from the ceiling.",
"Leading off the mezzanine were executive offices with decorations from the Barnet Phillips Company. The meeting rooms of the executive offices had double\\-height beamed ceilings, as well as wood\\-paneled walls and ornate imitations of paintings. There were also large fireplaces with [torchères](/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re \"Torchère\") on either side. According to one of Barnet Phillips's brochures, the ceilings were inspired by Florence's [Palazzo Davanzati](/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati \"Palazzo Davanzati\").",
"### Other interior spaces",
"The top four floors originally contained offices that were rented to other tenants. These offices were arranged around a corridor that wrapped around the building in a trapezoidal shape. Each office's doors were largely made of solid metal, with brass doorknobs, though the tops of each door had frosted\\-glass panes. The walls had marble wainscoting and brass sign boards. Through the beginning of the 21st century, the doors' original ornamentation was kept in their original condition; the doors still worked properly 75 years after they were installed. Though the spaces had been repainted multiple times, the paint schemes always complemented the original design. The highest floor contained \"rest rooms\" and a dining room for the Central Savings Bank's officers.{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 29, 1928 \\|title\\=Completing Bank Building. \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/29/archives/completing\\-bank\\-building.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318184340/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/29/archives/completing\\-bank\\-building.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|date\\=July 15, 1928 \\|title\\=New Bank Building Involves $6,500,000 \\|page\\=D12 \\|work\\=New York Herald Tribune \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1113670615}}}}\nThe bank's basement contained vault doors weighing {{convert\\|60\\|ST\\|LT t}} each.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 10, 1928 \\|title\\=Transfer $170,000,000 Under Machine Guns; Sixty Men Move Central Savings Securities Three Miles Up Broadway in Thirty\\-eight Trips. \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/10/archives/transfer\\-170000000\\-under\\-machine\\-guns\\-sixty\\-men\\-move\\-central.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318184626/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/10/archives/transfer\\-170000000\\-under\\-machine\\-guns\\-sixty\\-men\\-move\\-central.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The basement covers {{convert\\|15000\\|ft2}} and is used as a baseball and softball facility,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Soloski \\|first\\=Alexis \\|date\\=June 28, 2019 \\|title\\=Aubrey Plaza Cracks a Grin at the Batting Cage \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/style/aubrey\\-plaza\\-cracks\\-a\\-grin\\-at\\-the\\-batting\\-cage.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 20, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205937/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/style/aubrey\\-plaza\\-cracks\\-a\\-grin\\-at\\-the\\-batting\\-cage.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} which opened in 2000\\.{{Cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/445830199 \\|title\\=Frozen Ropes New York City Introduces Manhattan's First and Only Year Round Baseball and Softball Full Service Training Center \\|publisher\\=Business Wire \\|date\\=October 31, 2000 \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=ProQuest \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323015029/https://www.proquest.com/docview/445830199 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|445830199}} \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Residences",
"[thumb\\|The Apple Bank Condo development is on the upper floors of the building.](/wiki/File:Central_Savings_Bank_Building_Mar_2022_15.jpg \"Central Savings Bank Building Mar 2022 15.jpg\")\nIn 2006, the seven upper stories were converted into a residential [condominium](/wiki/Condominium \"Condominium\") development known as Apple Bank Condo.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=C. J. \\|date\\=December 17, 2006 \\|title\\=Homes Above the Tellers' Windows \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/17/realestate/17post.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318152603/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/17/realestate/17post.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Horsley \\|first\\=Carter B. \\|title\\=The Upper West Side Book: Broadway: The Apple Bank Building at 2112 Broadway between 73rd and 74th Streets \\|url\\=https://www.thecityreview.com/uws/bway/appleb.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|website\\=City Review \\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513132108/https://thecityreview.com/uws/bway/appleb.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The residential section of the building is accessed by its own entrance at 2112 Broadway, with a concierge area designed by [Beyer Blinder Belle](/wiki/Beyer_Blinder_Belle \"Beyer Blinder Belle\"). There are 29 apartments in the building, each with a different arrangement. The apartments have one to four bedrooms and range from {{convert\\|1360\\|to\\|4055\\|ft2}}. The top two stories of the building contain six [duplex](/wiki/Duplex_%28building%29 \"Duplex (building)\") units. The residential units also have a shared exercise room, laundry service, and pet shower. Because the bank at ground level remains active, there is no mailroom or basement storage room, and mail carriers deliver mail directly to the residents. In addition, the exercise room and the residential lobby each take up only {{convert\\|1,000\\|ft2}}.",
"In each apartment, the floors are made of dark wood, while the kitchens have flecked\\-granite surfaces. One such unit is a two\\-bedroom condo with a large fireplace in the living room; French doors leading to both bedrooms; and a hallway, walk\\-in closet, and bathroom for the main bedroom.{{cite web \\|last\\=Schulz \\|first\\=Dana \\|date\\=March 15, 2021 \\|title\\=$3\\.5M condo in the Upper West Side's Apple Bank Building is patterned to perfection \\|url\\=https://www.6sqft.com/3\\-5m\\-condo\\-in\\-the\\-upper\\-west\\-sides\\-apple\\-bank\\-building\\-is\\-patterned\\-to\\-perfection/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|website\\=6sqft \\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413002133/https://www.6sqft.com/3\\-5m\\-condo\\-in\\-the\\-upper\\-west\\-sides\\-apple\\-bank\\-building\\-is\\-patterned\\-to\\-perfection/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The apartments below the duplexes have {{convert\\|13\\|ft\\|m\\|\\-tall\\|adj\\=mid}} ceilings and are illuminated by {{convert\\|8\\.5\\|ft\\|m\\|\\-tall\\|adj\\=mid}} windows. Each of the duplexes has an interior courtyard, which corresponds to the locations of the ceiling trusses inside.",
""
] |
### Bank interior
Most of the bank is aligned with the axes of Amsterdam Avenue, 74th Street, and 73rd Street. Because Broadway runs diagonally to all three streets, the bank's Broadway entrance vestibule is perpendicular to that street.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=15}} An entrance foyer, between the Broadway entrance vestibule and the rest of the bank, curves 40 degrees.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=7}}
#### Vestibules
On the west side of the ground floor, leading from Broadway, is a vestibule shaped as an irregular quadrilateral.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=6}} This vestibule has a floor of polychrome marble strips, surrounded by a black slate border. The walls are made of sandstone [paneling](/wiki/Paneling "Paneling") above black\-slate [baseboards](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard") and have wrought\-iron radiator grilles. The north wall is wider and contains an inscription relating to the building's construction, a gift from the Broadway Association.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|pp\=7, 11}} The metal double doors facing Broadway are flanked by [sidelights](/wiki/Sidelight "Sidelight"), which are held in place by iron [mullions](/wiki/Mullion "Mullion"). The [coffered](/wiki/Coffer "Coffer") ceiling is made of plaster, which is painted to appear like iron, and contains an iron lantern at its center.
From the Broadway entrance vestibule, a doorway leads east to an foyer with an irregular octagonal plan. A metal\-and\-glass [revolving door](/wiki/Revolving_door "Revolving door"), with an incision on its interior, takes up two\-thirds of the doorway, while a single plate\-glass door occupies the other third. Above these doors is a [transom window](/wiki/Transom_window "Transom window") with six panes; the bottom section of each pane contains wrought\-iron flowers, and the panes are held in place by iron mullions. This foyer also has a polychrome marble floor with a black\-slate border. As with the vestibule, the walls are made of sandstone paneling above black\-slate baseboard and have wrought\-iron grilles. The coffered ceiling is also made of plaster and painted to appear like iron. An [openwork](/wiki/Openwork "Openwork") iron lantern hangs from the center of the ceiling. The east wall of the entrance vestibule contains an [architrave](/wiki/Architrave "Architrave") on its eastern wall, made of [Mondragone](/wiki/Mondragone "Mondragone") marble; this links to the banking room.
There are two more entrance vestibules facing 73rd and 74th Street, which open directly into the banking room and are similar in style. The vestibules consist of revolving doors with incisions on their interiors. The vestibule floors are made of travertine with [tesserae](/wiki/Tessera "Tessera"), surrounded by a strip of black slate. The vestibules also include plate\-glass doors with metal frames. Above each revolving door are plate\-glass transoms with ornamental iron panels.
#### Banking room
The floors are paved in multicolored marble squares. The square tiles contain alternating circle and square motifs in one of eight colors. The tellers' counter, at the center of the room, is made of Mondragone marble. South of the main counter is a partial wall that is also made of Mondragone marble. The southern and northern ends of the counter contain bronze counter screens with wrought\-iron finials. These screens have entablatures with the words "Industry", "Thrift", and "Prosperity" on the friezes.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=12}} *The New York Times* described the screens as resembling a "particularly elegant torture device from the time of Savonarola".{{Cite news \|last\=Gray \|first\=Christopher \|date\=June 10, 2010 \|title\=When Banks Looked Like a Million Bucks \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/realestate/13scapes.html \|access\-date\=March 20, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=October 30, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030165613/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/realestate/13scapes.html \|url\-status\=live }} In addition, a wrought\-iron cresting runs beneath the entire counter. Throughout the banking room, Yellin designed wrought\-iron pieces of furniture such as desks, chairs, and lamps. York \& Sawyer also placed eight marble benches in the banking room.
The north and south walls of the banking room are made of smooth sandstone blocks with black\-slate baseboards. The west and east sides of the banking room each contain six massive piers, which are also designed in sandstone and black slate and flank five arches on either wall. Flagpoles project from the two center piers on either side, with ventilation grilles beneath these piers.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|pp\=7–8}} The three central arches on the west wall form a [loggia](/wiki/Loggia "Loggia"), behind which is the mezzanine level. The west wall's outermost arches are blind openings, with inscriptions commemorating the Central Savings Bank's trustees. Underneath the blind openings are architraves of Mondragone marble, beneath which stairways lead up to the mezzanine. The arches on the east wall correspond to the large windows on Amsterdam Avenue, with heating grilles just beneath each window. A [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") with [Greek key](/wiki/Greek_key_%28art%29 "Greek key (art)") motifs wraps beneath the arches on the west and east walls. Both the piers and the walls are topped by a cornice with dentils.
To the north and south, above the 73rd and 74th Street entrance vestibules, are [barrel\-vaulted](/wiki/Barrel_vault "Barrel vault") alcoves with sandstone walls. The side walls contain radiator grilles and the [soffits](/wiki/Soffit "Soffit") are made of ashlar sandstone panels. The rear walls of the alcoves contain marble screens, above which are round\-arched windows. The bottoms of these windows contain glazed railings, held in place by iron standards. Each alcove contains a coffered ceiling with a bronze chandelier.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=8}} The main barrel\-vaulted ceiling is suspended from the upper stories via a steel frame, even though the piers give the appearance of holding up the ceiling. The barrel vault measures {{convert\|65\|ft}} tall. The ceiling surface is covered with gilded octagonal and square coffers throughout, separated by ribs with foliate decoration. Massive bronze chandeliers are suspended from three medallions in the ceiling, which are placed at equal intervals.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|pp\=8, 11}} Each medallion is decorated with three [acanthus leaf](/wiki/Acanthus_leaf "Acanthus leaf") wreaths, a frieze, and a border of rosettes and Greek key motifs. The friezes contain Latin inscriptions related to banking.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=11}}
#### Mezzanine
The stairs from the mezzanine lead from the northernmost and southernmost arches of the banking room's west wall. Six travertine steps lead westward from the banking room to an intermediate landing. The square landing for each stair contains polychrome marble and travertine surfaces. Above the landings, the northern stair turns south, while the southern stair turns north; both flights of stairs continue upward. The upper flight of each stair has walls made of rusticated sandstone ashlar, as well as a [canted](/wiki/Cant_%28architecture%29 "Cant (architecture)") ceiling with a segmental\-arched cross\-section and small coffers. At the top of each stair, a segmental arch leads into the mezzanine.
On the mezzanine's east wall, there are travertine balustrades underneath each of the three arches overlook the banking room. Yellin also made metal handrails and balusters for the mezzanine. The other walls of the mezzanine are made of sandstone ashlar, divided into two sections by a cornice with denticulation. The walls below the cornice are rusticated while the walls above are smooth. The south wall only has one opening, the staircase from the banking room. The north wall is symmetrical with three arches from east to west: the staircase from the banking room, a blind opening, and a doorway to another room. The leftmost arch contains a rectangular opening with a lintel, above which is a window within the arch's architrave. The mezzanine's ceiling has hexagonal and triangular coffers; the ribs between the coffers have a rope motif painted onto them. Three painted bronze chandeliers hang from the ceiling.
Leading off the mezzanine were executive offices with decorations from the Barnet Phillips Company. The meeting rooms of the executive offices had double\-height beamed ceilings, as well as wood\-paneled walls and ornate imitations of paintings. There were also large fireplaces with [torchères](/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re "Torchère") on either side. According to one of Barnet Phillips's brochures, the ceilings were inspired by Florence's [Palazzo Davanzati](/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati "Palazzo Davanzati").
|
[
"### Bank interior",
"Most of the bank is aligned with the axes of Amsterdam Avenue, 74th Street, and 73rd Street. Because Broadway runs diagonally to all three streets, the bank's Broadway entrance vestibule is perpendicular to that street.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=15}} An entrance foyer, between the Broadway entrance vestibule and the rest of the bank, curves 40 degrees.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=7}}",
"#### Vestibules",
"On the west side of the ground floor, leading from Broadway, is a vestibule shaped as an irregular quadrilateral.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=6}} This vestibule has a floor of polychrome marble strips, surrounded by a black slate border. The walls are made of sandstone [paneling](/wiki/Paneling \"Paneling\") above black\\-slate [baseboards](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\") and have wrought\\-iron radiator grilles. The north wall is wider and contains an inscription relating to the building's construction, a gift from the Broadway Association.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=7, 11}} The metal double doors facing Broadway are flanked by [sidelights](/wiki/Sidelight \"Sidelight\"), which are held in place by iron [mullions](/wiki/Mullion \"Mullion\"). The [coffered](/wiki/Coffer \"Coffer\") ceiling is made of plaster, which is painted to appear like iron, and contains an iron lantern at its center.",
"From the Broadway entrance vestibule, a doorway leads east to an foyer with an irregular octagonal plan. A metal\\-and\\-glass [revolving door](/wiki/Revolving_door \"Revolving door\"), with an incision on its interior, takes up two\\-thirds of the doorway, while a single plate\\-glass door occupies the other third. Above these doors is a [transom window](/wiki/Transom_window \"Transom window\") with six panes; the bottom section of each pane contains wrought\\-iron flowers, and the panes are held in place by iron mullions. This foyer also has a polychrome marble floor with a black\\-slate border. As with the vestibule, the walls are made of sandstone paneling above black\\-slate baseboard and have wrought\\-iron grilles. The coffered ceiling is also made of plaster and painted to appear like iron. An [openwork](/wiki/Openwork \"Openwork\") iron lantern hangs from the center of the ceiling. The east wall of the entrance vestibule contains an [architrave](/wiki/Architrave \"Architrave\") on its eastern wall, made of [Mondragone](/wiki/Mondragone \"Mondragone\") marble; this links to the banking room.",
"There are two more entrance vestibules facing 73rd and 74th Street, which open directly into the banking room and are similar in style. The vestibules consist of revolving doors with incisions on their interiors. The vestibule floors are made of travertine with [tesserae](/wiki/Tessera \"Tessera\"), surrounded by a strip of black slate. The vestibules also include plate\\-glass doors with metal frames. Above each revolving door are plate\\-glass transoms with ornamental iron panels.",
"#### Banking room",
"The floors are paved in multicolored marble squares. The square tiles contain alternating circle and square motifs in one of eight colors. The tellers' counter, at the center of the room, is made of Mondragone marble. South of the main counter is a partial wall that is also made of Mondragone marble. The southern and northern ends of the counter contain bronze counter screens with wrought\\-iron finials. These screens have entablatures with the words \"Industry\", \"Thrift\", and \"Prosperity\" on the friezes.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=12}} *The New York Times* described the screens as resembling a \"particularly elegant torture device from the time of Savonarola\".{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gray \\|first\\=Christopher \\|date\\=June 10, 2010 \\|title\\=When Banks Looked Like a Million Bucks \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/realestate/13scapes.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 30, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030165613/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/realestate/13scapes.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In addition, a wrought\\-iron cresting runs beneath the entire counter. Throughout the banking room, Yellin designed wrought\\-iron pieces of furniture such as desks, chairs, and lamps. York \\& Sawyer also placed eight marble benches in the banking room.",
"The north and south walls of the banking room are made of smooth sandstone blocks with black\\-slate baseboards. The west and east sides of the banking room each contain six massive piers, which are also designed in sandstone and black slate and flank five arches on either wall. Flagpoles project from the two center piers on either side, with ventilation grilles beneath these piers.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=7–8}} The three central arches on the west wall form a [loggia](/wiki/Loggia \"Loggia\"), behind which is the mezzanine level. The west wall's outermost arches are blind openings, with inscriptions commemorating the Central Savings Bank's trustees. Underneath the blind openings are architraves of Mondragone marble, beneath which stairways lead up to the mezzanine. The arches on the east wall correspond to the large windows on Amsterdam Avenue, with heating grilles just beneath each window. A [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") with [Greek key](/wiki/Greek_key_%28art%29 \"Greek key (art)\") motifs wraps beneath the arches on the west and east walls. Both the piers and the walls are topped by a cornice with dentils.",
"To the north and south, above the 73rd and 74th Street entrance vestibules, are [barrel\\-vaulted](/wiki/Barrel_vault \"Barrel vault\") alcoves with sandstone walls. The side walls contain radiator grilles and the [soffits](/wiki/Soffit \"Soffit\") are made of ashlar sandstone panels. The rear walls of the alcoves contain marble screens, above which are round\\-arched windows. The bottoms of these windows contain glazed railings, held in place by iron standards. Each alcove contains a coffered ceiling with a bronze chandelier.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=8}} The main barrel\\-vaulted ceiling is suspended from the upper stories via a steel frame, even though the piers give the appearance of holding up the ceiling. The barrel vault measures {{convert\\|65\\|ft}} tall. The ceiling surface is covered with gilded octagonal and square coffers throughout, separated by ribs with foliate decoration. Massive bronze chandeliers are suspended from three medallions in the ceiling, which are placed at equal intervals.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=8, 11}} Each medallion is decorated with three [acanthus leaf](/wiki/Acanthus_leaf \"Acanthus leaf\") wreaths, a frieze, and a border of rosettes and Greek key motifs. The friezes contain Latin inscriptions related to banking.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=11}}",
"#### Mezzanine",
"The stairs from the mezzanine lead from the northernmost and southernmost arches of the banking room's west wall. Six travertine steps lead westward from the banking room to an intermediate landing. The square landing for each stair contains polychrome marble and travertine surfaces. Above the landings, the northern stair turns south, while the southern stair turns north; both flights of stairs continue upward. The upper flight of each stair has walls made of rusticated sandstone ashlar, as well as a [canted](/wiki/Cant_%28architecture%29 \"Cant (architecture)\") ceiling with a segmental\\-arched cross\\-section and small coffers. At the top of each stair, a segmental arch leads into the mezzanine.",
"On the mezzanine's east wall, there are travertine balustrades underneath each of the three arches overlook the banking room. Yellin also made metal handrails and balusters for the mezzanine. The other walls of the mezzanine are made of sandstone ashlar, divided into two sections by a cornice with denticulation. The walls below the cornice are rusticated while the walls above are smooth. The south wall only has one opening, the staircase from the banking room. The north wall is symmetrical with three arches from east to west: the staircase from the banking room, a blind opening, and a doorway to another room. The leftmost arch contains a rectangular opening with a lintel, above which is a window within the arch's architrave. The mezzanine's ceiling has hexagonal and triangular coffers; the ribs between the coffers have a rope motif painted onto them. Three painted bronze chandeliers hang from the ceiling.",
"Leading off the mezzanine were executive offices with decorations from the Barnet Phillips Company. The meeting rooms of the executive offices had double\\-height beamed ceilings, as well as wood\\-paneled walls and ornate imitations of paintings. There were also large fireplaces with [torchères](/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re \"Torchère\") on either side. According to one of Barnet Phillips's brochures, the ceilings were inspired by Florence's [Palazzo Davanzati](/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati \"Palazzo Davanzati\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Mousavizadeh began her career at the [Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Denmark%29 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)"), in the Department for Humanitarian and Development Funding.{{cite web\|title\=Council 2013\|url\=http://www.royalafricansociety.org/annualreport/rascouncil2013\|website\=Royal Africa Society\|publisher\=www.royalafricasociety.org\|accessdate\=10 April 2016}} After this role, she was a visiting Research Scholar at the [Center for Strategic and International Studies](/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies "Center for Strategic and International Studies") in [Washington, DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.").
### Moody's
Mousavizadeh then worked for [Moody's](/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service "Moody's Investors Service") for 10 years. Based in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), she covered emerging and frontier markets for the Sovereign Risk team.{{cite web\|title\=Executive Management Team\|url\=http://www.arcratings.com/uk/single\_page/42\|website\=ARC Ratings\|publisher\=www.arcratings.com\|accessdate\=10 April 2016}} She then moved to [Morgan Stanley](/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") in London as head of country risk management for [EMEA](/wiki/EMEA "EMEA"), before returning to Moody's as assistant vice president for the Africa sovereign ratings portfolio.{{cite news\|last1\=Welsh\|first1\=Tom\|title\=City Moves for 14 September 2015\|url\=http://www.cityam.com/224199/city\-moves\-14\-september\-2015\-who\-s\-switching\-jobs\|accessdate\=10 April 2016\|publisher\=\[\[City A.M.]]\|date\=14 September 2015}} Mousavizadeh was also the co\-founder of the [Global Disinformation Index](/wiki/Global_Disinformation_Index "Global Disinformation Index").{{cite web\|title\=GDI\|url\=https://disinformationindex.org/}}
### The Prosperity Index
Mousavizadeh acted as director of the [Legatum Prosperity Index](/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index "Legatum Prosperity Index"); an annual ranking developed by the Legatum Institute, a division of the private investment firm [Legatum](/wiki/Legatum "Legatum"). The ranking is based on a variety of factors including wealth, [economic growth](/wiki/Economic_growth "Economic growth"), education, health, [personal well\-being](/wiki/Well-being "Well-being"), and [quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life "Quality of life"). In the 2018 rankings, 149 countries were ranked, and [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") topped the list, followed by [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") and [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"). [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") was in last place. In 2013, 27 of the top 30 countries were democracies.[Project Syndicate, Development's Democratic Drivers, Jeffrey Gedmin](http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/jeffrey-gedmin-on-the-role-of-governance-and-the-rule-of-law-in-advancing-development) The Prosperity Index is reviewed and critiqued by an advisory panel of academics and scholars representing a range of disciplines and includes [Tim Besley](/wiki/Tim_Besley "Tim Besley") ([London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics "London School of Economics")), [Daniel Drezner](/wiki/Daniel_Drezner "Daniel Drezner") ([Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University")), [Carol Graham](/wiki/Carol_Graham "Carol Graham") ([Brookings Institution](/wiki/Brookings_Institution "Brookings Institution")), Edmund Malesky ([University of California, San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_San_Diego "University of California, San Diego")) and Ann Owen ([Hamilton College](/wiki/Hamilton_College_%28New_York%29 "Hamilton College (New York)")).
Before joining the Legatum Institute, Mousavizadeh was CEO of [ARC Ratings](/wiki/ARC_Ratings "ARC Ratings"), an Emerging Market\-based ratings agency.{{cite news\|last1\=Patel\|first1\=Deepak\|title\=We believe we'll do a better, more transparent job than the big three: Alexandra Mousavizadeh\|url\=http://www.business\-standard.com/article/economy\-policy/we\-believe\-we\-ll\-do\-a\-better\-more\-transparent\-job\-than\-the\-big\-three\-alexandra\-mousavizadeh\-114111700025\_1\.html\|accessdate\=10 April 2016\|newspaper\=\[\[Business Standard]]\|date\=17 November 2014}} ARC Ratings was established in 2013 by a consortium of five domestic credit rating agencies operating in Asia, Africa, Europe and South America, with substantial cumulative resources, including over 10,000 clients, more than 600 ratings staff and an average ratings business record of over 20 years.
### Tortoise Media
Mousavizadeh was a partner at Tortoise Media, from 2018 until 2022 and director of the Tortoise Intelligence team. Tortoise Media is a journalistic platform, founded by [James Harding](/wiki/James_Harding_%28journalist%29 "James Harding (journalist)"), the Former Director of [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"), [Katie Vanneck\-Smith](/wiki/Katie_Vanneck-Smith "Katie Vanneck-Smith"), the former President of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* and [Matthew Barzun](/wiki/Matthew_Barzun "Matthew Barzun"), Obama's former ambassador to the UK. Tortoise Media is developing a new approach to journalism; responding to the widening gap between powerful institutions and those entities able to scrutinize them.{{cite web\|title\=Our Purpose\|url\=https://www.tortoisemedia.com/purpose/}} This approach is built around slower, more detailed, and discursive journalism; Tortoise Media calls it 'slow news'. She oversaw the development of the team's indices and data analytics projects as director of Tortoise Intelligence team; which aims to contribute data\-driven findings and to substantiate the slow news approach.
### The Responsibility100 Index
Mousavizadeh published the Responsibility100 Index, in its first beta edition in September 2019; the Index ranks the companies of the [FTSE 100](/wiki/FTSE_100 "FTSE 100") on there [CSR](/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility "Corporate social responsibility") contributions; with reference to the [UN](/wiki/UN "UN") [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals "Sustainable Development Goals"). The Index has already been recognised by a range of the companies and other non\-governmental organisations, as a comprehensive expression of the action and commitment being made in alignment with the [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals "Sustainable Development Goals"). The Index is composed of seven main sub\-pillars; [gender equality](/wiki/Gender_equality "Gender equality"), climate, good business, waster, water, human rights and poverty. It contains 52 unique indicators and draws on over 5,000 data\-points to build a dynamic portrait of each company in the ranking. The Index does, however, call for greater transparency and better reporting to expand this data\-set. It is published quarterly from January 2020\.
### The Global AI Index
Mousavizadeh and her team published the [Global AI Index](/wiki/Global_AI_Index "Global AI Index"){{cite web\|title\=GAII\|url\=https://www.tortoisemedia.com/intelligence/ai/}} in December 2019\. It was presented at the [World Economic Forum](/wiki/World_Economic_Forum "World Economic Forum") in December 2020\.{{Cite web \|title\=The world order will be rocked by AI \- this is how \|url\=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/ai\-looks\-set\-to\-disrupt\-the\-established\-world\-order\-here\-s\-how/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-25 \|website\=World Economic Forum \|language\=en}} The index will draw on a range of primary data to measure the capacity for artificial intelligence – specifically through the processes of innovation, investment and implementation – amongst [OECD](/wiki/OECD "OECD") nations. The initial findings showed the wide margin in capacity between the US, China and the rest of the world. The index has been referenced extensively by governments as a benchmark for their national AI strategies. The Global AI Index has been featured in a number of publications, including WIRED,{{Cite news \|title\=The AI Roadmap with Sana Khareghani \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=Wired UK \|url\=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ai\-roadmap \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-25 \|issn\=1357\-0978}} Politico,{{Cite web \|last\=Heath \|first\=Ryan \|title\=Global trade goes on, with America sidelined \|url\=https://politi.co/2K1WlSZ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-25 \|website\=POLITICO \|language\=en}} Irish Times,{{Cite web \|title\=Bringing the power of AI to bear in pharma \|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/sponsored/pinsent\-masons/bringing\-the\-power\-of\-ai\-to\-bear\-in\-pharma\-1\.4149237 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-25 \|website\=The Irish Times \|language\=en}} The South China Morning Post{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-12\-06 \|title\=China to overtake the US in global AI race in five to 10 years \|url\=https://www.scmp.com/tech/science\-research/article/3040893/second\-place\-china\-overtake\-us\-global\-ai\-race\-five\-10\-years \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-25 \|website\=South China Morning Post \|language\=en}} and Medium.{{Cite web \|last\=Moltzau \|first\=Alex \|date\=2020\-01\-28 \|title\=National AI Strategy for Ireland in Early 2020 \|url\=https://alexmoltzau.medium.com/national\-ai\-strategy\-for\-ireland\-in\-early\-2020\-dd4445a02e45 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-25 \|website\=Medium \|language\=en}} The Global AI Index advisory board includes Stuart Russell, professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley, Azeem Azhar, creator of the Exponential View, Prince [Zeid bin Ra'ad](/wiki/Zeid_bin_Ra%27ad "Zeid bin Ra'ad"), a Jordanian former diplomat who is the Perry World House Professor of the Practice of Law and Human Rights at the University of Pennsylvania and the president and CEO of the [International Peace Institute](/wiki/International_Peace_Institute "International Peace Institute"), [Tabitha Goldstaub](/wiki/Tabitha_Goldstaub "Tabitha Goldstaub"), Chair of the UK government's AI Council and a member of the [Digital, Culture, Media and Sport](/wiki/Digital%2C_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport_Committee "Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee") Digital Economy Council, Paul Clarke, former Chief Technology Officer at Ocado, Sana Khareghani, former Head of UK Government Office for Artificial Intelligence, Chris Wigley, CEO at [Genomics England](/wiki/Genomics_England "Genomics England"), Christine Foster, Chief Product Officer, Data Science at Kantar Public, Ajay Bhalla, President of Mastercard's Cyber \& Intelligence business and Doug Brown, Chief Data Scientist at Capita.
### Evident
Mousavizadeh is currently the founder and CEO of Evident which is launching the Evident AI Index in January 2023\. The Evident AI Index is the first public ranking of the largest companies in the world on their maturity in developing and using artificial intelligence. The Evident AI Index uses public data sources rather than survey data or interviews. It contains 190 indicators across 4 pillars focusing on ambition, talent, innovation and responsibility. It will rank more than 1,000 companies across a range of sectors and geographies (including North America, Europe and Middle East and Africa). It aims to create a global benchmark for measuring maturity in artificial intelligence.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Mousavizadeh began her career at the [Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Denmark%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)\"), in the Department for Humanitarian and Development Funding.{{cite web\\|title\\=Council 2013\\|url\\=http://www.royalafricansociety.org/annualreport/rascouncil2013\\|website\\=Royal Africa Society\\|publisher\\=www.royalafricasociety.org\\|accessdate\\=10 April 2016}} After this role, she was a visiting Research Scholar at the [Center for Strategic and International Studies](/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies \"Center for Strategic and International Studies\") in [Washington, DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\").",
"### Moody's",
"Mousavizadeh then worked for [Moody's](/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service \"Moody's Investors Service\") for 10 years. Based in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), she covered emerging and frontier markets for the Sovereign Risk team.{{cite web\\|title\\=Executive Management Team\\|url\\=http://www.arcratings.com/uk/single\\_page/42\\|website\\=ARC Ratings\\|publisher\\=www.arcratings.com\\|accessdate\\=10 April 2016}} She then moved to [Morgan Stanley](/wiki/Morgan_Stanley \"Morgan Stanley\") in London as head of country risk management for [EMEA](/wiki/EMEA \"EMEA\"), before returning to Moody's as assistant vice president for the Africa sovereign ratings portfolio.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Welsh\\|first1\\=Tom\\|title\\=City Moves for 14 September 2015\\|url\\=http://www.cityam.com/224199/city\\-moves\\-14\\-september\\-2015\\-who\\-s\\-switching\\-jobs\\|accessdate\\=10 April 2016\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[City A.M.]]\\|date\\=14 September 2015}} Mousavizadeh was also the co\\-founder of the [Global Disinformation Index](/wiki/Global_Disinformation_Index \"Global Disinformation Index\").{{cite web\\|title\\=GDI\\|url\\=https://disinformationindex.org/}}",
"### The Prosperity Index",
"Mousavizadeh acted as director of the [Legatum Prosperity Index](/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index \"Legatum Prosperity Index\"); an annual ranking developed by the Legatum Institute, a division of the private investment firm [Legatum](/wiki/Legatum \"Legatum\"). The ranking is based on a variety of factors including wealth, [economic growth](/wiki/Economic_growth \"Economic growth\"), education, health, [personal well\\-being](/wiki/Well-being \"Well-being\"), and [quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life \"Quality of life\"). In the 2018 rankings, 149 countries were ranked, and [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") topped the list, followed by [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") and [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"). [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") was in last place. In 2013, 27 of the top 30 countries were democracies.[Project Syndicate, Development's Democratic Drivers, Jeffrey Gedmin](http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/jeffrey-gedmin-on-the-role-of-governance-and-the-rule-of-law-in-advancing-development) The Prosperity Index is reviewed and critiqued by an advisory panel of academics and scholars representing a range of disciplines and includes [Tim Besley](/wiki/Tim_Besley \"Tim Besley\") ([London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\")), [Daniel Drezner](/wiki/Daniel_Drezner \"Daniel Drezner\") ([Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\")), [Carol Graham](/wiki/Carol_Graham \"Carol Graham\") ([Brookings Institution](/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")), Edmund Malesky ([University of California, San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_San_Diego \"University of California, San Diego\")) and Ann Owen ([Hamilton College](/wiki/Hamilton_College_%28New_York%29 \"Hamilton College (New York)\")).",
"Before joining the Legatum Institute, Mousavizadeh was CEO of [ARC Ratings](/wiki/ARC_Ratings \"ARC Ratings\"), an Emerging Market\\-based ratings agency.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Patel\\|first1\\=Deepak\\|title\\=We believe we'll do a better, more transparent job than the big three: Alexandra Mousavizadeh\\|url\\=http://www.business\\-standard.com/article/economy\\-policy/we\\-believe\\-we\\-ll\\-do\\-a\\-better\\-more\\-transparent\\-job\\-than\\-the\\-big\\-three\\-alexandra\\-mousavizadeh\\-114111700025\\_1\\.html\\|accessdate\\=10 April 2016\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Business Standard]]\\|date\\=17 November 2014}} ARC Ratings was established in 2013 by a consortium of five domestic credit rating agencies operating in Asia, Africa, Europe and South America, with substantial cumulative resources, including over 10,000 clients, more than 600 ratings staff and an average ratings business record of over 20 years.",
"### Tortoise Media",
"Mousavizadeh was a partner at Tortoise Media, from 2018 until 2022 and director of the Tortoise Intelligence team. Tortoise Media is a journalistic platform, founded by [James Harding](/wiki/James_Harding_%28journalist%29 \"James Harding (journalist)\"), the Former Director of [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\"), [Katie Vanneck\\-Smith](/wiki/Katie_Vanneck-Smith \"Katie Vanneck-Smith\"), the former President of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* and [Matthew Barzun](/wiki/Matthew_Barzun \"Matthew Barzun\"), Obama's former ambassador to the UK. Tortoise Media is developing a new approach to journalism; responding to the widening gap between powerful institutions and those entities able to scrutinize them.{{cite web\\|title\\=Our Purpose\\|url\\=https://www.tortoisemedia.com/purpose/}} This approach is built around slower, more detailed, and discursive journalism; Tortoise Media calls it 'slow news'. She oversaw the development of the team's indices and data analytics projects as director of Tortoise Intelligence team; which aims to contribute data\\-driven findings and to substantiate the slow news approach.",
"### The Responsibility100 Index",
"Mousavizadeh published the Responsibility100 Index, in its first beta edition in September 2019; the Index ranks the companies of the [FTSE 100](/wiki/FTSE_100 \"FTSE 100\") on there [CSR](/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility \"Corporate social responsibility\") contributions; with reference to the [UN](/wiki/UN \"UN\") [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\"). The Index has already been recognised by a range of the companies and other non\\-governmental organisations, as a comprehensive expression of the action and commitment being made in alignment with the [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\"). The Index is composed of seven main sub\\-pillars; [gender equality](/wiki/Gender_equality \"Gender equality\"), climate, good business, waster, water, human rights and poverty. It contains 52 unique indicators and draws on over 5,000 data\\-points to build a dynamic portrait of each company in the ranking. The Index does, however, call for greater transparency and better reporting to expand this data\\-set. It is published quarterly from January 2020\\.",
"### The Global AI Index",
"Mousavizadeh and her team published the [Global AI Index](/wiki/Global_AI_Index \"Global AI Index\"){{cite web\\|title\\=GAII\\|url\\=https://www.tortoisemedia.com/intelligence/ai/}} in December 2019\\. It was presented at the [World Economic Forum](/wiki/World_Economic_Forum \"World Economic Forum\") in December 2020\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The world order will be rocked by AI \\- this is how \\|url\\=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/ai\\-looks\\-set\\-to\\-disrupt\\-the\\-established\\-world\\-order\\-here\\-s\\-how/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-25 \\|website\\=World Economic Forum \\|language\\=en}} The index will draw on a range of primary data to measure the capacity for artificial intelligence – specifically through the processes of innovation, investment and implementation – amongst [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") nations. The initial findings showed the wide margin in capacity between the US, China and the rest of the world. The index has been referenced extensively by governments as a benchmark for their national AI strategies. The Global AI Index has been featured in a number of publications, including WIRED,{{Cite news \\|title\\=The AI Roadmap with Sana Khareghani \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=Wired UK \\|url\\=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ai\\-roadmap \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-25 \\|issn\\=1357\\-0978}} Politico,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Heath \\|first\\=Ryan \\|title\\=Global trade goes on, with America sidelined \\|url\\=https://politi.co/2K1WlSZ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-25 \\|website\\=POLITICO \\|language\\=en}} Irish Times,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bringing the power of AI to bear in pharma \\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/sponsored/pinsent\\-masons/bringing\\-the\\-power\\-of\\-ai\\-to\\-bear\\-in\\-pharma\\-1\\.4149237 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-25 \\|website\\=The Irish Times \\|language\\=en}} The South China Morning Post{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-06 \\|title\\=China to overtake the US in global AI race in five to 10 years \\|url\\=https://www.scmp.com/tech/science\\-research/article/3040893/second\\-place\\-china\\-overtake\\-us\\-global\\-ai\\-race\\-five\\-10\\-years \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-25 \\|website\\=South China Morning Post \\|language\\=en}} and Medium.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Moltzau \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-28 \\|title\\=National AI Strategy for Ireland in Early 2020 \\|url\\=https://alexmoltzau.medium.com/national\\-ai\\-strategy\\-for\\-ireland\\-in\\-early\\-2020\\-dd4445a02e45 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-25 \\|website\\=Medium \\|language\\=en}} The Global AI Index advisory board includes Stuart Russell, professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley, Azeem Azhar, creator of the Exponential View, Prince [Zeid bin Ra'ad](/wiki/Zeid_bin_Ra%27ad \"Zeid bin Ra'ad\"), a Jordanian former diplomat who is the Perry World House Professor of the Practice of Law and Human Rights at the University of Pennsylvania and the president and CEO of the [International Peace Institute](/wiki/International_Peace_Institute \"International Peace Institute\"), [Tabitha Goldstaub](/wiki/Tabitha_Goldstaub \"Tabitha Goldstaub\"), Chair of the UK government's AI Council and a member of the [Digital, Culture, Media and Sport](/wiki/Digital%2C_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport_Committee \"Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee\") Digital Economy Council, Paul Clarke, former Chief Technology Officer at Ocado, Sana Khareghani, former Head of UK Government Office for Artificial Intelligence, Chris Wigley, CEO at [Genomics England](/wiki/Genomics_England \"Genomics England\"), Christine Foster, Chief Product Officer, Data Science at Kantar Public, Ajay Bhalla, President of Mastercard's Cyber \\& Intelligence business and Doug Brown, Chief Data Scientist at Capita.",
"### Evident",
"Mousavizadeh is currently the founder and CEO of Evident which is launching the Evident AI Index in January 2023\\. The Evident AI Index is the first public ranking of the largest companies in the world on their maturity in developing and using artificial intelligence. The Evident AI Index uses public data sources rather than survey data or interviews. It contains 190 indicators across 4 pillars focusing on ambition, talent, innovation and responsibility. It will rank more than 1,000 companies across a range of sectors and geographies (including North America, Europe and Middle East and Africa). It aims to create a global benchmark for measuring maturity in artificial intelligence.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Main\|History of Central America}}
File:HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg\|\[\[Ancient footprints of Acahualinca]], Nicaragua
File:Stone spheres of Costa Rica. Museo Nacional.jpg\|\[\[Stone spheres of Costa Rica]]
File:Tazumal 10\.jpg\|\[\[Tazumal]], El Salvador
File:Tikal Temple1 2006 08 11\.JPG\|\[\[Tikal]], Guatemala
File:Copan HG\-Treppe.jpg\|\[\[Copan]], Honduras
File:Altun Ha Belize.jpg\|\[\[Altun Ha]], Belize
[thumb\|left\|Central America, 1862](/wiki/File:Carta_de_los_Estados_de_Centro-America._LOC_99466745.jpg "Carta de los Estados de Centro-America. LOC 99466745.jpg")
[thumb\|Painting of the First Independence Movement celebration in [San Salvador](/wiki/San_Salvador "San Salvador") 1811](/wiki/File:Proclama_de_libertad_%28indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica%29.jpg "Proclama de libertad (indep. Centroamérica).jpg")
[thumb\|Painting of the signing of the Declaration of Independence of Central America, Guatemala, 1821](/wiki/File:Firma_del_Acta_de_Independencia_de_Centroam%C3%A9rica.jpg "Firma del Acta de Independencia de Centroamérica.jpg")
Central America was formed more than 3 million years ago, as part of the [Isthmus of Panama](/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama "Isthmus of Panama"), when its portion of land connected each side of water.
In the [Pre\-Columbian era](/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era "Pre-Columbian era"), the northern areas of Central America were inhabited by the [indigenous](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") peoples of [Mesoamerica](/wiki/Mesoamerica "Mesoamerica"). Most notable among these were the [Mayans](/wiki/Maya_peoples "Maya peoples"), who had built numerous cities throughout the region, and the [Aztecs](/wiki/Aztec "Aztec"), who had created a vast empire. The pre\-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador, eastern Honduras, Caribbean Nicaragua, most of Costa Rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of the [Chibchan languages](/wiki/Chibchan_languages "Chibchan languages") at the time of European contact and are considered by some culturally different and grouped in the [Isthmo\-Colombian Area](/wiki/Isthmo-Colombian_Area "Isthmo-Colombian Area").
Following the Spanish expedition of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus "Christopher Columbus")'s voyages to the Americas, the Spanish sent many expeditions to the region, and they began their conquest of [Maya territory](/wiki/Maya_civilization "Maya civilization") in 1523\. Soon after the [conquest of the Aztec Empire](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire"), Spanish [conquistador](/wiki/Conquistador "Conquistador") [Pedro de Alvarado](/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado "Pedro de Alvarado") commenced the [conquest of northern Central America](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala "Spanish conquest of Guatemala") for the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire"). Beginning with his arrival in [Soconusco](/wiki/Soconusco "Soconusco") in 1523, Alvarado's forces systematically conquered and subjugated most of the major Maya kingdoms, including the [K'iche'](/wiki/K%27iche%27_Kingdom_of_Q%27umarkaj "K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj"), [Tz'utujil](/wiki/Tz%27utujil_people "Tz'utujil people"), [Pipil](/wiki/Pipil_people "Pipil people"), and the [Kaqchikel](/wiki/Kaqchikel_people "Kaqchikel people"). By 1528, the conquest of Guatemala was nearly complete, with only the [Petén Basin](/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin "Petén Basin") remaining outside the Spanish sphere of influence. The last independent Maya kingdoms – the [Kowoj](/wiki/Kowoj "Kowoj") and the [Itza people](/wiki/Itza_people "Itza people") – were finally defeated in 1697, as part of the [Spanish conquest of Petén](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n "Spanish conquest of Petén").{{cite book \|last1\=Jones \|first1\=Grant D. \|title\=The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom \|date\=1998 \|publisher\=Stanford University Press \|location\=Stanford, California \|isbn\=978\-0804735223 \|page\=xix \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PeOWl54Mt7UC\&pg\=PR19 \|access\-date\=28 January 2021}}
In 1538, Spain established the [Real Audiencia of Panama](/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama%23First_installation "Real Audiencia of Panama#First installation"), which had jurisdiction over all land from the [Strait of Magellan](/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan "Strait of Magellan") to the [Gulf of Fonseca](/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca "Gulf of Fonseca"). This entity was dissolved in 1543, and most of the territory within Central America then fell under the jurisdiction of the *[Audiencia Real de Guatemala](/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala "Real Audiencia of Guatemala")*. This area included the current territories of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Mexican state of [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas "Chiapas"), but excluded the lands that would become Belize and Panama. The president of the Audiencia, which had its seat in [Antigua Guatemala](/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala "Antigua Guatemala"), was the governor of the entire area. In 1609 the area became a [captaincy general](/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire "Captaincies of the Spanish Empire") and the governor was also granted the title of captain general. The [Captaincy General of Guatemala](/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala "Captaincy General of Guatemala") encompassed most of Central America, with the exception of [present\-day Belize](/wiki/British_Honduras "British Honduras") and Panama.
The Captaincy General of Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries, but began to fray after a [rebellion in 1811](/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement "1811 Independence Movement") which began in the [Intendancy of San Salvador](/wiki/Intendancy_of_San_Salvador "Intendancy of San Salvador"). The Captaincy General formally ended on 15 September 1821, with the signing of the [Act of Independence of Central America](/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Central_America "Act of Independence of Central America"). Mexican independence was achieved at virtually the same time with the signing of the [Treaty of Córdoba](/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba "Treaty of Córdoba") and the [Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire](/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Mexican_Empire "Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire"), and the entire region was finally independent from Spanish authority by 28 September 1821\.
[thumb\|left\|General [Manuel José Arce](/wiki/Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Arce "Manuel José Arce"); decorated [Salvadoran](/wiki/Salvadoran "Salvadoran") General and president of the [Federal Republic of Central America](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America "Federal Republic of Central America") from 1825 to 1829](/wiki/File:Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Arce_de_El_Salvador.jpg "Manuel José Arce de El Salvador.jpg")
[thumb\|The five rowed volcanos in the coat of arms of Central America was inspired by the [Cordillera de Apaneca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Apaneca "Cordillera de Apaneca") volcanic range of El Salvador, visible from the city of [Sonsonate](/wiki/Sonsonate "Sonsonate"), which became the capital of the [Federal Republic of Central America](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America "Federal Republic of Central America") in 1834\.](/wiki/File:Salcoatit%C3%A1n%2C_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg "Salcoatitán, El Salvador - panoramio (9).jpg")
[thumb\|Monument honoring the emblem of the United Provinces of Central America](/wiki/File:Unidas_Del_Centro_de_America_Provincias_Plaque.jpg "Unidas Del Centro de America Provincias Plaque.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|The historic military flag of the United Provinces of Central America with the national motto (God. Union. Liberty.) and the National Battalion initials (B.N.) in golden amber color](/wiki/File:Bandera_Militar_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_del_Centro_de_Am%C3%A9rica.png "Bandera Militar de las Provincias Unidas del Centro de América.png")
From its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823, the former Captaincy General [remained intact as part](/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule "Central America under Mexican rule") of the short\-lived [First Mexican Empire](/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire "First Mexican Empire"). When the [Emperor of Mexico](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide "Agustín de Iturbide") abdicated on 19 March 1823, Central America again became independent. On 1 July 1823, the Congress of Central America peacefully seceded from Mexico and declared absolute independence from all foreign nations, and the region formed the [Federal Republic of Central America](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America "Federal Republic of Central America").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2015}}
The Federal Republic of Central America was a [representative democracy](/wiki/Representative_democracy "Representative democracy") with its capital at [Guatemala City](/wiki/Guatemala_City "Guatemala City"). This union consisted of the provinces of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, [Los Altos](/wiki/Los_Altos%2C_Central_America "Los Altos, Central America"), [Mosquito Coast](/wiki/Mosquito_Coast "Mosquito Coast"), and Nicaragua. The lowlands of southwest Chiapas, including Soconusco, initially belonged to the Republic until 1824, when Mexico annexed most of Chiapas and began its claims to Soconusco. The Republic lasted from 1823 to 1838, when it disintegrated as a result of civil wars.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2015}}
The territory that now makes up Belize was heavily contested in a dispute that continued for decades after Guatemala achieved independence. Spain, and later Guatemala, considered this land a [Guatemalan department](/wiki/Departments_of_Guatemala "Departments of Guatemala"). In 1862, Britain formally declared it a British colony and named it [British Honduras](/wiki/British_Honduras "British Honduras"). It became independent as Belize in 1981\.
Panama, situated in the southernmost part of Central America on the [Isthmus of Panama](/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama "Isthmus of Panama"), has for most of its history been culturally and politically linked to South America. Panama was part of the [Province of Tierra Firme](/wiki/Province_of_Tierra_Firme "Province of Tierra Firme") from 1510 until 1538 when it came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed *Audiencia Real de Panama*. Beginning in 1543, Panama was administered as part of the [Viceroyalty of Peru](/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru "Viceroyalty of Peru"), along with all other Spanish possessions in South America. Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739, when it was transferred to the [Viceroyalty of New Granada](/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada "Viceroyalty of New Granada"), the capital of which was located at [Santa Fé de Bogotá](/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 "Bogotá"). Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until the disestablishment of that viceroyalty in 1819\. A series of [military and political struggles](/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada "Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada") took place from that time until 1822, the result of which produced the republic of [Gran Colombia](/wiki/Gran_Colombia "Gran Colombia"). After the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830, Panama became part of a successor state, the [Republic of New Granada](/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada "Republic of New Granada"). From 1855 until 1886, Panama existed as [Panama State](/wiki/Panama_State "Panama State"), first within the Republic of New Granada, then within the [Granadine Confederation](/wiki/Granadine_Confederation "Granadine Confederation"), and finally within the [United States of Colombia](/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia "United States of Colombia"). The United States of Colombia was replaced by the [Republic of Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") in 1886\. As part of the Republic of Colombia, Panama State was abolished and it became the [Isthmus Department](/wiki/Isthmus_Department "Isthmus Department"). Despite the many political reorganizations, Colombia was still deeply plagued by conflict, which eventually led to the [secession of Panama](/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia "Separation of Panama from Colombia") on 3 November 1903\. Only after that time did some begin to regard Panama as a North or Central American entity.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2015}}
By the 1930s the [United Fruit Company](/wiki/United_Fruit_Company "United Fruit Company") owned {{convert\|3\.5\|e6acre\|km2\|order\=flip\|abbr\=off}} of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala. Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries. That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase [banana republic](/wiki/Banana_republic "Banana republic").{{cite book\|last\=Livingstone\|first\=Grace\|title\=America's Backyard: The United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=WH5jDgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT31\|year\=2013\|publisher\=Zed Books Ltd.\|isbn\=978\-1\-84813\-611\-3\|page\=31}}
After more than two hundred years of social unrest, violent conflict, and revolution, Central America today remains in a period of political transformation. Poverty, social injustice, and violence are still widespread. Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the western hemisphere (only [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") is poorer).
### Flags of modern Central America
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg\|\[\[Guatemala]]
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg\|\[\[El Salvador]]
File:Flag of Honduras.svg\|\[\[Honduras]]
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg\|\[\[Nicaragua]]
File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg\|\[\[Costa Rica]]
File:Flag of Panama.svg\|\[\[Panama]]
File:Flag of Belize.svg\|\[\[Belize]]
### Coat of arms of modern Central America
File:Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg\|\[\[Guatemala]]
File:Coat of arms of El Salvador.svg\|\[\[El Salvador]]
File:Coat of arms of Honduras.svg\|\[\[Honduras]]
File:Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg\|\[\[Nicaragua]]
File:Coat of arms of Costa Rica.svg\|\[\[Costa Rica]]
File:Coat of arms of Panama.svg\|\[\[Panama]]
File:Coat of arms of Belize.svg\|\[\[Belize]]
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Main\\|History of Central America}}",
"File:HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ancient footprints of Acahualinca]], Nicaragua\nFile:Stone spheres of Costa Rica. Museo Nacional.jpg\\|\\[\\[Stone spheres of Costa Rica]]\nFile:Tazumal 10\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Tazumal]], El Salvador\nFile:Tikal Temple1 2006 08 11\\.JPG\\|\\[\\[Tikal]], Guatemala\nFile:Copan HG\\-Treppe.jpg\\|\\[\\[Copan]], Honduras\nFile:Altun Ha Belize.jpg\\|\\[\\[Altun Ha]], Belize",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Central America, 1862](/wiki/File:Carta_de_los_Estados_de_Centro-America._LOC_99466745.jpg \"Carta de los Estados de Centro-America. LOC 99466745.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Painting of the First Independence Movement celebration in [San Salvador](/wiki/San_Salvador \"San Salvador\") 1811](/wiki/File:Proclama_de_libertad_%28indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica%29.jpg \"Proclama de libertad (indep. Centroamérica).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Painting of the signing of the Declaration of Independence of Central America, Guatemala, 1821](/wiki/File:Firma_del_Acta_de_Independencia_de_Centroam%C3%A9rica.jpg \"Firma del Acta de Independencia de Centroamérica.jpg\")\nCentral America was formed more than 3 million years ago, as part of the [Isthmus of Panama](/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama \"Isthmus of Panama\"), when its portion of land connected each side of water.",
"In the [Pre\\-Columbian era](/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era \"Pre-Columbian era\"), the northern areas of Central America were inhabited by the [indigenous](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") peoples of [Mesoamerica](/wiki/Mesoamerica \"Mesoamerica\"). Most notable among these were the [Mayans](/wiki/Maya_peoples \"Maya peoples\"), who had built numerous cities throughout the region, and the [Aztecs](/wiki/Aztec \"Aztec\"), who had created a vast empire. The pre\\-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador, eastern Honduras, Caribbean Nicaragua, most of Costa Rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of the [Chibchan languages](/wiki/Chibchan_languages \"Chibchan languages\") at the time of European contact and are considered by some culturally different and grouped in the [Isthmo\\-Colombian Area](/wiki/Isthmo-Colombian_Area \"Isthmo-Colombian Area\").",
"Following the Spanish expedition of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus \"Christopher Columbus\")'s voyages to the Americas, the Spanish sent many expeditions to the region, and they began their conquest of [Maya territory](/wiki/Maya_civilization \"Maya civilization\") in 1523\\. Soon after the [conquest of the Aztec Empire](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire \"Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire\"), Spanish [conquistador](/wiki/Conquistador \"Conquistador\") [Pedro de Alvarado](/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado \"Pedro de Alvarado\") commenced the [conquest of northern Central America](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala \"Spanish conquest of Guatemala\") for the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire \"Spanish Empire\"). Beginning with his arrival in [Soconusco](/wiki/Soconusco \"Soconusco\") in 1523, Alvarado's forces systematically conquered and subjugated most of the major Maya kingdoms, including the [K'iche'](/wiki/K%27iche%27_Kingdom_of_Q%27umarkaj \"K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj\"), [Tz'utujil](/wiki/Tz%27utujil_people \"Tz'utujil people\"), [Pipil](/wiki/Pipil_people \"Pipil people\"), and the [Kaqchikel](/wiki/Kaqchikel_people \"Kaqchikel people\"). By 1528, the conquest of Guatemala was nearly complete, with only the [Petén Basin](/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin \"Petén Basin\") remaining outside the Spanish sphere of influence. The last independent Maya kingdoms – the [Kowoj](/wiki/Kowoj \"Kowoj\") and the [Itza people](/wiki/Itza_people \"Itza people\") – were finally defeated in 1697, as part of the [Spanish conquest of Petén](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n \"Spanish conquest of Petén\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Jones \\|first1\\=Grant D. \\|title\\=The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom \\|date\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Stanford University Press \\|location\\=Stanford, California \\|isbn\\=978\\-0804735223 \\|page\\=xix \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PeOWl54Mt7UC\\&pg\\=PR19 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2021}}",
"In 1538, Spain established the [Real Audiencia of Panama](/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama%23First_installation \"Real Audiencia of Panama#First installation\"), which had jurisdiction over all land from the [Strait of Magellan](/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan \"Strait of Magellan\") to the [Gulf of Fonseca](/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca \"Gulf of Fonseca\"). This entity was dissolved in 1543, and most of the territory within Central America then fell under the jurisdiction of the *[Audiencia Real de Guatemala](/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala \"Real Audiencia of Guatemala\")*. This area included the current territories of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Mexican state of [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas \"Chiapas\"), but excluded the lands that would become Belize and Panama. The president of the Audiencia, which had its seat in [Antigua Guatemala](/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala \"Antigua Guatemala\"), was the governor of the entire area. In 1609 the area became a [captaincy general](/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire \"Captaincies of the Spanish Empire\") and the governor was also granted the title of captain general. The [Captaincy General of Guatemala](/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala \"Captaincy General of Guatemala\") encompassed most of Central America, with the exception of [present\\-day Belize](/wiki/British_Honduras \"British Honduras\") and Panama.",
"The Captaincy General of Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries, but began to fray after a [rebellion in 1811](/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement \"1811 Independence Movement\") which began in the [Intendancy of San Salvador](/wiki/Intendancy_of_San_Salvador \"Intendancy of San Salvador\"). The Captaincy General formally ended on 15 September 1821, with the signing of the [Act of Independence of Central America](/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Central_America \"Act of Independence of Central America\"). Mexican independence was achieved at virtually the same time with the signing of the [Treaty of Córdoba](/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba \"Treaty of Córdoba\") and the [Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire](/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Mexican_Empire \"Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire\"), and the entire region was finally independent from Spanish authority by 28 September 1821\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|General [Manuel José Arce](/wiki/Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Arce \"Manuel José Arce\"); decorated [Salvadoran](/wiki/Salvadoran \"Salvadoran\") General and president of the [Federal Republic of Central America](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America \"Federal Republic of Central America\") from 1825 to 1829](/wiki/File:Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Arce_de_El_Salvador.jpg \"Manuel José Arce de El Salvador.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The five rowed volcanos in the coat of arms of Central America was inspired by the [Cordillera de Apaneca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Apaneca \"Cordillera de Apaneca\") volcanic range of El Salvador, visible from the city of [Sonsonate](/wiki/Sonsonate \"Sonsonate\"), which became the capital of the [Federal Republic of Central America](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America \"Federal Republic of Central America\") in 1834\\.](/wiki/File:Salcoatit%C3%A1n%2C_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg \"Salcoatitán, El Salvador - panoramio (9).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Monument honoring the emblem of the United Provinces of Central America](/wiki/File:Unidas_Del_Centro_de_America_Provincias_Plaque.jpg \"Unidas Del Centro de America Provincias Plaque.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|The historic military flag of the United Provinces of Central America with the national motto (God. Union. Liberty.) and the National Battalion initials (B.N.) in golden amber color](/wiki/File:Bandera_Militar_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_del_Centro_de_Am%C3%A9rica.png \"Bandera Militar de las Provincias Unidas del Centro de América.png\")\nFrom its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823, the former Captaincy General [remained intact as part](/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule \"Central America under Mexican rule\") of the short\\-lived [First Mexican Empire](/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire \"First Mexican Empire\"). When the [Emperor of Mexico](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide \"Agustín de Iturbide\") abdicated on 19 March 1823, Central America again became independent. On 1 July 1823, the Congress of Central America peacefully seceded from Mexico and declared absolute independence from all foreign nations, and the region formed the [Federal Republic of Central America](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America \"Federal Republic of Central America\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2015}}",
"The Federal Republic of Central America was a [representative democracy](/wiki/Representative_democracy \"Representative democracy\") with its capital at [Guatemala City](/wiki/Guatemala_City \"Guatemala City\"). This union consisted of the provinces of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, [Los Altos](/wiki/Los_Altos%2C_Central_America \"Los Altos, Central America\"), [Mosquito Coast](/wiki/Mosquito_Coast \"Mosquito Coast\"), and Nicaragua. The lowlands of southwest Chiapas, including Soconusco, initially belonged to the Republic until 1824, when Mexico annexed most of Chiapas and began its claims to Soconusco. The Republic lasted from 1823 to 1838, when it disintegrated as a result of civil wars.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2015}}",
"The territory that now makes up Belize was heavily contested in a dispute that continued for decades after Guatemala achieved independence. Spain, and later Guatemala, considered this land a [Guatemalan department](/wiki/Departments_of_Guatemala \"Departments of Guatemala\"). In 1862, Britain formally declared it a British colony and named it [British Honduras](/wiki/British_Honduras \"British Honduras\"). It became independent as Belize in 1981\\.",
"Panama, situated in the southernmost part of Central America on the [Isthmus of Panama](/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama \"Isthmus of Panama\"), has for most of its history been culturally and politically linked to South America. Panama was part of the [Province of Tierra Firme](/wiki/Province_of_Tierra_Firme \"Province of Tierra Firme\") from 1510 until 1538 when it came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed *Audiencia Real de Panama*. Beginning in 1543, Panama was administered as part of the [Viceroyalty of Peru](/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru \"Viceroyalty of Peru\"), along with all other Spanish possessions in South America. Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739, when it was transferred to the [Viceroyalty of New Granada](/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada \"Viceroyalty of New Granada\"), the capital of which was located at [Santa Fé de Bogotá](/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 \"Bogotá\"). Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until the disestablishment of that viceroyalty in 1819\\. A series of [military and political struggles](/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada \"Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada\") took place from that time until 1822, the result of which produced the republic of [Gran Colombia](/wiki/Gran_Colombia \"Gran Colombia\"). After the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830, Panama became part of a successor state, the [Republic of New Granada](/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada \"Republic of New Granada\"). From 1855 until 1886, Panama existed as [Panama State](/wiki/Panama_State \"Panama State\"), first within the Republic of New Granada, then within the [Granadine Confederation](/wiki/Granadine_Confederation \"Granadine Confederation\"), and finally within the [United States of Colombia](/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia \"United States of Colombia\"). The United States of Colombia was replaced by the [Republic of Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\") in 1886\\. As part of the Republic of Colombia, Panama State was abolished and it became the [Isthmus Department](/wiki/Isthmus_Department \"Isthmus Department\"). Despite the many political reorganizations, Colombia was still deeply plagued by conflict, which eventually led to the [secession of Panama](/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia \"Separation of Panama from Colombia\") on 3 November 1903\\. Only after that time did some begin to regard Panama as a North or Central American entity.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2015}}",
"By the 1930s the [United Fruit Company](/wiki/United_Fruit_Company \"United Fruit Company\") owned {{convert\\|3\\.5\\|e6acre\\|km2\\|order\\=flip\\|abbr\\=off}} of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala. Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries. That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase [banana republic](/wiki/Banana_republic \"Banana republic\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Livingstone\\|first\\=Grace\\|title\\=America's Backyard: The United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WH5jDgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT31\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Zed Books Ltd.\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84813\\-611\\-3\\|page\\=31}}",
"After more than two hundred years of social unrest, violent conflict, and revolution, Central America today remains in a period of political transformation. Poverty, social injustice, and violence are still widespread. Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the western hemisphere (only [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\") is poorer).",
"### Flags of modern Central America",
"",
"File:Flag of Guatemala.svg\\|\\[\\[Guatemala]]\nFile:Flag of El Salvador.svg\\|\\[\\[El Salvador]]\nFile:Flag of Honduras.svg\\|\\[\\[Honduras]]\nFile:Flag of Nicaragua.svg\\|\\[\\[Nicaragua]]\nFile:Flag of Costa Rica.svg\\|\\[\\[Costa Rica]]\nFile:Flag of Panama.svg\\|\\[\\[Panama]]\nFile:Flag of Belize.svg\\|\\[\\[Belize]]",
"",
"### Coat of arms of modern Central America",
"",
"File:Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg\\|\\[\\[Guatemala]]\nFile:Coat of arms of El Salvador.svg\\|\\[\\[El Salvador]]\nFile:Coat of arms of Honduras.svg\\|\\[\\[Honduras]]\nFile:Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg\\|\\[\\[Nicaragua]]\nFile:Coat of arms of Costa Rica.svg\\|\\[\\[Costa Rica]]\nFile:Coat of arms of Panama.svg\\|\\[\\[Panama]]\nFile:Coat of arms of Belize.svg\\|\\[\\[Belize]]",
"",
""
] |
Geography
---------
{{See also\|Geography of Belize\|Geography of Costa Rica\|Geography of El Salvador\|Geography of Guatemala\|Geography of Honduras\|Geography of Nicaragua\|Geography of Panama\|l1\=Geography of Belize\|l2\=Costa Rica\|l3\=El Salvador\|l4\=Guatemala\|l5\=Honduras\|l6\=Nicaragua\|l7\=Panama\|List of islands of Central America\|List of mountain peaks of Central America}}
[thumb\|The seven countries of Central America and their capitals](/wiki/File:Map_of_Central_America.png "Map of Central America.png")
Central America is a part of [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America") consisting of a tapering isthmus running from the southern extent of Mexico to the northwestern portion of [South America](/wiki/South_America "South America"). Central America has the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), a body of water within the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean"), to the north; the Caribbean Sea, also part of the Atlantic Ocean, to the northeast; and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Some [physiographists](/wiki/Physical_geography "Physical geography") define the [Isthmus of Tehuantepec](/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec "Isthmus of Tehuantepec") as the northern geographic border of Central America, while others use the northwestern borders of Belize and Guatemala. From there, the Central American land mass extends southeastward to the [Atrato River](/wiki/Atrato_River "Atrato River"), where it connects to the [Pacific Lowlands](/wiki/Pacific/Choc%C3%B3_natural_region "Pacific/Chocó natural region") in northwestern South America.
Central America has over 70 active volcanoes, 41 which are located in El Salvador, and Guatemala.{{Cite journal \|last\=Q \|first\=Pablo Fonseca \|date\=2023\-12\-20 \|title\=Central American volcanoes offer clues to Earth's geological evolution \|journal\=Knowable Magazine \|url\=https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/physical\-world/2023/central\-american\-volcanoes\-clues\-earth\-geological\-evolution \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1146/knowable\-122023\-1\|doi\-access\=free }} The volcano with the most activity in Central America is [Santa María](/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28volcano%29 "Santa María (volcano)"). Still experiencing frequent eruptions to this day, with the last one beginning in 2013, and still is going on to this day. {{Cite web \|title\=Central America: an active volcanic arc \|url\=https://www.eskp.de/en/natural\-hazards/central\-america\-an\-active\-volcanic\-arc\-935395/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-22 \|website\=www.eskp.de \|language\=en}}
Of the many mountain ranges within Central America, the longest are the [Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas "Sierra Madre de Chiapas"), the [Cordillera Isabelia](/wiki/Cordillera_Isabelia "Cordillera Isabelia") and the [Cordillera de Talamanca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca "Cordillera de Talamanca"). At {{convert\|4220\|m\|ft\|sp\=us}}, [Volcán Tajumulco](/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tajumulco "Volcán Tajumulco") is the highest peak in Central America. Other high points of Central America are as listed in the table below:
| \+High points in Central America |
| --- |
| Country | Name | Elevation | Range |
|{{flag\|Belize}}
[Doyle's Delight](/wiki/Doyle%27s_Delight "Doyle's Delight") |
{{cvt\|1,124\|m}} |
[Maya Mountains](/wiki/Maya_Mountains "Maya Mountains") |
|{{flag\|Costa Rica}}
[Cerro Chirripó](/wiki/Cerro_Chirrip%C3%B3 "Cerro Chirripó") |
{{cvt\|3,820\|m}} |
[Cordillera de Talamanca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca "Cordillera de Talamanca") |
|{{flag\|El Salvador}}
[Cerro El Pital](/wiki/Cerro_El_Pital "Cerro El Pital") |
{{cvt\|2,730\|m}} |
[Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas "Sierra Madre de Chiapas") |
|{{flag\|Guatemala}}
[Volcán Tajumulco](/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tajumulco "Volcán Tajumulco") |
{{cvt\|4,220\|m}} |
[Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas "Sierra Madre de Chiapas") |
|{{flag\|Honduras}}
[Cerro Las Minas](/wiki/Cerro_Las_Minas "Cerro Las Minas") |
{{cvt\|2,780\|m}} |
[Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas "Sierra Madre de Chiapas") |
|{{flag\|Nicaragua}}
[Mogotón](/wiki/Mogot%C3%B3n "Mogotón") |
{{cvt\|2,107\|m}} |
[Cordillera Isabelia](/wiki/Cordillera_Isabelia "Cordillera Isabelia") |
|{{flag\|Panama}}
[Volcán Barú](/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA "Volcán Barú") |
{{cvt\|3,474\|m}} |
[Cordillera de Talamanca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca "Cordillera de Talamanca") |
[thumb\|Central America geography](/wiki/File:CAmerica.gif "CAmerica.gif")
Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the raising of livestock and for the production of coffee, tobacco, beans and other crops. Most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica and Guatemala lives in valleys.{{cite book\|author\=IBP, Inc.\|title\=Central American Countries Mineral Industry Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y\_PxCQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA8\|year\=2015\|isbn\=978\-1\-329\-09114\-6\|pages\=7, 8\|publisher\=Lulu.com }}
[Trade winds](/wiki/Trade_winds "Trade winds") have a significant effect upon the climate of Central America. Temperatures in Central America are highest just prior to the [summer wet season](/wiki/Wet_season "Wet season"), and are lowest during the [winter dry season](/wiki/Dry_season "Dry season"), when trade winds contribute to a cooler climate. The highest temperatures occur in April, due to higher levels of sunlight, lower cloud cover and a decrease in trade winds.
### Biodiversity
{{See also\|Central America bioregion}}
### Central American forests
File:Forest canopy in Belize (5344010084\).jpg\|Chiquibul Forest Reserve, Belize
File:Zona de Acampar Parque Montecristo.jpg\|\[\[Montecristo National Park]], El Salvador
File:Altagracia Volcan Maderas Bosque Nuboso.jpg\|\[\[Maderas]] forest, Nicaragua
File:Small seepage pond near the top of Cerro El Chino \- ZooKeys\-298\-077\-g004B.jpg\|Texiguat Wildlife Refuge Honduras
File:Monteverde bosque.jpg\|\[\[Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve]], Costa Rica.
File:DirkvdM cloudforest\-jungle.jpg\|\[\[Parque Internacional la Amistad]], Panama
File:Rain forest of Petén in Guatemala.jpg\|\[\[Petén–Veracruz moist forests]], Guatemala
[thumb\|upright\|El Chorreron in El Salvador](/wiki/File:El_Chorrer%C3%B3n_en_San_Fernando%2C_Moraz%C3%A1n%2C_El_Salvador_-_2011.jpg "El Chorrerón en San Fernando, Morazán, El Salvador - 2011.jpg")
Central America is part of the Mesoamerican [biodiversity hotspot](/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot "Biodiversity hotspot"), boasting 7% of the world's [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity"). The [Pacific Flyway](/wiki/Pacific_Flyway "Pacific Flyway") is a major north–south [flyway](/wiki/Flyway "Flyway") for [migratory birds](/wiki/Bird_migration "Bird migration") in the Americas, extending from [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska "Alaska") to [Tierra del Fuego](/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego "Tierra del Fuego"). Due to the funnel\-like shape of its land mass, migratory birds can be seen in very high concentrations in Central America, especially in the spring and autumn. As a bridge between North America and South America, Central America has many species from the [Nearctic](/wiki/Nearctic_realm "Nearctic realm") and the [Neotropical realms](/wiki/Neotropical_realm "Neotropical realm"). However the southern countries (Costa Rica and Panama) of the region have more biodiversity than the northern countries (Guatemala and Belize), meanwhile the central countries (Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador) have the least biodiversity. The table below shows recent statistics:
| \+Biodiversity in Central America (numbers of different species of terrestrial vertebrate animals and vascular plants) | Country | Amphibian species | Bird species | Mammal species | Reptile species | Total terrestrial vertebrate species | Vascular plants species | Biodiversity |
|Belize
46
544
147
140
877
2894
3771
|Costa Rica
183
838
232
258
1511
12119
13630
|El Salvador
30
434
137
106
707
2911
3618
|Guatemala
133
684
193
236
1246
8681
9927
|Honduras
101
699
201
213
1214
5680
6894
|Nicaragua
61
632
181
178
1052
7590
8642
|Panama
182
904
241
242
1569
9915
11484
Over 300 species of the region's flora and fauna are threatened, 107 of which are classified as critically endangered. The underlying problems are [deforestation](/wiki/Deforestation "Deforestation"), which is estimated by [FAO](/wiki/FAO "FAO") at 1\.2% per year in Central America and Mexico combined, [fragmentation](/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation "Habitat fragmentation") of [rainforests](/wiki/Rainforest "Rainforest") and the fact that 80% of the vegetation in Central America has already been converted to agriculture.
Efforts to protect fauna and flora in the region are made by creating [ecoregions](/wiki/Ecoregion "Ecoregion") and nature reserves. 36% of Belize's land territory falls under some form of official protected status, giving Belize one of the most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas. In addition, 13% of Belize's marine territory are also protected. A large coral reef extends from Mexico to Honduras: the [Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System](/wiki/Mesoamerican_Barrier_Reef_System "Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System"). The [Belize Barrier Reef](/wiki/Belize_Barrier_Reef "Belize Barrier Reef") is part of this. The Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals, and is one of the most diverse [ecosystems](/wiki/Ecosystem "Ecosystem") of the world. It is home to 70 hard coral species, 36 [soft coral](/wiki/Alcyonacea "Alcyonacea") species, 500 species of fish and hundreds of [invertebrate](/wiki/Invertebrate "Invertebrate") species.
So far only about 10% of the species in the Belize barrier reef have been discovered.
### Flora
### National flowers of Central America
File:Lycaste virginalis forma Alba.jpg\|''\[\[Lycaste skinneri]]'', Guatemala
File:Yucca \- ‘Daga española’ (7625319272\).jpg\|\[\[Yucca gigantea\|Izote flower]], El Salvador
File:Rhyncholaelia digbyana (16395522643\).jpg\|''\[\[Rhyncholaelia digbyana]]'', Honduras
File:Frangipani flower.jpg\|''\[\[Plumeria]]'', Nicaragua
File:A and B Larsen orchids \- Cattleya skinneri 574\-24\.jpg\|''\[\[Guarianthe skinneri]]'', Costa Rica
File:Peristeria elata Orchi 11\.jpg\|''\[\[Peristeria elata]]'', Panama
File:Encyclia cochleata \- flower.jpg\|''\[\[Prosthechea cochleata]]'', Belize
### National trees of Central America
File:Enterolobium cyclocarpum in Guanacaste.jpg\|''\[\[Enterolobium cyclocarpum]]'', Costa Rica
File:Maquilishuat en flor.jpg\|''\[\[Tabebuia rosea]]'', El Salvador
File:Árbol Panamá \- Sterculia apetala \- Árbol Nacional de Panamá 01\.JPG\|''\[\[Sterculia apetala]]'', Panama
File:Pinus oocarpa, San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua.jpg\|''\[\[Pinus oocarpa]]'', Honduras
File:Calycophyllum candidissimum in Managua.jpg\|''\[\[Calycophyllum candidissimum]]'', Nicaragua
File:A big Mahogany tree.jpg\|''\[\[Swietenia macrophylla]]'', Belize
File:Ceiba, the Maya Tree of Life Laslovarga01\.JPG\|''\[\[Ceiba]]'', Guatemala
[thumb\|One of the hanging bridges of the skywalk at the [Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve](/wiki/Monteverde_Cloud_Forest_Reserve "Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve") in [Monteverde, Costa Rica](/wiki/Monteverde%2C_Costa_Rica "Monteverde, Costa Rica") disappearing into the clouds](/wiki/File:Costa_rica_santa_elena_skywalk.jpg "Costa rica santa elena skywalk.jpg")
From 2001 to 2010, {{convert\|5376\|km2\|sqmi\|sp\=us}} of forest were lost in the region. In 2010 Belize had 63% of remaining forest cover, Costa Rica 46%, Panama 45%, Honduras 41%, Guatemala 37%, Nicaragua 29%, and El Salvador 21%. Most of the loss occurred in the moist forest [biome](/wiki/Biome "Biome"), with {{convert\|12201\|km2\|sqmi\|sp\=us}}. Woody vegetation loss was partially set off by a gain in the coniferous forest biome with {{convert\|4730\|km2\|sqmi\|sp\=us}}, and a gain in the dry forest biome at {{convert\|2054\|km2\|sqmi\|sp\=us}}. Mangroves and deserts contributed only 1% to the loss in forest vegetation. The bulk of the [deforestation](/wiki/Deforestation_in_Central_America "Deforestation in Central America") was located at the Caribbean slopes of Nicaragua with a loss of {{convert\|8574\|km2\|sqmi\|sp\=us}} of forest in the period from 2001 to 2010\. The most significant regrowth of {{convert\|3050\|km2\|sqmi\|sp\=us}} of forest was seen in the coniferous woody vegetation of Honduras.
### Montane forests
The [Central American pine\-oak forests](/wiki/Central_American_pine-oak_forests "Central American pine-oak forests") ecoregion, in the [tropical and subtropical coniferous forests](/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests "Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests") biome, is found in Central America and southern Mexico. The Central American pine\-oak forests occupy an area of {{convert\|111400\|km2\|sqmi\|sp\=us}}, extending along the mountainous spine of Central America, extending from the [Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas "Sierra Madre de Chiapas") in Mexico's [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas "Chiapas") state through the highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras to central Nicaragua. The pine\-oak forests lie between {{convert\|600\|\-\|1800\|m\|ft}} elevation, and are surrounded at lower elevations by [tropical moist forests](/wiki/Tropical_moist_forests "Tropical moist forests") and [tropical dry forests](/wiki/Tropical_dry_forests "Tropical dry forests"). Higher elevations above {{convert\|1800\|m\|ft}} are usually covered with [Central American montane forests](/wiki/Central_American_montane_forests "Central American montane forests"). The Central American pine\-oak forests are composed of many species characteristic of temperate North America including [oak](/wiki/Oak "Oak"), [pine](/wiki/Pine "Pine"), [fir](/wiki/Fir "Fir"), and [cypress](/wiki/Cypress "Cypress").
[Laurel forest](/wiki/Laurel_forest "Laurel forest") is the most common type of Central American temperate evergreen [cloud forest](/wiki/Cloud_forest "Cloud forest"), found in almost all Central American countries, normally more than {{convert\|1000\|m\|ft\|sp\=us}} above sea level. Tree species include [evergreen oaks](/wiki/Evergreen_oak "Evergreen oak"), members of the [laurel family](/wiki/Laurus "Laurus"), species of *[Weinmannia](/wiki/Weinmannia "Weinmannia")* and *[Magnolia](/wiki/Magnolia "Magnolia")*, and *[Drimys granadensis](/wiki/Drimys_granadensis "Drimys granadensis")*. The cloud forest of [Sierra de las Minas](/wiki/Sierra_de_las_Minas "Sierra de las Minas"), Guatemala, is the largest in Central America. In some areas of southeastern Honduras there are cloud forests, the largest located near the border with Nicaragua. In Nicaragua, cloud forests are situated near the border with Honduras, but many were cleared to grow coffee. There are still some temperate evergreen hills in the north. The only cloud forest in the Pacific coastal zone of Central America is on the [Mombacho](/wiki/Mombacho "Mombacho") volcano in Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, there are laurel forests in the Cordillera de [Tilarán](/wiki/Tilar%C3%A1n "Tilarán") and [Volcán Arenal](/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Arenal "Volcán Arenal"), called [Monteverde](/wiki/Monteverde "Monteverde"), also in the [Cordillera de Talamanca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca "Cordillera de Talamanca").
The [Central American montane forests](/wiki/Central_American_montane_forests "Central American montane forests") are an ecoregion of the [tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests](/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests "Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests") biome, as defined by the [World Wildlife Fund](/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund "World Wildlife Fund"). These forests are of the moist deciduous and the semi\-evergreen seasonal subtype of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer [wet season](/wiki/Wet_season "Wet season") and a cooler winter dry season. Central American montane forests consist of forest patches located at altitudes ranging from {{convert\|1800\|\-\|4000\|m\|ft}}, on the summits and slopes of the highest mountains in Central America ranging from Southern Mexico, through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, to northern Nicaragua. The entire ecoregion covers an area of {{convert\|13200\|km2\|sqmi\|sp\=us}} and has a [temperate climate](/wiki/Temperate_climate "Temperate climate") with relatively high [precipitation](/wiki/Precipitation "Precipitation") levels.
### Fauna
{{See also\|List of mammals of Central America\|List of Central American monkey species}}
### Legendary National Birds of Central America
File:Male Resplendent Quetzal.jpg\|\[\[Resplendent quetzal]], Guatemala
File:Eumomota superciliosa.jpg\|\[\[Turquoise\-browed motmot]], El Salvador and Nicaragua
File:Keel\-billed toucan.jpg\|\[\[Keel\-billed toucan]], Belize
File:Scarlet\-Macaw.jpg\|\[\[Scarlet macaw]], Honduras
File:Turdus grayi 4zz.jpg\|\[\[Clay\-colored thrush]], Costa Rica
File:Harpy Eagle.jpg\|\[\[Harpy eagle]], Panama
Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves but also because they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often endemic fauna. Almost half of the bird population of the [Talamancan montane forests](/wiki/Talamancan_montane_forests "Talamancan montane forests") in Costa Rica and Panama are endemic to this region. Several birds are listed as threatened, most notably the [resplendent quetzal](/wiki/Resplendent_quetzal "Resplendent quetzal") (Pharomacrus mocinno), [three\-wattled bellbird](/wiki/Three-wattled_bellbird "Three-wattled bellbird") (Procnias tricarunculata), [bare\-necked umbrellabird](/wiki/Bare-necked_umbrellabird "Bare-necked umbrellabird") (Cephalopterus glabricollis), and [black guan](/wiki/Black_guan "Black guan") (Chamaepetes unicolor). Many of the amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest. The [golden toad](/wiki/Golden_toad "Golden toad") that once inhabited a small region in the Monteverde Reserve, which is part of the Talamancan montane forests, has not been seen alive since 1989 and is listed as extinct by IUCN. The exact causes for its extinction are unknown. Global warming may have played a role, because the development of that frog is typical for this area may have been compromised. Seven small mammals are endemic to the Costa Rica\-Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest region. [Jaguars](/wiki/Jaguar "Jaguar"), [cougars](/wiki/Cougar "Cougar"), [spider monkeys](/wiki/Spider_monkey "Spider monkey"), as well as [tapirs](/wiki/Tapir "Tapir"), and [anteaters](/wiki/Anteater "Anteater") live in the woods of Central America. The [Central American red brocket](/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket "Central American red brocket") is a brocket deer found in Central America's tropical forest.
### Geology
[thumb\|Central America and the [Caribbean Plate](/wiki/Caribbean_Plate "Caribbean Plate")](/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_Caribbean.png "Tectonic plates Caribbean.png")
{{See also\|Central America Volcanic Arc\|List of earthquakes in Costa Rica\|List of earthquakes in El Salvador\|List of earthquakes in Guatemala\|List of earthquakes in Nicaragua}}
{{image frame\|content\=
File:Lago de coatepeque de color.jpg\|\[\[Coatepeque Caldera]], El Salvador
File:Atitlan Lake and Volcanoes (3746396035\).jpg\|\[\[Lake Atitlán]], Guatemala
File:Mombacho.JPG\|\[\[Mombacho]], Nicaragua
File:Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica.JPG\|\[\[Arenal Volcano]], Costa Rica
}}
Central America is geologically very active, with [volcanic eruptions](/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions "Types of volcanic eruptions") and earthquakes occurring frequently, and [tsunamis](/wiki/Tsunami "Tsunami") occurring occasionally. Many thousands of people have died as a result of these natural disasters.
Most of Central America rests atop the [Caribbean Plate](/wiki/Caribbean_Plate "Caribbean Plate"). This [tectonic plate](/wiki/Plate_tectonics "Plate tectonics") converges with the [Cocos](/wiki/Cocos_Plate "Cocos Plate"), [Nazca](/wiki/Nazca_Plate "Nazca Plate"), and [North American](/wiki/North_American_Plate "North American Plate") plates to form the [Middle America Trench](/wiki/Middle_America_Trench "Middle America Trench"), a major [subduction](/wiki/Subduction "Subduction") zone. The Middle America Trench is situated some {{convert\|60\-160\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to it. Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic activity at the Middle America Trench. For example, subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate at the Middle America Trench is believed to have caused the [1985 Mexico City earthquake](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake "1985 Mexico City earthquake") that killed as many as 40,000 people. Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in [1902](/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake "1902 Guatemala earthquake"), [1942](/wiki/1942_Guatemala_earthquake "1942 Guatemala earthquake"), [1956](/wiki/1956_Nicaragua_earthquake "1956 Nicaragua earthquake"), [1982](/wiki/1982_El_Salvador_earthquake "1982 El Salvador earthquake"), [1992](/wiki/1992_Nicaragua_earthquake "1992 Nicaragua earthquake"), [January 2001](/wiki/January_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake "January 2001 El Salvador earthquake"), [February 2001](/wiki/February_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake "February 2001 El Salvador earthquake"), [2007](/wiki/2007_Guatemala_earthquake "2007 Guatemala earthquake"), [2012](/wiki/2012_Guatemala_earthquake "2012 Guatemala earthquake"), [2014](/wiki/October_2014_Nicaragua_earthquake "October 2014 Nicaragua earthquake"), and many other earthquakes throughout Central America.
The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Central America. The [Motagua Fault](/wiki/Motagua_Fault "Motagua Fault") is an onshore continuation of the [Cayman Trough](/wiki/Cayman_Trough "Cayman Trough") which forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. This [transform fault](/wiki/Transform_fault "Transform fault") cuts right across Guatemala and then continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of Mexico, near [Acapulco](/wiki/Acapulco "Acapulco"). Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in [1717](/wiki/1717_Guatemala_earthquake "1717 Guatemala earthquake"), [1773](/wiki/1773_Guatemala_earthquake "1773 Guatemala earthquake"), [1902](/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake "1902 Guatemala earthquake"), [1976](/wiki/1976_Guatemala_earthquake "1976 Guatemala earthquake"), [1980](/wiki/1980_Honduras_earthquake "1980 Honduras earthquake"), and [2009](/wiki/2009_Honduras_earthquake "2009 Honduras earthquake").
Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is the [Chixoy\-Polochic Fault](/wiki/Chixoy-Polochic_Fault "Chixoy-Polochic Fault"), which runs parallel to, and roughly {{convert\|80\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} to the north, of the Motagua Fault. Though less active than the Motagua Fault, seismic activity at the Chixoy\-Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very large earthquakes, such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala.
[Managua](/wiki/Managua "Managua"), the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in [1931](/wiki/1931_Nicaragua_earthquake "1931 Nicaragua earthquake") and [1972](/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake "1972 Nicaragua earthquake").
Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America. In 1968 the [Arenal Volcano](/wiki/Arenal_Volcano "Arenal Volcano"), in Costa Rica, erupted killing 87 people as the 3 villages of Tabacon, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas.
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"{{See also\\|Geography of Belize\\|Geography of Costa Rica\\|Geography of El Salvador\\|Geography of Guatemala\\|Geography of Honduras\\|Geography of Nicaragua\\|Geography of Panama\\|l1\\=Geography of Belize\\|l2\\=Costa Rica\\|l3\\=El Salvador\\|l4\\=Guatemala\\|l5\\=Honduras\\|l6\\=Nicaragua\\|l7\\=Panama\\|List of islands of Central America\\|List of mountain peaks of Central America}}\n[thumb\\|The seven countries of Central America and their capitals](/wiki/File:Map_of_Central_America.png \"Map of Central America.png\")",
"Central America is a part of [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") consisting of a tapering isthmus running from the southern extent of Mexico to the northwestern portion of [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\"). Central America has the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\"), a body of water within the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\"), to the north; the Caribbean Sea, also part of the Atlantic Ocean, to the northeast; and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Some [physiographists](/wiki/Physical_geography \"Physical geography\") define the [Isthmus of Tehuantepec](/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec \"Isthmus of Tehuantepec\") as the northern geographic border of Central America, while others use the northwestern borders of Belize and Guatemala. From there, the Central American land mass extends southeastward to the [Atrato River](/wiki/Atrato_River \"Atrato River\"), where it connects to the [Pacific Lowlands](/wiki/Pacific/Choc%C3%B3_natural_region \"Pacific/Chocó natural region\") in northwestern South America.",
"Central America has over 70 active volcanoes, 41 which are located in El Salvador, and Guatemala.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Q \\|first\\=Pablo Fonseca \\|date\\=2023\\-12\\-20 \\|title\\=Central American volcanoes offer clues to Earth's geological evolution \\|journal\\=Knowable Magazine \\|url\\=https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/physical\\-world/2023/central\\-american\\-volcanoes\\-clues\\-earth\\-geological\\-evolution \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1146/knowable\\-122023\\-1\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The volcano with the most activity in Central America is [Santa María](/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28volcano%29 \"Santa María (volcano)\"). Still experiencing frequent eruptions to this day, with the last one beginning in 2013, and still is going on to this day. {{Cite web \\|title\\=Central America: an active volcanic arc \\|url\\=https://www.eskp.de/en/natural\\-hazards/central\\-america\\-an\\-active\\-volcanic\\-arc\\-935395/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-22 \\|website\\=www.eskp.de \\|language\\=en}}",
"Of the many mountain ranges within Central America, the longest are the [Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas \"Sierra Madre de Chiapas\"), the [Cordillera Isabelia](/wiki/Cordillera_Isabelia \"Cordillera Isabelia\") and the [Cordillera de Talamanca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca \"Cordillera de Talamanca\"). At {{convert\\|4220\\|m\\|ft\\|sp\\=us}}, [Volcán Tajumulco](/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tajumulco \"Volcán Tajumulco\") is the highest peak in Central America. Other high points of Central America are as listed in the table below:",
"",
"| \\+High points in Central America |\n| --- |\n| Country | Name | Elevation | Range |\n|{{flag\\|Belize}}",
"[Doyle's Delight](/wiki/Doyle%27s_Delight \"Doyle's Delight\") |\n {{cvt\\|1,124\\|m}} |\n [Maya Mountains](/wiki/Maya_Mountains \"Maya Mountains\") |\n|{{flag\\|Costa Rica}}",
"[Cerro Chirripó](/wiki/Cerro_Chirrip%C3%B3 \"Cerro Chirripó\") |\n {{cvt\\|3,820\\|m}} |\n [Cordillera de Talamanca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca \"Cordillera de Talamanca\") |\n|{{flag\\|El Salvador}}",
"[Cerro El Pital](/wiki/Cerro_El_Pital \"Cerro El Pital\") |\n {{cvt\\|2,730\\|m}} |\n [Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas \"Sierra Madre de Chiapas\") |\n|{{flag\\|Guatemala}}",
"[Volcán Tajumulco](/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tajumulco \"Volcán Tajumulco\") |\n {{cvt\\|4,220\\|m}} |\n [Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas \"Sierra Madre de Chiapas\") |\n|{{flag\\|Honduras}}",
"[Cerro Las Minas](/wiki/Cerro_Las_Minas \"Cerro Las Minas\") |\n {{cvt\\|2,780\\|m}} |\n [Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas \"Sierra Madre de Chiapas\") |\n|{{flag\\|Nicaragua}}",
"[Mogotón](/wiki/Mogot%C3%B3n \"Mogotón\") |\n {{cvt\\|2,107\\|m}} |\n [Cordillera Isabelia](/wiki/Cordillera_Isabelia \"Cordillera Isabelia\") |\n|{{flag\\|Panama}}",
"[Volcán Barú](/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA \"Volcán Barú\") |\n {{cvt\\|3,474\\|m}} |\n [Cordillera de Talamanca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca \"Cordillera de Talamanca\") |",
"[thumb\\|Central America geography](/wiki/File:CAmerica.gif \"CAmerica.gif\")",
"Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the raising of livestock and for the production of coffee, tobacco, beans and other crops. Most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica and Guatemala lives in valleys.{{cite book\\|author\\=IBP, Inc.\\|title\\=Central American Countries Mineral Industry Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y\\_PxCQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA8\\|year\\=2015\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-329\\-09114\\-6\\|pages\\=7, 8\\|publisher\\=Lulu.com }}",
"[Trade winds](/wiki/Trade_winds \"Trade winds\") have a significant effect upon the climate of Central America. Temperatures in Central America are highest just prior to the [summer wet season](/wiki/Wet_season \"Wet season\"), and are lowest during the [winter dry season](/wiki/Dry_season \"Dry season\"), when trade winds contribute to a cooler climate. The highest temperatures occur in April, due to higher levels of sunlight, lower cloud cover and a decrease in trade winds.",
"### Biodiversity",
"{{See also\\|Central America bioregion}}",
"### Central American forests",
"",
"File:Forest canopy in Belize (5344010084\\).jpg\\|Chiquibul Forest Reserve, Belize\nFile:Zona de Acampar Parque Montecristo.jpg\\|\\[\\[Montecristo National Park]], El Salvador\nFile:Altagracia Volcan Maderas Bosque Nuboso.jpg\\|\\[\\[Maderas]] forest, Nicaragua\nFile:Small seepage pond near the top of Cerro El Chino \\- ZooKeys\\-298\\-077\\-g004B.jpg\\|Texiguat Wildlife Refuge Honduras\nFile:Monteverde bosque.jpg\\|\\[\\[Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve]], Costa Rica.\nFile:DirkvdM cloudforest\\-jungle.jpg\\|\\[\\[Parque Internacional la Amistad]], Panama\nFile:Rain forest of Petén in Guatemala.jpg\\|\\[\\[Petén–Veracruz moist forests]], Guatemala",
"",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|El Chorreron in El Salvador](/wiki/File:El_Chorrer%C3%B3n_en_San_Fernando%2C_Moraz%C3%A1n%2C_El_Salvador_-_2011.jpg \"El Chorrerón en San Fernando, Morazán, El Salvador - 2011.jpg\")\nCentral America is part of the Mesoamerican [biodiversity hotspot](/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot \"Biodiversity hotspot\"), boasting 7% of the world's [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity \"Biodiversity\"). The [Pacific Flyway](/wiki/Pacific_Flyway \"Pacific Flyway\") is a major north–south [flyway](/wiki/Flyway \"Flyway\") for [migratory birds](/wiki/Bird_migration \"Bird migration\") in the Americas, extending from [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\") to [Tierra del Fuego](/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego \"Tierra del Fuego\"). Due to the funnel\\-like shape of its land mass, migratory birds can be seen in very high concentrations in Central America, especially in the spring and autumn. As a bridge between North America and South America, Central America has many species from the [Nearctic](/wiki/Nearctic_realm \"Nearctic realm\") and the [Neotropical realms](/wiki/Neotropical_realm \"Neotropical realm\"). However the southern countries (Costa Rica and Panama) of the region have more biodiversity than the northern countries (Guatemala and Belize), meanwhile the central countries (Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador) have the least biodiversity. The table below shows recent statistics:",
"",
"| \\+Biodiversity in Central America (numbers of different species of terrestrial vertebrate animals and vascular plants) | Country | Amphibian species | Bird species | Mammal species | Reptile species | Total terrestrial vertebrate species | Vascular plants species | Biodiversity |",
"|Belize",
"46",
"544",
"147",
"140",
"877",
"2894",
"3771",
"|Costa Rica",
"183",
"838",
"232",
"258",
"1511",
"12119",
"13630",
"|El Salvador",
"30",
"434",
"137",
"106",
"707",
"2911",
"3618",
"|Guatemala",
"133",
"684",
"193",
"236",
"1246",
"8681",
"9927",
"|Honduras",
"101",
"699",
"201",
"213",
"1214",
"5680",
"6894",
"|Nicaragua",
"61",
"632",
"181",
"178",
"1052",
"7590",
"8642",
"|Panama",
"182",
"904",
"241",
"242",
"1569",
"9915",
"11484",
"Over 300 species of the region's flora and fauna are threatened, 107 of which are classified as critically endangered. The underlying problems are [deforestation](/wiki/Deforestation \"Deforestation\"), which is estimated by [FAO](/wiki/FAO \"FAO\") at 1\\.2% per year in Central America and Mexico combined, [fragmentation](/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation \"Habitat fragmentation\") of [rainforests](/wiki/Rainforest \"Rainforest\") and the fact that 80% of the vegetation in Central America has already been converted to agriculture.",
"Efforts to protect fauna and flora in the region are made by creating [ecoregions](/wiki/Ecoregion \"Ecoregion\") and nature reserves. 36% of Belize's land territory falls under some form of official protected status, giving Belize one of the most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas. In addition, 13% of Belize's marine territory are also protected. A large coral reef extends from Mexico to Honduras: the [Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System](/wiki/Mesoamerican_Barrier_Reef_System \"Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System\"). The [Belize Barrier Reef](/wiki/Belize_Barrier_Reef \"Belize Barrier Reef\") is part of this. The Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals, and is one of the most diverse [ecosystems](/wiki/Ecosystem \"Ecosystem\") of the world. It is home to 70 hard coral species, 36 [soft coral](/wiki/Alcyonacea \"Alcyonacea\") species, 500 species of fish and hundreds of [invertebrate](/wiki/Invertebrate \"Invertebrate\") species.\nSo far only about 10% of the species in the Belize barrier reef have been discovered.",
"### Flora",
"### National flowers of Central America",
"",
"File:Lycaste virginalis forma Alba.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Lycaste skinneri]]'', Guatemala\nFile:Yucca \\- ‘Daga española’ (7625319272\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Yucca gigantea\\|Izote flower]], El Salvador\nFile:Rhyncholaelia digbyana (16395522643\\).jpg\\|''\\[\\[Rhyncholaelia digbyana]]'', Honduras\nFile:Frangipani flower.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Plumeria]]'', Nicaragua\nFile:A and B Larsen orchids \\- Cattleya skinneri 574\\-24\\.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Guarianthe skinneri]]'', Costa Rica\nFile:Peristeria elata Orchi 11\\.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Peristeria elata]]'', Panama\nFile:Encyclia cochleata \\- flower.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Prosthechea cochleata]]'', Belize",
"",
"### National trees of Central America",
"",
"File:Enterolobium cyclocarpum in Guanacaste.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Enterolobium cyclocarpum]]'', Costa Rica \nFile:Maquilishuat en flor.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Tabebuia rosea]]'', El Salvador \nFile:Árbol Panamá \\- Sterculia apetala \\- Árbol Nacional de Panamá 01\\.JPG\\|''\\[\\[Sterculia apetala]]'', Panama\nFile:Pinus oocarpa, San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Pinus oocarpa]]'', Honduras \nFile:Calycophyllum candidissimum in Managua.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Calycophyllum candidissimum]]'', Nicaragua \nFile:A big Mahogany tree.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Swietenia macrophylla]]'', Belize \nFile:Ceiba, the Maya Tree of Life Laslovarga01\\.JPG\\|''\\[\\[Ceiba]]'', Guatemala",
"",
"[thumb\\|One of the hanging bridges of the skywalk at the [Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve](/wiki/Monteverde_Cloud_Forest_Reserve \"Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve\") in [Monteverde, Costa Rica](/wiki/Monteverde%2C_Costa_Rica \"Monteverde, Costa Rica\") disappearing into the clouds](/wiki/File:Costa_rica_santa_elena_skywalk.jpg \"Costa rica santa elena skywalk.jpg\")\nFrom 2001 to 2010, {{convert\\|5376\\|km2\\|sqmi\\|sp\\=us}} of forest were lost in the region. In 2010 Belize had 63% of remaining forest cover, Costa Rica 46%, Panama 45%, Honduras 41%, Guatemala 37%, Nicaragua 29%, and El Salvador 21%. Most of the loss occurred in the moist forest [biome](/wiki/Biome \"Biome\"), with {{convert\\|12201\\|km2\\|sqmi\\|sp\\=us}}. Woody vegetation loss was partially set off by a gain in the coniferous forest biome with {{convert\\|4730\\|km2\\|sqmi\\|sp\\=us}}, and a gain in the dry forest biome at {{convert\\|2054\\|km2\\|sqmi\\|sp\\=us}}. Mangroves and deserts contributed only 1% to the loss in forest vegetation. The bulk of the [deforestation](/wiki/Deforestation_in_Central_America \"Deforestation in Central America\") was located at the Caribbean slopes of Nicaragua with a loss of {{convert\\|8574\\|km2\\|sqmi\\|sp\\=us}} of forest in the period from 2001 to 2010\\. The most significant regrowth of {{convert\\|3050\\|km2\\|sqmi\\|sp\\=us}} of forest was seen in the coniferous woody vegetation of Honduras.",
"### Montane forests",
"The [Central American pine\\-oak forests](/wiki/Central_American_pine-oak_forests \"Central American pine-oak forests\") ecoregion, in the [tropical and subtropical coniferous forests](/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests \"Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests\") biome, is found in Central America and southern Mexico. The Central American pine\\-oak forests occupy an area of {{convert\\|111400\\|km2\\|sqmi\\|sp\\=us}}, extending along the mountainous spine of Central America, extending from the [Sierra Madre de Chiapas](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas \"Sierra Madre de Chiapas\") in Mexico's [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas \"Chiapas\") state through the highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras to central Nicaragua. The pine\\-oak forests lie between {{convert\\|600\\|\\-\\|1800\\|m\\|ft}} elevation, and are surrounded at lower elevations by [tropical moist forests](/wiki/Tropical_moist_forests \"Tropical moist forests\") and [tropical dry forests](/wiki/Tropical_dry_forests \"Tropical dry forests\"). Higher elevations above {{convert\\|1800\\|m\\|ft}} are usually covered with [Central American montane forests](/wiki/Central_American_montane_forests \"Central American montane forests\"). The Central American pine\\-oak forests are composed of many species characteristic of temperate North America including [oak](/wiki/Oak \"Oak\"), [pine](/wiki/Pine \"Pine\"), [fir](/wiki/Fir \"Fir\"), and [cypress](/wiki/Cypress \"Cypress\").",
"[Laurel forest](/wiki/Laurel_forest \"Laurel forest\") is the most common type of Central American temperate evergreen [cloud forest](/wiki/Cloud_forest \"Cloud forest\"), found in almost all Central American countries, normally more than {{convert\\|1000\\|m\\|ft\\|sp\\=us}} above sea level. Tree species include [evergreen oaks](/wiki/Evergreen_oak \"Evergreen oak\"), members of the [laurel family](/wiki/Laurus \"Laurus\"), species of *[Weinmannia](/wiki/Weinmannia \"Weinmannia\")* and *[Magnolia](/wiki/Magnolia \"Magnolia\")*, and *[Drimys granadensis](/wiki/Drimys_granadensis \"Drimys granadensis\")*. The cloud forest of [Sierra de las Minas](/wiki/Sierra_de_las_Minas \"Sierra de las Minas\"), Guatemala, is the largest in Central America. In some areas of southeastern Honduras there are cloud forests, the largest located near the border with Nicaragua. In Nicaragua, cloud forests are situated near the border with Honduras, but many were cleared to grow coffee. There are still some temperate evergreen hills in the north. The only cloud forest in the Pacific coastal zone of Central America is on the [Mombacho](/wiki/Mombacho \"Mombacho\") volcano in Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, there are laurel forests in the Cordillera de [Tilarán](/wiki/Tilar%C3%A1n \"Tilarán\") and [Volcán Arenal](/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Arenal \"Volcán Arenal\"), called [Monteverde](/wiki/Monteverde \"Monteverde\"), also in the [Cordillera de Talamanca](/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca \"Cordillera de Talamanca\").",
"The [Central American montane forests](/wiki/Central_American_montane_forests \"Central American montane forests\") are an ecoregion of the [tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests](/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests \"Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests\") biome, as defined by the [World Wildlife Fund](/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund \"World Wildlife Fund\"). These forests are of the moist deciduous and the semi\\-evergreen seasonal subtype of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer [wet season](/wiki/Wet_season \"Wet season\") and a cooler winter dry season. Central American montane forests consist of forest patches located at altitudes ranging from {{convert\\|1800\\|\\-\\|4000\\|m\\|ft}}, on the summits and slopes of the highest mountains in Central America ranging from Southern Mexico, through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, to northern Nicaragua. The entire ecoregion covers an area of {{convert\\|13200\\|km2\\|sqmi\\|sp\\=us}} and has a [temperate climate](/wiki/Temperate_climate \"Temperate climate\") with relatively high [precipitation](/wiki/Precipitation \"Precipitation\") levels.",
"### Fauna",
"{{See also\\|List of mammals of Central America\\|List of Central American monkey species}}",
"### Legendary National Birds of Central America",
"",
"File:Male Resplendent Quetzal.jpg\\|\\[\\[Resplendent quetzal]], Guatemala\nFile:Eumomota superciliosa.jpg\\|\\[\\[Turquoise\\-browed motmot]], El Salvador and Nicaragua\nFile:Keel\\-billed toucan.jpg\\|\\[\\[Keel\\-billed toucan]], Belize\nFile:Scarlet\\-Macaw.jpg\\|\\[\\[Scarlet macaw]], Honduras\nFile:Turdus grayi 4zz.jpg\\|\\[\\[Clay\\-colored thrush]], Costa Rica\nFile:Harpy Eagle.jpg\\|\\[\\[Harpy eagle]], Panama",
"Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves but also because they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often endemic fauna. Almost half of the bird population of the [Talamancan montane forests](/wiki/Talamancan_montane_forests \"Talamancan montane forests\") in Costa Rica and Panama are endemic to this region. Several birds are listed as threatened, most notably the [resplendent quetzal](/wiki/Resplendent_quetzal \"Resplendent quetzal\") (Pharomacrus mocinno), [three\\-wattled bellbird](/wiki/Three-wattled_bellbird \"Three-wattled bellbird\") (Procnias tricarunculata), [bare\\-necked umbrellabird](/wiki/Bare-necked_umbrellabird \"Bare-necked umbrellabird\") (Cephalopterus glabricollis), and [black guan](/wiki/Black_guan \"Black guan\") (Chamaepetes unicolor). Many of the amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest. The [golden toad](/wiki/Golden_toad \"Golden toad\") that once inhabited a small region in the Monteverde Reserve, which is part of the Talamancan montane forests, has not been seen alive since 1989 and is listed as extinct by IUCN. The exact causes for its extinction are unknown. Global warming may have played a role, because the development of that frog is typical for this area may have been compromised. Seven small mammals are endemic to the Costa Rica\\-Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest region. [Jaguars](/wiki/Jaguar \"Jaguar\"), [cougars](/wiki/Cougar \"Cougar\"), [spider monkeys](/wiki/Spider_monkey \"Spider monkey\"), as well as [tapirs](/wiki/Tapir \"Tapir\"), and [anteaters](/wiki/Anteater \"Anteater\") live in the woods of Central America. The [Central American red brocket](/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket \"Central American red brocket\") is a brocket deer found in Central America's tropical forest.",
"### Geology",
"[thumb\\|Central America and the [Caribbean Plate](/wiki/Caribbean_Plate \"Caribbean Plate\")](/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_Caribbean.png \"Tectonic plates Caribbean.png\")\n{{See also\\|Central America Volcanic Arc\\|List of earthquakes in Costa Rica\\|List of earthquakes in El Salvador\\|List of earthquakes in Guatemala\\|List of earthquakes in Nicaragua}}\n{{image frame\\|content\\=",
"File:Lago de coatepeque de color.jpg\\|\\[\\[Coatepeque Caldera]], El Salvador\nFile:Atitlan Lake and Volcanoes (3746396035\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Lake Atitlán]], Guatemala\nFile:Mombacho.JPG\\|\\[\\[Mombacho]], Nicaragua\nFile:Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica.JPG\\|\\[\\[Arenal Volcano]], Costa Rica",
"}}",
"Central America is geologically very active, with [volcanic eruptions](/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions \"Types of volcanic eruptions\") and earthquakes occurring frequently, and [tsunamis](/wiki/Tsunami \"Tsunami\") occurring occasionally. Many thousands of people have died as a result of these natural disasters.",
"Most of Central America rests atop the [Caribbean Plate](/wiki/Caribbean_Plate \"Caribbean Plate\"). This [tectonic plate](/wiki/Plate_tectonics \"Plate tectonics\") converges with the [Cocos](/wiki/Cocos_Plate \"Cocos Plate\"), [Nazca](/wiki/Nazca_Plate \"Nazca Plate\"), and [North American](/wiki/North_American_Plate \"North American Plate\") plates to form the [Middle America Trench](/wiki/Middle_America_Trench \"Middle America Trench\"), a major [subduction](/wiki/Subduction \"Subduction\") zone. The Middle America Trench is situated some {{convert\\|60\\-160\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to it. Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic activity at the Middle America Trench. For example, subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate at the Middle America Trench is believed to have caused the [1985 Mexico City earthquake](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake \"1985 Mexico City earthquake\") that killed as many as 40,000 people. Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in [1902](/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake \"1902 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1942](/wiki/1942_Guatemala_earthquake \"1942 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1956](/wiki/1956_Nicaragua_earthquake \"1956 Nicaragua earthquake\"), [1982](/wiki/1982_El_Salvador_earthquake \"1982 El Salvador earthquake\"), [1992](/wiki/1992_Nicaragua_earthquake \"1992 Nicaragua earthquake\"), [January 2001](/wiki/January_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake \"January 2001 El Salvador earthquake\"), [February 2001](/wiki/February_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake \"February 2001 El Salvador earthquake\"), [2007](/wiki/2007_Guatemala_earthquake \"2007 Guatemala earthquake\"), [2012](/wiki/2012_Guatemala_earthquake \"2012 Guatemala earthquake\"), [2014](/wiki/October_2014_Nicaragua_earthquake \"October 2014 Nicaragua earthquake\"), and many other earthquakes throughout Central America.",
"The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Central America. The [Motagua Fault](/wiki/Motagua_Fault \"Motagua Fault\") is an onshore continuation of the [Cayman Trough](/wiki/Cayman_Trough \"Cayman Trough\") which forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. This [transform fault](/wiki/Transform_fault \"Transform fault\") cuts right across Guatemala and then continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of Mexico, near [Acapulco](/wiki/Acapulco \"Acapulco\"). Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in [1717](/wiki/1717_Guatemala_earthquake \"1717 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1773](/wiki/1773_Guatemala_earthquake \"1773 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1902](/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake \"1902 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1976](/wiki/1976_Guatemala_earthquake \"1976 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1980](/wiki/1980_Honduras_earthquake \"1980 Honduras earthquake\"), and [2009](/wiki/2009_Honduras_earthquake \"2009 Honduras earthquake\").",
"Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is the [Chixoy\\-Polochic Fault](/wiki/Chixoy-Polochic_Fault \"Chixoy-Polochic Fault\"), which runs parallel to, and roughly {{convert\\|80\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} to the north, of the Motagua Fault. Though less active than the Motagua Fault, seismic activity at the Chixoy\\-Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very large earthquakes, such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala.",
"[Managua](/wiki/Managua \"Managua\"), the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in [1931](/wiki/1931_Nicaragua_earthquake \"1931 Nicaragua earthquake\") and [1972](/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake \"1972 Nicaragua earthquake\").",
"Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America. In 1968 the [Arenal Volcano](/wiki/Arenal_Volcano \"Arenal Volcano\"), in Costa Rica, erupted killing 87 people as the 3 villages of Tabacon, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas.",
""
] |
### Geology
[thumb\|Central America and the [Caribbean Plate](/wiki/Caribbean_Plate "Caribbean Plate")](/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_Caribbean.png "Tectonic plates Caribbean.png")
{{See also\|Central America Volcanic Arc\|List of earthquakes in Costa Rica\|List of earthquakes in El Salvador\|List of earthquakes in Guatemala\|List of earthquakes in Nicaragua}}
{{image frame\|content\=
File:Lago de coatepeque de color.jpg\|\[\[Coatepeque Caldera]], El Salvador
File:Atitlan Lake and Volcanoes (3746396035\).jpg\|\[\[Lake Atitlán]], Guatemala
File:Mombacho.JPG\|\[\[Mombacho]], Nicaragua
File:Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica.JPG\|\[\[Arenal Volcano]], Costa Rica
}}
Central America is geologically very active, with [volcanic eruptions](/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions "Types of volcanic eruptions") and earthquakes occurring frequently, and [tsunamis](/wiki/Tsunami "Tsunami") occurring occasionally. Many thousands of people have died as a result of these natural disasters.
Most of Central America rests atop the [Caribbean Plate](/wiki/Caribbean_Plate "Caribbean Plate"). This [tectonic plate](/wiki/Plate_tectonics "Plate tectonics") converges with the [Cocos](/wiki/Cocos_Plate "Cocos Plate"), [Nazca](/wiki/Nazca_Plate "Nazca Plate"), and [North American](/wiki/North_American_Plate "North American Plate") plates to form the [Middle America Trench](/wiki/Middle_America_Trench "Middle America Trench"), a major [subduction](/wiki/Subduction "Subduction") zone. The Middle America Trench is situated some {{convert\|60\-160\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to it. Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic activity at the Middle America Trench. For example, subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate at the Middle America Trench is believed to have caused the [1985 Mexico City earthquake](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake "1985 Mexico City earthquake") that killed as many as 40,000 people. Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in [1902](/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake "1902 Guatemala earthquake"), [1942](/wiki/1942_Guatemala_earthquake "1942 Guatemala earthquake"), [1956](/wiki/1956_Nicaragua_earthquake "1956 Nicaragua earthquake"), [1982](/wiki/1982_El_Salvador_earthquake "1982 El Salvador earthquake"), [1992](/wiki/1992_Nicaragua_earthquake "1992 Nicaragua earthquake"), [January 2001](/wiki/January_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake "January 2001 El Salvador earthquake"), [February 2001](/wiki/February_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake "February 2001 El Salvador earthquake"), [2007](/wiki/2007_Guatemala_earthquake "2007 Guatemala earthquake"), [2012](/wiki/2012_Guatemala_earthquake "2012 Guatemala earthquake"), [2014](/wiki/October_2014_Nicaragua_earthquake "October 2014 Nicaragua earthquake"), and many other earthquakes throughout Central America.
The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Central America. The [Motagua Fault](/wiki/Motagua_Fault "Motagua Fault") is an onshore continuation of the [Cayman Trough](/wiki/Cayman_Trough "Cayman Trough") which forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. This [transform fault](/wiki/Transform_fault "Transform fault") cuts right across Guatemala and then continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of Mexico, near [Acapulco](/wiki/Acapulco "Acapulco"). Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in [1717](/wiki/1717_Guatemala_earthquake "1717 Guatemala earthquake"), [1773](/wiki/1773_Guatemala_earthquake "1773 Guatemala earthquake"), [1902](/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake "1902 Guatemala earthquake"), [1976](/wiki/1976_Guatemala_earthquake "1976 Guatemala earthquake"), [1980](/wiki/1980_Honduras_earthquake "1980 Honduras earthquake"), and [2009](/wiki/2009_Honduras_earthquake "2009 Honduras earthquake").
Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is the [Chixoy\-Polochic Fault](/wiki/Chixoy-Polochic_Fault "Chixoy-Polochic Fault"), which runs parallel to, and roughly {{convert\|80\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} to the north, of the Motagua Fault. Though less active than the Motagua Fault, seismic activity at the Chixoy\-Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very large earthquakes, such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala.
[Managua](/wiki/Managua "Managua"), the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in [1931](/wiki/1931_Nicaragua_earthquake "1931 Nicaragua earthquake") and [1972](/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake "1972 Nicaragua earthquake").
Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America. In 1968 the [Arenal Volcano](/wiki/Arenal_Volcano "Arenal Volcano"), in Costa Rica, erupted killing 87 people as the 3 villages of Tabacon, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas.
|
[
"### Geology",
"[thumb\\|Central America and the [Caribbean Plate](/wiki/Caribbean_Plate \"Caribbean Plate\")](/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_Caribbean.png \"Tectonic plates Caribbean.png\")\n{{See also\\|Central America Volcanic Arc\\|List of earthquakes in Costa Rica\\|List of earthquakes in El Salvador\\|List of earthquakes in Guatemala\\|List of earthquakes in Nicaragua}}\n{{image frame\\|content\\=",
"File:Lago de coatepeque de color.jpg\\|\\[\\[Coatepeque Caldera]], El Salvador\nFile:Atitlan Lake and Volcanoes (3746396035\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Lake Atitlán]], Guatemala\nFile:Mombacho.JPG\\|\\[\\[Mombacho]], Nicaragua\nFile:Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica.JPG\\|\\[\\[Arenal Volcano]], Costa Rica",
"}}",
"Central America is geologically very active, with [volcanic eruptions](/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions \"Types of volcanic eruptions\") and earthquakes occurring frequently, and [tsunamis](/wiki/Tsunami \"Tsunami\") occurring occasionally. Many thousands of people have died as a result of these natural disasters.",
"Most of Central America rests atop the [Caribbean Plate](/wiki/Caribbean_Plate \"Caribbean Plate\"). This [tectonic plate](/wiki/Plate_tectonics \"Plate tectonics\") converges with the [Cocos](/wiki/Cocos_Plate \"Cocos Plate\"), [Nazca](/wiki/Nazca_Plate \"Nazca Plate\"), and [North American](/wiki/North_American_Plate \"North American Plate\") plates to form the [Middle America Trench](/wiki/Middle_America_Trench \"Middle America Trench\"), a major [subduction](/wiki/Subduction \"Subduction\") zone. The Middle America Trench is situated some {{convert\\|60\\-160\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to it. Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic activity at the Middle America Trench. For example, subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate at the Middle America Trench is believed to have caused the [1985 Mexico City earthquake](/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake \"1985 Mexico City earthquake\") that killed as many as 40,000 people. Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in [1902](/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake \"1902 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1942](/wiki/1942_Guatemala_earthquake \"1942 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1956](/wiki/1956_Nicaragua_earthquake \"1956 Nicaragua earthquake\"), [1982](/wiki/1982_El_Salvador_earthquake \"1982 El Salvador earthquake\"), [1992](/wiki/1992_Nicaragua_earthquake \"1992 Nicaragua earthquake\"), [January 2001](/wiki/January_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake \"January 2001 El Salvador earthquake\"), [February 2001](/wiki/February_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake \"February 2001 El Salvador earthquake\"), [2007](/wiki/2007_Guatemala_earthquake \"2007 Guatemala earthquake\"), [2012](/wiki/2012_Guatemala_earthquake \"2012 Guatemala earthquake\"), [2014](/wiki/October_2014_Nicaragua_earthquake \"October 2014 Nicaragua earthquake\"), and many other earthquakes throughout Central America.",
"The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Central America. The [Motagua Fault](/wiki/Motagua_Fault \"Motagua Fault\") is an onshore continuation of the [Cayman Trough](/wiki/Cayman_Trough \"Cayman Trough\") which forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. This [transform fault](/wiki/Transform_fault \"Transform fault\") cuts right across Guatemala and then continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of Mexico, near [Acapulco](/wiki/Acapulco \"Acapulco\"). Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in [1717](/wiki/1717_Guatemala_earthquake \"1717 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1773](/wiki/1773_Guatemala_earthquake \"1773 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1902](/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake \"1902 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1976](/wiki/1976_Guatemala_earthquake \"1976 Guatemala earthquake\"), [1980](/wiki/1980_Honduras_earthquake \"1980 Honduras earthquake\"), and [2009](/wiki/2009_Honduras_earthquake \"2009 Honduras earthquake\").",
"Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is the [Chixoy\\-Polochic Fault](/wiki/Chixoy-Polochic_Fault \"Chixoy-Polochic Fault\"), which runs parallel to, and roughly {{convert\\|80\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} to the north, of the Motagua Fault. Though less active than the Motagua Fault, seismic activity at the Chixoy\\-Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very large earthquakes, such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala.",
"[Managua](/wiki/Managua \"Managua\"), the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in [1931](/wiki/1931_Nicaragua_earthquake \"1931 Nicaragua earthquake\") and [1972](/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake \"1972 Nicaragua earthquake\").",
"Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America. In 1968 the [Arenal Volcano](/wiki/Arenal_Volcano \"Arenal Volcano\"), in Costa Rica, erupted killing 87 people as the 3 villages of Tabacon, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas.",
""
] |
Politics
--------
### Leaders of Central America
File:Retrato oficial de Presidente Bernardo Arévalo (cropped 4\).jpg\|\[\[Bernardo Arévalo]] Guatemala
File:Presidente Bukele (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Nayib Bukele]] El Salvador
File:Xiomara Castro 2022 (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Xiomara Castro]] Honduras
File:Daniel Ortega 2014 (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Daniel Ortega]] Nicaragua
File:Rodrigo Chaves, discurso posesión (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Rodrigo Chaves Robles]] Costa Rica
File:Laurentino Cortizo at the Enthronement of Naruhito (1\).jpg\|\[\[Laurentino Cortizo]] Panama
File:Johnny Briceño (52135383761\) (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Johnny Briceño]] Belize
### Integration
{{Main\|Central American Integration System}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organization
\| name \= \[\[Central American Integration System\|Central American
Integration System]]
\| native\_name \= {{lower\|5px\|''Sistema de
Integración Centroamericana''}}
\| image\_symbol \= SICA ZP.svg
\| motto \= "Peace, Development, Liberty and Democracy"
\| anthem \= ''La Granadera''
\| area\_km2 \= 523,780{{cite web\|website\=World Population Review\|title\=Central America Population\|language\=en\|url\=http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/central\-america\-population/\|access\-date\=26 June 2022}}
\| population\_estimate \= 52,176,283
\| population\_estimate\_year \= 2022
\| population\_density\_km2 \= {{pop density\|52176283\|523780\|prec\=1\|disp\=num}}
\| membership\_type \= Countries
\| membership \= {{ubl\|Belize\| Costa Rica\| El Salvador\| Guatemala\| Honduras\| Nicaragua\| Panama\| Dominican Republic}}
}}
Central America is currently undergoing a process of political, economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the [Central American Court of Justice](/wiki/Central_American_Court_of_Justice "Central American Court of Justice").
In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty, which created the ODECA, the Organization of Central American States. However, the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts between several member states.
In 1991, the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation of the [Central American Integration System](/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System "Central American Integration System") (*Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana*, or SICA). SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes between the member states. SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"), a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean.
On 6 December 2008, SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and common passport for the member nations.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.france24\.com/en/20081206\-central\-american\-leaders\-agree\-common\-currency\-\|title\=Central American leaders agree on common currency\|work\=France 24\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-05\|language\=en\-US}} No timeline for implementation was discussed.
Central America already has several supranational institutions such as the [Central American Parliament](/wiki/Central_American_Parliament "Central American Parliament"), the [Central American Bank for Economic Integration](/wiki/Central_American_Bank_for_Economic_Integration "Central American Bank for Economic Integration") and the [Central American Common Market](/wiki/Central_American_Common_Market "Central American Common Market").
On 22 July 2011, President [Mauricio Funes](/wiki/Mauricio_Funes "Mauricio Funes") of El Salvador became the first president *[pro tempore](/wiki/Pro_tempore "Pro tempore")* to SICA. El Salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building.
### Foreign relations
{{See also\|Sino\-Latin America relations}}
Until recently,{{when\|date\=January 2019}} all Central American countries maintained diplomatic relations with [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") instead of China. President [Óscar Arias](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias "Óscar Arias") of Costa Rica, however, established diplomatic relations with China in 2007, severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan. After breaking off relations with the Republic of China in 2017, Panama established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. In August 2018, El Salvador also severed ties with Taiwan to formally start recognizing the People's Republic of China as sole China, a move many considered lacked transparency due to its abruptness and reports of the Chinese government's desires to invest in the department of La Union while also promising to fund the ruling party's reelection campaign.{{Cite news \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/asia/taiwan\-el\-salvador\-china.amp.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/asia/taiwan\-el\-salvador\-china.amp.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-01\-01 \|url\-access\=limited \| title\=White House Criticizes China over el Salvador Recognition\| newspaper\=The New York Times\| date\=24 August 2018\| last1\=Ramzy\| first1\=Austin}}{{cbignore}} The President of El Salvador, [Nayib Bukele](/wiki/Nayib_Bukele "Nayib Bukele"), broke diplomatic relations with Taiwan and established ties with [China](/wiki/China "China"). On 9 December 2021, Nicaragua resumed relations with the PRC.{{cite news \|title\=Nicaragua cuts ties with Taiwan and pivots to China \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/10/nicaragua\-cuts\-ties\-with\-taiwan\-and\-pivots\-to\-china \|work\=the Guardian \|date\=10 December 2021 \|language\=en}}
### Parliament
{{Main\|Central American Parliament}}
[thumb\|Emblem of the [Central American Parliament](/wiki/Central_American_Parliament "Central American Parliament")](/wiki/File:Emblema_del_Parlamento_Centroamericano.svg "Emblema del Parlamento Centroamericano.svg")
The Central American Parliament (aka PARLACEN) is a political and parliamentary body of SICA. The parliament started around 1980, and its primary goal was to resolve conflicts in Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Although the group was disbanded in 1986, ideas of unity of Central Americans still remained, so a treaty was signed in 1987 to create the Central American Parliament and other political bodies. Its original members were Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras. The parliament is the political organ of Central America, and is part of SICA. New members have since then joined including Panama and the Dominican Republic.
Costa Rica is not a member State of the Central American Parliament and its adhesion remains as a very unpopular topic at all levels of the Costa Rican society due to existing strong political criticism towards the regional parliament, since it is regarded by Costa Ricans as a menace to democratic accountability and effectiveness of integration efforts. Excessively high salaries for its members, legal immunity of jurisdiction from any member State, corruption, lack of a binding nature and effectiveness of the regional parliament's decisions, high operative costs and immediate membership of Central American Presidents once they leave their office and presidential terms, are the most common reasons invoked by Costa Ricans against the Central American Parliament.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2019}}
{{Clear left}}
|
[
"Politics\n--------",
"### Leaders of Central America",
"",
"File:Retrato oficial de Presidente Bernardo Arévalo (cropped 4\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Bernardo Arévalo]] Guatemala\nFile:Presidente Bukele (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Nayib Bukele]] El Salvador\nFile:Xiomara Castro 2022 (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Xiomara Castro]] Honduras\nFile:Daniel Ortega 2014 (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Daniel Ortega]] Nicaragua\nFile:Rodrigo Chaves, discurso posesión (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Rodrigo Chaves Robles]] Costa Rica\nFile:Laurentino Cortizo at the Enthronement of Naruhito (1\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Laurentino Cortizo]] Panama\nFile:Johnny Briceño (52135383761\\) (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Johnny Briceño]] Belize",
"",
"### Integration",
"{{Main\\|Central American Integration System}}\n{{Infobox geopolitical organization\n\\| name \\= \\[\\[Central American Integration System\\|Central American \nIntegration System]]\n\\| native\\_name \\= {{lower\\|5px\\|''Sistema de \nIntegración Centroamericana''}}\n\\| image\\_symbol \\= SICA ZP.svg\n\\| motto \\= \"Peace, Development, Liberty and Democracy\"\n\\| anthem \\= ''La Granadera''\n\\| area\\_km2 \\= 523,780{{cite web\\|website\\=World Population Review\\|title\\=Central America Population\\|language\\=en\\|url\\=http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/central\\-america\\-population/\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2022}}\n\\| population\\_estimate \\= 52,176,283\n\\| population\\_estimate\\_year \\= 2022\n\\| population\\_density\\_km2 \\= {{pop density\\|52176283\\|523780\\|prec\\=1\\|disp\\=num}}\n\\| membership\\_type \\= Countries\n\\| membership \\= {{ubl\\|Belize\\| Costa Rica\\| El Salvador\\| Guatemala\\| Honduras\\| Nicaragua\\| Panama\\| Dominican Republic}}\n}}",
"Central America is currently undergoing a process of political, economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the [Central American Court of Justice](/wiki/Central_American_Court_of_Justice \"Central American Court of Justice\").",
"In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty, which created the ODECA, the Organization of Central American States. However, the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts between several member states.",
"In 1991, the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation of the [Central American Integration System](/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System \"Central American Integration System\") (*Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana*, or SICA). SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes between the member states. SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\"), a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean.",
"On 6 December 2008, SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and common passport for the member nations.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.france24\\.com/en/20081206\\-central\\-american\\-leaders\\-agree\\-common\\-currency\\-\\|title\\=Central American leaders agree on common currency\\|work\\=France 24\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-05\\|language\\=en\\-US}} No timeline for implementation was discussed.",
"Central America already has several supranational institutions such as the [Central American Parliament](/wiki/Central_American_Parliament \"Central American Parliament\"), the [Central American Bank for Economic Integration](/wiki/Central_American_Bank_for_Economic_Integration \"Central American Bank for Economic Integration\") and the [Central American Common Market](/wiki/Central_American_Common_Market \"Central American Common Market\").",
"On 22 July 2011, President [Mauricio Funes](/wiki/Mauricio_Funes \"Mauricio Funes\") of El Salvador became the first president *[pro tempore](/wiki/Pro_tempore \"Pro tempore\")* to SICA. El Salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building.",
"### Foreign relations",
"{{See also\\|Sino\\-Latin America relations}}\nUntil recently,{{when\\|date\\=January 2019}} all Central American countries maintained diplomatic relations with [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") instead of China. President [Óscar Arias](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias \"Óscar Arias\") of Costa Rica, however, established diplomatic relations with China in 2007, severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan. After breaking off relations with the Republic of China in 2017, Panama established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. In August 2018, El Salvador also severed ties with Taiwan to formally start recognizing the People's Republic of China as sole China, a move many considered lacked transparency due to its abruptness and reports of the Chinese government's desires to invest in the department of La Union while also promising to fund the ruling party's reelection campaign.{{Cite news \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/asia/taiwan\\-el\\-salvador\\-china.amp.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/asia/taiwan\\-el\\-salvador\\-china.amp.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-01 \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\| title\\=White House Criticizes China over el Salvador Recognition\\| newspaper\\=The New York Times\\| date\\=24 August 2018\\| last1\\=Ramzy\\| first1\\=Austin}}{{cbignore}} The President of El Salvador, [Nayib Bukele](/wiki/Nayib_Bukele \"Nayib Bukele\"), broke diplomatic relations with Taiwan and established ties with [China](/wiki/China \"China\"). On 9 December 2021, Nicaragua resumed relations with the PRC.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nicaragua cuts ties with Taiwan and pivots to China \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/10/nicaragua\\-cuts\\-ties\\-with\\-taiwan\\-and\\-pivots\\-to\\-china \\|work\\=the Guardian \\|date\\=10 December 2021 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Parliament",
"{{Main\\|Central American Parliament}}\n[thumb\\|Emblem of the [Central American Parliament](/wiki/Central_American_Parliament \"Central American Parliament\")](/wiki/File:Emblema_del_Parlamento_Centroamericano.svg \"Emblema del Parlamento Centroamericano.svg\")\nThe Central American Parliament (aka PARLACEN) is a political and parliamentary body of SICA. The parliament started around 1980, and its primary goal was to resolve conflicts in Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Although the group was disbanded in 1986, ideas of unity of Central Americans still remained, so a treaty was signed in 1987 to create the Central American Parliament and other political bodies. Its original members were Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras. The parliament is the political organ of Central America, and is part of SICA. New members have since then joined including Panama and the Dominican Republic.",
"Costa Rica is not a member State of the Central American Parliament and its adhesion remains as a very unpopular topic at all levels of the Costa Rican society due to existing strong political criticism towards the regional parliament, since it is regarded by Costa Ricans as a menace to democratic accountability and effectiveness of integration efforts. Excessively high salaries for its members, legal immunity of jurisdiction from any member State, corruption, lack of a binding nature and effectiveness of the regional parliament's decisions, high operative costs and immediate membership of Central American Presidents once they leave their office and presidential terms, are the most common reasons invoked by Costa Ricans against the Central American Parliament.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2019}}\n{{Clear left}}",
""
] |
### Integration
{{Main\|Central American Integration System}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organization
\| name \= \[\[Central American Integration System\|Central American
Integration System]]
\| native\_name \= {{lower\|5px\|''Sistema de
Integración Centroamericana''}}
\| image\_symbol \= SICA ZP.svg
\| motto \= "Peace, Development, Liberty and Democracy"
\| anthem \= ''La Granadera''
\| area\_km2 \= 523,780{{cite web\|website\=World Population Review\|title\=Central America Population\|language\=en\|url\=http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/central\-america\-population/\|access\-date\=26 June 2022}}
\| population\_estimate \= 52,176,283
\| population\_estimate\_year \= 2022
\| population\_density\_km2 \= {{pop density\|52176283\|523780\|prec\=1\|disp\=num}}
\| membership\_type \= Countries
\| membership \= {{ubl\|Belize\| Costa Rica\| El Salvador\| Guatemala\| Honduras\| Nicaragua\| Panama\| Dominican Republic}}
}}
Central America is currently undergoing a process of political, economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the [Central American Court of Justice](/wiki/Central_American_Court_of_Justice "Central American Court of Justice").
In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty, which created the ODECA, the Organization of Central American States. However, the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts between several member states.
In 1991, the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation of the [Central American Integration System](/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System "Central American Integration System") (*Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana*, or SICA). SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes between the member states. SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"), a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean.
On 6 December 2008, SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and common passport for the member nations.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.france24\.com/en/20081206\-central\-american\-leaders\-agree\-common\-currency\-\|title\=Central American leaders agree on common currency\|work\=France 24\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-05\|language\=en\-US}} No timeline for implementation was discussed.
Central America already has several supranational institutions such as the [Central American Parliament](/wiki/Central_American_Parliament "Central American Parliament"), the [Central American Bank for Economic Integration](/wiki/Central_American_Bank_for_Economic_Integration "Central American Bank for Economic Integration") and the [Central American Common Market](/wiki/Central_American_Common_Market "Central American Common Market").
On 22 July 2011, President [Mauricio Funes](/wiki/Mauricio_Funes "Mauricio Funes") of El Salvador became the first president *[pro tempore](/wiki/Pro_tempore "Pro tempore")* to SICA. El Salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building.
|
[
"### Integration",
"{{Main\\|Central American Integration System}}\n{{Infobox geopolitical organization\n\\| name \\= \\[\\[Central American Integration System\\|Central American \nIntegration System]]\n\\| native\\_name \\= {{lower\\|5px\\|''Sistema de \nIntegración Centroamericana''}}\n\\| image\\_symbol \\= SICA ZP.svg\n\\| motto \\= \"Peace, Development, Liberty and Democracy\"\n\\| anthem \\= ''La Granadera''\n\\| area\\_km2 \\= 523,780{{cite web\\|website\\=World Population Review\\|title\\=Central America Population\\|language\\=en\\|url\\=http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/central\\-america\\-population/\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2022}}\n\\| population\\_estimate \\= 52,176,283\n\\| population\\_estimate\\_year \\= 2022\n\\| population\\_density\\_km2 \\= {{pop density\\|52176283\\|523780\\|prec\\=1\\|disp\\=num}}\n\\| membership\\_type \\= Countries\n\\| membership \\= {{ubl\\|Belize\\| Costa Rica\\| El Salvador\\| Guatemala\\| Honduras\\| Nicaragua\\| Panama\\| Dominican Republic}}\n}}",
"Central America is currently undergoing a process of political, economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the [Central American Court of Justice](/wiki/Central_American_Court_of_Justice \"Central American Court of Justice\").",
"In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty, which created the ODECA, the Organization of Central American States. However, the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts between several member states.",
"In 1991, the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation of the [Central American Integration System](/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System \"Central American Integration System\") (*Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana*, or SICA). SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes between the member states. SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\"), a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean.",
"On 6 December 2008, SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and common passport for the member nations.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.france24\\.com/en/20081206\\-central\\-american\\-leaders\\-agree\\-common\\-currency\\-\\|title\\=Central American leaders agree on common currency\\|work\\=France 24\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-05\\|language\\=en\\-US}} No timeline for implementation was discussed.",
"Central America already has several supranational institutions such as the [Central American Parliament](/wiki/Central_American_Parliament \"Central American Parliament\"), the [Central American Bank for Economic Integration](/wiki/Central_American_Bank_for_Economic_Integration \"Central American Bank for Economic Integration\") and the [Central American Common Market](/wiki/Central_American_Common_Market \"Central American Common Market\").",
"On 22 July 2011, President [Mauricio Funes](/wiki/Mauricio_Funes \"Mauricio Funes\") of El Salvador became the first president *[pro tempore](/wiki/Pro_tempore \"Pro tempore\")* to SICA. El Salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building.",
""
] |
Economy
-------
{{See also\|Economy of Belize\|Economy of Costa Rica\|Economy of El Salvador\|Economy of Guatemala\|Economy of Honduras\|Economy of Nicaragua\|Economy of Panama\|l1\=Economy of Belize\|l2\=Costa Rica\|l3\=El Salvador\|l4\=Guatemala\|l5\=Honduras\|l6\=Nicaragua\|l7\=Panama}}
File:Banco deGuatemala.JPG\|\[\[Bank of Guatemala\|Central Bank of Guatemala]]
File:World Trade Center San Salvador.jpg\|\[\[World Trade Center San Salvador]]
File:BCH.jpg\|\[\[Central Bank of Honduras]]
File:Maqueta del Banco Central de Nicaragua.jpg\|\[\[Central Bank of Nicaragua]]
File:Banco Central de Costa Rica.jpg\|\[\[Central Bank of Costa Rica]]
File:Banco Nacional de Panamá, en vía España de la ciudad de Panamá.jpg\|\[\[National Bank of Panama]]
File:Belizean Central Bank 2015\.jpg\|\[\[Central Bank of Belize]]
[thumb\|Federal Republic of Central America, 4 Escudos (1835\). Struck in the San Jose, Costa Rica mint (697 were minted)](/wiki/File:Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_1835_4_Real.jpg "Federal Republic of Central America 1835 4 Real.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Secretariat of Central American Economic Integration](/wiki/File:LogoSieca.jpg "LogoSieca.jpg")
Signed in 2004, the [Central American Free Trade Agreement](/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement "Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement") (CAFTA) is an agreement between the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"). The treaty is aimed at promoting [free trade](/wiki/Free_trade "Free trade") among its members.
Guatemala has the largest economy in the region. Its main exports are coffee, sugar, bananas, petroleum, clothing, and [cardamom](/wiki/Cardamom "Cardamom"). Of its 10\.29 billion dollar annual exports, 40\.2% go to the United States, 11\.1% to neighboring El Salvador, 8% to Honduras, 5\.5% to Mexico, 4\.7% to Nicaragua, and 4\.3% to Costa Rica.
The region is particularly attractive for companies (especially clothing companies) because of its geographical proximity to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), very low wages and considerable tax advantages. In addition, the decline in the prices of coffee and other export products and the structural adjustment measures promoted by the international financial institutions have partly ruined agriculture, favouring the emergence of maquiladoras. This sector accounts for 42 per cent of total exports from El Salvador, 55 per cent from Guatemala, and 65 per cent from Honduras. However, its contribution to the economies of these countries is disputed; raw materials are imported, jobs are precarious and low\-paid, and tax exemptions weaken public finances.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.insumisos.com/diplo/NODE/663\.HTM\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110407125941/http://www.insumisos.com/diplo/NODE/663\.HTM\| archive\-date \= 7 April 2011\| title \= Las "maquilas" no admiten sindicalistas {{!}} El Dipló}}
They are also criticised for the working conditions of employees: insults and physical violence, abusive dismissals (especially of pregnant workers), working hours, non\-payment of overtime. According to Lucrecia Bautista, coordinator of the *maquilas* sector of the audit firm Coverco, "labour law regulations are regularly violated in maquilas and there is no political will to enforce their application. In the case of infringements, the labour inspectorate shows remarkable leniency. It is a question of not discouraging investors." Trade unionists are subject to pressure, and sometimes to kidnapping or murder. In some cases, business leaders have used the services of the [maras](/wiki/Mara_%28gang%29 "Mara (gang)"). Finally, black lists containing the names of trade unionists or political activists are circulating in employers' circles.
Economic growth in Central America is projected to slow slightly in 2014–15, as country\-specific domestic factors offset the positive effects from stronger economic activity in the United States.
| \+Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Central American countries | Country | GDP(nominal)$ millions{{efn\|name\=in\-millions\-usd\|Values listed in millions USD.}} | GDP(nominalper capita)Data mostly refers to IMF staff estimates for the year 2013, made in April 2014\. [World Economic Outlook Database\-April 2014](http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=41&pr.y=13), [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund"). Accessed on 9 April 2014\.Data refers mostly to the year 2012\. [World Development Indicators database](http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=12&id=4&CNO=2), [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank"). Database updated on 18 December 2013\. Accessed on 18 December 2013\. | GDP(PPP)$ millions{{efn\|name\=in\-millions\-usd}} |
Belize
1,552 |
$4,602 |
2,914 |
Costa Rica
44,313 |
$10,432 |
57,955 |
El Salvador
24,421 |
$3,875 |
46,050 |
Guatemala
50,303 |
$3,512 |
78,012 |
Honduras
18,320 |
$2,323 |
37,408 |
Nicaragua
7,695 |
$1,839 |
19,827 |
Panama
34,517 |
$10,838 |
55,124 |
### Tourism
{{See also\|Tourism in Belize\|Tourism in Costa Rica\|Tourism in El Salvador\|Tourism in Guatemala\|Tourism in Honduras\|Tourism in Nicaragua\|Tourism in Panama\|l1\=Tourism in Belize\|l2\=Costa Rica\|l3\=El Salvador\|l4\=Guatemala\|l5\=Honduras\|l6\=Nicaragua\|l7\=Panama}}
### Central American coast
File:Playa Blanca Guatemala.jpg\|Playa Blanca Guatemala
File:Playa de Corral de Mulas, Usulután, El Salvador \- panoramio.jpg\|\[\[Jiquilisco Bay]], El Salvador
File:Roatan West End 95 we 006\.jpg\|\[\[Roatán]], Honduras
File:Pink Pearl Island\-5\.jpg\|Pink Pearl Island Nicaragua
File:Costa Rica Playa Tamarindo and Rivermouth 2007 Aerial Photograph Tamarindowiki 01\.JPG\|\[\[Tamarindo, Costa Rica\|Tamarindo]], Costa Rica
File:Insel Zapatilla Panama.jpg\|\[\[Cayos Zapatilla]], Panama
File:Corozal Beach, Corozal, Belize.jpg\|Corozal Beach, Belize
[thumb\|left\|The [Great Blue Hole](/wiki/Great_Blue_Hole "Great Blue Hole") off the coast of Belize is a prime [ecotourism](/wiki/Ecotourism "Ecotourism") destination. It is a [UNESCO World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site")](/wiki/File:Great_Blue_Hole.jpg "Great Blue Hole.jpg")
[thumb\|[Semuc Champey](/wiki/Semuc_Champey "Semuc Champey"), Guatemala.](/wiki/File:Semuc_Champey%2C_Guatemala.jpg "Semuc Champey, Guatemala.jpg")
Tourism in Belize has grown considerably in more recent times, and it is now the second largest industry in the nation. Belizean Prime Minister [Dean Barrow](/wiki/Dean_Barrow "Dean Barrow") has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country. The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for Belize's tourism\-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming almost one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2012\. Belize is also the only country in Central America with English as its official language, making this country a comfortable destination for English\-speaking tourists.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.projectexpedition.com/location/belize/\|title\=Belize {{!}} Tours \& Activities – Project Expedition\|website\=Project Expedition\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-30}}
Costa Rica is the most visited nation in Central America. Tourism in Costa Rica is one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country, having become the largest source of foreign revenue by 1995\. Since 1999, tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas, pineapples and coffee exports combined. The tourism boom began in 1987, with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988, through 1\.03 million in 1999, to a historical record of 2\.43 million foreign visitors and $1\.92\-billion in revenue in 2013\. In 2012 tourism contributed with 12\.5% of the country's GDP and it was responsible for 11\.7% of direct and indirect employment.
Tourism in Nicaragua has grown considerably recently, and it is now the second largest industry in the nation. Nicaraguan President [Daniel Ortega](/wiki/Daniel_Ortega "Daniel Ortega") has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country. The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for Nicaragua's tourism\-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010\.
|
[
"Economy\n-------",
"{{See also\\|Economy of Belize\\|Economy of Costa Rica\\|Economy of El Salvador\\|Economy of Guatemala\\|Economy of Honduras\\|Economy of Nicaragua\\|Economy of Panama\\|l1\\=Economy of Belize\\|l2\\=Costa Rica\\|l3\\=El Salvador\\|l4\\=Guatemala\\|l5\\=Honduras\\|l6\\=Nicaragua\\|l7\\=Panama}}",
"File:Banco deGuatemala.JPG\\|\\[\\[Bank of Guatemala\\|Central Bank of Guatemala]]\nFile:World Trade Center San Salvador.jpg\\|\\[\\[World Trade Center San Salvador]]\nFile:BCH.jpg\\|\\[\\[Central Bank of Honduras]]\nFile:Maqueta del Banco Central de Nicaragua.jpg\\|\\[\\[Central Bank of Nicaragua]]\nFile:Banco Central de Costa Rica.jpg\\|\\[\\[Central Bank of Costa Rica]]\nFile:Banco Nacional de Panamá, en vía España de la ciudad de Panamá.jpg\\|\\[\\[National Bank of Panama]]\nFile:Belizean Central Bank 2015\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Central Bank of Belize]]",
"[thumb\\|Federal Republic of Central America, 4 Escudos (1835\\). Struck in the San Jose, Costa Rica mint (697 were minted)](/wiki/File:Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_1835_4_Real.jpg \"Federal Republic of Central America 1835 4 Real.jpg\")",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Secretariat of Central American Economic Integration](/wiki/File:LogoSieca.jpg \"LogoSieca.jpg\")",
"Signed in 2004, the [Central American Free Trade Agreement](/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement \"Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement\") (CAFTA) is an agreement between the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\"). The treaty is aimed at promoting [free trade](/wiki/Free_trade \"Free trade\") among its members.",
"Guatemala has the largest economy in the region. Its main exports are coffee, sugar, bananas, petroleum, clothing, and [cardamom](/wiki/Cardamom \"Cardamom\"). Of its 10\\.29 billion dollar annual exports, 40\\.2% go to the United States, 11\\.1% to neighboring El Salvador, 8% to Honduras, 5\\.5% to Mexico, 4\\.7% to Nicaragua, and 4\\.3% to Costa Rica.",
"The region is particularly attractive for companies (especially clothing companies) because of its geographical proximity to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), very low wages and considerable tax advantages. In addition, the decline in the prices of coffee and other export products and the structural adjustment measures promoted by the international financial institutions have partly ruined agriculture, favouring the emergence of maquiladoras. This sector accounts for 42 per cent of total exports from El Salvador, 55 per cent from Guatemala, and 65 per cent from Honduras. However, its contribution to the economies of these countries is disputed; raw materials are imported, jobs are precarious and low\\-paid, and tax exemptions weaken public finances.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.insumisos.com/diplo/NODE/663\\.HTM\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110407125941/http://www.insumisos.com/diplo/NODE/663\\.HTM\\| archive\\-date \\= 7 April 2011\\| title \\= Las \"maquilas\" no admiten sindicalistas {{!}} El Dipló}}",
"They are also criticised for the working conditions of employees: insults and physical violence, abusive dismissals (especially of pregnant workers), working hours, non\\-payment of overtime. According to Lucrecia Bautista, coordinator of the *maquilas* sector of the audit firm Coverco, \"labour law regulations are regularly violated in maquilas and there is no political will to enforce their application. In the case of infringements, the labour inspectorate shows remarkable leniency. It is a question of not discouraging investors.\" Trade unionists are subject to pressure, and sometimes to kidnapping or murder. In some cases, business leaders have used the services of the [maras](/wiki/Mara_%28gang%29 \"Mara (gang)\"). Finally, black lists containing the names of trade unionists or political activists are circulating in employers' circles.",
"Economic growth in Central America is projected to slow slightly in 2014–15, as country\\-specific domestic factors offset the positive effects from stronger economic activity in the United States.",
"",
"| \\+Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Central American countries | Country | GDP(nominal)$ millions{{efn\\|name\\=in\\-millions\\-usd\\|Values listed in millions USD.}} | GDP(nominalper capita)Data mostly refers to IMF staff estimates for the year 2013, made in April 2014\\. [World Economic Outlook Database\\-April 2014](http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=41&pr.y=13), [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\"). Accessed on 9 April 2014\\.Data refers mostly to the year 2012\\. [World Development Indicators database](http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=12&id=4&CNO=2), [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\"). Database updated on 18 December 2013\\. Accessed on 18 December 2013\\. | GDP(PPP)$ millions{{efn\\|name\\=in\\-millions\\-usd}} |",
"Belize",
"1,552 |\n $4,602 |\n 2,914 |\nCosta Rica",
"44,313 |\n $10,432 |\n 57,955 |\nEl Salvador",
"24,421 |\n $3,875 |\n 46,050 |\nGuatemala",
"50,303 |\n $3,512 |\n 78,012 |\nHonduras",
"18,320 |\n $2,323 |\n 37,408 |\nNicaragua",
"7,695 |\n $1,839 |\n 19,827 |\nPanama",
"34,517 |\n $10,838 |\n 55,124 |\n### Tourism",
"{{See also\\|Tourism in Belize\\|Tourism in Costa Rica\\|Tourism in El Salvador\\|Tourism in Guatemala\\|Tourism in Honduras\\|Tourism in Nicaragua\\|Tourism in Panama\\|l1\\=Tourism in Belize\\|l2\\=Costa Rica\\|l3\\=El Salvador\\|l4\\=Guatemala\\|l5\\=Honduras\\|l6\\=Nicaragua\\|l7\\=Panama}}",
"### Central American coast",
"",
"File:Playa Blanca Guatemala.jpg\\|Playa Blanca Guatemala\nFile:Playa de Corral de Mulas, Usulután, El Salvador \\- panoramio.jpg\\|\\[\\[Jiquilisco Bay]], El Salvador\nFile:Roatan West End 95 we 006\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Roatán]], Honduras\nFile:Pink Pearl Island\\-5\\.jpg\\|Pink Pearl Island Nicaragua\nFile:Costa Rica Playa Tamarindo and Rivermouth 2007 Aerial Photograph Tamarindowiki 01\\.JPG\\|\\[\\[Tamarindo, Costa Rica\\|Tamarindo]], Costa Rica\nFile:Insel Zapatilla Panama.jpg\\|\\[\\[Cayos Zapatilla]], Panama\nFile:Corozal Beach, Corozal, Belize.jpg\\|Corozal Beach, Belize",
"",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The [Great Blue Hole](/wiki/Great_Blue_Hole \"Great Blue Hole\") off the coast of Belize is a prime [ecotourism](/wiki/Ecotourism \"Ecotourism\") destination. It is a [UNESCO World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site \"World Heritage Site\")](/wiki/File:Great_Blue_Hole.jpg \"Great Blue Hole.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Semuc Champey](/wiki/Semuc_Champey \"Semuc Champey\"), Guatemala.](/wiki/File:Semuc_Champey%2C_Guatemala.jpg \"Semuc Champey, Guatemala.jpg\")",
"Tourism in Belize has grown considerably in more recent times, and it is now the second largest industry in the nation. Belizean Prime Minister [Dean Barrow](/wiki/Dean_Barrow \"Dean Barrow\") has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country. The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for Belize's tourism\\-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming almost one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2012\\. Belize is also the only country in Central America with English as its official language, making this country a comfortable destination for English\\-speaking tourists.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.projectexpedition.com/location/belize/\\|title\\=Belize {{!}} Tours \\& Activities – Project Expedition\\|website\\=Project Expedition\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-30}}",
"Costa Rica is the most visited nation in Central America. Tourism in Costa Rica is one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country, having become the largest source of foreign revenue by 1995\\. Since 1999, tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas, pineapples and coffee exports combined. The tourism boom began in 1987, with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988, through 1\\.03 million in 1999, to a historical record of 2\\.43 million foreign visitors and $1\\.92\\-billion in revenue in 2013\\. In 2012 tourism contributed with 12\\.5% of the country's GDP and it was responsible for 11\\.7% of direct and indirect employment.",
"Tourism in Nicaragua has grown considerably recently, and it is now the second largest industry in the nation. Nicaraguan President [Daniel Ortega](/wiki/Daniel_Ortega \"Daniel Ortega\") has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country. The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for Nicaragua's tourism\\-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Childhood
Cyrus Scofield was born in [Clinton Township, Lenawee County, Michigan](/wiki/Clinton_Township%2C_Lenawee_County%2C_Michigan "Clinton Township, Lenawee County, Michigan"), the seventh and last child of Elias and Abigail Goodrich Scofield. Elias Scofield's ancestors were of English and Puritan descent, but the family was nominally [Episcopalian](/wiki/Episcopal_Church_%28United_States%29 "Episcopal Church (United States)"). Abigail Scofield died three months after Cyrus's birth, and his father twice remarried during Cyrus's childhood.Lutzweiler, 60–61\. Details of his early education are unknown, but there is no reason to doubt his later testimony that he was an enthusiastic reader and that he had studied Shakespeare and Homer.Lutzweiler, 61–62\. Scofield told his first biographer that his personal reading had inspired him to begin making a chart of universal history when he was twelve.
### Civil War service
By 1861, Scofield was living with relatives in [Lebanon, Tennessee](/wiki/Lebanon%2C_Tennessee "Lebanon, Tennessee"). At the beginning of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), the 17\-year\-old Scofield enlisted as a private in the 7th Tennessee Infantry, [C.S.A.](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army "Confederate States Army"), and his regiment fought at [Cheat Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Cheat_Mountain "Battle of Cheat Mountain"), [Seven Pines](/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines "Battle of Seven Pines"), and [Antietam](/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam "Battle of Antietam"). In 1862, after spending a month in [Chimborazo Hospital](/wiki/Chimborazo_Hospital "Chimborazo Hospital") in [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia"), Scofield successfully petitioned for a discharge.Lutzweiler, 63–65\. Scofield argued that he was native of Michigan, had never exercised the rights of citizenship in the Confederacy, had enlisted as a minor, was suffering from bad health, and intended to "enter Guerilla service in East Tenn." He was discharged on September 26, 1862\. Scofield then returned to Lebanon and was [conscripted](/wiki/Conscription "Conscription") again into Confederate service. Ordered to [McMinnville, Tennessee](/wiki/McMinnville%2C_Tennessee "McMinnville, Tennessee"), Scofield deserted and escaped behind Union lines in [Bowling Green, Kentucky](/wiki/Bowling_Green%2C_Kentucky "Bowling Green, Kentucky").Rushing, 24\. After taking the Union oath of allegiance, Scofield was allowed safe passage to [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri"), where he settled.Rushing, 26\. In 1903, Scofield was awarded the [Southern Cross of Honor](/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor "Southern Cross of Honor") by the [United Daughters of the Confederacy](/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy "United Daughters of the Confederacy"), Dallas Chapter \#6\. Rushing, 105\.
### Lawyer and politician
In 1866, he married Leontine LeBeau Cerrè, a member of a prominent French Catholic family in St. Louis.Lutzweiler, 71\. Scofield apprenticed in the law office of his brother\-in\-law and then worked in the St. Louis assessor's office before moving to [Atchison, Kansas](/wiki/Atchison%2C_Kansas "Atchison, Kansas"), in late 1869\. In 1871, Scofield was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives, first from Atchison for one year and then from [Nemaha County](/wiki/Nemaha_County%2C_Kansas "Nemaha County, Kansas"), for a second. In 1873 he worked for the election of [John J. Ingalls](/wiki/John_J._Ingalls "John J. Ingalls") as senator from Kansas, and when Ingalls won, the new senator had Scofield appointed U. S. District Attorney for Kansas—at 29, the youngest in the country.Lutzweiler, 73–74\. Nevertheless, that same year Scofield was forced to resign "under a cloud of scandal" because of questionable financial transactions, which may have included accepting bribes from railroads, stealing political contributions intended for Ingalls, and securing bank [promissory notes](/wiki/Promissory_notes "Promissory notes") by forging signatures.Lutzweiler, 74; [Michael Phillips](/wiki/Michael_Phillips_%28historian%29 "Michael Phillips (historian)"), *[White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001](/wiki/White_Metropolis:Race%2C_Ethnicity%2C_and_Religion_in_Dallas%2C_1841%E2%80%932001 "Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001")* (Austin: [University of Texas Press](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press "University of Texas Press"), 2006\), 47–48\. It is possible Scofield was jailed on forgery charges, although there is no extant evidence in the public records.[History of the United States Attorney District of Kansas](http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ks/history.html). The apologetic Mangum \& Sweetnam note that "there are discrepancies in these reports as to where his time was served or what the crime was he allegedly committed." Even Canfield, after scouring public records, looking for corroboration of the jail\-time stories, concludes that such reports are only "unsubstantiated rumors."(37\)
Perhaps in part because of his self\-confessed heavy drinking,Mangum \& Sweetnam, 25\. Scofield abandoned his wife and two daughters during this period.Scofield also had a son by Leontine, Guy Sylvestre (1872–74\), who died of [scarlet fever](/wiki/Scarlet_fever "Scarlet fever") at the age of two. Mangum \& Sweetnam, 24\. Leontine Cerrè Scofield divorced him on grounds of desertion in 1883, and the same year Scofield married Hettie Hall von Wartz, with whom he eventually had a son.Noel Paul Scofield (1888–1962\) consistently refused to give interviews about his father. Lutzweiler, 198\. C. I. Scofield almost certainly provided deliberately inaccurate personal information to *Who's Who* and to his official biographer, Charles Trumball. As another biographer has written, Scofield "was secretive about his past and not above distorting the facts of his shadowy years." John D. Hannah, "Scofield, Cyrus Ingerson" [*American National Biography Online*](http://www.anb.org/articles/08/08-01906.html) February 2000\.
### Conversion and ministerial career
#### Pastorates
According to Scofield, he was converted to [evangelical Christianity](/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity "Evangelical Christianity") through the testimony of a lawyer acquaintance.Trumbull, 28\. Certainly by the late fall of 1879, Scofield was assisting in the St. Louis evangelistic campaign conducted by [Dwight L. Moody](/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody "Dwight L. Moody"), and he served as the secretary of the St. Louis [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA "YMCA"). Significantly, Scofield came under the mentorship of [James H. Brookes](/wiki/James_H._Brookes "James H. Brookes"), pastor of Walnut Street Presbyterian Church, St. Louis, a prominent [dispensationalist](/wiki/Dispensationalism "Dispensationalism") [premillennialist](/wiki/Premillennialism "Premillennialism").Mangum \& Sweetnam, 11\.
In October 1883, Scofield was ordained as a [Congregationalist](/wiki/Congregational_church "Congregational church") minister—while his divorce was proceeding but not yet final—and he accepted the pastorate of a small mission church founded by that denomination, which became the First Congregational Church of [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas") (now Scofield Memorial Church).Lutzweiler, 101\. The church grew from fourteen to over five hundred members before he resigned its pastorate in 1895\. In 1895, Scofield was called as pastor of Moody's church, the Trinitarian Congregational Church of [East Northfield, Massachusetts](/wiki/Northfield%2C_Massachusetts "Northfield, Massachusetts"). Scofield also attempted with limited success to take charge of Moody's Northfield Bible Training School.When Moody died in 1899, Scofield presided at his funeral service. Mangum \& Sweetnam, 15\.
#### Interest in missions
In 1888, Scofield attended the [Niagara Bible Conference](/wiki/Niagara_Bible_Conference "Niagara Bible Conference") where he met pioneer missionary to China, [Hudson Taylor](/wiki/Hudson_Taylor "Hudson Taylor"). Taylor's approach to Christian missions influenced Scofield to found the Central American Mission in 1890 (now Camino Global).Tucker, 304–305\. Scofield also served as superintendent of the American Home Missionary Society of Texas and Louisiana. In 1890, he founded [Lake Charles College](/wiki/Lake_Charles_College "Lake Charles College") (1890–1899\) in [Lake Charles, Louisiana](/wiki/Lake_Charles%2C_Louisiana "Lake Charles, Louisiana").{{Cite web\|title\=Guide to Scofield Memorial Church Selected Records\|url\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/52001452/scofield\-memorial\-church\-selected\-records\-turpin\-library\|access\-date\=August 17, 2020\|website\=Yumpu}}
#### Fundamentalist leader
As the author of the pamphlet "Rightly Dividing the Word of Truth" (1888\), Scofield soon became a leader in [dispensational premillennialism](/wiki/Dispensational_premillennialism "Dispensational premillennialism"), a forerunner of twentieth\-century [Christian fundamentalism](/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism "Christian fundamentalism").Mangum \& Sweetnam, 13–15\. Although, in theory, Scofield returned to his Dallas pastorate in 1903, his projected reference Bible consumed much of his energy, and he was also mostly either unwell or in Europe. When the *[Scofield Reference Bible](/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible "Scofield Reference Bible")* was published in 1909, it quickly became the most influential statement of dispensational premillennialism, and Scofield's popularity as Bible conference speaker increased as his health continued to decline. Royalties from the work were substantial, and Scofield bought real estate in Dallas, [Ashuelot, New Hampshire](/wiki/Ashuelot%2C_New_Hampshire "Ashuelot, New Hampshire"), and [Douglaston, Long Island](/wiki/Douglaston%2C_Queens "Douglaston, Queens"). He also joined the prestigious [Lotos Club](/wiki/Lotos_Club "Lotos Club").Lutzweiler, 182\.
Scofield left the liberalizing Congregational Church to become a [Southern Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States "Presbyterian Church in the United States") and moved to the New York City area where he supervised a correspondence and lay institute, the New York Night School of the Bible. In 1914, he founded the Philadelphia School of the Bible in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), Pennsylvania (now [Cairn University](/wiki/Cairn_University "Cairn University")).{{Cite web\|last\=Richardson\|first\=Sarah\|date\=2019\|title\=C. I. Scofield: True Believer\|url\=https://www.historynet.com/c\-i\-scofield\-true\-believer.htm\|access\-date\=August 17, 2020\|website\=HistoryNet}}
#### Personal life
During the early 1890s, Scofield began styling himself Rev. C. I. Scofield, D.D.; but there are no extant records of any academic institution having granted him the honorary [Doctor of Divinity](/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity "Doctor of Divinity") degree.Mangum \& Sweetnam, 46\. Scofield did not include the "D.D." in the information he provided *Who's Who*. Scofield's second wife proved a faithful companion and editing assistant, but his relationships with his children, including librarian [Abigail Scofield Kellogg](/wiki/Abigail_Scofield_Kellogg "Abigail Scofield Kellogg"), were distant at best.Lutzweiler, 192\-98\. Both daughters lived in Atchison, Kansas, and became school teachers. Mangum \& Sweetnam, 26\. Scofield died at his home on Long Island in 1921\.Mangum \& Sweetnam, 18\. The funeral was held in the large sanctuary of the First Baptist Church, Flushing, New York, and Scofield was buried in Flushing Cemetery.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Childhood",
"Cyrus Scofield was born in [Clinton Township, Lenawee County, Michigan](/wiki/Clinton_Township%2C_Lenawee_County%2C_Michigan \"Clinton Township, Lenawee County, Michigan\"), the seventh and last child of Elias and Abigail Goodrich Scofield. Elias Scofield's ancestors were of English and Puritan descent, but the family was nominally [Episcopalian](/wiki/Episcopal_Church_%28United_States%29 \"Episcopal Church (United States)\"). Abigail Scofield died three months after Cyrus's birth, and his father twice remarried during Cyrus's childhood.Lutzweiler, 60–61\\. Details of his early education are unknown, but there is no reason to doubt his later testimony that he was an enthusiastic reader and that he had studied Shakespeare and Homer.Lutzweiler, 61–62\\. Scofield told his first biographer that his personal reading had inspired him to begin making a chart of universal history when he was twelve.",
"### Civil War service",
"By 1861, Scofield was living with relatives in [Lebanon, Tennessee](/wiki/Lebanon%2C_Tennessee \"Lebanon, Tennessee\"). At the beginning of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), the 17\\-year\\-old Scofield enlisted as a private in the 7th Tennessee Infantry, [C.S.A.](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army \"Confederate States Army\"), and his regiment fought at [Cheat Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Cheat_Mountain \"Battle of Cheat Mountain\"), [Seven Pines](/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines \"Battle of Seven Pines\"), and [Antietam](/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam \"Battle of Antietam\"). In 1862, after spending a month in [Chimborazo Hospital](/wiki/Chimborazo_Hospital \"Chimborazo Hospital\") in [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\"), Scofield successfully petitioned for a discharge.Lutzweiler, 63–65\\. Scofield argued that he was native of Michigan, had never exercised the rights of citizenship in the Confederacy, had enlisted as a minor, was suffering from bad health, and intended to \"enter Guerilla service in East Tenn.\" He was discharged on September 26, 1862\\. Scofield then returned to Lebanon and was [conscripted](/wiki/Conscription \"Conscription\") again into Confederate service. Ordered to [McMinnville, Tennessee](/wiki/McMinnville%2C_Tennessee \"McMinnville, Tennessee\"), Scofield deserted and escaped behind Union lines in [Bowling Green, Kentucky](/wiki/Bowling_Green%2C_Kentucky \"Bowling Green, Kentucky\").Rushing, 24\\. After taking the Union oath of allegiance, Scofield was allowed safe passage to [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\"), where he settled.Rushing, 26\\. In 1903, Scofield was awarded the [Southern Cross of Honor](/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor \"Southern Cross of Honor\") by the [United Daughters of the Confederacy](/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy \"United Daughters of the Confederacy\"), Dallas Chapter \\#6\\. Rushing, 105\\.",
"### Lawyer and politician",
"In 1866, he married Leontine LeBeau Cerrè, a member of a prominent French Catholic family in St. Louis.Lutzweiler, 71\\. Scofield apprenticed in the law office of his brother\\-in\\-law and then worked in the St. Louis assessor's office before moving to [Atchison, Kansas](/wiki/Atchison%2C_Kansas \"Atchison, Kansas\"), in late 1869\\. In 1871, Scofield was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives, first from Atchison for one year and then from [Nemaha County](/wiki/Nemaha_County%2C_Kansas \"Nemaha County, Kansas\"), for a second. In 1873 he worked for the election of [John J. Ingalls](/wiki/John_J._Ingalls \"John J. Ingalls\") as senator from Kansas, and when Ingalls won, the new senator had Scofield appointed U. S. District Attorney for Kansas—at 29, the youngest in the country.Lutzweiler, 73–74\\. Nevertheless, that same year Scofield was forced to resign \"under a cloud of scandal\" because of questionable financial transactions, which may have included accepting bribes from railroads, stealing political contributions intended for Ingalls, and securing bank [promissory notes](/wiki/Promissory_notes \"Promissory notes\") by forging signatures.Lutzweiler, 74; [Michael Phillips](/wiki/Michael_Phillips_%28historian%29 \"Michael Phillips (historian)\"), *[White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001](/wiki/White_Metropolis:Race%2C_Ethnicity%2C_and_Religion_in_Dallas%2C_1841%E2%80%932001 \"Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001\")* (Austin: [University of Texas Press](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press \"University of Texas Press\"), 2006\\), 47–48\\. It is possible Scofield was jailed on forgery charges, although there is no extant evidence in the public records.[History of the United States Attorney District of Kansas](http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ks/history.html). The apologetic Mangum \\& Sweetnam note that \"there are discrepancies in these reports as to where his time was served or what the crime was he allegedly committed.\" Even Canfield, after scouring public records, looking for corroboration of the jail\\-time stories, concludes that such reports are only \"unsubstantiated rumors.\"(37\\)",
"Perhaps in part because of his self\\-confessed heavy drinking,Mangum \\& Sweetnam, 25\\. Scofield abandoned his wife and two daughters during this period.Scofield also had a son by Leontine, Guy Sylvestre (1872–74\\), who died of [scarlet fever](/wiki/Scarlet_fever \"Scarlet fever\") at the age of two. Mangum \\& Sweetnam, 24\\. Leontine Cerrè Scofield divorced him on grounds of desertion in 1883, and the same year Scofield married Hettie Hall von Wartz, with whom he eventually had a son.Noel Paul Scofield (1888–1962\\) consistently refused to give interviews about his father. Lutzweiler, 198\\. C. I. Scofield almost certainly provided deliberately inaccurate personal information to *Who's Who* and to his official biographer, Charles Trumball. As another biographer has written, Scofield \"was secretive about his past and not above distorting the facts of his shadowy years.\" John D. Hannah, \"Scofield, Cyrus Ingerson\" [*American National Biography Online*](http://www.anb.org/articles/08/08-01906.html) February 2000\\.",
"### Conversion and ministerial career",
"#### Pastorates",
"According to Scofield, he was converted to [evangelical Christianity](/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity \"Evangelical Christianity\") through the testimony of a lawyer acquaintance.Trumbull, 28\\. Certainly by the late fall of 1879, Scofield was assisting in the St. Louis evangelistic campaign conducted by [Dwight L. Moody](/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody \"Dwight L. Moody\"), and he served as the secretary of the St. Louis [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA \"YMCA\"). Significantly, Scofield came under the mentorship of [James H. Brookes](/wiki/James_H._Brookes \"James H. Brookes\"), pastor of Walnut Street Presbyterian Church, St. Louis, a prominent [dispensationalist](/wiki/Dispensationalism \"Dispensationalism\") [premillennialist](/wiki/Premillennialism \"Premillennialism\").Mangum \\& Sweetnam, 11\\.",
"In October 1883, Scofield was ordained as a [Congregationalist](/wiki/Congregational_church \"Congregational church\") minister—while his divorce was proceeding but not yet final—and he accepted the pastorate of a small mission church founded by that denomination, which became the First Congregational Church of [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\") (now Scofield Memorial Church).Lutzweiler, 101\\. The church grew from fourteen to over five hundred members before he resigned its pastorate in 1895\\. In 1895, Scofield was called as pastor of Moody's church, the Trinitarian Congregational Church of [East Northfield, Massachusetts](/wiki/Northfield%2C_Massachusetts \"Northfield, Massachusetts\"). Scofield also attempted with limited success to take charge of Moody's Northfield Bible Training School.When Moody died in 1899, Scofield presided at his funeral service. Mangum \\& Sweetnam, 15\\.",
"#### Interest in missions",
"In 1888, Scofield attended the [Niagara Bible Conference](/wiki/Niagara_Bible_Conference \"Niagara Bible Conference\") where he met pioneer missionary to China, [Hudson Taylor](/wiki/Hudson_Taylor \"Hudson Taylor\"). Taylor's approach to Christian missions influenced Scofield to found the Central American Mission in 1890 (now Camino Global).Tucker, 304–305\\. Scofield also served as superintendent of the American Home Missionary Society of Texas and Louisiana. In 1890, he founded [Lake Charles College](/wiki/Lake_Charles_College \"Lake Charles College\") (1890–1899\\) in [Lake Charles, Louisiana](/wiki/Lake_Charles%2C_Louisiana \"Lake Charles, Louisiana\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Guide to Scofield Memorial Church Selected Records\\|url\\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/52001452/scofield\\-memorial\\-church\\-selected\\-records\\-turpin\\-library\\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2020\\|website\\=Yumpu}}",
"#### Fundamentalist leader",
"As the author of the pamphlet \"Rightly Dividing the Word of Truth\" (1888\\), Scofield soon became a leader in [dispensational premillennialism](/wiki/Dispensational_premillennialism \"Dispensational premillennialism\"), a forerunner of twentieth\\-century [Christian fundamentalism](/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism \"Christian fundamentalism\").Mangum \\& Sweetnam, 13–15\\. Although, in theory, Scofield returned to his Dallas pastorate in 1903, his projected reference Bible consumed much of his energy, and he was also mostly either unwell or in Europe. When the *[Scofield Reference Bible](/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible \"Scofield Reference Bible\")* was published in 1909, it quickly became the most influential statement of dispensational premillennialism, and Scofield's popularity as Bible conference speaker increased as his health continued to decline. Royalties from the work were substantial, and Scofield bought real estate in Dallas, [Ashuelot, New Hampshire](/wiki/Ashuelot%2C_New_Hampshire \"Ashuelot, New Hampshire\"), and [Douglaston, Long Island](/wiki/Douglaston%2C_Queens \"Douglaston, Queens\"). He also joined the prestigious [Lotos Club](/wiki/Lotos_Club \"Lotos Club\").Lutzweiler, 182\\.",
"Scofield left the liberalizing Congregational Church to become a [Southern Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States \"Presbyterian Church in the United States\") and moved to the New York City area where he supervised a correspondence and lay institute, the New York Night School of the Bible. In 1914, he founded the Philadelphia School of the Bible in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), Pennsylvania (now [Cairn University](/wiki/Cairn_University \"Cairn University\")).{{Cite web\\|last\\=Richardson\\|first\\=Sarah\\|date\\=2019\\|title\\=C. I. Scofield: True Believer\\|url\\=https://www.historynet.com/c\\-i\\-scofield\\-true\\-believer.htm\\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2020\\|website\\=HistoryNet}}",
"#### Personal life",
"During the early 1890s, Scofield began styling himself Rev. C. I. Scofield, D.D.; but there are no extant records of any academic institution having granted him the honorary [Doctor of Divinity](/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity \"Doctor of Divinity\") degree.Mangum \\& Sweetnam, 46\\. Scofield did not include the \"D.D.\" in the information he provided *Who's Who*. Scofield's second wife proved a faithful companion and editing assistant, but his relationships with his children, including librarian [Abigail Scofield Kellogg](/wiki/Abigail_Scofield_Kellogg \"Abigail Scofield Kellogg\"), were distant at best.Lutzweiler, 192\\-98\\. Both daughters lived in Atchison, Kansas, and became school teachers. Mangum \\& Sweetnam, 26\\. Scofield died at his home on Long Island in 1921\\.Mangum \\& Sweetnam, 18\\. The funeral was held in the large sanctuary of the First Baptist Church, Flushing, New York, and Scofield was buried in Flushing Cemetery.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
Kilponen began her senior career in [Naisten SM\-sarja](/wiki/Naisten_SM-sarja "Naisten SM-sarja"), the highest level women's hockey league in Finland, in 2009 with the Tampereen Ilves. She was named an Ilves [alternate captain](/wiki/Captain_%28ice_hockey%29%23Alternate_captains "Captain (ice hockey)#Alternate captains") in the 2010–11 season, when she was 15 years old. Kilponen also played with [Team Oriflame](/wiki/Team_Oriflame "Team Oriflame") in the Naisten SM\-sarja from the 2011–12 to 2013–14 season and served as team [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28ice_hockey%29 "Captain (ice hockey)") for the 2012–13 season. In the 2014–15 season she returned to Ilves and served as captain.
Leading up to the 2015–16 season, Kilponen moved to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") to attend the [University of North Dakota](/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota "University of North Dakota") and play NCAA hockey with the [North Dakota Fighting Hawks](/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Hawks_women%27s_ice_hockey "North Dakota Fighting Hawks women's ice hockey"). She played with the Fighting Hawks for two seasons, serving as an alternate captain in 2016–17, until the women's ice hockey program was cut by the university in March 2017\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.undsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\=210210900\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=13500\|title\=Anna Kilponen Bio\|website\=undsports.com\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-26\|archive\-date\=5 October 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005014509/http://www.undsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\=210210900\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=13500\|url\-status\=dead}} Kilponen then transferred to [Quinnipiac University](/wiki/Quinnipiac_University "Quinnipiac University") and played for the [Quinnipiac Bobcats](/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_women%27s_ice_hockey "Quinnipiac Bobcats women's ice hockey") until graduating in 2019\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://gobobcats.com/roster.aspx?rp\_id\=7523\|title\=Anna Kilponen \- Women's Ice Hockey\|website\=Quinnipiac University Athletics\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-26\|archive\-date\=24 January 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124125710/https://gobobcats.com/roster.aspx?rp\_id\=7523\|url\-status\=live}}
Kilponen signed in the [Swedish Women's Hockey League](/wiki/Swedish_Women%27s_Hockey_League "Swedish Women's Hockey League") (SDHL) with [Linköping HC](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_HC_%28women%29 "Linköping HC (women)") and made her debut with the team in the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_SDHL_season "2019–20 SDHL season").{{Cite web\|url\=http://gobobcats.com/news/2019/6/20/womens\-ice\-hockey\-kilponen\-19\-signs\-with\-link\-ping\-hockey\-club.aspx\|title\=Kilponen '19 Signs with Linköping Hockey Club\|website\=Quinnipiac University Athletics\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-26\|archive\-date\=26 July 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726152034/https://gobobcats.com/news/2019/6/20/womens\-ice\-hockey\-kilponen\-19\-signs\-with\-link\-ping\-hockey\-club.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} Her one\-goal and two assists across the 36\-game season marked a career low for Kilponen.
Following the disappointing season in Sweden, she returned to Ilves and resumed her prior role as team captain ahead of the [2020–21 Naisten Liiga season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Naisten_Liiga_season "2020–21 Naisten Liiga season"). She and defensive partner Reettu Kulhua led all Ilves defenders in points that season and she was selected to the 2021 [Naisten Liiga All\-Star team](/wiki/Naisten_Liiga_All-Star_team "Naisten Liiga All-Star team").
In September 2021, she briefly joined the [KRS Vanke Rays](/wiki/Shenzhen_KRS "Shenzhen KRS") for the [2021 ZhHL Cup Final](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_ZhHL_season%23ZhHL_Cup_Final "2020–21 ZhHL season#ZhHL Cup Final"). She played in all three games but did not record any points, as KRS fell to [Agidel Ufa](/wiki/HC_Agidel_Ufa "HC Agidel Ufa").
Kilponen continued as captain of Ilves to begin the [2021–22 season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Naisten_Liiga_season "2021–22 Naisten Liiga season"). She notched three goals and eight assists in seventeen games before departing the league to rejoin the KRS Vanke Rays for the later part of the [2021–22 ZhHL season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_ZhHL_season "2021–22 ZhHL season"). With KRS, she won the 2022 ZhHL Championship, contributing two goals and two assists in eight games to their playoff victory.
Ahead of the [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_PHF_season "2022–23 PHF season"), she signed a one\-year contract with the [Metropolitan Riveters](/wiki/Metropolitan_Riveters "Metropolitan Riveters") of the [Premier Hockey Federation](/wiki/Premier_Hockey_Federation "Premier Hockey Federation") (PHF).{{Cite web \|last\=Levine \|first\=Justin \|date\=2022\-07\-14 \|title\=Riveters Add Another Olympian In Defender Anna Kilponen \|url\=http://riveters.premierhockeyfederation.com/news/riveters\-add\-another\-olympian\-in\-defender\-anna\-kil \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-14 \|website\=Metropolitan Riveters \|type\=Press release \|archive\-date\=28 November 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085924/https://riveters.premierhockeyfederation.com/news/riveters\-add\-another\-olympian\-in\-defender\-anna\-kil \|url\-status\=dead }} Playing on the top defensive pairing with [Minttu Tuominen](/wiki/Minttu_Tuominen "Minttu Tuominen"), she tallied twelve assists in 24 games and participated in the PHF All\-Star Game with Team World.{{cite web \|title\=PHF Announces 2023 All\-Star Rosters \|url\=https://womenshockeylife.com/phf\-announces\-2023\-all\-star\-rosters/ \|website\=Women's Hockey Life \|access\-date\=23 November 2023 \|date\=17 January 2023}}
Kilponen re\-signed with the Riveters for the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_PHF_season "2023–24 PHF season") in May 2023\.{{Cite web \|last\=Rice \|first\=Dan \|date\=2023\-05\-24 \|title\=Riveters Re\-Sign Ganser and Kilponen \|url\=https://www.theicegarden.com/riveters\-re\-sign\-ganser\-2\-yrs\-and\-kilponen\-1\-yr/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-23 \|website\=The Ice Garden \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Kennedy \|first\=Ian \|date\=2023\-06\-26 \|title\=Roster Review: Metropolitan Riveters \|url\=https://thehockeynews.com/womens/pwhl/roster\-review\-metropolitan\-riveters \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-23 \|website\=\[\[The Hockey News]] \|language\=en}} In late June, the PHF was bought out and dissolved, leaving her without a contract for the upcoming season. She signed with the ZSC Lions Frauen of the Women's League (SWHL A) in late July, becoming one of the first former PHFers to find a new team after the voiding of PHF contracts.{{Cite web \|last\=Seppä \|first\=Lassi \|date\=2023\-07\-26 \|title\=Lisää suomalaisia Sveitsiin − Anna Kilponen vahvistaa ZSC Lionsia \|url\=https://www.jatkoaika.com/Uutiset/Lis%C3%A4%C3%A4\-suomalaisia\-Sveitsiin\-%E2%88%92\-Anna\-Kilponen\-vahvistaa\-ZSC\-Lionsia/250844 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-23 \|website\=Jatkoaika \|language\=fi}}
On 20 November 2023, after playing twelve games and recording three goals and four points with the ZSC Lions, it was announced that Kilponen would not continue the season with the club for personal reasons.{{cite web \|title\=Anna Kilponen leaves the ZSC Lions \|url\=https://swisshockeynews.ch/index.php/shn/58\-swiss\-ice\-hockey/swhl/34938\-anna\-kilponen\-leaves\-the\-zsc\-lions \|website\=SwissHockeyNews.ch \|access\-date\=23 November 2023 \|language\=en\-gb \|date\=20 November 2023}} Several days later, her transfer to Ilves was reported.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"Kilponen began her senior career in [Naisten SM\\-sarja](/wiki/Naisten_SM-sarja \"Naisten SM-sarja\"), the highest level women's hockey league in Finland, in 2009 with the Tampereen Ilves. She was named an Ilves [alternate captain](/wiki/Captain_%28ice_hockey%29%23Alternate_captains \"Captain (ice hockey)#Alternate captains\") in the 2010–11 season, when she was 15 years old. Kilponen also played with [Team Oriflame](/wiki/Team_Oriflame \"Team Oriflame\") in the Naisten SM\\-sarja from the 2011–12 to 2013–14 season and served as team [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Captain (ice hockey)\") for the 2012–13 season. In the 2014–15 season she returned to Ilves and served as captain.",
"Leading up to the 2015–16 season, Kilponen moved to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") to attend the [University of North Dakota](/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota \"University of North Dakota\") and play NCAA hockey with the [North Dakota Fighting Hawks](/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Hawks_women%27s_ice_hockey \"North Dakota Fighting Hawks women's ice hockey\"). She played with the Fighting Hawks for two seasons, serving as an alternate captain in 2016–17, until the women's ice hockey program was cut by the university in March 2017\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.undsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\\=210210900\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=13500\\|title\\=Anna Kilponen Bio\\|website\\=undsports.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-26\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005014509/http://www.undsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\\=210210900\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=13500\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Kilponen then transferred to [Quinnipiac University](/wiki/Quinnipiac_University \"Quinnipiac University\") and played for the [Quinnipiac Bobcats](/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_women%27s_ice_hockey \"Quinnipiac Bobcats women's ice hockey\") until graduating in 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://gobobcats.com/roster.aspx?rp\\_id\\=7523\\|title\\=Anna Kilponen \\- Women's Ice Hockey\\|website\\=Quinnipiac University Athletics\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-26\\|archive\\-date\\=24 January 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124125710/https://gobobcats.com/roster.aspx?rp\\_id\\=7523\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Kilponen signed in the [Swedish Women's Hockey League](/wiki/Swedish_Women%27s_Hockey_League \"Swedish Women's Hockey League\") (SDHL) with [Linköping HC](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_HC_%28women%29 \"Linköping HC (women)\") and made her debut with the team in the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_SDHL_season \"2019–20 SDHL season\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://gobobcats.com/news/2019/6/20/womens\\-ice\\-hockey\\-kilponen\\-19\\-signs\\-with\\-link\\-ping\\-hockey\\-club.aspx\\|title\\=Kilponen '19 Signs with Linköping Hockey Club\\|website\\=Quinnipiac University Athletics\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-26\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726152034/https://gobobcats.com/news/2019/6/20/womens\\-ice\\-hockey\\-kilponen\\-19\\-signs\\-with\\-link\\-ping\\-hockey\\-club.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Her one\\-goal and two assists across the 36\\-game season marked a career low for Kilponen.",
"Following the disappointing season in Sweden, she returned to Ilves and resumed her prior role as team captain ahead of the [2020–21 Naisten Liiga season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Naisten_Liiga_season \"2020–21 Naisten Liiga season\"). She and defensive partner Reettu Kulhua led all Ilves defenders in points that season and she was selected to the 2021 [Naisten Liiga All\\-Star team](/wiki/Naisten_Liiga_All-Star_team \"Naisten Liiga All-Star team\").",
"In September 2021, she briefly joined the [KRS Vanke Rays](/wiki/Shenzhen_KRS \"Shenzhen KRS\") for the [2021 ZhHL Cup Final](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_ZhHL_season%23ZhHL_Cup_Final \"2020–21 ZhHL season#ZhHL Cup Final\"). She played in all three games but did not record any points, as KRS fell to [Agidel Ufa](/wiki/HC_Agidel_Ufa \"HC Agidel Ufa\").",
"Kilponen continued as captain of Ilves to begin the [2021–22 season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Naisten_Liiga_season \"2021–22 Naisten Liiga season\"). She notched three goals and eight assists in seventeen games before departing the league to rejoin the KRS Vanke Rays for the later part of the [2021–22 ZhHL season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_ZhHL_season \"2021–22 ZhHL season\"). With KRS, she won the 2022 ZhHL Championship, contributing two goals and two assists in eight games to their playoff victory.",
"Ahead of the [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_PHF_season \"2022–23 PHF season\"), she signed a one\\-year contract with the [Metropolitan Riveters](/wiki/Metropolitan_Riveters \"Metropolitan Riveters\") of the [Premier Hockey Federation](/wiki/Premier_Hockey_Federation \"Premier Hockey Federation\") (PHF).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Levine \\|first\\=Justin \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-14 \\|title\\=Riveters Add Another Olympian In Defender Anna Kilponen \\|url\\=http://riveters.premierhockeyfederation.com/news/riveters\\-add\\-another\\-olympian\\-in\\-defender\\-anna\\-kil \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-14 \\|website\\=Metropolitan Riveters \\|type\\=Press release \\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085924/https://riveters.premierhockeyfederation.com/news/riveters\\-add\\-another\\-olympian\\-in\\-defender\\-anna\\-kil \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Playing on the top defensive pairing with [Minttu Tuominen](/wiki/Minttu_Tuominen \"Minttu Tuominen\"), she tallied twelve assists in 24 games and participated in the PHF All\\-Star Game with Team World.{{cite web \\|title\\=PHF Announces 2023 All\\-Star Rosters \\|url\\=https://womenshockeylife.com/phf\\-announces\\-2023\\-all\\-star\\-rosters/ \\|website\\=Women's Hockey Life \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2023 \\|date\\=17 January 2023}}",
"Kilponen re\\-signed with the Riveters for the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_PHF_season \"2023–24 PHF season\") in May 2023\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rice \\|first\\=Dan \\|date\\=2023\\-05\\-24 \\|title\\=Riveters Re\\-Sign Ganser and Kilponen \\|url\\=https://www.theicegarden.com/riveters\\-re\\-sign\\-ganser\\-2\\-yrs\\-and\\-kilponen\\-1\\-yr/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-23 \\|website\\=The Ice Garden \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kennedy \\|first\\=Ian \\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-26 \\|title\\=Roster Review: Metropolitan Riveters \\|url\\=https://thehockeynews.com/womens/pwhl/roster\\-review\\-metropolitan\\-riveters \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-23 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hockey News]] \\|language\\=en}} In late June, the PHF was bought out and dissolved, leaving her without a contract for the upcoming season. She signed with the ZSC Lions Frauen of the Women's League (SWHL A) in late July, becoming one of the first former PHFers to find a new team after the voiding of PHF contracts.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Seppä \\|first\\=Lassi \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-26 \\|title\\=Lisää suomalaisia Sveitsiin − Anna Kilponen vahvistaa ZSC Lionsia \\|url\\=https://www.jatkoaika.com/Uutiset/Lis%C3%A4%C3%A4\\-suomalaisia\\-Sveitsiin\\-%E2%88%92\\-Anna\\-Kilponen\\-vahvistaa\\-ZSC\\-Lionsia/250844 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-23 \\|website\\=Jatkoaika \\|language\\=fi}}",
"On 20 November 2023, after playing twelve games and recording three goals and four points with the ZSC Lions, it was announced that Kilponen would not continue the season with the club for personal reasons.{{cite web \\|title\\=Anna Kilponen leaves the ZSC Lions \\|url\\=https://swisshockeynews.ch/index.php/shn/58\\-swiss\\-ice\\-hockey/swhl/34938\\-anna\\-kilponen\\-leaves\\-the\\-zsc\\-lions \\|website\\=SwissHockeyNews.ch \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2023 \\|language\\=en\\-gb \\|date\\=20 November 2023}} Several days later, her transfer to Ilves was reported.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Jelle Zijlstra was born on 27 August 1918 in [Oosterbierum](/wiki/Oosterbierum "Oosterbierum") in the [province](/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands "Provinces of the Netherlands") of [Friesland](/wiki/Friesland "Friesland") in a [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands "Reformed Churches in the Netherlands") family, the son of Ane Jelle Zijlstra (born 14 November 1879\) and Pietje Postuma (born 6 March 1897\), both of whom had also been born in the village. After completing his secondary education, he studied at the Netherlands School of Economics, the predecessor of the [Erasmus University Rotterdam](/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam "Erasmus University Rotterdam"). His studies were interrupted twice: first by his period of military service and later when he had to go into hiding in 1942 after refusing to sign the loyalty oath required of students by the [Nazi occupation](/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II "Netherlands in World War II") authorities. Even so, he completed his economics degree in October 1945 as a [Master of Economics](/wiki/Master_of_Economics "Master of Economics").
Immediately after graduating, Zijlstra became a research assistant at the Netherlands School of Economics and was promoted a year later to senior research assistant and in 1947 to lecturer. In 1948 he was awarded a doctorate as a Doctor of Philosophy with [cum laude](/wiki/Cum_laude "Cum laude") for his thesis on the rate of circulation of money and its bearing on the value of money and monetary equilibrium. In the same year he was appointed professor of economics at the [Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam](/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam "Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam").
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Prime Minister Jelle Zijlstra and [Minister of Finance of West Germany](/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_%28Germany%29 "Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)") [Franz Josef Strauss](/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") during a meeting at the [Peace Palace](/wiki/Peace_Palace "Peace Palace") in [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague") on 16 January 1967\.](/wiki/File:Vergaderingen%2C_ministers%2C_internationale_samenwerking%2C_Bestanddeelnr_093-1326.jpg "Vergaderingen, ministers, internationale samenwerking, Bestanddeelnr 093-1326.jpg")
### Politics
Representing the [Anti\-Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party "Anti-Revolutionary Party"), Zijlstra successively served as [Minister of Economic Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_the_Environment_%28Netherlands%29 "Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Environment (Netherlands)") in the [Drees II](/wiki/Second_Drees_cabinet "Second Drees cabinet"), [Drees III](/wiki/Third_Drees_cabinet "Third Drees cabinet") and [Beel II](/wiki/Second_Beel_cabinet "Second Beel cabinet") cabinets, and as [Minister of Finance](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Netherlands%29 "Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)") in the [Beel II](/wiki/Second_Beel_cabinet "Second Beel cabinet") and [De Quay](/wiki/De_Quay_cabinet "De Quay cabinet") cabinets between 2 September 1952 and 24 July 1963\.
Following his ministerial career, Zijlstra returned to the Vrije Universiteit as professor of public finance, though he also served as a member of the [Senate](/wiki/Senate_%28Netherlands%29 "Senate (Netherlands)") between 1963 and 1966\. In 1973 Zijlstra became member of the [Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype\=authorDetail\&aId\=PE00004026 \|title\=Jelle Zijlstra (1918–2001\) \|publisher\=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences \|access\-date\=31 July 2015}} After the fall of the [Cals cabinet](/wiki/Cals_cabinet "Cals cabinet"), Zijlstra headed an interim government as [Prime Minister of the Netherlands](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands "Prime Minister of the Netherlands") and [Minister of Finance](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Netherlands%29 "Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)") between 22 November 1966 until 5 April 1967\.
From 1967 until the end of 1981 he was President of *[De Nederlandsche Bank](/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank "De Nederlandsche Bank")*, the central bank of the Netherlands, and in the course of that period he was also President of the [Bank for International Settlements](/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements "Bank for International Settlements") in [Basel](/wiki/Basel "Basel"). He has sat on many boards in the public and private sectors.
### Personal
On 11 March 1946, Zijlstra married his childhood sweetheart Hetty Bloksma (30 January 1921 – 19 November 2013\).{{in lang\|nl}} [Overlijdensbericht Heintje (Hetty) Bloksma in Trouw, 23\-11\-2013](http://www.online-familieberichten.nl/pers/1153701/Heintje-Hetty-Bloksma-1921-2013/){{cite web \| url\=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom\-willems\-hoogeloon\-best/I125043\.php \| title\=Stamboom Willems Hoogeloon\-Best » Hetty Bloksma \| publisher\=GenealogieOnline \| language\=nl \| access\-date\=6 February 2019 }} They had three daughters and two sons, who were born between 1947 and 1961\. The last months of life were dominated by his deteriorating health, and he suffered from [dementia](/wiki/Dementia "Dementia"). Jelle Zijlstra died in [Wassenaar](/wiki/Wassenaar "Wassenaar") on 23 December 2001 at the age of eighty\-three Zijlstra, and was buried at the cemetery of the local [Reformed Church](/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands "Reformed Churches in the Netherlands") in [Wassenaar](/wiki/Wassenaar "Wassenaar"). His younger brother [Rinse Zijlstra](/wiki/Rinse_Zijlstra "Rinse Zijlstra") (19 April 1927 – 26 September 2017\) was also a member of the [House of Representatives](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Netherlands%29 "House of Representatives (Netherlands)"), serving from 23 February 1967 until 10 May 1971 and a [Senator](/wiki/Senate_%28Netherlands%29 "Senate (Netherlands)") serving from 12 April 1983 until 13 June 1995 for the [Anti\-Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party "Anti-Revolutionary Party") and the [Christian Democratic Appeal](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal "Christian Democratic Appeal").{{in lang\|nl}} [Vergeten volksvertegenwoordigers: dr. Jelle Zijlstra](http://schrijfspecialist.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/vergeten-volksvertegenwoordigers-dr-jelle-zijlstra/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223212122/http://schrijfspecialist.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/vergeten\-volksvertegenwoordigers\-dr\-jelle\-zijlstra/ \|date\=23 December 2014}}, @Geschiedenisgek, 24 August 2011
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Jelle Zijlstra was born on 27 August 1918 in [Oosterbierum](/wiki/Oosterbierum \"Oosterbierum\") in the [province](/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands \"Provinces of the Netherlands\") of [Friesland](/wiki/Friesland \"Friesland\") in a [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands \"Reformed Churches in the Netherlands\") family, the son of Ane Jelle Zijlstra (born 14 November 1879\\) and Pietje Postuma (born 6 March 1897\\), both of whom had also been born in the village. After completing his secondary education, he studied at the Netherlands School of Economics, the predecessor of the [Erasmus University Rotterdam](/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam \"Erasmus University Rotterdam\"). His studies were interrupted twice: first by his period of military service and later when he had to go into hiding in 1942 after refusing to sign the loyalty oath required of students by the [Nazi occupation](/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II \"Netherlands in World War II\") authorities. Even so, he completed his economics degree in October 1945 as a [Master of Economics](/wiki/Master_of_Economics \"Master of Economics\").",
"Immediately after graduating, Zijlstra became a research assistant at the Netherlands School of Economics and was promoted a year later to senior research assistant and in 1947 to lecturer. In 1948 he was awarded a doctorate as a Doctor of Philosophy with [cum laude](/wiki/Cum_laude \"Cum laude\") for his thesis on the rate of circulation of money and its bearing on the value of money and monetary equilibrium. In the same year he was appointed professor of economics at the [Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam](/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam \"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam\").",
"[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Prime Minister Jelle Zijlstra and [Minister of Finance of West Germany](/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_%28Germany%29 \"Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)\") [Franz Josef Strauss](/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss \"Franz Josef Strauss\") during a meeting at the [Peace Palace](/wiki/Peace_Palace \"Peace Palace\") in [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\") on 16 January 1967\\.](/wiki/File:Vergaderingen%2C_ministers%2C_internationale_samenwerking%2C_Bestanddeelnr_093-1326.jpg \"Vergaderingen, ministers, internationale samenwerking, Bestanddeelnr 093-1326.jpg\")",
"### Politics",
"Representing the [Anti\\-Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party \"Anti-Revolutionary Party\"), Zijlstra successively served as [Minister of Economic Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_the_Environment_%28Netherlands%29 \"Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Environment (Netherlands)\") in the [Drees II](/wiki/Second_Drees_cabinet \"Second Drees cabinet\"), [Drees III](/wiki/Third_Drees_cabinet \"Third Drees cabinet\") and [Beel II](/wiki/Second_Beel_cabinet \"Second Beel cabinet\") cabinets, and as [Minister of Finance](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Netherlands%29 \"Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)\") in the [Beel II](/wiki/Second_Beel_cabinet \"Second Beel cabinet\") and [De Quay](/wiki/De_Quay_cabinet \"De Quay cabinet\") cabinets between 2 September 1952 and 24 July 1963\\.",
"Following his ministerial career, Zijlstra returned to the Vrije Universiteit as professor of public finance, though he also served as a member of the [Senate](/wiki/Senate_%28Netherlands%29 \"Senate (Netherlands)\") between 1963 and 1966\\. In 1973 Zijlstra became member of the [Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype\\=authorDetail\\&aId\\=PE00004026 \\|title\\=Jelle Zijlstra (1918–2001\\) \\|publisher\\=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences \\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2015}} After the fall of the [Cals cabinet](/wiki/Cals_cabinet \"Cals cabinet\"), Zijlstra headed an interim government as [Prime Minister of the Netherlands](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands \"Prime Minister of the Netherlands\") and [Minister of Finance](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Netherlands%29 \"Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)\") between 22 November 1966 until 5 April 1967\\.",
"From 1967 until the end of 1981 he was President of *[De Nederlandsche Bank](/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank \"De Nederlandsche Bank\")*, the central bank of the Netherlands, and in the course of that period he was also President of the [Bank for International Settlements](/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements \"Bank for International Settlements\") in [Basel](/wiki/Basel \"Basel\"). He has sat on many boards in the public and private sectors.",
"### Personal",
"On 11 March 1946, Zijlstra married his childhood sweetheart Hetty Bloksma (30 January 1921 – 19 November 2013\\).{{in lang\\|nl}} [Overlijdensbericht Heintje (Hetty) Bloksma in Trouw, 23\\-11\\-2013](http://www.online-familieberichten.nl/pers/1153701/Heintje-Hetty-Bloksma-1921-2013/){{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom\\-willems\\-hoogeloon\\-best/I125043\\.php \\| title\\=Stamboom Willems Hoogeloon\\-Best » Hetty Bloksma \\| publisher\\=GenealogieOnline \\| language\\=nl \\| access\\-date\\=6 February 2019 }} They had three daughters and two sons, who were born between 1947 and 1961\\. The last months of life were dominated by his deteriorating health, and he suffered from [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\"). Jelle Zijlstra died in [Wassenaar](/wiki/Wassenaar \"Wassenaar\") on 23 December 2001 at the age of eighty\\-three Zijlstra, and was buried at the cemetery of the local [Reformed Church](/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands \"Reformed Churches in the Netherlands\") in [Wassenaar](/wiki/Wassenaar \"Wassenaar\"). His younger brother [Rinse Zijlstra](/wiki/Rinse_Zijlstra \"Rinse Zijlstra\") (19 April 1927 – 26 September 2017\\) was also a member of the [House of Representatives](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Netherlands%29 \"House of Representatives (Netherlands)\"), serving from 23 February 1967 until 10 May 1971 and a [Senator](/wiki/Senate_%28Netherlands%29 \"Senate (Netherlands)\") serving from 12 April 1983 until 13 June 1995 for the [Anti\\-Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party \"Anti-Revolutionary Party\") and the [Christian Democratic Appeal](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal \"Christian Democratic Appeal\").{{in lang\\|nl}} [Vergeten volksvertegenwoordigers: dr. Jelle Zijlstra](http://schrijfspecialist.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/vergeten-volksvertegenwoordigers-dr-jelle-zijlstra/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223212122/http://schrijfspecialist.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/vergeten\\-volksvertegenwoordigers\\-dr\\-jelle\\-zijlstra/ \\|date\\=23 December 2014}}, @Geschiedenisgek, 24 August 2011",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|300px\|right\|MoMA PS1 with Manhattan skyline in background](/wiki/File:Ps1-skyline.jpg "Ps1-skyline.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|Architectural installation *Canopy* by nARCHITECTS from summer 2004](/wiki/File:Canopy_P.S.1.4.jpg "Canopy P.S.1.4.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|*Format Emergency Room* by Thierry Geoffroy, February/March 2007](/wiki/File:Emergency_room.jpg "Emergency room.jpg")
### Founding
What would become MoMA PS1 was founded in 1971 by [Alanna Heiss](/wiki/Alanna_Heiss "Alanna Heiss") as the Institute for Art and Urban Resources Inc.,{{cite web \|title\=Profile \|url\=http://momaps1\.org/about/ \|website\=MoMA PS1 \|quote\="MoMA PS1 was founded in 1971 by Alanna Heiss as the Institute for Art and Urban Resources Inc."\|access\-date\=July 17, 2018}} an organization with the mission of turning abandoned, underutilized buildings in New York City into artist studios and exhibition spaces.
Recognizing that New York was a worldwide magnet for contemporary artists, and believing that traditional museums were not providing adequate exhibition opportunities for site\-specific art, in 1971 Heiss established a formal, alternative arts organization with architecture/theater critic [Brendan Gill](/wiki/Brendan_Gill "Brendan Gill") called The Institute for Art and Urban Resources, and began renovating abandoned buildings in New York City.
In 1976, Heiss opened the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center in a deserted Romanesque Revival public school building, significantly increasing the organization's exhibition and studio capacity. This building, dating from 1892, served as the first school in Long Island City until 1963, when the First Ward school it housed was closed due to low attendance and the building was turned into a warehouse.{{cite news \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5\-UCAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA24 \| title\=Long Island City \| page\=24 \| magazine\=\[\[New York (magazine)\|New York]] \| via\=\[\[Google Books]] \| date\=August 11, 1980 \| access\-date\=January 1, 2013 }}
In October 1997, P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center reopened to the public after a three\-year, $8\.5 million renovation project designed by Los Angeles\-based architecture firm Frederick Fisher \& Partners.{{cite news \|last1\=Louie \|first1\=Elaine \|title\=CURRENTS; THE NEW P.S. 1: CONTEMPORARY ART, BUT THE BUILDING'S THE STAR \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/02/garden/currents\-the\-new\-ps\-1\-contemporary\-art\-but\-the\-building\-s\-the\-star.html \|access\-date\=July 17, 2018 \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=October 2, 1997}}Carol Vogel (February 2, 1999\), [A Museum Merger: The Modern Meets The Ultramodern](https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/02/arts/a-museum-merger-the-modern-meets-the-ultramodern.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.[Roberta Smith](/wiki/Roberta_Smith "Roberta Smith") (October 31, 1997\), [Art Review: More Spacious and Gracious, Yet Still Funky at Heart](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/31/arts/art-review-more-spacious-and-gracious-yet-still-funky-at-heart.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. The building's facilities were increased from {{convert\|84,000\|to\|125,000\|sqft}} in order to include a large outdoor gallery, a dramatic entryway, and a two\-story project space.
### Affiliation with the Museum of Modern Art
In February 1999, P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center and the Museum of Modern Art announced their impending institutional merger, which was planned to take 10 years and was designed to preserve P.S. 1 as a center of independent experimentation and exploration. MoMA PS1 and the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art") formalized their affiliation in January 2000\. New York City, which owns the MoMA PS1 building, endorsed the merger.
The principal objective of MoMA's partnership with MoMA PS1 is to promote the enjoyment, appreciation, study, and understanding of contemporary art to a wide and growing audience. Collaborative programs of exhibitions, educational activities, and special projects allow both institutions to draw on their respective strengths and resources and to continue shaping a cultural discourse. The two institutions also integrated their development, education, marketing, financial planning and membership departments.
To mark the 10th anniversary of the merger between the former P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center and MoMA, the museum changed its name to **MoMA PS1** in 2010\.Carol Vogel (April 29, 2010\), [Tweaking a Name in Long Island City](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/arts/design/30vogel.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.
### Later development
In 2008, following the completion of a 10\-year merger process with MoMA, Alana Heiss retired as director of P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center after 36 years.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.moma.org/research\-and\-learning/research\-resources/archives/ps1\_chronology\|title\=Museum of Modern Art {{!}} MoMA\|website\=The Museum of Modern Art\|language\=en\|access\-date\=May 3, 2017}} In 2009, [Klaus Biesenbach](/wiki/Klaus_Biesenbach "Klaus Biesenbach") was named Director of the renamed MoMA PS1\. Biesenbach had first joined at PS1 as a curator in 1997, and subsequently held the positions of Curator in MoMA's Department of Film and Media and Chief Curator of MoMA's Department of Media and Performance Art. Biesenbach left the museum for the [Museum of Contemporary Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art%2C_Los_Angeles "Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles") in Los Angeles in July 2018,{{cite news \|title\=MoMA PS1's Klaus Biesenbach, a Champion of the Avant\-Garde and Celebrities Alike, Will Now Lead MOCA LA \|url\=https://news.artnet.com/art\-world/klaus\-biesenbach\-director\-la\-moca\-1326776 \|access\-date\=September 11, 2018 \|work\=artnet news \|date\=July 31, 2018}} leaving the museum temporarily without a director.{{Citation\| last\=Passy\| first\=Charles\| date\= August 1, 2018\| title \=Longtime Director's Exit Leaves Big Void at MoMA PS1 in Queens\| work\= \[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\| url \=https://www.wsj.com/articles/longtime\-directors\-exit\-leaves\-big\-void\-at\-moma\-ps1\-in\-queens\-1533165342\| access\-date \=June 26, 2020}}
In November 2018,{{Citation\| last\=Greenberger\| first\=Alex\| date\= November 18, 2018\| title\='Management Should Be Ashamed': MoMA PS1 Installers and Maintenance Workers' Union Protests Pay Rates\| work \=\[\[ARTnews]] \| url\=https://www.artnews.com/art\-news/news/management\-ashamed\-moma\-ps1\-installers\-maintenance\-workers\-union\-protests\-pay\-rates\-11371/\| access\-date \=June 26, 2020}} MoMA PS1 art handlers demonstrated outside the museum to earn the same pay as similar workers at MoMA in Manhattan,{{Citation\| last\=Moynihan\| first\=Colin\| date\= December 6, 2018\| title\=Art Handlers at MoMA PS1 Demand Same Pay as Manhattan Colleagues\| work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/06/arts/design/art\-handlers\-ps\-1\-moma.html\| access\-date\=June 26, 2020}} and in March 2019, the museum paid a settlement with a curator who accused the museum of rescinding a job offer due to pregnancy.{{Citation\| last \=Ryzik\| first\=Melena\| date\= March 26, 2019\| title\=MoMA PS1 Settles With Curator Who Said Giving Birth Cost Her Job Offer\| work \=\[\[The New York Times]] \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/26/arts/design/moma\-ps1\-settles\-with\-curator\-who\-said\-giving\-birth\-cost\-her\-job\-offer.html\| access\-date \=June 26, 2020}}{{Citation\| last\=Cascone\| first\=Sarah\| date\= March 27, 2019\| title\=MoMA PS1 Settles With Curator Who Accused the Museum of Pregnancy Discrimination\| publisher \=\[\[Artnet]] \| url \=https://news.artnet.com/art\-world/nikki\-columbus\-moma\-ps1\-settlement\-1500085\| access\-date \=June 25, 2020}} In June 2019, Kate Fowle was announced as the museum's new director.Robin Pogrebin (June 26, 2019\), [MoMA PS1 Looks to Moscow to Hire New Director](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/arts/design/kate-fowle-moma-ps1-director.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. In November 2019, a new restaurant opened in the museum.{{Citation\| last \=Orlow\| first \=Emma\| date \= November 13, 2019\| title \=Mina's, opening at MoMA PS1, joins New York's museum café evolution\| work \=\[\[Time Out (magazine)\|Time Out]] \| url \=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/minas\-opening\-at\-moma\-ps1\-joins\-new\-yorks\-museum\-cafe\-evolution\-111319\| access\-date \=June 26, 2020}}
Following a longer than initially expected closure for the coronavirus pandemic,{{Citation\| last \=Kaufman\| first \=Maya\| date \= March 13, 2020\| title \=MoMA PS1 Temporarily Closes, Citing Coronavirus Regulations\| publisher \=\[\[Patch.com]] \| url \=https://patch.com/new\-york/astoria\-long\-island\-city/moma\-ps1\-temporarily\-closes\-citing\-coronavirus\-regulations\| access\-date \=June 25, 2020}}{{Citation\| last \=Hilburg\| first \=Jonathan\| date \= March 13, 2020\| title \=Met, MoMA, and more go dark over coronavirus concerns\| work \=\[\[The Architect's Newspaper]] \| url \=https://archpaper.com/2020/03/met\-moma\-shut\-down\-coronavirus\-concerns/\| access\-date \=June 26, 2020}} on April 13, 2020, MoMA PS1 told its employees there would be furloughs due to the museum facing its "most serious financial crisis" ever, with impact to be felt "for years to come," according to director Kate Fowle. 70% of the museum's workforce was furloughed, leaving 17 employees working at the museum.{{Citation\| last \=Greenberger\| first \=Alex\| date \= April 21, 2020\| title \=Facing Its 'Most Serious Financial Crisis' Ever, MoMA PS1 Furloughs More Than 70 Percent of Workers\| work \=\[\[ARTnews]] \| url \=https://www.artnews.com/art\-news/news/moma\-ps1\-furloughs\-pay\-cuts\-coronavirus\-1202684419/\| access\-date \=April 21, 2020}} During the [George Floyd protests in New York City](/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_York_City "George Floyd protests in New York City") in June 2020, the museum and the [Brooklyn Museum](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum "Brooklyn Museum") were the only two major art institutions to participate in the Open Your Lobby initiative, which asks businesses to provide protestors with shelter or resources.{{Citation\| last\=Holmes\| first\=Helen\| date\= June 16, 2020\| title\=NYC Performance Spaces Have Stepped Up to Help Protesters, and Museums Should Too\| work\=\[\[The New York Observer\|Observer]] \| url\=https://observer.com/2020/06/open\-your\-lobby\-initiative\-protesters\-brooklyn\-museum/\| access\-date \=June 25, 2020}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|MoMA PS1 with Manhattan skyline in background](/wiki/File:Ps1-skyline.jpg \"Ps1-skyline.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Architectural installation *Canopy* by nARCHITECTS from summer 2004](/wiki/File:Canopy_P.S.1.4.jpg \"Canopy P.S.1.4.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|*Format Emergency Room* by Thierry Geoffroy, February/March 2007](/wiki/File:Emergency_room.jpg \"Emergency room.jpg\")",
"### Founding",
"What would become MoMA PS1 was founded in 1971 by [Alanna Heiss](/wiki/Alanna_Heiss \"Alanna Heiss\") as the Institute for Art and Urban Resources Inc.,{{cite web \\|title\\=Profile \\|url\\=http://momaps1\\.org/about/ \\|website\\=MoMA PS1 \\|quote\\=\"MoMA PS1 was founded in 1971 by Alanna Heiss as the Institute for Art and Urban Resources Inc.\"\\|access\\-date\\=July 17, 2018}} an organization with the mission of turning abandoned, underutilized buildings in New York City into artist studios and exhibition spaces.",
"Recognizing that New York was a worldwide magnet for contemporary artists, and believing that traditional museums were not providing adequate exhibition opportunities for site\\-specific art, in 1971 Heiss established a formal, alternative arts organization with architecture/theater critic [Brendan Gill](/wiki/Brendan_Gill \"Brendan Gill\") called The Institute for Art and Urban Resources, and began renovating abandoned buildings in New York City.",
"In 1976, Heiss opened the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center in a deserted Romanesque Revival public school building, significantly increasing the organization's exhibition and studio capacity. This building, dating from 1892, served as the first school in Long Island City until 1963, when the First Ward school it housed was closed due to low attendance and the building was turned into a warehouse.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5\\-UCAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA24 \\| title\\=Long Island City \\| page\\=24 \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[New York (magazine)\\|New York]] \\| via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]] \\| date\\=August 11, 1980 \\| access\\-date\\=January 1, 2013 }}",
"In October 1997, P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center reopened to the public after a three\\-year, $8\\.5 million renovation project designed by Los Angeles\\-based architecture firm Frederick Fisher \\& Partners.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Louie \\|first1\\=Elaine \\|title\\=CURRENTS; THE NEW P.S. 1: CONTEMPORARY ART, BUT THE BUILDING'S THE STAR \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/02/garden/currents\\-the\\-new\\-ps\\-1\\-contemporary\\-art\\-but\\-the\\-building\\-s\\-the\\-star.html \\|access\\-date\\=July 17, 2018 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=October 2, 1997}}Carol Vogel (February 2, 1999\\), [A Museum Merger: The Modern Meets The Ultramodern](https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/02/arts/a-museum-merger-the-modern-meets-the-ultramodern.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.[Roberta Smith](/wiki/Roberta_Smith \"Roberta Smith\") (October 31, 1997\\), [Art Review: More Spacious and Gracious, Yet Still Funky at Heart](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/31/arts/art-review-more-spacious-and-gracious-yet-still-funky-at-heart.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. The building's facilities were increased from {{convert\\|84,000\\|to\\|125,000\\|sqft}} in order to include a large outdoor gallery, a dramatic entryway, and a two\\-story project space.",
"### Affiliation with the Museum of Modern Art",
"In February 1999, P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center and the Museum of Modern Art announced their impending institutional merger, which was planned to take 10 years and was designed to preserve P.S. 1 as a center of independent experimentation and exploration. MoMA PS1 and the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\") formalized their affiliation in January 2000\\. New York City, which owns the MoMA PS1 building, endorsed the merger.",
"The principal objective of MoMA's partnership with MoMA PS1 is to promote the enjoyment, appreciation, study, and understanding of contemporary art to a wide and growing audience. Collaborative programs of exhibitions, educational activities, and special projects allow both institutions to draw on their respective strengths and resources and to continue shaping a cultural discourse. The two institutions also integrated their development, education, marketing, financial planning and membership departments.",
"To mark the 10th anniversary of the merger between the former P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center and MoMA, the museum changed its name to **MoMA PS1** in 2010\\.Carol Vogel (April 29, 2010\\), [Tweaking a Name in Long Island City](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/arts/design/30vogel.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.",
"### Later development",
"In 2008, following the completion of a 10\\-year merger process with MoMA, Alana Heiss retired as director of P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center after 36 years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moma.org/research\\-and\\-learning/research\\-resources/archives/ps1\\_chronology\\|title\\=Museum of Modern Art {{!}} MoMA\\|website\\=The Museum of Modern Art\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=May 3, 2017}} In 2009, [Klaus Biesenbach](/wiki/Klaus_Biesenbach \"Klaus Biesenbach\") was named Director of the renamed MoMA PS1\\. Biesenbach had first joined at PS1 as a curator in 1997, and subsequently held the positions of Curator in MoMA's Department of Film and Media and Chief Curator of MoMA's Department of Media and Performance Art. Biesenbach left the museum for the [Museum of Contemporary Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art%2C_Los_Angeles \"Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles\") in Los Angeles in July 2018,{{cite news \\|title\\=MoMA PS1's Klaus Biesenbach, a Champion of the Avant\\-Garde and Celebrities Alike, Will Now Lead MOCA LA \\|url\\=https://news.artnet.com/art\\-world/klaus\\-biesenbach\\-director\\-la\\-moca\\-1326776 \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2018 \\|work\\=artnet news \\|date\\=July 31, 2018}} leaving the museum temporarily without a director.{{Citation\\| last\\=Passy\\| first\\=Charles\\| date\\= August 1, 2018\\| title \\=Longtime Director's Exit Leaves Big Void at MoMA PS1 in Queens\\| work\\= \\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\| url \\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/longtime\\-directors\\-exit\\-leaves\\-big\\-void\\-at\\-moma\\-ps1\\-in\\-queens\\-1533165342\\| access\\-date \\=June 26, 2020}}",
"In November 2018,{{Citation\\| last\\=Greenberger\\| first\\=Alex\\| date\\= November 18, 2018\\| title\\='Management Should Be Ashamed': MoMA PS1 Installers and Maintenance Workers' Union Protests Pay Rates\\| work \\=\\[\\[ARTnews]] \\| url\\=https://www.artnews.com/art\\-news/news/management\\-ashamed\\-moma\\-ps1\\-installers\\-maintenance\\-workers\\-union\\-protests\\-pay\\-rates\\-11371/\\| access\\-date \\=June 26, 2020}} MoMA PS1 art handlers demonstrated outside the museum to earn the same pay as similar workers at MoMA in Manhattan,{{Citation\\| last\\=Moynihan\\| first\\=Colin\\| date\\= December 6, 2018\\| title\\=Art Handlers at MoMA PS1 Demand Same Pay as Manhattan Colleagues\\| work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/06/arts/design/art\\-handlers\\-ps\\-1\\-moma.html\\| access\\-date\\=June 26, 2020}} and in March 2019, the museum paid a settlement with a curator who accused the museum of rescinding a job offer due to pregnancy.{{Citation\\| last \\=Ryzik\\| first\\=Melena\\| date\\= March 26, 2019\\| title\\=MoMA PS1 Settles With Curator Who Said Giving Birth Cost Her Job Offer\\| work \\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/26/arts/design/moma\\-ps1\\-settles\\-with\\-curator\\-who\\-said\\-giving\\-birth\\-cost\\-her\\-job\\-offer.html\\| access\\-date \\=June 26, 2020}}{{Citation\\| last\\=Cascone\\| first\\=Sarah\\| date\\= March 27, 2019\\| title\\=MoMA PS1 Settles With Curator Who Accused the Museum of Pregnancy Discrimination\\| publisher \\=\\[\\[Artnet]] \\| url \\=https://news.artnet.com/art\\-world/nikki\\-columbus\\-moma\\-ps1\\-settlement\\-1500085\\| access\\-date \\=June 25, 2020}} In June 2019, Kate Fowle was announced as the museum's new director.Robin Pogrebin (June 26, 2019\\), [MoMA PS1 Looks to Moscow to Hire New Director](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/arts/design/kate-fowle-moma-ps1-director.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. In November 2019, a new restaurant opened in the museum.{{Citation\\| last \\=Orlow\\| first \\=Emma\\| date \\= November 13, 2019\\| title \\=Mina's, opening at MoMA PS1, joins New York's museum café evolution\\| work \\=\\[\\[Time Out (magazine)\\|Time Out]] \\| url \\=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/minas\\-opening\\-at\\-moma\\-ps1\\-joins\\-new\\-yorks\\-museum\\-cafe\\-evolution\\-111319\\| access\\-date \\=June 26, 2020}}",
"Following a longer than initially expected closure for the coronavirus pandemic,{{Citation\\| last \\=Kaufman\\| first \\=Maya\\| date \\= March 13, 2020\\| title \\=MoMA PS1 Temporarily Closes, Citing Coronavirus Regulations\\| publisher \\=\\[\\[Patch.com]] \\| url \\=https://patch.com/new\\-york/astoria\\-long\\-island\\-city/moma\\-ps1\\-temporarily\\-closes\\-citing\\-coronavirus\\-regulations\\| access\\-date \\=June 25, 2020}}{{Citation\\| last \\=Hilburg\\| first \\=Jonathan\\| date \\= March 13, 2020\\| title \\=Met, MoMA, and more go dark over coronavirus concerns\\| work \\=\\[\\[The Architect's Newspaper]] \\| url \\=https://archpaper.com/2020/03/met\\-moma\\-shut\\-down\\-coronavirus\\-concerns/\\| access\\-date \\=June 26, 2020}} on April 13, 2020, MoMA PS1 told its employees there would be furloughs due to the museum facing its \"most serious financial crisis\" ever, with impact to be felt \"for years to come,\" according to director Kate Fowle. 70% of the museum's workforce was furloughed, leaving 17 employees working at the museum.{{Citation\\| last \\=Greenberger\\| first \\=Alex\\| date \\= April 21, 2020\\| title \\=Facing Its 'Most Serious Financial Crisis' Ever, MoMA PS1 Furloughs More Than 70 Percent of Workers\\| work \\=\\[\\[ARTnews]] \\| url \\=https://www.artnews.com/art\\-news/news/moma\\-ps1\\-furloughs\\-pay\\-cuts\\-coronavirus\\-1202684419/\\| access\\-date \\=April 21, 2020}} During the [George Floyd protests in New York City](/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_York_City \"George Floyd protests in New York City\") in June 2020, the museum and the [Brooklyn Museum](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum \"Brooklyn Museum\") were the only two major art institutions to participate in the Open Your Lobby initiative, which asks businesses to provide protestors with shelter or resources.{{Citation\\| last\\=Holmes\\| first\\=Helen\\| date\\= June 16, 2020\\| title\\=NYC Performance Spaces Have Stepped Up to Help Protesters, and Museums Should Too\\| work\\=\\[\\[The New York Observer\\|Observer]] \\| url\\=https://observer.com/2020/06/open\\-your\\-lobby\\-initiative\\-protesters\\-brooklyn\\-museum/\\| access\\-date \\=June 25, 2020}}",
""
] |
Explorer variations
-------------------
[thumb\|right\|50\-Year Commemorative Explorer (DSX50\) with rounded edges](/wiki/File:Explorer_50th.jpg "Explorer 50th.jpg")
There have been several variants produced by Gibson. These include several smaller\-bodied, more "user\-friendly" versions such as the X\-Plorer Studio; the [Matthias Jabs](/wiki/Matthias_Jabs "Matthias Jabs")\-designed Explorer 90 (named so because it was 90% the body size of a regular Explorer), and the Explorer Pro, introduced in 2007\.
In 1976 Gibson released a "Limited Edition" Explorer in [mahogany](/wiki/Mahogany "Mahogany") with gold hardware.{{cite web \|url\=https://reverb.com/item/85826\-1976\-gibson\-explorer\-limited\-edition \|website\=Reverb.com \|title\=Gibson Explorer Limited Edition Mahogany Natural 1976}}{{better source needed\|date\=October 2022}}
In 1979 Gibson introduced the E2 model (also known as the Explorer II), featuring a 5\-piece walnut/maple laminated construction and a contoured body. This model was discontinued after 1983,{{cite book \|first1\=Alan \|last1\=Greenwood \|first2\=Gil \|last2\=Hembree \|title\=The Official \[\[Vintage Guitar Magazine]] Price Guide \|edition\=2006 \|page\=85 \|publisher\=\[\[Hal Leonard Corp]] \|date\=2005 \|asin\=B01F9GOREO}} but was partially returned as the "Thunderhorse", a signature model for comedian/musician [Brendon Small](/wiki/Brendon_Small "Brendon Small"), which was heavily based on the E2\.
From 1979 to 1983 Gibson produced the "Explorer II", not to be confused with the later E/2 Explorers. The distinction is that the Explorer\-II/E\-II has a straight edge body with cream binding. These E\-II's are made with a mahogany back and figured/flamed maple tops in "burst" colors, namely "cherry\-burst" and "Tobacco burst". They did not come in clear or solid colored finishes. Also, they have the TP6 tail\-piece, gold hardware, and "velvet brick" or "dirty fingers" pickups, cream color body binding, with a black pickguard and 3 knobs in a row. The necks have ebony fretboards. Those items together distinguish an Explorer II from the later E/2\.
For the E/2 Explorer, Gibson optioned them with various different parts. The biggest difference was the curved/contoured body. Some came with "dirty fingers" pickups where some are cream and black\-colored (Zebra) or all black. Most had the standard stop\-bar tailpiece, but some E/2's did come with a TP6 tailpiece. The E/2 was also offered in burst colors and clear finishes, whereas the E\-II did not come in clear finishes.
Gibson also produced a range of Explorer models between 1981 and 1984 with high\-output "dirty fingers" pickups, maple neck and body, and a bound figured maple top available in natural, cherry sunburst, or vintage (tobacco) sunburst finishes. These were alternately named E/2, Explorer CMT, or The Explorer.{{cn\|date\=October 2022}} They could be equipped from the factory with either a standard [tune\-o\-matic bridge](/wiki/Tune-o-matic_bridge "Tune-o-matic bridge")/stopbar tailpiece or a [Kahler tremolo](/wiki/Kahler_tremolo "Kahler tremolo").
From 1984 to 1987 the standard Explorer's body wood varied between mahogany and alder. The neck wood would vary between maple and mahogany and the fretboard wood varied between Indian rosewood and ebony. Other additions to this model included rear\-loaded pickup cavities, no pickguard, and control knobs arranged in a triangle pattern (rather than a straight line as on the original model).
In 1984 and 1985 Gibson produced the Explorer III, with three single\-coil [P\-90](/wiki/P-90 "P-90") pickups and an alder body, as well as the Designer Series Explorer (and Flying V), which had factory\-painted graphics in geometric and "Artist Original" designs.
In 1998 Gibson introduced an Explorer in its "Gothic" line, which featured Gibson's guitars (including the Explorer, Flying V, [SG](/wiki/Gibson_SG "Gibson SG"), and [Les Paul](/wiki/Gibson_Les_Paul "Gibson Les Paul")) in matte black finishes.
Several variants are also produced by [Epiphone](/wiki/Epiphone "Epiphone"){{Snd}} Gibson's lower\-cost, non\-US manufacturer. These include a model produced in korina wood and Epiphone's own "Goth" model, available with a stop\-tail or [Floyd Rose](/wiki/Floyd_Rose "Floyd Rose") locking tremolo bridge. Epiphone also produced an Explorer Bass in ebony black and velvet natural finishes with two humbucking pickups and a 34"\-scale 22\-fret dark rosewood fingerboard. The Explorer Bass employs a set\-neck design rather than the bolted\-neck construction used in the Epiphone version of the [Gibson Thunderbird](/wiki/Gibson_Thunderbird "Gibson Thunderbird"). (Gibson produced some 32"\-scale Explorer basses in the 1980s, including one model that featured a futuristic piezo pickup in place of the traditional pickups found on the other models)
In 2001 Gibson produced limited editions of [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton "Eric Clapton")'s modified 1958 Explorer, the Explorer Clapton Cut, featuring a shortened bass bout that allows more comfortable arm positioning and the Explorer Split Headstock, a faithful recreation of the original 1958 korina Explorer with the "forked" headstock found only on the very earliest examples..
In 2003 Gibson Guitars produced limited editions of [Lynyrd Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd "Lynyrd Skynyrd") guitarist [Allen Collins](/wiki/Allen_Collins "Allen Collins")'s Gibson Explorer. The guitar is made of [African limba wood](/wiki/African_limba_wood "African limba wood") and features an aged finish, [Maestro vibrola](/wiki/Maestro_vibrola "Maestro vibrola"), and classic [humbucking](/wiki/Humbucking "Humbucking") pickups
In 2008 Gibson released two new versions of the guitar, the first of which was the "50\-Year Commemorative Explorer". This version features a solid mahogany body with AA\-grade maple top, and the body style is the so\-called "new retro Explorer", which has rounded edges. The second is called the "Reverse Explorer" due to its inverted body style. The reverse model features a carbon fibre\-like [pickguard](/wiki/Pickguard "Pickguard") and inlays as well as a McCarty\-era inspired headstock. Only a limited run of 1000 of each model were built for the Guitar of the Month feature. In the same year, Gibson also released the Robot Explorer, an Explorer version of the [Gibson Robot Guitar](/wiki/Gibson_Robot_Guitar "Gibson Robot Guitar") together with a similar version of the Flying V featuring custom red metallic [nitrocellulose](/wiki/Nitrocellulose "Nitrocellulose") finish, ebony fingerboard with white lining and trapezoid inlays, and lacking a pickguard. Production of this guitar was discontinued in 2008\.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2018}}
In 2009 the company released two new versions of the guitar, the first of which is the Tribal Explorer. It features a [Kahler](/wiki/Kahler_Tremolo_System "Kahler Tremolo System")\-style tremolo and tribal designs and lacks a pickguard. The final new 2009 model is the Holy Explorer, designed as a counterpart to the Holy V, with numerous notches cut through the body of the guitar.
After creating [Matt Heafy](/wiki/Matt_Heafy "Matt Heafy") of [Trivium](/wiki/Trivium_%28band%29 "Trivium (band)") a white seven\-string Explorer, Gibson released a statement that they would make a regular production version. It has many classic characteristics such as a rosewood fretboard, 22 frets, 24\.75 scale length and a 12" radius while acquiring some more metal\-oriented hardware and styling with the addition of active [EMG](/wiki/EMG%2C_Inc. "EMG, Inc.") pickups (81\-7 bridge \& 707 neck), and no fretmarkers on the fretboard.
Although thought to be a staple in the Gibson lineup, the Explorer was discontinued and brought back multiple times in the late 2000s, along with the Flying V. In 2014 a limited edition 120th Anniversary model, with a special 12th\-fret inlay and neck binding, was made available. In 2016 the Explorer was brought back into the standard lineup.
|
[
"Explorer variations\n-------------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|50\\-Year Commemorative Explorer (DSX50\\) with rounded edges](/wiki/File:Explorer_50th.jpg \"Explorer 50th.jpg\")\nThere have been several variants produced by Gibson. These include several smaller\\-bodied, more \"user\\-friendly\" versions such as the X\\-Plorer Studio; the [Matthias Jabs](/wiki/Matthias_Jabs \"Matthias Jabs\")\\-designed Explorer 90 (named so because it was 90% the body size of a regular Explorer), and the Explorer Pro, introduced in 2007\\.",
"In 1976 Gibson released a \"Limited Edition\" Explorer in [mahogany](/wiki/Mahogany \"Mahogany\") with gold hardware.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://reverb.com/item/85826\\-1976\\-gibson\\-explorer\\-limited\\-edition \\|website\\=Reverb.com \\|title\\=Gibson Explorer Limited Edition Mahogany Natural 1976}}{{better source needed\\|date\\=October 2022}}",
"In 1979 Gibson introduced the E2 model (also known as the Explorer II), featuring a 5\\-piece walnut/maple laminated construction and a contoured body. This model was discontinued after 1983,{{cite book \\|first1\\=Alan \\|last1\\=Greenwood \\|first2\\=Gil \\|last2\\=Hembree \\|title\\=The Official \\[\\[Vintage Guitar Magazine]] Price Guide \\|edition\\=2006 \\|page\\=85 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hal Leonard Corp]] \\|date\\=2005 \\|asin\\=B01F9GOREO}} but was partially returned as the \"Thunderhorse\", a signature model for comedian/musician [Brendon Small](/wiki/Brendon_Small \"Brendon Small\"), which was heavily based on the E2\\.",
"From 1979 to 1983 Gibson produced the \"Explorer II\", not to be confused with the later E/2 Explorers. The distinction is that the Explorer\\-II/E\\-II has a straight edge body with cream binding. These E\\-II's are made with a mahogany back and figured/flamed maple tops in \"burst\" colors, namely \"cherry\\-burst\" and \"Tobacco burst\". They did not come in clear or solid colored finishes. Also, they have the TP6 tail\\-piece, gold hardware, and \"velvet brick\" or \"dirty fingers\" pickups, cream color body binding, with a black pickguard and 3 knobs in a row. The necks have ebony fretboards. Those items together distinguish an Explorer II from the later E/2\\.",
"For the E/2 Explorer, Gibson optioned them with various different parts. The biggest difference was the curved/contoured body. Some came with \"dirty fingers\" pickups where some are cream and black\\-colored (Zebra) or all black. Most had the standard stop\\-bar tailpiece, but some E/2's did come with a TP6 tailpiece. The E/2 was also offered in burst colors and clear finishes, whereas the E\\-II did not come in clear finishes.",
"Gibson also produced a range of Explorer models between 1981 and 1984 with high\\-output \"dirty fingers\" pickups, maple neck and body, and a bound figured maple top available in natural, cherry sunburst, or vintage (tobacco) sunburst finishes. These were alternately named E/2, Explorer CMT, or The Explorer.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2022}} They could be equipped from the factory with either a standard [tune\\-o\\-matic bridge](/wiki/Tune-o-matic_bridge \"Tune-o-matic bridge\")/stopbar tailpiece or a [Kahler tremolo](/wiki/Kahler_tremolo \"Kahler tremolo\").",
"From 1984 to 1987 the standard Explorer's body wood varied between mahogany and alder. The neck wood would vary between maple and mahogany and the fretboard wood varied between Indian rosewood and ebony. Other additions to this model included rear\\-loaded pickup cavities, no pickguard, and control knobs arranged in a triangle pattern (rather than a straight line as on the original model).",
"In 1984 and 1985 Gibson produced the Explorer III, with three single\\-coil [P\\-90](/wiki/P-90 \"P-90\") pickups and an alder body, as well as the Designer Series Explorer (and Flying V), which had factory\\-painted graphics in geometric and \"Artist Original\" designs.",
"In 1998 Gibson introduced an Explorer in its \"Gothic\" line, which featured Gibson's guitars (including the Explorer, Flying V, [SG](/wiki/Gibson_SG \"Gibson SG\"), and [Les Paul](/wiki/Gibson_Les_Paul \"Gibson Les Paul\")) in matte black finishes.",
"Several variants are also produced by [Epiphone](/wiki/Epiphone \"Epiphone\"){{Snd}} Gibson's lower\\-cost, non\\-US manufacturer. These include a model produced in korina wood and Epiphone's own \"Goth\" model, available with a stop\\-tail or [Floyd Rose](/wiki/Floyd_Rose \"Floyd Rose\") locking tremolo bridge. Epiphone also produced an Explorer Bass in ebony black and velvet natural finishes with two humbucking pickups and a 34\"\\-scale 22\\-fret dark rosewood fingerboard. The Explorer Bass employs a set\\-neck design rather than the bolted\\-neck construction used in the Epiphone version of the [Gibson Thunderbird](/wiki/Gibson_Thunderbird \"Gibson Thunderbird\"). (Gibson produced some 32\"\\-scale Explorer basses in the 1980s, including one model that featured a futuristic piezo pickup in place of the traditional pickups found on the other models)",
"In 2001 Gibson produced limited editions of [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton \"Eric Clapton\")'s modified 1958 Explorer, the Explorer Clapton Cut, featuring a shortened bass bout that allows more comfortable arm positioning and the Explorer Split Headstock, a faithful recreation of the original 1958 korina Explorer with the \"forked\" headstock found only on the very earliest examples..",
"In 2003 Gibson Guitars produced limited editions of [Lynyrd Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\") guitarist [Allen Collins](/wiki/Allen_Collins \"Allen Collins\")'s Gibson Explorer. The guitar is made of [African limba wood](/wiki/African_limba_wood \"African limba wood\") and features an aged finish, [Maestro vibrola](/wiki/Maestro_vibrola \"Maestro vibrola\"), and classic [humbucking](/wiki/Humbucking \"Humbucking\") pickups",
"In 2008 Gibson released two new versions of the guitar, the first of which was the \"50\\-Year Commemorative Explorer\". This version features a solid mahogany body with AA\\-grade maple top, and the body style is the so\\-called \"new retro Explorer\", which has rounded edges. The second is called the \"Reverse Explorer\" due to its inverted body style. The reverse model features a carbon fibre\\-like [pickguard](/wiki/Pickguard \"Pickguard\") and inlays as well as a McCarty\\-era inspired headstock. Only a limited run of 1000 of each model were built for the Guitar of the Month feature. In the same year, Gibson also released the Robot Explorer, an Explorer version of the [Gibson Robot Guitar](/wiki/Gibson_Robot_Guitar \"Gibson Robot Guitar\") together with a similar version of the Flying V featuring custom red metallic [nitrocellulose](/wiki/Nitrocellulose \"Nitrocellulose\") finish, ebony fingerboard with white lining and trapezoid inlays, and lacking a pickguard. Production of this guitar was discontinued in 2008\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018}}",
"In 2009 the company released two new versions of the guitar, the first of which is the Tribal Explorer. It features a [Kahler](/wiki/Kahler_Tremolo_System \"Kahler Tremolo System\")\\-style tremolo and tribal designs and lacks a pickguard. The final new 2009 model is the Holy Explorer, designed as a counterpart to the Holy V, with numerous notches cut through the body of the guitar.",
"After creating [Matt Heafy](/wiki/Matt_Heafy \"Matt Heafy\") of [Trivium](/wiki/Trivium_%28band%29 \"Trivium (band)\") a white seven\\-string Explorer, Gibson released a statement that they would make a regular production version. It has many classic characteristics such as a rosewood fretboard, 22 frets, 24\\.75 scale length and a 12\" radius while acquiring some more metal\\-oriented hardware and styling with the addition of active [EMG](/wiki/EMG%2C_Inc. \"EMG, Inc.\") pickups (81\\-7 bridge \\& 707 neck), and no fretmarkers on the fretboard.",
"Although thought to be a staple in the Gibson lineup, the Explorer was discontinued and brought back multiple times in the late 2000s, along with the Flying V. In 2014 a limited edition 120th Anniversary model, with a special 12th\\-fret inlay and neck binding, was made available. In 2016 the Explorer was brought back into the standard lineup.",
""
] |
Pronunciation
-------------
The phonology of Bahamian English is believed to be derived from those of [Bermudian English](/wiki/Bermudian_English "Bermudian English"), [Cockney English](/wiki/Cockney_English "Cockney English"), [RP](/wiki/Received_Pronunciation "Received Pronunciation"), [Scottish English](/wiki/Scottish_English "Scottish English"), [African\-American Vernacular English](/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English "African-American Vernacular English"), and [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah_language "Gullah language").{{Cite book\|last1\=Reaser\|first1\=Jeffrey\|url\=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10\.1515/9783110197181\-101/html\|title\=Bahamian English: morphology and syntax\|last2\=Torbert\|first2\=Benjamin\|date\=2008\-12\-19\|publisher\=De Gruyter Mouton\|isbn\=978\-3\-11\-019718\-1\|language\=en\|doi\=10\.1515/9783110197181\-101}} The English accent of both Black and White Bahamians is traditionally [non\-rhotic](/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English "Rhoticity in English"),{{cite book\|last\= Wells\|first\=J. C.\|title\=Accents of English\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=484eVQ7t8TMC\&pg\=PA570\| volume\=3: Beyond the British Isles\|year\=1982\|publisher\=Cambridge U. Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-28541\-4\|pages\=565\-570, 589\-590}} due to being British\-influenced, but often now rhotic among some younger speakers.
Bahamian vowel phonetics are basically shared with both [General American English](/wiki/General_American_English "General American English") and British [Received Pronunciation](/wiki/Received_Pronunciation "Received Pronunciation"), except the following may be distinct:Childs, Becky; Wolfram, Walt (2004\). "Bahamian English: Phonology". In: *A handbook of varieties of English, 1*. pp. 438\-441\.
| **Vowels** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **[Wikipedia diaphoneme](/wiki/Help:IPA/English "IPA/English")** | **Bahamian English** | **Example words** |
|
| {{IPAc\-en\|æ}} | {{IPA\|\[ä]}} | b**a**th, m**a**n, tr**a**p |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɑː}} | {{IPA\|\[ɑ]}} | bl**ah**, f**a**ther |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɒ}} | b**o**ther, l**o**t, w**a**sp |
| {{IPA\|\[ɑː]}} (lower class),{{IPA\|\[ɔː]}} (higher class) | d**o**g, l**o**ss, cl**o**th |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɔː}} | b**ough**t, t**augh**t, s**aw** |
| {{IPAc\-en\|aɪ}} | {{IPA\|\[äː]}} (Black), {{IPA\|\[äi]}} or {{IPA\|\[ʌɪ]}} (White) | r**i**de, sh**i**ne, tr**y** |
| {{IPA\|\[äi]}}, {{IPA\|\[ʌɪ]}} (also White) | br**igh**t, d**i**ce, p**i**ke |
| {{IPAc\-en\|aʊ}} | {{IPA\|\[aː, ɑɔ]}} (Black), {{IPA\|\[aɛ, aø]}} (White) | n**ow**, **ou**ch, sc**ou**t |
| {{IPAc\-en\|eɪ}} | {{IPA\|\[eɪ \> eː]}} | l**a**ke, p**ai**d, r**ei**n |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɔɪ}} | {{IPA\|\[əi, ɔi]}} | b**oy**, ch**oi**ce, m**oi**st |
| {{IPAc\-en\|oʊ}} | {{IPA\|\[ou \> oː]}} (Black), {{IPA\|\[ɵu]}} (White) | g**oa**t, **oh**, sh**ow** |
| Vowels followed by {{IPAc\-en\|r}} | | |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɑːr}} | {{IPA\|\[ɑ̈ː]}} | b**ar**n, c**ar**, p**ar**k |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɪər}} | {{IPA\|\[eᴈ]}} | f**ear**, p**eer**, t**ier** |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɛər}} | b**are**, b**ear**, th**ere** |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɜːr}} | {{IPA\|\[ɜː]}}, {{IPA\|\[əi]}} (also Black) | b**ur**n, f**ir**st, h**er**d |
| {{IPAc\-en\|ɔːr}} | {{IPA\|\[oᴈ]}} | h**oar**se, h**or**se, p**oor** |
There is little or no distinction between the {{IPA\|\[v]}} and {{IPA\|\[w]}} sounds in Bahamian English.{{cite book\|last1\=Childs\|first1\=Becky\|last2\=Wolfram\|first2\=Walt\|editor1\-last\=Schneider\|editor1\-first\=Edgar W.\|title\=Varieties of English \|volume\= 2: The Americas and the Caribbean\|date\=2008\|publisher\=Mouton de Gruyter\|location\=Berlin\|pages\=239–255\|chapter\=Bahamian English: phonology}} The contrast is often [neutralized](/wiki/Neutralization_%28linguistics%29 "Neutralization (linguistics)") or merged into {{IPA\|\[v]}}, {{IPA\|\[b]}} or {{IPA\|\[β]}}, so *village* sounds like {{IPA\|\[wɪlɪdʒ]}}, {{IPA\|\[vɪlɪdʒ]}} or {{IPA\|\[βɪlɪdʒ]}}. The final example is especially common among White speakers. This also happens in Vincentian, [Bermudian](/wiki/Bermudian_English "Bermudian English") and other [Caribbean Englishes](/wiki/Caribbean_English "Caribbean English").
The [cheer\-chair](/wiki/Near-square_merger "Near-square merger") merger of vowels is common, combining certain vowels before {{IPA\|/r/}}.
[Dental fricatives](/wiki/Dental_fricative "Dental fricative") are usually changed to [alveolar plosives](/wiki/Alveolar_plosive "Alveolar plosive") ([*th*\-stopping](/wiki/Th-stopping "Th-stopping")):
* Voiced *th* becomes /d/, e.g. "That" turns into "Dat"; "Those" into "Doze"; "There" into "Dere"; "They" into "Day".
* Unvoiced *th* becomes /t/, e.g. "Thanks" turns into "Tanks"; "Throw" into "Trow"; "Three" into "Tree".
The sound {{IPA\|/h/}} is often inserted into words that are not spelled with the letter H, leaving "up" to be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[hʌp]}}. However, it is also frequently dropped from words that *are* spelled with an H, so "harm" is left to be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[ɑ̈ːm]}}.{{cite web \| url\=https://englishbahamas.weebly.com/linguistic\-features.html \| title\=Linguistic Features }} {{Citation \|last\=Aceto \|first\=Michael \|title\=Eastern Caribbean English\-derived language varieties: phonology \|date\=2020\-12\-31 \|work\=A Handbook of Varieties of English \|pages\=481–500 (486\) \|url\=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10\.1515/9783110197181\-033/html \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-06 \|publisher\=De Gruyter \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1515/9783110197181\-033 \|isbn\=978\-3\-11\-019718\-1}}
The sibilant fricatives {{IPA\|/z/}} and {{IPA\|/ʒ/}} may be devoiced and pronounced as {{IPA\|\[s]}} and {{IPA\|\[ʃ]}} respectively.
|
[
"Pronunciation\n-------------",
"The phonology of Bahamian English is believed to be derived from those of [Bermudian English](/wiki/Bermudian_English \"Bermudian English\"), [Cockney English](/wiki/Cockney_English \"Cockney English\"), [RP](/wiki/Received_Pronunciation \"Received Pronunciation\"), [Scottish English](/wiki/Scottish_English \"Scottish English\"), [African\\-American Vernacular English](/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English \"African-American Vernacular English\"), and [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah_language \"Gullah language\").{{Cite book\\|last1\\=Reaser\\|first1\\=Jeffrey\\|url\\=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10\\.1515/9783110197181\\-101/html\\|title\\=Bahamian English: morphology and syntax\\|last2\\=Torbert\\|first2\\=Benjamin\\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-19\\|publisher\\=De Gruyter Mouton\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-11\\-019718\\-1\\|language\\=en\\|doi\\=10\\.1515/9783110197181\\-101}} The English accent of both Black and White Bahamians is traditionally [non\\-rhotic](/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English \"Rhoticity in English\"),{{cite book\\|last\\= Wells\\|first\\=J. C.\\|title\\=Accents of English\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=484eVQ7t8TMC\\&pg\\=PA570\\| volume\\=3: Beyond the British Isles\\|year\\=1982\\|publisher\\=Cambridge U. Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-28541\\-4\\|pages\\=565\\-570, 589\\-590}} due to being British\\-influenced, but often now rhotic among some younger speakers.",
"Bahamian vowel phonetics are basically shared with both [General American English](/wiki/General_American_English \"General American English\") and British [Received Pronunciation](/wiki/Received_Pronunciation \"Received Pronunciation\"), except the following may be distinct:Childs, Becky; Wolfram, Walt (2004\\). \"Bahamian English: Phonology\". In: *A handbook of varieties of English, 1*. pp. 438\\-441\\.",
"",
"| **Vowels** | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **[Wikipedia diaphoneme](/wiki/Help:IPA/English \"IPA/English\")** | **Bahamian English** | **Example words** |\n|\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|æ}} | {{IPA\\|\\[ä]}} | b**a**th, m**a**n, tr**a**p |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɑː}} | {{IPA\\|\\[ɑ]}} | bl**ah**, f**a**ther |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɒ}} | b**o**ther, l**o**t, w**a**sp |\n| {{IPA\\|\\[ɑː]}} (lower class),{{IPA\\|\\[ɔː]}} (higher class) | d**o**g, l**o**ss, cl**o**th |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɔː}} | b**ough**t, t**augh**t, s**aw** |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|aɪ}} | {{IPA\\|\\[äː]}} (Black), {{IPA\\|\\[äi]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ʌɪ]}} (White) | r**i**de, sh**i**ne, tr**y** |\n| {{IPA\\|\\[äi]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[ʌɪ]}} (also White) | br**igh**t, d**i**ce, p**i**ke |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|aʊ}} | {{IPA\\|\\[aː, ɑɔ]}} (Black), {{IPA\\|\\[aɛ, aø]}} (White) | n**ow**, **ou**ch, sc**ou**t |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|eɪ}} | {{IPA\\|\\[eɪ \\> eː]}} | l**a**ke, p**ai**d, r**ei**n |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɔɪ}} | {{IPA\\|\\[əi, ɔi]}} | b**oy**, ch**oi**ce, m**oi**st |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|oʊ}} | {{IPA\\|\\[ou \\> oː]}} (Black), {{IPA\\|\\[ɵu]}} (White) | g**oa**t, **oh**, sh**ow** |\n| Vowels followed by {{IPAc\\-en\\|r}} | | |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɑːr}} | {{IPA\\|\\[ɑ̈ː]}} | b**ar**n, c**ar**, p**ar**k |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɪər}} | {{IPA\\|\\[eᴈ]}} | f**ear**, p**eer**, t**ier** |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɛər}} | b**are**, b**ear**, th**ere** |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɜːr}} | {{IPA\\|\\[ɜː]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[əi]}} (also Black) | b**ur**n, f**ir**st, h**er**d |\n| {{IPAc\\-en\\|ɔːr}} | {{IPA\\|\\[oᴈ]}} | h**oar**se, h**or**se, p**oor** |",
"There is little or no distinction between the {{IPA\\|\\[v]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[w]}} sounds in Bahamian English.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Childs\\|first1\\=Becky\\|last2\\=Wolfram\\|first2\\=Walt\\|editor1\\-last\\=Schneider\\|editor1\\-first\\=Edgar W.\\|title\\=Varieties of English \\|volume\\= 2: The Americas and the Caribbean\\|date\\=2008\\|publisher\\=Mouton de Gruyter\\|location\\=Berlin\\|pages\\=239–255\\|chapter\\=Bahamian English: phonology}} The contrast is often [neutralized](/wiki/Neutralization_%28linguistics%29 \"Neutralization (linguistics)\") or merged into {{IPA\\|\\[v]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[b]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[β]}}, so *village* sounds like {{IPA\\|\\[wɪlɪdʒ]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[vɪlɪdʒ]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[βɪlɪdʒ]}}. The final example is especially common among White speakers. This also happens in Vincentian, [Bermudian](/wiki/Bermudian_English \"Bermudian English\") and other [Caribbean Englishes](/wiki/Caribbean_English \"Caribbean English\").",
"The [cheer\\-chair](/wiki/Near-square_merger \"Near-square merger\") merger of vowels is common, combining certain vowels before {{IPA\\|/r/}}.",
"[Dental fricatives](/wiki/Dental_fricative \"Dental fricative\") are usually changed to [alveolar plosives](/wiki/Alveolar_plosive \"Alveolar plosive\") ([*th*\\-stopping](/wiki/Th-stopping \"Th-stopping\")):\n* Voiced *th* becomes /d/, e.g. \"That\" turns into \"Dat\"; \"Those\" into \"Doze\"; \"There\" into \"Dere\"; \"They\" into \"Day\".\n* Unvoiced *th* becomes /t/, e.g. \"Thanks\" turns into \"Tanks\"; \"Throw\" into \"Trow\"; \"Three\" into \"Tree\".",
"The sound {{IPA\\|/h/}} is often inserted into words that are not spelled with the letter H, leaving \"up\" to be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[hʌp]}}. However, it is also frequently dropped from words that *are* spelled with an H, so \"harm\" is left to be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[ɑ̈ːm]}}.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://englishbahamas.weebly.com/linguistic\\-features.html \\| title\\=Linguistic Features }} {{Citation \\|last\\=Aceto \\|first\\=Michael \\|title\\=Eastern Caribbean English\\-derived language varieties: phonology \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-31 \\|work\\=A Handbook of Varieties of English \\|pages\\=481–500 (486\\) \\|url\\=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10\\.1515/9783110197181\\-033/html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-06 \\|publisher\\=De Gruyter \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1515/9783110197181\\-033 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-11\\-019718\\-1}}",
"The sibilant fricatives {{IPA\\|/z/}} and {{IPA\\|/ʒ/}} may be devoiced and pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[s]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[ʃ]}} respectively.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was born in the village of [Lanište](/wiki/Novo_Lani%C5%A1te "Novo Lanište"), [Jagodina](/wiki/Jagodina "Jagodina") district, to father Petar and mother Stevana. He finished four grades of an elementary school in Jagodina and six grades of high school in [Kragujevac](/wiki/Kragujevac "Kragujevac") in 1869\. Then he went to the military academy \- Artillery School of the [Military Academy](/wiki/Military_Academy_%28Serbia%29 "Military Academy (Serbia)"), as a student of its ninth grade, which he finished as the seventh in the rank of 20 cadets in 1874\. He was in the class together with the celebrated General [Božo Janković](/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_%28general%29 "Božidar Janković (general)"), the liberator of [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo") in 1912, as well as General [Leonid Solarević](/wiki/Leonid_Solarevi%C4%87 "Leonid Solarević").
In the First Serbian\-Turkish, he was an adjutant for the general staff affairs of the [Timok](/wiki/Timok "Timok") Corps. While in the Second Serbian\-Turkish War (1877\-1878\) he was the [chief of staff](/wiki/Chief_of_staff "Chief of staff") of the Jagodina Brigade. Then, at the head of his countrymen, he entered the [Niš](/wiki/Ni%C5%A1 "Niš") Fortress, on 29 December 1877 (11 January 1878, according to the new calendar) and then took part in the battles on [Samokov](/wiki/Samokov "Samokov").
For the next two years, he held the rank of captain of the 2nd class and was an ordinance officer of the [Šumadija](/wiki/%C5%A0umadija "Šumadija") Division. As a state cadet, Vukoman Aračić travelled to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") in 1880 to study engineering. He stayed there until 1882\. Upon his return from Vienna, he served as Chief of Staff of the Engineering Regiment. He was transferred to the general staff profession of Captain I class in 1885, and immediately in the war against the [Bulgarians](/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War "Serbo-Bulgarian War"), he became the chief of staff of the [Drina](/wiki/Drina "Drina") Division of the 1st call. From that position, in October 1887, he was appointed commander of the 6th Infantry Battalion.
In April of the following year, he became the acting head of the External Department of the Operations Department of the General Staff. During the 1890s, he performed a number of duties at the central military administration. He was the Acting Chief of the Operations Department of the Ministry of War, the Deputy Chief of the General Staff, the Chief of the General Military Department of the Ministry of War and the Assistant Chief of Staff of the Active Army Command.
From 1890 to 1903 he was commander of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") divisional area, from March 1895 commander of the IX Infantry Regiment, chief of the operational department of the General Staff and commander of the IV command of the Šumadija divisional area, and from April 1902 [Timok](/wiki/Timok "Timok") divisional area and honorary adjutant of King [Alexander Obrenović](/wiki/Alexander_Obrenovi%C4%87 "Alexander Obrenović"). In the same period, from August 1901, he became a member of the Higher Military Council.
In the period 1893 to 1903, with minor interruptions, (from 12 September 1893 to 1 September 1896, then from 21 June 1897 to 1 March 1899 and from 26 March 1900 to 18 August 1901\) was also a professor at the Military Academy. As a part\-time and full professor, he taught Military Geography and History of War Skills at its lower level, and Tactics and General Staff Service with War Games at its higher course. In 1893 and 1901, he was also a member of the academic council of this institution. As president and member, he was also in the commissions for taking the non\-commissioned officer and officer exams.
From October 1900 to October 1901, he was also the editor of the military magazine *Ratnik*. Briefly, during 1898, he also edited the Official Military Gazette. In 1895, he was also a member of the military court of cassation.
He wrote the books Oreography around our country on the Balkan Peninsula (1898\) and the General Staff Service of the war (1899, COBISS.SR 167911948\), and in 1914 he prepared for publication the work General Staff Service of the Peacetime, which was not printed due to the war.
He was one of the founders of the first equestrian club in Šumadija: the Šumadija Regional Riders' Circle [Knez](/wiki/Knez_%28title%29 "Knez (title)") [Mihailo Obrenović](/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenovi%C4%87 "Mihailo Obrenović") in 1898\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was born in the village of [Lanište](/wiki/Novo_Lani%C5%A1te \"Novo Lanište\"), [Jagodina](/wiki/Jagodina \"Jagodina\") district, to father Petar and mother Stevana. He finished four grades of an elementary school in Jagodina and six grades of high school in [Kragujevac](/wiki/Kragujevac \"Kragujevac\") in 1869\\. Then he went to the military academy \\- Artillery School of the [Military Academy](/wiki/Military_Academy_%28Serbia%29 \"Military Academy (Serbia)\"), as a student of its ninth grade, which he finished as the seventh in the rank of 20 cadets in 1874\\. He was in the class together with the celebrated General [Božo Janković](/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_%28general%29 \"Božidar Janković (general)\"), the liberator of [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\") in 1912, as well as General [Leonid Solarević](/wiki/Leonid_Solarevi%C4%87 \"Leonid Solarević\").",
"In the First Serbian\\-Turkish, he was an adjutant for the general staff affairs of the [Timok](/wiki/Timok \"Timok\") Corps. While in the Second Serbian\\-Turkish War (1877\\-1878\\) he was the [chief of staff](/wiki/Chief_of_staff \"Chief of staff\") of the Jagodina Brigade. Then, at the head of his countrymen, he entered the [Niš](/wiki/Ni%C5%A1 \"Niš\") Fortress, on 29 December 1877 (11 January 1878, according to the new calendar) and then took part in the battles on [Samokov](/wiki/Samokov \"Samokov\").",
"For the next two years, he held the rank of captain of the 2nd class and was an ordinance officer of the [Šumadija](/wiki/%C5%A0umadija \"Šumadija\") Division. As a state cadet, Vukoman Aračić travelled to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") in 1880 to study engineering. He stayed there until 1882\\. Upon his return from Vienna, he served as Chief of Staff of the Engineering Regiment. He was transferred to the general staff profession of Captain I class in 1885, and immediately in the war against the [Bulgarians](/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War \"Serbo-Bulgarian War\"), he became the chief of staff of the [Drina](/wiki/Drina \"Drina\") Division of the 1st call. From that position, in October 1887, he was appointed commander of the 6th Infantry Battalion.",
"In April of the following year, he became the acting head of the External Department of the Operations Department of the General Staff. During the 1890s, he performed a number of duties at the central military administration. He was the Acting Chief of the Operations Department of the Ministry of War, the Deputy Chief of the General Staff, the Chief of the General Military Department of the Ministry of War and the Assistant Chief of Staff of the Active Army Command.",
"From 1890 to 1903 he was commander of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") divisional area, from March 1895 commander of the IX Infantry Regiment, chief of the operational department of the General Staff and commander of the IV command of the Šumadija divisional area, and from April 1902 [Timok](/wiki/Timok \"Timok\") divisional area and honorary adjutant of King [Alexander Obrenović](/wiki/Alexander_Obrenovi%C4%87 \"Alexander Obrenović\"). In the same period, from August 1901, he became a member of the Higher Military Council.",
"In the period 1893 to 1903, with minor interruptions, (from 12 September 1893 to 1 September 1896, then from 21 June 1897 to 1 March 1899 and from 26 March 1900 to 18 August 1901\\) was also a professor at the Military Academy. As a part\\-time and full professor, he taught Military Geography and History of War Skills at its lower level, and Tactics and General Staff Service with War Games at its higher course. In 1893 and 1901, he was also a member of the academic council of this institution. As president and member, he was also in the commissions for taking the non\\-commissioned officer and officer exams.",
"From October 1900 to October 1901, he was also the editor of the military magazine *Ratnik*. Briefly, during 1898, he also edited the Official Military Gazette. In 1895, he was also a member of the military court of cassation.",
"He wrote the books Oreography around our country on the Balkan Peninsula (1898\\) and the General Staff Service of the war (1899, COBISS.SR 167911948\\), and in 1914 he prepared for publication the work General Staff Service of the Peacetime, which was not printed due to the war.",
"He was one of the founders of the first equestrian club in Šumadija: the Šumadija Regional Riders' Circle [Knez](/wiki/Knez_%28title%29 \"Knez (title)\") [Mihailo Obrenović](/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenovi%C4%87 \"Mihailo Obrenović\") in 1898\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
McMillon has worked for Walmart throughout his career.{{cite news\|title\=New Wal\-Mart CEO compares retail success to basketball\|last1\=Barr\|first1\=Alistair\|last2\=McCoy\|first2\=Kevin\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2013/11/25/walmart\-new\-ceo\-mcmillon/3699159\|newspaper\=\[\[USA Today]]\|date\=November 26, 2013\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} He took on his first role with the company as a teenager in 1984\. He later became a buyer, then moved into management roles before becoming CEO in 2014\.
### Early career
When he was a teenager, McMillon began his first job with Walmart as a summer associate. He worked during the summer unloading trucks in a [distribution center](/wiki/Distribution_center "Distribution center"). After high school, McMillon attended [University of Arkansas](/wiki/University_of_Arkansas "University of Arkansas"), where he graduated with a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree "Bachelor's degree") in 1989\.{{cite news \|title\=Doug McMillon's competitive spirit works well at Walmart\|url\=http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/advice/2010\-04\-19\-advice19\_st\_n.htm\|newspaper\=\[\[USA Today]]\|date\=April 18, 2010\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}}
The next year, as McMillon studied for a [Master of Business Administration](/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration "Master of Business Administration") (MBA) from [University of Tulsa](/wiki/University_of_Tulsa "University of Tulsa"), he called Walmart and told an executive he was interested in training to become a buyer when he completed his studies. Soon thereafter, McMillon rejoined Walmart as an assistant manager at a [Tulsa](/wiki/Tulsa%2C_Oklahoma "Tulsa, Oklahoma"), Oklahoma, store. After completing his MBA in 1991, McMillon moved to Walmart's Bentonville headquarters to join the buyer\-training program.{{cite news\|title\=Microsoft names former Sam's Club exec as new COO\|url\=http://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni\=4GT4\-RMS0\-009F\-S0B4\&csi\=8399\&oc\=00240\&perma\=true\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=August 4, 2005\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|quote\=''McMillon joined Wal\-Mart full time in early 1991 as a buyer trainee in sporting goods''.}}{{cite news\|title\=Doug McMillon's rise from the shop floor to the chief's chair\|last1\=Jopson\|first1\=Barney\|url\=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/84e24720\-55d8\-11e3\-96f5\-00144feabdc0\.html\#axzz3lGGVFr9S\|newspaper\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=November 25, 2013\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|quote\=''Six years later, in 1990, while studying for his MBA at the University of Tulsa, he rejoined Walmart at a store in Oklahoma, before moving to the head office in Bentonville, Arkansas, the following year''.}} Originally in charge of buying fishing tackle, he later took on various roles as a buyer and a merchandiser, dealing in food, clothes, crafts and furnishings.{{cite news\|title\=How Doug McMillon went to unloading trucks at Wal\-Mart to its next CEO\|last1\=Nisen\|first1\=Max\|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/doug\-mcmillon\-wal\-mart\-ceo\-bio\-2013\-11\|newspaper\=\[\[Business Insider]]\|date\=November 27, 2013\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} He later worked as a general merchandise manager for Walmart's wholesale store division Sam's Club before taking an executive role at Walmart, overseeing toys, electronics, and sporting goods, among other areas.
### Sam's Club (2005–2009\)
Walmart promoted McMillon to president and CEO of Sam's Club on August 4, 2005\.{{cite news\|title\=Microsoft names Wal\-Mart exec as COO\|last1\=Citrano\|first1\=Virginia\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/2005/08/05/microsoft\-turner\-coo\-cx\_vc\_0805autofacescan01\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=August 5, 2005\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} Under McMillon, the wholesaler emphasized marketing to small business customers. Additionally, McMillon incorporated what *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* called "treasure hunt" items that are limited\-selection expensive premium items, such as diamond necklaces and wine vacations, for sale next to cheap bulk goods in an attempt to compete with [Costco](/wiki/Costco "Costco").
### Walmart International (2009–2013\)
Walmart officials moved McMillon from his role at Sam's Club to lead Walmart's international division in February 2009,{{cite news\|title\=Doug McMillon's rise from the shop floor to the chief's chair\|last1\=Jopson\|first1\=Barney\|url\=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/84e24720\-55d8\-11e3\-96f5\-00144feabdc0\.html\#axzz3lGGVFr9S\|newspaper\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=November 25, 2013\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|quote\=''In February 2009, Mr McMillon took over as president and chief executive of Walmart International, which has more than 6,300 stores and 823,000 staff in countries outside the US''.}}{{subscription required}} replacing [Mike Duke](/wiki/Mike_Duke "Mike Duke"), who was promoted to CEO of Walmart Stores, Inc. Under McMillon, Walmart International focused on improving in existing markets, such as [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), [China](/wiki/China "China"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and the [Americas](/wiki/Americas "Americas").{{cite news\|title\=Walmart International focusing on existing markets\|last1\=Wohl\|first1\=Jessica\|last2\=Martell\|first2\=Allison\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-walmart\-international\-idUSBRE83B1GL20120412\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=April 12, 2012 \|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} One area of particular importance to McMillon was integrating Walmart's "everyday low prices" model to these international markets. Under McMillon, the international division acquired a majority stake in South Africa's Massmart Holdings Ltd. for {{US$\|2\.4{{nbsp}}billion\|link\=yes}}.{{cite news \|title\=Wal\-Mart, Massmart merger approved in South Africa\|last1\=Maylie\|first1\=Devon\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204603004577270942176432300\|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=March 9, 2012\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}}
During McMillon's tenure, Walmart International's sales growth outpaced Walmart US{{cite news\|title\=Who is new Wal\-Mart CEO Doug McMillon?\|last1\=Rubin\|first1\=Ben Fox\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304011304579220000970305912 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=November 25, 2013\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} and grew to 29 percent of total sales company\-wide. When McMillon first became head of the division, it comprised more than 3,300 stores in 14 countries.{{cite news\|title\=McMillon to lead retailer's global arm \|last1\=Painter\|first1\=Steve\|url\=http://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni\=4VB7\-4Y20\-TWJ8\-J07N\&csi\=8399\&oc\=00240\&perma\=true\|newspaper\=\[\[Arkansas Democrat\-Gazette]]\|date\=January 8, 2009\|quote\=''The international division is Wal\-Mart's second\-largest and fastest\-growing business segment that includes more than 3,300 stores in 14 nations''\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} When Walmart announced it would move him to head Walmart Stores, Inc. in late 2013, Walmart International operated 6,300 stores in 26 countries.{{cite news\|title\=Wal\-Mart (WMT) names head of company's international operations as CEO: What you need to know\|last1\=Rudarakanchana\|first1\=Nat\|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/wal\-mart\-stores\-wmt\-names\-head\-companys\-international\-operations\-ceo\-what\-you\-need\-1484290\|newspaper\=\[\[International Business Times]]\|date\=November 25, 2013\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}}{{Failed verification\|date\=November 2016}}
### CEO of Walmart, Inc. (2014–present)
[thumb\|McMillon speaks from the [White House Rose Garden](/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden "White House Rose Garden") on the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") in April 2020](/wiki/File:White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2849829958492%29.jpg "White House Coronavirus Update Briefing (49829958492).jpg")
Walmart announced on November 25, 2013, that McMillon would immediately join the company's board of directors,{{cite news\|title\=Wal\-Mart names Doug McMillon CEO to succeed Mike Duke\|last1\=Dudley\|first1\=Renee\|last2\=Townsend\|first2\=Matt\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013\-11\-25/wal\-mart\-names\-doug\-mcmillon\-ceo\-to\-succeed\-mike\-duke\|newspaper\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=November 25, 2013\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|url\-access\=subscription}} and would replace [Mike Duke](/wiki/Mike_Duke "Mike Duke") as Walmart CEO effective on February 1, 2014, becoming the company's fifth chief executive.
McMillon took over the company at a time of slowing growth and increased competition from rivals, such as [Costco](/wiki/Costco "Costco"), [Amazon.com](/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com"), grocery store chains [Kroger](/wiki/Kroger "Kroger") and [Safeway](/wiki/Safeway_Inc. "Safeway Inc."), and discount chains of small stores like [Family Dollar](/wiki/Family_Dollar "Family Dollar") and [Dollar General](/wiki/Dollar_General "Dollar General"). Within his first two years as chief executive, McMillon raised wages for [hourly workers](/wiki/Hourly_worker "Hourly worker") in the US, boosted the company's commitment to e\-commerce and revamped Walmart's executive team. While increased spending on labor and Walmart's digital offerings lowered short\-term profits, McMillon argued that the moves would lead to happier workers and better customer service,{{cite news\|title\=Wal\-Mart says most workers till get raises\|last1\=D'Innocenzio\|first1\=Anne\|url\=http://www.kansascity.com/latest\-news/article55727915\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Kansas City Star]]\|date\=January 20, 2016\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} as well as a better footing in a changing retail market.{{cite news\|title\=Walmart chief defends investments in labor, stores and the Web\|last1\=Creswell\|first1\=Julie\|last2\=Tabuchi\|first2\=Hiroko\|author\-link\=Hiroko Tabuchi \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/19/business/walmart\-chief\-defends\-investments\-in\-labor\-stores\-and\-the\-web.html?\_r\=0\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=October 18, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}}
In February 2015, McMillon announced Walmart would invest an additional {{US$\|2\.7{{nbsp}}billion}} in higher associate wages, benefits and training, including raising its lowest wage to {{US$\|9}} an hour in 2015 and {{US$\|10}} an hour for 2016\.{{cite news\|title\=More Than a Million Walmart Employees Are Getting a Massive Pay Raise \|last1\=Kell\|first1\=John\|url\=http://fortune.com/2016/01/20/walmart\-employees\-pay\-raise\|newspaper\=\[\[Fortune (magazine)\|Fortune]]\|date\=January 20, 2016\|access\-date\=February 16, 2016}}{{cite news\|title\=Why Wal\-Mart's CEO is speaking out on social issues\|url\=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20150623/NEWS07/150629951/why\-wal\-marts\-ceo\-is\-speaking\-out\-on\-social\-issues\|newspaper\=\[\[Crain's Chicago Business]]\|date\=June 23, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} The action affected 40 percent of the company's 1\.4{{nbsp}}million US workers.{{cite news\|title\=Wal\-Mart CEO Doug McMillon talks workers, customers, critics\|last1\=D'Innocenzio\|url\=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2015/02/26/0226\-walmart\-ceo\-interview.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Columbus Dispatch]]\|date\=February 26, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} In January 2016, McMillon announced raises for the majority of its workers, free basic short\-term disability for full\-time workers and a revised paid time off program.
McMillon made it a long\-term goal of Walmart to increase investments in e\-commerce, stressing a need to create a "seamless shopping experience".{{cite news\|title\=10 things you need to know today\|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/opening\-bell\-nov\-17\-2015\-2015\-11\|newspaper\=\[\[Business Insider]]\|date\=November 17, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} As such he announced in 2015 that Walmart would invest {{US$\|1{{nbsp}}billion}} on its online operations.{{cite news\|title\=Walmart, lagging in online sales, is strengthening e\-commerce\|last1\=Tabuchi\|first1\=Hiroko\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/business/walmart\-lagging\-in\-online\-sales\-is\-strengthening\-e\-commerce.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=June 5, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} Another goal is to improve the company's environmental sustainability and eliminate waste across the company.{{cite news\|title\=Wal\-Mart CEO sees chance to make difference on social issues\|last1\=Dudley\|first1\=Renee\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\-06\-23/wal\-mart\-ceo\-sees\-chance\-to\-make\-a\-difference\-with\-social\-issues\|newspaper\=\[\[Bloomberg Business]]\|date\=June 23, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} In 2014, Walmart began rolling out an initiative to replace lighting in its stores in the US, UK, Latin America and Asia with LED lights for energy efficiency.{{cite news\|title\=Walmart plans major LED transition in supercenter lighting globally\|last1\=Wright\|first1\=Maury\|url\=http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/iif/2014/04/walmart\-plans\-major\-led\-transition\-in\-supercenter\-lighting\-globally.html\|magazine\=LEDs Magazine\|date\=April 9, 2014\|access\-date\=February 16, 2016}} At the [Davos](/wiki/Davos "Davos") [World Economic Forum](/wiki/World_Economic_Forum "World Economic Forum") in January 2016, McMillon said Walmart would press three of its main goals: supply the company with renewable energy, eliminate waste and promote sustainably packaged goods.{{cite news\|title\=Businesses can go green without going under\|last1\=Ellyatt\|first1\=Holly\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/20/businesses\-can\-reduce\-greenhouse\-gas\-emissions\-cnbc\-panel.html\|newspaper\=CNBC\|date\=January 20, 2016\|access\-date\=February 16, 2016}}
As CEO, McMillon sought to make a "positive difference" in other issues. On March 31, 2015, McMillon issued a statement urging [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas") [Gov.](/wiki/Governor_%28United_States%29 "Governor (United States)") [Asa Hutchinson](/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson "Asa Hutchinson") to veto the state's ["religious freedom" bill](/wiki/Arkansas_HB_1228 "Arkansas HB 1228").{{cite news\|title\=Wal\-Mart CEO speaks out against 'religious freedom' bill in Arkansas\|last1\=McGregor\|first1\=Jena\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on\-leadership/wp/2015/04/01/wal\-mart\-ceo\-speaks\-out\-against\-religious\-freedom\-bill\-in\-arkansas\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|date\=April 1, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} McMillon said the bill "threatens to undermine the spirit of inclusion present throughout the state of Arkansas and does not reflect the values we proudly uphold".
In June 2015, McMillon said the company would stop selling [Confederate flag](/wiki/Confederate_flag "Confederate flag") merchandise following the [shooting of nine black churchgoers](/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting "Charleston church shooting") in [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), South Carolina.{{cite news\|title\=Walmart CEO: I was surprised we sold Confederate flags\|last1\=Alesci\|first1\=Cristina\|last2\=Isidore\|first2\=Chris\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/23/news/companies/walmart\-ceo\-confederate\-flag\|newspaper\=\[\[CNN]]\|date\=June 23, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} McMillon altered Walmart's gun sales. He told *[CNNMoney](/wiki/CNNMoney "CNNMoney")* in an interview that Walmart's selection of firearms should be geared towards [hunters](/wiki/Hunters "Hunters") and [sports shooters](/wiki/Shooting_sport "Shooting sport").{{cite news \|title\=Walmart to stop selling AR\-15s and similar guns\|last1\=Smith\|first1\=Aaron\|last2\=Alesci\|first2\=Cristina\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2015/08/26/news/companies/walmart\-ar\-15\-guns\|newspaper\=\[\[CNN]]\|date\=August 26, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}} In August 2015, the company ceased sales of military\-style [semiautomatic](/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm "Semi-automatic firearm") weapons.
*[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* named McMillon to its World's Most Powerful People list in 2014, 2015 and 2016 where he ranked No.{{nbsp}}29, No.{{nbsp}}32, No.{{nbsp}}27 respectively.{{cite news\|title\=The world's most powerful people\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/profile/doug\-mcmillon\|newspaper\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=2016\|access\-date\=March 4, 2017}} ExecRank ranked McMillon No.{{nbsp}}4 on its 2015 list of top CEOs for large companies.{{cite news\|title\=Rite Aid's John Standley names No. 1 mip\-cap CEO\|last1\=Johnsen\|first1\=Michael\|url\=http://www.drugstorenews.com/article/rite\-aids\-john\-standley\-named\-no\-1\-mid\-cap\-ceo \|newspaper\=Drug Store News\|date\=December 17, 2015\|access\-date\=January 22, 2016}}
In December 2016, McMillon joined a business forum assembled by then president\-elect [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_J._Trump "Donald J. Trump") to provide strategic and policy advice on economic issues.{{cite news\|last1\=Bryan\|first1\=Bob\|title\=Trump is forming an economic advisory team with the CEOs of Disney, General Motors, JPMorgan, and more\|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/trump\-strategic\-and\-policy\-forum\-includes\-dimon\-iger\-schwarzman\-2016\-12\|access\-date\=1 June 2017\|publisher\=Business Insider\|date\=December 2, 2016}} In August 2017, McMillon wrote a rebuke of President Trump's response to the violent protests [Charlottesville](/wiki/Charlottesville%2C_Virginia "Charlottesville, Virginia"), Virginia in an email to all employees and on the internal company website that is viewable by the public. The statement said the President, "missed a critical opportunity to help bring our country together". A company spokesman said McMillon would continue to serve on a presidential advisory council on economic development.{{cite news\|last1\=Abrams\|first1\=Rachel\|last2\=Corkery\|first2\=Michael\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/business/trump\-manufacturing\-council.html\|title\=Walmart's C.E.O. Joins Group to Rebuke Trump Over Charlottesville\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=2017\-08\-15\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-15}}
In September 2019, McMillon announced that the company would no longer sell ammunition used for handguns and military\-style weapons. This policy update came as a result of the [mass shooting](/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting "2019 El Paso shooting") which took place at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas in August 2019\. McMillion's actions to create a dialogue and take actions around the issue, set a new precedent for how corporations and their leaders address these matters.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/business/walmart\-ceo\-guns.html\|title\=Walmart's C.E.O. Steps Into the Gun Debate. Other C.E.O.s Should Follow.\|last\=Sorkin\|first\=Andrew Ross\|date\=2019\-09\-03\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2019\-09\-06\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
In 2023, McMillon's total compensation from Walmart was $27 million, or 976 times the median employee pay at Walmart for that year.{{Cite web \|last\=Anderson \|first\=Sarah \|date\=2024\-08\-29 \|title\=Executive Excess 2024: The "Low Wage 100" corporations are enriching CEOs at the expense of workers and long\-term investment \|url\=https://ips\-dc.org/wp\-content/uploads/2024/08/executive\_excess\_2024\_ips\_report.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829154904/https://ips\-dc.org/wp\-content/uploads/2024/08/executive\_excess\_2024\_ips\_report.pdf \|archive\-date\=2024\-08\-29 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-31 \|website\=\[\[Institute for Policy Studies]]}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"McMillon has worked for Walmart throughout his career.{{cite news\\|title\\=New Wal\\-Mart CEO compares retail success to basketball\\|last1\\=Barr\\|first1\\=Alistair\\|last2\\=McCoy\\|first2\\=Kevin\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2013/11/25/walmart\\-new\\-ceo\\-mcmillon/3699159\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|date\\=November 26, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} He took on his first role with the company as a teenager in 1984\\. He later became a buyer, then moved into management roles before becoming CEO in 2014\\.",
"### Early career",
"When he was a teenager, McMillon began his first job with Walmart as a summer associate. He worked during the summer unloading trucks in a [distribution center](/wiki/Distribution_center \"Distribution center\"). After high school, McMillon attended [University of Arkansas](/wiki/University_of_Arkansas \"University of Arkansas\"), where he graduated with a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\") in 1989\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Doug McMillon's competitive spirit works well at Walmart\\|url\\=http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/advice/2010\\-04\\-19\\-advice19\\_st\\_n.htm\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|date\\=April 18, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}}",
"The next year, as McMillon studied for a [Master of Business Administration](/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration \"Master of Business Administration\") (MBA) from [University of Tulsa](/wiki/University_of_Tulsa \"University of Tulsa\"), he called Walmart and told an executive he was interested in training to become a buyer when he completed his studies. Soon thereafter, McMillon rejoined Walmart as an assistant manager at a [Tulsa](/wiki/Tulsa%2C_Oklahoma \"Tulsa, Oklahoma\"), Oklahoma, store. After completing his MBA in 1991, McMillon moved to Walmart's Bentonville headquarters to join the buyer\\-training program.{{cite news\\|title\\=Microsoft names former Sam's Club exec as new COO\\|url\\=http://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni\\=4GT4\\-RMS0\\-009F\\-S0B4\\&csi\\=8399\\&oc\\=00240\\&perma\\=true\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=August 4, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|quote\\=''McMillon joined Wal\\-Mart full time in early 1991 as a buyer trainee in sporting goods''.}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Doug McMillon's rise from the shop floor to the chief's chair\\|last1\\=Jopson\\|first1\\=Barney\\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/84e24720\\-55d8\\-11e3\\-96f5\\-00144feabdc0\\.html\\#axzz3lGGVFr9S\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=November 25, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|quote\\=''Six years later, in 1990, while studying for his MBA at the University of Tulsa, he rejoined Walmart at a store in Oklahoma, before moving to the head office in Bentonville, Arkansas, the following year''.}} Originally in charge of buying fishing tackle, he later took on various roles as a buyer and a merchandiser, dealing in food, clothes, crafts and furnishings.{{cite news\\|title\\=How Doug McMillon went to unloading trucks at Wal\\-Mart to its next CEO\\|last1\\=Nisen\\|first1\\=Max\\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/doug\\-mcmillon\\-wal\\-mart\\-ceo\\-bio\\-2013\\-11\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]]\\|date\\=November 27, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} He later worked as a general merchandise manager for Walmart's wholesale store division Sam's Club before taking an executive role at Walmart, overseeing toys, electronics, and sporting goods, among other areas.",
"### Sam's Club (2005–2009\\)",
"Walmart promoted McMillon to president and CEO of Sam's Club on August 4, 2005\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Microsoft names Wal\\-Mart exec as COO\\|last1\\=Citrano\\|first1\\=Virginia\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/2005/08/05/microsoft\\-turner\\-coo\\-cx\\_vc\\_0805autofacescan01\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=August 5, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} Under McMillon, the wholesaler emphasized marketing to small business customers. Additionally, McMillon incorporated what *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* called \"treasure hunt\" items that are limited\\-selection expensive premium items, such as diamond necklaces and wine vacations, for sale next to cheap bulk goods in an attempt to compete with [Costco](/wiki/Costco \"Costco\").",
"### Walmart International (2009–2013\\)",
"Walmart officials moved McMillon from his role at Sam's Club to lead Walmart's international division in February 2009,{{cite news\\|title\\=Doug McMillon's rise from the shop floor to the chief's chair\\|last1\\=Jopson\\|first1\\=Barney\\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/84e24720\\-55d8\\-11e3\\-96f5\\-00144feabdc0\\.html\\#axzz3lGGVFr9S\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=November 25, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|quote\\=''In February 2009, Mr McMillon took over as president and chief executive of Walmart International, which has more than 6,300 stores and 823,000 staff in countries outside the US''.}}{{subscription required}} replacing [Mike Duke](/wiki/Mike_Duke \"Mike Duke\"), who was promoted to CEO of Walmart Stores, Inc. Under McMillon, Walmart International focused on improving in existing markets, such as [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") and the [Americas](/wiki/Americas \"Americas\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Walmart International focusing on existing markets\\|last1\\=Wohl\\|first1\\=Jessica\\|last2\\=Martell\\|first2\\=Allison\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-walmart\\-international\\-idUSBRE83B1GL20120412\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=April 12, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} One area of particular importance to McMillon was integrating Walmart's \"everyday low prices\" model to these international markets. Under McMillon, the international division acquired a majority stake in South Africa's Massmart Holdings Ltd. for {{US$\\|2\\.4{{nbsp}}billion\\|link\\=yes}}.{{cite news \\|title\\=Wal\\-Mart, Massmart merger approved in South Africa\\|last1\\=Maylie\\|first1\\=Devon\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204603004577270942176432300\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=March 9, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}}",
"During McMillon's tenure, Walmart International's sales growth outpaced Walmart US{{cite news\\|title\\=Who is new Wal\\-Mart CEO Doug McMillon?\\|last1\\=Rubin\\|first1\\=Ben Fox\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304011304579220000970305912 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=November 25, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} and grew to 29 percent of total sales company\\-wide. When McMillon first became head of the division, it comprised more than 3,300 stores in 14 countries.{{cite news\\|title\\=McMillon to lead retailer's global arm \\|last1\\=Painter\\|first1\\=Steve\\|url\\=http://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni\\=4VB7\\-4Y20\\-TWJ8\\-J07N\\&csi\\=8399\\&oc\\=00240\\&perma\\=true\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arkansas Democrat\\-Gazette]]\\|date\\=January 8, 2009\\|quote\\=''The international division is Wal\\-Mart's second\\-largest and fastest\\-growing business segment that includes more than 3,300 stores in 14 nations''\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} When Walmart announced it would move him to head Walmart Stores, Inc. in late 2013, Walmart International operated 6,300 stores in 26 countries.{{cite news\\|title\\=Wal\\-Mart (WMT) names head of company's international operations as CEO: What you need to know\\|last1\\=Rudarakanchana\\|first1\\=Nat\\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/wal\\-mart\\-stores\\-wmt\\-names\\-head\\-companys\\-international\\-operations\\-ceo\\-what\\-you\\-need\\-1484290\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[International Business Times]]\\|date\\=November 25, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}}{{Failed verification\\|date\\=November 2016}}",
"### CEO of Walmart, Inc. (2014–present)",
"[thumb\\|McMillon speaks from the [White House Rose Garden](/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden \"White House Rose Garden\") on the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") in April 2020](/wiki/File:White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2849829958492%29.jpg \"White House Coronavirus Update Briefing (49829958492).jpg\")\nWalmart announced on November 25, 2013, that McMillon would immediately join the company's board of directors,{{cite news\\|title\\=Wal\\-Mart names Doug McMillon CEO to succeed Mike Duke\\|last1\\=Dudley\\|first1\\=Renee\\|last2\\=Townsend\\|first2\\=Matt\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013\\-11\\-25/wal\\-mart\\-names\\-doug\\-mcmillon\\-ceo\\-to\\-succeed\\-mike\\-duke\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=November 25, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} and would replace [Mike Duke](/wiki/Mike_Duke \"Mike Duke\") as Walmart CEO effective on February 1, 2014, becoming the company's fifth chief executive.",
"McMillon took over the company at a time of slowing growth and increased competition from rivals, such as [Costco](/wiki/Costco \"Costco\"), [Amazon.com](/wiki/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com\"), grocery store chains [Kroger](/wiki/Kroger \"Kroger\") and [Safeway](/wiki/Safeway_Inc. \"Safeway Inc.\"), and discount chains of small stores like [Family Dollar](/wiki/Family_Dollar \"Family Dollar\") and [Dollar General](/wiki/Dollar_General \"Dollar General\"). Within his first two years as chief executive, McMillon raised wages for [hourly workers](/wiki/Hourly_worker \"Hourly worker\") in the US, boosted the company's commitment to e\\-commerce and revamped Walmart's executive team. While increased spending on labor and Walmart's digital offerings lowered short\\-term profits, McMillon argued that the moves would lead to happier workers and better customer service,{{cite news\\|title\\=Wal\\-Mart says most workers till get raises\\|last1\\=D'Innocenzio\\|first1\\=Anne\\|url\\=http://www.kansascity.com/latest\\-news/article55727915\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Kansas City Star]]\\|date\\=January 20, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} as well as a better footing in a changing retail market.{{cite news\\|title\\=Walmart chief defends investments in labor, stores and the Web\\|last1\\=Creswell\\|first1\\=Julie\\|last2\\=Tabuchi\\|first2\\=Hiroko\\|author\\-link\\=Hiroko Tabuchi \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/19/business/walmart\\-chief\\-defends\\-investments\\-in\\-labor\\-stores\\-and\\-the\\-web.html?\\_r\\=0\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=October 18, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}}",
"In February 2015, McMillon announced Walmart would invest an additional {{US$\\|2\\.7{{nbsp}}billion}} in higher associate wages, benefits and training, including raising its lowest wage to {{US$\\|9}} an hour in 2015 and {{US$\\|10}} an hour for 2016\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=More Than a Million Walmart Employees Are Getting a Massive Pay Raise \\|last1\\=Kell\\|first1\\=John\\|url\\=http://fortune.com/2016/01/20/walmart\\-employees\\-pay\\-raise\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Fortune (magazine)\\|Fortune]]\\|date\\=January 20, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2016}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Why Wal\\-Mart's CEO is speaking out on social issues\\|url\\=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20150623/NEWS07/150629951/why\\-wal\\-marts\\-ceo\\-is\\-speaking\\-out\\-on\\-social\\-issues\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Crain's Chicago Business]]\\|date\\=June 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} The action affected 40 percent of the company's 1\\.4{{nbsp}}million US workers.{{cite news\\|title\\=Wal\\-Mart CEO Doug McMillon talks workers, customers, critics\\|last1\\=D'Innocenzio\\|url\\=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2015/02/26/0226\\-walmart\\-ceo\\-interview.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Columbus Dispatch]]\\|date\\=February 26, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} In January 2016, McMillon announced raises for the majority of its workers, free basic short\\-term disability for full\\-time workers and a revised paid time off program.",
"McMillon made it a long\\-term goal of Walmart to increase investments in e\\-commerce, stressing a need to create a \"seamless shopping experience\".{{cite news\\|title\\=10 things you need to know today\\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/opening\\-bell\\-nov\\-17\\-2015\\-2015\\-11\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]]\\|date\\=November 17, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} As such he announced in 2015 that Walmart would invest {{US$\\|1{{nbsp}}billion}} on its online operations.{{cite news\\|title\\=Walmart, lagging in online sales, is strengthening e\\-commerce\\|last1\\=Tabuchi\\|first1\\=Hiroko\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/business/walmart\\-lagging\\-in\\-online\\-sales\\-is\\-strengthening\\-e\\-commerce.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=June 5, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} Another goal is to improve the company's environmental sustainability and eliminate waste across the company.{{cite news\\|title\\=Wal\\-Mart CEO sees chance to make difference on social issues\\|last1\\=Dudley\\|first1\\=Renee\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\\-06\\-23/wal\\-mart\\-ceo\\-sees\\-chance\\-to\\-make\\-a\\-difference\\-with\\-social\\-issues\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg Business]]\\|date\\=June 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} In 2014, Walmart began rolling out an initiative to replace lighting in its stores in the US, UK, Latin America and Asia with LED lights for energy efficiency.{{cite news\\|title\\=Walmart plans major LED transition in supercenter lighting globally\\|last1\\=Wright\\|first1\\=Maury\\|url\\=http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/iif/2014/04/walmart\\-plans\\-major\\-led\\-transition\\-in\\-supercenter\\-lighting\\-globally.html\\|magazine\\=LEDs Magazine\\|date\\=April 9, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2016}} At the [Davos](/wiki/Davos \"Davos\") [World Economic Forum](/wiki/World_Economic_Forum \"World Economic Forum\") in January 2016, McMillon said Walmart would press three of its main goals: supply the company with renewable energy, eliminate waste and promote sustainably packaged goods.{{cite news\\|title\\=Businesses can go green without going under\\|last1\\=Ellyatt\\|first1\\=Holly\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/20/businesses\\-can\\-reduce\\-greenhouse\\-gas\\-emissions\\-cnbc\\-panel.html\\|newspaper\\=CNBC\\|date\\=January 20, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2016}}",
"As CEO, McMillon sought to make a \"positive difference\" in other issues. On March 31, 2015, McMillon issued a statement urging [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas \"Arkansas\") [Gov.](/wiki/Governor_%28United_States%29 \"Governor (United States)\") [Asa Hutchinson](/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson \"Asa Hutchinson\") to veto the state's [\"religious freedom\" bill](/wiki/Arkansas_HB_1228 \"Arkansas HB 1228\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Wal\\-Mart CEO speaks out against 'religious freedom' bill in Arkansas\\|last1\\=McGregor\\|first1\\=Jena\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on\\-leadership/wp/2015/04/01/wal\\-mart\\-ceo\\-speaks\\-out\\-against\\-religious\\-freedom\\-bill\\-in\\-arkansas\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|date\\=April 1, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} McMillon said the bill \"threatens to undermine the spirit of inclusion present throughout the state of Arkansas and does not reflect the values we proudly uphold\".",
"In June 2015, McMillon said the company would stop selling [Confederate flag](/wiki/Confederate_flag \"Confederate flag\") merchandise following the [shooting of nine black churchgoers](/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting \"Charleston church shooting\") in [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\"), South Carolina.{{cite news\\|title\\=Walmart CEO: I was surprised we sold Confederate flags\\|last1\\=Alesci\\|first1\\=Cristina\\|last2\\=Isidore\\|first2\\=Chris\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/23/news/companies/walmart\\-ceo\\-confederate\\-flag\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[CNN]]\\|date\\=June 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} McMillon altered Walmart's gun sales. He told *[CNNMoney](/wiki/CNNMoney \"CNNMoney\")* in an interview that Walmart's selection of firearms should be geared towards [hunters](/wiki/Hunters \"Hunters\") and [sports shooters](/wiki/Shooting_sport \"Shooting sport\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Walmart to stop selling AR\\-15s and similar guns\\|last1\\=Smith\\|first1\\=Aaron\\|last2\\=Alesci\\|first2\\=Cristina\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2015/08/26/news/companies/walmart\\-ar\\-15\\-guns\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[CNN]]\\|date\\=August 26, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}} In August 2015, the company ceased sales of military\\-style [semiautomatic](/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm \"Semi-automatic firearm\") weapons.",
"*[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")* named McMillon to its World's Most Powerful People list in 2014, 2015 and 2016 where he ranked No.{{nbsp}}29, No.{{nbsp}}32, No.{{nbsp}}27 respectively.{{cite news\\|title\\=The world's most powerful people\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/profile/doug\\-mcmillon\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=2016\\|access\\-date\\=March 4, 2017}} ExecRank ranked McMillon No.{{nbsp}}4 on its 2015 list of top CEOs for large companies.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rite Aid's John Standley names No. 1 mip\\-cap CEO\\|last1\\=Johnsen\\|first1\\=Michael\\|url\\=http://www.drugstorenews.com/article/rite\\-aids\\-john\\-standley\\-named\\-no\\-1\\-mid\\-cap\\-ceo \\|newspaper\\=Drug Store News\\|date\\=December 17, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016}}",
"In December 2016, McMillon joined a business forum assembled by then president\\-elect [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_J._Trump \"Donald J. Trump\") to provide strategic and policy advice on economic issues.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bryan\\|first1\\=Bob\\|title\\=Trump is forming an economic advisory team with the CEOs of Disney, General Motors, JPMorgan, and more\\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/trump\\-strategic\\-and\\-policy\\-forum\\-includes\\-dimon\\-iger\\-schwarzman\\-2016\\-12\\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2017\\|publisher\\=Business Insider\\|date\\=December 2, 2016}} In August 2017, McMillon wrote a rebuke of President Trump's response to the violent protests [Charlottesville](/wiki/Charlottesville%2C_Virginia \"Charlottesville, Virginia\"), Virginia in an email to all employees and on the internal company website that is viewable by the public. The statement said the President, \"missed a critical opportunity to help bring our country together\". A company spokesman said McMillon would continue to serve on a presidential advisory council on economic development.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Abrams\\|first1\\=Rachel\\|last2\\=Corkery\\|first2\\=Michael\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/business/trump\\-manufacturing\\-council.html\\|title\\=Walmart's C.E.O. Joins Group to Rebuke Trump Over Charlottesville\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-15\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-15}}",
"In September 2019, McMillon announced that the company would no longer sell ammunition used for handguns and military\\-style weapons. This policy update came as a result of the [mass shooting](/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting \"2019 El Paso shooting\") which took place at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas in August 2019\\. McMillion's actions to create a dialogue and take actions around the issue, set a new precedent for how corporations and their leaders address these matters.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/business/walmart\\-ceo\\-guns.html\\|title\\=Walmart's C.E.O. Steps Into the Gun Debate. Other C.E.O.s Should Follow.\\|last\\=Sorkin\\|first\\=Andrew Ross\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-03\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-06\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"In 2023, McMillon's total compensation from Walmart was $27 million, or 976 times the median employee pay at Walmart for that year.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=Sarah \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-29 \\|title\\=Executive Excess 2024: The \"Low Wage 100\" corporations are enriching CEOs at the expense of workers and long\\-term investment \\|url\\=https://ips\\-dc.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2024/08/executive\\_excess\\_2024\\_ips\\_report.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829154904/https://ips\\-dc.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2024/08/executive\\_excess\\_2024\\_ips\\_report.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-31 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Institute for Policy Studies]]}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
Kokrak has nine career professional victories, including four on the [eGolf Professional Tour](/wiki/EGolf_Professional_Tour "EGolf Professional Tour"). In 2010, Kokrak won twice and was the leading money winner on the tour. During that same season, he made it to the final round of [qualifying School](/wiki/Qualifying_School "Qualifying School"), earning conditional status on the Nationwide Tour. In 2011, he won the Championship at St. James Plantation and the Donald Ross Championship.{{cite web \|url\=http://tarheel.bluegolf.com/bluegolf/tarheel11/profile/jkokrak3/tresults.htm \|title\=Jason Kokrak – 2011 \|publisher\=EGolf Professional Tour}} Kokrak finished second on the eGolf Tour's money list despite playing in only three events.
In September [2011](/wiki/2011_Nationwide_Tour "2011 Nationwide Tour"), Kokrak won his first Nationwide Tour event, the [Albertsons Boise Open](/wiki/Albertsons_Boise_Open "Albertsons Boise Open") in [Boise, Idaho](/wiki/Boise%2C_Idaho "Boise, Idaho"). His 72\-hole score of 266 (−18\) at [Hillcrest Country Club](/wiki/Hillcrest_Country_Club_%28Boise%2C_Idaho%29 "Hillcrest Country Club (Boise, Idaho)") included rounds of 68, 68, 63, and 67\. Kokrak's third round 63 included consecutive birdies on holes one through six to open the round \- one short of the Nationwide Tour record of seven. He won by two strokes and earned $130,500, which vaulted him from 70th to 13th place on the season's money list. Kokrak was an alternate and the last player to earn entry into the field.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pgatour.com/2011/tournaments/h027/09/18/rd4\-wrapup/index.html\# \|title\=Kokrak goes from alternate to winner at Albertsons \|publisher\=PGA Tour \|date\=September 18, 2011 \|first\=Joe \|last\=Chemycz \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128220846/https://www.pgatour.com/2011/tournaments/h027/09/18/rd4\-wrapup/index.html \|archivedate\=November 28, 2011}}
On October 16, 2011, Kokrak notched his second Nationwide Tour victory within a month with a seven shot victory at the [Miccosukee Championship](/wiki/Miccosukee_Championship "Miccosukee Championship") with rounds of 63\-66\-69 and a final round 66\. Kokrak was in the top 10 in the field in driving distance and putts per greens in regulation, and led the field in greens hit in regulation. The $108,000 first prize vaulted Kokrak to the fourth position on the Nationwide Tour money list and virtually assured 2012 status on the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour").
On October 30, 2011, Kokrak finished the season with a T5th at the Nationwide Tour Championship with rounds of 67, 67, 75 and 75\. His winnings of $36,500 solidified him as the 4th leading money winner on the Nationwide Tour with total earnings of $338,092 in only 16 events. Kokrak was able to compete on the PGA Tour in 2012 as a result of his play in 2011\.
Kokrak made his first appearance as a member of the PGA Tour on January 12, 2012, at the [Sony Open in Hawaii](/wiki/Sony_Open_in_Hawaii "Sony Open in Hawaii"), where he finished 75th. On February 12, 2012, Kokrak notched his first top\-10 finish in his PGA Tour career at the [AT\&T Pebble Beach National Pro\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_National_Pro-Am "AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am") with rounds of 68, 67, 72, and 70 for a 277 total, which gave him a 9th\-place finish. He led the field in greens in regulation (GIR) with a 77% success rate and also led his Pro\-Am team to an 11th\-place finish. At the 2012 [Frys.com Open](/wiki/Safeway_Open "Safeway Open"), Kokrak finished in a tie for second, one stroke behind [Jonas Blixt](/wiki/Jonas_Blixt "Jonas Blixt"). For the week, he led the field in Greens in Regulation and was 9th in driving distance, averaging 309 yards on measured drives. His $440,000 in earnings for the week moved Kokrak up 50 positions to 117th on the PGA Tour money list, with two tournaments left in the 2012 season; moving him from no status for 2013 to a chance at keeping his Tour privileges. He would finish the season 119th on the money list.
Kokrak was featured in a four\-page article, "The Making of a Bomber" in the March 5, 2012 issue of *[Golf World](/wiki/Golf_World "Golf World")*. The article cited Kokrak's development as a junior golfer, his teaching influences, and insights into his equipment specifications.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.golfdigest.com/magazine/golf\-world/index/index\_20120228 \|title\=The Making of a Bomber \|magazine\=Golf World \|date\=March 5, 2012 \|first\=E. Michael \|last\=Johnson \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529163232/http://www.golfdigest.com/magazine/golf\-world/index/index\_20120228 \|archivedate\=May 29, 2012}}
In February 2016, Kokrak opened with rounds of 68\-64 for a 10\-under\-par total to hold the 36\-hole lead at the [Northern Trust Open](/wiki/Northern_Trust_Open "Northern Trust Open") by one stroke. This was the first time in his PGA Tour career he had held a 36\-hole lead. He finished the tournament tied for second, one stroke behind [Bubba Watson](/wiki/Bubba_Watson "Bubba Watson"). This equalled his career best PGA Tour finish of a tie for second, which he also achieved back in 2012 at the [Frys.com Open](/wiki/Safeway_Open "Safeway Open").
In March 2019, Kokrak finished tied for second at the [Valspar Championship](/wiki/Valspar_Championship "Valspar Championship"), one stroke behind champion [Paul Casey](/wiki/Paul_Casey "Paul Casey"). Kokrak's T\-2 finish was his third career runner\-up on Tour, and his first since the 2016 Northern Trust Open. Having made every cut since [The Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship "The Open Championship") in July, 2018, he notched three top\-10 finishes during the four\-event PGA Tour Florida Swing in 2019\.{{cite web \|work\=Golf Channel \|url\=https://www.golfchannel.com/news/jason\-kokrak\-still\-waiting\-first\-pga\-tour\-win\-i\-just\-cant\-break\-through \|title\=Kokrak still waiting for first PGA Tour win: 'I just can't break through' \|first\=Will \|last\=Gray \|date\=March 24, 2019 \|access\-date\=March 25, 2019}}
On October 18, 2020, Kokrak won the [CJ Cup at Shadow Creek](/wiki/CJ_Cup_at_Shadow_Creek "CJ Cup at Shadow Creek") for his first PGA Tour victory after nine years and 233 starts.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story?id\=30143845\&\_slug\_\=jason\-kokrak\-takes\-cj\-cup\-long\-awaited\-pga\-tour\-win \|title\=Jason Kokrak takes CJ Cup for long\-awaited PGA Tour win \|work\=ESPN \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=October 18, 2020}}
In May 2021, Kokrak won his second PGA Tour event at the [Charles Schwab Challenge](/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Challenge "Charles Schwab Challenge") at [Colonial Country Club](/wiki/Colonial_Country_Club_%28Fort_Worth%29 "Colonial Country Club (Fort Worth)") in [Fort Worth, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas "Fort Worth, Texas"). Kokrak shot a final round 70 to defeat [Jordan Spieth](/wiki/Jordan_Spieth "Jordan Spieth") by two strokes.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.golfchannel.com/news/jason\-kokrak\-gets\-second\-pga\-tour\-win\-lot\-quicker\-no\-1\-colonial \|work\=Golf Channel \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=May 30, 2021 \|access\-date\=May 31, 2021 \|title\=Jason Kokrak gets second PGA Tour win a lot quicker than No. 1 at Colonial}} In November 2021, Kokrak won the [Hewlett Packard Enterprise Houston Open](/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise_Houston_Open "Hewlett Packard Enterprise Houston Open") at [Memorial Park Municipal Golf Course](/wiki/Memorial_Park_Municipal_Golf_Course "Memorial Park Municipal Golf Course") in [Houston, Texas](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas "Houston, Texas"). Kokrak shot a final round 65 to win by two strokes.{{cite news \|work\=ESPN \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=November 14, 2021 \|access\-date\=November 14, 2021 \|title\=Jason Kokrak rallies with 4 straight birdies to win Houston Open \|url\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\_/id/32631672/jason\-kokrak\-rallies\-4\-straight\-birdies\-win\-houston\-open}}
Kokrak joined LIV Golf in July 2022\.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"Kokrak has nine career professional victories, including four on the [eGolf Professional Tour](/wiki/EGolf_Professional_Tour \"EGolf Professional Tour\"). In 2010, Kokrak won twice and was the leading money winner on the tour. During that same season, he made it to the final round of [qualifying School](/wiki/Qualifying_School \"Qualifying School\"), earning conditional status on the Nationwide Tour. In 2011, he won the Championship at St. James Plantation and the Donald Ross Championship.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://tarheel.bluegolf.com/bluegolf/tarheel11/profile/jkokrak3/tresults.htm \\|title\\=Jason Kokrak – 2011 \\|publisher\\=EGolf Professional Tour}} Kokrak finished second on the eGolf Tour's money list despite playing in only three events.",
"In September [2011](/wiki/2011_Nationwide_Tour \"2011 Nationwide Tour\"), Kokrak won his first Nationwide Tour event, the [Albertsons Boise Open](/wiki/Albertsons_Boise_Open \"Albertsons Boise Open\") in [Boise, Idaho](/wiki/Boise%2C_Idaho \"Boise, Idaho\"). His 72\\-hole score of 266 (−18\\) at [Hillcrest Country Club](/wiki/Hillcrest_Country_Club_%28Boise%2C_Idaho%29 \"Hillcrest Country Club (Boise, Idaho)\") included rounds of 68, 68, 63, and 67\\. Kokrak's third round 63 included consecutive birdies on holes one through six to open the round \\- one short of the Nationwide Tour record of seven. He won by two strokes and earned $130,500, which vaulted him from 70th to 13th place on the season's money list. Kokrak was an alternate and the last player to earn entry into the field.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pgatour.com/2011/tournaments/h027/09/18/rd4\\-wrapup/index.html\\# \\|title\\=Kokrak goes from alternate to winner at Albertsons \\|publisher\\=PGA Tour \\|date\\=September 18, 2011 \\|first\\=Joe \\|last\\=Chemycz \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128220846/https://www.pgatour.com/2011/tournaments/h027/09/18/rd4\\-wrapup/index.html \\|archivedate\\=November 28, 2011}}",
"On October 16, 2011, Kokrak notched his second Nationwide Tour victory within a month with a seven shot victory at the [Miccosukee Championship](/wiki/Miccosukee_Championship \"Miccosukee Championship\") with rounds of 63\\-66\\-69 and a final round 66\\. Kokrak was in the top 10 in the field in driving distance and putts per greens in regulation, and led the field in greens hit in regulation. The $108,000 first prize vaulted Kokrak to the fourth position on the Nationwide Tour money list and virtually assured 2012 status on the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\").",
"On October 30, 2011, Kokrak finished the season with a T5th at the Nationwide Tour Championship with rounds of 67, 67, 75 and 75\\. His winnings of $36,500 solidified him as the 4th leading money winner on the Nationwide Tour with total earnings of $338,092 in only 16 events. Kokrak was able to compete on the PGA Tour in 2012 as a result of his play in 2011\\.",
"Kokrak made his first appearance as a member of the PGA Tour on January 12, 2012, at the [Sony Open in Hawaii](/wiki/Sony_Open_in_Hawaii \"Sony Open in Hawaii\"), where he finished 75th. On February 12, 2012, Kokrak notched his first top\\-10 finish in his PGA Tour career at the [AT\\&T Pebble Beach National Pro\\-Am](/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_National_Pro-Am \"AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am\") with rounds of 68, 67, 72, and 70 for a 277 total, which gave him a 9th\\-place finish. He led the field in greens in regulation (GIR) with a 77% success rate and also led his Pro\\-Am team to an 11th\\-place finish. At the 2012 [Frys.com Open](/wiki/Safeway_Open \"Safeway Open\"), Kokrak finished in a tie for second, one stroke behind [Jonas Blixt](/wiki/Jonas_Blixt \"Jonas Blixt\"). For the week, he led the field in Greens in Regulation and was 9th in driving distance, averaging 309 yards on measured drives. His $440,000 in earnings for the week moved Kokrak up 50 positions to 117th on the PGA Tour money list, with two tournaments left in the 2012 season; moving him from no status for 2013 to a chance at keeping his Tour privileges. He would finish the season 119th on the money list.",
"Kokrak was featured in a four\\-page article, \"The Making of a Bomber\" in the March 5, 2012 issue of *[Golf World](/wiki/Golf_World \"Golf World\")*. The article cited Kokrak's development as a junior golfer, his teaching influences, and insights into his equipment specifications.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.golfdigest.com/magazine/golf\\-world/index/index\\_20120228 \\|title\\=The Making of a Bomber \\|magazine\\=Golf World \\|date\\=March 5, 2012 \\|first\\=E. Michael \\|last\\=Johnson \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529163232/http://www.golfdigest.com/magazine/golf\\-world/index/index\\_20120228 \\|archivedate\\=May 29, 2012}}",
"In February 2016, Kokrak opened with rounds of 68\\-64 for a 10\\-under\\-par total to hold the 36\\-hole lead at the [Northern Trust Open](/wiki/Northern_Trust_Open \"Northern Trust Open\") by one stroke. This was the first time in his PGA Tour career he had held a 36\\-hole lead. He finished the tournament tied for second, one stroke behind [Bubba Watson](/wiki/Bubba_Watson \"Bubba Watson\"). This equalled his career best PGA Tour finish of a tie for second, which he also achieved back in 2012 at the [Frys.com Open](/wiki/Safeway_Open \"Safeway Open\").",
"In March 2019, Kokrak finished tied for second at the [Valspar Championship](/wiki/Valspar_Championship \"Valspar Championship\"), one stroke behind champion [Paul Casey](/wiki/Paul_Casey \"Paul Casey\"). Kokrak's T\\-2 finish was his third career runner\\-up on Tour, and his first since the 2016 Northern Trust Open. Having made every cut since [The Open Championship](/wiki/The_Open_Championship \"The Open Championship\") in July, 2018, he notched three top\\-10 finishes during the four\\-event PGA Tour Florida Swing in 2019\\.{{cite web \\|work\\=Golf Channel \\|url\\=https://www.golfchannel.com/news/jason\\-kokrak\\-still\\-waiting\\-first\\-pga\\-tour\\-win\\-i\\-just\\-cant\\-break\\-through \\|title\\=Kokrak still waiting for first PGA Tour win: 'I just can't break through' \\|first\\=Will \\|last\\=Gray \\|date\\=March 24, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2019}}",
"On October 18, 2020, Kokrak won the [CJ Cup at Shadow Creek](/wiki/CJ_Cup_at_Shadow_Creek \"CJ Cup at Shadow Creek\") for his first PGA Tour victory after nine years and 233 starts.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story?id\\=30143845\\&\\_slug\\_\\=jason\\-kokrak\\-takes\\-cj\\-cup\\-long\\-awaited\\-pga\\-tour\\-win \\|title\\=Jason Kokrak takes CJ Cup for long\\-awaited PGA Tour win \\|work\\=ESPN \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=October 18, 2020}}",
"In May 2021, Kokrak won his second PGA Tour event at the [Charles Schwab Challenge](/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Challenge \"Charles Schwab Challenge\") at [Colonial Country Club](/wiki/Colonial_Country_Club_%28Fort_Worth%29 \"Colonial Country Club (Fort Worth)\") in [Fort Worth, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas \"Fort Worth, Texas\"). Kokrak shot a final round 70 to defeat [Jordan Spieth](/wiki/Jordan_Spieth \"Jordan Spieth\") by two strokes.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.golfchannel.com/news/jason\\-kokrak\\-gets\\-second\\-pga\\-tour\\-win\\-lot\\-quicker\\-no\\-1\\-colonial \\|work\\=Golf Channel \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=May 30, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2021 \\|title\\=Jason Kokrak gets second PGA Tour win a lot quicker than No. 1 at Colonial}} In November 2021, Kokrak won the [Hewlett Packard Enterprise Houston Open](/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise_Houston_Open \"Hewlett Packard Enterprise Houston Open\") at [Memorial Park Municipal Golf Course](/wiki/Memorial_Park_Municipal_Golf_Course \"Memorial Park Municipal Golf Course\") in [Houston, Texas](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas \"Houston, Texas\"). Kokrak shot a final round 65 to win by two strokes.{{cite news \\|work\\=ESPN \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=November 14, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2021 \\|title\\=Jason Kokrak rallies with 4 straight birdies to win Houston Open \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/\\_/id/32631672/jason\\-kokrak\\-rallies\\-4\\-straight\\-birdies\\-win\\-houston\\-open}}",
"Kokrak joined LIV Golf in July 2022\\.",
""
] |
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