id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5730c1d7069b531400832311 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon? | {
"text": [
"Electroluminescence"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
5730c1d7069b531400832312 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | When was Electroluminescence discovered? | {
"text": [
"1907"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} | 1 |
5730c1d7069b531400832313 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence? | {
"text": [
"British"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | 1 |
5730c1d7069b531400832314 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery? | {
"text": [
"cat's-whisker"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} | 1 |
5730c1d7069b531400832315 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED? | {
"text": [
"Oleg Losev"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} | 1 |
5ad18eac645df0001a2d1f26 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | LED lighting is the beginning result of what phenomenon? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18eac645df0001a2d1f27 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | When was non-Electroluminescence discovered? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18eac645df0001a2d1f28 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | What was the nationality of the woman who discovered Electroluminescence? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18eac645df0001a2d1f29 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | What type of light did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18eac645df0001a2d1f2a | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | Who is the Soviet man that created the second LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24474 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication? | {
"text": [
"1957"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} | 1 |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24475 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices? | {
"text": [
"Kroemer Braunstein"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} | 1 |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24476 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component? | {
"text": [
"a GaAs diode"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} | 1 |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24477 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal? | {
"text": [
"a PbS diode"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} | 1 |
5730c3e8f6cb411900e24478 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode? | {
"text": [
"audio amplifier"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} | 1 |
5ad18ee6645df0001a2d1f30 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for radio communication? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18ee6645df0001a2d1f31 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | Who discovered radio uses for early LED devices? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18ee6645df0001a2d1f32 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | The current in radio communication had to go through what type of component? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18ee6645df0001a2d1f33 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What other component was needed to detect the second current of a radio signal? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18ee6645df0001a2d1f34 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What first device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730c541f6cb411900e2447e | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered? | {
"text": [
"Texas"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} | 1 |
5730c541f6cb411900e2447f | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission? | {
"text": [
"tunnel"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} | 1 |
5730c541f6cb411900e24480 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode? | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} | 1 |
5730c541f6cb411900e24481 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | What was the first practical LED? | {
"text": [
"GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode"
],
"answer_start": [
917
]
} | 1 |
5730c541f6cb411900e24482 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company? | {
"text": [
"Texas Instruments (TI)"
],
"answer_start": [
1044
]
} | 1 |
5ad18f20645df0001a2d1f44 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | In what state what not-infrared light emission discovered? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18f20645df0001a2d1f45 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | What type of diode was used to help discover non-infrared light emission? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18f20645df0001a2d1f46 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | In what year was the patent filed for the non-Semiconductor Radiant Diode? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18f20645df0001a2d1f47 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | What was the first non-practical LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18f20645df0001a2d1f48 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n ju... | The two inventors of the first practical non-diode were employed by what famous company? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e24488 | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed? | {
"text": [
"General Electric Company"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} | 1 |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e24489 | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED? | {
"text": [
"Nick Holonyak, Jr."
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | 1 |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448a | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED? | {
"text": [
"red"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} | 1 |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448b | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What color LED was later created in 1972? | {
"text": [
"yellow"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} | 1 |
5730c6cbf6cb411900e2448c | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED? | {
"text": [
"M. George Craford"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} | 1 |
5ad18f59645df0001a2d1f58 | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | At what global company was the first non-visible-spectrum LED developed? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18f59645df0001a2d1f59 | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What GE employee developed the non-visible-spectrum LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18f59645df0001a2d1f5a | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What color is associated with the non-visible-spectrum LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18f59645df0001a2d1f5b | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What color non-LED was later created in 1972? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18f59645df0001a2d1f5c | Light-emitting_diode | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow non-LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab7 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What was the first commercial uses of LEDs? | {
"text": [
"replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} | 1 |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab8 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | How much did the early LEDs cost? | {
"text": [
"US$200 per unit"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} | 1 |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5ab9 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What was one use of early LED light in products? | {
"text": [
"calculators"
],
"answer_start": [
853
]
} | 1 |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5aba | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968? | {
"text": [
"Hewlett Packard (HP)"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} | 1 |
5730c888aca1c71400fe5abb | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses? | {
"text": [
"1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
1041
]
} | 1 |
5ad18fa2645df0001a2d1f62 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What was the first commercial uses of non-LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18fa2645df0001a2d1f63 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | How much did the early non-LEDs cost? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18fa2645df0001a2d1f64 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What was one use of early non-LED light in products? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18fa2645df0001a2d1f65 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | What modern company introduced non-LEDs in 1968? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18fa2645df0001a2d1f66 | Light-emitting_diode | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for non-LEDs to enable successful commercial uses? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc7e | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What color LED was demonstrated in 1994? | {
"text": [
"blue"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} | 1 |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc7f | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | Who demonstrated the first blue LED? | {
"text": [
"Shuji Nakamura"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} | 1 |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc80 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work? | {
"text": [
"2014 Nobel prize in physics"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} | 1 |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc81 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995? | {
"text": [
"Alberto Barbieri"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} | 1 |
5730f39205b4da19006bcc82 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED? | {
"text": [
"indium tin oxide"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} | 1 |
5ad18fe7645df0001a2d1f74 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What color non-LED was demonstrated in 1994? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18fe7645df0001a2d1f75 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | Who demonstrated the first red LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18fe7645df0001a2d1f76 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their study? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18fe7645df0001a2d1f77 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | Who investigated the efficiency of low-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad18fe7645df0001a2d1f78 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What substance did Barbieri use in his work with low-brightness LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730f4c0497a881900248aad | Light-emitting_diode | The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y
3Al
5O
12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining ... | What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs? | {
"text": [
"white"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} | 1 |
5730f4c0497a881900248aaf | Light-emitting_diode | The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y
3Al
5O
12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining ... | What does the YAG phosphor coating produce? | {
"text": [
"yellow light"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} | 1 |
5ad1900e645df0001a2d1f7e | Light-emitting_diode | The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y
3Al
5O
12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining ... | What LED quickly followed the red LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1900e645df0001a2d1f80 | Light-emitting_diode | The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y
3Al
5O
12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining ... | What does the YAG phosphor coating not produce? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0c | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current? | {
"text": [
"P-N junction"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} | 1 |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0d | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it? | {
"text": [
"electroluminescence"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} | 1 |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0e | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence? | {
"text": [
"the conduction band"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} | 1 |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb0f | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process? | {
"text": [
"holes existing in the P-region"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} | 1 |
5730f7c9e6313a140071cb10 | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light? | {
"text": [
"to recombine the electrons and the holes"
],
"answer_start": [
774
]
} | 1 |
5ad1904f645df0001a2d1f84 | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | What converts absorbed light energy into an non-electric current? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1904f645df0001a2d1f85 | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when a non-electrical current is applied to it? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1904f645df0001a2d1f86 | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Where are the free electrons located in the production of non-electroluminescence? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1904f645df0001a2d1f87 | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Whose energy levels are lower than the non-electrons in the electroluminescence process? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1904f645df0001a2d1f88 | Light-emitting_diode | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and darkness? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb55 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | In what year was a new type of blue LED produced? | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} | 1 |
5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb56 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED? | {
"text": [
"Cree"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | 1 |
5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb57 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED commercially available in 2003? | {
"text": [
"four times"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} | 1 |
5730f8caa5e9cc1400cdbb58 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | What is the typical operating current for high-power LEDs? | {
"text": [
"350 mA"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} | 1 |
5ad19089645df0001a2d1f8e | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | In what year was a new type of red LED produced? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19089645df0001a2d1f8f | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of red LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19089645df0001a2d1f90 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the red LED commercially available in 2003? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19089645df0001a2d1f91 | Light-emitting_diode | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | What is the typical operating current for low-power LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccae | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is a symptom of LED failure? | {
"text": [
"loss of efficiency"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} | 1 |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccaf | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is rare in LED lighting? | {
"text": [
"Sudden failures"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} | 1 |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb0 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What was notable in early red LEDs? | {
"text": [
"their short service life"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} | 1 |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb1 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What could cause early light-output degradation in LEDs? | {
"text": [
"higher junction temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} | 1 |
5730fa4b05b4da19006bccb2 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is a classification used in LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive? | {
"text": [
"L70 or L50"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} | 1 |
5ad190c3645df0001a2d1f9e | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is a symptom of non-LED failure? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad190c3645df0001a2d1f9f | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is rare in non-LED lighting? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad190c3645df0001a2d1fa0 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What was notable in early white LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad190c3645df0001a2d1fa1 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What could cause early light-output degradation in non-LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad190c3645df0001a2d1fa2 | Light-emitting_diode | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | What is a classification used in non-LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730fb1b05b4da19006bccb8 | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | LED efficacy is inversely proportional to what? | {
"text": [
"operating temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} | 1 |
5730fb1b05b4da19006bccb9 | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | Where is LED lighting very well suited? | {
"text": [
"supermarket freezer"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} | 1 |
5730fb1b05b4da19006bccba | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | LEDs produce less waste heat than what other device? | {
"text": [
"incandescent lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} | 1 |
5730fb1b05b4da19006bccbb | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | What is LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light? | {
"text": [
"frost"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} | 1 |
5ad190ec645df0001a2d1fa8 | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | LED efficacy is not inversely proportional to what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad190ec645df0001a2d1fa9 | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | Where is LED lighting not very well suited? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad190ec645df0001a2d1faa | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | LEDs produce less waste cold than what other device? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad190ec645df0001a2d1fab | Light-emitting_diode | Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature, LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting. Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps, their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well. However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buil... | What is non-LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
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