id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5731085e497a881900248b1b | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University? | {
"text": [
"Stanford"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} | 1 |
5731085e497a881900248b1c | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | When was the first blue-violet LED developed? | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} | 1 |
5731085e497a881900248b1d | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | What students developed the first blue-violet LED? | {
"text": [
"Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} | 1 |
5731085e497a881900248b1e | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence? | {
"text": [
"zinc-doped gallium nitride"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} | 1 |
5ad19124645df0001a2d1fba | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | The first red-violet LED was developed at what University? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19124645df0001a2d1fbb | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | When was the first red-violet LED developed? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19124645df0001a2d1fbc | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | What students developed the first red-violet LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19124645df0001a2d1fbd | Light-emitting_diode | The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, t... | What substance helped demonstrate the first red electroluminescence? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
57310d75497a881900248b47 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices? | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} | 1 |
57310d75497a881900248b48 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs? | {
"text": [
"Shuji Nakamura"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} | 1 |
57310d75497a881900248b49 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs? | {
"text": [
"Dr. Moustakas"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} | 1 |
57310d75497a881900248b4a | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources? | {
"text": [
"BlueRay"
],
"answer_start": [
852
]
} | 1 |
57310d75497a881900248b4b | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting? | {
"text": [
"tablets"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
} | 1 |
5ad1915b645df0001a2d1fc2 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the ancient era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1915b645df0001a2d1fc3 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness red LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1915b645df0001a2d1fc4 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness red LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1915b645df0001a2d1fc5 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | What technology was made possible by low-power blue light sources? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1915b645df0001a2d1fc6 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power red LED lighting? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
573111b1e6313a140071cbe2 | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2014? | {
"text": [
"Physics"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} | 1 |
573111b1e6313a140071cbe3 | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What award did Nakamura receive in 2006 for his invention? | {
"text": [
"Millennium Technology Prize"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} | 1 |
573111b1e6313a140071cbe4 | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas's prior blue light patent in 2015? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} | 1 |
573111b1e6313a140071cbe5 | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What was the fine given to the three companies? | {
"text": [
"not less than 13 million USD"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} | 1 |
5ad1918b645df0001a2d1fcc | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2013? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1918b645df0001a2d1fcd | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What award did Nakamura receive in 2016 for his invention? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1918b645df0001a2d1fce | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas's prior red light patent in 2015? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1918b645df0001a2d1fcf | Light-emitting_diode | Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies (i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court) that h... | What was the fine given to the four companies? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
573112cae6313a140071cbf0 | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | What are cladding layers? | {
"text": [
"active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | 1 |
573112cae6313a140071cbf1 | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | How can light emission be varied from violet to amber? | {
"text": [
"By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} | 1 |
573112cae6313a140071cbf2 | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | What does AlGaN stand for? | {
"text": [
"Aluminium gallium nitride"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} | 1 |
573112cae6313a140071cbf3 | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without? | {
"text": [
"Green"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
} | 1 |
5ad191b6645df0001a2d1fde | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | What are non-cladding layers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad191b6645df0001a2d1fdf | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | How can light emission be varied from red to amber? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad191b6645df0001a2d1fe0 | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | What does AlGEaN stand for? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad191b6645df0001a2d1fe1 | Light-emitting_diode | By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am... | What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InEGaN/GaEN systems than without? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
573113d805b4da19006bcd56 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What substance does nitrides contain? | {
"text": [
"aluminium"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} | 1 |
573113d805b4da19006bcd57 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market? | {
"text": [
"Ultraviolet"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} | 1 |
573113d805b4da19006bcd58 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs? | {
"text": [
"375–395 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} | 1 |
573113d805b4da19006bcd59 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what? | {
"text": [
"240 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} | 1 |
573113d805b4da19006bcd5a | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices? | {
"text": [
"250–270 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} | 1 |
5ad191ec645df0001a2d1fe6 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What substance does nitrides not contain? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad191ec645df0001a2d1fe7 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What sort of non-LEDs are becoming more available on the market? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad191ec645df0001a2d1fe8 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad191ec645df0001a2d1fe9 | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | Longer wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad191ec645df0001a2d1fea | Light-emitting_diode | With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacem... | What UV wavelengths are found in non-sterilization devices? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5731151605b4da19006bcd74 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What colors are used to form white light? | {
"text": [
"red, green, and blue"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} | 1 |
5731151605b4da19006bcd75 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light? | {
"text": [
"multi-color white LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} | 1 |
5731151605b4da19006bcd76 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result? | {
"text": [
"electronic circuits"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} | 1 |
5731151605b4da19006bcd77 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method? | {
"text": [
"RGB LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} | 1 |
5ad1921b645df0001a2d1ff0 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What colors are used to form red light? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1921b645df0001a2d1ff1 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form blue light? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1921b645df0001a2d1ff2 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What does the non-multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1921b645df0001a2d1ff3 | Light-emitting_diode | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | What is another name to reference the solo-color white LED method? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5731162005b4da19006bcd7c | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What is one type of multi-color white LED? | {
"text": [
"tetrachromatic"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | 1 |
5731162005b4da19006bcd7d | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs? | {
"text": [
"luminous efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} | 1 |
5731162005b4da19006bcd7e | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what? | {
"text": [
"lower color rendering"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} | 1 |
5731162005b4da19006bcd7f | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What type has the best luminous efficacy? | {
"text": [
"dichromatic white LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} | 1 |
5731162005b4da19006bcd80 | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have? | {
"text": [
">70 lm/W"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} | 1 |
5ad1926d645df0001a2d1ff8 | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What is one type of solo-color white LED? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1926d645df0001a2d1ff9 | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color red LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1926d645df0001a2d1ffa | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs don't mean what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1926d645df0001a2d1ffb | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What type has the worst luminous efficacy? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1926d645df0001a2d1ffc | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What luminous efficacy does non-trichromatic white LEDs have? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
57311c03e6313a140071cc44 | Light-emitting_diode | Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color... | Multi-color LEDs offer what else besides the formation of white light? | {
"text": [
"to form light of different colors"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} | 1 |
57311c03e6313a140071cc45 | Light-emitting_diode | Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color... | What problem must be solved before multi-color LEDs can play a role in the market? | {
"text": [
"power decays exponentially with rising temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} | 1 |
57311c03e6313a140071cc46 | Light-emitting_diode | Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color... | What problem results when rising temperatures decays power? | {
"text": [
"substantial change in color stability"
],
"answer_start": [
652
]
} | 1 |
5ad192a3645df0001a2d2002 | Light-emitting_diode | Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color... | Multi-color LEDs offer what else besides the formation of red light? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad192a3645df0001a2d2003 | Light-emitting_diode | Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color... | What problem must be solved before non-multi-color LEDs can play a role in the market? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad192a3645df0001a2d2004 | Light-emitting_diode | Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color... | What problem results when lowering temperatures decays power? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc3f | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | What method involves coating LEDs of one color with phosphors of different colors? | {
"text": [
"phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs)"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} | 1 |
57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc40 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is used? | {
"text": [
"blue"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} | 1 |
57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc41 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | What shift does blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method? | {
"text": [
"Stokes"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} | 1 |
57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc42 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | The different colors of phosphors that can be used is based on what? | {
"text": [
"the color of the original LED"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} | 1 |
57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc43 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | What broadens the emitted spectrum in a pcLEDs method? | {
"text": [
"If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} | 1 |
5ad192e6645df0001a2d2010 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | What method involves coating LEDs of multiple color with phosphors of different colors? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad192e6645df0001a2d2011 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is never used? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad192e6645df0001a2d2012 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | What shift does non-blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad192e6645df0001a2d2013 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | he different colors of phosphors that can't be used is based on what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
57311faae6313a140071cc50 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | Why is efficiency sometimes lost in phosphor-based LEDs? | {
"text": [
"heat loss from the Stokes shift"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | 1 |
57311faae6313a140071cc51 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on? | {
"text": [
"the spectral distribution of the resultant light output"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | 1 |
57311faae6313a140071cc52 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue? | {
"text": [
"3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} | 1 |
57311faae6313a140071cc53 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What is the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs? | {
"text": [
"phosphor method"
],
"answer_start": [
609
]
} | 1 |
57311faae6313a140071cc54 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What type of emitter is used in phosphor-based white LED methods? | {
"text": [
"monochrome"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} | 1 |
5ad19312645df0001a2d2018 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | Why is efficiency never lost in phosphor-based LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19312645df0001a2d2019 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What don't phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19312645df0001a2d201a | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based red LED compared to blue? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad19312645df0001a2d201b | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What type of emitter is used in non-phosphor-based white LED methods? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5731208ee6313a140071cc62 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light? | {
"text": [
"more efficient phosphors"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} | 1 |
5731208ee6313a140071cc63 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What is the most efficient yellow phosphor? | {
"text": [
"YAG phosphor"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} | 1 |
5731208ee6313a140071cc64 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor? | {
"text": [
"less than 10%"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} | 1 |
5731208ee6313a140071cc65 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development? | {
"text": [
"higher operation temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} | 1 |
5731208ee6313a140071cc66 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What is one method that can raise the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs? | {
"text": [
"adapting better package design"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
} | 1 |
5ad1934e645df0001a2d2020 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What can improve the efficiency of non-LED-based white light? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1934e645df0001a2d2021 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What is the least efficient yellow phosphor? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1934e645df0001a2d2022 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in non-YAG phosphor? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1934e645df0001a2d2023 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor non-LED development? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5ad1934e645df0001a2d2024 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What is one method that can lower the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
57312247497a881900248b87 | Light-emitting_diode | White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient th... | White LEDs can be made by coating what? | {
"text": [
"near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} | 1 |
57312247497a881900248b88 | Light-emitting_diode | White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient th... | What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED? | {
"text": [
"copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} | 1 |
57312247497a881900248b89 | Light-emitting_diode | White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient th... | What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs? | {
"text": [
"fluorescent lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} | 1 |
57312247497a881900248b8a | Light-emitting_diode | White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient th... | The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs? | {
"text": [
"blue"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} | 1 |
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