id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc27 | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu pe... | Name a peasant rebel leader? | {
"text": [
"Li Zicheng"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} | 1 |
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc28 | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu pe... | Where was the ming capital? | {
"text": [
"Beijing"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} | 1 |
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc29 | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu pe... | What pass was opened to the Banner Armies? | {
"text": [
"Shanhai Pass"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} | 1 |
57311e26497a881900248b6d | Qing_dynasty | The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy,... | What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule? | {
"text": [
"(1735–1796)"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} | 1 |
57311e26497a881900248b6e | Qing_dynasty | The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy,... | When was the Taiping rebellion? | {
"text": [
"(1850–64)"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} | 1 |
57311e26497a881900248b6f | Qing_dynasty | The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy,... | When was the Dungan Revolt? | {
"text": [
"(1862–77)"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} | 1 |
57311e26497a881900248b70 | Qing_dynasty | The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy,... | How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt? | {
"text": [
"20 million people"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
} | 1 |
57311e26497a881900248b71 | Qing_dynasty | The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy,... | When was the first Sino-Japanese War? | {
"text": [
"1895"
],
"answer_start": [
931
]
} | 1 |
5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5d | Qing_dynasty | After agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists such as Kang Youwei ... | What started on October 11, 1911? | {
"text": [
"Xinhai Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} | 1 |
5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5e | Qing_dynasty | After agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists such as Kang Youwei ... | Who was the last Qing emperor? | {
"text": [
"Puyi"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} | 1 |
5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5f | Qing_dynasty | After agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists such as Kang Youwei ... | When did he step down? | {
"text": [
"February 12, 1912"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} | 1 |
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6b | Qing_dynasty | Nurhaci declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin (lit. "gold") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, "gold")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are competing explanations on the m... | Who named himself the Bright Khan? | {
"text": [
"Nurhaci"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6c | Qing_dynasty | Nurhaci declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin (lit. "gold") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, "gold")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are competing explanations on the m... | Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363? | {
"text": [
"Hong Taiji"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} | 1 |
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6d | Qing_dynasty | Nurhaci declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin (lit. "gold") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, "gold")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are competing explanations on the m... | What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name? | {
"text": [
"water imagery"
],
"answer_start": [
771
]
} | 1 |
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6e | Qing_dynasty | Nurhaci declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin (lit. "gold") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, "gold")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are competing explanations on the m... | What language did the dynasties name come from originall? | {
"text": [
"Mongolian"
],
"answer_start": [
1045
]
} | 1 |
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6f | Qing_dynasty | Nurhaci declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin (lit. "gold") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, "gold")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are competing explanations on the m... | What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it's name from? | {
"text": [
"Mongolian word that means \"warrior\""
],
"answer_start": [
1045
]
} | 1 |
573122d205b4da19006bcde0 | Qing_dynasty | After conquering "China proper", the Manchus identified their state as "China" (中國, Zhōngguó; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present day Northeast China... | After taking the bulk of China what did the Manchuse call their state? | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} | 1 |
573122d205b4da19006bcde1 | Qing_dynasty | After conquering "China proper", the Manchus identified their state as "China" (中國, Zhōngguó; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present day Northeast China... | What does China mean? | {
"text": [
"Middle Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | 1 |
573122d205b4da19006bcde2 | Qing_dynasty | After conquering "China proper", the Manchus identified their state as "China" (中國, Zhōngguó; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present day Northeast China... | What ethnice groups did the Qing thin made up China? | {
"text": [
"Han and non-Han peoples"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} | 1 |
57312388e6313a140071cc74 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic p... | What ethnic group make up the most people in China? | {
"text": [
"Han Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} | 1 |
57312388e6313a140071cc75 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic p... | Who founded the Qing dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Jurchen"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} | 1 |
57312388e6313a140071cc76 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic p... | What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live? | {
"text": [
"sedentary farming"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} | 1 |
57312388e6313a140071cc77 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic p... | What parts of China did they come from? | {
"text": [
"Jilin and Heilongjiang"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} | 1 |
57312388e6313a140071cc78 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic p... | Were the Manchu's nomadic? | {
"text": [
"farming people"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} | 1 |
57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc95 | Qing_dynasty | Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still... | Where did Nurhachi move his court to? | {
"text": [
"Liaodong"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} | 1 |
57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc96 | Qing_dynasty | Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still... | Where did Nurhachi move his court from? | {
"text": [
"Jianzhou"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} | 1 |
57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc97 | Qing_dynasty | Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still... | Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders? | {
"text": [
"Mongol nation"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} | 1 |
57312518497a881900248bbd | Qing_dynasty | There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire "Jiu Han jun" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the E... | What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers? | {
"text": [
"Mongols"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} | 1 |
57312518497a881900248bbe | Qing_dynasty | There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire "Jiu Han jun" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the E... | What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus? | {
"text": [
"artillery"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} | 1 |
57312518497a881900248bbf | Qing_dynasty | There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire "Jiu Han jun" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the E... | When did the Manchus create their own artillery? | {
"text": [
"1641"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} | 1 |
573127d505b4da19006bcdfc | Qing_dynasty | This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender o... | When were the first couple Han Banners founded? | {
"text": [
"1637"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | 1 |
573127d505b4da19006bcdfd | Qing_dynasty | This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender o... | When did the Han Banners grow to eight? | {
"text": [
"1642"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | 1 |
573127d505b4da19006bcdfe | Qing_dynasty | This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender o... | Which leader defeated the Ming armies? | {
"text": [
"Hong Taiji"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} | 1 |
573127d505b4da19006bcdff | Qing_dynasty | This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender o... | Who killed Yuan Chonghuan? | {
"text": [
"Chongzhen Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} | 1 |
573127d505b4da19006bce00 | Qing_dynasty | This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender o... | Where did the Ming armies retreat to? | {
"text": [
"north of the Great Wall"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} | 1 |
57312a3b05b4da19006bce10 | Qing_dynasty | Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated... | Who included newly conquered Ming officials in his government? | {
"text": [
"Hong Taiji"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57312a3b05b4da19006bce11 | Qing_dynasty | Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated... | Where did a Han revolt occur? | {
"text": [
"Liaodong"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} | 1 |
57312a3b05b4da19006bce12 | Qing_dynasty | Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated... | When did a Han revolt occur? | {
"text": [
"1623"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} | 1 |
57312a3b05b4da19006bce13 | Qing_dynasty | Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated... | What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648? | {
"text": [
"one-sixth"
],
"answer_start": [
1082
]
} | 1 |
57312af6497a881900248bef | Qing_dynasty | Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji'... | When did Hong Taiji die? | {
"text": [
"September 1643"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} | 1 |
57312af6497a881900248bf0 | Qing_dynasty | Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji'... | Who was his heir? | {
"text": [
"without a designated heir"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} | 1 |
57312af6497a881900248bf1 | Qing_dynasty | Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji'... | Who were the likely heirs? | {
"text": [
"Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} | 1 |
57312af7497a881900248bf2 | Qing_dynasty | Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji'... | Who became the emperor? | {
"text": [
"Fulin"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} | 1 |
57312bb0497a881900248bfd | Qing_dynasty | Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zich... | Who raided Beijing in 1644? | {
"text": [
"Li Zicheng"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} | 1 |
57312bb0497a881900248bfe | Qing_dynasty | Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zich... | Who was Li Zicheng? | {
"text": [
"former minor Ming official"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} | 1 |
57312bb0497a881900248bff | Qing_dynasty | Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zich... | What dynasty did Zicheng form? | {
"text": [
"Shun"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} | 1 |
57312bb0497a881900248c00 | Qing_dynasty | Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zich... | Who was the last Ming leader? | {
"text": [
"Chongzhen Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} | 1 |
57312bb0497a881900248c01 | Qing_dynasty | Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zich... | How did the Chongzhen Emporer die? | {
"text": [
"suicide"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} | 1 |
57312c4e497a881900248c07 | Qing_dynasty | Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming cap... | How big was Li Zicheng's army? | {
"text": [
"200,000"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} | 1 |
57312c4e497a881900248c08 | Qing_dynasty | Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming cap... | Who did Li Zicheng's army fight? | {
"text": [
"Wu Sangui"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} | 1 |
57312c4e497a881900248c09 | Qing_dynasty | Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming cap... | What was the name of the general at the Ming fort? | {
"text": [
"Wu Sangui"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} | 1 |
57312c4e497a881900248c0a | Qing_dynasty | Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming cap... | Who beat Li Zicheng's army? | {
"text": [
"Wu and Dorgon"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
} | 1 |
57312c4e497a881900248c0b | Qing_dynasty | Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming cap... | When did the battle take place? | {
"text": [
"May 27, 1644"
],
"answer_start": [
856
]
} | 1 |
57312ede497a881900248c2d | Qing_dynasty | The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen E... | When did Beijing fall? | {
"text": [
"June 6"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | 1 |
57312ede497a881900248c2e | Qing_dynasty | The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen E... | What was the Shunzi Emperor called? | {
"text": [
"\"Son of Heaven\""
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} | 1 |
57312ede497a881900248c2f | Qing_dynasty | The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen E... | When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven? | {
"text": [
"October 30"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} | 1 |
57312ede497a881900248c30 | Qing_dynasty | The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen E... | How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China? | {
"text": [
"seventeen years"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} | 1 |
57312ede497a881900248c31 | Qing_dynasty | The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen E... | Who did the Manchus struggle against? | {
"text": [
"Ming loyalists"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} | 1 |
57312f5805b4da19006bce68 | Qing_dynasty | Han Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority... | Who made up the Han Chinese Banners? | {
"text": [
"Han Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} | 1 |
57312f5805b4da19006bce69 | Qing_dynasty | Han Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority... | What percent of bannermen did the Han represent? | {
"text": [
"75%"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} | 1 |
57312f5805b4da19006bce6a | Qing_dynasty | Han Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority... | Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners? | {
"text": [
"Mongol"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} | 1 |
573130f305b4da19006bce6e | Qing_dynasty | The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China f... | Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China? | {
"text": [
"Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} | 1 |
573130f305b4da19006bce6f | Qing_dynasty | The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China f... | What part of China did Kexi, Zhongming, and Youde rule? | {
"text": [
"southern China"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} | 1 |
573130f305b4da19006bce70 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China f... | What was the three Han Bannermen position called? | {
"text": [
"viceroys"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} | 1 |
5731320c497a881900248c41 | Qing_dynasty | First, the Manchus had entered "China proper" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. ... | Who made Beijing his capital? | {
"text": [
"Dorgon"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} | 1 |
5731320c497a881900248c42 | Qing_dynasty | First, the Manchus had entered "China proper" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. ... | Whose capital was Beijing before the Manchu's? | {
"text": [
"Ming"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} | 1 |
5731320c497a881900248c43 | Qing_dynasty | First, the Manchus had entered "China proper" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. ... | Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital? | {
"text": [
"stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} | 1 |
573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd3 | Qing_dynasty | Dorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the "haircutting order") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep you... | What did Dorgon declare in July of 1645? | {
"text": [
"the \"haircutting order\")"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} | 1 |
573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd4 | Qing_dynasty | Dorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the "haircutting order") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep you... | What was the peoples description of the haircutting order? | {
"text": [
"\"To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair.\""
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} | 1 |
573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd5 | Qing_dynasty | Dorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the "haircutting order") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep you... | How did the Ming's typically wear their hair> | {
"text": [
"top-knot"
],
"answer_start": [
793
]
} | 1 |
573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd6 | Qing_dynasty | Dorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the "haircutting order") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep you... | What city was massacred for not wearing the proper haircut? | {
"text": [
"Jiading"
],
"answer_start": [
1173
]
} | 1 |
5731338e05b4da19006bcea6 | Qing_dynasty | Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history... | Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne? | {
"text": [
"Dorgon"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} | 1 |
5731338e05b4da19006bcea7 | Qing_dynasty | Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history... | What was Dorgon known as after death? | {
"text": [
"Emperor Yi"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} | 1 |
5731338e05b4da19006bcea8 | Qing_dynasty | Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history... | Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother? | {
"text": [
"Hooge"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} | 1 |
5731338e05b4da19006bcea9 | Qing_dynasty | Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history... | When did Shunzhi's death? | {
"text": [
"1661"
],
"answer_start": [
891
]
} | 1 |
5731338e05b4da19006bceaa | Qing_dynasty | Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history... | How old was Shunzhi at his death? | {
"text": [
"twenty-four"
],
"answer_start": [
910
]
} | 1 |
57313458497a881900248c47 | Qing_dynasty | The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". In... | Who did the Manchus send to battle Koxinga's troops? | {
"text": [
"Han Bannermen"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} | 1 |
57313458497a881900248c48 | Qing_dynasty | The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". In... | Where did the fight between Ming loyalists and Manchus occur? | {
"text": [
"Fujian"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} | 1 |
57313458497a881900248c49 | Qing_dynasty | The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". In... | What were the Manchus accused of being afraid of? | {
"text": [
"water"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} | 1 |
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce1 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | How long was Kangxi Emperor in power? | {
"text": [
"sixty-one year"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | 1 |
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce2 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | Who had the longest rule of any emperor? | {
"text": [
"Kangxi"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} | 1 |
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce3 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | What era did Kanxi's rule kick off? | {
"text": [
"High Qing"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} | 1 |
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce4 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | How old was Kangxi when he took over? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} | 1 |
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce5 | Qing_dynasty | The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old up... | Who ruled while Kangxi was young? | {
"text": [
"Oboi"
],
"answer_start": [
871
]
} | 1 |
5731360e497a881900248c4d | Qing_dynasty | The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms ... | What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect? | {
"text": [
"Confucian"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} | 1 |
5731360e497a881900248c4e | Qing_dynasty | The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms ... | What declaration solidified Confucian values? | {
"text": [
"Sacred Edict of 1670"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} | 1 |
5731360e497a881900248c4f | Qing_dynasty | The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms ... | Who did the Manchu appeal to? | {
"text": [
"Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur"
],
"answer_start": [
696
]
} | 1 |
5731360e497a881900248c50 | Qing_dynasty | The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms ... | What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court? | {
"text": [
"Jesuit missionaries"
],
"answer_start": [
1209
]
} | 1 |
573136ed497a881900248c5f | Qing_dynasty | Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out ... | Who was the most important Ming general? | {
"text": [
"Wu Sangui"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} | 1 |
573136ed497a881900248c60 | Qing_dynasty | Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out ... | What provinces did Sangui control? | {
"text": [
"Yunnan and Guizhou"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} | 1 |
573136ed497a881900248c61 | Qing_dynasty | Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out ... | Name the other two important Ming generals? | {
"text": [
"Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} | 1 |
573136ed497a881900248c62 | Qing_dynasty | Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out ... | Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive? | {
"text": [
"Guangdong and Fujian"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
} | 1 |
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd0f | Qing_dynasty | As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the hered... | When did Kexi retire? | {
"text": [
"1673"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} | 1 |
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd10 | Qing_dynasty | As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the hered... | Who did Kexi thing should take over for him? | {
"text": [
"his son"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} | 1 |
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd11 | Qing_dynasty | As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the hered... | What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired? | {
"text": [
"all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown."
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} | 1 |
5731388f497a881900248c7b | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last? | {
"text": [
"eight years"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} | 1 |
5731388f497a881900248c7c | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | Who declared himself emperor? | {
"text": [
"Wu"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} | 1 |
5731388f497a881900248c7d | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | When did the Qing regain power over southern China? | {
"text": [
"1681"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} | 1 |
5731388f497a881900248c7e | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese? | {
"text": [
"other Han people"
],
"answer_start": [
1269
]
} | 1 |
5731388f497a881900248c7f | Qing_dynasty | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | How many Green Standard Army soldiers were on the Qing side? | {
"text": [
"400,000"
],
"answer_start": [
2136
]
} | 1 |
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