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t47 | t47_2 | no | Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition that is defined as inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses (a group of air‐filled spaces behind the nose, eyes and cheeks). | Chronic rhinosinusitis is a rare condition that is defined as inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses (a group of air‐filled spaces behind the nose, eyes and cheeks). | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_3 | yes | Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis experience at least two or more of the following symptoms for at least 12 weeks: blocked nose, discharge from their nose or runny nose, pain or pressure in their face and/or a reduced sense of smell (hyposmia). | Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis experience at least two or more of the following symptoms for at least 8 weeks: blocked nose, discharge from their nose or runny nose, pain or pressure in their face and/or a reduced sense of smell (hyposmia). | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_4 | no | Some people will also have nasal polyps, which are grape‐like swellings of the normal nasal lining inside the nasal passage and sinuses. | Some people will also have nasal polyps, which are apple‐like swellings of the normal nasal lining inside the nasal passage and sinuses. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_5 | no | Short courses of oral corticosteroids are a widely used treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis. | Short courses of oral corticosteroids are not a widely used treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_6 | no | They work by controlling the inflammatory response and when polyps are present they rapidly reduce the size of the polyps to improve symptoms. | They work by controlling the inflammatory response and when polyps are present they slowly reduce the size of the polyps to improve symptoms. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_7 | no | The adverse effects of corticosteroids can include insomnia, mood changes and gastrointestinal changes (such as stomach pain, heartburn, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea and vomiting). | The adverse effects of corticosteroids can include insomnia, mood changes and gastrointestinal changes (such as stomach pain, heartburn, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea and dizziness). | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_8 | yes | When given over the longer term, or through many repeated short courses, it is also possible to develop osteoporosis (fragile bones). | When given over the longer term, or through many repeated short courses, it is also possible to prevent osteoporosis (fragile bones). | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_9 | no | We included eight randomised controlled trials with a total of 474 participants. | We included ten randomised controlled trials with a total of 474 participants. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_10 | no | All of the patients were adults who had chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. | None of the patients were adults who had chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_11 | no | All of the studies followed patients until the end of treatment (two to three weeks) and three studies (210 participants) followed up people for three to six months after the initial treatment had ended. | All of the studies followed patients until the end of treatment (four to five weeks) and three studies (210 participants) followed up people for three to six months after the initial treatment had ended. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_12 | yes | Five of the eight reports mentioned how the trial was funded. | Three of the eight reports mentioned how the trial was funded. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_13 | yes | None of the funding sources were pharmaceutical companies. | All of the funding sources were pharmaceutical companies. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_14 | yes | At the end of a two‐ or three‐week treatment course, people who took oral steroids may have had a better quality of life, less severe symptoms and smaller nasal polyps than people who had placebo or did not receive any treatment. | At the end of a four‐ or five‐week treatment course, people who took oral steroids may have had a better quality of life, less severe symptoms and smaller nasal polyps than people who had placebo or did not receive any treatment. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_15 | no | After three to six months, there was little or no difference in quality of life, symptom severity or nasal polyps between the people who had oral steroids and the people who had placebo or no intervention. | After eight to twelve months, there was little or no difference in quality of life, symptom severity or nasal polyps between the people who had oral steroids and the people who had placebo or no intervention. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_16 | no | The people who took oral steroids may have had more gastrointestinal disturbances and insomnia than the people who had placebo or no intervention. | The people who took oral steroids may have had fewer gastrointestinal disturbances and insomnia than the people who had placebo or no intervention. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t47 | t47_17 | yes | It is not clear if the people who took oral steroids had more mood disturbances than the people who had placebo or no intervention. | It is not clear if the people who took oral steroids had fewer mood disturbances than the people who had placebo or no intervention. | This review is one of a suite of six Cochrane reviews looking at the primary medical management options for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition involving inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal blockage and nasal discharge... |
t48 | t48_1 | no | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) is a laboratory made antibody that blocks the CCR5 receptor on CD4 cells. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) is a laboratory made antibody that activates the CCR5 receptor on CD4 cells. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_2 | no | By blocking CCR5, PRO 140 prevents the HIV virus from infecting healthy cells. | By blocking CCR5, PRO 140 allows the HIV virus to infect healthy cells. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_3 | no | PRO 140 may be an effective new treatment drug because it has the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. | PRO 140 may be an ineffective new treatment drug because it has the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_4 | no | PRO 140 has emerged as an important new therapy and has entered testing. | PRO 140 has emerged as an important new therapy and has not entered testing. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_5 | yes | We reviewed the efficacy, safety, clinical disease progression and immunologic (CD4 count/percentage) and virologic (plasma HIV RNA viral load) markers of PRO 140 for HIV‐infected patients. | We reviewed the efficacy, safety, clinical disease progression and immunologic (CD4 count/percentage) and virologic (plasma HIV RNA viral load) markers of Remdesivir for HIV‐infected patients. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_6 | no | We included three randomized controlled trials (RCTs). | We included five randomized controlled trials (RCTs). | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_7 | no | These three RCTs were of unclear risk of bias, as the details of methodological items were not adequately reported. | These five RCTs were of unclear risk of bias, as the details of methodological items were not adequately reported. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_8 | no | All patients in these three studies were adult HIV‐infected patients, PRO 140 was adminstrated subcutaneous or intravenous infusion with different doses. | All patients in these three studies were adult HIV‐infected patients, PRO 140 was administered subcutaneous or intravenous infusion with identical doses. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_9 | yes | These three studies adressed the immunologic (CD4 count/percentage) and virologic (plasma HIV RNA viral load) markers. | These five studies addressed the immunologic (CD4 count/percentage) and virologic (plasma HIV RNA viral load) markers. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_10 | yes | There may be potential conflicts of interest in all studies, as some of the authors are current or past employees of Progenics Pharmaceuticals, the producer of PRO 140. | There may be potential conflicts of interest in all studies, as some of the authors are current or past employees of Pfizer, the producer of PRO 140. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_11 | no | Our systematic review showed that PRO 140 may offer significant short‐term dose‐dependent HIV‐1 RNA suppression with tolerable side effects. | Our systematic review showed that PRO 140 may offer significant short‐term dose‐dependent influenza RNA suppression with tolerable side effects. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_12 | no | PRO 140 2 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 162 mg weekly, 324 mg biweekly, and 324 mg weekly could reduce HIV‐1 RNA levels and demonstrate antiviral response. | PRO 140 3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg, 200 mg weekly, 400 mg biweekly, and 400 mg weekly could reduce HIV‐1 RNA levels and demonstrate antiviral response. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_13 | no | And PRO 140 5 mg/kg showed greater change in CD4 + cell count on day eight. | And PRO 140 10 mg/kg showed greater change in CD4 + cell count on day eight. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_14 | no | Headache, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea, fatigue, hypertension, nasal congestion and pruritus were reported to be the most frequent adverse events. | Headache, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea, fatigue, hypertension, nasal congestion and pruritus were reported to be the least frequent adverse events. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_15 | yes | Even though available evidence from the three trials suggests that PRO 140 may be effective, the number of patients in these three studies was very small, and the results of these three studies may be influenced by potential biases. | Even though available evidence from the three trials suggests that PRO 140 may be effective, the number of patients in these five studies was very small, and the results of these three studies may be influenced by potential biases. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_16 | yes | PRO 140 has been granted fast‐track approval status by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but the efficacy of PRO 140 still needs to be proven in large, long‐term high quality RCTs. | PRO 140 has been granted fast‐track approval status by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), but the efficacy of PRO 140 still needs to be proven in large, long‐term high quality RCTs. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_17 | yes | The three studies reviewed here only evaluated the short‐term (58 or 59 days) efficacy. | The three studies reviewed here only evaluated the short‐term (72 or 73 days) efficacy. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_18 | yes | The long‐term efficacy was not evaluated, and adverse events data were not reported adequately for each group. | The long‐term efficacy was not evaluated, and adverse events data were reported adequately for each group. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t48 | t48_19 | yes | Whether PRO 140 could be used in clinical practice as first‐line treatment for HIV‐infected patients or not depends on the results of high quality future RCTs. | Whether PRO 140 could be used in clinical practice as first‐line treatment for HIV‐infected patients or not does not depend on the results of high quality future RCTs. | PRO 140 (a humanized form of the PA14 antibody, a monoclonal CCR5 antibody) inhibits CCR5‐tropic (R5) type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may be an effective new treatment with the potential to address the limitations of currently available therapies for HIV‐infected patients. Objectives We aimed to assess ... |
t49 | t49_1 | yes | In future, as the population ages, the number of people in our communities suffering with dementia will rise dramatically. | In future, as the population ages, the number of people in our communities suffering with dementia will decline dramatically. | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t49 | t49_2 | yes | This will not only affect the quality of life of people with dementia but also increase the burden on family caregivers, community care, and residential care services. | This will not only affect the quality of life of people with dementia but also decrease the burden on family caregivers, community care, and residential care services. | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t49 | t49_3 | no | Exercise is one lifestyle factor that has been identified as a potential means of reducing or delaying progression of the symptoms of dementia. | Exercise is one lifestyle factor that has not been identified as a potential means of reducing or delaying progression of the symptoms of dementia. | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t49 | t49_4 | no | This review evaluated the results of 17 trials (search dates August 2012 and October 2013), including 1,067 participants, that tested whether exercise programs could improve cognition (which includes such things as memory, reasoning ability and spatial awareness), activities of daily living, behaviour and psychological... | This review evaluated the results of 22 trials (search dates August 2012 and October 2013), including 1,067 participants, that tested whether exercise programs could improve cognition (which includes such things as memory, reasoning ability and spatial awareness), activities of daily living, behaviour and psychological... | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t49 | t49_5 | no | We also looked for effects on mortality, quality of life, caregivers' experience and use of healthcare services, and for any adverse effects of exercise. | We also looked for effects on mortality, quality of life, caregivers' experience and use of healthcare services, and for no adverse effects of exercise. | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t49 | t49_6 | no | There was some evidence that exercise programs can improve the ability of people with dementia to perform daily activities, but there was a lot of variation among trial results that we were not able to explain. | There was some evidence that exercise programs can worsen the ability of people with dementia to perform daily activities, but there was a lot of variation among trial results that we were not able to explain. | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t49 | t49_7 | no | The studies showed no evidence of benefit from exercise on cognition, psychological symptoms, and depression. | The studies showed no evidence of harm from exercise on cognition, psychological symptoms, and depression. | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t49 | t49_8 | no | There was little or no evidence regarding the other outcomes listed above. | There was significant or ample evidence regarding the other outcomes listed above. | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t49 | t49_9 | yes | There was no evidence that exercise was harmful for the participants. | There was no evidence that exercise was beneficial for the participants. | This is an update of our previous 2013 review. Several recent trials and systematic reviews of the impact of exercise on people with dementia are reporting promising findings. Objectives Primary objective Do exercise programs for older people with dementia improve their cognition, activities of daily living (ADLs), neu... |
t50 | t50_1 | no | Visits to emergency departments and family doctors have increased. | Visits to emergency departments and family doctors have decreased. | Telephone consultation is the process where calls are received, assessed and managed by giving advice or by referral to a more appropriate service. In recent years there has been a growth in telephone consultation developed, in part, as a response to increased demand for general practitioner (GP) and accident and emerg... |
t50 | t50_2 | yes | One possible way to decrease the demands is to provide telephone helplines, hotlines or consultations. | One possible way to increase the demands is to provide telephone helplines, hotlines or consultations. | Telephone consultation is the process where calls are received, assessed and managed by giving advice or by referral to a more appropriate service. In recent years there has been a growth in telephone consultation developed, in part, as a response to increased demand for general practitioner (GP) and accident and emerg... |
t50 | t50_3 | yes | People can speak with health care professionals, such as doctors and nurses, on the telephone and receive medical advice or a referral to an appropriate health service. | People can speak with health care professionals, such as doctors and pharmacists, on the telephone and receive medical advice or a referral to an appropriate health service. | Telephone consultation is the process where calls are received, assessed and managed by giving advice or by referral to a more appropriate service. In recent years there has been a growth in telephone consultation developed, in part, as a response to increased demand for general practitioner (GP) and accident and emerg... |
t50 | t50_4 | yes | Nine studies were found and analysed to determine whether telephone consultation was safe and effective. | Seven studies were found and analysed to determine whether telephone consultation was safe and effective. | Telephone consultation is the process where calls are received, assessed and managed by giving advice or by referral to a more appropriate service. In recent years there has been a growth in telephone consultation developed, in part, as a response to increased demand for general practitioner (GP) and accident and emerg... |
t50 | t50_5 | no | In general, at least half of the calls were handled by telephone only (without the need for face‐to‐face visits). | In general, at least one-third of the calls were handled by telephone only (without the need for face‐to‐face visits). | Telephone consultation is the process where calls are received, assessed and managed by giving advice or by referral to a more appropriate service. In recent years there has been a growth in telephone consultation developed, in part, as a response to increased demand for general practitioner (GP) and accident and emerg... |
t50 | t50_6 | yes | It was found that telephone consultation appears to decrease the number of immediate visits to doctors and does not appear to increase visits to emergency departments. | It was found that telephone consultation appears to increase the number of immediate visits to doctors and does not appear to increase visits to emergency departments. | Telephone consultation is the process where calls are received, assessed and managed by giving advice or by referral to a more appropriate service. In recent years there has been a growth in telephone consultation developed, in part, as a response to increased demand for general practitioner (GP) and accident and emerg... |
t50 | t50_7 | yes | Telephone consultation also appears to be safe and people were just as satisfied using the telephone as going to see someone face‐to‐face. | Telephone consultation also appears to be unsafe and people were just as satisfied using the telephone as going to see someone face‐to‐face. | Telephone consultation is the process where calls are received, assessed and managed by giving advice or by referral to a more appropriate service. In recent years there has been a growth in telephone consultation developed, in part, as a response to increased demand for general practitioner (GP) and accident and emerg... |
t50 | t50_8 | no | There are still questions about its effectiveness and more research into the use, cost, safety and satisfaction of telephone consultation is needed. | There are still questions about its effectiveness and more research into the use, cost, safety and dissatisfaction of telephone consultation is needed. | Telephone consultation is the process where calls are received, assessed and managed by giving advice or by referral to a more appropriate service. In recent years there has been a growth in telephone consultation developed, in part, as a response to increased demand for general practitioner (GP) and accident and emerg... |
t51 | t51_1 | no | Heparin in intravenous fluids may reduce IV tube changes needed for newborn babies in neonatal intensive care, but more research is needed to determine its safety. | Heparin in intravenous fluids may increase IV tube changes needed for newborn babies in neonatal intensive care, but more research is needed to determine its safety. | Mechanical or infectious complications often necessitate their removal and/or replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters. Heparin has been shown to be effective in prolonging the patency of peripheral arterial catheters and central venous catheters, but may result in life threatening complications, especially in p... |
t51 | t51_2 | yes | Babies in neonatal intensive care often need fluids intravenously (through a tube inserted into a vein). | Babies in neonatal intensive care often need fluids orally (through a tube inserted into a vein). | Mechanical or infectious complications often necessitate their removal and/or replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters. Heparin has been shown to be effective in prolonging the patency of peripheral arterial catheters and central venous catheters, but may result in life threatening complications, especially in p... |
t51 | t51_3 | yes | Sometimes the intravenous (IV) tube becomes blocked, as the blood clots and skin becomes swollen. | Sometimes the intravenous (IV) tube becomes blocked, as the blood clots and skin becomes shrunken. | Mechanical or infectious complications often necessitate their removal and/or replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters. Heparin has been shown to be effective in prolonging the patency of peripheral arterial catheters and central venous catheters, but may result in life threatening complications, especially in p... |
t51 | t51_4 | yes | Bacteria can also enter and cause serious infection. | Bacteria cannot enter and cause serious infection. | Mechanical or infectious complications often necessitate their removal and/or replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters. Heparin has been shown to be effective in prolonging the patency of peripheral arterial catheters and central venous catheters, but may result in life threatening complications, especially in p... |
t51 | t51_5 | yes | Regularly changing the tube (and which vein is used) can reduce some problems, but babies have few usable veins. | Regularly changing the tube (and which vein is used) can reduce some problems, but babies have many usable veins. | Mechanical or infectious complications often necessitate their removal and/or replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters. Heparin has been shown to be effective in prolonging the patency of peripheral arterial catheters and central venous catheters, but may result in life threatening complications, especially in p... |
t51 | t51_6 | yes | The drug heparin used in the IV fluids could reduce blockages by thinning the blood, but it can have serious adverse effects. | The drug heparin used in the IV fluids could increase blockages by thinning the blood, but it can have serious adverse effects. | Mechanical or infectious complications often necessitate their removal and/or replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters. Heparin has been shown to be effective in prolonging the patency of peripheral arterial catheters and central venous catheters, but may result in life threatening complications, especially in p... |
t51 | t51_7 | no | The review of trials found that more research is needed to determine whether heparin in IV fluids is advantageous for neonates without causing side effects. | The review of trials found that more research is needed to determine whether aspirin in IV fluids is advantageous for neonates without causing side effects. | Mechanical or infectious complications often necessitate their removal and/or replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters. Heparin has been shown to be effective in prolonging the patency of peripheral arterial catheters and central venous catheters, but may result in life threatening complications, especially in p... |
t52 | t52_1 | no | Flail chest is a medical term describing multiple rib fractures, when ribs are broken or dislocated in more than one place and are no longer completely connected to the other rib bones. | Flail chest is a medical term describing multiple rib fractures, when ribs are broken or dislocated in fewer than one place and are no longer completely connected to the other rib bones. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_2 | yes | When a person injured in this way breathes, the broken segment may move in a different way compared to the rest of the chest wall. | When a person injured in this way breathes, the intact segment may move in a different way compared to the rest of the chest wall. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_3 | yes | Flail chest can cause a person to have difficulty breathing, in which case they may be given mechanical ventilation (machine‐assisted breathing). | Flail chest can cause a person to have difficulty breathing, in which case they may not be given mechanical ventilation (machine‐assisted breathing). | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_4 | no | Surgery is sometimes performed in order to reconnect the broken ribs. | Surgery is sometimes avoided in order to reconnect the broken ribs. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_5 | no | The authors of this review aimed to evaluate the effects and safety of surgery compared with no surgery for people with flail chest. | The authors of this review aimed to evaluate the effects and safety of surgery compared with no surgery for people with stable chest. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_6 | no | We searched scientific databases for studies comparing surgical treatment with nonsurgical treatment in adults or children with flail chest. | We searched scientific databases for studies comparing surgical treatment with nonsurgical treatment in adults or children without flail chest. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_7 | no | We included three studies in this review, which involved 123 people. | We included five studies in this review, which involved 123 people. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_8 | no | In these studies, people with flail chest were randomly allocated into the surgery or no surgery study groups. | In these studies, people with flail chest were randomly allocated into the surgery or all surgery study groups. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_9 | no | The results show that surgery to repair the broken ribs reduces pneumonia, chest deformity, tracheostomy, duration of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay. | The results show that surgery to repair the broken ribs increases pneumonia, chest deformity, tracheostomy, duration of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_10 | no | There was no difference in deaths between people treated with surgery or no surgery. | There was no difference in deaths between people treated with medication or no surgery. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_11 | no | Since only six people died across the three studies, due to a variety of causes, more research is needed in order to know for certain which treatment is better for reducing deaths. | Since only nine people died across the three studies, due to a variety of causes, more research is needed in order to know for certain which treatment is better for reducing deaths. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_12 | no | These three small studies have shown that surgical treatment is preferable to nonsurgical treatment in reducing pneumonia, chest deformity, tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the ICU. | These five small studies have shown that surgical treatment is preferable to nonsurgical treatment in reducing pneumonia, chest deformity, tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the ICU. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_13 | no | More research is needed in order to know which treatment is better for reducing deaths. | More research is needed in order to know which treatment is worse for reducing deaths. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t52 | t52_14 | yes | Three more studies are being undertaken by researchers in the USA and Canada at the moment, and the results will be incorporated into the review in the future. | Five more studies are being undertaken by researchers in the USA and Canada at the moment, and the results will be incorporated into the review in the future. | Thoracic trauma (TT) is common among people with multiple traumatic injuries. One of the injuries caused by TT is the loss of thoracic stability resulting from multiple fractures of the rib cage, otherwise known as flail chest (FC). A person with FC can be treated conservatively with orotracheal intubation and mechanic... |
t53 | t53_1 | yes | Neurocysticercosis is a common infection of the brain caused by the larvae of the pork tapeworm, migrating to the brain. | Neurocysticercosis is a rare infection of the brain caused by the larvae of the pork tapeworm, migrating to the brain. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_2 | no | Seizures are the most common symptom, although some people may present with headache, vomiting or other symptoms of brain swelling. | Seizures are the least common symptom, although some people may present with headache, vomiting or other symptoms of brain swelling. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_3 | yes | This review investigates the usefulness of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in preventing seizures in people who did not have seizures but presented with these other symptoms. | This review investigates the usefulness of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in preventing seizures in people who did not have seizures but presented with these other conditions. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_4 | yes | We also examined the usefulness of the AEDs in people with epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis in terms of choice of drug, dosage, duration of treatment, cost, side effects and the quality of life. | We also examined the usefulness of the AEDs in people with epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis in terms of choice of drug, dosage, duration of treatment, cost, side effects and the quantity of life. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_5 | no | Four trials with a total of 466 participants were reviewed, focusing on the comparison of 'short duration' and 'long duration' of AEDs drugs in people with a single cerebral lesion. | Five trials with a total of 466 participants were reviewed, focusing on the comparison of 'short duration' and 'long duration' of AEDs drugs in people with a single cerebral lesion. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_6 | no | These trials compared various durations of AED therapy: six to 12 months as short duration and 12 to 24 months as long‐duration therapy. | These trials compared various durations of AED therapy: eight to 14 months as short duration and 14 to 28 months as long‐duration therapy. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_7 | no | No statistically significant benefit of one duration of AED over the other (six, 12 or 24 months) could be demonstrated. | No statistically significant benefit of one duration of AED over the other (eight, 15 or 30 months) could be demonstrated. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_8 | yes | In people with calcified cysts, longer duration of therapy may be preferable. | In people with calcified cysts, shorter duration of therapy may be preferable. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_9 | no | All four included trials, enrolled people with a single brain lesion. | All six included trials, enrolled people with a single brain lesion. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t53 | t53_10 | yes | The findings of our review cannot be extrapolated to people with multiple cysts or with cysts in unusual parts of the brain. | The findings of our review cannot be extrapolated to people with multiple tumors or with cysts in unusual parts of the brain. | Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the brain. Epilepsy is the most common clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts. Anthelmintic drugs, ant... |
t54 | t54_1 | no | Breaks (fractures) of the lower part of the thigh bone (distal femur) are debilitating and painful injuries. | Breaks (fractures) of the lower part of the thigh bone (distal femur) are minor and painless injuries. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_2 | yes | The reduced mobility after these injuries is also an important cause of ill‐health. | The increased mobility after these injuries is also an important cause of ill‐health. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_3 | yes | Sometimes these fractures happen in people who have previously had a knee replacement; this can make treatment of the fracture more complicated. | Sometimes these fractures happen in people who have previously had a hip replacement; this can make treatment of the fracture more complicated. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_4 | no | Many treatments have been used in the management of these injuries. | Many treatments have not been used in the management of these injuries. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_5 | yes | Historically, people were treated in bed with weights holding the leg straight (traction). | Historically, people were not treated in bed with weights holding the leg straight (traction). | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_6 | yes | More recently, surgical fixation of the broken bone has become routine. | More recently, surgical fixation of the healed bone has become routine. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_7 | yes | Methods of surgical fixation include using plates and screws or rods inside the thigh bone to hold the fracture in place while it heals. | Methods of surgical fixation include using plates and screws or rods inside the arm bone to hold the fracture in place while it heals. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_8 | yes | The technology of these implants has become increasingly advanced with components that 'lock' together, forming a 'locked' device. | The technology of these implants has become increasingly advanced with components that 'unlock' together, forming an 'unlocked' device. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_9 | no | Despite these advances, the best management of these injuries remains controversial. | Despite these advances, the worst management of these injuries remains controversial. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_10 | no | This review set out to evaluate the effects, primarily on function, of different methods for treating fractures of the lower end of the femur in adults. | This review set out to evaluate the effects, primarily on function, of different methods for treating fractures of the upper end of the femur in adults. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_11 | no | We searched the scientific literature up to September 2014 and found seven relevant studies with 444 participants with these fractures. | We searched the scientific literature up to September 2014 and found nine relevant studies with 444 participants with these fractures. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_12 | no | One study compared surgery with non‐surgical treatment and the other six studies compared the use of different surgical implants. | One study compared surgery with non‐surgical treatment and the other eight studies compared the use of different surgical implants. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_13 | no | Each of the studies was small and was designed in a way that may affect the reliability of their findings. | Each of the studies was large and was designed in a way that may affect the reliability of their findings. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_14 | no | Most studies did not report on patient‐reported outcomes measures of function. | Most studies did report on patient‐reported outcomes measures of function. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_15 | no | We judged the quality of the reported evidence was very low and thus we are not certain that these results are true. | We judged the quality of the reported evidence was very high and thus we are not certain that these results are true. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_16 | no | The study comparing surgical fixation with non‐surgical intervention (traction and wearing a brace) did not confirm there was any difference between the two treatments in terms of re‐operations or repeat traction and bone healing. | The study comparing surgical fixation with non‐surgical intervention (traction and wearing a brace) confirmed there was a difference between the two treatments in terms of re‐operations or repeat traction and bone healing. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
t54 | t54_17 | no | However, there were more complications such as pressure sores associated with prolonged immobilisation in the traction group, who stayed on average one month longer in hospital. | However, there were more complications such as pressure sores associated with prolonged immobilisation in the traction group, who stayed on average two months longer in hospital. | Fractures of the distal femur (the part of the thigh bone nearest the knee) are a considerable cause of morbidity. Various different surgical and non‐surgical treatments have been used in the management of these injuries but the best treatment remains controversial. Objectives To assess the effects (benefits and harms)... |
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