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3kymzq
|
instead of melting, why do objects, such as paper, trees, and human bodies, turn to ash instead when lit on fire?
|
[
{
"answer": "They're composite materials, made of different stuffs basically. The temperature at which they would melt, is higher than the temperature at which the bonds that make them composites break down at. So before they have a chance to melt, you basically break them down into different substances. \n\nYou could heat the resulting products, which might further break down, and ultimately you'd get to materials that could melt, but by that point the 'stuff' isn't wood anymore. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Melting is called a \"physical\" change, because it only involves one substance changing state. Burning is a \"chemical\" change, because it involves an actual chemical reaction, so that the end products are not the same as what you started with. It is that chemical reaction of combustion that makes something burn instead of melt.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Melting is a physical process. It's when a substance is sufficiently heated that it transforms from a solid to liquid state. It's *physically* changing, but it's *chemically* the same substance.\n\nBurning/combustion is a *chemical* reaction. Specifically, you're adding enough heat to that substance that it begins reacting with oxygen, changing the original substance into new substances. When you burn carbon-based material (such as paper, trees, and bodies), the resulting substances are mostly solid (ash, smoke particulate) and gas (CO2, water vapor). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The hotter something gets, the more energy each molecule has. In a solid, this results in molecules vibrating. When the vibrations are strong enough to break the bonds between other molecules, the substance becomes a liquid.\n\nHowever, then the molecules are large, those vibrations make them break down and combine with gasses in the air before they detach from one another. Those substance burn instead of melt.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Melting and burning are fundamentally different processes. \n\nMelting is a physical change, which is reversible. Molecules just change from a state of high order, to a state of higher disorder.\n\nCombustion is a chemical change. It involves combining with oxygen and releasing heat. When a piece of paper burns, it consumes oxygen and uses it to generate carbon dioxide. The ash is a remainder of noncombustible residue.\n\nMore interesting is that because combustion requires oxegen, it's possible to raise the temperature of items that would normally burn to abnormal temperatures by doing it in an oxegen deprived area. As others have pointed out, as you heat it, the component molecules of the compound disassociate. You could boil out the water and other fluids of an object, and then various elements would sublimate (change directly from a solid to a gas) out.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If you put a cadaver into a room, sucked all the oxygen(hypothetically none in the body) out, pumped the room full of a noble gas, and heated up the room to say 2500 degrees F, chances are the cadaver would melt.\n\nWhat you see with ash is actually oxygen reacting with the body to chemically combine with the organics (oxidizing) creating, ash of non carbon compounds in some cases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and incomplete oxidation(combustion) carbon ash.\n\nWhen you see wax melt from heat, this is because the temperature has gotten to a point where the wax reaches its melting point, but not yet hot enough to react with oxygen.\n\nSometimes the melting point of a compound is higher than the temperature to react with oxygen and burn.\n\nEDIT: Grammer",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2822",
"title": "Ash",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 317,
"text": "Ash or ashes are the solid remains of fires. Specifically, it refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something is burned. In analytical chemistry, in order to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash is the non-gaseous, non-liquid residue after a complete combustion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9808214",
"title": "Combustibility and flammability",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 786,
"text": "Common sense (and indeed scientific consensus until the mid-1700s) would seem to suggest that material \"disappears\" when burned, as only the ash is left. In fact, there is an increase in weight because the combustible material reacts (or combines) chemically with oxygen, which also has mass. The original mass of combustible material and the mass of the oxygen required for combustion equals the mass of the combustion products (ash, water, carbon dioxide, and other gases). Antoine Lavoisier, one of the pioneers in these early insights, stated that \"Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed\", which would later be known as the law of conservation of mass. Lavoisier used the experimental fact that some metals gained mass when they burned to support his ideas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2822",
"title": "Ash",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 376,
"text": "Ashes as the end product of incomplete combustion will be mostly mineral, but usually still contain an amount of combustible organic or other oxidizable residues. The best-known type of ash is wood ash, as a product of wood combustion in campfires, fireplaces, etc. The darker the wood ashes, the higher the content of remaining charcoal will be due to incomplete combustion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47038964",
"title": "Stone flaming",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 263,
"text": "Stone flaming or thermaling is the application of high temperature to the surface of stone to make it look like natural weathering. The sudden application of a torch to the surface of stone causes the surface layer to expand and flake off, exposing rough stone. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11145",
"title": "Fire",
"section": "Section::::Human control.:Use as fuel.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 259,
"text": "The unburnable solid remains of a combustible material left after a fire is called \"clinker\" if its melting point is below the flame temperature, so that it fuses and then solidifies as it cools, and \"ash\" if its melting point is above the flame temperature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "314402",
"title": "Liquid oxygen",
"section": "Section::::Physical properties.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 502,
"text": "Because of its cryogenic nature, liquid oxygen can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further, if soaked in liquid oxygen, some materials such as coal briquettes, carbon black, etc., can detonate unpredictably from sources of ignition such as flames, sparks or impact from light blows. Petrochemicals, including asphalt, often exhibit this behavior.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3261475",
"title": "Bizen ware",
"section": "Section::::Firing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 505,
"text": "If less firewood is used, the flame will become oxidizing, turning the vessels reddish brown. Oxygen is not the only determining factor, another is how the flames move upward in the kiln. The potter must also control the flying charcoal ash. Charcoal ashes melt in the heat and become something like a glaze that adheres to the pottery surface. The ash also creates sprinkles of yellow called \"goma\", or \"sesame seed\" effects. Therefore, both flames and ashes are the crucial elements of the Bizen style.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3283rn
|
how do we learn our first language?
|
[
{
"answer": "We learn as a baby and toddler from our surroundings (parents, family etc.) If your parents repeatedly tell you \"kick the ball\" and react positively when you swing your foot against that round object on the floor, you have just learned what the words kick and ball mean.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The TLDR explanation for this is that babies are really, really good at learning their first language. \n\nBabies learn words through some pretty intense statistical analysis. Basically, they realize that certain words tend to be used around certain objects or in situation, and decide that's what they must mean. If the baby hears people saying \"dog\" a lot whenever a dog is in the room, they realize the word \"dog\" refers to that furry thing with big ears. \n\nObviously, more abstract things like verbs and prepositions and question words take more time for the child to work out. They figure out these words by closely monitoring which words tend to show up together: for example, they'll realize that the adults around them never just say \"Dog is in the room,\" but always add \"the\" or \"a\". \n\nI know, it seems unbelievably complicated. So complicated, it almost seems impossible. That's why many linguists believe babies are born with certain abilities to help them learn languages. Some even believe babies are born knowing what types of grammar systems are possible and which are impossible. That way, they don't have to learn grammar from scratch: they only have to figure out which of the possible grammars their parents are using, which is much easier. They may also be born knowing certain other basics like \"When people communicate, they're acutally talking about something, not just making funny noises,\" and \"When someone says a word like \"dog\", assume they're talking about the whole dog, not just its tail or something.\" Other linguists assume that babies come out knowing not very much at all, and they just really are excellent learners. This causes some pretty intense debates.\n\nWe do start learning language in the room, but we don't learn the whole thing there. Basically, the only thing we get done in the womb is learning to differentiate our parents' language from foreign languages. Newborn babies born to English parents can tell English apart from, say, Japanese. They still can't understand English, which is why we have to learn words as we grow. \n\nChildren of deaf parents learn language the exact same way as children of hearing parents. If the parents use sign language around the house, the child will grow up knowing sign language. They will also probably learn a spoken language from their teachers, friends, and the world around them. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "47695603",
"title": "List of common misconceptions about language learning",
"section": "Section::::Childhood language acquisition.:Children learn their first language effortlessly.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 259,
"text": "Learning a first language is not rapid for children. Children spend years learning their mother tongue, and the process continues well into their school years. At seven years old, for example, many children have difficulties creating passive-voice sentences.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24695726",
"title": "Hippo Family Club",
"section": "Section::::Concept.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 687,
"text": "It is believed that children acquiring their language learn by listening to and mimicking the broadest and most basic outline of the language. Any infant with the physical capability can acquire the language spoken around them by the age of two or three. As they advance, they begin to speak in phrases, but may only pronounce the sounds at the beginning and end of a phrase while humming through the rest. Eventually, they become more precise in their sounds and phrases, until they become a mature speaker. Even as adult native speakers they are always making new language discoveries. Adults who are exposed to new languages in a similar way will go through the same natural process.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5626",
"title": "Cognitive science",
"section": "Section::::Scope.:Knowledge and processing of language.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 734,
"text": "The ability to learn and understand language is an extremely complex process. Language is acquired within the first few years of life, and all humans under normal circumstances are able to acquire language proficiently. A major driving force in the theoretical linguistic field is discovering the nature that language must have in the abstract in order to be learned in such a fashion. Some of the driving research questions in studying how the brain itself processes language include: (1) To what extent is linguistic knowledge innate or learned?, (2) Why is it more difficult for adults to acquire a second-language than it is for infants to acquire their first-language?, and (3) How are humans able to understand novel sentences?\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17524",
"title": "Language",
"section": "Section::::Social contexts of use and transmission.:Acquisition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 100,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 100,
"end_character": 571,
"text": "All healthy, normally developing human beings learn to use language. Children acquire the language or languages used around them: whichever languages they receive sufficient exposure to during childhood. The development is essentially the same for children acquiring sign or oral languages. This learning process is referred to as first-language acquisition, since unlike many other kinds of learning, it requires no direct teaching or specialized study. In \"The Descent of Man\", naturalist Charles Darwin called this process \"an instinctive tendency to acquire an art\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10271359",
"title": "Implicit cognition",
"section": "Section::::Implicit learning.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 545,
"text": "Implicit learning starts in our early childhood, this means that people are not able to learn the proper grammar and rules to speaking a language until the age of seven. So if this is the case then how do we learn to talk by the age of four? One of the ways that this is possible is through implicit learning and association. Children learn their first language from what they hear when they are listening to the adults and through their own talking activities. This goes to show that the way children learn language involves implicit learning.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17464252",
"title": "Input hypothesis",
"section": "Section::::Acquisition-learning hypothesis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 606,
"text": "Learning a language, on the other hand, is a conscious process, much like what one experiences in school. New knowledge or language forms are represented consciously in the learner's mind, frequently in the form of language \"rules\" and \"grammar\", and the process often involves error correction. Language learning involves formal instruction and, according to Krashen, is less effective than acquisition. Learning in this sense is conception or conceptualisation: instead of learning a language itself, students learn an abstract, conceptual \"model\" of a language, a \"theory\" about a language (a grammar).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "531675",
"title": "TPR Storytelling",
"section": "Section::::Theory.:Input hypothesis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 73,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 73,
"end_character": 1025,
"text": "The Input Hypothesis, proposed by Dr. Stephen Krashen, suggests that language development is a function of the input received by the learner. Krashen asserts that there are two distinct ways of learning language: language \"learning\" and language \"acquisition\". Language \"learning\" is learning that takes conscious effort on the part of the learner. It is characterized by learning grammar rules, memorizing vocabulary lists, and performing speaking drills. Language \"acquisition\" is learning that is subconscious and takes little or no effort on the part of the learner. It is characterized by listening and understanding to messages, reading interesting books and articles, and other enjoyable activities that take place in the language being learned. According to Krashen's theory, the only thing that can lead to fluency in the language is language \"acquisition\". Language \"learning\" can only be used as a way to consciously edit speech or writing, and it is never the cause of spontaneous, unrehearsed speech or writing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1zliv9
|
why doesn't russia want to be part of the eu?
|
[
{
"answer": "Thanks for the response ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Russia has a long history of being the head of empires, not being subjects of other nations. Taking back seat to other countries is not in their nature.\n\nRussia joining the EU as a member would go over about as well as having the US join a union of Canada, the US and Mexio that gave Canada and Mexico votes equal to the US.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "More rules to abide by",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3666797",
"title": "Russia–European Union relations",
"section": "Section::::The Four Common Spaces.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 95,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 95,
"end_character": 790,
"text": "Russia has chosen not to participate in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), as it aspires to be an \"equal partner\" of the EU (as opposed to the \"junior partnership\" that Russia sees in the ENP). Consequently, Russia and the European Union agreed to create four Common Spaces for cooperation in different spheres. In practice there are no substantial differences (besides naming) between the sum of these agreements and the ENP Action Plans (adopted jointly by the EU and its ENP partner states). In both cases the final agreement is based on provisions from the EU acquis communautaire and is jointly discussed and adopted. For this reason, the Common Spaces receive funding from the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), which also funds the ENP.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3666797",
"title": "Russia–European Union relations",
"section": "Section::::EU membership discussion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 117,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 117,
"end_character": 465,
"text": "Russian permanent representative to the EU commented on this by saying that Russia has no plans of joining the EU. Vladimir Putin has said that Russia joining the EU would not be in the interests of either Russia or the EU, although he advocated close integration in various dimensions including establishment of four common spaces between Russia and the EU, including united economic, educational and scientific spaces as it was declared in the agreement in 2003.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3666797",
"title": "Russia–European Union relations",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 639,
"text": "Russian–European Union relations are the international relations between the European Union (EU) and its largest bordering state, Russia, to the east. The relations of individual member states of the European Union and Russia vary, though a 1990s common foreign policy outline towards Russia was the first such EU foreign policy agreed. Furthermore, four \"European Union-Russia Common Spaces\" are agreed as a framework for establishing better relations. The latest EU-Russia strategic partnership was signed in 2011, but it was later challenged by the European Parliament in 2015 following the annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbass.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3666797",
"title": "Russia–European Union relations",
"section": "Section::::EU membership discussion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 118,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 118,
"end_character": 367,
"text": "Michael McFaul claimed in 2001 that Russia was \"decades away\" from qualifying for EU membership. Former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder has said that though Russia must \"find its place both in NATO, and, in the longer term, in the European Union, and if conditions are created for this to happen\" that such a thing is not economically feasible in the near future.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17578576",
"title": "Eastern Partnership",
"section": "Section::::Relationship with Russia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 768,
"text": "In November 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev dismissed the Eastern Partnership as useless: “Frankly speaking, I don't see any special use (in the program) and all the participants of this partnership are confirming this to me”. However a few days later Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said that Russia does not rule out joining the EU's Eastern Partnership programme. Russia maintained its opposition towards the EPP. For instance, after the Warsaw Summit 2011 of the EPP, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin stated that due to the economic crisis in the EU, Ukraine would probably not join the EU. Instead of joining the EU, Putin offered a Russia – Ukraine relationship which he said would provide a more competitive and productive economic process.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27290106",
"title": "Eurasian Economic Union",
"section": "Section::::Foreign affairs.:International response.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 165,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 165,
"end_character": 1105,
"text": "Tensions between the EEU and the European Union (EU) occurred as both have sought to deepen their ties with several former Soviet republics. The EU has signed free trade agreements with Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. However, separatists in all three countries back closer ties with Russia. Russia and the EU both pressured Ukraine to join their respective economic blocs to the exclusion of the other, which ultimately led to Ukraine being torn in two, with the EU supporting the unwilling departure of the elected president, and Russia then annexing the Crimean peninsula (following a referendum) and supporting separatists in Eastern Ukraine. In response, some member states of the European Union have sought to find alternatives to Russian gas, while others have voiced their support for the construction of the South Stream pipeline which circumvents Ukraine. Later the already started construction of the pipeline, under US sanctions on Russia and pressure on EU, the project was abandoned. Analysts believe Russia backs the Eurasian Economic Union in order to limit western influence in the region.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20611107",
"title": "Eurasia",
"section": "Section::::Regional organisations and alliances.:Russia-EU Common Spaces.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 568,
"text": "BULLET::::- The Russia - EU Four Common Spaces Initiative, is a joint European Union and Russian agreement with the aim to closer integrate Russia and the EU, remove barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness. In 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin called for common economic space, free-trade area or more advanced economic integration, stretching from Lisbon to Vladivostok. However, no significant progress was made and the project was put on hold after Russia-EU relations deteriorated following the Ukrainian crisis in 2013.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3c14dq
|
Objectively speaking, was the Roman civilization on a whole more advanced than the various Celtic civilizations?
|
[
{
"answer": "What does advanced mean objectively? Or to you?\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Very hard to say. \n\nThere are significant gaps in almost all the celtic histories and entire cultural groups like the picts who we know almost nothing about. \n\nIn addition the few \"histories\" we do have like the tain and the book of invasions are so heavily mythologized that it's difficult to say what they were even based on. \n\nSorry this isn't more help - an archaeologist might be able to help more. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "25657",
"title": "Roman numerals",
"section": "Section::::Origin of the system.:Etruscan numerals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "At that time, the Etruscans were the most advanced civilization in the region, and the ancient Romans themselves admitted that they inherited much of their knowledge and customs from them. Rome was located next to the southern edge of the Etruscan domain, which covered a large part of north-central Italy. Besides the Etruscans, the original population of Rome was allegedly drawn mainly from the Latins and the Sabinians, who were only two among the several Italic-speaking tribes in the peninsula.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5454493",
"title": "Terry Jones' Barbarians",
"section": "Section::::Episodes.:\"The Primitive Celts\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 610,
"text": "First broadcast 26 May 2006, this episode challenges the popular view of Celtic society as a primitive culture that was uncivilised. Compared to Rome, it was actually an advanced society and, in some ways, even more advanced than Rome. For example, many of the roads in Gaul that were assumed to have been built by the Romans were actually built by the Celts themselves. However, Gaul was rich and tempting to Rome. The Roman general, Julius Caesar, set out to conquer Gaul with a professional army. The Celts stood no chance against Caesar and the Romans and so today Rome's version of history is remembered.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3952875",
"title": "Chimera of Arezzo",
"section": "Section::::History of the Chimera.:The Etruscans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "The Etruscan civilization was a wealthy civilization in ancient Italy with roots in the ancient region of Etruria, which existed during the early 8th-6th century BCE and extended over what is now a part of modern Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio. The region became a part of the Roman Republic after the Roman-Etruscan Wars.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51320",
"title": "Ancient history",
"section": "Section::::History by region.:Europe.:Etruria, Greece and Rome.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 174,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 174,
"end_character": 464,
"text": "Roman civilization is often grouped into \"classical antiquity\" with ancient Greece, a civilization that inspired much of the culture of ancient Rome. Ancient Rome contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, and language in the Western world, and its history continues to have a major influence on the world today. The Roman civilization came to dominate Europe and the Mediterranean region through conquest and assimilation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "606810",
"title": "Classical archaeology",
"section": "Section::::Cultures discussed.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 365,
"text": "Classical archaeologists interested in Roman civilization discuss the influence of the Etruscans and other early cultures present on the Italic Peninsula. They also discuss the subcultures present within the Roman Republic and Empire based on regional differences, and any discussion of the later empire requires at least a partial segue into the Byzantine Empire.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14901914",
"title": "Roman technology",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 712,
"text": "The Roman Empire was one of the most technologically advanced civilizations of antiquity, with some of the more advanced concepts and inventions forgotten during the turbulent eras of Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Gradually, some of the technological feats of the Romans were rediscovered and/or improved upon during the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Era; with some in areas such as civil engineering, construction materials, transport technology, and certain inventions such as the mechanical reaper, not improved upon until the 19th century. The Romans achieved high levels of technology in large part because they borrowed technologies from the Greeks, Etruscans, Celts, and others.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25657",
"title": "Roman numerals",
"section": "Section::::Origin of the system.:Precedents.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 352,
"text": "By the time the city-state of Rome was founded, the Mediterranean east of Italy had already known several advanced literate civilizations, such as the Ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, Minos, Mycenae and several others in Asia Minor and the Levant. These civilizations influenced the Romans directly or indirectly, such as in the alphabet (via the Etruscans).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6khwkd
|
india's new gst-tax
|
[
{
"answer": "It's a \"value add tax\" similar to the GST in Canada or the VAT in the UK. Many countries have a tax system like this because it's fairly simple to implement and compliance can be easy audited. \n\nThe easiest way to explain a VAT is to contrast it against a traditional sales tax.\n\nWith a normal sales tax, an additional tax is applied to a transaction when that item is sold TO THE END USER. So if I own a company that resells chairs, I don't pay the tax but I charge it to my customers when they buy the chairs. If the tax rate is 10% then and I sell a $100 chair then I charge $110. I keep $100 for myself and to pay my suppliers, and I give $10 to the government.\n\nThis is complex because it's hard to keep track of who is an \"end user\" and who's a re-seller. People tend to game the system by registering as a business and showing that business ID when they buy personal products. Keeping track of who's exempt and who's not is hard. Also stores often don't charge the tax and simply claim that all their customers are other businesses. It's a big administrative mess and it's hard for the government to audit. \n\nWith a value added tax, everyone pays the tax but businesses get credit for taxes that they pay. So it works like this.\n\nI buy a chair from my chair suppler for $50 and pay a 10% vat for a total of $55. I resell that chair for $100 to someone else, again charging a 10% tax. Now unlike in the last example, I don't send the full $10 to the government, because I paid $5 to my suppler already, so I get credit for that. I only send to the government the difference between the tax that I have charged vs the tax that I paid.\n\nNow, if the government comes along and audits me. I'm required to prove all of my GST credits by producing receipts for shit that I bought, and there's no exempt customers so there can be no cheating on that end either. \n\nThere's 2 main criticisms of a VAT. The first it shares with a sales tax. Both taxes are taxes on shit that you buy. The poorer a person is, the more likely it is that they are spending all of their income on things. Wealthy people tend to be able to save rather than spend everything. A theory in taxation is that wealthy people should pay a higher tax rate because they are better able to afford the basic necessity of life wheres poor people are not. All consumption taxes, like VAT and sales taxes violate this taxation principal. It increases the price of everything people buy, therefore poorer people are able to buy less. But wealthy people can absorb those higher prices without a lifestyle change. \n\nAn income tax is generally considered to be better in this regard, because you can just charge wealthy people more and give poor people a break. But India has a BIG compliance problem as people just lie about their income. So it gets prohibitively expensive to run an income tax system in countries like that. \n\nThe second issue with a VAT is that it's considered to be harder on businesses than a straight sales tax. The record keeping required is more extensive because you have to prove all of your credits should the government send around an auditor. While this is true, a VAT is less record keeping on the sales end of things because you are not required to track the tax exempt status of your customers as you are under a sales tax system. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "India's new General Services Taxation scheme, also known as the Goods and Services tax, is an indirect tax throughout India to replace most taxes levied by the Central and State Governments. \n \nAn indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary (such as a retail store) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax. The end consumer generally bears the burden of a tax. An end consumer is a person that buys a good and uses the good. If you buy a good (such as cherries) and make that good into something else for sale (such as a cherry pie that you sell) then you are no longer the end consumer. \n \nIndia's GST is replacing a number of taxes that used to be collected in India, such as Central Excise Duty, Commercial Tax, Value Added Tax, and about a dozen more. \n \nEssentially, India is trying to move toward a tax system that is much easier to keep track of and easier to enforce as opposed to their old system, that had many individual taxes instead of one blanket tax like the new GST. \n \nCanada'a GST (as mentioned by u/Miliean) is only a Value Added Tax, whereas India's GST, is much more than that as is replaces their current Value Added Tax as well as many other taxes. India's GST is NOT a VAT because it is also replaces Food Tax, Sales Tax, Entertainment Tax, Luxury Tax, Advertisement Tax, and many others. \n \nTL;DR - It's a much simpler tax that applies to almost every kind of sales, instead of having different taxes for different kind of transactions. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "824063",
"title": "Law of India",
"section": "Section::::Tax law.:Goods and Services Tax.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 681,
"text": "Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a significant step in the reform of indirect taxation in India. Amalgamating several Central and State taxes into a single tax would mitigate cascading or double taxation, facilitating a common national market. The simplicity of the tax should lead to easier administration and enforcement. From the consumer point of view, the biggest advantage would be in terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on goods, which is currently estimated at 25%-30%, free movement of goods from one state to another without stopping at state borders for hours for payment of state tax or entry tax and reduction in paperwork to a large extent.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "991420",
"title": "Ad valorem tax",
"section": "Section::::Application of a value-added tax.:Canada.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 409,
"text": "The Goods and Services Tax (GST) (French: ) is a multi-level value-added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991, by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and finance minister Michael Wilson. The GST replaced a hidden 13.5% Manufacturers' Sales Tax (MST) because it hurt the manufacturing sector's ability to export. The introduction of the GST was very controversial. As of January 1, 2012, the GST stood at 5%.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20965908",
"title": "Economic liberalisation in India",
"section": "Section::::Later reforms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 613,
"text": "BULLET::::- On July 1, 2017, the BJP-led NDA Government under Narendra Modi approved the Act to Uniform Goods and Services Tax (India). It was approved 17 years after the legislation was first proposed under the earlier BJP-led NDA Government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's administration in 2000. Touted to be India's biggest tax reform in 70 years of independence and the most important overall reform in terms of ease of doing business since 1991. GST replaced a slew of indirect taxes with a unified tax structure and was therefore showcased as dramatically reshaping the country's 2.5 trillion dollar economy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52177473",
"title": "Value-added tax",
"section": "Section::::Around the world.:New Zealand.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 118,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 118,
"end_character": 260,
"text": "The goods and services tax (GST) is a value-added tax that was introduced in New Zealand in 1986, currently levied at 15%. It is notable for exempting few items from the tax. From July 1989 to September 2010, GST was levied at 12.5%, and prior to that at 10%.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "296406",
"title": "Goods and services tax (Canada)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 483,
"text": "The goods and services tax (GST) () is a multi-level value added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991, by then-Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and his finance minister Michael Wilson. The GST replaced a hidden 13.5% manufacturers' sales tax (MST); Mulroney claimed the GST was implemented because the MST was hindering the manufacturing sector's ability to export competitively. The introduction of the GST was very controversial. The GST rate is 5%, effective January 1, 2008.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13076826",
"title": "Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore",
"section": "Section::::History.:1990s.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 496,
"text": "This period witnessed major changes in tax policies. There was a shift towards lower direct taxes and the focus was on indirect taxes. The trend towards indirect taxation resulted in the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 1994. It is a tax on domestic consumption and applies to all goods and services supplied in Singapore except for financial services and residential properties. It was in this period that the trend of lowering corporate and individual tax rates accelerated.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4849012",
"title": "List of historical acts of tax resistance",
"section": "Section::::Examples.:21st Century.:GST rollout in India, 2017.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 783,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 783,
"end_character": 314,
"text": "India began to roll out a nationwide goods-and-services tax (GST) in 2017 to replace a patchwork of regional taxes. But not all of the regions revoked their complementary taxes, and some industries that were formerly untaxed or taxed at a low rate were newly taxed or taxed at a higher rate. This led to protests.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
biobk2
|
what causes the pressure in our chest when we hold our breath?
|
[
{
"answer": "The pressure doesn't actually increase as you hold your breath. What you are feeling is the psychological manifestation of your need to breathe. And what is ultimately driving that is increased carbonic acid in your blood.\n\nCarbon dioxide is a bit different from other gases in that it doesn't really dissolve in water, but rather almost completely breaks down and reforms into carbonic acid. That acidity of this causes the pH of your blood to lower while you hold your breath, and it is that change in pH that drives you to take another breath long before you actually need to to get more oxygen.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "9889145",
"title": "Vagal tone",
"section": "Section::::Noninvasive vagal tone quantification.:Respiratory sinus arrhythmia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 353,
"text": "During inhalation, the intra-thoracic pressure lowers due to the contraction and downward movement of the diaphragm and the expansion of the chest cavity. Atrial pressure is also lowered as a result, causing increased blood flow to the heart, which in turn triggers baroreceptors which act to diminish vagal tone. This causes an increase in heart rate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "304033",
"title": "Iron lung",
"section": "Section::::Method and use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 626,
"text": "Humans, like most mammals, breathe by \"negative pressure\" breathing: the rib cage expands and the diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest cavity. This causes the pressure in the chest cavity to decrease, and the lungs expand to fill the space. This, in turn, causes the pressure of the air inside the lungs to decrease (it becomes negative, relative to the atmosphere), and air flows into the lungs from the atmosphere: inhalation. When the diaphragm relaxes, the reverse happens and the person exhales. If a person loses part or all of the ability to control the muscles involved, breathing becomes difficult or impossible.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "485578",
"title": "Exhalation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 526,
"text": "This happens due to elastic properties of the lungs, as well as the internal intercostal muscles which lower the rib cage and decrease thoracic volume. As the thoracic diaphragm relaxes during exhalation it causes the tissue it has depressed to rise superiorly and put pressure on the lungs to expel the air. During forced exhalation, as when blowing out a candle, expiratory muscles including the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles generate abdominal and thoracic pressure, which forces air out of the lungs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35688715",
"title": "Intrapleural pressure",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 358,
"text": "At rest we have a negative intrapleural pressure. This gives us a transpulmonary pressure expanding the lungs. In simpler terms, if we didn’t maintain a slightly negative pressure even when exhaling, our lungs would collapse on themselves because all the air would rush towards the area of lower pressure. Intra-pleural pressure is sub-atmospheric. This is \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "322269",
"title": "Pleurisy",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 312,
"text": "When the space between the pleurae starts to fill with fluid, as in pleural effusion, the chest pain can be eased but a shortness of breath can result, since the lungs need room to expand during breathing. Some cases of pleuritic chest pain are idiopathic, which means that the exact cause cannot be determined.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9889145",
"title": "Vagal tone",
"section": "Section::::Noninvasive vagal tone quantification.:Respiratory sinus arrhythmia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 375,
"text": "During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, moving upward, and decreases the size of the chest cavity, causing an increase in intrathoracic pressure. This increase in pressure inhibits venous return to the heart resulting in both reduced atrial expansion and reduced activation of baroreceptors. This relieves the suppression of vagal tone and leads to a decreased heart rate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "66723",
"title": "Respiratory system",
"section": "Section::::Mammals.:Mechanics of breathing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 795,
"text": "During heavy breathing, exhalation is caused by relaxation of all the muscles of inhalation. But now, the abdominal muscles, instead of remaining relaxed (as they do at rest), contract forcibly pulling the lower edges of the rib cage downwards (front and sides) (Fig. 8). This not only drastically decreases the size of the rib cage, but also pushes the abdominal organs upwards against the diaphragm which consequently bulges deeply into the thorax (Fig. 8). The end-exhalatory lung volume is now well below the resting mid-position and contains far less air than the resting \"functional residual capacity\". However, in a normal mammal, the lungs cannot be emptied completely. In an adult human there is always still at least 1 liter of residual air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
43m34m
|
why doesn't a slinky expand like normal springs do?
|
[
{
"answer": "Springs are just coils of metal that try *really hard* to return back to their original shape. If you stretch a \"normal\" spring in your hands, it'll try to pull back to it's original shape just the same as it pushes against you when you compress it.\n\nSlinkies are just springs that are wound to be completely compressed when at rest.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8948181",
"title": "Garter spring",
"section": "Section::::Types of Springs.:Extension Springs.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 936,
"text": "Extension garter springs are on the opposite side of the spring spectrum. Although they are also a type of coiled spring, extension garter springs exert inward radial forces that move toward the center. Extension springs store potential energy in their extended form and want to contract. Thinner wire and a greater number of coils allow extension springs to be able to contract quickly, which is essential when dealing with pressurized fluids and gases. Extension garter springs act against forces from the center, so they may be placed on the outside of a circular object to maintain the object's circular shape. They act similar to a bracelet, which is extended to fit around the hand and then snaps back into shape on the wrist. Extension garter springs are more common than compression garter springs because they use less material (smaller circumference and thinner wire) and they respond to changes quicker and more efficiently.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "782795",
"title": "Iso-elastic",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 626,
"text": "The springs used are large, stiff springs with a high modulus of elasticity, and they are highly tensioned. A compound pulley system is then used so that the large force exerted by the spring can be divided by a factor of (say) five. The cable exiting the pulley system will have a moderate tension on it, but most importantly, when the cable is drawn in or out, and the extension of the spring changes by only a fifth of that distance, so that the tension force of the spring will not change much. The result is that the spring-pulley system can produce a fairly constant tension in the cable over a large range of movement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "215108",
"title": "Slinky",
"section": "Section::::Physical properties.:Phenomenon.:Levitation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 1006,
"text": "A suspended Slinky's center of mass is accelerating downward at 16 feet per second per second (i.e., g); when released - the lower portion moves up toward the top portion with an equivalent, constant upward acceleration as the tension is relieved. As the spring contracts, every point along its length will accelerate downward with gravity and tension, and experience a decrease in overall downward acceleration related to height along the spring due to the spring force changing with extension- at the bottom of the spring the upward initial acceleration reduces in accordance with Hooke's law as the spring contracts, but the centre toward which it is moving gets closer- meaning the base will have been displaced sufficiently toward the centre of inertial mass for it to appear to have hung still. Should this phenomenology extend to very light strings with heavy suspended masses (which have approximately linear tension distributions), different mathematics would be needed to explain the phenomenon.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14391804",
"title": "Wilberforce pendulum",
"section": "Section::::Explanation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 581,
"text": "Similarly, when the weight is rotating back and forth, each twist of the weight in the direction that unwinds the spring also reduces the spring tension slightly, causing the weight to sag a little lower. Conversely, each twist of the weight in the direction of winding the spring tighter causes the tension to increase, pulling the weight up slightly. So each oscillation of the weight back and forth causes it to bob up and down more, until all the energy is transferred back from the rotational mode into the translational mode and it is just bobbing up and down, not rotating.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4660251",
"title": "Bimini twist",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "An article in Sportfishing Magazine in February 2007 made the claim that fewer twists created greater strength. However, the holding mechanism in a Bimini Twist is the friction created by the twists. It was quickly and has since been often demonstrated that the 12-twist knot (proposed in the article) in Spectra-braid slipped before breaking. It is not known what testing errors led to the erroneous conclusion that fewer twists made a stronger knot.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8948181",
"title": "Garter spring",
"section": "Section::::Types of Springs.:Compression Springs.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 778,
"text": "Compression garter springs are a type of coiled spring that exerts outward radial forces away from the center. They are typically made up of a thick steel wire with large coils; compression springs need to be able to handle very large loads while being able to return to their natural extended position. Compression springs store potential energy when they are compressed (length of spring decreases), and exert kinetic energy when released. Compression garter springs use this principle to withstand forces acting on it from outside. They may be placed inside a circular object to maintain the object's circular shape. This is similar to squeezing a rubber ball; the ball will contract when squeezed but will return to its natural state once the external pressure is released.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50642899",
"title": "Self-buckling",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 375,
"text": "A column can buckle due to its own weight with no other direct forces acting on it, in a failure mode called self-buckling. In conventional column buckling problems, the self-weight is often neglected since it is assumed to be small when compared to the applied axial loads. However, when this assumption is not valid, it is important to take the self-buckling into account.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2na3yn
|
why do people continue posting threads here when 99% of the questions can be answered w/ a simple google search?
|
[
{
"answer": "The good questions tend involve either complicated concepts or little bits of trivia that aren't easy to find answers to. With the former, Google searches probably turn up something, but what does show up is hard to understand and the poster wants someone who understands the material to explain it more simply. With the latter, it can be very hard to find on a Google search (like why waterboys squirt water at NFL players).\n\nFor the rest of the questions, I assume the OP is either lazy (but patient) or wants someone to explain something in different words because it's homework and OP doesn't want to get caught plagiarizing.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Being able to word your question exactly how you want to, and getting answers from actual people (and being able to ask follow-up questions) is more satisfying and more educational.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "how else do we afford people the opportunity to earn free internet points?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Your question itself is very common here, a Reddit search would have turned up many examples.\n\nAnyway, if you search on your own, you have to read through shit and come to your own conclusion. If you ask here, you'll get a couple paragraph summary and you don't have to think.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Certainly there are questions that are like that, but I like the ones where people struggle finding answers because they struggle with concepts that seem counter-intuitive but any search will be generally over complicated because the writers are way past that stage\n\nFoe example one I answered was to a person who couldn't understand why AC electricity worked if electrons only went back and forth and didnt 'go' anywhere \n\nAnother was to 'why does vacuum exert a force\". A concept which was so off base as to defy a simple search.\n\nThose are the ones I like, where EL5 comes into its own",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Your question must be in the 1% then?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because people aren't asking simple Google questions. If someone asked a simple factual question: (\"what are the ten most populous cities?\"), it would never get upvoted.\n\nWhat does get upvoted are questions that are more thought provoking and have more complex answers than can be answered in a simple Google search (just look at the [top questions](_URL_0_) and you can see what I mean).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I always post here because it inevitably catches the attention of someone working on a graduate project in the area i'm asking about that can help me out in a personal and also enjoyably conversational way. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'll be honest, I like the interaction.\n\n\nYes I'm rather lonely. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Sometimes, it's more about the explanation than the answer.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In my experience, some of the questions are uncommon and so they're interesting. Uncommon questions do not have easily Googlable answers, either. The questions that are common (like this one) are easily answered with a search engine, and I ignore them.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I googled bitches, Where do I find them?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Why do students go to class when they can just read the book?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The answers posted here can be better than some random yahoo answers page.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "My favorite is when assholes post rhetorical politically loaded questions. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "two words: Anus Rhythm\n\nGoogle ain't gonna help you with that.\n\nalso: \"Youth in Asia\" confused me a lot as a kid... I thought 'Euthanizing' a pet was sending it to China to be eaten by the starving kids my parents cited as a reason to eat my veggies)\n\nmany of the ELI5's don't realize they are asking the wrong questions.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "because they also like human interaction and the feeling that someone is personally taking care of them. it's evolution.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I literally just posted a question, after considering google and deciding against it. For one, I posted in female fashion advice the other day and got like 250 comments and I just felt so special all day! So, google doesn't accomplish that. Also, what if others want my question explained easily too, but just haven't thought of the question yet? There are plenty of times when I am bored at work, and I just learn new stuff on eli5. But I wouldn't just google random stuff to learn about it.\n\nThat's just why I personally choose to (even still) not try google for an answer. Hopefully this doesn't discourage people from responding to it though! ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Google could have given you the answer to this question",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I generally consider citations in this forum a bit pedantic unless you're genuinely being challenged or if it is a real niche question. Generally, things that are \"common knowledge\" to experts aren't cited in papers, and no one should have to spend hours putting together a lit cited for Reddit.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Sometimes the answers are easy to google, but the questions are not ones that I'd ever think to ask. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "People enjoy the social interaction that reddit gives them vs just googling something. Also it may connect them to a knowledgeable person that could answer further related questions.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "12431",
"title": "Google Search",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.:Possible misuse of search results.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 124,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 124,
"end_character": 351,
"text": "In 2007, a group of researchers observed a tendency for users to rely on Google Search exclusively for finding information, writing that \"With the Google interface the user gets the impression that the search results imply a kind of totality. ... In fact, one only sees a small part of what one could see if one also integrates other research tools.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28010520",
"title": "Personalized search",
"section": "Section::::The case of Google.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 741,
"text": "One example of Google's ability to personalize searches is in its use of Google News. Google has geared its news to show everyone a few similar articles that can be deemed interesting, but as soon as the user scrolls down, it can be seen that the news articles begin to differ. Google takes into account past searches as well as the location of the user to make sure that local news gets to them first. This can lead to a much easier search and less time going through all of the news to find the information one want. The concern, however, is that the very important information can be held back because it does not match the criteria that the program sets for the particular user. This can create the \"filter bubble\" as described earlier.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9133033",
"title": "Mobile local search",
"section": "Section::::Differences from Web search.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 484,
"text": "Some of the advancements by the major portals in Internet search, such as Google's famous page-ranking scheme, do not apply in the wireless world since people are not searching for Web sites as much as answers to specific questions. 2006 showed a significant movement to the question-answer model. In this model answers are sent in reply to directory service queries similar to the nature of conventional 411 operators. AskMeNow, Ask.com and Bing.com all made efforts in this regard.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19359874",
"title": "Knol",
"section": "Section::::Reception.:Conflict of interest.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 387,
"text": "There was debate whether Google search results could remain neutral because of possible conflict of interest. According to Danny Sullivan, the editor of \"Search Engine Land\", \"Google's goal of making Knol pages easy to find on search engines could conflict with its need to remain unbiased.\" Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, raised similar concerns:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2126867",
"title": "Scott Mills (radio show)",
"section": "Section::::Features.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 338,
"text": "BULLET::::- The Google Game—Scott, Chris and a guest (usually a fellow Radio 1 DJ) will be given a prompt consisting of the first few words of a question commonly searched on Google. They must then work together to complete the sentence to guess what the most popular searches are, often revealing things about themselves in the process.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12431",
"title": "Google Search",
"section": "Section::::Ranking of results.:PageRank.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 77,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 77,
"end_character": 523,
"text": "In a potential hint of Google's future direction of their Search algorithm, Google's then chief executive Eric Schmidt, said in a 2007 interview with the \"Financial Times\": \"The goal is to enable Google users to be able to ask the question such as 'What shall I do tomorrow?' and 'What job shall I take?'\". Schmidt reaffirmed this during a 2010 interview with the Wall Street Journal: \"I actually think most people don't want Google to answer their questions, they want Google to tell them what they should be doing next.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11525372",
"title": "Web search query",
"section": "Section::::Characteristics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 334,
"text": "Most commercial web search engines do not disclose their search logs, so information about what users are searching for on the Web is difficult to come by. Nevertheless, research studies appeared in 1998. Later, a study in 2001 analyzed the queries from the Excite search engine showed some interesting characteristics of web search:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
49z5xi
|
What is some of the oldest primary source documents from Northern Europe?
|
[
{
"answer": "Do you want first person accounts or the oldest accounts? I doubt those two are going to be the same.\n\nSome of the oldest sources will be saints' lives, usually written by biographers/hagiographers long after the saints were dead. See for example Adamnan's Life of St. Columba for Scotland: _URL_0_ ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I am not completely certain in regard to personal accounts, but I know that the oldest Danish chronicler is Saxo Grammaticus who wrote Gesta Danorum during the reign of Valdemar the first. In regards to England, if that is considered Northern Europe, you might be interested in William of Malmesbury who wrote about William of Normandy and his sons in their time. One more you could be interested in would be Bede, the \"father of English history\" who wrote the Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (one I know little about personally). Lastly you might be interested in the Icelandic Sagas such as Egils saga, but there really is a lot of them. \n\n\nThese are a few suggestions and there are plenty more, but what you exactly need is unclear to me in regard of exact place and time period. Moreover the 'first hand account' part is a little problematic since only few were able to write and read and therefore the chroniclers sometimes got the material for their stories from other scholars or chronicles. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4511367",
"title": "National Archives of Sweden",
"section": "Section::::Holdings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 834,
"text": "The oldest document in the National Archives (listed in 2005) is a parchment from a missal, written in England in the late 10th century. The document came to Sweden via the British Christian missionary in Norway. Under King Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, archiving expanded and national registry and chamber books, land records, and diplomatic treaties were collected in the National Archives. Scrolls in Cyrillic writing from Novgorod were preserved in memory of the Swedish occupation from 1611 to 1617. There is a wide variety of materials available, including documents from the ministry, parliament, and central authorities. Documentation of government decisions from the 1840s to 1980s are available to researchers. Around 100,000 maps and drawings of state civilian buildings from 1697 to 1993 are preserved in the archive. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27857408",
"title": "National Archives of Finland",
"section": "Section::::Material.:Documents.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 56,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 56,
"end_character": 415,
"text": "The oldest document in the National Archives is a letter of protection from Birger, King of Sweden to the women of Karelia, which is dated 1 October, 1316. From the middle ages, the archives has 66 original documents and 223 reproductions. The oldest continuous series of documents is the collection of the so-called \"vogt's accounts\" (), account books of local governments, the oldest of which are from the 1530s.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6702876",
"title": "Arcore",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 311,
"text": "The oldest documents so far discovered dates back to the 10th century. Arcore, in the Middle Ages, is under the control of the \"Pieve of Vimercate\", and is historically documented the presence of two monasteries, la Casa delle Umiliate in Sant'Apollinare and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Martin of Tours.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1166250",
"title": "National and University Library of Iceland",
"section": "Section::::Collections.:Manuscript collections.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 942,
"text": "The library manuscript collections contain some 15,000 items, the oldest vellum manuscripts dating from around 1100 and are among the earliest examples of written Icelandic. Most of the collections are paper manuscripts, the oldest ones dating from the end of the 16th century. The youngest items are collections of manuscripts and letters, including electronic materials, from contemporary people which include some of Iceland's most prominent literary figures such as Halldór Laxness. The manuscript collections of the library can be consulted in a separate reading hall where the items are provided by request for on-site use. Some of the manuscripts are cataloged in registers which are available in digital form on the library website. The library is currently working on creating an online catalog for manuscripts jointly with the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavík and the Arnamagnæan Institute in Copenhagen.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37152654",
"title": "National Library of Montenegro",
"section": "Section::::Collections.:Special collections.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 506,
"text": "Collection of manuscripts and documentary materials: The oldest manuscripts, mainly written by former rulers and prominent persons in Montenegro, date from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This collection also holds some personal documents, reports, verdicts. Some of the most valuable manuscripts are: Pismo Ugnjanima written by Bishop Sava in 1774; Pismo Vladike Petra I Petrovića Njegoša Bjelici iz Majina from 1794; Crnogorcima na brodu Porto Roze 1817; and poems of Petar II Petrović Njegoš. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24328425",
"title": "Welsh chronicles",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 319,
"text": "notably the 9th century \"Historia Brittonum\" and the 10th century \"Annales Cambriae\". These early chronicles are written in Latin, while from the 12th century, some are composed in Middle Welsh. The oldest surviving manuscripts of chronicles kept in the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth date to the 13th century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2375200",
"title": "Hypatian Codex",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "The codex is the second oldest surviving manuscript of the Primary Chronicle, after the Laurentian Codex. The Hypatian manuscript dates back to ca. 1425, but it incorporates much precious information from the lost 12th-century Kievan and 13th-century Galician chronicles. The codex was possibly compiled at the end of the 13th century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1gh0mf
|
branch davidians and the waco siege
|
[
{
"answer": "The branch Davidians, an Adventist sect focused around David Koresh lived in a compound in Texas were stockpiling illegal weapons. The ATF got a warrant to investigate and approached the compound armed. The Davidians didn't take too kindly to this so fended them off. Siege ensues. \n\nATF have no understanding and training to deal with religious cults so they treat it like a stand off between terrorists. They shine bright light on the compound during the night, play loud sounds like heavy metal, babies crying, animals being slaughtered. Psychological warfare and that jazz.\nTrapped, David Koresh looks to scripture (especially revelations) for help (he thinks he's Jesus btw). The Branch Davidians like all adventist groups have a trend of apocalyptic beliefs (which makes them volatile and more likely to turn to violence). With the psychological warfare, being trapped, and extremist religious beliefs, David concludes that it is the beginning of apocalypse they've been expecting. The ATF are agents of Satan and they are fighting a cosmic battle.\n\nNot understanding this religious dimension the ATF continue to fulfil the Davidian world view through their aggression. FBI were concerned they all might try and kill themselves and that the children in the compound were being abused (David had many under age wives). \n\nSo they want to get the situation wrapped up. Two 'tanks' are sent to puncture the wall and shoot gas in so everyone can be rounded up. Somehow a fire starts (either caused by the breaking of the walls or started by the Davidians). Little attempt is made by the Davidians to escape. 75 people die in the fire.\nControversial because the ATF handled it so poorly. All they needed was a bit of understanding rather than force. The Davidians, although they had weapons, were no real danger to anyone other than themselves (although including the children). The ATF didn't consider the way in which the people inside would see the external aggression.\n\nCults and sects practice encapsulation - either social or physical (which is why they had a compound). This encapsulation is useful to create a safe space where no descenting opinions are tolerated, and the believers can re-enforce each others spirituality, the environment is completely controlled. The distancing themselves from society is crucial to maintain the religious atmosphere which is very important to members (otherwise they would realise how obscure what they are doing is and regain their sense of normality). If something threatens this boundary between the group and society it causes instability (and so more likely a chance of violence). Despite the tragedy the Davidians are considered as having very low group tension (it took a long siege and plenty of aggression on the part of the ATF to initiate a fatal response). This differs from Jonestown (Guyana cult suicide) which were a high tension group as the fatal response came about after a simple visit from a US senator.\n\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "764810",
"title": "Waco siege",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 629,
"text": "The Waco siege was the siege of a compound belonging to the religious sect Branch Davidians, carried out by American federal and Texas state law enforcement, as well as the U.S. military, between February 28 and April 19, 1993. The Branch Davidians were led by David Koresh and were headquartered at Mount Carmel Center ranch in the community of Axtell, Texas, 13 miles (21 kilometers) east-northeast of Waco. Suspecting the group of stockpiling illegal weapons, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) obtained a search warrant for the compound and arrest warrants for Koresh and a select few of the group's members.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2362951",
"title": "Waul's Legion",
"section": "Section::::Waul's Legion at Vicksburg.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 1001,
"text": "Waul's Texas Legion is known for repelling the Union Army breach of Confederate lines during Ulysses S. Grant's largest and final organized assault on the \"Fortress City\" of Vicksburg, on May 22, 1863. After Union troops, most notably the 77th Illinois, under the command of John Alexander McClernand, successfully penetrated the Confederate defenses, McClernand urged Grant to follow with his own assault. Unsure of the accuracy of the message, Grant failed to act. Waul's Legion, seeing the Union breach, rushed in. After hours of intense hand-to-hand combat, the Legion put the Union troops to flight and captured two Union banners which had been placed on the fortress parapets. By the time Grant realized there had been a definitive breach of the enemy fortifications, it was too late; Waul's Texas Legion had saved the day. The angered Grant, believing McClernand had recklessly chased glory and thus caused an unnecessary loss of Union soldiers, relieved the politician-general from his post. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38285006",
"title": "Siege of Fort Vincennes",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 558,
"text": "The Siege of Fort Vincennes (also known as the Siege of Fort Sackville or the Battle of Vincennes) was a Revolutionary War frontier battle fought in present-day Vincennes, Indiana won by a militia led by American commander George Rogers Clark over a British garrison led by Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton. Roughly half of Clark's militia were Canadien volunteers sympathetic to the American cause. After a daring wintertime march, the small American force was able to force the British to surrender the fort and in a larger frame the Illinois territory.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "81083",
"title": "Davy Crockett",
"section": "Section::::Texas Revolution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 541,
"text": "As the siege progressed, Travis sent many messages asking for reinforcements. Several messengers were sent to James Fannin who commanded the group of Texian soldiers at Presidio La Bahia in Goliad, TX. Fannin decided that it was too risky to reinforce the Alamo, although historian Thomas Ricks Lindley concludes that up to 50 of Fannin's men left his command to go to Bexar. These men would have reached Cibolo Creek on the afternoon of March 3, from the Alamo, where they joined another group of men who also planned to join the garrison.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30418745",
"title": "Battle of Salado Creek (1842)",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "The alarm was quickly raised so Texian militia began assembling to fight Woll's troops. Colonel Mathew Caldwell, a veteran of the Texas Revolution who had just recently been released after capture during the Santa Fe Expedition, began forming a contingent in Seguin to expel Woll from the city. After forming 140 Texian volunteers Caldwell marched for Cibolo Creek, twenty miles from San Antonio. A little later Caldwell moved his camp thirteen miles closer to the city along Salado Creek near the Prescot House. Altogether, about 220 Texians had been assembled to fight the Mexicans.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1069883",
"title": "Battle of Coleto",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 592,
"text": "Colonel James Fannin was the commander of the Texian troops at Fort Defiance in late 1835 and early 1836. During the siege of the Alamo in February 1836 he attempted a march of 100 miles to relieve the Texian forces at the Alamo but due to poor preparation for the journey and word that general Urrea's Mexican forces were approaching Goliad, he turned back. After the Alamo fell to Santa Anna's forces the Texians received orders from General Sam Houston to fall back to Victoria. Fannin therefore abandoned the fort but proceeded without adequate supplies and without haste on his retreat.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2812172",
"title": "Siege of Béxar",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 736,
"text": "The Siege of Béxar (or Béjar) was an early campaign of the Texas Revolution in which a volunteer Texian army defeated Mexican forces at San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio, Texas, US). Texians had become disillusioned with the Mexican government as President and General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's tenure became increasingly dictatorial. In early October, 1835, Texas settlers gathered in Gonzales to stop Mexican troops from reclaiming a small cannon. The resulting skirmish, known as the Battle of Gonzales, launched the Texas Revolution. Men continued to assemble in Gonzales and soon established the Texian Army. Despite a lack of military training, well-respected local leader General Stephen F. Austin was elected commander.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ebs6ej
|
why can motorbike batteries sit on a shelf unused without losing charge but when sitting inside a motorbike for a few weeks that hasn't been turned on, go dead?
|
[
{
"answer": "When its on the shelf, there no where for the energy to go. In a motorbike, the battery is slowly and passively discharging. even if nothing is on. This is because the electrons in the battert have another place to go, the motor bike electrical system",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Errr also. I'm not sure how much it's changed. But most of the boxed batteries we got at the shop for the bikes still had no fluid mixture in them on the shelf.\n\nOnce we cracked open the box we put the water in and pushed on the seal and then it was ready to go.\n\nThis was about 10 years ago though.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are two things: \n\n\nFirst, some portions of your bike's electrical systems will often remain on when the bike is turned off, causing minimal, but noticeable drain. \n\n\nSecond, on the shelf the battery is in a climate controlled environment, while in the bike it is not. Repeated heating and cooling causes many types of battery to lose charge, especially if it is outside of the battery's ideal temperature range.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "203197",
"title": "Memory effect",
"section": "Section::::Other problems perceived as memory effect.:Permanent loss of capacity.:Deep discharge.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 320,
"text": "Battery users may attempt to avoid the memory effect proper by fully discharging their battery packs. This practice is likely to cause more damage as one of the cells will be deep discharged. The damage is focused on the weakest cell, so that each additional full discharge will cause more and more damage to that cell.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41382162",
"title": "Battery regenerator",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 407,
"text": "Batteries also have a small amount of internal resistance that will discharge the battery even when it is disconnected. If a battery is left disconnected, any internal charge will drain away slowly and eventually reach the critical point. From then on the film will develop and thicken. This is the reason batteries will be found to charge poorly or not at all if left in storage for a long period of time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "201495",
"title": "Lead–acid battery",
"section": "Section::::Cycles.:Starting batteries.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 489,
"text": "Starting batteries are of lighter weight than deep cycle batteries of the same size, because the thinner and lighter cell plates do not extend all the way to the bottom of the battery case. This allows loose disintegrated material to fall off the plates and collect at the bottom of the cell, prolonging the service life of the battery. If this loose debris rises enough it may touch the bottom of the plates and cause failure of a cell, resulting in loss of battery voltage and capacity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "203197",
"title": "Memory effect",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 445,
"text": "Memory effect, also known as battery effect, lazy battery effect, or battery memory, is an effect observed in nickel-cadmium and nickel–metal hydride rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge. It describes the situation in which nickel-cadmium batteries gradually lose their maximum energy capacity if they are repeatedly recharged after being only partially discharged. The battery appears to \"remember\" the smaller capacity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "298814",
"title": "Jump start (vehicle)",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 282,
"text": "A fully depleted battery will not draw more power if the cables are reversed, but reverse-charging a dead battery can damage its chemistry so that it loses charge capacity, and reverse voltage applied to the vehicle electronics may also damage them, resulting in expensive repairs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "497852",
"title": "Planned obsolescence",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Prevention of repairs.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 276,
"text": "Some products contain batteries that are not user-replaceable after they have worn down. While such a design can help make the device thinner, it can also make it difficult to replace the battery without sending the entire device away for repairs or purchasing a replacement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "186614",
"title": "Nickel–cadmium battery",
"section": "Section::::Memory effect.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 249,
"text": "The battery survives thousands of charges/discharges cycles. Also it is possible to lower the memory effect by discharging the battery completely about once a month. This way apparently the battery does not \"remember\" the point in its charge cycle.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ahy77n
|
why do some airports make transit passengers go through security again and others don’t?
|
[
{
"answer": "As /u/TehWildMan_ said, international flights can force you to go through security again. But, even within the same country you might have to pass through security when connecting between flights. The common reason for this is that many airports have multiple terminals which are physically separate buildings. Those terminals will have a secure and a non-secure side. When you land you are in the secure side. But, if you need to transfer to another terminal, there may not be a path that connects the secure sides of those two separate buildings. So, you are forced to leave the secure side, go outside and re-enter from the non-secure side of the new building. This is basically just a cost and space-savings move on the part of the airport when they added the new terminal.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1172920",
"title": "Operation Yellow Ribbon",
"section": "Section::::The operation.:Reaction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 313,
"text": "Passengers had to wait for hours to disembark because Transport Canada was on high-security alert. The RCMP deployed extra personnel to airports so that they could perform a security sweep of each aircraft, lined up on closed runways at most airports. They also increased their presence in the airport terminals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "284770",
"title": "Airport security",
"section": "Section::::Process and equipment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 813,
"text": "In the United States non-passengers were once allowed on the concourses to meet arriving friends or relatives at their gates, but this is now greatly restricted due to the terrorist attacks. Non-passengers must obtain a gate pass to enter the secure area of the airport. The most common reasons that a non-passenger may obtain a gate pass is to assist children and the elderly as well as for attending business meetings that take place in the secure area of the airport. In the United States, at least 24 hours notice is generally required for those planning to attend a business meeting inside the secure area of the airport. Other countries, such as Australia do not restrict non-travellers from accessing the airside area, however non-travellers are typically subject to the same security scans as travellers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2164548",
"title": "Airport rail link",
"section": "Section::::Mass transit.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 1094,
"text": "For airports built within or close to the city limits, extending mass transit urban rail systems like rapid transit or light rail to airport terminals allows full integration with other public transport in the city, and seamless transport to all parts of town. Service frequency will be high, although travel time is a drawback as the services make many intermediate stops before reaching the city center and thus there may not be enough space for the baggage commonly carried by airport-bound passengers. Furthermore, luggage stowing facilities are not commonly found on mass transit vehicles as their primary objective is to provide high-capacity transport, as in the Airport, Inner West & South Line in Sydney, Australia. A common solution involves building a separate people mover from a mass transit station to the airport terminal (see below), often using automated systems, allowing faster travel time and fare discrimination, for instance Orlyval. Because they are solely dedicated to passengers using the airport, luggage stowing facilities are more likely to appear on these systems.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15988779",
"title": "Airport bus",
"section": "Section::::Other non airport bus services.:Standard bus services.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 310,
"text": "In addition to the specially equipped or liveried buses that help airports, several non-specific bus services may also stop or terminate at airports. These are often scheduled outside normal operating hours to serve the airport workers and passengers with unsociable flight times as well as normal passengers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31668309",
"title": "Remote and virtual tower",
"section": "Section::::Possible benefits.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 354,
"text": "There is also a great potential to better and more cost efficiently serve flights which either are scheduled outside the core opening hours of the airport, or by being able to serve non scheduled traffic (ambulance flights and search-and-rescue helicopters) with an air traffic service during night time when a smaller airports would normally be closed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54531437",
"title": "Zunum Aero",
"section": "Section::::Concept.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 345,
"text": "More frequent service from local airports can be provided by smaller aircraft for better transportation at ranges of . Travel times for San Francisco to Los Angeles () or Boston to Washington () could be halved using secondary airports with only carry-on luggage not needing baggage conveyor belts and requiring less elaborate airport security.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1605931",
"title": "Intermodal passenger transport",
"section": "Section::::Inter-regional mixed mode commuting.:Intermodal passenger transport involving air travel.:Airport rail link.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 482,
"text": "Many cities have extended subway or rail service to major urban airports. This provides travellers with an inexpensive, frequent and reliable way to get to their flights as opposed to driving or being driven, and contending with full up parking, or taking taxis and getting caught in traffic jams on the way to the airport. Many airports now have some mass transit link, including London, Sydney, Munich, Hong Kong, Vancouver, Philadelphia, New York City (JFK), Delhi, and Chennai.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6s6gzf
|
why is yellow visually/functionally the least strong color?
|
[
{
"answer": "So there are a few things going on here. First...\n\n > it seems odd that one of the three primary colors seems so submissive to the others. \n\nYellow is not a primary color, at least not in the way you're thinking of it in. In additive color (e.g. adding light together) normally it's red, green, and blue (RGB), which roughly aligns with the 3 different color receptors in the eye to give you color vision.\n\nIn subtractive color (e.g. inks, pigments, paints, etc.), especially in printers, it's cyan, yellow, magenta, and black (CYMK).\n\nGoing back to your original question, if we're looking only at color response I don't think yellow is unusually special regarding how intense the color is - it's just most of the time the background on which you're viewing the color tends to be lighter, making bright colors seem washed out.\n\nYellow text? That's probably on a white background (either a monitor or paper). Looking at a painting with a sun? It's probably on a light blue background (and actual sunlight is more white than yellow, so the yellow used is going to be even brighter to try and reflect that).\n\nThere are also plenty of instances where you see yellow that doesn't seem washed out. I doubt you've ever looked at a banana and said \"man I can hardly see that, it's so washed out!\", and if you look at [this snake](_URL_0_) you'd probably say that the yellow helps it stand out (which is what it's meant to do, alert other animals it's dangerous).\n\nIt probably doesn't help that bright yellow is frequently used as a stand-in for sunlight, which as mentioned is actually white light and not yellow light. This means that stereotypical \"yellow\" is intentionally very bright and close to white. Also, generally when you start delving into the darker shades of yellow that might pop on a bright background it tends to look more like orange.\n\n > Say you're drawing with colored pencils or markers, or painting with watercolors.\n\nWith subtractive color, if you mix two colors the darker one almost always wins. If you took a real dark yellow and colored over a bright pink or green the yellow would win. Again, this goes back to the fact that stereotypical \"yellow\" is that super bright color that people associate with sunlight.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The reason is that there is no yellow sensitive cone in the eye so yellow light is additively visualized when green and red cells are activated but blue is not. Blue light is higher energy and when yellow is seen it is split across two receptors, neither of which are efficiently stimulated. Yellow isn't easily differentiated from white. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1544243",
"title": "School bus yellow",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 248,
"text": "The color was chosen because it attracts attention and is noticed quickly in peripheral vision, faster than any other color. Scientists describe this as follows: \"Lateral peripheral vision for detecting yellows is 1.24 times greater than for red.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2542507",
"title": "Color scheme",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Achromatic.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "Black and white have long been known to combine well with almost any other colors; black decreases the apparent \"saturation\" or \"brightness\" of colors paired with it, and white shows off all hues to equal effect.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "455672",
"title": "Color theory",
"section": "Section::::Traditional color theory.:Achromatic colors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 215,
"text": "Black and white have long been known to combine \"well\" with almost any other colors; black decreases the apparent \"saturation\" or \"brightness\" of colors paired with it, and white shows off all hues to equal effect.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "67842",
"title": "Electronic color code",
"section": "Section::::Mnemonics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 257,
"text": "The colors are sorted in the order of the visible light spectrum: red (2), orange (3), yellow (4), green (5), blue (6), violet (7). Black (0) has no energy, brown (1) has a little more, white (9) has everything and grey (8) is like white, but less intense.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50777971",
"title": "List of colors by shade",
"section": "Section::::Colors with Shades and Tints of that Hue.:Yellow.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "Yellow is the color of light with wavelengths predominately in the range of roughly 570–580 nm. In the HSV color space, it has a hue of around 60°. It is considered one of the subtractive primary colors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4105912",
"title": "Collocational restriction",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 365,
"text": "All four instances of \"white\" can be said to be idiomatic because in combination with certain nouns the meaning of \"white\" changes. In none of the examples does \"white\" have its commonest meaning. Instead, in the examples above it means 'yellowish', 'brownish', 'containing many frequencies with about equal amplitude', and 'pinkish' or 'pale brown', respectively.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19129172",
"title": "Parasemia plantaginis",
"section": "Section::::Mating.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 287,
"text": "Yellow morphs are able to avoid predation more readily than white morphs; however, a laboratory study showed that yellow males had lower mating success compared to white males. This trade-off between reproductive success and predator avoidance could explain why two polymorphisms exist.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1nh7wp
|
Why did the Ustaše initially recognize Islam and "Muslim Serbs" as more Croatian than Orthodoxy and Orthodox Serbs?
|
[
{
"answer": "There is a strong connection, almost complete correspondence in fact, between religion and nationality in Bosnia (and Croatia, Serbia, etc.). Usually nations were defined not so much by what they have in common, as by how they are different than others. In this case, language couldn't be the differentiation factor, so religion took the role. \n\nHowever, neither Croat nor Serb nationalist recognized Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) as a nation, but considered them as islamicized Croats or Serbs. Adding them to either of the two nations would make that nation clearly a majority in Bosnia and Hercegovina. I don't know where is that wikipedia reference coming from, but the separation of nationhood and religion does not fit the time described. It would hardly fit today. Do you know the old joke about the Troubles in Ireland ending with \"Yeah, but are you a protestant atheist or catholic atheist\"? Change the denominations, and it fits perfectly. \n\nSo, Ustaše wanted a ethnically homogeneous state. Muslims were proclaimed to be Croats. But both Croatia proper and Bosnia and Hercegovina had large native Serbian population. Therefore Ustaše had an unofficial (not written down but consistently implemented) policy to expel one third of the Serbs, to kill one third and to convert one third. \n\nSoon all those came to their limitations. As both \"Independent State of Croatia\" (NDH) and Nedić's Serbia were German quisling states, expulsions into Serbia destabilized it, so Germans ordered Ustaše to stop it. And killing in NDH itself resulted in a determined resistance. Establishment of Croatian Orthodox church was an attempt to both pacify some Serbs, and more importantly for Ustaše to disconnect them from the common religious center. \n\nAs for conversions of Serbs from Orthodox to Catholic, it was by no means a guarantee of safety. Many were killed after conversion, and some of the most brutal atrocities (not by the number of victims, but by the method) were done in fact after an invitation to convert. For example in Glina, with significant Serb population, they were invited on two occasions to convert. First group was gathered in the Orthodox church in Glina, trucked to nearby woods and killed. Second group was closed in the church, that was than burned down. \n\nThe topic is still controversial in respect to the relations between Catholic church and Ustaše. Some claim that conversion were mostly done sort of with fingers crossed behind the back, just to save the people who would return to original religion after the war, and that clergy didn't seek benefit in that way from Ustaše regime. Undoubtedly there were some clergy who did so, even saying as much openly to Serbs and stating that Christians no matter the denomination, can't be christened again. But those were minority. Some claim on the other hand that church supported the Ustaše all out, and used an opportunity for a sort of Catholic crusade in Bosnia. Many did, especially among Bosnian Franciscans, but again not all. There are however examples of priest condoning, even personally leading the massacres. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "41199629",
"title": "Croat Muslims",
"section": "Section::::History.:Muslims and Croat nationalism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 711,
"text": "The Ustaše recognized both Roman Catholicism and Islam as the national religions of the Croatian people while rejecting Orthodox Christianity as incompatible with their objectives (with the exception of the Croatian Orthodox Church intended mainly to assimilate the Serb minority). Though the Ustaše emphasized religious themes, it stressed that duty to the nation took precedence over religious custom. They attached conditions to citizenship of people of Islamic faith, such as asserting that a Muslim who supported Yugoslavia would not be considered a Croat, nor a citizen but a \"Muslim Serb\" who could be denied property and imprisoned. The Ustase claimed that such \"Muslim Serbs\" had to earn Croat status.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48945172",
"title": "Serb Muslims",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 715,
"text": "Since Serbs were, and still are, predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians, their first significant historical encounter with Islam occurred in the second half of 14th century, and was marked by Turkish invasion and conquest of Serbian lands (starting in 1371 and ending by the beginning of 16th century). That interval was marked by first wave of Islamization among Serbs: in some regions, substantial minority left Christianity and converted into Islam, willingly or by necessity, under the influence of Ottoman authorities. The most notable Muslim of Serb ethnicity was Mehmed-paša Sokolović (1506-1579), Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1565-1579), who was ethnic Serb by birth, and so was Omar Pasha Latas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41199629",
"title": "Croat Muslims",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 480,
"text": "The Islamic Community of Croatia is officially recognized by the state. After World War II, thousands of Croats (even those with the Islamic faith) who supported the Ustaše fled as political refugees to countries such as Canada, Australia, Germany, South America and Islamic countries. The descendants of those Muslim Croats established their Croatian Islamic Centre in Australia in 36 Studley St. Maidstone, Victoria and the Croatian Mosque in Toronto, headed by Mr. Kerim Reis.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "392400",
"title": "Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"section": "Section::::Inter-ethnic relations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "Serbs tend to be Orthodox Christian, Croats tend to be Roman Catholic, and Bosniaks (or Bosnian Muslims) tend to be Sunni Muslims. Tensions between these were expressed in terms of religion. Fundamentalists existed on all sides; in propaganda the Bosnian War took on some features of a \"religious war\", supported by views of religious leaders. Historical stereotypes and prejudice were further established by experiences of war. The situation still impedes the development of relations post-war. Religious symbols are used for nationalist purposes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7701470",
"title": "Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia",
"section": "Section::::Independent State of Croatia.:Religious persecution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 909,
"text": "The Ustashe viewed religion and nationality as closely linked; while Roman Catholicism and Islam (Bosnian Muslims were viewed as Croats) were recognized as Croatian national religions, Eastern Orthodoxy was deemed inherently incompatible with the Croatian state project. They saw Orthodoxy as hostile because it was identified as Serb. On 3 May 1941 a law was passed on religious conversions, pressuring Serbs to convert to Catholicism and thereby adopt Croat identity. This was made on the eve of Pavelić's meeting with Pope Pious XII in Rome. The Catholic Church in Croatia, headed by archbishop Aloysius Stepinac, greeted it and adopted it into the Church internal law. The term \"Serbian Orthodox\" was banned in mid-May as uncompatible with state order, and substituted it with \"Greek-Eastern faith\". By the end of September 1941, about half of the Serbian Orthodox clergy, 335 priests, had been expelled.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3463",
"title": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"section": "Section::::History.:World War II (1941–45).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "An estimated 209,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were killed on the territory of Bosnia–Herzegovina during the war. The Ustaše recognized both Roman Catholicism and Islam as the national religions, but held the position Eastern Orthodoxy, as a symbol of Serbian identity, was their greatest foe. Although Croats were by far the largest ethnic group to constitute the Ustaše, the Vice President of the NDH and leader of the Yugoslav Muslim Organization Džafer Kulenović was a Muslim, and Muslims (Bosniaks) in total constituted nearly 12% of the Ustaše military and civil service authority.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "243927",
"title": "Ustashe",
"section": "Section::::Ideology.:Political programme and main agendas.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 314,
"text": "The Ustaše recognized both Roman Catholicism and Islam as national religions of the Croatian people but initially rejected Orthodox Christianity as being incompatible with their objectives. Although the Ustaše emphasized religious themes, it stressed that duty to the nation took precedence over religious custom.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
72l3z2
|
What would the treatment of an RAF pilot at a German POW camp in WWII have been like?
|
[
{
"answer": " > How would they have travelled to Germany? \n\nPotentially by train; the Luftwaffe wanted to get prisoners to their Dulag Luft interrogation centre at Oberusel rapidly to extract information so captured airmen would often travel under guard on civilian trains. Around the time of the Dunkirk evacuation, though, when large numbers of Allied troops had been taken prisoner (about 40,000 British) a pilot might well have been in the columns of prisoners forced to march hundreds of miles towards Germany followed by transport in terrible conditions on overcrowded trains or barges (though officers didn't have it quite as bad as other ranks). After interrogation at Dulag Luft RAF prisoners would be moved on to one of the Stalag Luft camps.\n\n > Would they likely have survived, and stayed put in the camp for the duration of the war? \n\nProbably; relatively few British POWs died in captivity. There was some movement between camps as things were reorganised (e.g. Sergeant \"Dixie\" Deans was moved from Stalag Luft I to III to VI over the course of the war), and towards the end of the war extended marches as Allied and Soviet advances approached camps.\n\n > Were there any Allied rescue attempts, or many successful escapees?\n\nNot rescue attempts, there wasn't a safe way of freeing prisoners deep in enemy territory (a raid on Amiens Prison in 1944, Operation Jericho, killed around 100 prisoners and few managed to escape for good). There were escape attempts, though not many successes; less than 30 out of 10,000 Air Force prisoners escaped and made it to Britain or neutral territory according to Aidan Crawley's *Escape from Germany*. The best chance was in evading capture in the first place, then escaping during transit to a prison camp, it was much more difficult once behind wire. To take a couple of examples of pilots captured around the time of *Dunkirk* Wing Commander Basil Embry was shot down on May 27th 1940, but slipped away from the column of prisoners as he was marched towards Germany and, over two months, managed to make his way across France to Gibraltar and back to Britain. Squadron Leader Roger Bushell was shot down and captured on May 23rd just before the Dunkirk evacuation; he later masterminded perhaps the most famous of attempts, The Great Escape, in which 76 airmen tunneled out of Stalag Luft III. Only three made it to freedom, though, 73 were recaptured, and 50 of those including Bushell himself were murdered.\n\nStories of camp life, particularly escape attempts and focused on Colditz Castle, Oflag IVC, became rather popular in 1950s Britain. *The Colditz Myth : British and Commonwealth Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany* by S. P. MacKenzie takes a wider view, pointing out that perhaps only 5% of POWs were really fanatical about escaping, though larger numbers were involved in supporting escape attempts. It's very accessible, and a good overview of the situation as a whole.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1182568",
"title": "Stalag Luft III",
"section": "Section::::Camp life 1942–44.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 685,
"text": "The camp's 800 Luftwaffe guards were either too old for combat duty or young men convalescing after long tours of duty or from wounds. Because the guards were Luftwaffe personnel, the prisoners were accorded far better treatment than that granted to other POWs in Germany. Deputy Commandant Major Gustav Simoleit, a professor of history, geography and ethnology before the war, spoke several languages, including English, Russian, Polish and Czech. Transferred to Sagan in early 1943, he proved sympathetic to allied airmen. Ignoring the ban against extending military courtesies to POWs, he provided full military honours for Luft III POW funerals, including one for a Jewish airman.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17885",
"title": "Luftwaffe",
"section": "Section::::War crimes and bombing of non-military targets.:Human experimentation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 128,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 128,
"end_character": 234,
"text": "Throughout the war, concentration camp prisoners were forced to serve as human guinea pigs in testing \"Luftwaffe\" equipment. Some were carried out by \"Luftwaffe\" personnel and others were performed by the SS on the orders of the OKL.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "663281",
"title": "Roy Allen",
"section": "Section::::France and captivity.:Buchenwald concentration camp.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 479,
"text": "Later, Hannes Trautloft an officer from the Luftwaffe inspecting allied bomb damage came across the allied airmen prisoners. One of the prisoners who spoke fluent German, highlighted their case to the officer. Sympathetic to their plight (and also aware that Luftwaffe POWs in allied hands could suffer reprisals if he did not intervene) the German officer organized their transfer from Buchenwald to a legitimate prisoner of war camp i.e. Stalag Luft III in what is now Poland.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8796626",
"title": "Nebraska World War II army airfields",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 234,
"text": "The training that was given to the airmen stationed at these airfields gave them the skills and knowledge that enabled them to enter combat in all theaters of warfare, and enabled the Allies to defeat Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14672389",
"title": "Kansas World War II army airfields",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 234,
"text": "The training that was given to the airmen stationed at these airfields gave them the skills and knowledge that enabled them to enter combat in all theaters of warfare, and enabled the Allies to defeat Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2861228",
"title": "Long Melford",
"section": "Section::::History.:Modern era.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 762,
"text": "German prisoners of war were interned at a camp near the 136th Station Hospital, and Italian prisoners were located at a camp at the nearby village of Borley. USAF personnel from bases at Lakenheath, Mildenhall, and Wethersfield airbases often lived within Long Melford. By the end of the war, two B24 Liberators, one B17 Flying Fortress and one RAF de Havilland Mosquito had crashed in the parish with over twenty persons killed or injured. Numerous pillboxes and temporary gun emplacements were constructed in the village during the war, and in 2012 a previously unknown underground bunker room was located. According to the Remembrance Plaque at Holy Trinity Church, ninety-six serving villagers were killed in World War One, and eleven during World War Two.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20006208",
"title": "RAF Condover",
"section": "Section::::POW camp.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 580,
"text": "During the latter part of the war a Prisoner of War (POW) camp was established at the western end of the station and the former WAAF accommodation hutting used to house German prisoners, mostly shot down and captured Luftwaffe airmen. The entrance to the camp site was at OS Map Ref: SJ 4908 0423 with the main camp on the northern side of the road. The German prisoners were still housed there awaiting repatriation until early 1947. The prisoners were utilised as farm labourers in the local area and several remained in the Shrewsbury area after the war and settled in the UK.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
17xcey
|
What would happen if one face of the Earth faced the sun year round, for ever?
|
[
{
"answer": "Here's a better answer: _URL_0_\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "35553026",
"title": "Position of the Sun",
"section": "Section::::Declination of the Sun as seen from Earth.:Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 902,
"text": "The following phenomena would occur if Earth is a perfect sphere, in a circular orbit around the Sun, and if its axis is tilted 90°, so that the axis itself is on the orbital plane (similar to Uranus). At one date in the year, the Sun would be directly overhead at the North Pole, so its declination would be +90°. For the next few months, the subsolar point would move toward the South Pole at constant speed, crossing the circles of latitude at a constant rate, so that the solar declination would decrease \"linearly\" with time. Eventually, the Sun would be directly above the South Pole, with a declination of −90°; then it would start to move northward at a constant speed. Thus, the graph of solar declination, as seen from this highly tilted Earth, would resemble a triangle wave rather than a sine wave, zigzagging between plus and minus 90°, with linear segments between the maxima and minima.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "602678",
"title": "Extraterrestrial skies",
"section": "Section::::The Moon.:Eclipses from the Moon.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 640,
"text": "Earth and the Sun sometimes meet in the lunar sky, causing an eclipse. On Earth, one would see a lunar eclipse, when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow; meanwhile on the Moon, one would see a solar eclipse, when the Sun goes behind the Earth. Since the apparent diameter of the Earth is four times as large as that of the Sun, the Sun would be hidden behind the Earth for hours. Earth's atmosphere would be visible as a reddish ring. During the Apollo 15 mission, an attempt was made to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle's TV camera to view such an eclipse, but the camera or its power source failed after the astronauts left for Earth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61182504",
"title": "Earth phase",
"section": "Section::::Eclipses from the Moon.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 640,
"text": "Earth and the Sun sometimes meet in the lunar sky, causing an eclipse. On Earth, one would see a lunar eclipse, when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow; meanwhile on the Moon, one would see a solar eclipse, when the Sun goes behind the Earth. Since the apparent diameter of the Earth is four times as large as that of the Sun, the Sun would be hidden behind the Earth for hours. Earth's atmosphere would be visible as a reddish ring. During the Apollo 15 mission, an attempt was made to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle's TV camera to view such an eclipse, but the camera or its power source failed after the astronauts left for Earth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15105978",
"title": "Well",
"section": "Section::::Society and culture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 231,
"text": "Eratosthenes used a well in his calculation of the circumference of the Earth, sometime around 240 BC, by figuring that the sun must be directly overhead if the head of a person, looking down a well, blocked the sun's reflection. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44749626",
"title": "Akhil (film)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 2871,
"text": "The story begins at thousands of years ago with a voice narrating how the Earth would face destruction in future due to the powerful UV rays of the Sun. Few Saints in India foresee this destruction, make a sphere with most powerful and strong metals which possess an immense power that absorbs the harmful UV rays hence it protects the Earth. Since it has to be placed at the Earth's equator they give the sphere to a tribe in Congolia, Africa. They leave from there by warning them that it should be kept at the Earth's equator during every Solar eclipse if they miss even one of the eclipse then the earth should face major destruction. The African tribe names the Sphere as Jua (Name of the Sun in Africa). Now the story moves to the present day where a Russian don is plotting to capture the Jua so that he will have the solution when the world is in destruction and thinks he can rule the world. For this, he seeks the help of an Indian don. The Indian don sends his henchmen to the tribe to get the Jua but Bodo, a young graduate of the tribe takes it and escapes. Now the story moves to Hyderabad where a young and carefree orphan named Akhil (Akhil Akkineni) fights in streets for earning and celebrates with friends. One day, Akhil meets a girl, Divya (Sayyeshaa) and immediately falls in love with her. He impresses her in a couple of meetings by operating her rabbit which needs a heart surgery with the help of K. V. Rajendra Prasad (Rajendra Prasad), Divya's college principal. Later Divya invites Akhil and his friends to her marriage. Akhil plots to break the marriage but finds out that Kishore (Vennela Kishore), Fiancé of Divya is in love with some other girl and unites Kishore with his lover making Divya's dad (Mahesh Manjrekar) furious, who is a Don in India as shown in the beginning of the movie. Disheartened Divya leaves for Europe finding Kishore. Akhil gets to know Divya is in Europe and follows her. After reaching her in Europe, Divya asks Akhil to act him as her lover thinking that she can make Kishore envy. Meanwhile, Mambo, thug of Indian don searches for Bodo to get the Jua and shoots him in a chase. Bodo falls at Divya's apartment and she treats him as she is a Medico. The very next day Akhil tells Divya that he was the one who united Kishore and his lover breaking Divya's marriage. She gets mad at him and tries to leave but is kidnapped by Mambo who saw Divya while treating Bodo. Akhil gets injured while chasing them and got hit by Divya's dad who came to know that he loves Divya. He falls unconscious under a tree where a chain with a sun-shaped locket falls over his neck. Divya's father catches Akhil and through him, he gets to know Mambo kidnapped his daughter. He calls Mambo and orders him to release his daughter, but Mambo refuses. Akhil finds out Mambo's place and leaves for Africa with Kishore to rescue Divya.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3394023",
"title": "STEREO",
"section": "Section::::Mission profile.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "Even as the angle increases, the addition of an Earth-based view, \"e.g.\", from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, will still provide full-Sun observations for several years. In 2015, contact was lost for several months when the STEREO spacecraft passed behind the Sun. They will then start to approach Earth again, with closest approach sometime in 2023. They will not be recaptured into Earth orbit.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3247736",
"title": "Solar compass",
"section": "Section::::Description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "If one imagined he was at the Earth's equator and the sun had no declination, the sun would rise to him due east, and set due west. At noon the sun would be at the highest point, and in the lowest point at midnight. In other words, when the sun has no declination, its apparent revolutions are in a perfect plane with the Earth's equator.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
15dfyo
|
how does a flute produce sound?
|
[
{
"answer": "It helps to think of the air in the flute and around the mouthpiece as a squishy fluid, like Jello or jam. We usually think of air as flowing like water, but you can compress air (squish), and compressed air will push back, like when you squeeze a bike tire.\n\nWhen you blow over the flute, you have to hit just he right angle at just the right speed. With the correct configuration, the air in the flute is squished (compressed) and then rebounds and pushes back only to be squished again by the moving air. This squishing and rebounding of the air itself produces the vibrations that make sound. It's the same as when you blow over the top of a bottle.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1350006",
"title": "Western concert flute",
"section": "Section::::Characteristics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 435,
"text": "The flute is a transverse (or side-blown) woodwind instrument that is closed at the blown end. It is played by blowing a stream of air over the \"embouchure hole\". The pitch is changed by opening or closing keys that cover circular tone holes (there are typically 16 tone holes). Opening and closing the holes produces higher and lower pitches. The direction and intensity of the airstream also affects the pitch, timbre, and dynamics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10553",
"title": "Flute",
"section": "Section::::Acoustics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 667,
"text": "A flute produces sound when a stream of air directed across a hole in the instrument creates a vibration of air at the hole. The airstream creates a Bernoulli or siphon. This excites the air contained in the usually cylindrical resonant cavity within the flute. The flutist changes the pitch of the sound produced by opening and closing holes in the body of the instrument, thus changing the effective length of the resonator and its corresponding resonant frequency. By varying the air pressure, a flutist can also change the pitch by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a harmonic rather than the fundamental frequency without opening or closing any holes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33882",
"title": "Woodwind instrument",
"section": "Section::::Flutes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 661,
"text": "To produce a sound with an open flute, the player is required to blow a stream of air across a sharp edge that then splits the airstream. This split airstream then acts upon the air column contained within the flute's hollow causing it to vibrate and produce sound. Examples of open flutes are the transverse flute, panpipes and shakuhachi. Ancient flutes of this variety were often made from tubular sections of plants such as grasses, reeds, and hollowed-out tree branches. Later, flutes were made of metals such as tin, copper, or bronze. Modern concert flutes are usually made of high-grade metal alloys, usually containing nickel, silver, copper, or gold.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10553",
"title": "Flute",
"section": "Section::::Categories.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 854,
"text": "In its most basic form, a flute is an open tube which is blown into. After focused study and training, players use controlled air-direction to create an airstream in which the air is aimed downward into the tone hole of the flute's headjoint. There are several broad classes of flutes. With most flutes, the musician blows directly across the edge of the mouthpiece, with 1/4 of their bottom lip covering the embouchure hole. However, some flutes, such as the whistle, gemshorn, flageolet, recorder, tin whistle, tonette, fujara, and ocarina have a duct that directs the air onto the edge (an arrangement that is termed a \"fipple\"). These are known as fipple flutes. The fipple gives the instrument a distinct timbre which is different from non-fipple flutes and makes the instrument easier to play, but takes a degree of control away from the musician.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10553",
"title": "Flute",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 464,
"text": "The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening. According to the instrument classification of Hornbostel–Sachs, flutes are categorized as edge-blown aerophones. A musician who plays the flute can be referred to as a flute player, flautist, flutist or, less commonly, fluter or flutenist.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33882",
"title": "Woodwind instrument",
"section": "Section::::Flutes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 361,
"text": "To produce a sound with a closed flute, the player is required to blow air into a duct. This duct acts as a channel bringing the air to a sharp edge. As with the open flutes, the air is then split; this causes the column of air within the closed flute to vibrate and produce sound. Examples of this type of flute include the recorder, ocarina, and organ pipes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23442958",
"title": "Wind instrument",
"section": "Section::::Physics of sound production.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 699,
"text": "The sound production in a flute can be described by a lumped element model in which the pipe acts as an acoustic swing (mass-spring system, resonator) that preferentially oscillates at a natural frequency determined by the length of the tube. The instability of the jet acts as an amplifier transferring energy from the steady jet flow at the flue exit to the oscillating flow around the labium. The pipe forms with the jet a feedback loop. These two elements are coupled at the flue exit and at the labium. At the flue exit the transversal acoustic flow of the pipe perturbs the jet. At the labium the jet oscillation results in a generation of acoustic waves, which maintain the pipe oscillation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
lhqpo
|
Is it possible to cause light to travel in an "orbit"?
|
[
{
"answer": "This happens at 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius outside a stationary black hole.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Sure. There's a region outside nonrotating black holes called the photon sphere where exctly that happens, and it gets more interesting for rotating ones.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This happens at 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius outside a stationary black hole.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Sure. There's a region outside nonrotating black holes called the photon sphere where exctly that happens, and it gets more interesting for rotating ones.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "37856",
"title": "Alcubierre drive",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 487,
"text": "Rather than exceeding the speed of light within a local reference frame, a spacecraft would traverse distances by contracting space in front of it and expanding space behind it, resulting in effective faster-than-light travel. Objects cannot accelerate to the speed of light within normal spacetime; instead, the Alcubierre drive shifts space around an object so that the object would arrive at its destination faster than light would in normal space without breaking any physical laws.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2315180",
"title": "De Sitter double star experiment",
"section": "Section::::The effect.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 878,
"text": "In 1913, Willem de Sitter argued that if this was true, a star in a double-star system would usually have an orbit that caused it to have alternating approach and recession velocities, and light emitted from different parts of the orbital path would then travel towards us at different speeds. For a nearby star with a small orbital velocity (or whose orbital plane was almost perpendicular to our line of view) this might merely make the star's orbit seem erratic, but for a sufficient combination of orbital speed and distance (and inclination), the \"fast\" light given off during approach would be able to catch up with and even overtake \"slow\" light emitted earlier during a recessional part of the star's orbit, and the star would present an image that was scrambled and out of sequence. That is, Kepler's laws of motion would apparently be violated for a distant observer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "74327",
"title": "Principle of relativity",
"section": "Section::::General principle of relativity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 623,
"text": "The problems involved are not always so trivial. Special relativity predicts that an observer in an inertial reference frame doesn't see objects he would describe as moving faster than the speed of light. However, in the non-inertial reference frame of Earth, treating a spot on the Earth as a fixed point, the stars are observed to move in the sky, circling once about the Earth per day. Since the stars are light years away, this observation means that, in the non-inertial reference frame of the Earth, anybody who looks at the stars is seeing objects which appear, to them, to be moving faster than the speed of light.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1411100",
"title": "Introduction to general relativity",
"section": "Section::::Astrophysical applications.:Gravitational lensing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 730,
"text": "Since light is deflected in a gravitational field, it is possible for the light of a distant object to reach an observer along two or more paths. For instance, light of a very distant object such as a quasar can pass along one side of a massive galaxy and be deflected slightly so as to reach an observer on Earth, while light passing along the opposite side of that same galaxy is deflected as well, reaching the same observer from a slightly different direction. As a result, that particular observer will see one astronomical object in two different places in the night sky. This kind of focussing is well known when it comes to optical lenses, and hence the corresponding gravitational effect is called gravitational lensing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2315180",
"title": "De Sitter double star experiment",
"section": "Section::::Notes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 370,
"text": "BULLET::::- De Sitter's experiment was criticized because of extinction effects by J. G. Fox. That is, during their flight to Earth, the light rays would have been absorbed and re-emitted by interstellar matter nearly at rest relative to Earth, so that the speed of light should become constant with respect to Earth, regardless of the motion of the original source(s).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37850",
"title": "Beam-powered propulsion",
"section": "Section::::Direct impulse.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 442,
"text": "One example of this would be using a solar sail to reflect a laser beam. This concept, called a \"laser-pushed lightsail,\" was initially proposed by Marx but first analyzed in detail, and elaborated on, by physicist Robert L. Forward in 1989 as a method of Interstellar travel that would avoid extremely high mass ratios by not carrying fuel. Further analysis of the concept was done by Landis, Mallove and Matloff, Andrews Lubin, and others.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38193228",
"title": "White–Juday warp-field interferometer",
"section": "Section::::Warp-drive research and potential for interstellar propulsion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 299,
"text": "Physicist and EarthTech CEO Harold E. Puthoff has explained that, contrary to widespread belief, even the highly blue-shifted light seen on board such a spaceship would not fry its crew, being bathed in strong UV light and X-rays. It would, however, be dangerous to anyone seeing it fly by closely.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
27g5ju
|
how does intuition or instinct work?
|
[
{
"answer": "This is an INCREDIBLY interesting topic... I don't know if this was just an 'idle-curiousity' ELI5 or one that touched on something you really are passionate about... if it is the latter, go to Amazon and purchase _URL_0_\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We have senses, you are normally taught about the 5 cardinal senses, taste, touch, sight, sound and smell.\n\nBut in truth, depending on the definition, we have more. Including the sense of direction, the sense of pain, your sense of balance, and the sense that allows you to know where you limbs are without seeing them (close your eyes and clap your hands).\n\nBecause of this, we actually have other senses that are less descriptive, like a sense that allows us to perceive danger, or a sense that allows us to know when to go into \"flight or fight\".\n\nBut that's a bit of a tangent, instincts are preprogrammed muscle reactions in some cases. Like instinctively covering your stomach when being attacked, or instinctively covering your head when falling.\n\nInstincts are our natural reactions. Reactions that have become ingrained in our subconscious as \n\nIntuition is the conscious use of those instincts to know things. ie Instinct tells a person that a crying baby is a bad thing, but intuition is looking at the baby and knowing that it's not hungry, it needs a diaper change.\n\nIntuition only seems to occur in some instances, because it truly does only occur at certain times, it's an insight, and sometimes you just have no insight into a situation.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Klein, a research scientist and the founder of his own company, presents his thesis that intuition is an essential, powerful, and practical tool for decision making and not a special gift of perception or magic. Defining intuition as the way we translate our experience into action, he shows how anyone can build intuitive decision-making skills through a program of mental conditioning. The origin of this book is interesting: the U.S. Marine Corps sponsored Klein's initial research and asked his company to develop a training program that would strengthen marines' intuitive abilities",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "13923102",
"title": "Criteria of truth",
"section": "Section::::Intuition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 717,
"text": "Intuition is an assumed truth with an unknown, or possibly unexamined, source. It is a judgment that is not dependent on a rational examination of the facts. It is usually experienced as a sudden sensation and/or rush of thoughts that feel \"right\". Many persons experience intuitive epiphanies which later prove to be true. Scholars have sometimes come upon valid theories and proofs while daydreaming or otherwise mentally occupied with something bearing no apparent relationship to the truth they seek to reveal. Intuition is at best a source for truths, rather than a criterion with which to evaluate them. Intuitive knowledge requires testing by means of other criteria of truth in order to confirm its accuracy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "154170",
"title": "Intuition",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 407,
"text": "Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without recourse to conscious reasoning. Different writers give the word \"intuition\" a great variety of different meanings, ranging from direct access to unconscious knowledge, unconscious cognition, inner sensing, inner insight to unconscious pattern-recognition and the ability to understand something instinctively, without the need for conscious reasoning.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "243391",
"title": "Knowledge",
"section": "Section::::Partial knowledge.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 203,
"text": "Intuition is the ability to acquire partial knowledge without inference or the use of reason. An individual may \"know\" about a situation and be unable to explain the process that led to their knowledge.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13487278",
"title": "Intuition (Bergson)",
"section": "Section::::Intuition and the Absolute.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 315,
"text": "It can be seen then that intuition is a method that aims at getting back to and knowing the things themselves, in all their uniqueness and ineffable originality. The one thing it is certain one can grasp from within through sympathy is the self. Intuition therefore begins with placing oneself within the Duration.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2882373",
"title": "Adaptive unconscious",
"section": "Section::::Intuition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 653,
"text": "Intuition comes from tapping into the adaptive unconscious. The adaptive unconscious is that liminal zone between dreams and reality, what might be called a reciprocal of experiences, memories, and dreams. Working within the adaptive unconscious involves browsing through a series of sense impressions and making comparisons regarding a situation and using past experiences to dissolve sensory boundaries which then results in intuition. There is also a study that cited intuition as a result of the way our brain stores, processes and uses the information of our subconscious. It becomes useful when reasoning and rationality provide no rapid answer. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "63753",
"title": "Rationalism",
"section": "Section::::Philosophical usage.:Thesis of rationalism.:The Intuition/Deduction Thesis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 266,
"text": "Generally speaking, intuition is \"a priori\" knowledge or experiential belief characterized by its immediacy; a form of rational insight. We simply \"see\" something in such a way as to give us a warranted belief. Beyond that, the nature of intuition is hotly debated.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "154170",
"title": "Intuition",
"section": "Section::::Psychology.:Modern psychology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 415,
"text": "Instinct is often misinterpreted as intuition and its reliability considered to be dependent on past knowledge and occurrences in a specific area. For example, someone who has had more experiences with children will tend to have a better instinct about what they should do in certain situations with them. This is not to say that one with a great amount of experience is always going to have an accurate intuition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4ut8zb
|
is it possible to manipulate your voice? such as make it raspier, more hoarse or deeper?
|
[
{
"answer": "Permanently? Not without outside help. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If you want to become hoarse, you can start screaming. Football coaches who have been screaming daily for two decades tend to be a bit hoarse.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "10722255",
"title": "Death growl",
"section": "Section::::Technique.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 1026,
"text": "Voice teachers teach different techniques, but long-term use will still take its toll if done incorrectly – these techniques are designed to reduce rather than eliminate harm. However it has been shown by many vocalists (ex. Christian Älvestam) that long-term use of these techniques can occur without causing harm to the voice. The techniques usually involve using the diaphragm and air pressure on the throat to form the sound, similar to forms of overtone singing. As a person tries to squeeze their throat, the sound gets less intense (usually used for higher growls/screams to decrease tension on chords). Some vocalists (ex. Danny Worsnop, Oliver Sykes) tend to use too much pressure on their throats and thus have vocal cord problems/defects. The Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre in The Netherlands reported in June 2007 that, because of the increased popularity of growling in the region, it was treating several patients who had performed the techniques incorrectly for edema and polyps on the vocal folds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32609",
"title": "Vocal loading",
"section": "Section::::Symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 201,
"text": "Secondly, an increase in the hoarseness and strain of a voice can often be heard. Unfortunately, both properties are difficult to measure objectively, and only perceptual evaluations can be performed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7676",
"title": "Creaky voice",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 609,
"text": "In linguistics, creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation, vocal fry, or glottal fry) is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They normally vibrate irregularly at 20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of normal voicing, and the airflow through the glottis is very slow. Although creaky voice may occur with very low pitch, as at the end of a long intonation unit, it can also occur with a higher pitch.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "521571",
"title": "Laryngitis",
"section": "Section::::Signs and symptoms.:Voice quality.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 361,
"text": "Aside from a hoarse-sounding voice, changes to pitch and volume may occur with laryngitis. Speakers may experience a lower or higher pitch than normal, depending on whether their vocal folds are swollen or stiff. They may also have breathier voices, as more air flows through the space between the vocal folds (the glottis), quieter volume and a reduced range.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2726497",
"title": "Hoarse voice",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Employment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 813,
"text": "It has been suggested that certain occupational groups may be at increased risk of developing dysphonia due to the excessive or intense vocal demands of their work. Research on this topic has primarily focused on teachers and singers, although some studies have examined other groups of heavy voice users (e.g. actors, cheerleaders, aerobic instructors, etc.). At present, it is known that teachers and singers are likely to report dysphonia. Moreover, physical education teachers, teachers in noisy environments, and those who habitually use a loud speaking voice are at increased risk. However, the exact prevalence rates for occupational voice users are unclear, as individual studies have varied widely in the methodologies used to obtain data (e.g. employing different operational definitions for \"singer\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2726497",
"title": "Hoarse voice",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 894,
"text": "A hoarse voice, also known as dysphonia, is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch. A hoarse voice, can be associated with a feeling of unease or scratchiness in the throat. Hoarseness is often a symptom of problems in the vocal folds of the larynx. It may be caused by laryngitis, which in turn may be caused by an upper respiratory infection, a cold, or allergies. Cheering at sporting events, speaking loudly in noisy situations, talking for too long without resting one's voice, singing loudly, or speaking with a voice that's too high or too low can also cause temporary hoarseness. A number of other causes for losing one's voice exist, and treatment is generally by resting the voice and treating the underlying cause. If the cause is misuse or overuse of the voice, drinking plenty of water may alleviate the problems.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13502135",
"title": "Puberphonia",
"section": "Section::::Assessment.:Patient profile.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 601,
"text": "Puberphonia is most often diagnosed in adolescent or adult male patients. These patients often seek referral to a voice professional because of the social consequences of speaking in the falsetto register. Because a high-pitched voice is not pathologized in women, women are less likely to be referred to clinicians to treat falsetto speech. Some older adult women, however, may seek a referral for this disorder due to increasing weakness of their voice and vocal fatigue at the end of the day (these cases are often referred to as \"juvenile voice\" or \"little girl's voice\" rather than puberphonia).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3lys1c
|
Was there a moment that was agreed upon to be the basis for clocks moving forward?
|
[
{
"answer": "The globally agreed upon standard for time is called [Coordinated Universal Time or UTC.](_URL_1_) The wiki has plenty of information on the standard, but basically in 1960 a bunch of national labs (e.g. _URL_0_ from NIST in the US) agreed upon the standard. Prior to this (and importantly prior to the invention of the hyper-accurate caesium clock) a reference midnight time was set based on astronomical observations.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "See also [Unix time](_URL_0_), which uses January 1, 1970 as its reference point. On any Unix-y machine, getting the number of seconds since this time is simply\n\n date +\"%s\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "42136909",
"title": "Paddington Town Hall",
"section": "Section::::Description.:External description.:Clock tower.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 351,
"text": "The clock was officially set in motion on 30 August 1905, by Joseph Carruthers, the Premier of New South Wales, who noted that he \"thought that the day on which peace had been declared between Russia and Japan was a fitting time to set it in motion\" and that \"he hoped there would be peace and goodwill on earth as long as the clock continued to go\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48740",
"title": "Henri Poincaré",
"section": "Section::::Work.:Work on relativity.:Local time.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 261,
"text": "Based on these assumptions he discussed in 1900 Lorentz's \"wonderful invention\" of local time and remarked that it arose when moving clocks are synchronised by exchanging light signals assumed to travel with the same speed in both directions in a moving frame.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24372574",
"title": "One-way speed of light",
"section": "Section::::Theories in which the one-way speed of light is not equal to the two-way speed.:Theories equivalent to special relativity.:Lorentz ether theory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 706,
"text": "In 1904 and 1905, Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré proposed a theory which explained this result as being due the effect of motion through the aether on the lengths of physical objects and the speed at which clocks ran. Due to motion through the aether objects would shrink along the direction of motion and clocks would slow down. Thus, in this theory, slowly transported clocks do not, in general, remain synchronized although this effect cannot be observed. The equations describing this theory are known as the Lorentz transformations. In 1905 these transformations became the basic equations of Einstein's special theory of relativity which proposed the same results without reference to an aether.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31429",
"title": "Twin paradox",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 534,
"text": "In his famous paper on special relativity in 1905, Albert Einstein deduced that when two clocks were brought together and synchronized, and then one was moved away and brought back, the clock which had undergone the traveling would be found to be lagging behind the clock which had stayed put. Einstein considered this to be a natural consequence of special relativity, not a paradox as some suggested, and in 1911, he restated and elaborated on this result as follows (with physicist Robert Resnick's comments following Einstein's):\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5643755",
"title": "January 1968",
"section": "Section::::January 9, 1968 (Tuesday).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "BULLET::::- For the first time since 1955, the clocks in the tower hat houses Big Ben in London was stopped by the weather. Snow drifts and intense cold caused the clocks' hands to stop at 6:28 a.m.; maintenance crews were able to restart the clock nearly four hours later, at 10:10.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "514028",
"title": "Hafele–Keating experiment",
"section": "Section::::Historical and scientific background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 885,
"text": "In his original 1905 paper on special relativity, Einstein suggested a possible test of the theory: \"Thence we conclude that a spring-clock at the equator must go more slowly, by a very small amount, than a precisely similar clock situated at one of the poles under otherwise identical conditions.\" Actually, it is now known that all clocks located at sea-level on the Earth's surface tick at the same rate, regardless of latitude, because kinematic and gravitational time dilation effects cancel out. The kinematic effect was verified in the 1938 Ives–Stilwell experiment and in the 1940 Rossi–Hall experiment. General relativity's prediction of the gravitational effect was confirmed in 1959 by Pound and Rebka. These experiments, however, used subatomic particles, and were therefore less direct than the type of measurement with actual clocks as originally envisioned by Einstein.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31847790",
"title": "Leonard Cutler",
"section": "Section::::Career.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 386,
"text": "In 1967, his cesium \"flying clock\" was used in flights around the world to bring timekeeping accuracy down to about 0.1 microseconds. In 1972 and 1976, these same clocks were used in flight tests verifying Albert Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, showing that time does slow down the faster you move or the closer you are to a source of gravity, such as the Earth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3uoqkm
|
indians: what is the deal with the train system in india?
|
[
{
"answer": "The main thing is the huge gap between the users and the providers of this service. \n\nAlso, indians love sitting on top of trains/buses. plus i think its cheaper to travel like that instead of INSIDE the bus. \n\nAnd trains, its basically 'last one in, first one out'. what with all the bustling, people want to get wherever they want to as fast as possible, and hanging out of trains is a prerequisite. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "South Indian here. In my 22 years of life I have never seen anyone sit on top of the train. But have seen people hanging on train and bus. Even I have hanged on to the door sometimes during some short distance bus travel. I never had fear of falling down. Its more like a positive attitude that I won't fall off the bus. Moreover at peak hours in metro cities no matter how much transport system is available there is simply too much demand. I don't think its ever possible at all by the government to meet such a huge demand especially in peak hours(Morning 8-10 A.M., Evening 5-8 P.M.). Ultimately its all down to overpopulation and government not simply being able to meet the demand.\n\nHowever there are some other kind of people(Mostly college students, teens) that do it for the fun and thrill. Its fun for them to hang on to the doors.\n\nAs for as the top of the trains is concerned its not prevailing in south India. I have only seen them in TVs. But the reasoning is the same. 1.) Not enough transport facilities due to overpopulation. 2.)Our mentality is not to fear for those things. 3.) There are people who do it for the fun and thrill of doing it 4.) For some people its the only way of transport.\n\nNow you might ask that even china is overpopulated but that is not an issue for them. Its because China have a better economy.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5416448",
"title": "Indian Railways organisational structure",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 383,
"text": "The Indian Railways are broadly organised from functional groups within the Indian Railway Service. India's rail system is managed at a regional level since Indian Railways have divided themselves into eighteen zonal railways. Each zone, headed by a General Manager, is semi-autonomous and this creates a matrix organisation where the functional branches are under dual control viz.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18629462",
"title": "Railway crew management in India",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "Indian Railway, the world's largest network (under a single management), consists of more than 100,000 Loco Pilots (Drivers) and Train Managers (Guards), which forms the basic functioning team, responsible for Train Operations. They are the highest salaried staffs among the group C staffs in Indian Railways and get many more benefits.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "105849",
"title": "Inter-city rail",
"section": "Section::::Overview of Inter-city rail by country.:Asia.:South Asia.:India.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 542,
"text": "Indian inter-city trains are run by Indian Railways. With of rail routes and 6,800 stations, the railway network in India is the third-largest in the world (after Russia and China) and the largest in the world in terms of passenger kilometres. Shatabdi Express, Jan Shatabdi Express, Rajdhani Express and Duronto Express are the fastest Inter-city services in India of which the Bhopal Shatabdi Express is the fastest train of India. All long-distance journeys generally require a reservation and unreserved travel is allowed in some trains.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38041045",
"title": "Railway Schools in India",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 266,
"text": "Railway schools are a chain of educational institutions in India run by the government, under the aegis of Ministry of Railways. These schools cater the education needs for the wards of railway and non-railway employees. The schools were established by the British.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51314773",
"title": "Longest train services of Indian Railways",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 319,
"text": "Indian Railways (IR) is one of the world's largest railway networks comprising of track over a route of and 7,112 stations. In 2014-15, IR carried 8.397 billion passengers annually or more than 23 million passengers a day (roughly half of whom were suburban passengers) and 1058.81 million tons of freight in the year.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "655887",
"title": "Indian Railways",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 348,
"text": "Indian Railways (IR) is India's national railway system operated by the Ministry of Railways. It manages the fourth largest railway network in the world by size, with a route length of and total track length of as of March 2017. Routes are electrified with 25 kV AC electric traction while thirty three percent of them are double or multi-tracked.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25715",
"title": "Rail transport",
"section": "Section::::Social, economical, and energetic aspects.:Subsidies.:Asia.:India.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 155,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 155,
"end_character": 271,
"text": "The Indian railways are subsidized by around , of which around 60% goes to commuter rail and short-haul trips. It is the fourth largest railway network in the world comprising of total track and of running track over a route of with 7,216 stations at the end of 2015–16.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
20pttf
|
Explain the application of Five Sigma for me?
|
[
{
"answer": "Let's define a few terms first:\n\nSigma (σ) in this case represents standard deviation. Standard deviation is the mean distance of values from the mean (μ) of the set of values.\n\nA normal (or Gaussian) distribution is probably the most common probability density function. It's some function like e^-(x-μ)^(2)/2σ^2 and gives curves like [these](_URL_0_). μ is the central value of a Gaussian, and σ parametrises the width at some height (I forget where).\n\nIf you measure something with purely random variance/deviation, you should get a Gaussian distribution. (See the [Central Limit Theorem](_URL_1_))\n\nThe number of sigma, when talking about the strength of a signal, is a measure of probability of being within (or outwith) so many standard deviations away from the mean.\n\ne.g. the probability of a point being within or outwith 1σ of the mean in any Gaussian distribution is 68.3% or 31.7% respectively. \n\n[This might explain it a bit better.](_URL_2_) \n\nWhen we say that we have a 5σ signal, we've calculated the local standard deviation around our peak and measured that our signal is 5 times that. This has an associated **probability that the signal is a statistical fluctuation in the data**, which is the approximately 1 in 2 million figure you quote.\n\nWith more data points, the precision increases. If there is a real signal, the significance also increases. This can be demonstrated with the approximation that σ^2 ∝ N where N is the number of events. If we have S events in our peak and B events around and underneath the peak, the significance is S/sqrt(S+B) so if both S and B increase with the same proportion as we collect more data, then the significance goes up.\n\nThe choice of 5σ is completely arbitrary. It's a number that was agreed upon by consensus to be enough to make claims of discovery (once it has been independently confirmed by another experiment). However it's not completely perfect, take for example the 5.1σ [pentaquark](_URL_4_) signal at [LEPS](_URL_3_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "What dukwon said is a good explanation but I'd like to highlight a few more things about statistical significance. \n\nWhen you're trying to prove something you usually plot the probability that your data supports a hypothetical value. In the case of BICEP the value of interest is \"r\" (the tensor-to-scalar ratio). So you plot the probability that your data shows r is some value. If r=0 then that's the null hypothesis, there's no gravitational waves. If r > 0 then you've proven that the null hypothesis is not correct and that there are gravitational waves. So the plot of probability vs r value for BICEP looks like [this](_URL_0_).\n\nAs you can see the probability that r=.2 is hugely more likely than r=0. In fact if you look you can see that the standard deviation σ is about .05. So this plot shows that r=0 is 4σ from the mean. (This plot doesn't show the 5σ result, that's later in their paper) That means the null hypothesis heavily disfavored to the r=0.2 hypothesis.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "222448",
"title": "Six Sigma",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.:Potential negative effects.:Stifling creativity in research environments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 92,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 92,
"end_character": 577,
"text": "According to an article by John Dodge, editor in chief of \"Design News\", use of Six Sigma is inappropriate in a research environment. Dodge states \"excessive metrics, steps, measurements and Six Sigma's intense focus on reducing variability water down the discovery process. Under Six Sigma, the free-wheeling nature of brainstorming and the serendipitous side of discovery is stifled.\" He concludes \"there's general agreement that freedom in basic or pure research is preferable while Six Sigma works best in incremental innovation when there's an expressed commercial goal.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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"wikipedia_id": "222448",
"title": "Six Sigma",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
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"text": "Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It was introduced by engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1980. Jack Welch made it central to his business strategy at General Electric in 1995. A six sigma process is one in which 99.99966% of all opportunities to produce some feature of a part are statistically expected to be free of defects.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1724836",
"title": "Reliability engineering",
"section": "Section::::Reliability versus quality (Six Sigma).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 196,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 196,
"end_character": 950,
"text": "Six-Sigma is also more quantified (measurement-based). The core of Six-Sigma is built on empirical research and statistical analysis (e.g. to find transfer functions) of directly measurable parameters. This can not be translated practically to most reliability issues, as reliability is not (easily) measurable due to being very much a function of time (large times may be involved), especially during the requirements-specification and design phases, where reliability engineering is the most efficient. Full quantification of reliability is in this phase extremely difficult or costly (due to the amount of testing required). It also may foster re-active management (waiting for system failures to be measured before a decision can be taken). Furthermore, as explained on this page, Reliability problems are likely to come from many different causes (e.g. inherent failures, human error, systematic failures) besides manufacturing induced defects.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "222448",
"title": "Six Sigma",
"section": "Section::::Doctrine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 938,
"text": "The term \"six sigma\" comes from statistics and is used in statistical quality control, which evaluates process capability. Originally, it referred to the ability of manufacturing processes to produce a very high proportion of output within specification. Processes that operate with \"six sigma quality\" over the short term are assumed to produce long-term defect levels below 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO). The 3.4 dpmo is based on a \"shift\" of ± 1.5 sigma created by the psychologist Dr Mikel Harry. He created this figure based on the tolerance in the height of a stack of discs. Six Sigma's implicit goal is to improve all processes, but not to the 3.4 DPMO level necessarily. Organizations need to determine an appropriate sigma level for each of their most important processes and strive to achieve these. As a result of this goal, it is incumbent on management of the organization to prioritize areas of improvement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27590",
"title": "Standard deviation",
"section": "Section::::Interpretation and application.:Application examples.:Experiment, industrial and hypothesis testing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 96,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 96,
"end_character": 550,
"text": "In experimental science, a theoretical model of reality is used. Particle physics conventionally uses a standard of \"5 sigma\" for the declaration of a discovery. A five-sigma level translates to one chance in 3.5 million that a random fluctuation would yield the result. This level of certainty was required in order to assert that a particle consistent with the Higgs boson had been discovered in two independent experiments at CERN, and this was also the significance level leading to the declaration of the first detection of gravitational waves.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "718273",
"title": "Design for Six Sigma",
"section": "Section::::Distinctions from DMAIC.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 1243,
"text": "Design for Six Sigma emerged from the Six Sigma and the Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control (DMAIC) quality methodologies, which were originally developed by Motorola to systematically improve processes by eliminating defects. Unlike its traditional Six Sigma/DMAIC predecessors, which are usually focused on solving existing manufacturing issues (i.e., \"fire fighting\"), DFSS aims at avoiding manufacturing problems by taking a more proactive approach to problem solving and engaging the company efforts at an early stage to reduce problems that could occur (i.e., \"fire prevention\"). The primary goal of DFSS is to achieve a significant reduction in the number of nonconforming units and production variation. It starts from an understanding of the customer expectations, needs and Critical to Quality issues (CTQs) before a design can be completed. Typically in a DFSS program, only a small portion of the CTQs are reliability-related (CTR), and therefore, reliability does not get center stage attention in DFSS. DFSS rarely looks at the long-term (after manufacturing) issues that might arise in the product (e.g. complex fatigue issues or electrical wear-out, chemical issues, cascade effects of failures, system level interactions).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "222448",
"title": "Six Sigma",
"section": "Section::::Implementation roles.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 474,
"text": "One key innovation of Six Sigma involves the absolute \"professionalizing\" of quality management functions. Prior to Six Sigma, quality management in practice was largely relegated to the production floor and to statisticians in a separate quality department. Formal Six Sigma programs adopt a kind of elite ranking terminology (similar to some martial arts systems, like judo) to define a hierarchy (and special career path) that includes all business functions and levels.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1psyq9
|
Were their any internal anti-imperialist movements at any time during ancient Romes existence?
|
[
{
"answer": "I don't really know about any internal rebellions against the Imperial system, rather than an individual emperor, but I'll try to answer your question. (Note that I'm in no way a historian.)\n\nRome was first ruled by Kings. Romulus is fabled to have founded Rome and was her first King. It had several kings until [Tarquinius Superbus](_URL_2_) got exciled and Rome turned into a Republic. In this case you could say it was against a system in which one man held power (though a King, rather than emperor). \n\nAt the end of the Republic, it became clear that the current system could no longer reign in the ambitions of several men, including Gaius Julius Caesar. He got murdered for, well, being a dictator and destroying the Republic. Again, this was done in fear of Caesar keeping all the power, so they plotters definitely would have objected to an Imperial system that emerged a bit later.\n\n\nAfter Caesar, there was a civil war, after which Augustus came to power as the first emperor. He ruled for 40 years and the Republic wasn't functioning quite well beforehand, so after his death, there weren't a lot of people who remembered the glory-days of the Republic and who had lived most of their lives in the [Pax Augusta](_URL_3_), whereas the last days of the Republic were those of continuous civil war. I doubt many *wanted* back to those days. Since Tiberius (Augustus successor) was doing okay and the transition between Augustus and Tiberius was smooth, few objected to him either. Nero, though, is a very different story.\n\n\n\nBesides, we must realize that being emperor must appeal to a lot of ambitious men, so most wouldn't have objected against the institution, rather the current emperor. So I don't think a substantial group wanted to move back to the old system, where they would have to share power with another consul, and could only be a consul for 1 year. There are, however, some important notes I have to make on this:\n\n* The Christians were prosecuted at first for not recognizing the divinity of the emperor. I don't think they really objected to having an emperor or a single ruler per se, especially since they had no problems with the emperors whatsoever once they turned Christian. \n* The Roman Empire was once split into two and ruled by four people: a [Tetrarchy](_URL_1_). Again, not really against the imperial system, as Diocletian (emperor who installed it) simply realized the empire had become to big and complicated for one man to rule. \n\nThere have been a lot of revolts against emperors in the Imperial period, but most simply resulted in a new emperor who was a bit more careful in keeping the people happy. These were not really revolts from recently conquered people, but really the people within the Roman Empire, and especially the people in Rome, as they would notice first when an Emperor was becoming too tyrannical. \nIf you want to know more about the revolts against all the emperors (or which emperors were actually really loved by their subjects) I recommend reading Fik Meijer's [Emperors don't die in bed](_URL_0_). ",
"provenance": null
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "47497309",
"title": "Despotism",
"section": "Section::::Ancient Greece and oriental despotism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 1305,
"text": "Edward Gibbon suggested that the increasing use of Oriental-style despotism by the Roman emperors was a major factor in the fall of the Roman Empire, particularly from the reign of Elagabalus: As the attention of the new emperor was diverted by the most trifling amusements, he wasted many months in his luxurious progress from Syria to Italy, passed at Nicomedia his first winter after his victory, and deferred till the ensuing summer his triumphal entry into the capital. A faithful picture, however, which preceded his arrival, and was placed by his immediate order over the altar of Victory in the senate-house, conveyed to the Romans the just but unworthy resemblance of his person and manners. He was drawn in his sacerdotal robes of silk and gold, after the loose flowing fashion of the Medes and Phoenicians; his head was covered with a lofty tiara, his numerous collars and bracelets were adorned with gems of an inestimable value. His eyebrows were tinged with black, and his cheeks painted with an artificial red and white. The grave senators confessed with a sigh, that, after having long experienced the stern tyranny of their own countrymen, Rome was at length humbled beneath the effeminate luxury of Oriental despotism. (\"The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire\", Book One, Chapter Six)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "77610",
"title": "Gaius Cassius Longinus",
"section": "Section::::Epicureanism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 375,
"text": "The inconsistencies between traditional Epicureanism and an active approach to securing freedom ultimately could not be resolved, and during the Empire, the philosophy of political opposition tended to be Stoic. This circumstance, Momigliano argues, helps explain why historians of the Imperial era found Cassius more difficult to understand than Brutus, and less admirable.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4917437",
"title": "Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation",
"section": "Section::::The Front's name.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 1234,
"text": "It has been traditionally claimed by Slovene historians that the term \"Anti-Imperialist Front\" was the first to occur. This may be read for example in a work by Peter Vodopivec from 2006. In 2008, the historian Bojan Godeša published a peer-reviewed discussion about the name. He mentions a leaflet from the end of April 1941 with \"liberation front\" (non-capitalised) written on it, two months before the first known mention of the \"anti-imperialist front\" (non-capitalised) on 22 June 1941. He also mentions that Josip Rus, who represented the Slovene Sokol Society in the founding meeting of the OF, always claimed they had only discussed the organisation as the \"Liberation Front\". That's contrary to the opinion by Josip Vidmar, also a founding member, who stated that the organisation was renamed as \"Liberation Front\" only on 30 June 1941. The claims by Godeša have been cited in a seminar by Božo Repe, another eminent historian, who added that the name \"Anti-Imperialist Front\", written with capital letters, was used particularly in the communication with the Communists of the Soviet Union. He attributed this to the desire of the Slovene Communists to demonstrate that their work corresponded to the aims of the Comintern.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8705545",
"title": "Kingdom of David",
"section": "Section::::The Book and the Sword.:Antiochus, the Madman.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 416,
"text": "The Seleucid Empire succeeded Alexander upon his death in the early 4th century BC. At first, the Seleucid emperors were content to have Greek culture slowly influence Jewish customs. But, in 185 BC Antiochus IV, derisively labeled \"the madman\" in Judea, had a different idea when he decreed that all of his subjects were to follow one common religion in order to unify the empire. That religion was not monotheism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56069466",
"title": "Stoic Opposition",
"section": "Section::::Concept.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 685,
"text": "The concept of a \"Stoic opposition\" dates back to the 19th century and the work of Gaston Boissier. He proposed the theory that the opposition to the emperors in the 1st century was predominantly led by Stoics who opposed the arbitrary use of power in favour of a coherent philosophical rule. The opposition began under Nero, and continued under the Flavian emperors, primarily Vespasian and Domitian, provoking the trials of Stoic senators and the expulsions of philosophers from Rome. This idea was elaborated upon and extended in the 20th-century by writers drawing on the textual evidence showing how Stoic doctrines were regarded as politically suspicious throughout this period.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1116470",
"title": "Proskynesis",
"section": "Section::::Applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 633,
"text": "The emperor Diocletian (AD 284-305) is usually thought to have introduced the practice to the Roman Empire, forming a break with the Republican institutions of the principate, which preserved the form, if not the intent, of republican government. However, there is some evidence that an informal form of proskynesis was already practiced at the court of Septimius Severus. The political reason for this change was to elevate the role of the emperor from \"first citizen\" to an otherworldly ruler, remote from his subjects, thus reducing the likelihood of successful revolt, which had plagued the Empire during the preceding 50 years.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39443",
"title": "Aragon",
"section": "Section::::History.:Ancient history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 79,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 79,
"end_character": 378,
"text": "There were different uprisings of the Iberian peoples against the Romans, in 194 BCE sees a general uprising with elimination of half of the Roman army, in 188 BCE Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus, praetor of the Citerior, must confront in Calagurris (Calahorra) with the Celtiberians, in the 184 BCE Terentius Varro did it with the Suessetani, to those who took the capital, Corbio.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
wafnq
|
The Science behind HAARP?
|
[
{
"answer": "[Searched](_URL_4_)\n\nRelevant [discussion](_URL_6_)\n\nOriginal question by [permanentmarker](_URL_2_)\n\n > [the comment in question](_URL_9_)\n\n > Above is a link to the top rated comment on a post about the atmosphere above Japan heating rapidly before the March 11 earthquake.\n\n > I have heard one person on reddit go off about HAARP before, but the guy could barely formulate a sentence and could not explain why he thought [HAARP](_URL_8_) was responsible for the earthquakes in Japan.\n\n > I guess my question is, what is the deal with HAARP, and why do some people think that it's responsible for [all kinds of stuff](_URL_0_)? Sorry if this is a lame question, I just don't understand how something like this could be responsible for such a diverse list of things (earthquakes and flooding to the downing of TWA flight 800 and Gulf War Syndrome..)\n\n > Thanks for reading and thank you in advance for enlightening me on the subject if you are able.\n\n\nRelevant comment courtesy [mobilehypo](_URL_5_)\n\n > I'm not an expert but I can give you the basic answer: The HAARP doesn't have any role in these things. It heats the ionosphere. That's about it. If you read the whole HAARP wiki article you'll see that popular fiction has contributed to the conspiracy theories.\n\n > Your question isn't lame, but when faced with this kind of information you need to consider what is the logical conclusion. You have a really great resource in your brain. Asking this question is good, but you also should have confidence in your own conclusions. :)\n\n > Hopefully someone with a different color tag will show up if you've got more questions.\n\n\nRelevant [follow-up](_URL_1_) courtesy [Sannish](_URL_3_)\n\n > HAARP will always be a subject to conspiracy theories because people don't understand the ionosphere, don't know what HAARP does and because it is in a remote location.\n\n > There is also [some evidence](_URL_7_) that earthquakes can have effects on the ionosphere. So they read \"Earthquake = Ionosphere\" and then hear about a remote station that effects the ionosphere and get \"Government Controls Ionosphere\", which leads them to the conclusion \"Government Controls Earthquakes\".\n\n > As far as plane crashes the plane would need to fly directly overhead of HAARP while it was running to see any effect and even then it would probably just give them some heavy static on their radios.\n\n > Flooding and other things being caused by HAARP is just nonsensical. It puts out less power then lightning and there worldwide transmitters operating at ~200-500 kW that don't appear to have any effects.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "11744667",
"title": "European Flood Awareness System",
"section": "Section::::Links to other projects and initiatives.:HEPEX - the Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 846,
"text": "HEPEX was founded in 2004 with NOAA and ECMWF as co-chairs. It is an international research initiative with the aim to \"\"demonstrate the added value of hydrological ensemble predictions (HEPS) for emergency management and water resources sectors to make decisions that have important consequences for economy, public health and safety.\"\" HEPEX is organised around six major themes, i) Input and pre-processing, ii) Ensemble techniques and process modelling, iii) Data assimilation, iv) Post-processing, v) Verification and vi) Communication and use in decision making. More information on HEPEX and the possibility to participate in discussions can be found here. HEPEX is holding webinars which can be followed online with the possibility to ask question and participate in the discussion. HEPEXwebinars are transferred for online viewing here.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28901598",
"title": "Fish company",
"section": "Section::::Food safety.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 332,
"text": "HACCP is a system which identifies hazards and implements measures for their control. It was developed in 1960 by NASA to ensure food safety for the manned space program. The main objectives of NASA were to prevent food safety problems and control food borne diseases. HACCP has been used by the food industry since the late 1970. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37689507",
"title": "Neuroimaging intelligence testing",
"section": "Section::::Psychometrics.:Brain event-related potentials (ERPs).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 560,
"text": "ERPs can be measured using electroencephalography (EEG), which uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical activity of the brain. The ERP waveform itself is constructed from the averaged results of many trials (100 or more). The average reduces signal noise from random-brain activity, leaving just the ERP. An advantage of ERPs are that they measure processing between stimulus and response continuously. Having this stream of information makes it possible to see where the brain's electrical activity is being affected by specific stimuli.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14765419",
"title": "USP7",
"section": "Section::::Function.:Regulation of the p53 tumor suppressor.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 307,
"text": "USP7 or HAUSP is a ubiquitin specific protease or a deubiquitylating enzyme that cleaves ubiquitin from its substrates. Since ubiquitylation (polyubiquitination) is most commonly associated with the stability and degradation of cellular proteins, HAUSP activity generally stabilizes its substrate proteins.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19712504",
"title": "High-altitude platform station",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Telecommunications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 460,
"text": "One of the latest uses of HAPS has been for radiocommunication service. Research on HAPS is being actively carried largely in Europe, where scientists are considering them as a platform to deliver high-speed connectivity to users, over . It has gained significant interest because HAPS will be able to deliver bandwidth and capacity similar to a broadband wireless access network (such as WiMAX) while providing a coverage area similar to that of a satellite.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11967708",
"title": "Fish processing",
"section": "Section::::Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 425,
"text": "HACCP is a system which identifies hazards and implements measures for their control. It was first developed in 1960 by NASA to ensure food safety for the manned space program. The main objectives of NASA were to prevent food safety problems and control food borne diseases. HACCP has been widely used by food industry since the late 1970 and now it is internationally recognized as the best system for ensuring food safety.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "614230",
"title": "Event-related potential",
"section": "Section::::Advantages and disadvantages.:Relative to behavioral measures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 509,
"text": "Compared with behavioral procedures, ERPs provide a continuous measure of processing between a stimulus and a response, making it possible to determine which stage(s) are being affected by a specific experimental manipulation. Another advantage over behavioral measures is that they can provide a measure of processing of stimuli even when there is no behavioral change. However, because of the significantly small size of an ERP, it usually takes a large number of trials to accurately measure it correctly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1o263u
|
how do sinks work?
|
[
{
"answer": "I think you mean how do _faucets_ work, or _water pipes_. Pressure. The utility supplier pumps potable water into the top of the system. Boost pumps along the system keep the pressure up throughout the underground mains. This supplies the pressure to your house. When you open a faucet you are creating a point for the water to escape, so the system begins to depressurize and is repressurized by the pumps.\n\nedit: speeling",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Pressure differences. The water is pressurized in pipes under ground, when you turn on your faucet, it creates a \"low pressure area\" in the pipe system. Water from the \"high pressure area\" moves to the low pressure area and BAM, water in your sink.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "148414",
"title": "Sink",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 580,
"text": "A sink — also known by other names including sinker, washbowl, hand basin and wash basin—is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. Sinks have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove used water; this drain may itself include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an overflow-prevention device. Sinks may also have an integrated soap dispenser. Many sinks, especially in kitchens, are installed adjacent to or inside a counter.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2331351",
"title": "Air gap (plumbing)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 730,
"text": "A common use of the term \"air gap\" in home plumbing refers to a fixture that provides back-flow prevention for an installed dishwasher. This \"air gap\" is seen above the sink as a small cylindrical fixture mounted parallel with the faucet. In the base cabinet under the sink, the drain hose from the dishwasher feeds the \"top\" of the air gap, and the \"bottom\" of the air gap is plumbed into the sink drain below the basket, or into a garbage disposal unit. When installed and maintained properly, the air gap works as described above, and prevents drain water from the sink from backing up into the dishwasher, possibly contaminating dishes. Water flowing from the fixture into the sink indicates a need for maintenance or repair.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "651576",
"title": "Dishwashing",
"section": "Section::::Running water or sink.:Separate tub in the sink.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 1045,
"text": "In some European countries, the dishes are generally washed in a separate tub placed inside the sink. This practice may have started as a matter of hygiene, as the kitchen sink was the only sink available for all the household water. The clothes were washed in the sink; the water used to wash the floor went down the sink, and so it made sense to separate the dishwater from the sink. There were two other possible reasons: First, kitchen sinks tended to be very large in a time when heating water was considered to be a major household expense; a tub used less water. Second, kitchen sinks were usually made of hard ceramic; any contact between the sink and plates was likely to cause chips, but a tub could be made of more forgiving material. Using a separate washing-up bowl in the sink also provides a place (down the gap between bowl and sink) to dispose of unfinished drink, soaking-water, etc. Using the gap for disposal of waste water requires extra vigilance to make sure food particles and other waste are not trapped under the bowl.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8174973",
"title": "Sink strainer",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 334,
"text": "In plumbing, a sink strainer is a type of perforated metal sieve or mesh strainer used to strain or filter out solid debris in the water system. Different varieties are used in residential premises and for industrial or commercial applications. Such strainer elements are generally made from stainless steel for corrosion resistance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10721076",
"title": "Grease trap",
"section": "Section::::Method of operation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 599,
"text": "When the outflow from the kitchen sink enters the grease trap, the solid food particles sink to the bottom, while lighter grease and oil floats to the top. The relatively grease-free water is then fed into the normal septic system. The food solids at the bottom and floating oil and grease must be periodically removed in a manner similar to septic tank pumping. A traditional grease trap is not a food disposal unit. Unfinished food must be scraped into the garbage or food recycling bin. Milkshakes, gravy, sauces and food solids must be scraped off dishes before entering the sink or dishwasher.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15847520",
"title": "Instant hot water dispenser",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Hot water tank dispensers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 486,
"text": "Plumbed directly into the water supply and heated in an under-sink or over-counter tank (fixed to the wall); hot water is dispensed through a faucet at the sink. They may have a built-in water filter and a thermostat to adjust the water temperature. There is no need to fill them, they can produce large amounts of hot water, the water temperature is adjustable, they are expensive and require plumbing work, are not portable, and waste some electricity keeping water hot at all times.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13281619",
"title": "Floor drain",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 470,
"text": "A floor sink is a type of floor drain primarily used as an indirect waste receptor. It is generally deeper than a standard floor drain and can have a full or partial grate, or no grate as required to accommodate the indirect waste pipes. It usually has a dome strainer in the bottom to prevent splash-back. The body material can be epoxy coated or enameled cast iron, stainless steel, or PVC. Floor sinks are found in commercial kitchens and some hospital applications.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
283v1g
|
What happens to the body when it falls into lava?
|
[
{
"answer": "You'd probably sink in a few inches, feet burning away, feeling hot from the rising heat. After your feet are gone you'd fall face first or backwards into it. You'd die moments after from the pain, nerve damage, and eventual organ damage. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Probably not. The average density of human flesh is far lower than that of lava, so you wouldn't so much as fall into it as you would just fall onto the top of the lava. It would be similar to falling onto a frozen lake, instead of into the water.\n\nExcept you'd be seared and burned horribly at first. Your clothes would flame up so quickly there'd be no time to extinguish it. The hot air and toxic fumes would sear your lungs and you'd start to asphyxiate. Next, the heat would cook you like a sausage on a grill, and as the water inside you rapidly turned to steam, you'd pop here and there or maybe even explode. Trying to move would likely result in layers of body tissues being torn apart. Your body would largely be burned to a cinder, and some of your large bones might leave evident mineral traces future geologists would puzzle over until the archeologists got a glimpse.\n\nIt would be an agonizing death to experience from either perspective - as victim or rescuer. Once you're on that lava, you don't have much of a chance of survival, even if you actually get off it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8421510",
"title": "The floor is lava",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 805,
"text": "The floor is lava (also known as hot lava) is a game in which players pretend that the floor or ground is made of lava (or any other lethal substance, such as acid or quicksand), and thus must avoid touching the ground, as touching the ground would \"kill\" the player who did so. The players stay off the floor by standing on furniture or the room's architecture. The players generally may not remain still, and are required to move from one piece of furniture to the next. The game can be played with a group or alone for self amusement. There may even be a goal, to which the players must race. The game may also be played outdoors in playgrounds or similar areas. Players can also set up obstacles such as nice padded chairs to make the game more challenging. This is a variation of an obstacle course.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3548362",
"title": "Pele's tears",
"section": "Section::::Formation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 529,
"text": "The formation of these tears is a complex process depending on a number of different factors as a tiny droplet of lava is being erupted from a lava fountain. Whilst it is travelling through the air two things are happening: it is cooling down very rapidly (a process known as quenching) and it is being deformed. The deformation of a droplet depends on the speed at which it is erupted from the volcano, its surface tension, the viscosity (thickness) of the magma and the resistance it experiences as it travels through the air.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23815162",
"title": "Lava delta",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 927,
"text": "Collapse of the frontal part of lava deltas is common during their formation, representing a hazard for any people that are watching from a solidified part of the delta and such areas are normally marked as dangerous. If a newly formed lava bench rests on sediments, it may pose hazards due to its extremely unstable structure. Oftentimes, these benches are so unstable that they collapse into the sea, exposing the water to the hot lava on the interior of the bench and releasing acres of land into the ocean. When the hot lava hits the water, violent explosions of steam can shoot large rocks and molten lava up to inland. These collapses are extremely dangerous because they can happen without warning, and anyone or anything on the bench will be caught in the collapse. For safety, people are advised not to walk on lava benches because of their unstable nature, and they must maintain a safe distance from the lava bench.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21438242",
"title": "Lava",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 91,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 91,
"end_character": 839,
"text": "Lava flows are enormously destructive to property in their path. However, casualties are rare since flows are usually slow enough for people and animals to escape, though this is dependent on the viscosity of the lava. Nevertheless, injuries and deaths have occurred, either because they had their escape route cut off, because they got too close to the flow or, more rarely, if the lava flow front travels too quickly. This notably happened during the eruption of Nyiragongo in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo). On the night of 10 January 1977 a crater wall was breached and a fluid lava lake drained out in under an hour. The resulting flow sped down the steep slopes at up to , and overwhelmed several villages while residents were asleep. As a result of this disaster, the mountain was designated a Decade Volcano in 1991.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21438242",
"title": "Lava",
"section": "Section::::Lava behavior.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 216,
"text": "Highly viscous lavas do not usually flow as liquid, and usually form explosive fragmental ash or tephra deposits. However, a degassed viscous lava or one which erupts somewhat hotter than usual may form a lava flow.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "316414",
"title": "Volcanic rock",
"section": "Section::::Composition of volcanic rocks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 661,
"text": "The lavas, having cooled rapidly in contact with the air or water, are mostly finely crystalline or have at least fine-grained ground-mass representing that part of the viscous semi-crystalline lava flow that was still liquid at the moment of eruption. At this time they were exposed only to atmospheric pressure, and the steam and other gases, which they contained in great quantity were free to escape; many important modifications arise from this, the most striking being the frequent presence of numerous steam cavities (vesicular structure) often drawn out to elongated shapes subsequently filled up with minerals by infiltration (amygdaloidal structure).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8421510",
"title": "The floor is lava",
"section": "Section::::Factual accuracy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 311,
"text": "By using the Stefan–Boltzmann law and taking convection into account, University of Leicester scientists have calculated that a high stakes version of the game would not be playable with actual lava, as the air above the lava would have a temperature too high for humans to survive for more than a few seconds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
9ia1rt
|
what is bearing in navigation and how is it different from heading?
|
[
{
"answer": "Bearing is the direction to any given point or object. Heading is the direction you are travelling in.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Bearing is the direction to some specific object or location, and heading is compass direction you are moving. For example, if you take off from an airport and fly due south, your heading is 180 degrees, and the bearing to the airport (which is now due north of you) is 0 degrees.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "221429",
"title": "Bearing (navigation)",
"section": "Section::::Bearing measurement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 652,
"text": "BULLET::::1. In land navigation, a 'bearing' is ordinarily calculated in a clockwise direction starting from a reference direction of 0° and increasing to 359.9 degrees. Measured in this way, a bearing is referred to as an \"azimuth\" by the US Army but not by armies in other English speaking nations, which use the term bearing. If the reference direction is north (either true north, magnetic north, or grid north), the bearing is termed an \"absolute bearing\". In a contemporary land navigation context, true, magnetic, and grid bearings are always measured in this way, with true north, magnetic north, or grid north being 0° in a 360-degree system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "238244",
"title": "Nautical chart",
"section": "Section::::Map projection, positions, and bearings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 400,
"text": "A bearing is the angle between the line joining the two points of interest and the line from one of the points to the north, such as a ship's course or a compass reading to a landmark. On nautical charts, the top of the chart is always true north, rather than magnetic north, towards which a compass points. Most charts include a compass rose depicting the variation between magnetic and true north.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50775420",
"title": "Glossary of aerospace engineering",
"section": "Section::::B.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 661,
"text": "BULLET::::- Bearing — In navigation, bearing is the horizontal angle between the direction of an object and another object, or between it and that of true north. \"Absolute bearing\" refers to the angle between the magnetic North (magnetic bearing) or true North (true bearing) and an object. For example, an object to the East would have an absolute bearing of 90 degrees. 'Relative bearing\" refers to the angle between the craft's forward direction, and the location of another object. For example, an object relative bearing of 0 degrees would be dead ahead; an object relative bearing 180 degrees would be behind. Bearings can be measured in mils or degrees.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11686390",
"title": "Absolute bearing",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 311,
"text": "In nautical navigation the absolute bearing is the clockwise angle between north and an object observed from the vessel. If the north used as reference is the true geographical north then the bearing is a \"true bearing\" whereas if the reference used is magnetic north then the bearing is a \"magnetic bearing\". \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "221429",
"title": "Bearing (navigation)",
"section": "Section::::Other terminology sometimes used.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 690,
"text": "A \"grid bearing\" is measured in relation to the fixed horizontal reference plane of grid north, that is, using the direction northwards along the grid lines of the map projection as a reference point, while a \"compass bearing\", as in vehicle or marine navigation, is measured in relation to the magnetic compass of the navigator's vehicle or vessel (if aboard ship). It should be very close to the magnetic bearing. The difference between a magnetic bearing and a compass bearing is the deviation caused to the compass by ferrous metals and local magnetic fields generated by any variety of vehicle or shipboard sources (steel vehicle bodies/frames or vessel hulls, ignition systems, etc.)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41677283",
"title": "Heading (navigation)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 571,
"text": "In navigation, the heading of a vessel or aircraft is the compass direction in which the craft's bow or nose is pointed. There are seven fundamental ways to determine the heading of a vehicle. Note that the heading may not necessarily be the direction that the vehicle actually travels, which is known as its \"course\" or \"track\". Any difference between the heading and course is due to the motion of the underlying medium, the air or water, or other effects like skidding or slipping. The difference is known as the \"drift\", and can be determined by the \"wind triangle\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "221429",
"title": "Bearing (navigation)",
"section": "Section::::Other terminology sometimes used.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 220,
"text": "A \"relative bearing\" is one in which the reference direction is straight ahead, where the bearing is measured relative to the direction the navigator is facing (on land) or in relation to the vessel's bow (aboard ship).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
pymm3
|
How can potential energy be relative?
|
[
{
"answer": "Voltage is not potential energy, it is potential. A charge has to be introduced into the potential in order for there to be \"potential energy\", and it is the charge that contains the potential energy, not the potential itself.\n\n > However, if you can do that, why can you not just test 2 points that are infinitely far away from your test charge, and call that potential difference zero, and use that as an absolute scale?\n\nThat is often what is done in undergrad physics - voltage is given as an absolute V(b), where it really should be V(b)-V(a), but V(a) is set to zero.\n\n > Can you do the same for gravity, or whatever other potential energy that you have?\n\nYes, you do that for gravity also. When you say U=mgh, you are saying U(h=0) = 0, and setting the reference point. Thus, gravitational potential energy is also relative. If we aren't doing the small distance approximation (where mgh is valid), then U(r=inf)=0 is the typical zero-point of reference.\n\nThis is the same as kinetic energy. Both are measured in reference to some point, typically a zero-point. Other things that are relative: speed and distance/position. Speed is measured relative to some rest frame, and distance is measured relative to some origin.\n\nWhen dealing with relative quantities, all that matters is the difference between two points. Setting absolutes doesn't improve the situation or simplify things, really. I wish I could give a better mathematical description but I am sick and my brain isn't working as well as I would like.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > However, if you can do that, why can you not just test 2 points that are infinitely far away from your test charge, and call that potential difference zero, and use that as an absolute scale?\n\nThe important part here is the word 'can'. Potential is a relative quantity because there is a degree of freedom we have when we describe it. In most of the mathematical mock-ups we have, it is very simple to say V=0 infinitely far from the charges, and use that to establish an 'absolute' voltage. However, we know from the mathematics that we could also take that point and call it V=25, and could still work out the problem appropriately- because the physical quantities don't depend on absolute voltage but on the difference.\n\nAn important physical consequence of this is that measuring devices, which can only measure physically relevant quantities, cannot measure an absolute voltage. They can only measure a relative voltage. Any time you're working with one, you have to know what *both* ends are connected to.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We only choose 0 for what is 0 because it's convenient. Physics would behave completely identically if we chose 1 for two charges at infinity, for example. Or Pi. 0 at infinity is completely arbitrary.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "23703",
"title": "Potential energy",
"section": "Section::::Forces and potential energy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 103,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 103,
"end_character": 402,
"text": "Potential energy is closely linked with forces. If the work done by a force on a body that moves from \"A\" to \"B\" does not depend on the path between these points, then the work of this force measured from \"A\" assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field. In this case, the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23703",
"title": "Potential energy",
"section": "Section::::Work and potential energy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 448,
"text": "Potential energy is closely linked with forces. If the work done by a force on a body that moves from \"A\" to \"B\" does not depend on the path between these points (if the work is done by a conservative force), then the work of this force measured from \"A\" assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field. In this case, the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "859234",
"title": "Mechanical energy",
"section": "Section::::General.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 440,
"text": "The potential energy, \"U\", depends on the position of an object subjected to a conservative force. It is defined as the object's ability to do work and is increased as the object is moved in the opposite direction of the direction of the force. If \"F\" represents the conservative force and \"x\" the position, the potential energy of the force between the two positions \"x\" and \"x\" is defined as the negative integral of \"F\" from \"x\" to \"x\":\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23703",
"title": "Potential energy",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 373,
"text": "Potential energy is associated with forces that act on a body in a way that the total work done by these forces on the body depends only on the initial and final positions of the body in space. These forces, that are called \"conservative forces\", can be represented at every point in space by vectors expressed as gradients of a certain scalar function called \"potential\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4864",
"title": "Bucket argument",
"section": "Section::::Detailed analysis.:Potential energy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 710,
"text": "The potential energy is useful, for example, in understanding the concavity of the water surface in a rotating bucket. Notice that at equilibrium the surface adopts a shape such that an element of volume at any location on its surface has the same potential energy as at any other. That being so, no element of water on the surface has any incentive to move position, because all positions are equivalent in energy. That is, equilibrium is attained. On the other hand, were surface regions with lower energy available, the water occupying surface locations of higher potential energy would move to occupy these positions of lower energy, inasmuch as there is no barrier to lateral movement in an ideal liquid.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23703",
"title": "Potential energy",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 404,
"text": "Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an object that depends on its mass and its distance from the center of mass of another object, the elastic potential energy of an extended spring, and the electric potential energy of an electric charge in an electric field. The unit for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule, which has the symbol J.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23703",
"title": "Potential energy",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 619,
"text": "Potential energy is the energy by virtue of an object's position relative to other objects. Potential energy is often associated with restoring forces such as a spring or the force of gravity. The action of stretching a spring or lifting a mass is performed by an external force that works against the force field of the potential. This work is stored in the force field, which is said to be stored as potential energy. If the external force is removed the force field acts on the body to perform the work as it moves the body back to the initial position, reducing the stretch of the spring or causing a body to fall.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
35hsfp
|
why is it preferable to keep apps running on android lollipop instead of closing them frequently?
|
[
{
"answer": "Force closing and re-opening them requires more power than to keep them open in the background. So to save battery, don't force close them.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's true for all Android versions, not just Lollipop. [This article explains it.](_URL_0_)\n\nTL;DR Android keeps the recently used apps in memory. If you force closing an app then the next time you open it will be forced to reload into memory, which will just end up taking a longer time and requiring more processing power.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The phone is a high tech piece of equipment that is better at deciding at what to keep open and not in order to maximize battery life and performance. \n\nThe app is not actually running when it appears in the recent app list. It might not even be in the phones memory. The recent app list is there as a convenience feature to the end user.\n\nNow why might closing the app be bad? The operation of closing the app removes the app from memory which uses energy. Additionally next time you open the app it must be loaded back into the phones memory and must be reinitalized which too uses energy. The combination of these two operations may be more energy consuming than leaving the app in memory in the first place.\n\nDo you want to figure that out? Probably not. Hundereds of hardware and software engineers at Google and all the other companies that went into making your device have written algorithms to make the phone smart enough to make these types of decisions so you don't have to.\n\nTl;Dr: the phone is smarter than you",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's called context-switching.\n\nIf you're cooking dinner and suddenly a guest arrives and rings the bell, naturally, you have to stop your current activity. Also naturally, you do not put the meat back into the fridge, or the utensils into the cupboard.\n\nIf you know you are going to resume a suspended task, it is generally more beneficial to leave the resources alone.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Made account just for this, so lets try (and sorry for bad english):\n\nYou have 2 streets, one is windows second one is android. You have cars on both streets and different rules apply on each street. \nOn android street rules are:\n*driver can start car anytime. \n*driver has 2 parking places (one on the street and one on the parking lot)\n* you can tell driver to park car and where to park it\n* someone else can tell driver to park car and where to park it\n* driver is moody guy and likes boss around\n* its expensive to start car\n\nOn windows street rules are:\n* only you can tell driver when to start car\n* you and someone else can tell driver to park car (but in 99% cases its only you)\n* only 1 parking space\n* its cheap to start car whenever you want\n\nRules are more like guidelines and can be broken, but for this ELI lets say those are the rules.\n\nGoal is to start car, drive down the street, park car and spend as little resources as possible. \n\nWindows street: Tell driver to start car. Tell him to dive you to destination X. When you arrive, driver has to do everything he needs to do before you exit vehicle, as after that he is going straight to the parking. If he missed to do something, he will have to wait for you to call him again so he can do what he missed. Also, parking is kinda big and crowded, but its efficient and has plenty of space. But thats all okay, starting car again is cheap, as well as doing some things again..\n\nAndroid street: Tell driver to start car. Tell him to drive you to destination Y. When you arrive, you exit the car and driver parks car on the smaller parking, one near the street. So you go to finish what you have, while driver does some maintenance, cleaning car, stuff like that. If you need him he is just over there, just hop in and you are on your way.\n\nBUT, you decide that 4 more cars need to pass trough there, and you tell driver \"go to the big parking\".\nFirst, what you don't know is that there is police officer that checks if there is enough space for those 4 cars, and that he would send that driver to parking anyway if he needed to do that.\nThats okay, you are the boss, so you tell him go away. You can do that.\nDriver goes to big parking lot, but you sent him away while he was cleaning the car. Waits a little for a street to clears (those 4 cars could still be there, remember if policeman lets him, he can go out), and goes out. Starts cleaning the car all over again,since you stopped him in the middle of the work. So he does 50% more work. And going to the big parking lot is expensive and difficult.\n\nEach time while you send him away, everything seems better, street is clear, and you are like \" this will totally improve my battery life and my processor will not suffer at all, those pesky police officers dont know what they do, i am smarter than them\". But, you are not :)\n\nForget about task managers, go to the setting of your android device and find battery statistic. You should find cpu statistic on the same place. Analyze them and remove apps that you don't need, or find alternative for the ones that you do need. If you absolutely need certain app that bogs down your system, live with it or get better device...\n\nedit: why does my formatting doesn't work :/ ?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "60914832",
"title": "Xiaomi Mi 5 (phone)",
"section": "Section::::Reception.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 827,
"text": "\" Xiaomi seems to be running an overly aggressive background app killing setting that'll close most apps running in the background if they've not been used for a while. It's difficult to assess exactly how long this time period has to be, but I found common apps like GroupMe and Hangouts, among plenty of others, having to reload every time I went back to them. I don't spend all day in chat apps but it's annoying waiting for them to load back up again, and sometimes I even found that notifications were delayed until I opened the app again. This happened most often with Google's Inbox, and caused me to miss emails a number of times. This is all done to save battery, which it certainly achieves, but it creates a negative user experience when it does happen, and is less desirable than just killing my battery quicker.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57722909",
"title": "AdultSwine",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 280,
"text": "According to a representative for Google, the apps have been removed from the Play Store and all developer accounts associated with the apps have been locked. Check Point cautions users to \"be extra vigilant when installing apps, particularly those intended for use by children.”\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34986915",
"title": "Google Play",
"section": "Section::::Play Store on Android.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "Android users have complained that the Google Play store access cannot be blocked and there is constant data exchange with the google cloud. Also valuable CPU ressources are used, slowing down the Android system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23573826",
"title": "SVOX",
"section": "Section::::Products.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 380,
"text": "The apps are still available on Google Apps, downloadable and available to buy. But when installed the app can not download the data files and fails. Which has caused Google Play users to buy apps that do no longer work. The support email is also offline. Google has not yet removed the files from the store, so there is still risk that users buy an app that does no longer work.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53730186",
"title": "List of Android app stores",
"section": "Section::::Reasons to use alternative app stores.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 252,
"text": "Another reason for alternative app stores is that full Google Play functionality is not available everywhere. For example, Chinese users cannot purchase apps on the Play Store, forcing them to use alternative app stores such as AppChina and Wandoujia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35924721",
"title": "Samsung Galaxy Ace 2",
"section": "Section::::Samsung Galaxy Ace 2 x / Trend.:Software.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 480,
"text": "Since these phones run Android 4.0, they are still supported by cloud, communications and social networking services that push the latest versions of their apps, which have in some cases been designed with only the newest hardware in mind. Such applications hog system resources and cause the phones to run slowly. As a remedy, phone owners can replace those apps with less resource-hungry equivalents, or remove them entirely and use a web browser to access the services' sites.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21011166",
"title": "WebOS",
"section": "Section::::History.:2010–2013: Acquired by HP; the launch of Open webOS.:Growth and decline of HP App Catalog.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 487,
"text": "Subsequently, the number of available apps decreased because many apps were withdrawn from the App Catalog by their owners. Examples include the apps for \"The New York Times\" and Pandora Radio. After a Catalog splash screen on November 11, 2014 announcing its depreciation, the HP App Catalog servers were permanently shut down on March 15, 2015. The number of functional apps remaining at that time is unknown but was probably much lower due to the imminent abandonment of the project.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2styzr
|
how can different operating systems able to read programs written in different programming languages.
|
[
{
"answer": "When you write a program in some programming language, you can't just run it. You need to pass the code through a *compiler*, a program that translates the code into binary code that the processor can understand.\n\nEven then, the executable binary code is platform specific. You can't run a program compiled for Windows on a Mac or a Linux, or on a different kind of CPU (for example running program for an x86 processor on an ARM processor). If you want to be able to run your program on multiple platforms, you have to compile it for each platform separately.\n\n*However*, some programming languages, such as Java, are compiled into an intermediate language. The computer still can't understand this language, but you run them using a special program called a Virtual Machine, which translated the intermediate code into the platform's actual binary code at runtime. There is a version of the Java Virtual Machine for each platform - one for Windows, one for Linux, and so on. If you want to run a java program, you just download the JVM for your operating system and then you can run.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "496618",
"title": "Text-based user interface",
"section": "Section::::Types of text terminals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 359,
"text": "Under Linux and other Unix-like systems, a program easily accommodates to any of the three cases because the same interface (namely, standard streams) controls the display and keyboard. Also, specialized programming libraries help to output the text in a way appropriate to the given display device and interface to it. See below for a comparison to Windows.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "174101",
"title": "Compiled language",
"section": "Section::::Advantages v. disadvantages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 446,
"text": "With some effort, it is always possible to write compilers even for traditionally interpreted languages. For example, Common lisp can be compiled to Java bytecode (then interpreted by the Java virtual machine), C code (then compiled to native machine code), or directly to native code. Programming languages that support multiple compiling targets give more control to developers to choose either execution speed or cross-platform compatibility.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "81193",
"title": "Cross-platform software",
"section": "Section::::Implementations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 683,
"text": "Software written for a particular operating system does not automatically work on all architectures that operating system supports. One example as of August 2006 was OpenOffice.org, which did not natively run on the AMD64 or Intel 64 lines of processors implementing the x86-64 standards for computers; this has since been changed, and the OpenOffice.org suite of software is “mostly” ported to these 64-bit systems. This also means that just because a program is written in a popular programming language such as C or C++, it does not mean it will run on all operating systems that support that programming language—or even on the same operating system on a different architecture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27697009",
"title": "Application programming interface",
"section": "Section::::Uses.:Libraries and frameworks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 251,
"text": "The separation of the API from its implementation can allow programs written in one language to use a library written in another. For example, because Scala and Java compile to compatible bytecode, Scala developers can take advantage of any Java API.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "393460",
"title": "Metaprogramming",
"section": "Section::::Approaches.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 362,
"text": "BULLET::::2. The second approach is dynamic execution of expressions that contain programming commands, often composed from strings, but can also be from other methods using arguments or context, like Javascript. Thus, \"programs can write programs.\" Although both approaches can be used in the same language, most languages tend to lean toward one or the other.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23015",
"title": "Programming language",
"section": "Section::::History.:Early developments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 576,
"text": "Slightly later, programs could be written in machine language, where the programmer writes each instruction in a numeric form the hardware can execute directly. For example, the instruction to add the value in two memory location might consist of 3 numbers: an \"opcode\" that selects the \"add\" operation, and two memory locations. The programs, in decimal or binary form, were read in from punched cards, paper tape, magnetic tape or toggled in on switches on the front panel of the computer. Machine languages were later termed \"first-generation programming languages\" (1GL).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "225779",
"title": "Program optimization",
"section": "Section::::Levels of optimization.:Assembly level.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 670,
"text": "At the lowest level, writing code using an assembly language, designed for a particular hardware platform can produce the most efficient and compact code if the programmer takes advantage of the full repertoire of machine instructions. Many operating systems used on embedded systems have been traditionally written in assembler code for this reason. Programs (other than very small programs) are seldom written from start to finish in assembly due to the time and cost involved. Most are compiled down from a high level language to assembly and hand optimized from there. When efficiency and size are less important large parts may be written in a high-level language.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3apdtc
|
how come when i use "end task" programs that aren't responding close instantly but when i "x" out of them it takes a while
|
[
{
"answer": "Pressing the X sends a message to the program asking it to close.\n\nIf the program isn't responding to other input, it's entirely possible it won't respond to that input.\n\nUsing End Task tells the operating system to kill the program.\n\nIt's the difference between using the key to move a broken car, and using a tow truck.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The X tells the program to close itself. It then goes through the steps necessary to cleanly close any network connections and flush any unsaved data back to the hard drive.\n\nChoosing \"end task\" tell the operating system to skip the step of telling the program to close itself, and just forcibly shut it down (potentially losing any data that you hadn't saved in the process, since the program will not go through its shutdown routine of prompting you to save your data).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Analogy:\n\nPressing the X is telling the program that it's fired and kindly ask it on clear its desk and be out of the building by close of business hours. \n\nUsing \"End Task\" is calling building security and having them tossed out immediately. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "42674300",
"title": "State machine (LabVIEW programming)",
"section": "Section::::State machines in LabVIEW.:Simple vending-machine example.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 359,
"text": "The \"end\" case is a very simple case that works to simply delay the program to allow the user enough time to check that they have received their change and picked up their item. After 5000 milliseconds (5 seconds) the wait timer is used, up and the program continues back to the start page to wait for another user to come by to begin the process over again.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33977314",
"title": "Associative containers",
"section": "Section::::Usage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 218,
"text": "When executed, the user first types a series of words separated by spaces, and a word \"end\" to signify the end of input; then the user can input words to query how many times each word occurred in the previous series.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "749852",
"title": "Continuation-passing style",
"section": "Section::::Examples.:Continuations as objects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 573,
"text": "Programming with continuations can also be useful when a caller does not want to wait until the callee completes. For example, in user-interface (UI) programming, a routine can set up dialog box fields and pass these, along with a continuation function, to the UI framework. This call returns right away, allowing the application code to continue while the user interacts with the dialog box. Once the user presses the \"OK\" button, the framework calls the continuation function with the updated fields. Although this style of coding uses continuations, it is not full CPS.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2484576",
"title": "Yes (Unix)",
"section": "Section::::Description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 391,
"text": "By itself, the yes command outputs 'y' or whatever is specified as an argument, followed by a newline repeatedly until stopped by the user or otherwise killed; when piped into a command, it will continue until the pipe breaks (i.e., the program completes its execution). However, if the user enters a string after 'yes,' yes will output the string the same as it would 'y,' similar to echo.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6782658",
"title": "Termination analysis",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 497,
"text": "In computer science, a termination analysis is program analysis which attempts to determine whether the evaluation of a given program will definitely terminate. Because the halting problem is undecidable, termination analysis cannot be total. The aim is to find the answer \"program does terminate\" (or \"program does not terminate\") whenever this is possible. Without success the algorithm (or human) working on the termination analysis may answer with \"maybe\" or continue working infinitely long.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19562",
"title": "Mandelbrot set",
"section": "Section::::Computer drawings.:Escape time algorithm.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 90,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 90,
"end_character": 975,
"text": "The \"x\" and \"y\" locations of each point are used as starting values in a repeating, or iterating calculation (described in detail below). The result of each iteration is used as the starting values for the next. The values are checked during each iteration to see whether they have reached a critical \"escape\" condition, or \"bailout\". If that condition is reached, the calculation is stopped, the pixel is drawn, and the next \"x\", \"y\" point is examined. For some starting values, escape occurs quickly, after only a small number of iterations. For starting values very close to but not in the set, it may take hundreds or thousands of iterations to escape. For values within the Mandelbrot set, escape will never occur. The programmer or user must choose how much iteration, or \"depth\", they wish to examine. The higher the maximal number of iterations, the more detail and subtlety emerge in the final image, but the longer time it will take to calculate the fractal image.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26616525",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering rules",
"section": "Section::::Parts of a turn.:Ending phase.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 79,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 79,
"end_character": 241,
"text": "The ending phase has two steps: \"end step\" and \"cleanup\". During the end step, abilities that trigger \"at the beginning of the end step\" go on the stack. This is the last chance players have to cast instants or activate abilities this turn.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1viitx
|
why do me teeth feel loose? are they really loose, temporarily, or is my brain just playing tricks on me?
|
[
{
"answer": "Your teeth do move very slightly over time (they tend to crowd as wisdom teeth come in, for example), but they shouldn't be loose. If you tap on them while looking in the mirror, do you see any motion? Or is it just a feeling? If it's the former, see a dentist *immediately*, that shouldn't ever happen. If it's the latter, it's likely an issue with your gums rather than with your teeth. You should still see a dentist about it, though.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "What might be happening is your gum and/or the root of the tooth is inflamed and swollen, so your tooth is not fitted right as the swelling is pushing the tooth out slightly. Swollen root is usually more serious and hurts more than swollen gum. I don't feel comfortable giving medical advice, so it's best to consult a dentist. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They're supposed to move a very small amount, imperceptibly to the eye.\n\nThis happens because if they were perfectly rigid in the gums they would chip and break very easily.\n\nBelow the gumline they have a lot of what appears to be almost a furry coating to them which interfaces with the gum and keeps them anchored while allowing a small amount of give.\n\nIf this give changes with time, its likely a gum issue; as swelling to the gums can make them feel looser. This is normally caused by some sort of gum disease.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We have periodontal ligaments that hold our teeth to out alveolus(bone socket where our teeth fit). These periodontal ligaments can both contract and retract due to relieve direct pressure on your teeth. So if your teeth move slightly it's fine because of the slight give/flexibility of these ligaments. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "10704375",
"title": "Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve",
"section": "Section::::Clinical significance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "Clinically, because of its reflex function, the mesencephalic nucleus can be tested with the jaw jerk reflex. Because of its function in oral proprioception, lesions of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus cause effects on feeding. The mesencephalic nucleus can be thought of simply as the \"nucleus that keeps your teeth in\" by preventing one from biting down hard enough to lose a tooth on foods containing eg. bone, cherry seeds, apricot stones etc.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2545910",
"title": "Parafunctional activity",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 651,
"text": "Extreme force upon the teeth can occur during some situations as a protective reflex. When a person senses the risk of an imminent car crash, for example, the teeth arches are normally firmly occluded. This over-clenching is still considered parafunctional, although is serves a functional purpose; the maxilo-mandibular complex is much less vulnerable to harm and dislocation because it is bonded by muscles and interposed teeth. When this kind of reflex acts, it is very important to have a good memory of one's \"best bite\" position in order to avoid fractures. It is one hypothesis for why military jet pilots crack more teeth than auxiliary crew.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40313770",
"title": "Impacted wisdom teeth",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 636,
"text": "Wisdom teeth become impacted when there is not enough room in the jaws to allow for all of the teeth to erupt into the mouth. Because the wisdom teeth are the last to erupt, due to insufficient room in the jaws to accommodate more teeth, the wisdom teeth become stuck in the jaws, i.e., impacted. There is a genetic predisposition to tooth impaction. Genetics plays an important, albeit unpredictable role in dictating jaw and tooth size and tooth eruption potential of the teeth. Some also believe that there is an evolutionary decrease in jaw size due to softer modern diets that are more refined and less coarse than our ancestors'.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1092939",
"title": "Toothache",
"section": "Section::::Diagnosis.:Symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 62,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 62,
"end_character": 896,
"text": "Non-dental sources of pain often cause multiple teeth to hurt and have an epicenter that is either above or below the jaws. For instance, cardiac pain (which can make the bottom teeth hurt) usually radiates up from the chest and neck, and sinusitis (which can make the back top teeth hurt) is worsened by bending over. As all of these conditions may mimic toothache, it is possible that dental treatment, such as fillings, root canal treatment, or tooth extraction may be carried out unnecessarily by dentists in an attempt to relieve the individual's pain, and as a result the correct diagnosis is delayed. A hallmark is that there is no obvious dental cause, and signs and symptoms elsewhere in the body may be present. As migraines are typically present for many years, the diagnosis is easier to make. Often the character of the pain is the differentiator between dental and non-dental pain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1092939",
"title": "Toothache",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Dental.:Pulpal.:Dentin hypersensitivity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "or air), sweet or spicy foods, and beverages. Teeth will normally have some sensation to these triggers, but what separates hypersensitivity from regular tooth sensation is the intensity of the pain. Hypersensitivity is most commonly caused by a lack of insulation from the triggers in the mouth due to gingival recession (receding gums) exposing the roots of the teeth, although it can occur after scaling and root planing or dental bleaching, or as a result of erosion. The pulp of the tooth remains normal and healthy in dentin hypersensitivity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4063979",
"title": "Dental emergency",
"section": "Section::::Restorative emergencies.:Lost or broken filling.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 305,
"text": "The cause of a tooth crack can be by excessive force applied to a healthy tooth or physiologic forces applied to a weakened tooth. The teeth most commonly involved are usually the lower molars, followed by the upper premolars and molars. The condition is extremely common in the age range of 30–60 years.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1092939",
"title": "Toothache",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Non-dental.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 1357,
"text": "Painful conditions which do not originate from the teeth or their supporting structures may affect the oral mucosa of the gums and be interpreted by the individual as toothache. Examples include neoplasms of the gingival or alveolar mucosa (usually squamous cell carcinoma), conditions which cause gingivostomatitis and desquamative gingivitis. Various conditions may involve the alveolar bone, and cause non-odontogenic toothache, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, infarcts in the jaws caused by sickle cell disease, and osteomyelitis. Various conditions of the trigeminal nerve can masquerade as toothache, including trigeminal zoster (maxillary or mandibular division), trigeminal neuralgia, cluster headache, and trigeminal neuropathies. Very rarely, a brain tumor might cause toothache. Another chronic facial pain syndrome which can mimic toothache is temporomandibular disorder (temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome), which is very common. Toothache which has no identifiable dental or medical cause is often termed atypical odontalgia, which, in turn, is usually considered a type of atypical facial pain (or persistent idiopathic facial pain). Atypical odontalgia may give very unusual symptoms, such as pain which migrates from one tooth to another and which crosses anatomical boundaries (such as from the left teeth to the right teeth). \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
h3dpu
|
Cutting someone in half and they still live for a few seconds?
|
[
{
"answer": "Yes, it is possible, and during the French Revolution, there were some doctors that were experimenting to see if the brain was still functional after decapitation by guillotine [[1]](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Interesting question! Apparently the technical term for being chopped in half is [traumatic hemicorporectomy](_URL_0_). \n\nI did a cursory search on Google Scholar for references; pretty much everyone seems to classify it as \"obviously non-survivable\" but I found one report of a similar injury where [the patient remained conscious and survived under emergency medical care for several hours before dying.](_URL_1_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There was a case of a cop somewhere in asia that got severed in half and survived. He does miss most of his lower half of the body. I'll try to locate the article and the video.\n\nEDIT:\n[***NSFL*** THE VIDEO OF THE COP THAT GOT CUT IN HALF BY A BUSS ***NSFL***](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Caligula was rather fond of [the saw](_URL_0_). According to the article, \"since the the body was inverted, the brain received a continuous supply of blood despite severe bleeding, consciousness thereby continuing until, or after, the saw severed the major blood vessels of the abdomen.\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4845933",
"title": "Cutting in line",
"section": "Section::::Reaction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "Nevertheless, physical altercation resulting from cutting is rare. It was reported that an 18-year-old National Serviceman in Malaysia was bludgeoned to death after he attempted to jump the queue at a food counter. Another notable incident occurred in New York City at The Halal Guys food cart, resulting in the death of the man who cut in line. The man who killed him was found not guilty by reason of self-defense.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42727889",
"title": "Lingchi",
"section": "Section::::Western perceptions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 241,
"text": "The entire process was said to last three days, and to total 3,600 cuts. The heavily carved bodies of the deceased were then put on a parade for a show in the public. Some victims were reportedly given doses of opium to alleviate suffering.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "638137",
"title": "Vasily Grossman",
"section": "Section::::War reporter.:\"The Hell of Treblinka\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 813,
"text": "Grossman's description of a physically unlikely method of killing a living human through tearing-by-hand originated from the 1944 memoir of the Treblinka revolt survivor Jankiel Wiernik, where the phrase to \"tear the child in half\" appeared for the first time. Wiernik himself never worked in the \"Auffanglager\" receiving area of the camp where Hirtreiter served, and so was repeating hearsay. But the narrative repetition reveals that such stories were retold routinely. Wiernik's memoir was published in Warsaw as a clandestine booklet before the war's end, and translated in 1945 as \"A Year in Treblinka\". In his article, Grossman claimed that 3 million people had been killed at Treblinka, the highest estimate ever proposed, in line with the Soviet trend of exaggerating Nazi crimes for propaganda purposes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16522275",
"title": "Shilling (British coin)",
"section": "Section::::In popular culture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 287,
"text": "To \"cut someone off with a shilling\", often quoted as \"cut off \"without\" a shilling\" means to disinherit. Although having no basis in British law, some believe that leaving a family member a single shilling in one's will ensured that it could not be challenged in court as an oversight.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17837296",
"title": "Akihabara massacre",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 220,
"text": "At 12:33, a man drove into a crowd with a truck, killing three people and injuring two; he then stabbed at least 12 people using a dagger (initially reported as a survival knife), killing four people and injuring eight.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39776534",
"title": "Nuremberg executions",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 205,
"text": "Some reports indicated some executions took from 14 minutes to 28 minutes. The Army denied claims that the drop length was too short or that the condemned died from strangulation instead of a broken neck.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3517699",
"title": "Thomas Sherwood (martyr)",
"section": "Section::::Death.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "His story then finished with a hasty trial, and the inevitable sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering, carried out at Tyburn, where he was cut down while still alive. Sherwood was 27 years of age.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6drejh
|
What will happen to the Voyager spacecraft if they never come into contact with anything?
|
[
{
"answer": "It has a pretty good chance (well north of 50%) of outliving the Sun, at least in some sort of semi-recognizable form. After trillions or quadrillions of years, I'm not sure, it will eventually essentially completely evaporate (even metals have vapor pressure). Although it'll cool down to the temperature of the CMB eventually, and the CMB itself will cool, so I have no idea how long that process will take, but it'll eventually happen.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Space debris would probably batter it to oblivion over many billions of years. If it gets flung into intergalactic space after the merger with Messier 31, its prospects may be marginally brighter--but as already posted, the limits of matter itself will eventually come into play.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Voyager 1 is furthest from the Sun, but we should remember that humanity has dispatched 4 other spacecraft that are also destined to roam the galaxy or beyond: Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 2, and New Horizons.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8492792",
"title": "Gravity (Star Trek: Voyager)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 362,
"text": "Meanwhile, the crew of the \"Voyager\" finds the gravimetric distortion that the away team's shuttle went into. A probe is launched to determine if contact could be made, however the situation is complicated by the arrival of an alien salvage team bent on closing the distortion, an action which would crush everything within it - including Tuvok, Paris and Noss.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2208921",
"title": "The Thaw (Star Trek: Voyager)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 594,
"text": "\"Voyager\" discovers a planet that was the site of a recent major ecological disaster. The crew finds a set of stasis pods containing five of the aliens; two are dead from heart attacks, and of the other three, they should have been released four years ago from stasis. As the planet has recovered from the disaster, Captain Kathryn Janeway decides to release the other three, but the crew find it impossible to wake them, their brains tied to a central computer connecting all the pods. B'Elanna Torres and Harry Kim volunteer to occupy the other pods and be connected to the central computer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6629291",
"title": "Real Life (Star Trek: Voyager)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 701,
"text": "In the side plot, \"Voyager\" arrives to meet with Vostigye scientists aboard their station, but finds that the station has been destroyed by unknown causes. They discover a nearby subspace anomaly, likely responsible for the destruction, that is growing in intensity, and Janeway orders the ship to leave. They are suddenly hit by a massive energy wave from the anomaly that disappears just as quickly. The crew determines the anomaly is an eddy between space and subspace, and to be able to move away safely, they must determine when it will next appear. They launch a probe into the anomaly, finding it has a stable center like an eye of a storm and rich in energy they could use to power \"Voyager\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8325106",
"title": "Favorite Son (Star Trek: Voyager)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 634,
"text": "When \"Voyager\" encounters a seemingly friendly alien ship its crew has never seen before, the Nasari, Ensign Kim clairvoyantly fires \"Voyager\"s weapons upon it without orders. Harry claims that a tetryon surge being emitted by the ship was the aliens preparing to attack them. \"Voyager\" sustains heavy damage while battling the enemy but manages to make them withdraw. Kim is relieved of duty, pending investigation of his overtly hostile actions. Janeway later confirms that Harry's \"instincts\" were correct, that the ship was indeed preparing to attack. Harry recounts other episodes of déjà vu since entering that region of space.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5356409",
"title": "The Swarm (Star Trek: Voyager)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "\"Voyager\" discovers a ship with only one survivor. It tells of how the aliens covered every square meter of the ship, sucking out all the energy and killing the crew. The alien then dies of its injuries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8492792",
"title": "Gravity (Star Trek: Voyager)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 367,
"text": "Staged at a damaged spacecraft used by Noss, the stranded officers receive the message. Despite a last minute attack by a large group of aliens, everyone is able to be beamed off the planet and out of the sinkhole. It is the first time they had set foot on the ship in over two months. From Janeway and the others' point of view, they were only missing for two days.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8110208",
"title": "Displaced (Star Trek: Voyager)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "While \"Voyager\" is traveling through space, a Nyrian stranger, Dammar, appears on board without any apparent warning. At the same time, Kes disappears from the ship. Dammar says he has no idea of what has happened. Soon, other crew members are similarly displaced by Nyrians, who say that \"Voyager\"'s people are appearing on their planet. The exchanges are happening at regular intervals, but B'Elanna Torres is unable to tell whether this is a natural phenomenon or some transporter-like technology.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3nn4jj
|
What exactly is happening when a cyclist rides hand-free?
|
[
{
"answer": "The bicycle design is such that it will remain upright in response to lean. You can search through /r/askscience for the question of how bicycles stay upright which has some interesting answers as the research is still actually ongoing. Mostly, however, the rider uses his/her muscles to keep the bicycle moving straight. Any lean which would cause the wheel to move is counteracted by the core muscles engaging and shifting the weight of the rider to the opposite side, similar how we don't wobble when we walk (even if we don't move our arms).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "[Trail on Wikipedia](_URL_0_)\n\nIf you draw a line representing the steering axis, through the headtube, down to the ground, where that line hits the ground will be in front of where the tire touches the ground. When the ground exerts force on the tire, because that force is pulling the wheel back from a place behind the steering axis, the wheel will naturally want to point straight ahead.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "38246530",
"title": "Freeride (longboard)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 496,
"text": "Freeride is a discipline of the sport longboarding. Freeride is the compound word referring to the act of descending a riding surface interspersed with various maneuvers such as semi-perpendicular slides by breaking traction and carving (riding in an 'S' shaped path). Riders often change their riding stance as a result of their body spinning around a vertical axis, which is known as riding \"goofy\" or \"switch.\" Prominent freeride longboarders include Kyle Chin, Louis Pilloni and James Kelly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4710300",
"title": "Women's Little 500",
"section": "Section::::The Exchange.:Bike-to-Bike.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 630,
"text": "To make things a little more interesting, each team, no matter what type of exchange they are doing, has to perform their exchange in the distance of two pits. The action of slowing is not part of the exchange, but the first rider is not allowed to begin getting off the bike until one pit ahead of their team's and the second rider must have complete control of the bike by the end of the team's pit. For bike-to-bike exchanges, the second person CANNOT move until tagged by the first person and the first person MUST stop before end of her team's pit. Failure to do either of these things will result in a penalty for the team.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1386644",
"title": "Free riding",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "Free riding (also known as freeriding or free-riding) is a term used in stock-trading to describe the practice of buying and selling shares or other securities without actually having the capital to cover the trade. In a cash account, a free riding violation occurs when the investor sells a stock that was purchased with unsettled funds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1129572",
"title": "Social loafing",
"section": "Section::::Reduction.:Motivational strategies.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 514,
"text": "Minimize free riding: \"Free riding\" occurs when members do less work because some of the benefits accrue to others. As others contribute ideas, individuals may feel less motivated to work hard themselves. They see their own contributions as less necessary or less likely to have much impact. To eliminate these effects, it is important to make group members feel that their contributions are essential for the group's success. Additionally, it is less likely for someone to free-ride if they are in a small group.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2486333",
"title": "Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX 2",
"section": "Section::::Gameplay.:Game modes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 279,
"text": "Free Ride — Free Ride is similar to the Session mode; the player chooses a BMX rider, an available bike, and an available level. Instead of a timed session, however, there is no time limit, allowing the player to practice or simply explore, searching for gaps and secrets areas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54278295",
"title": "MayaQuest: The Mystery Trail",
"section": "Section::::Gameplay.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 565,
"text": "When travelling around Mexico, the player will cycle on a road to the chosen destination. The player must maneuver the bike in a 3D scrolling road environment without going off the edge and avoiding pot holes, logs and other obstacles along the way, otherwise the player gets an injury or breaks the bike. If the bike gets damaged, the player has the option to get it fixed for a price in one or two places, otherwise the player must walk which takes more time. If the player is injured, there options to rest (which takes up time) or continue in one or more ways.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1875894",
"title": "Freeride",
"section": "Section::::Differences between downhilling and freeriding.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 40,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 40,
"end_character": 896,
"text": "Freeride is, by definition, a much broader realm of riding. For example, a freerider may often ride a very narrow wooden plank raised as many as twenty five feet above the ground, drop off of cliffs, raised platforms, or other man-made or natural objects onto a landing, or \"transition\" up to forty feet below. This may involve jumping over a structure below, such as a road or highway. Many aspects of freeriding are similar to downhill riding, with wide open speed and technical and very steep sections, or dirt jumping, with a series of man-made jumps and landings. Another key difference is the emphasis on performing tricks or stylish riding stances while airborne. A freeride course can be compared to a skatepark, where the purpose of the trail is to provide ample opportunities for the rider to become airborne, throw tricks, and create new and imaginative lines on and over the terrain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5w1ldx
|
how did fungi develop antibiotics fast enough to kill bacteria? and why couldn't bacteria just develop faster to overcome the antibiotics fungi made, therefore becoming resistant?
|
[
{
"answer": "Many bacteria HAVE evolved to become resistant to penicillin due to its widespread use as an antibiotic when it was first discovered. \nFrom what I understand, it might be opposite of what you think. Bacteria have poor DNA repair mechanisms due to their rapid generation time, so they often accumulate mutations. A random mutation leading to antibiotic resistance and selection quickly allows a bacteria population to become resistant to an antibiotic. On the other hand, fungi are eukaryotes (like humans) with better DNA repair mechanisms than bacteria so they don't develop mutations as rapidly. Seeing as how bacteria are growing resistant to penicillin, it would probably take longer for the fungi to adapt to the situation and counteract. \n \n > Fungi and Bacteria are mortal enemies. \n \nIn many cases, that is not correct. There are various symbiotic relationships where bacteria live within fungi. In return, the bacteria aid with metabolism and help provide nutrients.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "46894283",
"title": "Cyproconazole",
"section": "Section::::Resistance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 345,
"text": "Development of fungal resistance can be prevented by not using cyproconazole \"repeatedly alone in the same season\" or by not using it late in the infection, that is, curatively. Fungi can develop resistance if the same fungicide is used repeatedly or when fungicides with the same mode of action are repeatedly.(package insert Alto 100Syngenta)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "515758",
"title": "Fungicide",
"section": "Section::::Resistance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 761,
"text": "Pathogens respond to the use of fungicides by evolving resistance. In the field several mechanisms of resistance have been identified. The evolution of fungicide resistance can be gradual or sudden. In qualitative or discrete resistance, a mutation (normally to a single gene) produces a race of a fungus with a high degree of resistance. Such resistant varieties also tend to show stability, persisting after the fungicide has been removed from the market. For example, sugar beet leaf blotch remains resistant to azoles years after they were no longer used for control of the disease. This is because such mutations have a high selection pressure when the fungicide is used, but there is low selection pressure to remove them in the absence of the fungicide.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "986465",
"title": "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 498,
"text": "A spontaneous fungal infection can often follow a spontaneous bacterial infection that has been treated with antibiotics. The use of antibiotics can result in an excessive growth of fungi in the gut flora which can then translocate into the peritoneal cavity. Although fungi are much larger than bacteria, the increased intestinal permeability resulting from advanced cirrhosis makes their translocation easier. SFP is mostly caused by species of \"Candida\" and most commonly by \"Candida albicans\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52271632",
"title": "Sudden Death Syndrome",
"section": "Section::::Management.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 527,
"text": "Fungicides are another common product used to control fungal pathogens. In-furrow applications and seed treatments with fungicides have some effect in decreasing disease instance but in most cases, the timing isn't right and the pathogen can still infect the plants. Foliar applications of fungicides have no effect on disease suppression for SDS because the fungi are found in the soil and mainly the roots of the plants. Most foliar fungicides do not move downward through plants, therefore having no effect on the pathogen.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2524885",
"title": "Black rot (grape disease)",
"section": "Section::::Control and management.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 901,
"text": "Commercially, application of fungicides may be costly. To cut down on costs, one must understand the life cycle of the pathogens. Different fungicides are more effective at certain infection stages. Understand that throughout the development of the plant, different fungicides should be considered to protect plant health. In order to cut down on spraying costs, it is important to understand life cycle of the pathogen. “Research in New York demonstrated berries of most varieties become resistant to black rot infection 3-4 weeks after bloom, therefore, sprays for black rot should not be needed at this time”. Understanding times to limit application is important for good production practices. This shows that preventative chemical measures before the three to four weeks would be optimal. Each region should develop their own fungicide application program in correlation with cultural practices.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7898594",
"title": "Benzimidazole fungicide",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 919,
"text": "Starting in the late 1960s, they were widely used to control fungal pathogens such as \"Botrytis cinerea\", \"Cercospora\", powdery mildew and eyespot. These systemic fungicides were very effective at first. Because there is only one target site, benzimidazole resistance quickly became a serious problem. When they were the only fungicides used, pathogens became resistant after two to four seasons; when mixed with other fungicides, resistance developed more slowly. Resistant genotypes with certain point mutations were selected. Mutant pathogens resistant to one benzimidazole fungicide are usually resistant to all of them. The F200Y and E198A,G,K mutations are the most common. Because of resistance problems, use of benzimidazole fungicides has declined. They are suspected to be toxic to animals, including humans. The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee lists them as having a high risk of resistance evolution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42085062",
"title": "Fungal isolate",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 493,
"text": "Fungal isolates have been researched for decades. Because fungi often exist in thin mycelial monolayers, with no protective shell, immune system, and limited mobility, they have developed the ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. Researchers have discovered fungal isolates with anticancer, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and other bio-active properties. The first statins, β-Lactam antibiotics, as well as a few important antifungals, were discovered in fungi.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
7h1727
|
why do truckers always pass other cars/truckers when going uphill? i seem to notice this mostly on the interstates and it always results (obviously) in the “fast lane” getting backed up.
|
[
{
"answer": "They don't always pass when going uphill. Sometimes they pass going downhill and sometimes they pass on the level (source: I've seen them do it many times).\n\nYou probably notice it more when they do it going uphill because it inconveniences you most then. It's OK though: in all the jurisdictions I'm aware of, trucks are allowed to use the passing lane when passing, even if it takes a long time.\n\nFun fact: the Germans have a word for it: \"elefantenrennen\" which translates to \"elephant racing.\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "7251358",
"title": "Truck apron",
"section": "Section::::Design limitations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 561,
"text": "Despite the conjecture, there is reduced chance of pedestrians using the truck apron as a sidewalk if there is a large vehicle approaching. Even when a truck apron is not present, most pedestrians will step back from the edge of the road when there is a large vehicle or semi-truck approaching for two reasons: to avoid the blast of air that accompanies large vehicles traveling at speed; because most people feel uncomfortable within close proximity to a large vehicle and will attempt to create distance by backing from the roadway as the vehicle approaches.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2831127",
"title": "Traffic flow",
"section": "Section::::Traffic bottleneck.:Moving bottleneck.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 277,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 277,
"end_character": 511,
"text": "Suppose that, at time t, the truck slows from free-flow to v. A queue builds behind the truck, represented by state U. Within the region of state U, vehicles drive slower as indicated by the sample trajectory. Because state U limits to a smaller flow than state A, the queue will back up behind the truck and eventually crowd out the entire highway (slope s is negative). If state U had the higher flow, there would still be a growing queue. However, it would not back up because the slope s would be positive.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6279167",
"title": "Harvest of Shame",
"section": "Section::::Summary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 325,
"text": "The trucks move north from North Carolina to Virginia and Maryland for beans, asparagus, and tomatoes. Every year, there are accidents on the road that often result in injury or death since workers are very compactly packed into the backs of trucks. There is no interstate standard for the transportation of migrant workers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "870957",
"title": "Single-track road",
"section": "Section::::User etiquette.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 404,
"text": "In the United States, if the situation permits, both vehicles will pull off the road slightly and pass in this manner. Although saving time, this process can cause ruts and erosion along the edge of the road. For this reason, single track roads are generally used in places with very low traffic volumes, though one-lane stop-gap measures will have a STOP and YIELD on a sign construction workers flip. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1580910",
"title": "Truck driver",
"section": "Section::::Health issues.:Working conditions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 210,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 210,
"end_character": 1331,
"text": "Most truck drivers are employed as over-the-road drivers, meaning they are hired to drive long distances from the place of pickup to the place of delivery. During the short times while they are in heavily polluted urban areas, being inside the cab of the truck contributes much to avoiding the inhalation of toxic emissions, and on the majority of the trip, while they are passing through vast rural areas where there is little air pollution, truck drivers in general enjoy less exposure to toxic emissions in the air than the inhabitants of large cities, where there is an increased exposure to emissions from engines, factories, etc., which may increase the risk of cancer and can aggravate certain lung diseases, such as asthma in the general public who inhabit these cities. However, the few drivers who are hired to drive only within urban areas do not have this advantage of spending more time away from toxic emissions that is enjoyed by over-the-road drivers. Other conditions affecting the health of truck drivers are for example vibration, noise, long periods of sitting, work stress and exhaustion. For drivers in developing countries there are additional risks because roads are in appalling conditions and accidents occur more frequently. Truck drivers are even a high-risk group for HIV-infection in those countries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1148773",
"title": "Passing lane",
"section": "Section::::Misuse and common practice in the United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 338,
"text": "In other states, such as Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and others, it is illegal to fail to yield to traffic that seeks to overtake in the left lane, or to create any other \"obstruction\" in the passing lane that hinders the flow of traffic. As a result, heavy trucks are often prohibited from using the passing lane.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25401116",
"title": "Traffic bottleneck",
"section": "Section::::Graphical and theoretical representation.:Dynamic bottleneck.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 538,
"text": "Suppose that, at time \"t\", the truck slows from the free-flow rate to \"v\". A queue builds behind the truck, represented by state \"U\". Within the region of state \"U\", vehicles more slowly, as indicated by the sample trajectory. Because state \"U\" limits to a smaller flow than state \"A\", the queue will back up behind the truck and eventually crowd out the entire highway (slope \"s\" is negative). If state \"U\" had the higher flow, there would still be a growing queue. However, it would not back up because the slope \"s\" would be positive.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
68916f
|
how is it that although we don't know all of the words in the dictionary by heart, we can easily spot when something is not a word?
|
[
{
"answer": "1. Recognition is easier than recall, so if you see a real world you usually recognize it, even if it's not one you use.\n2. In a specific language, certain letter combinations are rare or completely unused. Here are some realistic non-words: famp, droom, pank. Here are some plainly unrealistic ones: qqaq, eoao, thethith, yfg.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If you try and write down every word you know, you can't possibly remember each one because your memory is limited. If however, you see one you didn't remember you'll still recognize it. Sort of like not remembering all the people you meet but recognizing a familiar face. \n\nThen there's ones which are real words which you didn't know about, but they look real because of their structure. That can be due to being in a family of words or the prefixes/suffixes involved. For example, someone might not know that precognition is a word but knows recognition is - they'll be able to figure out what precognition means based off the context. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "67065",
"title": "Word-sense disambiguation",
"section": "Section::::Difficulties.:Pragmatics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 214,
"text": "To properly identify senses of words one must know common sense facts. Moreover, sometimes the common sense is needed to disambiguate such words like pronouns in case of having anaphoras or cataphoras in the text.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1689835",
"title": "Word search",
"section": "Section::::Strategies.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "A common strategy for finding all the words is to go through the puzzle left to right (or vice versa) and look for the first letter of the word (if a word list is provided). After finding the letter, one should look at the eight surrounding letters to see whether the next letter of the word is there. One can then continue this method until the entire word is found.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4501954",
"title": "Lexical set",
"section": "Section::::Wells Standard Lexical Sets for English.:Choice of the keywords.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 456,
"text": "The keywords have been chosen in such a way that clarity is maximized: whatever accent of English they are spoken in, they can hardly be mistaken for other words. Although \"fleece\" is not the commonest of words, it cannot be mistaken for a word with some other vowel; whereas \"beat\", say, if we had chosen it instead, would have been subject to the drawback that one man's pronunciation of \"beat\" may sound like another's pronunciation of \"bait\" or \"bit\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6118940",
"title": "Index term",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 484,
"text": "Keywords are stored in a search index. Common words like articles (a, an, the) and conjunctions (and, or, but) are not treated as keywords because it's inefficient. Almost every English-language site on the Internet has the article \"\"the\"\", and so it makes no sense to search for it. The most popular search engine, Google removed stop words such as \"the\" and \"a\" from its indexes for several years, but then re-introduced them, making certain types of precise search possible again.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7991870",
"title": "Sight word",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 856,
"text": "Recognizing sight words automatically is said to be advantageous for beginning readers because many of these words have unusual spelling patterns, cannot be sounded out using basic phonics knowledge and cannot be represented using pictures. For example, the word \"was\" does not follow a usual spelling pattern, as the middle letter \"a\" makes an sound and the final letter \"s\" makes a sound, nor can the word be associated with a picture clue since it denotes an abstract state (existence). Another example, is the word “said”,it breaks the phonetic rule of ai normally makes the long a sound, ay. In this word it makes the short e sound of eh. The word \"said\" is pronounced as /s/ /e/ /d/. The word “has” also breaks the phonetic rule of s normally making the sss sound, in this word the s makes the z sound, /z/.\" The word is then pronounced /h/ /a/ /z/.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "191445",
"title": "Vocabulary",
"section": "Section::::Definition and usage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 263,
"text": "Vocabulary is commonly defined as \"all the words known and used by a particular person\". \"Knowing\" a word, however, is not as simple as merely being able to recognize or use it. There are several aspects of word knowledge that are used to measure word knowledge.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41771187",
"title": "Classical Armenian orthography",
"section": "Section::::Vowels.:Monophthongs.:— , epenthetical.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 234,
"text": "BULLET::::2. At the start of a word if the vowel stems from the or sound. For example: (\"to desire\") is written because it stems from the noun (\"desire\", ). Also, (\"to drink\") is written because it stems from the noun (\"mouthful\", ).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4jrm6v
|
why black holes cause infinite curvature?
|
[
{
"answer": "Black holes are only infinite right in the center. The curvature at the event horizon **is** \"curved so much that not even light can escape\", but that isn't infinite. You don't need infinite anything to stop light from escaping.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The \"curvature\" of space time can be determined, mathematically, based on the mass of the blackhole and your distance from its center.\n\nThat is, you have this equation. \"Mass\" and \"distance\" are variables. You enter values for those variables and get an answer that tells you the curvature of space time.\n\nThe \"Event Horizon\" is simply the distance from a black hole of a given mass where light cannot escape.\n\nBut you can get closer to a black hole than its event horizon. As you get closer and closer, as the distance from the black hole approaches zero, the curvature of space time approaches infinity.\n\nSince black holes are not considered to have any volume, the curvature of spacetime *at* the black hole is considered to be infinite.\n\nHowever, this is a mathematical answer and is considered to be a fallacious one indicating the limitations of general relativity, especially when used in combination with quantum mechanics (which is required here). A new theory is required in this arena which may give us a different answer, or place physical limitations on how \"close\" you can get to a black hole.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1415072",
"title": "Fuzzball (string theory)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 291,
"text": "BULLET::::2. The singularity at the heart of the black hole, where conventional black hole theory says there is infinite spacetime curvature due to an infinitely intense gravitational field from a region of zero volume. Modern physics breaks down when such parameters are infinite and zero.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1415072",
"title": "Fuzzball (string theory)",
"section": "Section::::Physical characteristics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 926,
"text": "With classical-model black holes, objects passing through the event horizon on their way to the singularity are thought to enter a realm of curved spacetime where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. It is a realm that is devoid of all structure. Further, at the singularity—the heart of a classic black hole—spacetime is thought to have infinite curvature (that is, gravity is thought to have infinite intensity) since its mass is believed to have collapsed to zero (infinitely small) volume where it has infinite density. Such infinite conditions are problematic with known physics because key calculations are not able to be computed with a divisor of zero. With the fuzzball model, however, the strings comprising an object are believed to simply fall onto and absorb into the surface of the fuzzball, which corresponds to the event horizon—the threshold at which the escape velocity equals the speed of light.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "264606",
"title": "Schwarzschild metric",
"section": "Section::::Singularities and black holes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "At the curvature becomes infinite, indicating the presence of a singularity. At this point the metric, and spacetime itself, is no longer well-defined. For a long time it was thought that such a solution was non-physical. However, a greater understanding of general relativity led to the realization that such singularities were a generic feature of the theory and not just an exotic special case.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1716550",
"title": "Physical paradox",
"section": "Section::::Paradoxes relating to unphysical mathematical idealizations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 955,
"text": "A similar situation occurs in general relativity with the gravitational singularity associated with the Schwarzschild solution that describes the geometry of a black hole. The curvature of spacetime at the singularity is infinite which is another way of stating that the theory does not describe the physical conditions at this point. It is hoped that the solution to this paradox will be found with a consistent theory of quantum gravity, something which has thus far remained elusive. A consequence of this paradox is that the associated singularity that occurred at the supposed starting point of the universe (see Big Bang) is not adequately described by physics. Before a theoretical extrapolation of a singularity can occur, quantum mechanical effects become important in an era known as the Planck time. Without a consistent theory, there can be no meaningful statement about the physical conditions associated with the universe before this point.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4650",
"title": "Black hole",
"section": "Section::::Properties and structure.:Singularity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 569,
"text": "At the center of a black hole, as described by general relativity, may lie a gravitational singularity, a region where the spacetime curvature becomes infinite. For a non-rotating black hole, this region takes the shape of a single point and for a rotating black hole, it is smeared out to form a ring singularity that lies in the plane of rotation. In both cases, the singular region has zero volume. It can also be shown that the singular region contains all the mass of the black hole solution. The singular region can thus be thought of as having infinite density.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4650",
"title": "Black hole",
"section": "Section::::Properties and structure.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 514,
"text": "The no-hair conjecture postulates that, once it achieves a stable condition after formation, a black hole has only three independent physical properties: mass, charge, and angular momentum; the black hole is otherwise featureless. If the conjecture is true, any two black holes that share the same values for these properties, or parameters, are indistinguishable from one another. The degree to which the conjecture is true for real black holes under the laws of modern physics, is currently an unsolved problem.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21926",
"title": "Naked singularity",
"section": "Section::::Predicted formation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 406,
"text": "From concepts drawn from rotating black holes, it is shown that a singularity, spinning rapidly, can become a ring-shaped object. This results in two event horizons, as well as an ergosphere, which draw closer together as the spin of the singularity increases. When the outer and inner event horizons merge, they shrink toward the rotating singularity and eventually expose it to the rest of the universe.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
bxzg85
|
why do charley horses (the type of painful muscle cramp) seem to mostly happen while you're asleep?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because you sleep in weird positions and your muscles can't properly relax, or it's too cold and your body won't bother shivering, but the muscle still has to warm itself up,so it stays active and pulsates,and eventually it gets stuck",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1060399",
"title": "Charley horse",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 980,
"text": "Charlie horse (or charley horse) is a popular colloquial term in Canada and the United States for painful involuntary spasms or cramps in the leg muscles, typically lasting anywhere from a few seconds to about a day. It is less likely to refer to a bruise on an arm or leg and a bruising of the quadriceps muscle of the anterior or lateral thigh, or contusion of the femur, that commonly results in a haematoma and sometimes several weeks of pain and disability. In this latter sense, such an injury is known as dead leg. Dead leg and charlie horse are two different kinds of injury: a dead leg involves someone or something hitting a leg, causing it to go numb. A charlie horse involves the muscles contracting without warning, and can last from a few seconds to a few days. It often occurs in contact sports, such as football when an athlete suffers a knee (blunt trauma) to the lateral quadriceps causing a haematoma or temporary paresis and antalgic gait as a result of pain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2286865",
"title": "Splints",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 311,
"text": "Overworking young or unfit horses at speed or in tight circles may cause splints. The uneven loading of the limb in tight circles places excessive force on the medial splint, which can cause it to move excessively relative to the cannon bone, causing tears in the interosseous ligament and periosteal reaction.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2227559",
"title": "Equine conformation",
"section": "Section::::Conformation of the front and hind legs.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 448,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 448,
"end_character": 430,
"text": "BULLET::::- These horses tend to paddle, creating excess motion and twisting of the joints with the hoof in the air. This is unappealing in show horse, wasteful energy, which reduces the efficiency of the stride, so the horse fatigues more quickly. The hoof initially impacts ground on inside wall, causing excess stress on the inside structures of the limb, leading to ringbone (DJD) and sole or heel bruising in inside of hoof.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38210292",
"title": "Limbs of the horse",
"section": "Section::::Lameness and injuries.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 1282,
"text": "There are numerous issues that can occur with horses' legs that may not necessarily cause lameness. Stocking up is an issue that occurs in horses that are held in stalls for multiple days after periods of activity. Fluid collects in the lower legs, producing swelling and often stiffness. Although it does not usually cause lameness or other problems, prolonged periods of stocking up can lead to other skin issues. Older horses and horse with heavy muscling are more prone to this condition. A shoe boil is an injury that occurs when there is trauma to the bursal sac of the elbow, causing inflammation and swelling. Multiple occurrences can cause a cosmetic sore and scar tissue, called a capped elbow, or infections. Shoe boils generally occur when a horse hits its elbow with a hoof or shoe when lying down. Windpuffs, or swelling to the back of the fetlock caused by inflammation of the sheaths of the deep digital flexor tendon, appear most often in the rear legs. Soft and fluid-filled, the swelling may initially be accompanied by heat and pain, but can remain long after the initial injury has healed without accompanying lameness. Repeated injuries to the tendon sheath, often caused by excessive training or work on hard surfaces, can cause larger problems and lameness.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2227559",
"title": "Equine conformation",
"section": "Section::::Conformation of the shoulder, forearm, and chest.:The chest.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 163,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 163,
"end_character": 328,
"text": "BULLET::::- Bulky breast muscles and legs set under the body decrease the efficiency of stride and swing of shoulders, thus hastening fatigue. It may interfere with the front legs, forcing them to move to the side rather than directly under horse. Causes a “rolling” gait that slows the horse’s speed, especially at the gallop.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1060399",
"title": "Charley horse",
"section": "Section::::Cause.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 571,
"text": "The term can also be used to refer to cramps in the foot muscles. These muscle cramps can have many possible causes directly resulting from high or low pH or substrate concentrations in the blood, including hormonal imbalances, dehydration, low levels of magnesium, potassium or calcium (although the evidence has been mixed), side effects of medication, or, more seriously, diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neuropathy. They are also a common complaint during pregnancy.. Being physically un-fit can also be a main causing factor for the charley horse.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2227559",
"title": "Equine conformation",
"section": "Section::::Conformation of the front and hind legs.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 433,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 433,
"end_character": 391,
"text": "BULLET::::- Usually leads to unsoundness in horses in speed sports. Places excess stress on the knee joint as it overextends at high speeds when loaded with weight. Backward angle causes compression fractures to the front surfaces of the carpals, and may cause ligament injury within knee. Worsens with muscle fatigue as the supporting muscles and ligaments lose their stabilizing function.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
179vp0
|
Would a gladiator beat a trained soldier in combat?
|
[
{
"answer": "Well, to be fair, the terms \"gladiator\" and \"soldier\" are really meaningless terms and describe a very wide variety of persons. For instance, the majority of \"gladiators\" if we are referring to people that fought in the gladiator games, were just slaves that were sold to whomever happened to be putting on the festivities; ergo, given equivalent equipment, they would likely lose in a duel with a trained soldier. On the other hand, the term “soldier” can also refer to a broad spectrum ranging from the members of the Praetorian Guard down to, again, conscripts that were little more than slaves.\n\nNow to answer the question in the way that I assume that you intended it, yes the gladiators portrayed in the series, highly unrealistic as they are, would likely be able to outmatch the average legionnaire. Bear in mind that Spartacus was an actual historical figure that fought in the Third Servile War in which they actually did fight Roman legion troops and stood their ground for a few battles. On the other hand, no they were not like super-soldiers and the show can be thought of as akin to the film, 300 in terms of historicity; in that, while based on historical events, the actual historical versions of the persons portrayed did not kill hundreds of people single-handedly. Hope that answers your question!\n\nEDIT: syntax\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There is some evidence to suggest that gladiators and soldiers trained in very similar ways using similar equipment (JCN Coulston wrote an article comparing the two if you're interested). The primary difference was that gladiators were trained only in single combat whereas military training went further to emphasize fighting in groups. As BeneonTrotsky notes Spartacus was a historical figure who was a key part of a slave revolt. Appian describes the Roman initial attitude toward the rebellion as minor annoyance and severely underestimates the viability of Spartacus and his band as a viable fighting force. As a result, the initial group of untrained Roman conscripts sent to put down the revolt is routed. It would eventually take the use of 8 well trained Roman legions to stop Spartacus. From this, we can conclude that a well trained gladiator existed somewhere between an untrained conscript and a battle tested legionnaire on the hierarchy of military skill. That, in times of need gladiators were sometimes used to train green recruits should further strengthen this notion (ex Rutilius Rufus in 105 BC). Hopes this answers your question, let me know if you have any others (I wrote my senior thesis on the relationship between the gladiatorial games and the roman military) ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "12336",
"title": "Gladiator",
"section": "Section::::The games.:Combat.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 400,
"text": "Combats between experienced, well trained gladiators demonstrated a considerable degree of stagecraft. Among the cognoscenti, bravado and skill in combat were esteemed over mere hacking and bloodshed; some gladiators made their careers and reputation from bloodless victories. Suetonius describes an exceptional \"munus\" by Nero, in which no-one was killed, \"not even \"noxii\" (enemies of the state).\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25507",
"title": "Roman Empire",
"section": "Section::::Daily life.:Recreation and spectacles.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 169,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 169,
"end_character": 785,
"text": "Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves, convicts, or free volunteers. Death was not a necessary or even desirable outcome in matches between these highly skilled fighters, whose training represented a costly and time-consuming investment. By contrast, \"noxii\" were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training, often unarmed, and with no expectation of survival. Physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate retributive justice for the crimes they had committed. These executions were sometimes staged or ritualized as re-enactments of myths, and amphitheatres were equipped with elaborate stage machinery to create special effects. Tertullian considered deaths in the arena to be nothing more than a dressed-up form of human sacrifice.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5734515",
"title": "Korg (comics)",
"section": "Section::::Powers and abilities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 318,
"text": "When fighting as a gladiator, he mostly relied on his physical power and extremely durable form, rather than actual fighting skills. He is, however, an experienced military strategist and consummate pragmatist, constantly assessing his environment so he can tell what actions are necessary for his continued survival.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8821943",
"title": "List of Gladiators UK events",
"section": "Section::::Original Gladiators events.:Duel.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 471,
"text": "A contender and a Gladiator are each placed atop an elevated platform a short distance apart. Armed with a pugil stick (which was usually mistaken for a huge cotton bud), they attempted to cause the other to fall from their platform. This could be achieved with either an offensive or a defensive strategy, although some contenders were disqualified if they made no attacking move towards the Gladiator and vice versa. Losing a pugil stick resulted in an automatic loss.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12336",
"title": "Gladiator",
"section": "Section::::Schools and training.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 73,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 73,
"end_character": 678,
"text": "All prospective gladiators, whether volunteer or condemned, were bound to service by a sacred oath (\"sacramentum\"). Novices (\"novicii\") trained under teachers of particular fighting styles, probably retired gladiators. They could ascend through a hierarchy of grades (singular: \"palus\") in which \"primus palus\" was the highest. Lethal weapons were prohibited in the schools – weighted, blunt wooden versions were probably used. Fighting styles were probably learned through constant rehearsal as choreographed \"numbers\". An elegant, economical style was preferred. Training included preparation for a stoical, unflinching death. Successful training required intense commitment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32279080",
"title": "Italian martial arts",
"section": "Section::::Ancient Rome.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "Gladiatorial Combat was a popular spectator bloodsport in Roman times. Gladiators were trained in special schools and were armed according to the Roman standard or like some of Rome's enemies. This allowed for experimentation with different weapons and styles of combat. Some of the weapons were unusual, such as the net used by the Retiarius.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3376850",
"title": "Indian martial arts",
"section": "Section::::History.:Mughal era (1526–1857).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 1265,
"text": "“There are several kinds of gladiators, each performing astonishing feats. In fighting they show much speed and agility and blend courage and skill in squatting down and rising up again. Some of them use shields in fighting, others use cudgels. Others again use no means of defence, and fight with one hand only; these are called \"ek-hath\". Those who come from the eastern districts of Hindostan use a small shield called “\"chirwah\"”. Those from the southern provinces have shields of such magnitude as to cover a man and a horse. This kind of shield is called \"tilwah\". Another class use a shield somewhat less than the height of a man. Some again use a long sword, and seizing it with both hands they perform extraordinary feats of skill. There is another famous class called Bankúlis. They have no shield but make use of a peculiar kind of sword which, though curved towards the point, is straight near the handle. They wield it with great dexterity. The skill that they exhibit passes all description. Others are skilful in fighting with daggers and knives of various forms; of these there are upwards of a hundred thousand. Each class has a different name; they also differ in their performances. At court there are a thousand gladiators always in readiness.”\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6djxzg
|
When people were put in stocks as punishment back in colonial times, was it just a given that they'd be raped?
|
[
{
"answer": "Hi, not to discourage further discussion, but you may be interested in this answer from a past question that deals directly with your question! \n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "7049963",
"title": "New York Slave Revolt of 1712",
"section": "Section::::Aftermath.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "Colonial forces arrested seventy blacks and jailed them. Six are reported to have committed suicide. Twenty-seven were put on trial, 21 of whom were convicted and sentenced to death. Twenty were burned to death and one was executed on a breaking wheel. This was a form of punishment no longer used on whites at the time. The severity of punishment was an expression of white slaveowners' fear of slave insurrections.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8907594",
"title": "Arthur William Hodge",
"section": "Section::::Motivations for prosecution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 498,
"text": "BULLET::::- Several slave uprisings occurred in the British Virgin Islands before the trial, including a major one in May 1790 at the Pickering plantation. Hanging a notoriously cruel slave owner might have been intended to help maintain control of the remaining slave population, who had grown restless as a result of the passing of the Slave Trade Act. If this was the intent, it was not effective, as major rebellions broke out in 1823 and in 1830, and a planned uprising was uncovered in 1831.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38109642",
"title": "History of United States prison systems",
"section": "Section::::Historical development of United States prison systems.:Colonial criminal punishments, jails, and workhouses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 653,
"text": "The most common sentence of the colonial era was a fine or a whipping, but the stocks were another common punishment—so much so that most colonies, like Virginia in 1662, hastened to build these before either the courthouse or the jail. The theocratic communities of Puritan Massachusetts imposed faith-based punishments like the admonition—a formal censure, apology, and pronouncement of criminal sentence (generally reduced or suspended), performed in front of the church-going community. Sentences to the colonial American workhouse—when they were actually imposed on defendants—rarely exceeded three months, and sometimes spanned just a single day.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1160233",
"title": "Prison reform",
"section": "Section::::History.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 597,
"text": "In colonial America, punishments were severe. The Massachusetts assembly in 1736 ordered that a thief, on first conviction, be fined or whipped. The second time he was to pay treble damages, sit for an hour upon the gallows platform with a noose around his neck and then be carted to the whipping post for thirty stripes. For the third offense he was to be hanged. But the implementation was haphazard as there was no effective police system and judges wouldn't convict if they believed the punishment was excessive. The local jails mainly held men awaiting trial or punishment and those in debt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25726367",
"title": "Copenhagen Stocks House",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "In 1741 the Stocks House was opened to civilian prisoners and it became a place for people who had been sentenced to \"slavery\", that is prisoners sentenced to penal labour in iron. A distinction was made between \"honest\" and \"dishonest\" prisoners, the latter being those who had been beaten at the whipping post (Danish: Kag), a punishment which was not just corporal but associated with loss of honor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51363",
"title": "History of the Caribbean",
"section": "Section::::Early colonial history.:Colonial laws.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 576,
"text": "European plantations required laws to regulate the plantation system and the many slaves imported to work on the plantations. This legal control was the most oppressive for slaves inhabiting colonies where they outnumbered their European masters and where rebellion was persistent such as Jamaica. During the early colonial period, rebellious slaves were harshly punished, with sentences including death by torture; less serious crimes such as assault, theft, or persistent escape attempts were commonly punished with mutilations, such as the cutting off of a hand or a foot.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24061282",
"title": "Falling (execution)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 390,
"text": "In pre-colonial South Africa, several tribes including the Xhosa and the Zulu had named Execution Hills, from which miscreants were hurled to their deaths. These societies had no form of imprisonment so punishment was corporal, capital or expulsion. It is believed that during the Namibian war of independence numerous SWAPO rebels were dropped from South African helicopters over the sea.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2gwjpp
|
If two planets were of the same gravitational pull(earth's for example) and were close to each other what would happen if an object(or human) was directly in the middle of it?
|
[
{
"answer": "If the object was perfectly placed in the center, it would remain there, since the force of gravity from the planets would be equal in magnitude but in opposite direction.\n\n However, this would not be stable. Any minor change in the system would cause it to accelerate one way or another. All it would take would be for some other object to pass by, and its gravity my nudge the object in the center off balace.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If the mass ratio is less than 25:1 between the two bodies, there are no stable Lagrange points _URL_0_\n\nEventually the person is perturbed and falls to one of the bodies\n\nYou're talking about L1 in the cited paper.\n\nL4 and L5 (zones trailing and leading the orbit of the smaller body) are stable for higher ratio bodies",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "80825",
"title": "Free fall",
"section": "Section::::Free fall in Newtonian mechanics.:Inverse-square law gravitational field.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 617,
"text": "It can be said that two objects in space orbiting each other in the absence of other forces are in free fall around each other, e.g. that the Moon or an artificial satellite \"falls around\" the Earth, or a planet \"falls around\" the Sun. Assuming spherical objects means that the equation of motion is governed by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, with solutions to the gravitational two-body problem being elliptic orbits obeying Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This connection between falling objects close to the Earth and orbiting objects is best illustrated by the thought experiment, Newton's cannonball.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40324370",
"title": "Jumping-Jupiter scenario",
"section": "Section::::Implications for the early Solar System.:Irregular satellites.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 1652,
"text": "During gravitational encounters between planets, the hyperbolic orbits of unbound planetesimals around one giant planet are perturbed by the presence of the other. If the geometry and velocities are right, these three-body interactions leave the planetesimal in a bound orbit when planets separate. Although this process is reversible, loosely bound satellites including possible primordial satellites can also escape during these encounters, tightly bound satellites remain and the number of irregular satellites increases over a series of encounters. Following the encounters, the satellites with inclinations between 60° and 130° are lost due the Kozai resonance and the more distant prograde satellites are lost to the evection resonance. Collisions among the satellites result in the formation of families, in a significant loss of mass, and in a shift of their size distribution. The populations and orbits of Jupiter's irregular satellites captured in simulations are largely consistent with observations. Himalia, which has a spectra similar to asteroids in the middle of the asteroid belt, is somewhat larger than the largest captured in simulations. If it was a primordial object its odds of surviving the series of gravitational encounters range from 0.01 - 0.3, with the odds falling as the number increases. Saturn has more frequent encounters with the ice giant in the jumping-Jupiter scenario, and Uranus and Neptune have fewer encounters if that was a fifth giant planet. This increases the size of Saturn's population relative to Uranus and Neptune when compared to the original Nice model, producing a closer match with observations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "950012",
"title": "Coupling (physics)",
"section": "Section::::Astrophysics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 680,
"text": "Objects in space which are coupled to each other are under the mutual influence of each other's gravity. For instance, the Earth is coupled to both the sun and the moon, as it is under the gravitational influence of both. Common in space are binary systems, two objects gravitationally coupled to each other. Examples of this are binary stars which circle each other. Multiple objects may also be coupled to each other simultaneously, such as with globular clusters and galaxy groups. When smaller particles, such as dust, which are coupled together over time accumulate into much larger objects, accretion is occurring. This is the major process by which stars and planets form.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38058647",
"title": "Origin of the Moon",
"section": "Section::::Other hypotheses.:Capture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 543,
"text": "One problem is understanding the capture mechanism. A close encounter of two planetary bodies typically results in either collision or altered trajectories. For this hypothesis to work, there might have been a large atmosphere around the primitive Earth, which would slow the movement of the Moon by aerobraking before it could escape. That hypothesis may also explain the irregular satellite orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. However, this hypothesis does not adequately explain the essentially identical oxygen isotope ratios of the two bodies.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "899973",
"title": "Definition of planet",
"section": "Section::::History.:Minor planets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "Then in 1802, Heinrich Olbers discovered Pallas, a second \"planet\" at roughly the same distance from the Sun as Ceres. That two planets could occupy the same orbit was an affront to centuries of thinking; even Shakespeare had ridiculed the idea (\"Two stars keep not their motion in one sphere\"). Even so, in 1804, another world, Juno, was discovered in a similar orbit. In 1807, Olbers discovered a fourth object, Vesta, at a similar orbital distance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52459",
"title": "Counter-Earth",
"section": "Section::::Modern era.:Scientific analysis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 760,
"text": "A planet orbiting the Sun so that it was always on the other side of the Sun from Earth could (in theory) have such an orbit because it was the same distance from the Sun and had the same mass as Earth. Thus, what would make it undetectable to astronomers (or any other human beings) on Earth would also make it habitable to beings at least similar to humans. With the same size and distance from the Sun as Earth, it could have the same (or very similar) surface environment—gravity, atmospheric pressure, and surface temperature range. At the same time such a planet could have the same orbiting velocity and path as Earth, so that if it was positioned 180 degrees from Earth, it would remain behind the Sun being blocked from view from Earth indefinitely. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2333491",
"title": "Nibiru cataclysm",
"section": "Section::::Scientific rejection.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 679,
"text": "In a 2009 interview with the Discovery Channel, Mike Brown noted that, while it is not impossible that the Sun has a distant planetary companion, such an object would have to be lying very far from the observed regions of the Solar System to have no detectable gravitational effect on the other planets. A Mars-sized object could lie undetected at 300 AU (10 times the distance of Neptune); a Jupiter-sized object at 30,000 AU. To travel 1000 AU in two years, an object would need to be moving at 2400 km/s – faster than the galactic escape velocity. At that speed, any object would be shot out of the Solar System, and then out of the Milky Way galaxy into intergalactic space.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3792bg
|
why do gas stations offer mid grade gas
|
[
{
"answer": "In my state (Montana) premium gas is 91 octane, but regular gas is 85.5 octane. From what I understand the low-octane gas is acceptable because of the altitude, at least for older cars without engine-management computers. So the mid-grade gas is 87 octane, which is what my engine requires. Thus, I buy mid-grade gas because it's the cheapest grade for my car.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "360101",
"title": "Fast food",
"section": "Section::::On the go.:Filling stations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 569,
"text": "Convenience stores located within many petrol/gas stations sell pre-packaged sandwiches, doughnuts, and hot food. Many gas stations in the United States and Europe also sell frozen foods, and have microwave ovens on the premises in which to prepare them. Petrol Stations in Australia sell foods such as hot pies, sandwiches, and chocolate bars, which are easy for a customer to access while on their journey. Petrol stations are a place that are often open long hours and are open before and after shop trading hours therefore it makes it easy to access for consumers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61260",
"title": "Filling station",
"section": "Section::::Fuel prices.:North America.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 113,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 113,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "Due to heavy fluctuations of gasoline price in the United States, some gas stations offer their customers the option to buy and store gas for future uses, such as the service provided by First Fuel Bank.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61260",
"title": "Filling station",
"section": "Section::::Marketing.:North America.:Discount brands.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 1349,
"text": "\"Discount brands\" are often smaller, regional chains or independent stations, offering lower prices on gasoline. Most purchase wholesale commodity gasoline from independent suppliers or from the major petroleum companies. Lower-priced gas stations are also found at some supermarkets (Albertsons, Kroger, Ingles, Lowes Foods, Giant, Weis Markets, Safeway, Hy-Vee, Vons, Meijer, Loblaws/Real Canadian Superstore, and Giant Eagle), convenience stores (7-Eleven, Circle K, Cumberland Farms, Quick Chek, Road Ranger, Sheetz and Wawa), discount stores (Walmart, Canadian Tire) and warehouse clubs (Costco, Sam's Club, and BJ's Wholesale Club). At some stations (such as Vons, Costco, BJ's Wholesale Club, or Sam's Club), consumers are required to hold a special membership card in order to be eligible for the discounted price, or pay only with the chain's cash card, debt card or a credit card issuer exclusive to that chain. In some areas, such as New Jersey, this practice is illegal, and stations are required to sell to all at the same price. Some convenience stores, such as 7-Eleven and Circle K, have co-branded their stations with one of the premium brands. After the Gulf Oil company was sold to Chevron, northeastern retail units were sold off as a chain, with Cumberland Farms controlling the remaining Gulf Oil outlets in the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47419",
"title": "Convenience store",
"section": "Section::::By country.:Germany.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 401,
"text": "Due to German federal Law gas stations are most suitable sales points to establish convenience stores nationwide. Therefore, gas station operator group Aral settled a partnership agreement with one of the biggest German Retailers, REWE Group, to integrate REWE TO GO shops into five out of six German Aral gas stations until 2021. Usually these shops offer 24/7 services and sell about 1200 products.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16266959",
"title": "GasBuddy",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 308,
"text": "GasBuddy is a tech company based in Boston that operates apps and websites based on finding real-time fuel prices at more than 140,000 gas stations in the United States, Canada, and Australia. They also sell software products to convenience store owners via their B2B initiatives (formerly known OpenStore).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61260",
"title": "Filling station",
"section": "Section::::Fuel prices.:North America.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 111,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 111,
"end_character": 656,
"text": "Individual gas stations in the United States have little if any control over gasoline prices. The wholesale price of gasoline is determined according to area by oil companies which supply the gasoline, and their prices are largely determined by the world markets for oil. Individual gas stations are unlikely to sell gasoline at a loss, and the profit margin—typically between 7 and 11 cents a U.S. gallon—that they make from gasoline sales is limited by competitive pressures: a gas station which charges more than others will lose customers to them. Most gas stations try to compensate by selling higher-margin food products in their convenience stores.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22320226",
"title": "Filling station attendant",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 371,
"text": "In the United States, gas jockeys were often tipped for their services, but this is now rare as full-service stations are uncommon except in the states New Jersey and Oregon (counties with more than 40,000 residents), the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts, and the town of Huntington, New York, where retail customers are prohibited by law from pumping their own gasoline.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
35umfp
|
when people sing in a tonal language (like chinese), how do they keep the tones in their voice?
|
[
{
"answer": "The short answer is, they don't. You can't really tell the tones when listening to a song. The meaning is usually pretty clear from context.\n\nThe tones are basically lost when whispering Chinese too. It's still understandable.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm not entirely sure, since I speak basic Cantonese but I don't know the full lyrics of most Cantonese songs, but from what I know a good song will take the tones of the words into account and reflect that in the melody. Eg. ascending lines/leaps match rising tones and descending lines match ending of sentences. I've heard of people mentioning hilariously bad songs because the melody doesn't match the tones and the meanings of the lyrics can sound like something entirely different or nonsensical.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm a Cantonese and Mandarin speaker. It is perfectly possible for us to just speak in one tone, just as English speakers can, say, pretend to be a robot and speak in a monotone. It will sound silly and might cause some confusing to meaning (though context helps) but it's not like tonal language speakers can't make themselves speak without the tones. Even little kids can do that for fun.\n\n\nSimilarly, we can fit the sounds into the pitch of the songs (instead of a monotone), meaning that we don't keep the tones of the language when we sing. But a good Cantonese song will make sure the melody more or less match the original tones of the lyrics. \n\n\nMandarin actually forgo tones completely when in music, and it can still make perfect sense (from context) without sounding off at all. The tone does not need to match the songs pitch at all. Cantonese, however, cannot do the same without sounding really strange or meaning something different. Most people can still guess what the correct words are meant to be (like we do from robot speech) but it just sounds ridiculous, so fitting the tone to the music is one of the first considerations when writing Cantonese songs.\n\nThat is why writing Cantonese lyrics is very challenging because taking tone into consideration greatly limits the choice of words you can use, but a good song needs that (actually, scratch that, it's actually a very basic requirement, a very challenging but minimal requirement).\n\n\nAs for why tones are important in Cantonese songs but not at all in Mandarin songs, my guess is that the former has 9 tones (or 6 depending on how you define a tone) and the latter only has 4. Hope that helps!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5751",
"title": "Chinese language",
"section": "Section::::Phonology.:Tones.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 61,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 61,
"end_character": 353,
"text": "All varieties of spoken Chinese use tones to distinguish words. A few dialects of north China may have as few as three tones, while some dialects in south China have up to 6 or 12 tones, depending on how one counts. One exception from this is Shanghainese which has reduced the set of tones to a two-toned pitch accent system much like modern Japanese.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2860656",
"title": "Pinyin input method",
"section": "Section::::Elements and features.:Treatment of tones.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 238,
"text": "Chinese is a tonal language. Tones can be used to further distinguish characters of the same sound. Many of the early single-character pinyin method implementations required input of tones in order to narrow down the character selection.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "253645",
"title": "Varieties of Chinese",
"section": "Section::::Phonology.:Tones.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 808,
"text": "The tones of Middle Chinese, as well as similar systems in neighbouring languages, experienced a tone split conditioned by syllabic onsets. Syllables with voiced initials tended to be pronounced with a lower pitch, and by the late Tang Dynasty, each of the tones had split into two registers conditioned by the initials, known as \"upper\" (/ \"yīn\") and \"lower\" (/ \"yáng\"). When voicing was lost in all dialects except the Wu and Old Xiang groups, this distinction became phonemic, yielding eight tonal categories, with a six-way contrast in unchecked syllables and a two-way contrast in checked syllables. Cantonese maintains these tones and has developed an additional distinction in checked syllables as well as one in unchecked syllables. (The latter distinction has disappeared again in many varieties.) \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1406695",
"title": "Culture of the People's Republic of China",
"section": "Section::::Traditional arts.:Music.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 382,
"text": "Chinese vocal music has traditionally been sung in a thin, nonresonant voice or in falsetto and is usually solo rather than choral. All traditional Chinese music is melodic rather than harmonic. Instrumental music is played on solo instruments or in small ensembles of plucked and bowed stringed instruments, flutes, and various cymbals, gongs, and drums. The scale has five notes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21727674",
"title": "Standard Chinese phonology",
"section": "Section::::Tones.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 72,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 72,
"end_character": 539,
"text": "Standard Chinese, like all varieties of Chinese, is tonal. This means that in addition to consonants and vowels, the pitch contour of a syllable is used to distinguish words from each other. Many non-native Chinese speakers have difficulties mastering the tones of each character, but correct tonal pronunciation is essential for intelligibility because of the vast number of words in the language that only differ by tone (i.e. are minimal pairs with respect to tone). Statistically, tones are as important as vowels in Standard Chinese.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39573",
"title": "Tone (linguistics)",
"section": "Section::::Types.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 586,
"text": "In the most widely spoken tonal language, Mandarin Chinese, tones are distinguished by their distinctive shape, known as contour, with each tone having a different internal pattern of rising and falling pitch. Many words, especially monosyllabic ones, are differentiated solely by tone. In a multisyllabic word, each syllable often carries its own tone. Unlike in Bantu systems, tone plays little role in the grammar of modern standard Chinese, though the tones descend from features in Old Chinese that had morphological significance (such as changing a verb to a noun or vice versa).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3537035",
"title": "Checked tone",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 267,
"text": "For instance, in Cantonese, there are six tones in syllables that do not end in stops but only three in syllables that do so. That is why although Cantonese has only six tones, in the sense of six contrasting variations in pitch, it is often said to have nine tones.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3rsjqd
|
Has mercury been successfully employed to treat anything?
|
[
{
"answer": "Mercury is an ingredient in many vaccines, albeit not as the element purely. It's a component of the preservatives, and this is declining as well.\n\nI can't find anything in my journal access offhand, nor am I specifically aware of anything of this sort. That said, there are plenty of elements that we don't use, and used to, and compounds as well.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Yes. It's commonly used in dental fillings to treat cavities. To be specific, they use a mercury [Amalgam](_URL_0_) with powdered silver, copper, and tin. \n\nTo make the amalgam, liquid mercury is mixed with finely powdered metals in a ratio of about 50% mercury and 50% powder. \n\nThis forms a stiff paste. The mercury \"wets\" the metal powder and quickly forms an **alloy** with the metals, which becomes a largely homogenous solid metal. This takes several minutes, and fully hardens in about 1 hour.\n\nIn a certain sense this is the direct opposite of dissolving a solid like sodium chloride in a liquid solvent like water, creating a liquid solution. In a dental amalgam, a liquid becomes dissolved into a solid solvent, creating a solid solution (an alloy.)\n\nIn the US they're rarely used currently, they've been replaced with composites with powdered glass and acrylic resins. This is partly due to concerns about tiny but measurable amounts of mercury evaporating from the fillings over time. Also composite fillings can be made a color match with the surrounding tooth making them much more cosmetic. Lastly, if the filling needs to be removed in the future, it creates somewhat of a hazard of the patient accidentally swallowing some of the drill shavings. It's standard practice to use a rubber dental dam in this situation.\n\nHowever, amalgam fillings offer some unique benefits versus composites. They tend to be significantly less likely to fail versus composites. This is because the silver and copper in the alloy have strong antiseptic properties, making it more difficult for bacteria to infiltrate the bond between the filling and the existing tooth. Decay around the margins of a filling is the #1 reason for failure. Also, amalgams don't require the tooth to be scrupulously clean and dry. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Medicinal Mercury, pure un-oxidated, was used for constipation. An ounce was swallowed and it went through the digestive system and out the bowels cleansing them. Mercury is dangerous when it is an oxide, which can be tal\nken up through the body. Technicians and plumbers use lead and mercury and can be poisoned by the fumes, although the solid substances are reasonably safe. (I have a 1lb bottle of medicinal Mercury which came from an old drug store.)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Mercury was used to treat syphilis, though it wasn't very effective. Indeed better and safer medicines were first discovered in 1884 based of bismuth and in 1910 based on arsenic. However, mercury was still sometimes used up until the 1950s to treat syphilis. \n\nO'shea, J. G. (1990). 'Two minutes with venus, two years with mercury'--mercury as an antisyphilitic chemotherapeutic agent. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 83(6), 392.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "18617142",
"title": "Mercury (element)",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Medicine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 81,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 81,
"end_character": 961,
"text": "Today, the use of mercury in medicine has greatly declined in all respects, especially in developed countries. Thermometers and sphygmomanometers containing mercury were invented in the early 18th and late 19th centuries, respectively. In the early 21st century, their use is declining and has been banned in some countries, states and medical institutions. In 2002, the U.S. Senate passed legislation to phase out the sale of non-prescription mercury thermometers. In 2003, Washington and Maine became the first states to ban mercury blood pressure devices. Mercury compounds are found in some over-the-counter drugs, including topical antiseptics, stimulant laxatives, diaper-rash ointment, eye drops, and nasal sprays. The FDA has \"inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness\" of the mercury ingredients in these products. Mercury is still used in some diuretics although substitutes now exist for most therapeutic uses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52875786",
"title": "Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning",
"section": "Section::::History.:Song dynasty.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 62,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 62,
"end_character": 459,
"text": "The scientist and statesman Shen Kuo's 1088 \"Dream Pool Essays\" suggested that mercury compounds might be medicinally valuable and needed further study—foreshadowing the use of metallic compounds in modern medicine, such as mercury in salvarsan for syphilis or antimony for visceral leishmaniasis. Shen says his cousin once transformed cinnabar into an elixir, but one of his students mistakenly ate a leftover piece, became delirious, and died the next day.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58908682",
"title": "Keyser's Pills",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 533,
"text": "Mercury was a common, long-standing treatment for syphilis. Keyser's pills were marketed by and named for Jean Keyser, a surgeon in the French military. They were a standard treatment in the French military by the 1750s. Keyser's solution of mercury mixed with acetic acid was intended to reduce the side-effects of mercury treatments, but still proved quite dangerous. A trial of four women at Bicêtre Hospital caused colic, diarrhea, fevers, nausea and vomiting, and mouth ulcers to the level of gangrene. One subject miscarried. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18617142",
"title": "Mercury (element)",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Historic uses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 113,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 113,
"end_character": 342,
"text": "BULLET::::- Mercury was used for preserving wood, developing daguerreotypes, silvering mirrors, anti-fouling paints (discontinued in 1990), herbicides (discontinued in 1995), handheld maze games, cleaning, and road leveling devices in cars. Mercury compounds have been used in antiseptics, laxatives, antidepressants, and in antisyphilitics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1268216",
"title": "Mercury(I) chloride",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 636,
"text": "Mercury became a popular remedy for a variety of physical and mental ailments during the age of \"heroic medicine\". It was used by doctors in America throughout the 18th century, and during the revolution, to make patients regurgitate and release their body from \"impurities\". Benjamin Rush was one particular well-known advocate of mercury in medicine and used calomel to treat sufferers of yellow fever during its outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793. Calomel was given to patients as a purgative or cathartic until they began to salivate and was often administered to patients in such great quantities that their hair and teeth fell out.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2095134",
"title": "Oligodynamic effect",
"section": "Section::::Use.:Mercury.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 412,
"text": "Organic mercury compounds have been used as topical disinfectants (thimerosal, nitromersol and merbromin) and preservatives in medical preparations (thimerosal) and grain products (both methyl and ethyl mercurials). Mercury was used in the treatment of syphilis. Calomel was commonly used in infant teething powders in the 1930s and 1940s. Mercurials are also used agriculturally as insecticides and fungicides.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17968151",
"title": "Mineral industry of Africa",
"section": "Section::::Environment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 551,
"text": "The use of mercury by artisanal gold miners has led to serious air and water pollution in Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Development Programme, and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization began the Global Mercury Project in August 2002 to alleviate these problems. The Global Mercury Project has been providing cleaner technologies and training for miners, conducting health assessments, and helping institute government regulatory capacities.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8jkmd5
|
how can tv shows like south park and family guy still use the “all persons fictitious” disclaimer when they are clearly making fun of an actual person/celebrity?
|
[
{
"answer": "The disclaimer does not give them full protection from libel laws. It might offer them some protection in certain cases. However it is the overall perception that the viewer is left with that is important and not just a single disclaimer. It show however be noted that people who have chosen to become famous have less protection from libel laws then people who do not. For example Trump should expect people to make jokes about him being a fat dumb sick upper class snob with a small penis when he started his own reality show staring himself and then later joining politics. However if a writer met someone he did not like and then publicly portrayed him in a similar manner then the law would be much stricter. The disclaimer may have a grater impact on the ruling in those cases.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "That disclaimer isn't protecting them from a celebrity suing them. \n\nWhat is protecting them from a celebrity suing them is the fact that the 1st Amendment has been held to allow you to use someone's name and likeness in certain limited ways when that person is a \"subject of public interest.\" The short of it is that celebrities are \"subjects of public interest\" and the manner in which they are being depicted in those tv shows is one of the limited ways in which the 1st Amendment permits someone else to use their likeness.\n\nThat phrase is just some generic legalese that has been stuck in the credits of every movie and tv show going back decades. It's designed to stop some random, non-celebrity from claiming that a non-celebrity character in the movie/show is so similar to them that the movie/show is using the random person's likeness. \n\nIn all likelihood that blurb of legalese doesn't actually do anything - if some random person could actually prove that their likeness was being used the phrase wouldn't protect the movie/show producers. And if the random person can't prove that their likeness was used, well, they can't win a case against the movie/show producers. \n\nBut it does protect the movie/show owners from the one in a billion case where a judge says \"well you didn't put that phrase in your credits so I'll let this go to trial.\" While the random person still won't win in that situation, going to trial costs money while putting that phrase in the credits does not, and so that phrase ends up in every movie/show's credits. \n\nThe reason its showed at the start of the intro for South Park, rather than in the credits, is as a joke.\n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nedit: This is more in depth so feel free to skip it if you're just looking for a basic explanation on why South Park doesn't get sued, but I'll just add a bit in because I wasn't very clear on *why* that phrase keeps getting put in the credits of every movie and tv show despite not doing anything and I'm getting two general lines of comments. \n\nThe first line of comments is \"I'm a lawyer and its because it protects against defamation!\" I too, am a lawyer, though if you're making this comment I doubt you are. You cannot say \"I'm not defaming X but by the way X is a child molester\" and think that does not constitute defamation (which was one of the examples a \"lawyer\" used). But perhaps the best response is the fact that the phrase is usually put in the credits where no one sees it anyways. If no one sees it, it doesn't affect how they view the defaming material. \n\nThe second line of comments is \"but they put it in for other countries where they don't have the 1st Amendment!\" \n\nThe best response to this is just to be more clear why the phrase is put in the credits. As /u/ByeByeLiver and several others have stated there was a historical reason for putting it in the credits. \n\nBut modernly its put there solely because of inertia, that is to say, there is no one alive today that remembers a time when it wasn't in the credits. It also costs nothing to put it in the credits. But there is an extremely remote possibility that removing it from the credits might result in a situation that costs money - nobody knows how that situation could actually come about, but nobody can say *with absolute certainty* that it won't come about if that phrase is removed. So it gets put in the credits because the default position is that its in the credits, its free, and free is cheaper than a remote possibility of \"something bad happening.\"\n\nIn other words, its not being added because it contains some magical protection against non-US laws. Its largely being added in the US and just exported along with the rest of the movie/show. In countries where its being added domestically, the sole purpose for its addition is because people in that country are just assuming that it does *something* in the US or other English speaking countries and adding it, and again doing so is free.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Basically they put the message up front so they can say they did if they get sued. \n\nIt came about because a big movie studio got sued by a still-living princess for a movie that was found to be defaming her, back in the '30s.\n\nI wonder how \"making fun of\" somebody works legally in the context of modern entertainment where an animated cartoon can be about much more current events and where it can sometimes be hard to seperate fact from fiction at the base level leading people to seek validation of their views from comedians with no obligations towards journalism.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Trey Parker and Matt stone, creators of South Park, have been sued over 100 times. They just don’t care haha ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It all goes back to Mad Magazine running a satirical strip they called \"Stupidman,\" a guy in leotards and a cape with an \"S\" on his chest that did really stupid things shortly after the first issue of \"Superman\" was published.\n\nD.C. Comics immediately sued for copyright infringement on their Superman character and lost at the Supreme Court. The Court ruled that no reasonable person would confuse Mad's Supidman with D.C.'s Superman and satire has been the first amendment protected Free Speech ever since.\n\nNo one will confuse a Southpark send-up of any celebrity with the real person.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "All persons ficticious doesn't cover celeberties - it covers everyone else.\n\nLet's say your name is 'Peter Griffin'. That is why the disclaimer is there, so you can't sue them for misrepresenting you.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The case of [New York Times v Sullivan](_URL_0_) protects South Park from any lawsuit. The \"these are just fictitious\" label isn't necessary but it frames the audience.\n\nNYT ran an advertisement that attacked Sullivan's decisions and had some major inaccuracies in it. The court decided that errors and mistakes are bound to happen in media because that is the nature of the debate. If the NYT has continued to spread misinformation then they would be liable for libel. However they did not.\n\nThe court ruled that all public figures are open to attacks on their reputation and it's just in being a public figure.\n\nSouth Park and Family Guy are also protected by fair use laws. South Park in particular is always hitting the boundaries of this. [Mel Gibson's face](_URL_1_) and [David Hasselhoff's face](_URL_2_) have been used directly on the show. Whereas most of their characters are animated and rarely look like what they're supposed to look like.\n\nI think most importantly the show focuses a lot on has-beens rather than big stars and so it would be a lot more difficult to prove damages.\n\nA lot of Republicans wanted Sarah Palin to sue SNL for their portrayal of Sarah Palin. Many of them argued that Tina Fey's impersonation was so close to actual Palin that people began believing that Palin actually said the things that Tina Fey was saying (like, \"I can see Russia from my home\"). But Sarah Palin's wealth has grown considerably since that election and she has actually gained a lot of her followers and contributors specifically because they are all aware that the 'even ultra left wing media' did a hit job on her.\n\nHad she sort of just went bankrupt after all that I think she might have had a case. But that didn't happen.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "South Park actually gets pretty specific.\n\n > ALL CHARACTERS AND EVENTS IN THIS SHOW--**EVEN THOSE BASED ON REAL PEOPLE--ARE ENTIRELY FICTIONAL. ALL CELEBRITY VOICES ARE IMPERSONATED.....POORLY.** THE FOLLOWING PROGRAM CONTAINS COARSE LANGUAGE AND DUE TO ITS CONTENT IT SHOULD NOT BE VIEWED BY ANYONE ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They're saying that they're using the character based on a real person in a fictional way \\(e.g. impersonated or spoofed on a comedy show\\), instead of claiming to be accurately representing that person like in a news report.\n\nThe disclaimer is to make it clear, even if it should be blindingly obvious, as in South Park.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It is used as a parody. If I remember correctly, parody is protected by free speech as well as satire. I could be wrong but I think that's why they disclaimer it beforehand so that people can get butthurt all they want but have no real legal discourse to follow to punish them for it. Aside from not watching it that is.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It goes back to a film that was made about the murder of Rasputin by fed up Russian royalty and aristocrats. One of the Princes carrying out the murder was still living in Paris and sued the studio. As as result that language became a boiler plate included in nearly every movie for the last 90 years.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They are satirizing actual people, but the actions of the people on the shows are not real. The show version characters are not real, and the show isn't claiming to depict real activities. That's the purpose of the disclaimer.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "People use excess legalese in lots of situations where it has no real impact. Sometimes it's out of habit, sometimes an over abundance of caution, sometimes lawyers feel like they need to just do things to justify their existence, sometimes something that is totally ineffectual in most places might be meaningful in one jurisdiction, and if it would ever be helpful to protect their rights even in a limited circumstance, there's no reason not to do it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Have you ever actually read that disclaimer?\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "What always bothered me is that Law and Order could advertise as \" ripped from the headlines!\" And then when you watch it reaffirms its fiction and any similarity to real events are strictly coincidental. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Parody is protected under the First Amendment. Also why XXX versions of Star Wars, X-Files, Star Trek, etc also exist.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Satire is specially protected with a \"fair use\" exception to copyright laws. Meaning that, to a certain extent, they can use a celebrity's likeness or even copyrighted material for satirical purposes. There are limitations that it has to clearly be satire, etc. We 'muricans love to make fun of our celebrities and politicians and give special protection to do it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "14549699",
"title": "Big Brother 9 (American season)",
"section": "Section::::Reception.:Controversy and criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 658,
"text": "On Day 70, there was a controversial Head of Household competition where the HouseGuests were to determine if certain statements were \"fact\" or \"fiction.\" Many fans of the show, including \"\" co-host Dick Donato, were displeased with the final \"fact or fiction\" statement, which dealt with how many preexisting relationships there were in the house. The correct answer was three, which counted two relationships between HouseGuests (Jacob & Sharon and Jen & Ryan) and also the relationships between the guinea pigs. Some fans considered this question unfair. Sharon missed the question, leading to her losing the HoH competition and ultimately being evicted.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27977",
"title": "South Park",
"section": "Section::::Premise.:Themes and style.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 327,
"text": "Each episode opens with a tongue-in-cheek all persons fictitious disclaimer: \"All characters and events in this show—even those based on real people—are entirely fictional. All celebrity voices are impersonated...poorly. The following program contains coarse language and due to its content it should not be viewed by anyone.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55639936",
"title": "Project Blue Book (TV series)",
"section": "Section::::Reception.:Critical response.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 420,
"text": "Robert Sheaffer, reviewing the first four episodes, points out numerous historical inaccuracies and \"falsehoods,\" some of which he characterizes as \"absurd.\" Concerned over misguiding viewers, he concludes that \"...this program references real people by their real names, a real government program, and real incidents. It then mixes in absurd and invented details, while claiming that the show is based on real events.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "810092",
"title": "Dark Side of the Moon (mockumentary)",
"section": "Section::::Giveaways.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 577,
"text": "The giveaway also appears in the closing credits with blooper reels showing the characters, real and fictitious alike, laughing over their lines or over their inability to remember them. But there is a final trick here, a \"hoax within a hoax\": the real characters are shown joking, giving the false impression that they are voluntarily part of the hoax. In fact at least one of these \"jokes\" - Kissinger saying that he would do it all over again - appears in \"Les hommes de la Maison Blanche\" where he turns out to be actually talking quite seriously about the war in Vietnam.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11327862",
"title": "South Park controversies",
"section": "Section::::Criticism and protests.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 253,
"text": "\"\"All characters and events in this show—even those based on real people—are entirely fictional. All celebrity voices are impersonated... poorly. The following program contains coarse language and due to its content it should not be viewed by anyone.\"\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26698751",
"title": "Take a Good Look (TV series)",
"section": "Section::::Format.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 313,
"text": "\"Take A Good Look\" was a parody of the Goodson-Todman panel games of the era: \"To Tell the Truth\", \"I've Got a Secret\", and \"What's My Line\". Kovacs produced and hosted a format similar to those shows, in which a panel of celebrities attempted to guess a secret about a seemingly-ordinary person brought onstage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32211219",
"title": "South Beach Tow",
"section": "Section::::Staged performances.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 461,
"text": "Although the show is officially classified as a reality television program, it depicts actors performing reenactments of events. When questioned on the program's veracity, a spokesman said that the show \"features real people and is based on real situations. Due to production needs, some scenes are reenacted\". At the end of each episode, during the credits, a disclaimer is now posted \"The stories that are portrayed in this program are based on real events\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
k1wp6
|
how rainbow tables work and how they're used for password cracking.
|
[
{
"answer": "Passwords are stored by \"hashing\" -- to explain this intuitively, think of it like you give me your password, I run it through a machine, and the machine gives me an output that I store. The main point of this machine is\n\n1. The only thing that can cause the it to output what it just did is your password -- any other password outputs something else.\n2. You can't use this machine in reverse.\n\nHopefully, I don't actually have direct access to what goes in this machine, so now you can trust me to store your password and I can never actually use it (since I can't reverse what the machine gave me and I don't have your original password). On the other hand, if you ever want to use your password, you simply pass it through the machine and give me the output; I can check if that matches your username, and if it does, I know you had the right password (even though I don't know what that password is). \n\nSo I'm storing a bunch of people's passwords, which are actually just the transformed versions of their passwords by this machine. The thing is, lots of sites use the same machine to transform the passwords, so if your password was \"password\", the output that all these different sites are storing is the same. Someone can get their own version of this machine, and just start storing every pair of password and transformed password linked together (by testing a password, seeing the output, and joining them together so looking up one gives you the other). Now, if I steal some site's table of transformed passwords, any of those that I've already seen in my table of pairs I immediately know what password gives that transformed version, and now I have your password.\n\nThis table of pairs is a rainbow table.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Passwords are stored by \"hashing\" -- to explain this intuitively, think of it like you give me your password, I run it through a machine, and the machine gives me an output that I store. The main point of this machine is\n\n1. The only thing that can cause the it to output what it just did is your password -- any other password outputs something else.\n2. You can't use this machine in reverse.\n\nHopefully, I don't actually have direct access to what goes in this machine, so now you can trust me to store your password and I can never actually use it (since I can't reverse what the machine gave me and I don't have your original password). On the other hand, if you ever want to use your password, you simply pass it through the machine and give me the output; I can check if that matches your username, and if it does, I know you had the right password (even though I don't know what that password is). \n\nSo I'm storing a bunch of people's passwords, which are actually just the transformed versions of their passwords by this machine. The thing is, lots of sites use the same machine to transform the passwords, so if your password was \"password\", the output that all these different sites are storing is the same. Someone can get their own version of this machine, and just start storing every pair of password and transformed password linked together (by testing a password, seeing the output, and joining them together so looking up one gives you the other). Now, if I steal some site's table of transformed passwords, any of those that I've already seen in my table of pairs I immediately know what password gives that transformed version, and now I have your password.\n\nThis table of pairs is a rainbow table.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2403284",
"title": "Rainbow table",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 617,
"text": "A rainbow table is a precomputed table for reversing cryptographic hash functions, usually for cracking password hashes. Tables are usually used in recovering a password (or credit card numbers, etc.) up to a certain length consisting of a limited set of characters. It is a practical example of a space–time tradeoff, using less computer processing time and more storage than a brute-force attack which calculates a hash on every attempt, but more processing time and less storage than a simple lookup table with one entry per hash. Use of a key derivation function that employs a salt makes this attack infeasible.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36380355",
"title": "DistrRTgen",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 386,
"text": "Distributed Free Rainbow Tables (or DistrRTgen) was a distributed computing project for making rainbow tables for password cracking. By using distributed computing, DistrRTgen can generate rainbow tables that are able to crack long passwords. DistrRtgen was used to generate LM, NTLM, MD5 and MYSQLSHA1 rainbow tables. All of the rainbow tables are downloadable at Free Rainbow Tables.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2403284",
"title": "Rainbow table",
"section": "Section::::Rainbow tables.:Example.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 472,
"text": "Rainbow tables are specific to the hash function they were created for e.g., MD5 tables can crack only MD5 hashes. The theory of this technique was invented by Philippe Oechslin as a fast form of time/memory tradeoff, which he implemented in the Windows password cracker Ophcrack. The more powerful RainbowCrack program was later developed that can generate and use rainbow tables for a variety of character sets and hashing algorithms, including LM hash, MD5, and SHA-1.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2403284",
"title": "Rainbow table",
"section": "Section::::Defense against rainbow tables.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 606,
"text": "Rainbow tables and other precomputation attacks do not work against passwords that contain symbols outside the range presupposed, or that are longer than those precomputed by the attacker. However, tables can be generated that take into account common ways in which users attempt to choose more secure passwords, such as adding a number or special character. Because of the sizable investment in computing processing, rainbow tables beyond fourteen places in length are not yet common. So, choosing a password that is longer than fourteen characters may force an attacker to resort to brute-force methods.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2403284",
"title": "Rainbow table",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 470,
"text": "To address this issue of scale, reverse lookup tables were generated that stored only a smaller selection of hashes that when reversed could make long chains of passwords. Although the reverse lookup of a hash in a chained table takes more computational time, the lookup table itself can be much smaller, so hashes of longer passwords can be stored. Rainbow tables are a refinement of this chaining technique and provide a solution to a problem called chain collisions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2879083",
"title": "RainbowCrack",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 458,
"text": "RainbowCrack is a computer program which generates rainbow tables to be used in password cracking. RainbowCrack differs from \"conventional\" brute force crackers in that it uses large pre-computed tables called rainbow tables to reduce the length of time needed to crack a password drastically. RainbowCrack was developed by Zhu Shuanglei, and implements an improved time–memory tradeoff cryptanalysis attack which originated in Philippe Oechslin's Ophcrack.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2403284",
"title": "Rainbow table",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "Rainbow tables are not always needed as there are more straightforward methods of hash reversal available. Brute-force attacks and dictionary attacks are the most straightforward methods available. However, these are not adequate for systems that use long passwords because of the difficulty of storing all the options available and searching through such an extensive database to perform a reverse lookup of a hash.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1r15t3
|
Is it possible to set something on fire by pouring boiling water on it?
|
[
{
"answer": "yes, if it is a water reactive substance like calcium carbide water will react exothermically and ignite the gases produced",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Besides a chemical reaction with water itself, anything that has an [autoignition temperature](_URL_0_) below 100 C could theoretically be ignited by heating it with boiling water. However, if the material did not react with water and you poured the water on top of it you might simply smother any flames that would be normally produced.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "855608",
"title": "Firefighting",
"section": "Section::::Science of extinguishment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 84,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 84,
"end_character": 607,
"text": "Using water is one common method to extinguish a fire. Water extinguishes a fire by cooling, which removes heat because of water’s ability to absorb massive amounts of heat as it converts to water vapor. Without heat, the fuel cannot keep the oxidizer from reducing the fuel in order to sustain the fire. Water also extinguishes a fire by smothering it. When water is heated to its boiling point, it converts to water vapor. When this conversion takes place, it dilutes the oxygen in the air above the fire, thus removing one of the elements that the fire requires to burn. This can also be done with foam.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "187359",
"title": "Campfire",
"section": "Section::::Extinguishing the fire.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 539,
"text": "To properly cool a fire, water is splashed on all embers, including places that are not glowing red. Splashing the water is both more effective and efficient in extinguishing the fire. The water boils violently and carries ash in the air with it, dirtying anything nearby but not posing a safety hazard. Water is continuously poured until the hissing stops, Then the ashes are stirred to ensure that water reaches the entire fire, and more water is added if necessary. When the fire is fully extinguished, the ashes are cool to the touch.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52636",
"title": "Boiling",
"section": "Section::::Uses.:In cooking.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 311,
"text": "Boiling can be done in several ways: The food can be placed into already rapidly boiling water and left to cook, the heat can be turned down and the food can be simmered or the food can also be placed into the pot, and cold water may be added to the pot. This may then be boiled until the food is satisfactory.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6924052",
"title": "Wax fire",
"section": "Section::::Chemistry behind the reaction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 383,
"text": "For similar reasons, water should never be used to extinguish burning grease or fat, which both behave similarly to wax. Water is ineffective at putting out other flammable liquid fires, but in most liquids (e.g. petrol), the water remains as a liquid, and spreads the fire by allowing the liquid to float and burn on top of it. Baking soda more effectively extinguishes a wax fire.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4200042",
"title": "Critical heat flux",
"section": "Section::::Description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 474,
"text": "The use of boiling is limited by a condition called critical heat flux (CHF), which is also called a boiling crisis or departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). The most serious problem is that the boiling limitation can be directly related to the physical burnout of the materials of a heated surface due to the suddenly inefficient heat transfer through a vapor film formed across the surface resulting from the replacement of liquid by vapor adjacent to the heated surface.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "214701",
"title": "Water purification",
"section": "Section::::Other water purification techniques.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 94,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 94,
"end_character": 1272,
"text": "BULLET::::1. Boiling: Bringing water to its boiling point (about 100 °C or 212 F at sea level), is the oldest and most effective way since it eliminates most microbes causing intestine related diseases, but it cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities. For human health, complete sterilization of water is not required, since the heat resistant microbes are not intestine affecting. The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety, since microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater than . Though the boiling point decreases with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect the disinfecting process. In areas where the water is \"hard\" (that is, containing significant dissolved calcium salts), boiling decomposes the bicarbonate ions, resulting in partial precipitation as calcium carbonate. This is the \"fur\" that builds up on kettle elements, etc., in hard water areas. With the exception of calcium, boiling does not remove solutes of higher boiling point than water and in fact increases their concentration (due to some water being lost as vapour). Boiling does not leave a residual disinfectant in the water. Therefore, water that is boiled and then stored for any length of time may acquire new pathogens.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20135689",
"title": "Boilover",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "A boilover (or boil-over) type of fire refers to an extremely hazardous situation where an attempt is made to extinguish semi-enclosed oil or petrochemical fueled fire with water. The hazard results due to the difference in density between oil and water.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
233jod
|
how does a cvt(continuously variable transmission) work?
|
[
{
"answer": "A normal geared transmission switches between larger and smaller gears to change speed to power or power to speed.\n\nA CVT uses pulleys that can move apart or back together. The inside of the pulley is inclined, so as it moves apart, the diameter that the belt rides on gets smaller, and then larger again as it moves back together - simulating different sized gears. This effectively gives a CVT an \"infinite\" number of gears if it can move the pulleys together and apart smoothly.\n\nEDIT: Grammar",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "609147",
"title": "Transmission (mechanics)",
"section": "Section::::Uncommon types.:Continuously variable.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 696,
"text": "The continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a transmission in which the ratio of the rotational speeds of two shafts, as the input shaft and output shaft of a vehicle or other machine, can be varied continuously within a given range, providing an infinite number of possible ratios. The CVT allows the driver or a computer to select the relationship between the speed of the engine and the speed of the wheels within a continuous range. This can provide even better fuel economy if the engine constantly runs at a single speed. The transmission is, in theory, capable of a better user experience, without the rise and fall in speed of an engine, and the jerk felt when changing gears poorly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "609614",
"title": "Continuously variable transmission",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "A continuously variable transmission (CVT), also known as a shiftless transmission, single-speed transmission, stepless transmission, pulley transmission, or, in case of motorcycles, a 'twist-and-go', is an automatic transmission that can change seamlessly through a continuous range of effective gear ratios. This contrasts with other mechanical transmissions that offer a fixed number of gear ratios. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the input shaft to maintain a constant angular velocity even as the output speed varies.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8706881",
"title": "Turboglide",
"section": "Section::::Operation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 238,
"text": "Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT), which are available in some smaller cars, offer similar performance – albeit completely mechanical; while the Turboglide operates hydraulically and may be geared to multiply torque at any speed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1570162",
"title": "Multitronic",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 600,
"text": "Based on the principles of continuously variable transmission (CVT) popularised by DAF, Multitronic offers a stepless automatic transmission in which the ratio between the input shaft and output shaft can be varied continuously within a given range, providing virtually an infinite number of possible ratios. The Multitronic system uses a link-plate chain drive, an oil-cooled multi-plate clutch (initially of six parts, later of seven to enable it to cope better with the high torque outputs of larger turbodiesel engines), and complex electronics, to overcome the traditional shortcomings of CVTs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "334940",
"title": "Automatic transmission",
"section": "Section::::Parts and operation.:Continuously variable transmissions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 799,
"text": "A fundamentally different type of automatic transmission is the \"continuously variable transmission\", or \"CVT\", which can smoothly and steplessly alter its gear ratio by varying the diameter of a pair of belt or chain-linked pulleys, wheels or cones. Some continuously variable transmissions use a hydrostatic drive — consisting of a variable displacement pump and a hydraulic motor — to transmit power without gears. Some early forms, such as the Hall system (which dates back to 1896), used a fixed displacement pump and a variable displacement motor, and were designed to provide robust variable transmission for early commercial heavy motor vehicles. CVT designs are usually as fuel efficient as manual transmissions in city driving, but early designs lose efficiency as engine speed increases.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "609614",
"title": "Continuously variable transmission",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Magnetic or \"mCVT\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 619,
"text": "A magnetic continuous variable transmission system was developed at the University of Sheffield in 2006 and later commercialized. \"m\"CVT is a variable magnetic transmission which gives an electrically controllable gear ratio. It can act as a power split device and can match a fixed input speed from a prime-mover to a variable load by importing/exporting electrical power through a variator path. The \"m\"CVT is of particular interest as a highly efficient power-split device for blended parallel hybrid vehicles, but also has potential applications in renewable energy, marine propulsion and industrial drive sectors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "609614",
"title": "Continuously variable transmission",
"section": "Section::::Uses.:Downsizing electric engines.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 308,
"text": "Such CVT is used only at startup or in case of mechanical overload, and may be disconnected most of the time, the engine transferring the torque directly to the output. New concepts adapting the transmission ratio to the resistant torque and centrifugal clutches may be used to make these changes automatic.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
43na7e
|
Recently I read that recombination (the coupling of electrons and protons to form atoms) happened 378,000 years after the Big Bang. How can this estimate be so precise?
|
[
{
"answer": "The answer is that there is a direct relationship between the age of an object and the redshift of an object. This comes out of the [ΛCDM model](_URL_0_) of the universe, which basically just says we trust that general relativity keeps working on really large scales.\n\nIf the current distance between you and another point in the universe is d, and in the past the distance between those points was d', then the ratio d'/d defines the cosmic scale factor a(t). At the present time, a(t*_0_*)=1. At the moment of the big bang, a(t=0) was zero. Therefore we can see that a(t) increased from 0 to 1 over the age of the universe. \n\nNow, once light is created its wavelength expands proportionally with the size of the universe, creating the cosmic redshift. So there is a very simple relationship between the redshift (z) of the light coming from an object and the value of a(t) when that light was created:\n\na(t)=1/(1+z)\n\nWhen we look at the CMB, the \"object\" we are looking at is all the hydrogen in the universe at the moment it became transparent. For a given density of hydrogen gas, there is some temperature where it shifts from plasma to gas (this isn't a perfectly sharp phase transition as others have pointed out, but it is sharp enough for this argument). A plasma is opaque, because the free electrons can absorb light at any frequency. Hydrogen gas is transparent because there are only a few distinct lines that can absorb light. We see this when we look at the sun: the surface of the sun we observe is the place where the temperature gets cool enough for the hydrogen to recombine.\n\nSo, if we know the temperature that hydrogen recombined at (T*_R_*), we can compare that to the current temperature of the CMB and get a redshift:\n\nT = T*_R_*/ (1+z) = T*_R_*\\*a(t) \n\nIf we know what a(t) was, then we can invert that function to calculate t.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "26244469",
"title": "Recombination (cosmology)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 525,
"text": "In cosmology, recombination refers to the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms. Recombination occurred about 379,000 years after the Big Bang (at a redshift of \"z\" = ). The word \"recombination\" is misleading, since the big bang theory doesn't posit that protons and electrons had been combined before, but the name exists for historical reasons since it was named before the Big Bang hypothesis became the primary theory of the creation of the universe.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19167840",
"title": "Chronology of the universe",
"section": "Section::::Early universe.:Recombination, photon decoupling, and the cosmic microwave background (CMB).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 82,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 82,
"end_character": 410,
"text": "At around 377,000 years, the universe has cooled to a point where free electrons can combine with the hydrogen and helium nuclei to form neutral atoms. This process is relatively fast (and faster for the helium than for the hydrogen), and is known as recombination. The name is slightly inaccurate and is given for historical reasons: in fact the electrons and atomic nuclei were combining for the first time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19167840",
"title": "Chronology of the universe",
"section": "Section::::Early universe.:Recombination, photon decoupling, and the cosmic microwave background (CMB).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 80,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 80,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "About 377,000 years after the Big Bang, two connected events occurred: recombination and photon decoupling. Recombination describes the ionized particles combining to form the first neutral atoms, and decoupling refers to the photons released (\"decoupled\") as the newly formed atoms settle into more stable energy states.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9075104",
"title": "Dark Energy Survey",
"section": "Section::::Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO).:Overview of physics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 922,
"text": "When recombination occurred at roughly 380,000 years after the big bang, the photons and baryons decoupled from one another and the plasma lost its ability to support sound waves. One consequence of this decoupling was that the oscillations in the photon-baryon plasma were imprinted on the photon fluid; these are the oscillations that we observe in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) angular power spectrum. Another consequence of the decoupling was that the baryons lost their pressure support and began to collapse into gravitational potential wells. This somewhat abrupt change imparted a slight over-density of matter on the length scale given by the distance that sound waves could have traveled since the big bang, i.e. the sound horizon. In today's universe, this length scale corresponds to roughly 100 Mpc, and the effect can be observed by looking for oscillations in the matter power spectrum, formula_11.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34782682",
"title": "Decoupling (cosmology)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 962,
"text": "Photon decoupling is closely related to recombination, which occurred about 378,000 years after the Big Bang (at a redshift of \"z\" = ), when the universe was a hot opaque (\"foggy\") plasma. During recombination, free electrons became bound to protons (hydrogen nuclei) to form neutral hydrogen atoms. Because direct recombinations to the ground state (lowest energy) of hydrogen are very inefficient, these hydrogen atoms generally form with the electrons in a high energy state, and the electrons quickly transition to their low energy state by emitting photons. Because the neutral hydrogen that formed was transparent to light, those photons which were not captured by other hydrogen atoms were able, for the first time in the history of the universe, to travel long distances. They can still be detected today, although they now appear as radio waves, and form the cosmic microwave background (\"CMB\"). They reveal crucial clues about how the universe formed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26244469",
"title": "Recombination (cosmology)",
"section": "Section::::Primordial light barrier.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 1072,
"text": "Prior to recombination, photons were not able to freely travel through the universe, as they constantly scattered off the free electrons and protons. This scattering causes a loss of information, and \"there is therefore a photon barrier at a redshift\" near that of recombination that prevents us from using photons directly to learn about the universe at larger redshifts. Once recombination had occurred, however, the mean free path of photons greatly increased due to the lower number of free electrons. Shortly after recombination, the photon mean free path became larger than the Hubble length, and photons traveled freely without interacting with matter. For this reason, recombination is closely associated with the last scattering surface, which is the name for the last time at which the photons in the cosmic microwave background interacted with matter. However, these two events are distinct, and in a universe with different values for the baryon-to-photon ratio and matter density, recombination and photon decoupling need not have occurred at the same epoch.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19167840",
"title": "Chronology of the universe",
"section": "Section::::Early universe.:The quark epoch.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 427,
"text": "The quark epoch began approximately 10 seconds after the Big Bang. This was the period in the evolution of the early universe immediately after electroweak symmetry breaking, when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms, but the temperature of the universe was still too high to allow quarks to bind together to form hadrons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5bs5u2
|
how does a single firework explode more than once and every explosion all at once.
|
[
{
"answer": "The first is just a rocket pretty much. it explodes and a bunch of shells are released (\"shells\". they're not hard like artillery ones.) with a fuse, of a very specific length and material that is lit by the initial one. this process repeats with the last ones.\n\nWe've been making these things for thousands of years. We've gotten very good at making fuses that burn for very specific amounts of time, in sequence.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "7400553",
"title": "Udston mining disaster",
"section": "Section::::The disaster.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 236,
"text": "The explosion manifested itself in a volume of flame and dust at the number two or downcast shaft, followed seconds later by a volume of flame from the upcast or number one shaft which set fire to the wooden sheds or headings above it.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1043647",
"title": "Burst charge",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 316,
"text": "In fireworks, a burst charge is a pyrotechnic mixture placed in a shell which is ignited when the shell reaches the desired height in order to create an explosion and spread the stars. Burst charge compositions are usually coated onto rice hulls or other low-density fillers, which increases the rate of combustion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31575431",
"title": "Don't Scare the Hare",
"section": "Section::::Games.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 240,
"text": "BULLET::::- Bangers and Smash: A member of each team had to throw apples at a series of fireworks, toppling them before the fuse burns down. If they failed to dislodge the firework before the fuse expires, it exploded frightening the Hare.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "947674",
"title": "Ivy Mike",
"section": "Section::::Detonation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 527,
"text": "The fireball created by the explosion had a maximum radius of . This maximum is reached a number of seconds after the detonation and during this time the hot fireball invariably rises due to buoyancy. While still relatively close to the ground, the fireball had yet to reach its maximum dimensions and was thus approximately wide. The mushroom cloud rose to an altitude of in less than 90 seconds. One minute later it had reached , before stabilizing at with the top eventually spreading out to a diameter of with a stem wide.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2774201",
"title": "Boiler explosion",
"section": "Section::::Firebox explosions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "A common form of minor firebox \"explosion\" is known as \"drumming\" and can occur with any type of fuel. Instead of the normal \"roar\" of the fire, a rhythmic series of \"thumps\" and flashes of fire below the grate and through the firedoor indicate that the combustion of the fuel is proceeding through a rapid series of detonations, caused by an inappropriate air/fuel mixture with regard to the level of draft available. This usually causes no damage in locomotive type boilers, but can cause cracks in masonry boiler settings if allowed to continue.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18993857",
"title": "Explosion",
"section": "Section::::Properties of explosions.:Velocity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 723,
"text": "The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes an explosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction. Unless the reaction occurs very rapidly, the thermally expanding gases will be moderately dissipated in the medium, with no large differential in pressure and there will be no explosion. Consider a wood fire. As the fire burns, there certainly is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to build up a sudden substantial pressure differential and then cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a battery, which is slow, and that of a flash capacitor like that in a camera flash, which releases its energy all at once.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "96590",
"title": "Ammonium nitrate",
"section": "Section::::Disasters.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 534,
"text": "BULLET::::- The explosion results from a fire that spreads into the ammonium nitrate itself (Texas City, Brest, Oakdale PA), or from a mixture of ammonium nitrate with a combustible material during the fire (Repauno, Cherokee, Nadadores). The fire must be confined at least to a degree for successful transition from a fire to an explosion (a phenomenon known as \"deflagration-to-detonation transition\"). Pure, compact AN is stable and very difficult to ignite, and numerous cases exist when even impure AN did not explode in a fire.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
9mu8u2
|
how does voluntary/involuntary breathing work?
|
[
{
"answer": "When you go to a doctor's office and they tell you to take a deep breath, that is voluntary breathing. Most breathing falls under the involuntary category so that you don't have to occupy yourself with thinking about breathing all day. \n\nedited to add that voluntary blinking is sort of the same. You blink voluntarily by commanding yourself to do it, or thinking about it, essentially. A doctor tells you to blink your eyes a couple of times... that's voluntary. Most of the time it's involuntary.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "From what I understand the nervous system doesn't really do anything differently per se. I think it's more a matter of which part/parts of the brain are sending the signal. I believe the Medulla is what normally controls things like breathing, but once you start doing it consciously, it may be that more frontal lobe parts of the brain that involve decision making and motor functions take control.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The trigger for involuntary breathing is a rising co2 level. The medulla can measure how acidic the blood is and triggers breathing. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "20903424",
"title": "Breathing",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13400256",
"title": "Respiratory center",
"section": "Section::::Respiratory rhythm.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 576,
"text": "Breathing is the repetitive process of bringing air into the lungs and taking waste products out. The oxygen brought in from the air is a constant, on-going need of an organism to maintain life. This need is still there during sleep so that the functioning of this process has to be automatic and be part of the autonomic nervous system. The in-breath is followed by the out-breath, giving the respiratory cycle of inhalation and exhalation. There are three phases of the respiratory cycle: inspiration, post-inspiration or passive expiration, and late or active expiration. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33076880",
"title": "Continuous spontaneous ventilation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 513,
"text": "Spontaneous breathing is defined as the movement of gas in and out of the lungs that is produced in response to an individual's respiratory muscles. In a nutshell, spontaneous breathing is natural breathing. while at rest, a typical adult will take an average of 18 breaths per minute. Most people are unaware of their breathing patterns unless something interferes with the efficiency of this process. In extreme cases, mechanical ventilation is used when spontaneous breathing is inadequate or ceases entirely.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "485578",
"title": "Exhalation",
"section": "Section::::Brain involvement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 367,
"text": "Brain control of exhalation can be broken down into voluntary control and involuntary control. During voluntary exhalation, air is held in the lungs and released at a fixed rate. Examples of voluntary expiration include: singing, speaking, exercising, playing an instrument, and voluntary hyperpnea. Involuntary breathing includes metabolic and behavioral breathing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "529870",
"title": "Control of ventilation",
"section": "Section::::Control of respiratory rhythm.:Ventilatory pattern.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 457,
"text": "Breathing is normally an unconscious, involuntary, automatic process. The pattern of motor stimuli during breathing can be divided into an inhalation stage and an exhalation stage. Inhalation shows a sudden, ramped increase in motor discharge to the respiratory muscles (and the pharyngeal constrictor muscles). Before the end of inhalation, there is a decline in, and end of motor discharge. Exhalation is usually silent, except at high respiratory rates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "491962",
"title": "Respiration (physiology)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 576,
"text": "In animals with lungs, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths. Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement. The contraction of the diaphragm muscle cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system. In contrast, exhalation (breathing out) is usually a passive process. Breathing in, brings air into the lungs where the process of gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "287885",
"title": "Respiratory tract",
"section": "Section::::Function.:Respiration.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 641,
"text": "Respiration is the rhythmical process of breathing, in which air is drawn into the alveoli of the lungs via inhalation and subsequently expelled via exhalation. When a human being inhales, air travels down the trachea, through the bronchial tubes, and into the lungs. The entire tract is protected by the rib cage, spine, and sternum. In the lungs, oxygen from the inhaled air is transferred into the blood and circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide (CO) is transferred from returning blood back into gaseous form in the lungs and exhaled through the lower respiratory tract and then the upper, to complete the process of breathing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
34cjfd
|
how does fast charging work?
|
[
{
"answer": "You guessed right. They increase the amperage. With quick charge 1.0 the charger would deliver 2 amps and with quick charge 2.0 the charger delivers 3 amps. This doesn't damage the battery at all. Some lithium batteries are able to be charged in excess of 5 amps.\n\nEdit: as others pointed out I was only half right. Quick Charge does up the amperage to 3 amps, but also increases the voltage as well.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "Op with the latest update of USB 3 and the push for faster charging times phone manufactures have improved the current load of there flagship smartphones. This improvement allows then to draw in more current which increases the power being supplied to the device (P=IE). This effect can be simulated with older devices if you buy a third party charger with a high current output. However you must be careful because some devices pull the full current while other phones restrict it.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "Qualcomm's quick charging technology doesn't increase the amps past 2A like you would expect a faster charger to do.\n\n(Not sure if you know this already so I'll briefly explain) Think of volts and amps as a river. Amps are how wide the river is, and volts are how fast the river is flowing. Multiply them together to get watts, which is how quickly your charger can charge.\n\nThe fastest non-quick charge chargers I've found are 5V at 2.4A, or 12 watts. Qualcomm's quick charge technology can charge at three different rates: 5V at 1.6A (8 watts), 9V at 1.6A (14.4 watts), and 12V at 1.6A (19.2 watts). For comparison, wireless charging is usually at 5V and 1A, or just 5 watts.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The chargers your speaking of do not just \"input more amperage\" per say. Instead they tell the device's charging circuit to skip a specific, time consuming (but important!) part of the cycle. This allows the device to get to a \"usable\" state quicker but whether its good or bad is really up to the user.\n\n > Does it damage the battery?\n\n Depends how you look at it.\n\nThe battery is a collection \"cells\" daisy-chained (connected in series) together. So 6 2-volt cells produce a 12-volt battery. The first stage of charging a lithium-ion battery is to bring each cell up to at least 2-volts. This is done quick and dirty and the result is some cells are brought up to 2.1-volts and others maybe 2.3-volts. The 2nd stage (and the one these fast chargers skip) is to balance the cells so they're all exactly 2-volts as this insures rated performance and (more importantly) rated load (or wear) of cells. This results in certain cells doing more work than others, leading to quicker failures. And this effect in cumulative in nature. Every time you \"quick charge\" your effectively making it worse and worse. \n\n2nd issue (ignoring the more pressing matter I just mentioned) it would CERTAINLY age the battery faster. Every single time you drain and charge a battery it becomes progressively weaker. If you only charge your device to 50% then of course you will have to charge it more often and of course it will age faster. If your normal routine only requires you to \"normally\" charge your cell phone twice a week but your \"quick charge\" routine requires four charges a week then you will surely have to replace your battery sooner. It's up to the user to determine if this cost is worth the convenience.\n\nIf you really want to know more I encourage you to research the charging phases of lithium-ion batteries.\n\n**Edit: I should of noted all numbers I used were arbitrary numbers just to illustrate the purpose of the charging cycle.**",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "To understand this, you need to know a few basics:\n\n* Voltage (V for Volts) is the potential difference between two points. In this case, it's the difference from ground (0V) and your phone (5V) so there's a potential difference of 5V = Voltage.\n* Current (symbol is I, but unit is A for Amps) is the rate of electric charge going through the cable. Usually from 500mA (0.5A) to 3A.\n* Resistance (Capital Omega for Ohms). The resistance to current. There's more resistance if you have a thinner or longer wire.\n* Ohm's Law (Voltage = Current x Resistance). V=IR. The adapter will supply a voltage, based on the resistance, you have a current.\n\nThink of it as the ol' pipe analogy. Voltage is the water pressure (high voltage = high pressure), Current is the flow of water (high current = high flow), Resistance is the size of the hole (LOW resistance = BIG hole). If you have high pressure and a large hole, you'll have high flow. If you have high pressure and a small hole, you'll have a smaller current. This explains why you'll generally have slower charge from a shitty or a really long cable (big resistance = small current).\n\n* Power (W for Watts) = Current * Voltage. If I have a 5V 1A charger, I have a 5W charger.\n\nThe USB 2.0 spec calls for 5V at 500mA. This is what phones and things traditionally use. As things get more and more power hungry, things started to change. The USB 3.0 spec allows up to 900mA at 5V, and the new type C and Power Delivery specs allow for higher currents (up to 5A at 20V = 100W!). \n\nPhones also traditionally use 5V input. The norm used to be 500mA years ago, then 1A, then higher, higher, and higher, until we're around 2.4A at 5V for traditional chargers for tablets. This higher current at 5V is Fast Charge.\n\nThe problem with current is heat. If you send current through a wire, you'll get heat. One way to increase charging speeds is Qualcomm's Quick Charge 2.0 and other such terms. They use higher voltages to deliver higher power at lower current. This requires specialized power regulation circuitry. \n\nThe problem with quickly charging batteries is indeed, it can prematurely wear out the cells. However, modern batteries are still rated pretty well. You probably don't want to use the quicker charging methods overnight when you don't care if it takes 8 hours to charge, but rather when you're in the car for 15 minutes and your battery is low. Also, latest research shows that it's not as bad as we once thought to quickly charge when the charge is low. Similar to the concept of trickle charge (~90%, drop current very slow to hover between 90 and 100), these faster charging techniques will send higher power until the 50% or whatever, then scale it down.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If this helps clarify this is the quick charging rating on my Nexus 6's [charger](_URL_0_). In this case voltage is increased while amperage stays generally the same (except in case of turbo 2).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Not sure on the exact science of it, but I have one. My Galaxy 5 has 2 different shaped plugs for different charges to go into it. My charger is one big plug shaped in such a way that it plugs into both of the usb slots, so it charges the phone using both ports instead of one",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A lot of wrong answers here. Quickcharging happens when the charging adapter communicates with the power management chip (pmic) about the current state of the battery. You see when a battery is empty its chemical state can absorb a lot more current than when the battery is almost full. Quick charging optimizes the electricity throughput with the state of the battery. It requires the charger and the phone pmic to communicate. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The battery itself has an intrinsic voltage window which depends mostly on the material used as the negative and positive electrodes (between 3.0-4.2V for most layered oxide materials, around 3.4V for LFP, these potential are versus lithium metal). This is thermodynamic and you cannot change it. It is like the difference in altitude between two points. \nOne can increase the actual voltage of a battery pack by connecting in series multiple electrodes; but anyway the voltage window is always an intrinsic characteristic of the battery.\n\n\nTo charge faster a battery, you increase the rate at which you perform electrochemical reactions (chemical reactions that involve the transfer of an electron, what is actually happening in a battery) by increasing the electrical current that goes inside the battery. There is no other way to do it. It does damage the battery, mostly because of the rise of temperature involved by higher current (Joule effect). Basically, every side reactions happening in a battery (degradation of the electrolyte, corrosion of current collector...) is promoted by an increase in temperature.\n\n\nPeople here are talking about increasing the charging voltage. I think they are making a mistake between the charging technology (i.e. what you plug to the phone) and the battery itself. Basically you have the power that go out the charger (which is \"current_out*voltage_out\" as already said in other comments), there are some interests in changing both the voltage and the current but it is more a question of electronics than a battery issue. At the end of all the electrical components of the battery management, the voltage of the battery is the one of its two electrodes.\n\n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This one is tough. So there is a thing called power. It's called Watts. Increasing voltage or current is the only way to increase watts. When you increase current on a thin wire like a USB cable it gets hot. When you increase voltage it doesnt, but USB only allows five volts. So everyone has increased the current a long time ago for tablet charging. We found a limit any higher and we need bigger cables.\n\nSo quick charge is new because qualcomm and the like said let's do a secret handshake. If a usb quick charge phone plugs into a quick charge port. The phone will do the secret hand shake. If you get it right we will break the rules together and increase the voltage from five volts to twelve volts. If anyone else shows us and doesn't do the shake we just play it cool and only do five volts. The quick charge phone is able to adapt to twelve volts. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Lots of good responses and not a one I've seen that ELI5s. \n\nBatteries are akin to a swimming pool 100' above ground. To fill the pool, you need a pump (charger). To get water out you open a valve at the bottom and gravity helps out. Most pumps are relatively weak, taking their sweet time to fill the pool, mostly because the pipes are made of really thin plastic. If you put too much force into the pipes, they burst. This, it turns out is bad. \n\nQualcomm changes this paradigm by strengthening and enlarging the pipes and giving it a variable speed pump that can pump a LOT more water. So when the pool is mostly empty, the pump goes flat out and fills the pool as fast as possible. When it gets closer to being full, it slows down the filling so that water doesn't splash out of the pool. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Made a reddit account because this is literally my job, and it's probably about time anyway.\n\n\nI work for General Motors in fast charging. Currently you can charge your car to about 80% in 40 min. so divide that by half and your pretty close to your numbers in the title. \n\n\nBasically its just the water hose analogy, we're allowing more current through (water) than before which will charge it faster. \n\n\nThere is a difference between AC and DC charging in that AC was the first technology and allows far less current through during a charge (dont ask me why). DC charging just came out recently, within the last 5 years and allows much higher current allowing for full charges to be possible within an hour. \n\n\nHope that answers your question.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "On method is to use banks of supercaps (super capacitors). That charge up in a matter of seconds, and can hold their charge for a while (not as long as a battery), and as long as they are being immediately used (usually to slow charge the battery, while you use it), they wont degrade.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > Do they increase the amperage? \n\nYes. Fast charging uses a higher current (vs typ. 1A USB) AND a higher voltage (ie. 9v). Whichever battery chemistry they are using allows for this. Here's a quick video from Qualcomm that shows the voltage and current differences: _URL_0_\n\n > Wouldn't that damage the battery?\n\nYes to an extent. The ideal charging rate is .5-.7C as this is a good trade off between heat generation and charge time. Exposing LiPo/LiIon to high heat frequently causes the battery to lose durability. \n\nedit: Added link.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "so in other words, if there is an error, kaboom?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A lot of misinformation. Lithium Polymer and Lithium Ion batteries charge very differently than traditional rechargeables. In a nutshell they can handle high amperage for the first half of the charging cycle, which goes much faster depending on the charging current. The second half of the charging cycle occurs once the cells reach 4.2 volts each at which point the charge must start cutting the charging current so that the voltage never exceeds 4.20 volts. \n\nWhat this means in practice is say you are charging a high current battery at 20amps. The first 10 minutes, it's getting a full 20 amps and the voltage slowly rises from 3.7 volts to 4.2. If it kept going at 20 amps then the voltage would go over 4.2 volts and the cell may be damaged or explode, so the charging controller begins cutting the charging current. It does this right on the edge, always keeping the voltage at 4.2volts a cell. As the cell gets more and more full, the charging current goes lower and lower until it is almost nothing, and at that point the battery is charged. \n\nIf you were to imagine a battery as a glass of water, you can fill the glass 80% full by pouring in a huge amount of water with a pitcher, but above 80% it would be too easy for the water to damage the glass so you have to start filling it slower and slower the more the glass is filled, until at the very end you are just adding a drop at a time. \n\n\nIf you were to stop charging the battery as soon as the voltage hit 4.2 volts a cell, the battery isn't fully charged, but that is the point where it will start charging slower and slower to get that last 20% capacity. This is what quick charging is, it just stops at this point instead of spending an additional hour getting that last 20%",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm puzzled by the \"have announced\" part of OP's post. This technology is already here.\n\nMy Note 4 does this today. If I plug it in with 0% charge for 15 minutes, it will be charged 50% at least.\n\nIt is what sealed the deal for me when deciding Note 4 or 6 Plus. I am no longer tied to a outlet.\n\nI hear that the iPhone has this capability too, but the charger that does it does NOT come with the phone. I assume you get to pay Apple's Wheel of Fortune pricing after the fact. The Note 4 comes with the adaptive charger.\n\nBest decision ever! Samsung rules. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I noticed with my Galaxy S5 that it has 2 USB ports on the charger plug, it charges fast but when I use a regular micro-USB port, it charges slowly so I assume it sends two power sources at once with the two USB ports.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Is amperage a common term in the US. It is laughed at in the UK. Voltage/ pd, current and resistance are the acceptable words. I think I have answered my own question now because my phone didn't spell check the word...",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I just got a Galaxy S6 Edge and the fast charger is the most amazing thing ever. Phone is at 20% - > take shower - > phone is at 75%",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2885000",
"title": "Battery charger",
"section": "Section::::Type.:Intelligent charger.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 221,
"text": "A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52471935",
"title": "Quick Charge",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 402,
"text": "Quick Charge is a technology found in Qualcomm SoCs, used in devices such as mobile phones, for managing power delivered over USB. It offers more power and thus charges batteries in devices faster than standard USB rates allow. Quick Charge 2 onwards technology is primarily used for wall adaptors, but it is also implemented in car chargers and powerbanks (For both input and output power delivery). \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27338603",
"title": "CHAdeMO",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 689,
"text": "CHAdeMO is an abbreviation of \"CHArge de MOve\", equivalent to \"move using charge\" or \"move by charge\" or \"charge 'n' go\", a reference to the fact that it's a fast charger. The name is derived from the Japanese phrase \"O cha demo ikaga desuka\", translating to English as \"How about a cup of tea while charging?\", referring to the time it would take to charge a car. CHAdeMO can charge low-range (120 km, or 75mi) electric cars in less than half an hour. , CHAdeMO allows up to 400kW of charging (400A x 1kV) and aims for 900 kW as it is currently co-developing with China Electricity Council (CEC) the next-generation ultra-high-power charging standard with the working name of “ChaoJi.” \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37528172",
"title": "Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway",
"section": "Section::::Usage patterns and attitudes.:2016 survey.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 365,
"text": "PHEV owners. Fast charging is used for irregular trips where users plan to use fast chargers to accomplish the trip or to solve a problem on the go. Most battery electric vehicle owners manage everyday life well and are satisfied with the vehicle which in combination with attractive local incentives not available to plug-in hybrid owners and other vehicle users.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42601555",
"title": "Research in lithium-ion batteries",
"section": "Section::::Design and management.:Charging.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 89,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 89,
"end_character": 761,
"text": "In 2014, researchers at MIT, Sandia National Laboratories, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology America and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory discovered that uniform charging could be used with increased charge speed to speed up battery charging. This discovery could also increase cycle durability to ten years. Traditionally slower charging prevented overheating, which shortens cycle durability. The researchers used a particle accelerator to learn that in conventional devices each increment of charge is absorbed by a single or a small number of particles until they are charged, then moves on. By distributing charge/discharge circuitry throughout the electrode, heating and degradation could be reduced while allowing much greater power density.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "201487",
"title": "Rechargeable battery",
"section": "Section::::Charging and discharging.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 841,
"text": "Chargers take from a few minutes to several hours to charge a battery. Slow \"dumb\" chargers without voltage or temperature-sensing capabilities will charge at a low rate, typically taking 14 hours or more to reach a full charge. Rapid chargers can typically charge cells in two to five hours, depending on the model, with the fastest taking as little as fifteen minutes. Fast chargers must have multiple ways of detecting when a cell reaches full charge (change in terminal voltage, temperature, etc.) to stop charging before harmful overcharging or overheating occurs. The fastest chargers often incorporate cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating. Battery packs intended for rapid charging may include a temperature sensor that the charger uses to protect the pack; the sensor will have one or more additional electrical contacts.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10592503",
"title": "Charging station",
"section": "Section::::Infrastructure.:Charging time.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 741,
"text": "The charging time depends on the battery capacity and the charging power. In simple terms, the time rate of charge depends on the charging level used, and the charging level depends on the voltage handling of the batteries and charger electronics in the car. The US based SAE International defines Level 1 (household 120V AC) as the slowest, Level 2 (upgraded household 240 VAC) in the middle and Level 3 (super charging, 480V DC or higher) as the fastest. Level 3 charge time can be as fast as 30 minutes for an 80% charge, although there has been serious industry competition about whose standard should be widely adopted. Charge time can be calculated using the formula: \"Charging Time [h] = Battery Capacity [kWh] / Charging Power [kW]\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
bnha57
|
How did the Practice of buying and selling an Officer's Commission become so widespread in the British military, and did having incompetent rich officers contribute to the decline in their military power?
|
[
{
"answer": "I don't see how the sale of commissions could be related to the decline of British military power: purchase of commissions was abolished in 1871 by William Gladstone's Liberal government under the Cardwell Reforms, largely as a response to the debacles of the Crimean War (in particular the Charge of the Light Brigade). The British Empire didn't reach its territorial peak until 1921, and militarily it was arguably at its strongest in 1918.\n\nPrior to the abolition of purchase, the assumption was that a \"gentleman\" of proper education and birth would be fit to lead troops without much additional training: though the Royal Military Colleges at Sandhurst and Woolwich already existed, attendance at Sandhurst was optional and Woolwich was more of a technical college for the Artillery and Engineers. This expectation was not entirely unfounded: cowardice could easily lead to social disgrace, and so most gentlemen officers demonstrated extraordinary bravery on the battlefield. High officer casualties during the Napoleonic Wars discouraged true incompetents and dilettantes from purchasing commissions.\n\nThe real rot set in during the long peace after 1815: as the British Empire grew, so did the Army (peaking at 109 infantry regiments, plus the Brigade of Guards and Rifle Brigade, and 31 regiments of cavalry), and with it the numbers of officers required to lead. Purchase had originally been designed to ensure politically-reliable officers, i.e., moneyed men who had an interest in defending the status quo and would not lead the Army in revolution. However, as the Army grew, it became increasingly difficult for the Military Secretary to vet potential applicants, and so instead, the technically-illegal practice of selling commissions for higher than their paper value was tolerated. Officers' pay was also allowed to stagnate, while \"smart\" regiments like the Cavalry and Guards squeezed out the less-wealthy by requiring huge numbers of extravagantly-tailored uniforms, sometimes changing the uniform pattern twice a year or more. The effect was that as the Army's social prestige grew, with royals lending their patronage to regiments, all-but the upper class was priced out and the officer corps was largely restricted to those with a private income from land or business.\n\nEven at the nadir of the purchase system, the Crimean War, it was not entirely ineffective: it is easily forgotten that the Earl of Cardigan actually led the Charge of the Light Brigade from the front and never looked back, reaching the Russian guns and surviving the fight. However, what Cardigan did next was emblematic of many of the problems the British Army experienced with its officer corps: after the charge, he went back to his yacht moored in Balaclava harbour and enjoyed a champagne dinner. For all their bravery and however well-intentioned they may be, the man-management skills of British officers were appalling, and many spent the winter in the fleet offshore while their men froze on the Crimean Peninsula. Purchase died a death soon afterwards and was replaced by compulsory attendance at Sandhurst with a rigorous entrance exam.\n\nRather amusingly, Gladstone's abolition of purchase was not, as commonly thought, to open the officer corps to young men of the middle classes. It was because the younger sons of wealthy middle class families that had come up from trade and industry were now able to afford commissions and were pricing out the gentry. The abolition of purchase gave men from \"traditional\" military backgrounds the chance to compete with the newcomers.\n\nSources:\n\nRichard Holmes, *Redcoat: The British Soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket*\n\nRoyal Military Academy Sandhurst, *The Queen's Commission: A Junior Officer's Guide*",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "459631",
"title": "Purchase of commissions in the British Army",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 415,
"text": "The purchase of officer commissions in the British Army was the practice of paying money to be made an officer in the cavalry and infantry regiments of the English and later British Army. By payment, a commission as an officer could be secured, avoiding the need to wait to be promoted for merit or seniority. This practice was the usual way to obtain a commission in the Army between the 17th and 19th centuries. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5951960",
"title": "Cashiering",
"section": "Section::::Military.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 383,
"text": "The term originated in the era when British Army officers generally bought their commissions; being cashiered meant that the amount they had paid was lost, as they could not \"sell-out\" afterwards. Essentially, the commission purchase price was a cash bond for good behaviour, forfeited to the Army's cashiers (accountants) in the event of cowardice, desertion or gross misbehaviour.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2989331",
"title": "Colonel (United Kingdom)",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 335,
"text": "The reforms meant that the British government was now financially responsible for the pay, clothing and equipment of the troops in the service of the British Crown. Colonels were also no longer permitted to profit directly from the sale of officer commissions in their regiments. A lieutenant-colonel commanded the regiment in battle.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21866354",
"title": "British Army during the Victorian Era",
"section": "Section::::From Victoria's accession to the Crimean War (1837-1854).:Enlistments and conditions.:Officers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 785,
"text": "The system of Sale of commissions determined the selection and promotion of officers in the infantry and cavalry. Once officers gained their first commissions through a combination of recommendation and purchase, subsequent promotion was nominally determined by seniority, with officers purchasing their successive ranks. However, the purchase system and widely condoned abuses of it worked against either the proper training of officers or any consistently applied career structure. Some impecunious officers who had served as subalterns at Waterloo were languishing in the same rank decades later, while wealthy officers such as the notorious Lord Cardigan could rapidly become the commanding officers of regiments, and subsequently become generals from their seniority as colonels.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1720888",
"title": "Recruitment in the British Army",
"section": "Section::::18th and 19th centuries.:Officers and royalty.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 866,
"text": "Officers of the British army prior to the late 18th century were mainly recruited from a narrow segment of society, with a majority coming from the landed gentry and the aristocracy or often officers were from families with a military tradition. (This contrasted with the Navy, whose officers were more often from a middle-class background.) The second son of King George III, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, did much to improve the standard of officer recruitment from his position as Commander in Chief of the Army (from 1795 to 1809, then from 1811 to 1827). The sale of commissions, finally abolished in the Cardwell reforms in 1868–1874, and the further Childers Reforms. In spite of its abolition, the status of an officer being from a privileged background and that of another rank being from a less privileged one has, for the most part remained.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21866354",
"title": "British Army during the Victorian Era",
"section": "Section::::The Cardwell and Childers Reforms (1868-1881).:Cardwell Reforms.:Terms of service.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 102,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 102,
"end_character": 477,
"text": "A major step was the abolition of the system of purchase of commissions, which was replaced by a system of advancement by seniority and merit. This was expensive (as most serving officers had to be compensated for their outlay for their existing commissions, and in effect the War Office had to buy back the army from its officers), but it made possible further internal reforms by unblocking the avenues of promotion to deserving officers, regardless of their personal means.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "771",
"title": "American Revolutionary War",
"section": "Section::::Analysis of combatants.:Great Britain.:Armed forces.:Leadership.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 136,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 136,
"end_character": 980,
"text": "As was the case in many European armies, except the Prussian Army, officers in British service could purchase commissions to ascend the ranks. Despite repeated attempts by Parliament to suppress it, the practise was common in the Army. Values of commissions varied, but were usually in line with social and military prestige, for example, regiments such as the Guards commanded the highest prices. The lower ranks often regarded the treatment to high-ranking commissions by wealthier officers as \"plums for [their] consumption\". Wealthy individuals lacking any formal military education, or practical experience, often found their way into positions of high responsibility, diluting the effectiveness of a regiment. Though Royal authority had forbade the practise since 1711, it was still permitted for infants to hold commissions. Young boys, often orphans of deceased wealthy officers, were taken from their schooling and placed in positions of responsibility within regiments.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3crqgu
|
"live within your means" as the saying goes. but why is austerity not a good thing when you are a debt stricken country in a deep recession?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because the best way to earn money is to spend money, wisely, on good investments. By investing, the government can create work places and provide economical stability to people, this increases spending which in turn increases government income. The problem is when the government has to loan the money to invest, they have to find a creditor willing to run the risk of lending them money.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The analogy I can come up with is imagine you're a taxi driver, and you're in debt. Austerity (as far as I know) is akin to your debtors asking you to cut back on gas expenses by getting rid of your cab. Austerity (at least according to its opponents) is strangling the economy of countries already in a recession, making it more difficult for them to rebuild their economy, and move towards repaying their debt.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The reason it's good for you to save money as an individual is because you may need the safety net and because one day you may like to keep existing without working for an income. Saving, for an individual, is selfish but necessary. \n\nBut for an economy, everyone saving money is a bad deal, because borrowing makes growth. If I make you wait to open a pizza shop until you have the cash saved to finance it completely, you may never get to open it, and if you do, you'll probably be old and not run it for very long. You may even choose not to do it because keeping your stash is safer. But if I let you borrow money from me to do it, then I can charge you interest. And *you* can make even *more* money selling pizzas than the interest I charge you. And we both make money. Your shop may flop, but that's the bet. You're somewhat insulated by being able to default, and I'm somewhat insulated by charging you interest and making lots of other loans (bets). Of course, if I don't think you'll pay me back, I might charge you more interest or not offer the loan. \n\nIf you're a country, you don't want money hoarded. You want it out in the economy being lent out to people who use it to create more value, like by starting businesses or buying, maintaining , and improving homes. \n\nThese bets, over time and on average, have always worked out for the better. It's how the whole economy basically works. If you sum up all the people in a country's assets and subtract all the debts, you may be surprised to learn that the total is negative. We owe more than we have. And that's because we bet that, in the future, there will be more value because there will be more people and they will be more productive through innovation and technology. \n\nSo, if I'm Greece, I want to bet on my economy's growth and be able to spend at a deficit, but that only works if I make good bets. If I'm Germany, I want to bet on Greece's economy too, but I've been burned recently, and it's more important to me to ensure that my citizens are paid back. \n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Lack of investment in Greece is why the country has over 25% unemployment.\n\nWith that level of unemployment the wealthy don't want to invest there because they have so few customers.\n\nAusterity removes the ability of the government to invest, and other provisions in the Memorandum prevent the government compelling the private sector to invest and taxing profits (this was what the American government did during WW2, conscripting capital, offering reasonable payment and taxing profit considerably).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "43344078",
"title": "Balance sheet recession",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 814,
"text": "Paul Krugman wrote in July 2014: \"The logic of a balance sheet recession is straightforward. Imagine that for whatever reason people have grown careless about both borrowing and lending, so that many families and/or firms have taken on high levels of debt. And suppose that at some point people more or less suddenly realize that these high debt levels are risky. At that point debtors will face strong pressures from their creditors to “deleverage,” slashing their spending in an effort to pay down debt. But when many people slash spending at the same time, the result will be a depressed economy. This can turn into a self-reinforcing spiral, as falling incomes make debt seem even less supportable, leading to deeper cuts; but in any case, the overhang of debt can keep the economy depressed for a long time.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43344078",
"title": "Balance sheet recession",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 754,
"text": "High levels of indebtedness or the bursting of a real estate or financial asset price bubble can cause a balance sheet recession. This is when large numbers of consumers or corporations pay down debt (i.e., save) rather than spend or invest, which slows the economy. Economist Richard C. Koo wrote in 2009 that under ideal conditions, a country's economy should have the household sector as net savers and the corporate sector as net borrowers, with the government budget nearly balanced and net exports near zero. When imbalances develop across these sectors, recession can develop within the country or create pressure for recession in another country. Policy responses are often designed to drive the economy back towards this ideal state of balance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "178748",
"title": "Debt relief",
"section": "Section::::International debt relief.:Arguments against debt relief.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 857,
"text": "Opponents of debt relief argue that it is a blank cheque to governments, and fear savings will not reach the poor in countries plagued by corruption. Others argue that countries will go out and contract further debts, under the belief that these debts will also be forgiven in some future date. They use the money to enhance the wealth and spending ability of the rich, many of whom will spend or invest this money in the rich countries, thus not even creating a trickle-down effect. They argue that the money would be far better spent in specific aid projects that actually help the poor. They further argue that it would be unfair to third-world countries that managed their credit successfully, or do not go into debt in the first place. That is, it actively encourages third-world governments to overspend in order to receive debt relief in the future.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "631175",
"title": "Payday loan",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 430,
"text": "In the UK Sarah-Jayne Clifton of the Jubilee Debt Campaign said, “austerity, low wages, and insecure work are driving people to take on high cost debt from rip-off lenders just to put food on the table. We need the government to take urgent action, not only to rein in rip-off lenders, but also to tackle the cost of living crisis and cuts to social protection that are driving people towards the loan sharks in the first place.”\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "152835",
"title": "Debt",
"section": "Section::::Criticisms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 924,
"text": "At the household level, debts can also have detrimental effects — particularly when households make spending decisions assuming income will increase, or remain stable, in years to come. When households take on credit based on this assumption, life events can easily change indebtedness into over-indebtedness. Such life events include unexpected unemployment, relationship break-up, leaving the parental home, business failure, illness, or home repairs. Over-indebtedness has severe social consequences, such as financial hardship, poor physical and mental health, family stress, stigma, difficulty obtaining employment, exclusion from basic financial services (European Commission, 2009), work accidents and industrial disease, a strain on social relations (Carpentier and Van den Bosch, 2008), absenteeism at work and lack of organisational commitment (Kim \"et al.\", 2003), feeling of insecurity, and relational tensions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41107277",
"title": "Credit agreements in South Africa",
"section": "Section::::Over-indebtedness and reckless credit.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 204,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 204,
"end_character": 478,
"text": "It is quite easy for credit to lead to financial hardship and destroy a household’s wealth. Taking on extra loans in order to pay back existing loans can lead people into a debt spiral out of which it may be difficult to escape. Over-indebtedness has a negative impact on families and has in some extreme cases even led to family suicides. Over-indebtedness further has an impact upon the workplace, can lead to de-motivation, absenteeism and even a propensity to commit theft.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "168918",
"title": "Business cycle",
"section": "Section::::Mitigating an economic downturn.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 85,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 85,
"end_character": 575,
"text": "Many social indicators, such as mental health, crimes, and suicides, worsen during economic recessions (though general mortality tends to fall, and it is in expansions when it tends to increase). As periods of economic stagnation are painful for the many who lose their jobs, there is often political pressure for governments to mitigate recessions. Since the 1940s, following the Keynesian revolution, most governments of developed nations have seen the mitigation of the business cycle as part of the responsibility of government, under the rubric of stabilization policy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4h5a1x
|
why does rolling he windows down help car sickness, but the vent / air conditioner doesn't?
|
[
{
"answer": "I have found that breathing in through my nose and out through my mouth helps with car sickness, is there a reason why?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33916504",
"title": "Automobile air conditioning",
"section": "Section::::History.:Growth in demand.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 672,
"text": "Air-conditioning for automobiles came into wide use from the late twentieth century. Although air conditioners use significant power, the drag of a car with closed windows is less than if the windows are open to cool the occupants. There has been much debate on the effect of air conditioning on the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Factors such as wind resistance, aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered, to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it, when estimating the actual fuel mileage. Other factors can affect the engine, and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21609264",
"title": "Air changes per hour",
"section": "Section::::Effects of ACH due to forced ventilation in a dwelling.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 208,
"text": "Forced ventilation to increase ACH becomes a necessity to maintain acceptable air quality as occupants become reluctant to open windows due to behavioural changes such as keeping windows closed for security.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52003358",
"title": "Oil catch tank",
"section": "Section::::Positive crank case ventilation theory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 468,
"text": "To avoid this, manufacturers created a ventilation system. Originally this was often a very basic setup where a filter was placed on the top of the cam case and the pressure and vapors were vented to atmosphere. This was deemed unacceptable as it allowed fumes and oil mist to be vented out into the atmosphere which caused pollution. It could also cause issues for the occupants of the car as it could be drawn into the inside of the car, which was often unpleasant.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2731486",
"title": "DB Class 101",
"section": "Section::::Body Design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "The side windows in the driver's cab in the class 101 featured swiveled windows, in order to avoid a window well, which often proved to be susceptible to corrosion (the windows in class 145 and 152 were continued to be counter-sunk). All windows and doors are completely pressurized by means of a special sealant section.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "251975",
"title": "Dehumidifier",
"section": "Section::::Thermal condensation dehumidification.:Makeshift dehumidifiers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 404,
"text": "Because window air conditioner units have condensers and expansion units, some of them can be used as makeshift dehumidifiers by sending their heat exhaust back into the same room as the cooled air, instead of the outside environment. If the condensate from the cooling coils is drained away from the room as it drips off the cooling coils, the result will be room air that is drier but slightly warmer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21600868",
"title": "Radiator (engine cooling)",
"section": "Section::::Automobiles and motorcycles.:Boiling or overheating.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 40,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 40,
"end_character": 457,
"text": "An overflow tank that runs dry may result in the coolant vaporizing, which can cause localized or general overheating of the engine. Severe damage can result, such as blown headgaskets, cracked cylinder heads or cylinder blocks. Sometimes there will be no warning, because the temperature sensor that provides data for the temperature gauge (either mechanical or electric) is not exposed to the excessively hot coolant, providing a harmfully false reading.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3231315",
"title": "Storm window",
"section": "Section::::Energy upgrade.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 240,
"text": "Storm windows do not make sense in buildings with energy efficient windows with integrated screens, or in hot or moderate climates; they only make sense in buildings where windows are a major cause of heat loss and lack of thermal comfort.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2k55cu
|
what is the difference (if any) between medical grade nitroglycerin (like for angina) and "omg explosion" grade nitroglycerin?
|
[
{
"answer": "They are exactly the same thing, except the medical grade is in the range of milligrans, while you need at least a few grams of the stuff to create any kind of noticeable explosion. The medical grade is also very pure due to the fact that you're putting it in your body, a constraint that the explosive doesn't need. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "21530",
"title": "Nitroglycerin",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 836,
"text": "Nitroglycerin (NG), also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester. Chemically, the substance is an organic nitrate compound rather than a nitro compound, yet the traditional name is often retained. Invented in 1847, nitroglycerin has been used as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, mostly dynamite, and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. Since the 1880s, it has been used by the military as an active ingredient, and a gelatinizer for nitrocellulose, in some solid propellants, such as cordite and ballistite.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21530",
"title": "Nitroglycerin",
"section": "Section::::Medical use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 363,
"text": "Nitroglycerin belongs to a group of drugs called nitrates, which includes many other nitrates like isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) and isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur, Ismo, Monoket). These agents all exert their effect by being converted to nitric oxide in the body by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), and nitric oxide is a potent natural vasodilator.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "172732",
"title": "Glycerol",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Chemical intermediate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 553,
"text": "Glycerol is used to produce nitroglycerin, which is an essential ingredient of various explosives such as dynamite, gelignite, and propellants like cordite. Reliance on soap-making to supply co-product glycerol made it difficult to increase production to meet wartime demand. Hence, synthetic glycerol processes were national defense priorities in the days leading up to World War II. Nitroglycerin, also known as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is commonly used to relieve \"angina pectoris\", taken in the form of sub-lingual tablets, or as an aerosol spray.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3393801",
"title": "Nitroglycerin (medication)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 548,
"text": "Nitroglycerin was written about as early as 1846 and came into medical use in 1878. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world as of 2014, was per dose by mouth. The drug nitroglycerin (GTN) is a dilute form of the same chemical used as the explosive, nitroglycerin. Dilution makes it non-explosive. In 2016 it was the 180th most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 3 million prescriptions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "860000",
"title": "Smokeless powder",
"section": "Section::::Nitroglycerine and guncotton.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 494,
"text": "Nitroglycerine was synthesized by the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847. It was subsequently developed and manufactured by Alfred Nobel as an industrial explosive, but even then it was unsuitable as a propellant: despite its energetic and smokeless qualities, it detonates instead of deflagrating smoothly, making it more liable to shatter a gun, rather than propel a projectile out of it. Nitroglycerine is also highly sensitive, making it unfit to be carried in battlefield conditions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21530",
"title": "Nitroglycerin",
"section": "Section::::Medical use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 1413,
"text": "In medicine, nitroglycerin is used for angina pectoris, a painful symptom of ischemic heart disease caused by inadequate flow of blood and oxygen to the heart and as a potent antihypertensive agent. Nitroglycerin corrects the imbalance between the flow of oxygen and blood to the heart. At low doses, nitroglycerin dilates veins more than arteries, thereby reducing preload (volume of blood in the heart after filling); this is thought to be its primary mechanism of action. By decreasing preload, the heart has less blood to pump, which decreases oxygen requirement since the heart does not have to work as hard. Additionally, having a smaller preload reduces the ventricular transmural pressure (pressure exerted on the walls of the heart), which decreases the compression of heart arteries to allow more blood to flow through the heart. At higher doses, it also dilates arteries, thereby reducing afterload (decreasing the pressure against which the heart must pump). Improved myocardial oxygen demand vs oxygen delivery ratio leads to the following therapeutic effects during episodes of angina pectoris: subsiding of chest pain, decrease of blood pressure, increase of heart rate, and orthostatic hypotension. Patients experiencing angina when doing certain physical activities can often prevent symptoms by taking nitroglycerin 5 to 10 minutes before the activity. Overdoses may generate methemoglobinemia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "833572",
"title": "Internal ballistics",
"section": "Section::::Propellants.:Double-base propellants.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 418,
"text": "Nitroglycerin can be added to nitrocellulose to form \"double-base propellants\". Nitrocellulose desensitizes nitroglycerin to prevent detonation in propellant-sized grains, (see dynamite), and the nitroglycerin gelatinises the nitrocellulose and increases the energy. Double-base powders burn faster than single-base powders of the same shape, though not as cleanly, and burn rate increases with nitroglycerin content.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2f4ct5
|
Why was Jesus poor as a Child?
|
[
{
"answer": "I can not answer for the Jesus of Christianity, /u/husky54 or /u/koine_lingua might be able to help with that part and their answers should (hopefully) at least to some degree correspond with what I can tell you about the historical Jesus. \n\nJesus is usually said to have been a carpenter and the son of a carpenter, this is however not entirely correct. Jesus was actually the son of a τέκτων(tekton) (Mathew 13:55, Mark 6:3 etc). A tekton *can* be a carpenter but he doesn't have to be. The root word for tekton is the same one that words like technology, technician etc comes from and usually includes a broader range of craftsman that might, for lack of a better word, have been considered the engineers of the ancient world. Professions usually included in the word tekton are things like builders, masons, carpenters, metal workers etc. In either case, Jesus and Joseph were considered skilled craftsmen. \n\nSo what does that mean in the region at the time? Well, truth be told we can't even say for certain that Nazareth existed at the time, we do however know a little bit about the surrounding area. Nazareth was not far from Sepphoris, a significant town at the time. Right around the time of Jesus birth, Sepphoris had a bit of a misunderstanding with Roman authority and the town was destroyed (how is a little unclear, Josephus says it was burnt down but that is probably not true as archeological evidence does not support it). What we do know is that the town was rebuilt and that this was done in a time when skilled craftsmen were relatively rare in the region. These two pieces, when put together, means that Joseph was probably not poor. Work for a tekton would have been relatively abundant, even more so with the reconstruction of Sepphoris going on only an hours walk away.\n\nWas Joseph, and through him Jesus, poor? Historically speaking, no, probably not. \n\n\n*Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life* - David A. Fiensy\n\n*Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence* - Jonathan L. Reed \n\n*The Archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine* - Ariel Lewin",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "45569721",
"title": "2 Corinthians 8",
"section": "Section::::Verse 9.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 467,
"text": "BULLET::::- \"Though He was rich, yet for your sakes He became poor\": From having the fullness of the Godhead in Him, for the sake of human being, Jesus had become human and was exposed to outward poverty, born of poor parents, had no place to lay His head, was ministered to by others, had nothing to bequeath His mother at His death, but had to commit her to the care of one of His disciples; fulfilled the prophecies of Him, that He should be \"poor\" and \"low\" (; .\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5108860",
"title": "Anointing of Jesus",
"section": "Section::::Debate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 900,
"text": "Another debate is over the implications of \"the poor you always have with you\"; some criticized this response as lax morality, others have responded that, due to his impending crucifixion, Jesus is simply explaining that what was done was not a choice between two moral acts, but a necessity, and would no more be criticized in Jesus' day as a modern man purchasing a coffin for a loved one, even though there are poor that could be fed instead. In the autobiographical \"Palm Sunday\", author Kurt Vonnegut reports being invited to preach on Palm Sunday in 1980, and chooses for his text the Gospel of John's version of the anointing. Vonnegut did so because he had \"seen so much un-Christian impatience with the poor encouraged by the quotation\"; he questioned the translation, saying that it lacked the mercifulness of the Sermon on the Mount, and took the opportunity to offer his own translation:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31525918",
"title": "Christian views on poverty and wealth",
"section": "Section::::Early Christianity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 572,
"text": "Alan Kahan points to the fact that Jesus was a poor man as emblematic of \"a revolution in the way poverty and wealth were viewed.\" This is not to say that Christian attitudes borrowed nothing from Christianity’s Greco-Roman and Jewish precursors. Kahan acknowledges that, \"Christian theology absorbed those Greco-Roman attitudes towards money that complemented its own.\" However, as Kahan puts it, \"Never before had any god been conceived of as poor.\" He characterizes Christian charity as being \"different in kind from the generosity praised in the classical tradition.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28876730",
"title": "Jesus Youth",
"section": "Section::::The six pillars.:Services (Option for the Poor).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 352,
"text": "Willingness to serve those in need and a preferential option for the poor are the signs of a true disciple of Jesus Christ. Following the footsteps of the Master, who brought the Good News to the poor, Jesus Youth stretches out a helping hand to those burdened with poverty and deprivation. He tells us to share, sacrifice and love each and everyone..\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23880464",
"title": "Honour thy father and thy mother",
"section": "Section::::New Testament.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 568,
"text": "The words of Jesus and the teaching of Paul indicate that adult children remain obligated to honour their parents by providing for material needs. In the gospels, Jesus is portrayed as angry with some people who avoided materially providing for their parents by claiming the money they would have used was given to God (Matthew 15:3–8, Mark 7:9–12. In these passages, Jesus quotes Isaiah 29:13) According to the Gospel of John, when Jesus was on the cross, he provided for his natural mother by giving the Apostle John the charge to care for her, which John accepted.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1657394",
"title": "Mark 14",
"section": "Section::::The plot to kill Jesus and his anointing in Bethany.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "Some have objected to the statement that the poor will always exist, although Jesus also says you can help them any time you want. Jesus foreshadows his death and this is the last anointing, an expensive one at that, that he will receive. Mark states in that his book is \"the good news of Jesus the anointed one\", the word Christ meaning anointed. The woman understands Jesus' importance more than do the other people there. It is also a signal to the reader that as Jesus is being anointed for burial the plot against him will succeed. (Brown 145)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5500682",
"title": "Evangelical counsels",
"section": "Section::::Criticisms of supererogatory interpretation of evangelical counsels.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 600,
"text": "The difference between ourselves and the rich young man is that he was not allowed to solace his regrets by saying: \"Never mind what Jesus says, I can still hold on to my riches, but in a spirit of inner detachment. Despite my inadequacy I can take comfort in the thought that God has forgiven me my sins and can have fellowship with Christ in faith.\" But no, he went away sorrowful. Because he would not obey, he could not believe. In this the young man was quite honest. He went away from Jesus and indeed this honesty had more promise than any apparent communion with Jesus based on disobedience.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ajr8zh
|
how do airport codes work when there are 17,678 commercial airports but only 17,576 possible combinations of letters?
|
[
{
"answer": "IATA codes are only used for airports that have scheduled passenger service. Pilots use ICAO codes for airports. Ticket booking and baggage systems use IATA codes and there are only about 3000 airports that need those.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "150179",
"title": "IATA airport code",
"section": "Section::::History and conventions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 377,
"text": "For many reasons, some airport codes do not fit the normal scheme described above. Some airports, for example, cross several municipalities or regions, and therefore, use codes derived from some of their letters, resulting in DFW for Dallas/Fort Worth, DTW for Detroit–Wayne County, LBA for Leeds–Bradford (Airport), MSP for Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and RDU for Raleigh–DUrham.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "150179",
"title": "IATA airport code",
"section": "Section::::History and conventions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 492,
"text": "Airport codes arose out of the convenience that it brought pilots for location identification in the 1930s. Initially, pilots in the United States used the two-letter code from the National Weather Service (NWS) for identifying cities. This system became unmanageable for cities and towns without an NWS identifier, and thus, a three-letter system of airport codes was implemented. This system allowed for 17,576 permutations, assuming all letters can be used in conjunction with each other.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3804694",
"title": "Location identifier",
"section": "Section::::FAA identifier.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 511,
"text": "For nearly all major airports, the assigned identifiers are alphabetic three-letter codes, such as ORD for Chicago O’Hare International Airport. Minor airfields are typically assigned a mix of alphanumeric characters, such as 8N2 for Skydive Chicago Airport and 0B5 for Turners Falls Airport. Private airfields are assigned a four-character identifier, such as 1CA9 for Los Angeles County Fire Department Heliport. The location identifiers are coordinated with the Transport Canada Identifiers described below.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1042457",
"title": ".aero",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 288,
"text": "Two-letter codes under codice_2 are reserved for airlines according to the IATA Airline Designators. While three-letter codes were initially reserved for airports (IATA airport code), they were released for registration by the larger aviation and aerospace community on December 1, 2008.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13315962",
"title": "Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 283,
"text": "Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport has different codes for each. The aviation community generally uses the FAA code of IWA, while commercial passenger flight organizations use the IATA code of AZA.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5225",
"title": "Code",
"section": "Section::::Codes and acronyms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 287,
"text": "International Air Transport Association airport codes are three-letter codes used to designate airports and used for bag tags. Station codes are similarly used on railways, but are usually national, so the same code can be used for different stations if they are in different countries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "376521",
"title": "ICAO airport code",
"section": "Section::::Structure.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 1179,
"text": "In the contiguous United States, Canada and some airports in Mexico, most, but not all, airports have been assigned three-letter IATA codes. These are the same as their ICAO code, but without the leading K, C, or M.; e.g., YEG and CYEG both refer to Edmonton International Airport, Edmonton, Alberta; IAD and KIAD are used for Washington Dulles International Airport, Chantilly, Virginia. These codes are not to be confused with radio or television call signs, even though both countries use four-letter call signs starting with those letters. However, because Alaska, Hawaii, and United States territories have their own 2-letter ICAO prefix (i.e. \"PA\" for Alaska, \"PH\" for Hawaii\"), the situation there is similar to other smaller countries and the ICAO code of their airports is typically different from its corresponding 3-letter FAA/IATA identifier. For example, Kona International Airport (PHKO vs KOA) and Juneau International Airport (PAJN vs JNU). Notably, the largest gateway to Hawaii, Honolulu International Airport's ICAO code contains the IATA identifier - PHNL (IATA: HNL), while Anchorage International Airport's ICAO code also does the same - PANC (IATA: ANC). \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8iji6t
|
Why don't strong magnetic fields disrupt the normal electrical activity of cells?
|
[
{
"answer": "So most magnetic fields only very weakly effect the eletrons in your body, and generally not enough to displace them from the nucleus of the atom. Basically the local forces tend to dominate the energetic landscape compared to the external field. Now you can have Zeeman splitting, where electrons of different spins will assume slightly different energy levels, but again this is usually not enough to drive distinct chemistry under normal body conditions. One exception to this is thought to be the magnetic field sensing of birds and flies, which are believed to have a UV sensitive protein in their eyes, which does quarum sensing based on the magnetic field. (Basically has two reactions that can occur based on the field strength). This in theory allows them to “see” magnetic fields in a way that we can’t. There are also a species of mud dwelling bacteria that synthesis magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which they use to find direction in the dark mud. I would also look up reptiles third pseudo eye if your interested, as this can also detect magnetic fields to some degree, although I believe that it’s usefulness is still up to some debate ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We just don't have fields strong enough to see a strong effect. With 1 Tesla and typical parameters of electrons you get energy differences of [less than 1 meV](_URL_0_). Compare this to ~25 meV thermal energy and ~1 eV energy of chemical bonds. The strongest long-term magnetic fields we have are about 100 Tesla.\n\nYou can see an effect of the magnetic field much earlier (few Tesla) if you move in it, as the motion induces electric currents. This is an issue in strong MRI devices.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3108062",
"title": "Bioelectromagnetics",
"section": "Section::::TMS and related effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 1141,
"text": "A strong changing magnetic field can induce electrical currents in conductive tissue such as the brain. Since the magnetic field penetrates tissue, it can be generated outside of the head to induce currents within, causing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). These currents depolarize neurons in a selected part of the brain, leading to changes in the patterns of neural activity. In repeated pulse TMS therapy or rTMS, the presence of incompatible EEG electrodes can result in electrode heating and, in severe cases, skin burns. A number of scientists and clinicians are attempting to use TMS to replace electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat disorders such as severe depression and hallucinations. Instead of one strong electric shock through the head as in ECT, a large number of relatively weak pulses are delivered in TMS therapy, typically at the rate of about 10 pulses per second. If very strong pulses at a rapid rate are delivered to the brain, the induced currents can cause convulsions much like in the original electroconvulsive therapy. Sometimes, this is done deliberately in order to treat depression, such as in ECT.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "465008",
"title": "Eddy current",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Skin effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 281,
"text": "Similarly, in magnetic materials of finite conductivity eddy currents cause the confinement of the majority of the magnetic fields to only a couple skin depths of the surface of the material. This effect limits the flux linkage in inductors and transformers having magnetic cores.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39619",
"title": "Electroporation",
"section": "Section::::Physical mechanism.:Electrotransfer.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 266,
"text": "Application of electric pulses of sufficient strength to the cell causes an increase in the trans-membrane potential difference, which provokes the membrane destabilization. Cell membrane permeability is increased and otherwise nonpermeant molecules enter the cell.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51079",
"title": "Magnet",
"section": "Section::::Medical issues and safety.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 56,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 56,
"end_character": 423,
"text": "Because human tissues have a very low level of susceptibility to static magnetic fields, there is little mainstream scientific evidence showing a health effect associated with exposure to static fields. Dynamic magnetic fields may be a different issue, however; correlations between electromagnetic radiation and cancer rates have been postulated due to demographic correlations (see Electromagnetic radiation and health).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29021055",
"title": "Plasma medicine",
"section": "Section::::Mechanisms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 655,
"text": "It is known that electric fields can influence cell membranes from studies on electroporation. Electric fields on the cells being treated by a plasma jet can be high enough to produce electroporation, which may directly influence the cell behavior, or may simply allow more reactive species to enter the cell. Both physical and chemical properties of plasma are known to induce uptake of nanomaterials in cells. For example, the uptake of 20 nm gold nanoparticles can be stimulated in cancer cells using non-lethal doses of cold plasma. Uptake mechanisms involve both energy dependent endocytosis and energy independent transport across cell membranes . \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1025417",
"title": "Electromagnetic theories of consciousness",
"section": "Section::::Influence on brain function.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
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"text": "One hypothesis is that magnetic fields in the 0.5-9 Tesla range can affect the ion permeability of neural membranes, in fact this could account for a lot of the issues seen as this would affect many different brain functions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15081764",
"title": "Electrochemotherapy",
"section": "Section::::Physical principle.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 525,
"text": "When a biological cell is exposed to an electric field of sufficient strength, an increase in the transmembrane voltage is generated, which leads to rearrangements of the cell membrane structure. These changes result in an increase of the cell membrane permeability, which allows nonpermeant molecules to enter the cell. This phenomenon is called \"electroporation\" (or \"electropermeabilization\") and is becoming widely used to improve anticancer drug delivery into cells, which is being referred to as \"electrochemotherapy\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3c09c3
|
How popular was jesus by the time of his death?
|
[
{
"answer": "This is truly an excellent question. One that could actually take pages and chapters to answer (which many have done and I will cite below) but I will do my best to try and help answer it briefly. I have also answered similar questions to this in the past, so I hope you don’t mind if I copy and paste some of my past answers into this thread and just prune it to answer your question.\n\nRight off the back, it can be safely argued that Jesus was pretty unpopular around the time of his death (which we can safely argue was probably around the year 30, plus/minus 5 years) but he would have had to have had at least a somewhat sizeable number of people for his teachings to gain followers. Why do we know that? Well there are a few things that make us think this way.\n\nFirst, the first person to start writing about Jesus was Paul, who started writing sometime around the year 50. Now it’s important to recognize that Paul never met Jesus while he was alive, so he never writes about many things Jesus did or said. Historian Bart Ehrman actually wrote about this in his book last year: [How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee](_URL_2_) Where in it, Ehrman explains:\n\n > The problems with Paul are that he didn’t actually know Jesus personally and that he doesn’t tell us very much about Jesus’s teachings, activities, or experiences. I sometimes give my students an assignment to read through all of Paul’s writings and list everything Paul indicates Jesus said and did. My students are surprised to find that they don’t even need a three-by-five card to list them. — (Page 88).\n\nIt is important to note that it is widely believed that other Christians had started writing about Jesus prior to this period, but that their work no longer exists.\n\nSo why do I mention this about Paul? Well, it’s because it shows that Jesus’ followers had started to pick up by this time period (20 years after his death). It also shows that by the time Paul started writing, there had to have been a sizable and somewhat diverse group of people who started following Jesus’ message. The writings of Paul are quite well-written (for their time) and the Gospells (which would be written in the following few decades) are even more professionally written for their time (Mark being the least well-written and Luke being the best). This does suggest that in order to get a sizable amount of well-educated people to write down these stories, regardless of their errors, there had to have been a decent size following or their population would have faded away (like many other cults during this time period.)\n\nI will say though, that his followings couldn’t have been too large. I argue this because there isn't a whole lot about Jesus written by non-Jewish/non-Christians (I use this last term loosely when applying it to the first century CE) prior to the second century. As some people may note, the first person to write about Jesus and his followers who was **not a Jesus follower** was the Jewish historian Josephus, who would only briefly mention Jesus in his twenty plus volume history of the Jewish people called The Antiquities of the Jews. Here Josephus discussed the execution of a man named James, whom Josephus described as “the brother of Jesus who is called the messiah” (Ant. 20.9.1) (I’d also like to note that Josephus never believed in Jesus being the Messiah, he was merely stating what others had said). He does also discuss Jesus again, but I won’t bore you with ancient quotes that would take me far too long put into context.\n\nLong story short: Followers of Jesus would have had to have had a decent number behind them by the time Josephus left the Levant (area near present day Israel) in order for him to have mentioned them at all, but due to the fact that he barely says more than a paragraph about him in all his writings suggest that Christianity (as it would soon be called) was not too popular. \n\nTL;DR: It’s likely that Jesus was not too well-known at the time of his death (the average Jewish peasant was unlike to have heard of him had they not lived un Judea), but his following would have had to have been sizeable enough to spread the stories of his life by oral tradition in order to gain such a noticeable following by the second half of the first century CE. It’s also worth reading John Dominic Crossan’s book: [The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant ](_URL_1_) to gain more information about this very topic. \n\n\n**EDIT to add one more source** Another great book that actually deals with the very people we are talking about (early Christians in the immediate aftermath of Jesus' death) was done by an excellent historian named John Dominic Crossan, who wrote a book called: [The Birth of Christianity : Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus](_URL_0_) . This is definitely worth a read for anyone who is interested in this topic. I'm ashamed I didn't remember it earlier. ",
"provenance": null
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1787680",
"title": "Christ myth theory",
"section": "Section::::Reception.:Scholarly reception.:Other criticisms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 191,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 191,
"end_character": 1366,
"text": "In his book \"Did Jesus Exist?\", Bart Ehrman surveys the arguments \"mythicists\" have made against the existence of Jesus since the idea was first mooted at the end of the 18th century. As for the lack of contemporaneous records for Jesus, Ehrman notes no comparable Jewish figure is mentioned in contemporary records either and there are mentions of Christ in several Roman works of history from only decades after the death of Jesus. The author states that the authentic letters of the apostle Paul in the New Testament were likely written within a few years of Jesus' death and that Paul likely personally knew James, the brother of Jesus. Although the gospel accounts of Jesus' life may be biased and unreliable in many respects, Ehrman writes, they and the sources behind them which scholars have discerned still contain some accurate historical information. So many independent attestations of Jesus' existence, Ehrman says, are actually \"astounding for an ancient figure of any kind\". Ehrman dismisses the idea that the story of Jesus is an invention based on pagan myths of dying-and-rising gods, maintaining that the early Christians were primarily influenced by Jewish ideas, not Greek or Roman ones, and repeatedly insisting that the idea that there was never such a person as Jesus is not seriously considered by historians or experts in the field at all.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59866154",
"title": "Scholarly interpretation of Gospel-elements",
"section": "Section::::Jesus and John the Baptist.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "John the Baptist's prominence in both the gospels and Josephus suggests that he may have been more popular than Jesus in his lifetime; also, Jesus' mission does not begin until after his baptism by John.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1095706",
"title": "Jesus",
"section": "Section::::Historical views.:Chronology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 120,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 120,
"end_character": 281,
"text": "Jesus was a Galilean Jew, born around the beginning of the 1st century, who died in 30 or 33 AD in Judea. The general scholarly consensus is that Jesus was a contemporary of John the Baptist and was crucified by the Roman governor Pontius Pilate, who held office from 26 to 36 AD.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "364326",
"title": "Historicity of Jesus",
"section": "Section::::Sources.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 289,
"text": "All extant sources that mention Jesus were written after his death. The New Testament represents sources that have become canonical for Christianity, and there are many apocryphal texts that are examples of the wide variety of writings in the first centuries AD that are related to Jesus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14117",
"title": "History of Christianity",
"section": "Section::::Origins.:Ministry of Jesus.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 370,
"text": "The main sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels, and to a lesser extent the Acts of the Apostles and the Pauline epistles. According to the Gospels, Jesus was a Jewish teacher and healer who was crucified at c.30–33 AD. His followers believed that He was raised from death and exaltated by God due to his faithfulness.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "909512",
"title": "Historical background of the New Testament",
"section": "Section::::Analysis of the gospels.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 918,
"text": "According to Fredriksen, two events in the Gospels probably happened: John's baptism and Pilate's crucifixion of Jesus. These events are mentioned in all four gospels. Moreover, they do not conform to Jewish tradition in which there are no baptized and crucified messiahs. They are also embarrassing to the early Church. John the Baptist's prominence in both the gospels and Josephus suggests that he may have been more popular than Jesus in his lifetime; also, Jesus' mission does not begin until after his baptism by John. Fredriksen suggests that it was only after Jesus' death that Jesus emerged as more influential than John. Accordingly, the gospels project Jesus' posthumous importance back to his lifetime. Ways this was accomplished were by minimizing John's importance by having John resist baptizing Jesus (Matthew), by referring to the baptism in passing (Luke), or by asserting Jesus' superiority (John).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3931142",
"title": "List of Jewish messiah claimants",
"section": "Section::::List of Jewish messiah claimants.:1st century.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 423,
"text": "BULLET::::- Jesus of Nazareth (ca. 4 BC–30/33 AD), in Galilee and the Roman province of Judea. Jews who believed him to be the Messiah were the first Christians, also known as Jewish Christians. It is estimated that there are 2.5 billion Christians in the world today, making Jesus of Nazareth the most widely followed, and most famous, Messiah claimant. Muslims also believe Jesus was the Messiah, but not the Son of God.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1jdm16
|
the entire plot of bioshock infinite. still haven't figured it out completley.
|
[
{
"answer": "Spoilers obviously.\n\nBooker DeWitt fought in the battle at wounded knee, which was a very bad thing if you weren't aware. Afterwords he felt strong remorse for what he did and considered going to a baptism to try and absolve himself of his sins.\n\nNow in the universe of Bioshock there are an infinite amount of alternate dimensions where people made different choices and things went differently. So at the baptism two different universes where created. One in which Booker didn't get baptized and developed no coping mechanism for dealing with his guilt, and one where he coped with his crimes by convincing himself they where all just and noble actions, and in order to do this he became super racist.\n\nEvil booker became comstock and invented a flying city of racism, but discovered he was sterile, so in order to have a biological child he sent the Lutices into another dimension to buy good booker's kid. Elizabeth left a finger in one universe and as such got superpowers because whatever. Latter the lutices became pan dimensional omnipotent platonic life mates because whatever but felt very guilty so they gave good booker a chance to redeem himself by saving his magic daughter from another dimension.\n\nEdit: oh yeah. The ending. At the end Booker says he wants to kill Comstock when he was born and Elizabeth interprets this as meaning the moment he was baptized as that is the moment Comstock was created. So hella Elizabethans from hella dimensions get together and drown all of the Comstocks the second they're baptized, leaving all of the Bookers who didn't get baptised alive, which is why Booker still has Anna (elizabeth) at the end of the game.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "37069718",
"title": "The Sacrifice (Higson novel)",
"section": "Section::::Summary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 605,
"text": "The book ends with Jordan declaring that he will clear the No Go Zone, after Hayden runs back to the Tower and informs him of Ed's trip through London. We read reflections from Nicola, David, Jordan, Ed, and St. George himself about how things are beginning to change. Ed and The Kid believe that Wormwood may be the key to stopping the entire apocalypse. It is made clear that Wormwood was a scientist studying parasitic rain forest diseases, and that he may be the first case ever of the virus' attacking a human. Wormwood repeats the phrase, \"out with the bad blood, and in with the good\", to The Kid.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1907716",
"title": "Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 410,
"text": "Using a narrative jump of one year (which was forced upon writer Larry Hama in order to wrap up the story, due to the cancellation of the series), we see that the biological weapons were turned into a mutagenic virus, and millions are transformed into psychotic, cannibalistic \"moots\". The conclusion of the story makes use of a paradox, and Doe and O'Meagan are shown to be responsible for their own origins.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14525378",
"title": "Apocalypse in other media",
"section": "Section::::Television.:\"X-Men: The Animated Series\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 996,
"text": "In the \"Beyond Good and Evil\" four-part storyline, Cable destroys Apocalypse's Lazarus Chamber, the source of his immortality. However, Apocalypse survives by stealing Cable's computer for its time travel capabilities and accidentally ends up in the Axis of Time. He recruits Mr. Sinister, Magneto and Mystique to kidnap the universe's most powerful psychics in a plot to achieve deityhood: inside the Axis, he would kill the psychics simultaneously, releasing a powerful wave of energy that would stop time itself and destroy all life, leaving him to recreate life in his image and rule the universe unchallenged. Magneto and Mystique, upon learning they were deceived by the false promise of Apocalypse creating a mutant-ruled alternate future, turn on Apocalypse and Mr. Sinister and help the X-Men stop him. Professor X rallies the freed psychics to combine their powers and drag Apocalypse out of the Axis and into the present where, without his Lazarus Chamber, Apocalypse ceases to exist.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9644294",
"title": "List of Ice Age characters",
"section": "Section::::Appearing in \"Ice Age: Collision Course\".:Neil deBuck Weasel.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 263,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 263,
"end_character": 201,
"text": "Neil deBuck Weasel is a space astronomer weasel who helps The Herd in searching for a way to stop the coming \"extinction\". He also acts as the narrator of the entire film and is a fourth wall breaker.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8792296",
"title": "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 739,
"text": "\"Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose\" is the fourth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series \"The X-Files\". Directed by David Nutter and written by Darin Morgan, the installment serves as a \"Monster-of-the-Week\" story, that is, a stand-alone plot unconnected to the overarching mythology of \"The X-Files\". Originally aired by the Fox network on October 13, 1995, \"Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose\" received a Nielsen rating of 10.2 and was seen by 15.38 million viewers. The episode received critical acclaim, and several writers have named it among the best in the series. The episode won both an Emmy for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series as well as an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24085852",
"title": "BioShock (series)",
"section": "Section::::Games.:\"BioShock Infinite\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 538,
"text": "\"BioShock Infinite\" takes place in 1912 in Columbia, a city suspended in the air through a combination of \"quantum levitation\" and giant blimps and balloons. It was built and launched in 1893 by the American government, during the Worlds' Fair in Chicago, to much fanfare and publicity. However, it was later involved in an \"international incident\" by firing upon a group of Chinese civilians during the Boxer Rebellion. The city was disavowed by the United States government, and the location of the city was soon lost to everyone else.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4273784",
"title": "Coda (comics)",
"section": "Section::::Fictional background.:Earth.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "Several months later on Earth, Zealot apparently died on a mission causing the WildC.A.T.s to disband. She decided that the actions of the Coda on Earth and on Khera proved that the Coda had become corrupt and decided that the corruption had to be destroyed. She set out to single-handedly erase the Coda from the face of the Earth. She killed all Coda in America she could find, but spared Grifter, because of their shared romantic past. She warned him not to follow her.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8r8h7k
|
if you melt a penny or rip up a dollar, are you combating inflation, since that cash is no longer in circulation? or is inflation less straightforward?
|
[
{
"answer": "Yes, you are combatting inflation, but the amount of new currency that is added to the economy everyday is so massive that unless you were to orchestrate a huge money burn, you couldn’t make any sort of difference ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "52030102",
"title": "Cashless society",
"section": "Section::::Advantages of a cashless society.:Reduction in criminal activity by eliminating high-denomination notes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 1180,
"text": "Some have proposed a \"reduced cash\" system, where small bills and coins are available for anonymous, everyday transactions, but high-denomination notes are eliminated. This would make the amount of cash needed to move large amounts of value physically awkward and easier to detect. Large notes are also the most valuable to counterfeit. The United Kingdom declared only banknotes of 5 pounds or less were legal tender after World War II because of fear of Nazi counterfeiting. In 1969, the federal government of the United States declared that banknotes of value over $100 would remain legal tender, but any notes in government hands would be destroyed and that no new notes of those denominations would be printed in the future. Such notes were last printed in the USA in 1945. Canada did the same thing with the CAD$1000 banknote in the year 2000. Sweden printed 10,000kr banknotes in 1939 and 1958, but declared them invalid after 31 December 1991. Singapore has recently announced that they would no longer produce the SGD$10,000 banknote. The European Central Bank has announced that the €500 denomination banknote would not be included in the next series of euro banknotes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4948497",
"title": "Shinplaster",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 393,
"text": "The shortage of circulating coins was primarily due to the intrinsic value of metal rising above the value of the coin itself. People became incentivized to take coins out of circulation and melt them for the true intrinsic value. This left no medium of exchange for purchase of basic consumer goods such as milk and newspapers. To fill this gap, banks issued low-denomination paper currency.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23830729",
"title": "Money burning",
"section": "Section::::Rationales.:For commodity value.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 946,
"text": "Fiat money can sometimes be destroyed by converting it into commodity form, rather than completely forfeiting the value of the money. Sometimes, currency intended for use as fiat money becomes more valuable as a commodity, usually when inflation causes its face value to fall below its intrinsic value. For example, in India in 2007, Rupee coins disappeared from the market when their face value dropped below the value of the stainless steel from which they were made. Similarly, in 1965, the US government had to switch from silver to copper-nickel clad quarter coins because the silver value of the coins had exceeded their face value and were being melted down by individuals for profit. At the peak of inflation in the Weimar Republic, people burned banknotes for warmth, as their face value had fallen below their value as fuel. The same occurred to 5-franc coins of Switzerland, which up to the year 1969 were minted using a silver alloy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38119013",
"title": "Trillion dollar coin",
"section": "Section::::Inflation risks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 1860,
"text": "The Federal Reserve's purchase of the trillion dollar coin would be largely analogous to the securities purchases that are part of quantitative easing (QE), in both cases adding to the monetary base, which is the sum of currency in circulation and bank reserves. In the case of the coin, commercial bank reserves would increase as the Treasury spent the proceeds from the coin's purchase by the Federal Reserve. If banks loan out these reserves, the money supply increases and if the money supply increases too rapidly, the economy could overheat, adding to inflation and increasing expectations of future inflation. In April 2011 a paper published by the St Louis Federal Reserve Bank said \"some believe QE will sharply increase inflation rates; however, these fears are not consistent with economic theory and empirical evidence — assuming the Federal Reserve is both willing and able to reverse QE as the recovery gains momentum.\" The paper added that \"if the public trusts that the increase in the monetary base QE creates is only temporary, then they will not expect rapid inflation in the near future. These expectations collectively influence actual pricing behavior and, in turn, actual inflation.\" The Federal Reserve could ensure that commercial banks do not lend out excess reserves by paying interest on their reserves at the Fed so that the return commercial banks receive on them is greater than they could receive from alternative uses. Finally, in the case of the coin, the Federal Reserve could also sterilize the government's spending of the coin by selling other assets from its balance sheet on a dollar-for-dollar basis, in which case the effect on the monetary base should net to zero. If the debt ceiling were lifted, the Treasury could use borrowing to buy the coin back from the Federal Reserve and return it to the Mint to be melted.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22156522",
"title": "Fiat money",
"section": "Section::::Loss of backing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 328,
"text": "A fiat-money currency greatly loses its value should the issuing government or central bank either lose the ability to, or refuse to, further guarantee its value. The usual consequence is hyperinflation. Some examples where this has occurred are the Zimbabwean dollar, China in 1945 and the mark in the Weimar Republic in 1923.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "374778",
"title": "Dollar coin (United States)",
"section": "Section::::Popularity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 405,
"text": "The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) has stated that discontinuing the dollar bill in favor of the dollar coin would save the U.S. government approximately $5.5 billion over thirty years primarily through seigniorage. The Federal Reserve has refused to order the coin from the mint for distribution citing a lack of demand, according to ex-Mint director Philip Diehl in November 2012.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18717338",
"title": "United States dollar",
"section": "Section::::Value.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 117,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 117,
"end_character": 570,
"text": "The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
jmawr
|
How far from the Earth would an asteroid big enough to destroy all life be visible?
|
[
{
"answer": "Visible to the best astronomical tools luckily pointed in the right direction, visible to back yard telescopes, visible like a star, or visible like the impending doom of a rapidly growing fireball?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Almost no asteroid could destroy ALL life. There are sulfer fixing bacteria at the deepest sea vents that are not dependant upon the sun.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "From [the Wikipedia article on Asteroid-impact avoidance](_URL_1_), impact by a 10 km asteroid would likely be an extinction level event.\n\nFor a solar system body, its [absolute magnitude](_URL_0_) (*H*) is the magnitude it would have at 1 AU from the Sun and 1 AU from the Earth. It's [apparent magnitude](_URL_2_) is a measure of a body's brightness as seen from Earth. Smaller magnitude means a brighter object. For something to be visible to the naked eye it has to have an apparent magnitude of 6 or less (this assumes dark sky, not a city).\n\nTo convert from diameter to absolute magnitude I found [this table](_URL_3_) which gives you *H* of 12.5 to 13.5 for a 10km asteroid. I worked through the numbers, and it turns out a *H*=12.5 object has to be within about 0.03 AU (about 4.5 million kilometers) of Earth for it to be naked eye visible.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Visible to the best astronomical tools luckily pointed in the right direction, visible to back yard telescopes, visible like a star, or visible like the impending doom of a rapidly growing fireball?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Almost no asteroid could destroy ALL life. There are sulfer fixing bacteria at the deepest sea vents that are not dependant upon the sun.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "From [the Wikipedia article on Asteroid-impact avoidance](_URL_1_), impact by a 10 km asteroid would likely be an extinction level event.\n\nFor a solar system body, its [absolute magnitude](_URL_0_) (*H*) is the magnitude it would have at 1 AU from the Sun and 1 AU from the Earth. It's [apparent magnitude](_URL_2_) is a measure of a body's brightness as seen from Earth. Smaller magnitude means a brighter object. For something to be visible to the naked eye it has to have an apparent magnitude of 6 or less (this assumes dark sky, not a city).\n\nTo convert from diameter to absolute magnitude I found [this table](_URL_3_) which gives you *H* of 12.5 to 13.5 for a 10km asteroid. I worked through the numbers, and it turns out a *H*=12.5 object has to be within about 0.03 AU (about 4.5 million kilometers) of Earth for it to be naked eye visible.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "47995848",
"title": "Psyche (spacecraft)",
"section": "Section::::Mission overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 211,
"text": "Data shows asteroid to have a diameter of about . Scientists think that could be the exposed core of an early planet that could have been as large as Mars and lost its surface in a series of violent collisions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58017976",
"title": "Asteroid impact prediction",
"section": "Section::::Discovery of Near Earth Asteroids.:Cataloging vs Warning.:Cataloging Systems.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 762,
"text": "For larger asteroids ( 100m to 1 km across), prediction is based on cataloging the asteroid, years to centuries before it could impact. This technique is possible as they can be seen from a long distance due to their large size. Their orbits therefore can be measured and any future impacts predicted long before they are on their final approach to Earth. This long period of warning is important as an impact from a 1 km object would cause worldwide damage and a long lead time would be needed to deflect it away from Earth. As of 2018, the inventory is nearly complete for the kilometer-size objects (around 900) which would cause global damage, and approximately one third complete for 140 meter objects (around 8500) which would cause major regional damage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37864028",
"title": "Climate across Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary",
"section": "Section::::Mass extinction theories.:Asteroid impact.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 1646,
"text": "They concluded that the asteroid was about 9.97 kilometers in diameter which would cause an impact with about the same energy as 100 trillion tons of TNT. An impact of that magnitude would then create a large dust cloud that would block sunlight and inhibit photosynthesis for many years. The dust particles in the vapor-rich impact plume ejected from the crater and rose above the Earth's atmosphere, enveloped the Earth, and then descended through the atmosphere around the planet which blocked sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. Dust occluded sunlight for up to six months, halting or severely impairing photosynthesis, and thus seriously disrupting continental and marine food chains. This would then kill most plant life and phytoplankton which would also kill many of the organisms that depended on them to survive. Sulfuric acid aerosols were also ejected into the atmosphere which blocked about 20 percent of incoming sunlight. These sulfuric aerosols would take years to fully dissipate from the atmosphere. The impact site also contained sulfur-rich sediments called evaporites, which would have reacted with water vapor to produce sulfate aerosols. Sean Gulick, a research scientist at the University of Texas, postulated that an increase in the atmospheric concentration of the sulfate compounds could have made the impact deadlier in two ways: altering climate from sulfate aerosols in the upper atmosphere having a cooling effect, and generating acid rain from water vapor that can flush the lower atmosphere of sulfate aerosols. Earlier studies had suggested both effects might result from the impact, but to a lesser degree.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57579085",
"title": "2018 LA",
"section": "Section::::Entry and ATLAS observations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 369,
"text": "Asteroids in the range of several meters in diameter are very hard to detect as they are too small to reflect much sunlight. For example, on 24 May 2018, the asteroid was still from Earth and only had an apparent magnitude of 25.5, much dimmer than any major modern surveys can detect using rapid-fire 30 second snapshots meant to cover as much of the sky as possible.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38623877",
"title": "Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System",
"section": "Section::::Context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 829,
"text": "Larger asteroids can be detected even while far from the Earth, and their orbits can therefore be determined very precisely years in advance of any close approach. Thanks largely to Spaceguard cataloging initiated by a 2005 mandate of the United States Congress to NASA, the inventory of the Near Earth Objects with diameters above 1 kilometer is for instance now 97% complete, while the estimated completeness for 140 meter objects is around one third, and improving. Any impact by one of these known asteroids would be predicted decades to centuries in advance, long enough to consider deflecting them away from Earth. None of them will impact Earth for at least the next century. We are therefore largely safe from kilometer-size impacts for the mid-term future, but sub-km impacts remain a possibility at this point in time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38623877",
"title": "Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System",
"section": "Section::::Context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 747,
"text": "Sub-150m impacting asteroids would not cause global damage but are still locally catastrophic. They can, by contrast to larger ones, only be detected when they come very close to the Earth, which in most cases only happens during their final approach. Those impacts therefore will always need a constant watch and typically cannot be identified earlier than a few weeks in advance, far too late for interception. According to expert testimony in the United States Congress in 2013, NASA would presently require at least five years of preparation before a mission to intercept an asteroid could be launched. Meeting the asteroid and deflecting it by least the diameter of the Earth after its interception would then needs several additional years.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4235559",
"title": "1991 BA",
"section": "Section::::Possible impact.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 752,
"text": "Virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory show a 1 in 310,000 chance that the asteroid will impact Earth on 2023 January 18. It is estimated that an impact would produce an upper atmosphere air burst equivalent to 16 kt TNT, roughly equal to Nagasaki's Fat Man. The asteroid would appear as a bright fireball and fragment in the air burst into smaller pieces that would hit the ground at terminal velocity producing a meteorite strewn field. Impacts of objects this size are estimated to occur approximately once a year. Asteroid was an object of similar size that was discovered less than a day before its impact on Earth on October 7, 2008 and produced a fireball and meteorite strewn field in the Sudan.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2hgwhp
|
why do phone companies, like the iphone, focus on making smartphones thinner rather than putting in a bigger battery?
|
[
{
"answer": "It would appear that the market doesn't demand it, or at least manufacturers don't think the market wants it. The fact that literally anyone could make an android phone using mostly off-the-shelf chips, (\"anyone\" being \"anyone with access to a PCB printing and assembly plant\"), but we have yet to see a real large-capacity battery option.\n\nI mean, companies like Huawei and ZTE churn out smartphone models like they're dim-sum, but not a single model is focused on long battery life.\n\nAlso, an external battery can be added to most phones without adding much more bulk than a larger internal battery would. Leaving it \"up to the customer\" to add battery capacity if desired.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Diminishing returns. The biggest concern when it comes to smartphones is heat, secondary is power draw. A thicker battery means a lower surface area to dissipate the additional heat generated by the chemical interactions generating electric power within the battery. This leads to inefficiency and dangers involving excess heat.\n\nIt isn't just for show",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Look at sales. There have been quite a few smart phones that have focused on battery life being the number 1 priority. The problem was that they didn't sell as well as the new phone that's 1 mm thinner. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because a lot of people, (And people buying apple products especially) are not primarily interested in the item for being functionally better, but rather in buying a sleek status symbol. And you can't see a longer battery life.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Phone salesman here so Ill answer using what I know about the market.\n\nThings like the iPhone and Samsung have become popular for valuing things like function, power and style over just battery life. It really is a secondary value that the majority wants on their phone. People are overall content with something they only have to charge at night time and people will desk jobs can charge them there. \n\nWith the amount of people who drink of iPhones like it's a good beer they'll complain to no end about the phones battery life but often stick with it anyway simple for brand familiarity, usability and love of apple products in general. Now android phones do tend to have better battery life and do often use that as a selling feature but androids are generally more preferred by the more tech savvy or people who are more knowledgeable in general...not always at all, lots of people buy samsung just cause they think it's the \"cool android\" and many people buy iPhones know a lot about tech. It's just something that many don't focus on in their marketing. LG does quite a bit now and they're blooming a lot lately after the Nexus 4 and Optimus' success.\n\nFunny thing though, when the iphone 3G was first announced Blackberry was so sure that it would never catch on simply because of the poor battery life but because of that switched up their mobile phone model too late and are now on a slow bleed till they're gone for good. \n\ntl;dr people value style and brand familiarity over overall usefullness and function than a longer lasting battery for a less attractive device. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Marketing. A \"sleek\", thin phone looks better on the picture than the text \"longer lasting battery\". Most people are just talking apes.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The Note has a much bigger battery, as well as processing power. Bigger, faster phones are emerging, over time",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "When given a choice between longer runtime from bigger batteries (smart), and thinner profile and lighter weight (sexy), consumers will go for sexy every time. The average consumer doesn't care about practical. They want bells and they want whistles. Glitz and glam. Image is everything.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "25051576",
"title": "Feature phone",
"section": "Section::::History.:Industry trends.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "There has been an industry shift from feature phones (including low-end smartphones), which rely mainly on volume sales, to high-end flagship smartphones which also enjoy higher margins, thus manufacturers find high-end smartphones much more lucrative than feature phones. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23501895",
"title": "IPhone 4",
"section": "Section::::Design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 308,
"text": "It is high, wide, and deep, compared to the iPhone 3GS, which is high, wide, and deep; making the iPhone 4 24% thinner than its predecessor, the iPhone 3GS. Steve Jobs claimed it to be \"the thinnest smartphone on the planet.\" The reduced size of the device is primarily due to the externally placed antenna.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18457137",
"title": "Personal computer",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Portable.:Smartphone.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "Smartphones are often similar to tablet computers, the difference being that smartphones always have cellular integration. They are generally smaller than tablets, and may not have a slate form factor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4182449",
"title": "Tablet computer",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Phablet.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 465,
"text": "Smartphones and tablets are similar devices, differentiated by the former typically having smaller screens and most tablets lacking cellular network capability. Since 2010, crossover touchscreen smartphones with screens larger than 5 inches have been released. That size is generally considered larger than a traditional smartphone, creating the hybrid category of the \"phablet\" by Forbes and other publications. \"Phablet\" is a portmanteau of \"phone\" and \"tablet\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42772724",
"title": "Mobile sales enablement",
"section": "Section::::Devices.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 382,
"text": "Mobile sales enablement can be applied to all mobile devices. This often includes tablets and smartphones. However; the downside of smartphones is the smaller screen size, in comparison with a tablet which has a larger screen for sharing presentations or materials to an audience. Good apps will tailor the benefits of the solution to the specific selling behavior for the devices.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33304644",
"title": "IPhone 5",
"section": "Section::::Features.:Design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 532,
"text": "The is 18% thinner, 20% lighter, and has 12% less overall volume than its predecessor, the iPhone 4s. The phone's aluminum body is thick. At the September 2012 conference Apple claimed it was the thinnest smartphone in the world at 7.6 mm, though that claim was disputed as the Chinese Oppo Finder was thinner and some other smartphones could be considered to be thinner, depending upon where thickness is measured. The Oppo Finder measured at its thinnest point and at its thickest point making it overall thinner than the iPhone.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49597836",
"title": "IPhone SE",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 290,
"text": "Apple stated in the \"Let us loop you in\" event on March 21, 2016 that they sold over 30 million 4-inch iPhones in 2015, further explaining that some people love smaller compact phones. Later in the event they presented the iPhone SE, describing it as \"the most powerful 4-inch phone ever.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1lyrh7
|
what really happens when you re-enter earth's atmosphere in a space shuttle (gravity wise)?
|
[
{
"answer": "Nothing happens gravity wise. Gravity is the force that pulls 2 objects to each other. A space shuttle is pulled towards the earth, the closer it get's the harder the pull. But nothing significant happens gravity wise when it enters the atmosphere. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Note that it is not as much 'friction', as in air molecules rubbing against the shuttle's surface. Of course, this happens, but it is not the major effect. Air behaves a bit differently at hypersonic speeds.\n\nThe air in front of the shuttle just can't get out of the way. It builds up in a shock wave, an area of extreme high pressure, into which the shuttle tries to move. This pressure pushes back on the craft, slowing it.\n\nHigh pressures create high temperatures, so those heat shields are still needed.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Force of gravity on the space station is about 90% of what it is on a surface. \n\nBecause everything is in a free-fall, no one really experiences it, but that doesn't mean that pull of the gravity doesn't exist.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "574332",
"title": "Hayabusa",
"section": "Section::::Mission timeline.:Reentry and capsule retrieval.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 262,
"text": "The reentry capsule and the spacecraft reentered Earth's atmosphere on 13 June 2010 at 13:51 UTC (23:21 local). The heat-shielded capsule made a parachute landing in the South Australian outback while the spacecraft broke up and incinerated in a large fireball.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "574332",
"title": "Hayabusa",
"section": "Section::::Mission timeline.:Reentry and capsule retrieval.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 279,
"text": "Since the reaction control system no longer functioned, the space probe re-entered the Earth's atmosphere similar to the approach of an asteroid along with the sample re-entry capsule, and, as mission scientists expected, the majority of the spacecraft disintegrated upon entry.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "172278",
"title": "Capricorn One",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 933,
"text": "Upon returning to Earth, the empty spacecraft burns up due to a faulty (separated) heat shield during atmospheric reentry. The astronauts are said to have died due to the malfunction. The captive astronauts board a plane to be placed in the spacecraft, but the plane unexpectedly turns around and returns to the airfield. They realize that something has gone wrong with the re-entry process and that officials can never release them. They break out of confinement and escape in a plane, which runs out of fuel soon after take-off. Forced to crash-land and stranded in the desert, they attempt to return to civilization while being pursued by helicopters. Realizing that the chances of exposing the truth are increased if they split up, they start walking in three directions. Kelloway sends the helicopters after them; Willis and Walker are found, while Brubaker is the only one to avoid capture and hides in a deserted gas station.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "369302",
"title": "Gemini 9A",
"section": "Section::::Flight.:Reentry.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 433,
"text": "The day of the EVA was also their last in space. On their 45th revolution of the Earth, the crewmen fired the retro-rockets that slowed them down so that they would reenter. This time the computer worked perfectly, meaning they landed only 700 meters from the planned landing site and were close enough to see the prime recovery ship, USS \"Wasp\". The splashdown happened closer to the recovery ship than any other crewed spacecraft.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "233740",
"title": "Heat shield",
"section": "Section::::Uses.:Spacecraft.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 543,
"text": "Spacecraft that land on a planet with an atmosphere, such as Earth, Mars, and Venus, currently do so by entering the atmosphere at high speeds, depending on air resistance rather than rocket power to slow them down. A side effect of this method of atmospheric re-entry is aerodynamic heating, which can be highly destructive to the structure of an unprotected or faulty spacecraft. An aerodynamic heat shield consists of a protective layer of special materials to dissipate the heat. Two basic types of aerodynamic heat shield have been used:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "266344",
"title": "Space debris",
"section": "Section::::Threats.:To Earth.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 68,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 68,
"end_character": 446,
"text": "The original re-entry plan for Skylab called for the station to remain in space for eight to ten years after its final mission in February 1974. High solar activity expanded the upper atmosphere, resulting in higher-than-expected drag and bringing its orbit closer to Earth than planned. On 11 July 1979 Skylab re-entered the Earth's atmosphere and disintegrated, raining debris along a path over the southern Indian Ocean and Western Australia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "67043",
"title": "Thermal insulation",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Spacecraft.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 691,
"text": "Launch and re-entry place severe mechanical stresses on spacecraft, so the strength of an insulator is critically important (as seen by the failure of insulating tiles on the Space Shuttle Columbia, which caused the shuttle airframe to overheat and break apart during reentry, killing the astronauts onboard). Re-entry through the atmosphere generates very high temperatures due to compression of the air at high speeds. Insulators must meet demanding physical properties beyond their thermal transfer retardant properties. Examples of insulation used on spacecraft include reinforced carbon-carbon composite nose cone and silica fiber tiles of the Space Shuttle. See also Insulative paint.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
anv9b3
|
are musicians brains "wired" differently than non-musicians?
|
[
{
"answer": "A well-trained musician can hear notes and different types of instruments in pieces. They study music and can decipher music regularly. I would say anyone can learn music and be able to create a song if you learn the foundations of music. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "25049383",
"title": "Neuroscience of music",
"section": "Section::::Musician vs. non-musician processing.:Similarities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 987,
"text": "Studies have shown that the human brain has an implicit musical ability. Koelsch, Gunter, Friederici and Schoger (2000) investigated the influence of preceding musical context, task relevance of unexpected chords and the degree of probability of violation on music processing in both musicians and non-musicians. Findings showed that the human brain unintentionally extrapolates expectations about impending auditory input. Even in non-musicians, the extrapolated expectations are consistent with music theory. The ability to process information musically supports the idea of an implicit musical ability in the human brain. In a follow-up study, Koelsch, Schroger, and Gunter (2002) investigated whether ERAN and N5 could be evoked preattentively in non-musicians. Findings showed that both ERAN and N5 can be elicited even in a situation where the musical stimulus is ignored by the listener indicating that there is a highly differentiated preattentive musicality in the human brain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "530708",
"title": "Muscle memory",
"section": "Section::::Fine motor memory.:Music memory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 1411,
"text": "Certain human behaviours, especially actions like the finger movements in musical performances, are very complex and require many interconnected neural networks where information can be transmitted across multiple brain regions. It has been found that there are often functional differences in the brains of professional musicians, when compared to other individuals. This is thought to reflect the musician's innate ability, which may be fostered by an early exposure to musical training. An example of this is bimanual synchronized finger movements, which play an essential role in piano playing. It is suggested that bimanual coordination can come only from years of bimanual training, where such actions become adaptations of the motor areas. When comparing professional musicians to a control group in complex bimanual movements, professionals are found to use an extensive motor network much less than those non-professionals. This is because professionals rely on a motor system that has increased efficiency, and, therefore, those less trained have a network that is more strongly activated. It is implied that the untrained pianists have to invest more neuronal activity to have the same level of performance that is achieved by professionals. This, yet again, is said to be a consequence of many years of motor training and experience that helps form a fine motor memory skill of musical performance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11840996",
"title": "Environment and intelligence",
"section": "Section::::Training.:Musical.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 63,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 63,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "Significant differences in brain structure between musicians and non-musicians have been found. It was shown that there were significant differences in gray matter volume in motor, auditory and visual-spatial regions of the brain. The authors suggest that this could in part be because musicians from a young age translate visually perceived musical notes into motor commands whilst listening to the auditory output.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25049383",
"title": "Neuroscience of music",
"section": "Section::::Musician vs. non-musician processing.:Differences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 907,
"text": "Brain structure within musicians and non-musicians is distinctly different. Gaser and Schlaug (2003) compared brain structures of professional musicians with non-musicians and discovered gray matter volume differences in motor, auditory and visual-spatial brain regions. Specifically, positive correlations were discovered between musician status (professional, amateur and non-musician) and gray matter volume in the primary motor and somatosensory areas, premotor areas, anterior superior parietal areas and in the inferior temporal gyrus bilaterally. This strong association between musician status and gray matter differences supports the notion that musicians' brains show use-dependent structural changes. Due to the distinct differences in several brain regions, it is unlikely that these differences are innate but rather due to the long-term acquisition and repetitive rehearsal of musical skills.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45838854",
"title": "Auditory arrhythmia",
"section": "Section::::Neurological bases of music.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "Neuroplasticity allows the brain to grow and change, especially in the auditory and motor cortex. Listening and playing music helps both of these areas of the brain to develop more, which was found to be correlated to having an improves auditory imagery in many performers in a study conducted at Utrecht University in the Netherlands.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25049383",
"title": "Neuroscience of music",
"section": "Section::::Musician vs. non-musician processing.:Differences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 1202,
"text": "Brains of musicians also show functional differences from those of non-musicians. Krings, Topper, Foltys, Erberich, Sparing, Willmes and Thron (2000) utilized fMRI to study brain area involvement of professional pianists and a control group while performing complex finger movements. Krings et al. found that the professional piano players showed lower levels of cortical activation in motor areas of the brain. It was concluded that a lesser amount of neurons needed to be activated for the piano players due to long-term motor practice which results in the different cortical activation patterns. Koeneke, Lutz, Wustenberg and Jancke (2004) reported similar findings in keyboard players. Skilled keyboard players and a control group performed complex tasks involving unimanual and bimanual finger movements. During task conditions, strong hemodynamic responses in the cerebellum were shown by both non-musicians and keyboard players, but non-musicians showed the stronger response. This finding indicates that different cortical activation patterns emerge from long-term motor practice. This evidence supports previous data showing that musicians require fewer neurons to perform the same movements.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "88771",
"title": "Metronome",
"section": "Section::::Alternatives to metronome use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 85,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 85,
"end_character": 324,
"text": "Another thing they do is to play music in their mind's ear along with the rhythms of walking or other daily life rhythms. Other techniques include hearing music in ones mind's ear first before playing it. Musicians can deal with timing and tempo glitches by learning to hear a perfect performance in their mind's ear first.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1dbmc2
|
why cant i smell or taste when i catch a cold?
|
[
{
"answer": "When you have a cold, phlegm blocks the passages to the olfactory receptors at the top of the nose meaning that less air is going to pass over them. Thus, fewer molecules are reaching the olfactory cells because they are being blocked by the phlegm. The taste of food is determined more by smell than taste, so the reason that food does not have as much flavor when you have a cold is because of the reduction in smell sensitivity not a reduction in taste sensitivity (taste can only indicate sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "53758770",
"title": "Retronasal smell",
"section": "Section::::At-home evidence of the role smell plays in flavor.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 230,
"text": "The experience of eating favored foods with a cold often disappoints. This is because congestion blocks nasal passageways through which air and flavor molecules enter and exit, thus temporarily reducing retronasal smell capacity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21244096",
"title": "Odor",
"section": "Section::::Physiology of smell.:Habituation or adaptation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 366,
"text": "Odors that a person is used to, such as their own body odor, are less noticeable than uncommon odors. This is due to \"habituation\". After continuous odor exposure, the sense of smell is fatigued, but recovers if the stimulus is removed for a time. Odors can change due to environmental conditions: for example, odors tend to be more distinguishable in cool dry air.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49159",
"title": "Hallucination",
"section": "Section::::Classification.:Olfactory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 1004,
"text": "Phantosmia (olfactory hallucinations), smelling an odor that is not actually there, and parosmia (olfactory illusions), inhaling a real odor but perceiving it as different scent than remembered, are distortions to the sense of smell (olfactory system) that, in most cases, are not caused by anything serious and usually go away on their own in time. It can result from a range of conditions such as nasal infections, nasal polyps, dental problems, migraines, head injuries, seizures, strokes, or brain tumors. Environmental exposures are sometimes the cause as well, such as smoking, exposure to certain types of chemicals (e.g., insecticides or solvents), or radiation treatment for head or neck cancer. It can also be a symptom of certain mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, intoxication or withdrawal from drugs and alcohol, or psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). The perceived odors are usually unpleasant and commonly described as smelling burned, foul spoiled, or rotten.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44509314",
"title": "Sensory dysfunction disorder",
"section": "Section::::Systems.:Gustatory system.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 273,
"text": "The Gustatory system concerns a person's taste and sense of smell. A child with Sensory Dysfunction Disorder may not be able to tolerate the texture or taste of certain foods. Their senses may not respond well to food, and they may be unable to smell food that is burning.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "635489",
"title": "Olfactory system",
"section": "Section::::Clinical significance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "Doctors must exclude other diseases that inhibit or eliminate 'the sense of smell' such as chronic colds or sinusitus before making the diagnosis that there is permanent damage to the olfactory system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "414280",
"title": "Bad breath",
"section": "Section::::Diagnosis.:Self diagnosis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 460,
"text": "Scientists have long thought that smelling one's own breath odor is often difficult due to acclimatization, although many people with bad breath are able to detect it in others. Research has suggested that self-evaluation of halitosis is not easy because of preconceived notions of how bad we think it should be. Some people assume that they have bad breath because of bad taste (metallic, sour, fecal, etc.), however bad taste is considered a poor indicator.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "569842",
"title": "Thermoreceptor",
"section": "Section::::Distribution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 666,
"text": "Warm and cold receptors play a part in sensing innocuous environmental temperature. Temperatures likely to damage an organism are sensed by sub-categories of nociceptors that may respond to noxious cold, noxious heat or more than one noxious stimulus modality (i.e., they are polymodal). The nerve endings of sensory neurons that respond preferentially to cooling are found in moderate density in the skin but also occur in relatively high spatial density in the cornea, tongue, bladder, and facial skin. The speculation is that lingual cold receptors deliver information that modulates the sense of taste; i.e. some foods taste good when cold, while others do not.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4s4yse
|
Viking height and build.
|
[
{
"answer": "Hi there! The thing to keep in mind about your question is that, properly used, the term \"Viking\" refers to an *occupation*, not an ethnic group or proto-nation or whatever. That is, \"vikings\" were people who participated in viking activity: seafaring raiding, banditry and piracy along the coasts and even far inland in Europe during the \"viking age.\" The term in English has been used more loosely to denote the group of people who produced viking raiders, that is the Norse population of Scandinavia, since the mid-18th century, gaining popularity in connection with the various Scandinavian nationalist movements of the 19th century. So asking how \"Vikings\" were built is a bit like asking how, for example US Marines are built -- they are people who self-selected for a military or militaristic lifestyle. \n\nThat said, as you await more answers, some of these older questions/answers might be relevant to you. \n\n[How \"big\" was the average Viking warrior? How would they compare to average people today? What about Roman or Spartan warriors?](_URL_2_)\n\n[Very interested in an Historian's perspective on an Icelandic myth, and if one of you could comment on whether or not it was possible for humans 1000 years ago to compete with the competitive strongmen of today](_URL_0_)\n\n\n[How strong/muscular were ancient warriors? Did they know enough about muscle growth to be the same build as many athletes/bodybuilders now? When did humans start becoming adept at bodybuilding?](_URL_1_?)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "29721916",
"title": "Viking Heights",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "Viking Heights is a prominent flat-topped mountain, 2,960 m, between Tanngarden Peaks and Mount Wideroe in the Sor Rondane Mountains, Antarctica. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named Vikinghogda (the Viking height).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50310081",
"title": "Architecture of Aarhus",
"section": "Section::::Styles.:Viking settlement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 1258,
"text": "The early viking age settlement was founded on the northern shore of a fjord at the outlet of the Aarhus River. The settlement consisted of pit houses as well as some wooden buildings such as longhouses. Most buildings were about 5 meters by 10 meters and likely had fenced areas for animal husbandry or small-scale farming. Most buildings were built around a wooden frame filled out wattle and daub style and then plastered in mud for protection. Floors were commonly made of wooden planks although some also had simple stamped dirt floors. Straw and reed was the usual material for roofing but turf was also used as well as wood chips in some exclusive buildings. No extant structures remain from this period but there is archaeological evidence both in and around Aarhus. The initial settlement was laid out in elongated fashion along the fjord from Immervad in the west, which functioned as a ford, to the coast in the east where the city bent northwards along the coast towards Riis Skov. North and west of the settlement by the fjord and coast lay a pagan burial site where Bispetorv is today. The fjord further to the west in Viby was the primary harbor where ships were stored in safety from seaborne attacks in close proximity to the king's estate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56140",
"title": "History of Norway",
"section": "Section::::Viking Age.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 332,
"text": "The Viking Age was a period of Scandinavian expansion through trade, colonization and raids. One of the first raids was against Lindisfarne in 793 and is considered the beginning of the Viking Age. This was possible because of the development of the longship, suitable for travel across the sea, and advanced navigation techniques.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "532476",
"title": "Early Middle Ages",
"section": "Section::::History.:Viking Age.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 355,
"text": "The Viking Age spans the period roughly between the late 8th and mid-11th centuries in Scandinavia and Britain, following the Germanic Iron Age (and the Vendel Age in Sweden). During this period, the Vikings, Scandinavian warriors and traders raided and explored most parts of Europe, south-western Asia, northern Africa, and north-eastern North America.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3607631",
"title": "Lofotr Viking Museum",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 506,
"text": "In 1983, archaeologists uncovered the Chieftain House at Borg (\"På Borg på Vestvågøya i Lofoten\"), a large Viking Era building believed to have been already established around the year 500 AD. A joint Scandinavian research project was conducted at Borg from 1986 until 1989. Excavations revealed the largest building ever to be found from the Viking period in Norway. The foundation of the Chieftain House at Borg measured long and high. The seat at Borg is estimated to have been abandoned around AD 950.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3300731",
"title": "Viking Stadion",
"section": "Section::::Future expansion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 224,
"text": "In 2009, Viking planned a further permanent expansion of the stadium. By adding a new upper tier to the south and east stands, the capacity would be increased to 22,000. The plan was to have the expansion completed by 2016.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12190363",
"title": "Puy du Fou",
"section": "Section::::Attractions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 265,
"text": "The Vikings is set in a reconstructed 1000-year-old fortress that is attacked by a Viking Longship. The story begins with a marriage in the village, just before the arrival of a Viking longboat. Special effects include the emergence of a longboat from under water.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3ysqv2
|
how my neighbor's radon exhaust pipe is not a health concern for me.
|
[
{
"answer": "We have a radon exhaust pipe as well. The way it was explained to me is that the rador is exhausted into the air above the level at which people normally live and breathe. Mine is about 15 feet up on the side of my garage and my nearest neighbor is about 30 feet from it. It dissipates in the air. Inside, there is typically not much fresh air, even if you have a fan, unless you specifically have an air exchanger. And even if you do an air exchanger exchanges WAY LESS air then you would have outside. Have you had your home checked for radon as well?\n\nEDIT -- The way it was explained to me was that a house becomes more of a gateway for radon because breaking into the ground to forms a foundation makes it easier (creates an opening) for the radon to come into the home at that point. It is better to put it into the air to dissipate than to leave it sit stagnant in a home. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "To dilute your neighbor's exhaust to safe levels, you need 500L of air for every L of exhaust. If you have 5m between your houses, and your houses are 10m tall, and the pipe is 10cm (3\") wide, then you have 5000L of air in the slice of air between your houses that's as wide as the pipe. If you have a breeze of 10% the speed of the air flowing out the pipe, even ignoring that the atmosphere extends up much higher than the roof of your house, you are fine.\n\nIt would be much more important to run a radon test in your basement. Radon is not a localized geologic problem. If your neighbor has a problem, you probably have a problem as well.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > Yes, the radon \"dissipates\" into the air but it has to go somewhere\n\nActually, it doesn't. :)\n\nRadon is radioactive gas. Its most common isotope has a half life of a little less than 4 days, and decays into a solid. It is also a very heavy gas, 7 times heavier than air, and is more likely to collect on the ground than fly into windows and doors.\n\n > No exposure is safe-- how is this not a threat to my health?\n\nYou have to put this in the proper perspective. By these standards, no exposure to UV radiation is safe, no automobile is safe, no [banana](_URL_0_) is safe. What is more important is \"acceptable levels\", which represent little increased risk compared to other sources of exposure. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Umm for the same reason the exhaust pipes on cars and trucks aren't a health concern for you assuming you aren't shoving your face in the tail pipe?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If your neighbors basement has radon, what makes you think your site doesn't? Maybe you should worry about things worth worrying about.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm curious where you have your own radon exhaust if you feel your neighbor's is a bigger concern than your own.\n\nIf you don't have one (and even if you do, no system is 100 %), any amount of radon coming from your neighbor's exhaust will be negligible compared to what you already have.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I agree with you that your neighbours having a Radon exhaust pipe is absolutely a cause for concern. \n\nHowever, the concern is not that their exhaust may harm you, it is that they have one and you, right next door, do not. It's a sign your local geology means you should be watching out for it building up in your basement. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There is very little radon gas in the exhaust. What they probably have is an active soil depressurization system. Its purpose is to lower the pressure in the soil beneath the house by pumping vapours in that soil to the outside. Normally, the pressure of gasses inside the soil is higher than the the air pressure in the house. This pressure differential allows some of the gasses in the soil, including radon, to seep into the house. So the purpose of the system isn’t to pump radon out of the house, but to lower the vapour pressure in the soil under the house. Of course, some of that vapour being pumped out will consist of radon gas.\n\nRadon is a naturally occurring gas and there is always some radon in the air we breath. The amount coming from your neighbour’s pipe is very unlikely to increase your exposure by any meaningful amount if at all. \n\nIt might be worthwhile to have your own house tested, although it is not uncommon to have two houses next to each other where one has a problem and the other doesn’t. It has to do with the construction and airtightness of the houses and the makeup soil of the soil directly underneath each house.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Huh. I have a radon mitigation system but it exhausts out the roof. Because radon is heavier than air I figured it would be bad to exhaust it at ground level. I guess I never thought a lot about it, but so long as it's not in my house I don't care where it goes. Most of the houses in this area have them because there was a big scare about radon in the 80s and everyone freaked and bought one from fly by night salesmen. (It came with the house)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Some perspective: Your neighbor's Radon mitigation is not affecting your health. You not having Radon mitigation is a much more significant risk to you and your family's health.\n\n**Before you start overreacting to something you don't understand and make your neighbor think you're an idiot**, Google Radon and Radon Mitigation.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "How is it that your neighbor has a radon gas problem and you do not. That's what I would be worried about. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3818319",
"title": "Radon mitigation",
"section": "Section::::Methods of radon gas mitigation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 1584,
"text": "According to the EPA's \"A Citizen's Guide to Radon\", the method to reduce radon \"primarily used is a vent pipe system and fan, which pulls radon from beneath the house and vents it to the outside\", which is also called sub-slab depressurization, soil suction, or active soil depressurization (ASD). Generally indoor radon can be mitigated by sub-slab depressurization and exhausting such radon-laden air to the outdoors, away from windows and other building openings. \"EPA generally recommends methods which prevent the entry of radon. Soil suction, for example, prevents radon from entering your home by drawing the radon from below the home and venting it through a pipe, or pipes, to the air above the home where it is quickly diluted\" and \"EPA does not recommend the use of sealing alone to reduce radon because, by itself, sealing has not been shown to lower radon levels significantly or consistently\" according to the EPA's \"Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction: How to fix your home\". Ventilation systems can utilize a heat exchanger or energy recovery ventilator to recover part of the energy otherwise lost in the process of exchanging air with the outside. For crawlspaces, the EPA states, \"An effective method to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes involves covering the earth floor with a high-density plastic sheet. A vent pipe and fan are used to draw the radon from under the sheet and vent it to the outdoors. This form of soil suction is called submembrane suction, and when properly applied is the most effective way to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25604",
"title": "Radon",
"section": "Section::::Health risks.:Testing and mitigation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 115,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 115,
"end_character": 874,
"text": "According to the EPA the method to reduce radon \"...primarily used is a vent pipe system and fan, which pulls radon from beneath the house and vents it to the outside\", which is also called sub-slab depressurization, active soil depressurization, or soil suction. Generally indoor radon can be mitigated by sub-slab depressurization and exhausting such radon-laden air to the outdoors, away from windows and other building openings. \"EPA generally recommends methods which prevent the entry of radon. Soil suction, for example, prevents radon from entering your home by drawing the radon from below the home and venting it through a pipe, or pipes, to the air above the home where it is quickly diluted\" and \"EPA does not recommend the use of sealing alone to reduce radon because, by itself, sealing has not been shown to lower radon levels significantly or consistently\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25533720",
"title": "Health effects of radon",
"section": "Section::::Health policies.:Mitigation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 152,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 152,
"end_character": 524,
"text": "Transport of radon in indoor air is almost entirely controlled by the ventilation rate in the enclosure. Since air pressure is usually lower inside houses than it is outside, the home acts like a vacuum, drawing radon gas in through cracks in the foundation or other openings such as ventilation systems. Generally, the indoor radon concentrations increase as ventilation rates decrease. In a well ventilated place, the radon concentration tends to align with outdoor values (typically 10 Bq/m, ranging from 1 to 100 Bq/m).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3585815",
"title": "Health effects of tobacco",
"section": "Section::::Health effects of smoking.:Other harm.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 78,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 78,
"end_character": 260,
"text": "Current research shows that tobacco smokers who are exposed to residential radon are twice as likely to develop lung cancer as non-smokers. As well, the risk of developing lung cancer from asbestos exposure is twice as likely for smokers than for non-smokers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25533720",
"title": "Health effects of radon",
"section": "Section::::Health policies.:Mitigation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 153,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 153,
"end_character": 253,
"text": "Radon levels in indoor air can be lowered in several ways, from sealing cracks in floors and walls to increasing the ventilation rate of the building. Listed here are some of the accepted ways of reducing the amount of radon accumulating in a dwelling:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10934212",
"title": "Air pollution",
"section": "Section::::Indoor air quality (IAQ).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 777,
"text": "A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (HCO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18665993",
"title": "Corrosion engineering",
"section": "Section::::Types of corrosion situations.:External corrosion.:Humid and splash zone corrosion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 873,
"text": "A significant amount of corrosion of fences is due to landscaper tools scratching fence coatings and irrigation sprinklers spraying these damaged fences. Recycled water typically has a higher salt content than potable drinking water, meaning that it is more corrosive than regular tap water. The same risk from damage and water spray exists for above ground piping and backflow preventers. Fiberglass covers, cages, and concrete footings have worked well to keep tools at an arm's length. Even the location where your roof drain splashes down can matter. Drainage from a home's roof valley can fall directly down onto a gas meter causing its piping to corrode at an accelerated rate reaching 50% wall thickness within 4 years. It is the same effect as a splash zone in the ocean or in a pool which has a lot of oxygen and agitation that can remove material as it corrodes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1lsrkc
|
why do homeless peoples dogs always seem so immaculately well trained?
|
[
{
"answer": "They don't exactly have very busy days, so they train their dogs in that time.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I think it's a combination of several things:\n\n1. They probably aren't fed well, so they may lack the energy to be as excitable as house-bred dogs. \n\n2. They're out in the open all day with a constant companion. This isn't a dog stuck inside a house while their master is at work all day. Nor is it a dog that is chained outside alone for the night. \n\n3. The dog may be one of the only things the homeless person feels they can \"control.\" Considering they have no other assets, they may put some extra care into their dog. In my experience, I've also noticed a high level of selflessness from the owner in these situations. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3310208",
"title": "Grief therapy dog",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 272,
"text": "In contrast to service dogs who assist disabled people with physical tasks, comfort dogs are not trained in skilled tasks, but serve as constant companions with a keen sense for someone feeling down. They can provide a way for people who are distressed to find sanctuary.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27078829",
"title": "Street dogs in Moscow",
"section": "Section::::Types of street dogs.:Beggars' techniques.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 327,
"text": "Among the general human population, the dogs are simultaneously viewed affectionately and as a problem, but moreover they are generally tolerated. Many people choose to feed them and some people will even build basic shelters for them in the winter. They have come to be considered by many a component of the city's character.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49270451",
"title": "Pet ownership among the homeless",
"section": "Section::::Impact on the homeless experience.:Social interactions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 596,
"text": "Several studies have concluded that the homeless attribute their pet with saving their life, getting them off of drugs or alcohol; one researcher noted that many dog owners reported their dogs knew when they were sad or emotional, an example of the ‘empathetic experience” of a human-pet connection. Homeless pet owners use their pets to facilitate socialization, getting their owners out to local vet clinics and parks where they interact with other pet owners. Many homeless pet owners regard their pet with a high degree of attachment and report lower levels of loneliness with pet ownership.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "491819",
"title": "Working dog",
"section": "Section::::Pets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 260,
"text": "Working dogs that are left alone or ignored become bored, vocal, and even neurotic; they may exhibit malaise, lethargy, destructive behavior or attempt to escape. Working dogs inappropriately chosen as pets are often surrendered to shelters for these reasons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "761404",
"title": "Dog park",
"section": "Section::::Concerns with off-leash dog parks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 764,
"text": "Some people keep their dogs locked up in a crate during the week, only to unleash their dogs in a dog park on the weekend without proper exercise, creating issues; and still others allow dogs with illnesses or unvaccinated dogs to run alongside healthy dogs. Dogs who are shy or aggressive can learn to interact safely with other dogs if their owners take the time to learn about dog behavior and acclimate them at the dog park. The right kind of socialization is essential to the normal development of a family pet. Dogs are social creatures that crave the attention of people and the companionship of other dogs. This ability to spend time productively with both people and play with other dogs does not just come about naturally, it must be carefully fostered.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "76940",
"title": "Service dog",
"section": "Section::::United States.:Definition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 389,
"text": "Service dogs do not only help owners with disabilities, but they also help emotionally. Experiments have demonstrated that service dog owners experience an improved social life while owning a service dog. This is very important when discussing children that own service dogs. Improving someone’s social life includes more friendly glances/conversations and more smiles directed their way.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49270451",
"title": "Pet ownership among the homeless",
"section": "Section::::Implications for social institutions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 1178,
"text": "Social interaction among the homeless is impacted by pet ownership. Many homeless pet owners reported that having a dog facilitated conversation, but at the same time having a dog had a negative impact on their ability to find housing because homeless shelters, rental housing, and subsidized government housing continue to have strict regulations against allowing pets to reside with their homeless owners. Some action is being taken by social institutions to address the issue. San Francisco initiated a program which addressed both homelessness and animal shelter overcrowding: WOOF – Wonderful Opportunities for Occupants and Fidos. Started in August 2012, the homeless are given a dog that would otherwise be euthanized, to foster until a permanent home can be found. The homeless are trained to care for the dogs and will receive a weekly stipend. In addition to dog training lesson, the foster owners received training in job readiness, communication skills, banking and health care. All pet food and care is provided by the shelter. Pets of the Homeless is a national nonprofit with a mission to feed and provide basic emergency veterinary care to pets of the homeless.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
z4vsh
|
How would a tyrannosaurus rex have laid down to rest, and then get back up? It seems with such small arms, lying down and righting-oneself up would be a disadvantage.
|
[
{
"answer": "At least one scientific paper has tackled this question:\n\nNewman, B.H. 1970. Stance and gait in the flesh-eating dinosaur *Tyrannosaurus*. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society vol. 2, p. 119-123.\n\nHowever, since we now know that *T. rex*'s palms faced each other rather than towards the ground, they might not have been as useful for pushing off the ground as previously believed. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Birds do not sleep on their sides, they bend their legs (and usually tuck their head under their wings) There is speculation that this is how a Dinosaur such as a T-rex would rest. Although obviously without the wing. \n\n\nMei, a dinosaur related to T-rex but much smaller has been found fossilised in this position. \n\n\n_URL_0_\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1005294",
"title": "Kentrosaurus",
"section": "Section::::Paleobiology.:Defense.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 1020,
"text": "Though \"Kentrosaurus\" likely stood with forelimbs erect like in other dinosaurs, it is hypothesised that the animal adopted a sprawling posture when defending itself. Its neck was flexible enough to allow it to keep sight of predators, as it could reach the sides of its body with its snout and look over the back. In addition, the posterior position of the center of mass may not have been advantageous for rapid locomotion, but meant that the animal could quickly rotate around the hips by pushing sideways with the arms, keeping the tail pointed at the attacker. \"Kentrosaurus\" was nevertheless not invulnerable. A quick predator could have made it to the tail base (where the impact speed would be much lower) when the tail passed and the neck and upper-part of the body would have been unprotected by the tail swings. A successful predation of \"Kentrosaurus\" may have required group hunting. Compared to the more robust spikes of \"Stegosaurus\", the thinner spikes of \"Kentrosaurus\" were at greater risk of bending.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30467",
"title": "Tyrannosaurus",
"section": "Section::::Paleobiology.:Speed.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 72,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 72,
"end_character": 745,
"text": "However, studies by Eric Snively \"et al.,\" published in 2019 indicate that \"Tyrannosaurus\" and other tyrannosaurids were more maneuverable than allosauroids and other theropods of comparable size due to low rotational inertia compared to their body mass combined with large leg muscles. As a result, it is hypothesized that \"Tyrannosaurus\" was capable of making relatively quick turns and could likely pivot its body more quickly when close to its prey, or that while turning, the theropod could \"pirouette\" on a single planted foot while the alternating leg was held out in a suspended swing during pursuit. The results of this study potentially could shed light on how agility could have contributed to the success of tyrannosaurid evolution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21097118",
"title": "Valley of the T. rex",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 594,
"text": "BULLET::::- Forelimbs: \"Tyrannosaurus\" short forelimbs seems like they could not hold on to struggling prey. Horner argue that predators have well developed forelimbs with claws to hold prey down while the jaws do the killing, while \"Tyrannosaurus\" could not use its forelimbs for much more than to \"scratch its belly\". Horner believes the upper arm of \"Tyrannosaurus\" would have been embedded in muscle, and not externally visible in life. And if \"Tyrannosaurus\" stumbled and fell while trying to run, the small forelimbs would not be enough to brake the fall, and it would get fatal injures.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1565138",
"title": "Plateosaurus",
"section": "Section::::Palaeobiology.:Posture and gait.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 618,
"text": "From 1980 on, a better understanding of dinosaur biomechanics, and studies by palaeontologists Andreas Christian and Holger Preuschoft on the resistance to bending of the back of \"Plateosaurus\", led to widespread acceptance of an erect, digitigrade limb posture and a roughly horizontal position of the back. Many researchers were of the opinion that \"Plateosaurus\" could use both quadrupedal gaits (for slow speeds) and bipedal gaits (for rapid locomotion), and Wellnhofer insisted that the tail curved strongly downward, making a bipedal posture impossible. However, Moser showed that the tail was in fact straight.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "651916",
"title": "Sauropoda",
"section": "Section::::Palaeobiology.:Rearing stance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 613,
"text": "Since early in the history of their study, scientists, such as Osborn, have speculated that sauropods could rear up on their hind legs, using the tail as the third 'leg' of a tripod. A skeletal mount depicting the diplodocid \"Barosaurus lentus\" rearing up on its hind legs at the American Museum of Natural History is one illustration of this hypothesis. In a 2005 paper, Rothschild and Molnar reasoned that if sauropods had adopted a bipedal posture at times, there would be evidence of stress fractures in the forelimb 'hands'. However, none were found after they examined a large number of sauropod skeletons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20598015",
"title": "Brachiosaurus",
"section": "Section::::Paleobiology.:Feeding and diet.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 811,
"text": "It has been suggested that \"Brachiosaurus\" could rear on its hind legs to feed, using its tail for extra ground support. A detailed physical modelling-based analysis of sauropod rearing capabilities by Heinrich Mallison showed that while many sauropods could rear, the unusual body shape and limb length ratio of brachiosaurids made them exceptionally ill-suited for rearing. The forward position of its center of mass would have led to problems with stability, and required unreasonably large forces in the hips to obtain an upright posture. \"Brachiosaurus\" would also have gained only 33% more feeding height, compared to other sauropods, for which rearing may have tripled the feeding height. A bipedal stance might have been adopted by \"Brachiosaurus\" in exceptional situations, like male dominance fights.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "195479",
"title": "Tyrannosauridae",
"section": "Section::::Physiology.:Locomotion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 737,
"text": "Studies by Eric Snively \"et al.,\" published in 2019 indicate that tyrannosaurids such as \"Tarbosaurus\" and \"Tyrannosaurus\" itself were more maneuverable than allosauroids of comparable size due to low rotational inertia compared to their body mass combined with large leg muscles. As a result, it is hypothesized that tyrannosaurids were capable of making relatively quick turns and could likely pivot their bodies more quickly when close to their prey, or that while turning, they could \"pirouette\" on a single planted foot while the alternating leg was held out in a suspended swing during pursuit. The results of this study potentially could shed light on how agility could have contributed to the success of tyrannosaurid evolution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2qki5m
|
what the hell is windows updating all the time?
|
[
{
"answer": "A majority are security updates. Behind the scenes stuff. Necessary, but usually not cosmetic in nature.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Updates aren't really pushed \"every other day\" (unless it's a super duper important thing that needs to be sorted now), but rather every month or so. Some updates require others to be applied first, before they can be downloaded which might be why you see new ones a day or so when it checks again.\n\nBugs or exploits in code are found, they're patched for your sake. Things are being changed, but not at the Desktop level.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You know how your computer isn't constantly becoming part of a botnet?\n\nYou're welcome.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They don't. They almost never release more than one set of patch updates a week, and rarely even that often. They can release updates for the definitions for the built in anti malware more often.\n\nSometimes you will need to reboot more than once to fully install a patch set, but that is usually when you have waited many weeks between updates.\n\nOften after rebooting as part of an update some third party software (java, adobe) will realize it wants to update as well.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They are released on the 2nd Tuesday of every month. \nTake a note of the number for the updates being installed. Some updates extremely rarely have had a bug where they reinstall over and over again.\nIf this is the case you can normally Google a way to fix this. Generally however the day after patch day when they are released, you should install them all at once and have nothing until the next month.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Real question is \"why is it so long to download a 350 ko patch, why does it take 100 % cpu to do so, why does it requests several reboot and why does linux does it so much better\". Being unable to use my computer for 30 minutes in a row because of updates was the reason I switched to Linux 5 years ago... ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "43989914",
"title": "Windows 10",
"section": "Section::::Reception.:Distribution practices.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 140,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 140,
"end_character": 776,
"text": "In October 2015, Windows 10 began to appear as an \"Optional\" update in the Windows Update interface, but pre-selected for installation on some systems. A Microsoft spokesperson said that this was a mistake, and that the download would no longer be pre-selected by default. However, on October 29, 2015, Microsoft announced that it planned to classify Windows 10 as a \"recommended\" update in the Windows Update interface some time in 2016, which will cause an automatic download of installation files and a one-time prompt with a choice to install to appear. In December 2015, it was reported that a new advertising dialog had begun to appear, only containing \"Upgrade now\" and \"Upgrade tonight\" buttons, and no obvious method to decline installation besides the close button.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53704618",
"title": "Criticism of Windows 10",
"section": "Section::::General criticism.:Update system.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 834,
"text": "Windows 10 Home is permanently set to download all updates automatically, including cumulative updates, security patches, and drivers, and users cannot individually select updates to install or not. Microsoft offers a diagnostic tool that can be used to hide updates and prevent them from being reinstalled, but only after they had been already installed, then uninstalled without rebooting the system. Tom Warren of \"The Verge\" felt that, given web browsers such as Google Chrome had already adopted such an automatic update system, such a requirement would help to keep all Windows10 devices secure, and felt that \"if you're used to family members calling you for technical support because they've failed to upgrade to the latest Windows service pack or some malware disabled Windows Update then those days will hopefully be over.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43989914",
"title": "Windows 10",
"section": "Section::::Reception.:Update system changes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 129,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 129,
"end_character": 834,
"text": "Windows 10 Home is permanently set to download all updates automatically, including cumulative updates, security patches, and drivers, and users cannot individually select updates to install or not. Microsoft offers a diagnostic tool that can be used to hide updates and prevent them from being reinstalled, but only after they had been already installed, then uninstalled without rebooting the system. Tom Warren of \"The Verge\" felt that, given web browsers such as Google Chrome had already adopted such an automatic update system, such a requirement would help to keep all Windows10 devices secure, and felt that \"if you're used to family members calling you for technical support because they've failed to upgrade to the latest Windows service pack or some malware disabled Windows Update then those days will hopefully be over.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "296881",
"title": "Windows Update",
"section": "Section::::Clients.:Windows Update web app.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 865,
"text": "Windows Update was introduced as a web app with the launch of Windows 98 and offered additional desktop themes, games, device driver updates, and optional components such as NetMeeting. Windows 95 and Windows NT 4 were retroactively given the ability to access the Windows Update website, and download updates designed for those operating systems, starting with the release of versions of Internet Explorer 4. The initial focus of Windows Update was free add-ons and new technologies for Windows. Security fixes for Outlook Express, Internet Explorer and other programs appeared later, as did access to beta versions of upcoming Microsoft software, e.g., Internet Explorer 5. Fixes to Windows 98 to resolve the Year 2000 problem were distributed using Windows Update in December 1998. Microsoft attributed the sales success of Windows 98 in part to Windows Update.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "296881",
"title": "Windows Update",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 783,
"text": "Windows Update is a Microsoft service for the Windows 9x and Windows NT families of operating system, which automates downloading and installing Microsoft Windows software updates over the Internet. The service delivers software updates for Windows, as well as the various Microsoft antivirus products, including Windows Defender and Microsoft Security Essentials. Since its inception, Microsoft has introduced two extensions of the service: Microsoft Update and Windows Update for Business. The former expands the core service to include other Microsoft products, such as Microsoft Office and Microsoft Expression Studio. The latter is available to business editions of Windows 10 and permits postponing updates or receiving updates only after they have undergone rigorous testing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46783045",
"title": "Features new to Windows 10",
"section": "Section::::Version 1803 (April 2018 Update).:Deployment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 228,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 228,
"end_character": 236,
"text": "BULLET::::- Feature update improvements: Portions of the work done during the offline phases of a Windows update have been moved to the online phase. This has resulted in a significant reduction of offline time when installing updates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "296881",
"title": "Windows Update",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 387,
"text": "Microsoft routinely releases updates on the second Tuesday of each month (known as the Patch Tuesday), but can provide them whenever a new update is urgently required to prevent a newly discovered or prevalent exploit. System administrators can configure Windows Update to install critical updates for Microsoft Windows automatically, so long as the computer has an Internet connection.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2er5c7
|
Can small multicelled organisms sense or detect single celled organisms?
|
[
{
"answer": "Not my field specifically, BUT:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nWhile I can't seem to find any details anywhere (too many scare articles on 'brain eating amoebas') several places have said amoebas detect various chemicals in their environment and will move towards/away from certain stimuli including food. It's food is a single celled organism. \n\nNow the slime moulds are basically just a big mass of amoebas that display many of the things we would associate with much more complex organisms… but they are generally considered multicellular (it is vaguely up for debate, but the evidence is strong). \n\nSo there you have a multicellular organism that can detect bacteria. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This question is too broad to answer - considering that many of these small organisms prey or live symbiotically with each other, there is not one, but thousands of ways that they detect each other or communicate.\nIf you consider 959 cells to be a small multicelled organism, than C. elegans can detect E. coli as it is their food source.\nThis trend goes all the way down to bacteria sensing other bacteria through methods such as quorum sensing.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "712760",
"title": "Trichoplax",
"section": "Section::::Fibre syncytium.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 273,
"text": "\"Pluripotent\" cells, which can differentiate into other cell types, have not yet been demonstrated unambiguously in \"T. adhaerens\", in contrast to the case of the Eumetazoa. The conventional view is that dorsal and ventral epithelium cells arise only from their own kind. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47734015",
"title": "Parakaryon myojinensis",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 249,
"text": "Parakaryon myojinensis is a single-celled organism known from a single specimen, described in 2012. It has features of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but is apparently distinct from either group, making it unique among organisms so far discovered.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "365938",
"title": "Germline",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 414,
"text": "Not all multicellular organisms differentiate into somatic and germ lines, but in the absence of specialised technical human intervention practically all but the simplest multicellular structures do so. In such organisms somatic cells tend to be practically totipotent, and for over a century sponge cells have been known to reassemble into new sponges after having been separated by forcing them through a sieve.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6994700",
"title": "Picoplankton",
"section": "Section::::Classification.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 350,
"text": "Furthermore, some species can also be mixotrophic. The smallest of cells (200 nm) are on the order of nanometers, not picometers. The SI prefix pico- is used quite loosely here, as nanoplankton and microplankton are only 10 and 100 times larger, respectively, although it is somewhat more accurate when considering the volume rather than the length.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "164897",
"title": "Three-domain system",
"section": "Section::::Niches.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 206,
"text": "\"Parakaryon myojinensis\" (\"incertae sedis\") is a single-celled organism known by a unique example. \"This organism appears to be a life form distinct from prokaryotes and eukaryotes\", with features of both.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1892841",
"title": "Cleavage (embryo)",
"section": "Section::::Types of cleavage.:Indeterminate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 341,
"text": "A cell can only be indeterminate (also called regulative) if it has a complete set of undisturbed animal/vegetal cytoarchitectural features. It is characteristic of deuterostomes – when the original cell in a deuterostome embryo divides, the two resulting cells can be separated, and each one can individually develop into a whole organism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49246",
"title": "Biological determinism",
"section": "Section::::History.:Germ plasm.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 896,
"text": "In 1892, the Austrian biologist August Weismann proposed that multicellular organisms consist of two separate types of cell: somatic cells, which carry out the body's ordinary functions, and germ cells, which transmit heritable information. He called the material that carried the information, now identified as DNA, the germ plasm, and individual components of it, now called genes, determinants which controlled the organism. Weismann argued that there is a one-way transfer of information from the germ cells to somatic cells, so that nothing acquired by the body during an organism's life can affect the germ plasm and the next generation. This effectively denied that Lamarckism (inheritance of acquired characteristics) was a possible mechanism of evolution. The modern equivalent of the theory, expressed at molecular rather than cellular level, is the central dogma of molecular biology.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3x5exg
|
would inflation exist if our money were backed by something?
|
[
{
"answer": "Sure it would--but inflation would then be tied to the supply of the backing, rather than just the supply of notes themselves. For example, the Spanish imported so much gold from the New World that they experienced dreadful inflation that was really damaging to their economy. That's the downside of the gold standard--if somebody discovers an previously unknown vein of gold, suddenly you have inflation, even when your economists really don't think that's good for the economy right now.\n\nInflation is typically measured by looking at the increase in prices of a standard \"basket\" of goods and services. When you hear the word \"inflation\" without qualification, that usually means inflation on the kinds of things consumers buy, as measured by baskets like the U.S. Consumer Price Index.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "38286",
"title": "Inflation",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Keynesian view.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 56,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 56,
"end_character": 723,
"text": "The effect of money on inflation is most obvious when governments finance spending in a crisis, such as a civil war, by printing money excessively. This sometimes leads to hyperinflation, a condition where prices can double in a month or less. The money supply is also thought to play a major role in determining moderate levels of inflation, although there are differences of opinion on how important it is. For example, monetarist economists believe that the link is very strong; Keynesian economists, by contrast, typically emphasize the role of aggregate demand in the economy rather than the money supply in determining inflation. That is, for Keynesians, the money supply is only one determinant of aggregate demand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "788791",
"title": "Incomes policy",
"section": "Section::::Theory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 480,
"text": "Other economists argue that inflation is essentially a monetary phenomenon, and the only way to deal with it is by controlling the money supply, directly or by changing interest rates. They argue that price inflation is only a symptom of previous monetary inflation caused by central bank money creation. They believe that without a totally planned economy the incomes policy can never work, the excess money in the economy greatly distorting other areas, exempt from the policy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12591076",
"title": "Asset price inflation",
"section": "Section::::Possible causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 716,
"text": "Some political economists believe that assets inflation has been, either by default or by design, the outcome of purposive policies pursued by central banks and political decision-makers to combat and reduce the much more visible price inflation. This could be for a variety of reasons, some overt, but others more concealed or even disreputable. Some think that it is the consequence of a natural reaction of investors to the danger of shrinking value of practically all important currencies, which, as in 2012 e.g., seems to them highly probable due to the tremendous worldwide growth of the mass of money. Their preference for real goods pushes their price up without any purposive policies from decision-makers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25935860",
"title": "Inflationism",
"section": "Section::::Contemporary advocacy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 453,
"text": "A related argument is by Chartalists, who argue that nations who issue debt denominated in their own fiat currency need never default, because they can print money to pay off the debt. Chartalists note, however, that printing money without matching it with taxation (to recover money and prevent the money supply from growing) can result in inflation if pursued beyond the point of full employment, and Chartalists generally do not argue for inflation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45332",
"title": "Gresham's law",
"section": "Section::::Reverse of Gresham's law (Thiers' law).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 448,
"text": "Adam Fergusson pointed out that, during the great inflation in the Weimar Republic in 1923, Gresham's Law began to work in reverse, as the official money became so worthless that virtually nobody would take it. That was particularly serious because farmers began to hoard food. Accordingly, any currency backed by any sort of value became a circulating medium of exchange. In 2009, hyperinflation in Zimbabwe began to show similar characteristics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3398728",
"title": "ANCAP (commodity standard)",
"section": "Section::::Problems of a commodity standard.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "It is questionable whether an economy under a commodity standard would indeed have less inflation than under a fiat currency system. The reason for this is that the commodity content of a fiat currency can be redefined by the government at any time. That is, the government would have the power to create inflation simply by raising the dollar price of the commodity base(s). Such an act would have the same effect as increasing the amount of dollars in the monetary base.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "227141",
"title": "Classical economics",
"section": "Section::::Monetary theory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 612,
"text": "Banking and the Currency School. This parallels recent debates between proponents of the theory of endogeneous money, such as Nicholas Kaldor, and monetarists, such as Milton Friedman. Monetarists and members of the currency school argued that banks can and should control the supply of money. According to their theories, inflation is caused by banks issuing an excessive supply of money. According to proponents of the theory of endogenous money, the supply of money automatically adjusts to the demand, and banks can only control the terms and conditions (e.g., the rate of interest) on which loans are made.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
34e5a1
|
how can there be so many different interpretations of a single religious text?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because try as we might, words can be very imprecise. Even nonreligious, everyday phrases can be interpreted in many different ways. \n\nAnd then add to that the fact that it's been translated from language to language to language, then the original meanings can be lost very easily. \n\nAs an experiment, take a sentence from your favorite book and type it into google translate from English to Spanish. Now copy that and translate it from Spanish to Japanese. Now copy that and translate it from Japanese to German. Now copy that and translate it back to English. Do you think the original message of the sentence matches the new one?\n\n",
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},
{
"answer": "Religions are old. So the languages used are old. Plus words often have multiple meaning. \nOften while translating text from scripture the original meaning gets lost. And the new meaning gets stuck. The language also changes overtime. So all of these factors add to that change. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A big source of different interpretations is the question of descriptive (X happened) vs. prescriptive (go and do X) portions of scripture. \n\nSome parts of the Bible, for example, are clearly descriptive. The message in the story of Cain killing Abel is not \"Now go and kill your brother if you feel jealous of him\". Other parts are clearly prescriptive, like the Ten Commandments. Some are both, like the story of [Shadrach, Meschach and Abednego](_URL_0_) refusing to worship an idol in Babylon.\n\nThe question of whether various parts of the Bible are just descriptive of events, or prescriptive at the time, or prescriptive for all Christians at all times, leads to a lot of disagreement about a lot of things. But they're good conversations to have.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I often wonder about this too! It seems the basic tenets of all religions are the same - be kind to your neighbour, give to charity, have faith - but the difference in interpretations can be vast. How come some people who read the bible interpret that we should not drink alcohol but other people reading the same book interpret that it is ok?\nI think this comes about from using a text as a guide to life.\n\nHypothetically, if we used any other different text (Lord of the Rings, or Pride and Prejudice) as a \"Bible\", there would be just as many interpretations of these as well. There will be as many interpretations of a text as there are people reading it, as each person brings their background and past experiences to what they read. In theory, if you find enough people with the same interpretation as you, you could start an ongoing religion where others who join later don't even need to interpret the text as you can tell them what it means. And so various branches of religions came about!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The comments about translation miss the point.\n\nThe reason that different people read the same text, regardless of its history, and come up with different interpretations is that there is no external, objective, verifiable referent by which to measure accuracy.\n\nOur brains possess mirror neurons and have the ability to emulate and model the thoughts and opinions of others. These areas of the brain are distinct from the areas that govern our own thoughts and opinions.\n\nThey have done experiments in fMRI scanners: subjects were asked about social issues, and what they think the stances of \"an 'average American', Bill Gates (a celebrity with relatively unknown beliefs) and George Bush (a celebrity whose positions are well-known).\"\n\nDiscrete areas of the brain activate to emulate those persons' opinions. But when asked about what *God* thinks about those social issues, the areas that light up correspond to *one's own opinions about social issues.* Put simply, to any given individual, **God thinks like you.**\n\nAnd since no two people have the exact same opinions about complex or controversial issues, their interpretation of scripture will invariably correspond to their egocentric projection about the will of God.\n\nAnd since God doesn't seem inclined to bestir himself to settle various questions, there's no method to separate true beliefs from errors. And the different interpretations persist.\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Let's start with two assumptions that aren't true, but will set up a baseline: (1) that everyone speaks the same langueage (and that the scriptures are written in that language), and (2) that everyone is interpreting in good faith.\n\nEven within that framework, there is a great deal of room for disagreement. So a star appears that tells some scholars that something special is happening and they decide to take a 12-day road trip to find out what it is. They find the birth of a child. Now, this point is trivia, but people can get very hung up on it: how old was Jesus when the magi got to the manger? Was he born that day (and the star had guided them in 12 days in advance), or was he 12 days old (the star having appeard on the day of his birth)? Maybe it's neither, and the star appeared some days prior or after, such that the magi still arrrived to see Jesus as an infant, but . . . that kind of detail isn't really clear.\n\nNow, I used that particular detail because it is of little significance, but people argue about more significant details *all the time*.\n\nNow, that all said, we now can introduce the idea of things getting lost in translation. Consider: \"Factum est, autem, in diebus illis, exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto ut describberentur universis orbis.\" Now, I grant that this may or may not have been originally in Latin, but let's take it from there as I speak Latin.\n\nThis is usually translated as, \"In those days, a decree came down from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be enrolled.\" \n\nCan we trsnlate that differently? Yup! How about, \"However, as it was done in those days, a decree came out from Casear Augustus that the whole world should be counted.\" This actually picks up some nuances that are in the Latin translation but not typically carried forth, to wit, that this sort of decree was a common occurrance. It also avoids an archaic usage in English, by replacing \"enrolled\" with a more specific \"counted\" \n\nHow about \"However, Caesar Agustus had decreed that a census be taken.\" That's a very liberal translation, but probably closer to common contemporary English usage.\n\nAgain, it is a matter of little significance, which makes it a safe topic for discussion ;)\n\nFinally, we have the matter of good faith. In short, not every member of the clergy is a good person. Some are more interested in power than in leading their followers to salvation, and some will go so far as to mislead their followers for purposes of consolidating that power. Sad, but true.\n\n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "45353",
"title": "Writer",
"section": "Section::::Authorship.:Writers of sacred texts.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 124,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 124,
"end_character": 319,
"text": "Religious texts or scriptures are the texts which various religious traditions consider to be sacred, or of central importance to their religious tradition. Some religions and spiritual movements believe that their sacred texts are divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired, while others have individual authors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "155023",
"title": "Textual criticism",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 388,
"text": "On the other hand, the one original text that a scholar theorizes to exist is referred to as the urtext (Biblical studies), archetype or autograph; however, there is not necessarily a single original text for every group of texts. For example, if a story was spread by oral tradition, and then later written down by different people in different locations, the versions can vary greatly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49050369",
"title": "Religion and video games",
"section": "Section::::Use of religious elements.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 222,
"text": "Religious elements are used in two ways: explicit and implicit. They are seen side-by-side in video games and do not exclude each other. Religion in \"Mass Effect\", for instance, can be understood as an \"unseen character\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27913535",
"title": "All Religions are One",
"section": "Section::::Content.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 401,
"text": "When analysing \"All Religions are One\" it is important to remember that the images are not necessarily literal depictions of the text; \"the philosophical propositions [...] offer little visual imagery or even named objects. These qualities may have determined the relative independence of many of the designs from the accompanying text. The links are thematic and metaphoric, not direct and literal.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "70603",
"title": "Hermeneutics",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Religion and theology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 103,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 103,
"end_character": 238,
"text": "The understanding of a theological text depends upon the reader's particular hermeneutical viewpoint. Some theorists, such as Paul Ricœur, have applied modern philosophical hermeneutics to theological texts (in Ricœur's case, the Bible).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28637320",
"title": "Bible and Orient Museum",
"section": "Section::::Formation and purpose.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "By interpreting biblical texts in their historical context, a fundamentalist-literal understanding of the Bible can be avoided. Furthermore, this approach shows the relations between Islam and Judaism, between Christianity and Judaism, between Judaism and ancient Near Eastern Paganism, and thereby relativizes the claim to absolute truth by the monotheist religions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "342504",
"title": "Five solae",
"section": "Section::::The Three Solas.:Sola scriptura (\"by Scripture alone\").\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 657,
"text": "\"Sola Scriptura\" asserts that the Bible can and is to be interpreted through itself, with one area of Scripture being useful for interpreting others. This principle is largely based on 2 Timothy 3:16, which says, \"All scripture \"is\" given by inspiration of God, and \"is\" profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness.\" That scripture can interpret itself is a means by which to show the unity of Scripture as a whole. As all doctrines are formed via scriptural understandings, all doctrines must be found to align with Scripture and as such are then subject to scripture before the believer can begin to apply them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ehjve2
|
how are new variations of plants and fruits created?
|
[
{
"answer": "Lucky mutations or experiments, seeing what pollen you can mix and still get a fruit for example. Nowadays also gene editing",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A mating partner IS selected. Nowadays, it's all done in sterile labs, where a biologist can take pollen from one plant and purposefully fertilize another plant with it. Assuming there were two different varieties to begin with, this creates a third variety. As already mentioned, direct gene editing is also sometimes used, to add properties from a different species.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "15881720",
"title": "Fruit anatomy",
"section": "Section::::Categories of fruits.:Evolutionary history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 1686,
"text": "There is a wide variety in the structures of fruit across the different species of plants. Evolution has selected for certain traits in plants that would increase their fitness. This diversity arose through the selection of advantageous methods for seed protection and dispersal in different environments. It is known that dry fruits were present before fleshy fruits and fleshy fruits diverged from them. A study looking at the \"Rubiaceae\" family found that within the family, fleshy fruits had evolved independently at least 12 times. This means that fleshy fruits were not passed on to following generations but that this form of fruit was selected for in different species. This may imply that fleshy fruit is a favorable and beneficial trait because not only does it disperse the seeds, but it also protects them. There is also a variety of dispersal methods that are used by different plants. The origins of these modes of dispersal have been found to be a more recent evolutionary change. Of the methods of dispersal, the plants that use animals have not changed in many ways from the original trait. Due to this, it may be assumed that animal dispersal is an efficient form of dispersal, however there has been no evidence that it increases dispersal distances. Therefore, the question remains of what evolutionary mechanism causes such dramatic diversity. It has been found, however, that simple changes within developmental regulatory genes can cause large alterations within the anatomical structure of the fruit. Even without knowing the mechanism involved in the biodiversity of fruit, it is clear that this diversity is important to the continuation of plant populations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34141451",
"title": "Lists of cultivars",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "The plants listed may be ornamental, medicinal, and/or edible. Several of them bear edible fruit. Plants are selectively bred for phenotypic traits (such as flower colour) and other hereditary traits. When developing a new variety, a plant breeder might value such characteristics as appearance, disease resistance, and hardiness. In the cultivation of edible fruit and vegetables, nutritional value, shelf life, and crop yield are also among the potential considerations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39029",
"title": "Bamboo",
"section": "Section::::Mass flowering.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 381,
"text": "In any case, flowering produces masses of seeds, typically suspended from the ends of the branches. These seeds give rise to a new generation of plants that may be identical in appearance to those that preceded the flowering, or they may produce new cultivars with different characteristics, such as the presence or absence of striping or other changes in coloration of the culms.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19702",
"title": "Mutation",
"section": "Section::::Somatic mutation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 133,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 133,
"end_character": 257,
"text": "With plants, some somatic mutations can be propagated without the need for seed production, for example, by grafting and stem cuttings. These type of mutation have led to new types of fruits, such as the \"Delicious\" apple and the \"Washington\" navel orange.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "277231",
"title": "Hippeastrum",
"section": "Section::::Cultivation.:Propagation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 100,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 100,
"end_character": 376,
"text": "Seed multiplication may be used for the development of new cultivars or to increase the yield of native species. Seeds are generally sown in early summer in seedbeds, and then transplanted to larger containers. They require warmth, frequent watering, and should not be given a dormant period. Seeds do not breed true. Plants obtained from seeds take about six years to bloom.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3991810",
"title": "Berry (botany)",
"section": "Section::::Fruits not botanical berries.:Aggregate fruits.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 442,
"text": "Aggregate or compound fruits contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower, with the individual \"fruitlets\" joined together at maturity to form the complete fruit. Examples of aggregate fruits commonly called \"berries\" include members of the genus \"Rubus\", such as blackberry and raspberry. Other large aggregate fruits, such as soursop (\"Annona muricata\"), are not usually called \"berries\", although some sources do use this term.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "97536",
"title": "Modern synthesis (20th century)",
"section": "Section::::Events in the synthesis.:Stebbins's botany, 1950.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 374,
"text": "The botanist G. Ledyard Stebbins extended the synthesis to encompass botany. He described the important effects on speciation of hybridization and polyploidy in plants in his 1950 book \"Variation and Evolution in Plants\". These permitted evolution to proceed rapidly at times, polyploidy in particular evidently being able to create new species effectively instantaneously.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1ml5r9
|
How were Latinos/Hispanics treated in pro-Slavery America?
|
[
{
"answer": "You may be interested in some of the past questions collected in our section on [How were other minorities treated during the period of racial segregation in America?](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "46455614",
"title": "Parental portrayals in the media",
"section": "Section::::Major theories.:Portrayal of Latino American Families.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 1090,
"text": "In 1984, the media portrayed Latinos as illegal aliens that were on the run. This wasn't an accurate representation of who they really were and the lifestyles they lived in reality (doctors, lawyers, husbands, wives, etc.). The study \"Latinwood and TV\" 2000 restated that Latino Americans were not accurately presented in the media. They were highly underrepresented and superficially/negatively illustrated on screen, usually characterized as nannies, gardeners, and servants. Just as there was an uproar about media not accurately representing African Americans families properly, there was a similar issue for Latino Americans. With this issue, came the emergence of successful Latino-themed shows such as \"Dora the Explorer\", \"George Lopez\", \"Ugly Betty\", and \"Wizards of Waverly Place.\" As media outlets started to present more authentic Latino representation, it gave way for these shows to make an appearance: \"Jane the Virgin\", \"Queen of the South\", \"One Day at a Time\", and \"On My Block\" which is a show that represents both Latino and African American families and their culture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20381835",
"title": "Educational inequality",
"section": "Section::::History of educational oppression.:United States of America (US).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 68,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 68,
"end_character": 982,
"text": "Latinos and American Indians experienced similar educational repression in the past, which effects are evident now. Latinos have been systematically shut out of educational opportunities at all levels. Evidence suggests that Latinos have experienced this educational repression in the United States as far back as 1848. Despite the fact that it is illegal to not accept students based on their race, religion, or ethnicity, in the Southwest of the United States Latinos were often segregated through the deliberate practice of school and public officials. This form of segregation is referred to as de facto segregation. American Indians experienced the enforcement of missionary schools that emphasized the assimilation into white culture and society. Even after \"successful\" assimilation, those American Indians experienced discrimination in white society and often rejection by their tribe. It created a group that could not truly benefit even if they gained an equal education.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48625558",
"title": "Latinas and World War II",
"section": "Section::::Before the war.:Latinos in the U.S..\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 1018,
"text": "While Latinos, men and women of Latin American descent, had served in World War I and promoted the efforts of the United States overseas and on the home front, Latinos in many areas of the country were still suffering from discrimination. Indeed, although many joined the military or worked in the fields in order to continue production, and a large number of Latinos moved to northern states in order to support the industrial sector of the economy, they were often blamed for the economic problems the country was now facing In fact, Herbert Hoover even went so far as to place blame on undocumented Latinos for the economic pitfalls and high unemployment rates during the Great Depression. In order to combat the criticisms of organized labor, Secretary of Labor William Doaks reinvigorated the Immigration and Naturalization Service and advocated for the use of random raids and the use of repatriation trains to send those found to be undocumented or unable to prove their citizenship back to their home country.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29070672",
"title": "Race and health in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Latinos and Hispanics.:History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 96,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 96,
"end_character": 544,
"text": "Tied to the health status of Latinos and Hispanic in the United States is an observed mistrust of doctors and the health system. This mistrust can stem from language barriers, threat of discrimination and historical events that dismissed the consent of patients like the sterilization of Latina women in California until 1979. According to a study conducted by the United States Census Bureau, Hispanics were the population that was most likely to have never visited a medical provider, with 42.3 percent reporting that they had never done so.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23181138",
"title": "Hispanic–Latino naming dispute",
"section": "Section::::Criticism from the media.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 40,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 40,
"end_character": 544,
"text": "In the US, the terms are officially voluntary, self-designated classifications. However, the mass media has helped propagate them irrespective of this fact. The rapid spread of \"Latino\" in the US has been possible due to the policies of certain newspapers such as the \"Los Angeles Times\" and other California-based media during the 1990s. The use of the term as a label has been the target of journalists like Raoul Lowery who have attacked it, denouncing it as a misleading and simplistic way of tagging a group as diverse as Latin Americans:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2010174",
"title": "Race and crime in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Crime data sources.:Classification of Hispanics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 513,
"text": "According to a report by the National Council of La Raza, research obstacles undermine the census of Latinos in prison, and \"Latinos in the criminal justice system are seriously undercounted. The true extent of the overrepresentation of Latinos in the system probably is significantly greater than researchers have been able to document. Lack of empirical data on Latinos is partially due to prisons' failures to document race at intake, or recording practices that historically have classified Latinos as white.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10479517",
"title": "Tom Perez",
"section": "Section::::Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights.:Police discrimination.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 949,
"text": "Perez released a 22-page report on discriminatory and racial biases against Latinos by the MCSO and Arpaio. The report found that the MCSO mistreated and used racial slurs against Spanish-speaking inmates; Latino drivers were four to nine times more likely than non-Latino drivers to be stopped in identical non-criminal instances; 20% of stops and seizures, almost all of them involving Latinos, were legally unjustified, violating the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution; and the MCSO and sheriff's deputies engaged in retaliation against individuals who participated in demonstrations against the office's policies regarding immigration. Arpaio was also found to have used racial and ethnic description, such as \"individuals with dark skin\" and \"individuals speaking Spanish\" as justification for immigration raids on businesses and homes, while overlooking criminal activity, as vindication for immigration raids led by the MCSO.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
cvsy6i
|
why dont my stomach acids dissolve me from the inside?
|
[
{
"answer": "Gastric mucosa. The inner surface of the stomach is lined by a mucous membrane known as the gastric mucosa. The mucosa is always covered by a layer of thick mucus that is secreted by tall columnar epithelial cells and protects the stomach itself from the acids contained within.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Two things:\n\n1) Stomach acid does not dissolve your food. The acid activates enzymes in your stomach that break down protein. These enzymes will 100% eat away at your stomach (that's what an ulcer is)\n\n2) Your stomach produces a mucus coating that prevents the enzymes from eating it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Your stomach is lined with a thick layer of mucus that protects you from your stomach acid. This layer is constantly being produced by the stomach surface underneath it, and maintained to protect your stomach.\n\nAnd as you can guess, if there are any imbalances in that system, your stomach acids *can* dissolve your from the inside!\n\nGERD is one disease where that happens. There's a muscle that closes off the bottom of your throat from the stomach so acid doesn't spill back up. But sometimes it doesn't work properly, and acid flows back into your throat, causing burns and, long-term, a higher risk of oesophageal cancer.\n\nStomach ulcers are another problem. When the stomach acid gets through the mucus layer and starts attacking your stomach, it forms sores and can lead to further complications. In the worst case your stomach perforates, allowing undigested food and acid to leak out. This results in severe damage and infections, and requires immediate surgery.\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In addition to all the lovely attention mucous has already gotten, I want to chime in and say this is why extreme cleanses can be dangerous. I've heard people talk about the \"gross mucous poops\" they have when they're in the midst of a \"really effective\" cleanse. --Yeah, that shit is stripping your GI tract of a really important protective layer, if you're actual to the point of pooping it out. And then they're like, \"ummagaw, I am SO much more sensitive to 'bad food' since I did that amazing cleanse.\" -Yeah, no shit Becky. You just disabled your entire GI tract from digesting hardly anything without making you sick as hell. It's there ON PURPOSE, to protect us. :)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "What would happen if you were stabbed in the stomach and your stomach acid spilled out?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "638449",
"title": "Gastric acid",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 599,
"text": "The highly acidic environment in the stomach lumen causes proteins from food to lose their characteristic folded structure (or denature). This exposes the protein's peptide bonds. The gastric chief cells of the stomach secrete enzymes for protein breakdown (inactive pepsinogen, and in infancy rennin). Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids, a process known as proteolysis. In addition, many microorganisms have their growth inhibited by such an acidic environment, which is helpful to prevent infection.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19916686",
"title": "Hydrochloric acid",
"section": "Section::::Presence in living organisms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 394,
"text": "The stomach itself is protected from the strong acid by the secretion of a thick mucus layer, and by secretin induced buffering with sodium bicarbonate. Heartburn or peptic ulcers can develop when these mechanisms fail. Drugs of the antihistaminic and proton pump inhibitor classes can inhibit the production of acid in the stomach, and antacids are used to neutralize excessive existing acid.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24723",
"title": "Proton-pump inhibitor",
"section": "Section::::Mechanism of action.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 287,
"text": "Decreasing the acid in the stomach can aid the healing of duodenal ulcers and reduce the pain from indigestion and heartburn. However, stomach acids are needed to digest proteins, vitamin B, calcium, and other nutrients, and too little stomach acid causes the condition hypochlorhydria.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "165423",
"title": "Digestion",
"section": "Section::::Significance of pH.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 90,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 90,
"end_character": 261,
"text": "The stomach's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it. This acidity confers two benefits: it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines, and provides non-specific immunity, damaging or eliminating various pathogens.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5596320",
"title": "Equine anatomy",
"section": "Section::::Digestive system.:Stomach.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 277,
"text": "In the stomach, assorted acids and the enzyme pepsin break down food. Pepsin allows for the further breakdown of proteins into amino acid chains. Other enzymes include resin and lipase. Additionally, the stomach absorbs some water, as well as ions and lipid-soluble compounds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2689",
"title": "Antacid",
"section": "Section::::Mechanism of action.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 296,
"text": "When excessive amounts of acids are produced in the stomach the natural mucous barrier that protects the lining of the stomach can damage the esophagus in people with acid reflux. Antacids contain alkaline ions that chemically neutralize stomach gastric acid, reducing damage and relieving pain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "168506",
"title": "Esophagus",
"section": "Section::::Function.:Reducing gastric reflux.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 435,
"text": "The stomach produces gastric acid, a strongly acidic mixture consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and potassium and sodium salts to enable food digestion. Constriction of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters help to prevent reflux (backflow) of gastric contents and acid into the esophagus, protecting the esophageal mucosa. In addition, the acute angle of His and the lower crura of the diaphragm helps this sphincteric action.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
fxl068
|
why does the charge in fully charged rechargeable batteries go down even if i don't use the batteries?
|
[
{
"answer": "it's a property called self discharge. depending on the chemistry and purity of the electrolyte, it can vary from several years to a few % of total charge a month to as high as 30% a month.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "20761049",
"title": "IUoU battery charging",
"section": "Section::::Special cases.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 217,
"text": "If a battery is connected to a significant load during charging, the end of the Uo-phase may never be reached and the battery will gas and be damaged, depending on the charge current relative to the battery capacity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19174720",
"title": "Electric battery",
"section": "Section::::Capacity and discharge.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 505,
"text": "Batteries that are stored for a long period or that are discharged at a small fraction of the capacity lose capacity due to the presence of generally irreversible \"side reactions\" that consume charge carriers without producing current. This phenomenon is known as internal self-discharge. Further, when batteries are recharged, additional side reactions can occur, reducing capacity for subsequent discharges. After enough recharges, in essence all capacity is lost and the battery stops producing power.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "298814",
"title": "Jump start (vehicle)",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 282,
"text": "A fully depleted battery will not draw more power if the cables are reversed, but reverse-charging a dead battery can damage its chemistry so that it loses charge capacity, and reverse voltage applied to the vehicle electronics may also damage them, resulting in expensive repairs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2885000",
"title": "Battery charger",
"section": "Section::::Type.:Intelligent charger.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 510,
"text": "The problem is, the magnitude of \"delta-V\" can become very small or even non-existent if (very) high capacity rechargeable batteries are recharged. This can cause even an intelligent battery charger to not sense that the batteries are actually already fully charged, and to continue charging. Overcharging of the batteries will result in some cases. However, many so called intelligent chargers employ a combination of cut off systems, which are intended to prevent overcharging in the vast majority of cases.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19174720",
"title": "Electric battery",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.:Explosion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 84,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 84,
"end_character": 629,
"text": "When a battery is recharged at an excessive rate, an explosive gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen may be produced faster than it can escape from within the battery (e.g. through a built-in vent), leading to pressure build-up and eventual bursting of the battery case. In extreme cases, battery chemicals may spray violently from the casing and cause injury. Overcharging – that is, attempting to charge a battery beyond its electrical capacity – can also lead to a battery explosion, in addition to leakage or irreversible damage. It may also cause damage to the charger or device in which the overcharged battery is later used.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41382162",
"title": "Battery regenerator",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 410,
"text": "When batteries are stored in an uncharged state for an extended period, lead-sulfur deposits form and harden on the lead plates inside the battery. This causes what is known as a \"sulfated battery\", which will no longer charge to its original capacity. Regenerators send pulses of electric current through the battery, which in some cases may cause the sulfate to flake off the plates and eventually dissolve.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41382162",
"title": "Battery regenerator",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 407,
"text": "Batteries also have a small amount of internal resistance that will discharge the battery even when it is disconnected. If a battery is left disconnected, any internal charge will drain away slowly and eventually reach the critical point. From then on the film will develop and thicken. This is the reason batteries will be found to charge poorly or not at all if left in storage for a long period of time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2iwjxq
|
How do these flash drives do this?
|
[
{
"answer": "Based on the image I would assume those screens use e-ink/e-paper similar to kindle readers in that the last image on the screen is able to persist without power.\n\nSo while plugged into a USB port it checks the memory usage in the device and sets the screen to correspond to that, then when unplugged the image stays due to the nature of the e-ink screen. \n\nAnswering based off the image may be considered speculation though, and I'm not fully clued up on how e-ink screens themselves work so hopefully someone with better knowledge can follow up.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "400414",
"title": "USB flash drive",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 787,
"text": "A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case, which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist. USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music on the go.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "400414",
"title": "USB flash drive",
"section": "Section::::Conveniences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 109,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 109,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "Flash drives use little power, have no fragile moving parts, and for most capacities are small and light. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields, scratches and dust. These properties make them suitable for transporting data from place to place and keeping the data readily at hand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "405825",
"title": "Flash drive",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 249,
"text": "A flash drive is a portable computer drive that uses flash memory. Flash drives are the larger memory modules consisting of a number of flash chips. A flash chip is used to read the contents of a single cell, but it can write entire block of cells.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "400414",
"title": "USB flash drive",
"section": "Section::::Conveniences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 111,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 111,
"end_character": 471,
"text": "Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class so that most modern operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The flash drives present a simple block-structured logical unit to the host operating system, hiding the individual complex implementation details of the various underlying flash memory devices. The operating system can use any file system or block addressing scheme. Some computers can boot up from flash drives.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "400414",
"title": "USB flash drive",
"section": "Section::::Uses.:Application carriers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 80,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 80,
"end_character": 285,
"text": "Flash drives are used to carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring installation. While any standalone application can in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration information, etc. on the hard drive and registry of the host computer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "400414",
"title": "USB flash drive",
"section": "Section::::Conveniences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 112,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 112,
"end_character": 842,
"text": "Specially manufactured flash drives are available that have a tough rubber or metal casing designed to be waterproof and virtually \"unbreakable\". These flash drives retain their memory after being submerged in water, and even through a machine wash. Leaving such a flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems. Channel Five's \"Gadget Show\" cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze it with dry ice, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives managed to recover all the data on the drive. All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "400414",
"title": "USB flash drive",
"section": "Section::::Technology.:File system.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 477,
"text": "Most flash drives ship preformatted with the FAT32, or exFAT file systems. The ubiquity of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to be accessed on virtually any host device with USB support. Also, standard FAT maintenance utilities (e.g., ScanDisk) can be used to repair or retrieve corrupted data. However, because a flash drive appears as a USB-connected hard drive to the host system, the drive can be reformatted to any file system supported by the host operating system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
apypzs
|
Since red blood cells contain no nucleus how is dna obtained from blood?
|
[
{
"answer": "There are plenty of white blood cells, for instance, these contain DNA (I'm not sure if this is where DNA is best extracted from, but I've shown you existence).\nAs an aside, blood type can help to narrow people down.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Generally, other sources are preferred for DNA, but as u/FilDaFunk said, there are other cells in blood. Various types of white blood cells, primarily. \n\nIf you're talking about blood recovered from a crime scene, there may also be traces of skin or organs in the blood due to trauma that caused bleeding. But blood type matching is also used as a preliminary to determine if it is even possible the blood belongs to a suspect or victim.\n\nGenerally, blood isn't taken as a sample for DNA testing if there are alternatives though. Saliva swabs, hair and even dead skin are superior sources. So most cases where you need to determine who blood belongs to come from crimes.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "31966594",
"title": "Polychromasia",
"section": "Section::::Embryology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 1460,
"text": "The formation of red blood cells is commonly known as hematopoiesis. Up to the first 60 days of life, the yolk sac is the main source of hematopoiesis. The liver is then used as the main hematopoietic organ of the embryo until near birth, where it is then taken over by the bone marrow. Most red blood cells are released into the blood as reticulocytes. Polychromasia occurs when the immature reticulocytes of the bone marrow are released, resulting in a grayish blue color of the cells. This color is seen because of the ribosomes still left on the immature blood cells, which are not found on mature red blood cells. These cells still contain a nucleus as well due to the early release, which is not needed in mature blood cells because their only function is to carry oxygen in the blood. The life span of a typical red blood cell is acknowledged to be approximately 120 days and the time period of a reticulocyte found in the blood to be one day. The percentage of reticulocytes calculated to be in the blood at any given time indicates the rapidity of the red blood cell turnover in a healthy patient. The number of reticulocytes, however, reflects the amount of erythropoiesis that has occurred on any certain day. The absolute number of reticulocytes is referred to as the reticulocyte index and is calculated by adjusting the reticulocyte percentage by the ratio of observed hematocrit to expected hematocrit to get the 'corrected' reticulocyte count.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "67159",
"title": "Blood cell",
"section": "Section::::White blood cells.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 504,
"text": "White blood cells or \"leukocytes\", are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. They are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. There are a variety of types of white bloods cells that serve specific roles in the human immune system. WBCs constitute approximately 1% of the blood volume.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12295709",
"title": "Circulatory system of the horse",
"section": "Section::::Anatomy.:Blood and blood vessels.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 430,
"text": "Blood is made up of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes), as well as plasma. Produced in bone marrow, red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissue and removing carbon dioxide, all via hemoglobin. White blood cells are used for defense against pathogens in the immune system. Plasma suspends the blood cells, contains clotting factors, and contributes to the greatest volume of blood.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "67158",
"title": "Red blood cell",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 672,
"text": "In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a plasma membrane as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 60 seconds (one minute). Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25164668",
"title": "White blood cell",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 419,
"text": "White blood cells (also called leukocytes or leucocytes and abbreviated as WBCs) are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "67158",
"title": "Red blood cell",
"section": "Section::::Microstructure.:Nucleus.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 235,
"text": "Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms: normoblasts, which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells, and megaloblasts, which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49665885",
"title": "Circulating free DNA",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 621,
"text": "The release of cfDNA into the bloodstream appears by different reasons, including the primary tumor, tumor cells that circulate in peripheral blood, metastatic deposits present at distant sites, and normal cell types, like hematopoietic and stromal cells. Tumor cells and cfDNA circulate in the bloodstream of patients with cancer. Its rapidly increased accumulation in blood during tumor development is caused by an excessive DNA release by apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. Active secretion within exosomes has been discussed, but it is still we don't know whether this is a relevant or rather minor source of cfDNA.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6bq9qv
|
During the mid to late middle ages did heavily armored knights play much of a role in patrolling, raiding, chevauchee, etc. or were those mainly limited to lighter troops? Did knights ever opt to wear lighter armor or adopt a more flexible weapon than a couched lance for these sorts of duties?
|
[
{
"answer": "You might find [this post](_URL_0_) I made a few weeks ago useful. To expand on it, I do think there's too much distinction made between heavy and light cavalry within a western European context, and indeed between infantry and cavalry. Reality was messier than that. \n\nLet's start with a brief primer on what John Gillingham calls Vegetian warfare. Medieval military thinkers, probably influenced by the late Roman writer Vegetius, generally tried to avoid risky pitched battles. A wholly defeated army was at best very difficult to replace, and at worst an irrecoverable catastrophe. Nor did they generally aim to wholly defeat their opponents, in the way Clausewitz would understand it. Instead, medieval rulers fought limited wars with limited forces and the goal of minimizing risk. \n\nThis meant, essentially, positional warfare, built around holding - and contesting - key fortified points which both controlled the countryside and served as bases for offensive action. In order to weaken these fortifications, medieval rulers struck at the land. When a raiding party burned and plundered, it struck its opponent twice, weakening him economically and harming his reputation. Depending on the stakes, this might be enough to resolve the conflict. When, or if, the time came to strike directly at a fortification, further plundering (euphemistically foraging) supported the army on the march, which with few exceptions was dependent on mass theft to stay in the field. In this situation, the defender would take advantage of his better logistics, keep his force concentrated, and try to drive in the foraging parties; if the invading army couldn't pillage, it had to retreat or give battle.\n\nSo, this is the small beer of medieval warfare: an awful lot of raiding and skirmishing. In this context, mounted soldiers, regardless of their skill as cavalry, had an advantage in mobility over any infantrymen. A *lot* of what are commonly called light cavalry were basically just mounted infantry who expected to dismount to fight. And, indeed, knights and men at arms were not averse to fighting on their own two legs. Regardless of how horsemen fought, they could get where they needed to be quicker and in better shape than walking men.\n\nLet me reiterate that knights and later men at arms were not limited to fighting in any one particular style. They did not depend on the couched lance charge to secure victory - full stop. All indications are they took a full and active part in the \"irregular\" warfare that dominated in the Middle Ages. My personal opinion is that the heavy horsemen probably occupied a reserve role, standing by and waiting for an enemy force to sortie against the raid.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1569009",
"title": "Mongol invasion of Europe",
"section": "Section::::European tactics against Mongols.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 660,
"text": "However, during the initial Mongol invasion and the subsequent raids afterwards, heavily armored knights and cavalry proved more effective at fighting the Mongols than their light-armored counterparts. During the Battle of Mohi for example, while the Hungarian light cavalry and infantry were decimated by Mongol forces, the heavily armored knights in their employ (such as the Knights Templar) fought significantly better. During the Battle of Legnica, the Knights Templar that numbered between 65-88 during the battle lost only three knights and 2 sergeants. Austrian knights under Duke Frederick also fared better in fighting the Mongol invasion in Vienna.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26870841",
"title": "History of infantry",
"section": "Section::::Middle Ages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 888,
"text": "For most of the Middle Ages, warfare and society were dominated by the cavalry (horse-mounted soldiers), composed of individual knights. Knights were generally drawn from the aristocracy, while the infantry levies were raised from commoners. This situation slowed the advance of infantry tactics and weapon technologies; those that were developed by the end of the Middle Ages included the use of long spears or halberds to counter the long reach of knights' lances, and the increased use of ranged weaponry to counter the cavalry's advantages of momentum, speed, height, and reach. However, from 1350 onwards the knights themselves usually dismounted for battle, becoming super-heavy infantry themselves, as a countermeasure to development of massed archery tactics which would bring their horses down. This led to development of combined arms tactics of archery and dismounted knights.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16897",
"title": "Knight",
"section": "Section::::Decline.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 1000,
"text": "By the end of the 15th century, knights were becoming obsolete as countries started creating their own professional armies that were quicker to train, cheaper and easier to mobilize. The advancement of high-powered firearms eradicated the use of plate armour, as the time it took to train soldiers with guns was much less compared to that of the knight. The cost of equipment was also significantly lower, and guns had a reasonable chance to easily penetrate a knight's armour. In the 14th century the use of infantrymen armed with pikes and fighting in close formation also proved effective against heavy cavalry, such as during the Battle of Nancy, when Charles the Bold and his armoured cavalry were decimated by Swiss pikemen. As the feudal system came to an end, lords saw no further use of knights. Many landowners found the duties of knighthood too expensive and so contented themselves with the use of squires. Mercenaries also became an economic alternative to knights when conflicts arose.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2597292",
"title": "The Peasant War in Germany",
"section": "Section::::Contents.:Social classes in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire.:Lesser nobility.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 966,
"text": "The evolving military technology of the late medieval period began to render the lesser nobility of knights obsolete. The introduction of military science and the growing importance of gunpowder and infantry lessened the importance of their role as heavy cavalry, as well as reducing the strategic importance of their castles. Their luxurious lifestyle drained what little income they had as prices kept rising. They exercised their ancient rights in order to wring what income they could from their territories. The knights became embittered as they grew progressively impoverished and fell increasingly under the jurisdiction of the princes. Thus these two classes were in constant conflict. The knights also considered the clergy to be an arrogant and superfluous estate, while envying the privileges and wealth that the church statutes secured. In addition, the knights, who were often in debt to the towns, were constantly in conflict with the town patricians.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6816",
"title": "Cavalry",
"section": "Section::::History.:European Middle Ages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 65,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 65,
"end_character": 674,
"text": "But knights remained the minority of total available combat forces; the expense of arms, armour, and horses was only affordable to a select few. While mounted men-at-arms focused on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest (skirmishing, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.). Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56214",
"title": "Surcoat",
"section": "Section::::History.:Men's surcoat.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 1583,
"text": "From about the 12th century, knights wore long, flowing surcoats, frequently emblazoned with their personal arms, over their armor. These usually extended to about midcalf, had slits in the bottom front and back, thus allowing the wearer to ride comfortably and were either sleeved or sleeveless. Historians believe that the practice of wearing white ones was adopted during the Crusades, their main purpose of reflecting the direct sun, which overheated the armour (and the soldier inside); while in poor weather they helped keep rain and the muck of battle away from the easily corroded mail links; although it may be argued that here its color would have been of little help. The surcoat displayed the device of the knight (origin of the term \"coat of arms\") thus identifying him; which in turn, combined with the increased use of the great helm (late 12th century, early 13th century) became an essential means of recognition. Indeed, some historians cite this as one of the reasons behind the spread of heraldry across medieval Europe. During the 13th century, knights began to add plates of armour to their surcoats, that subsequently became the medieval coat of plates. In the early fourteenth century, the front of the knight's surcoat was shortened, so that it was longer at the back, knee-length at the front; thus allowing greater freedom of movement, and eliminating the danger of a rider getting his spurs caught in the garment. By the mid-fourteenth century it was replaced with the \"jupon\" (or \"gipon\"), a much shorter item, often padded for supplementary protection.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "82449",
"title": "Almogavars",
"section": "Section::::Historic military significance.:Tactics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 807,
"text": "Almogavars acted as light infantry and could act in collaboration with the heavy cavalry, but unlike other medieval infantry troops they did not require the support of them. In the mercenary companies, besides Almogavars, there were units of \"knights, infantry, archers, scudars, and men guarding the weapons of galleys\", each one with a specific mission and that could be coordinated in the battlefield. They always retained their autonomy and were a permanent militia, because their modus vivendi consisted of making raids in enemy border territory. For this reason, they always carried light arms in order to move swiftly during the raids. These could easily last 2 or 3 days before getting to villages with decent booty. For this reason, their long marches proved their endurance, speed, and frugality.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
13f4ki
|
Why does the sun shine in a "star" shape?
|
[
{
"answer": "This is caused by the movable aperture blades in a camera lens. _URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "26808",
"title": "Star",
"section": "Section::::Characteristics.:Diameter.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 87,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 87,
"end_character": 431,
"text": "Due to their great distance from the Earth, all stars except the Sun appear to the unaided eye as shining points in the night sky that twinkle because of the effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The Sun is also a star, but it is close enough to the Earth to appear as a disk instead, and to provide daylight. Other than the Sun, the star with the largest apparent size is R Doradus, with an angular diameter of only 0.057 arcseconds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "63025",
"title": "Variable star",
"section": "Section::::Extrinsic variable stars.:Rotating variable stars.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 147,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 147,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "Stars with sizeable sunspots may show significant variations in brightness as they rotate, and brighter areas of the surface are brought into view. Bright spots also occur at the magnetic poles of magnetic stars. Stars with ellipsoidal shapes may also show changes in brightness as they present varying areas of their surfaces to the observer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "212146",
"title": "Twinkling",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 542,
"text": "Stars twinkle because they are so far from Earth that they appear as point sources of light easily disturbed by Earth's atmospheric turbulence, which acts like lenses and prisms diverting the light's path. Large astronomical objects closer to Earth, like the Moon and other planets, encompass many points in space and can be resolved as objects with observable diameters. With multiple observed points of light traversing the atmosphere, their light's deviations average out and the viewer perceives less variation in light coming from them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "63025",
"title": "Variable star",
"section": "Section::::Extrinsic variable stars.:Rotating variable stars.:Stellar spots.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 152,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 152,
"end_character": 249,
"text": "The surface of the star is not uniformly bright, but has darker and brighter areas (like the sun's solar spots). The star's chromosphere too may vary in brightness. As the star rotates we observe brightness variations of a few tenths of magnitudes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15422624",
"title": "Shadow bands",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 329,
"text": "Stars twinkle for the same reason. They are so far from Earth that they appear as point sources of light easily disturbed by Earth's atmospheric turbulence which acts like lenses and prisms diverting the light's path. Viewed toward the collimated light of a star, the shadows bands from atmospheric refraction pass over the eye.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2705353",
"title": "W Ursae Majoris variable",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 395,
"text": "Their light curves differ from those of classical eclipsing binaries, undergoing a constant ellipsoidal variation rather than discrete eclipses. This is because the stars are gravitationally distorted by one another, and thus the projected area of the stars is constantly changing. The depths of the brightness minima are usually equal because both stars have nearly equal surface temperatures.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6692887",
"title": "AB Doradus",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 394,
"text": "The primary star in this system spins at a rate 50 times that of the Sun, and consequently has a strong magnetic field. It has a greater number of star spots than the Sun. These can cause the luminosity of the star to appear to vary over each orbital cycle. Measurements of the spin rate of this star at its equator have shown that it varies over time due to the effect of this magnetic field.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6netau
|
Why do you see double when drinking or sometimes experience the situation where you need to close one eye to concentrate on written text? More specifically, what mechanisms in the brain create the situation where hemispheres of the brain might not communicate correctly in this situation?
|
[
{
"answer": "Thank you for this question, there is some fascinating work in the brain going on here.\n\nAlcohol is a \"depressant\". This means that it slows down the brain. When we are intoxicated with alcohol our eye tracking slows down (along with a lot of other brain processes). \nEye tracking is what makes both of our eyes look at the same thing. As it is slowed down by alcohol this causes the eyes not to sync up correctly and both eyes are looking at slightly different points. \n\nOur brain interprets sight by comparing both eyes. So it effectively takes two images and blends them into one. Because the images are now not tracked we get a double vision effect.\n\nClosing one eye removes one of the two images and therefore alleviates this problem.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "people that need prism in their glasses experience that every time they take off their glasses. some worse than others. me for example, have horizontal prism, and when i take off my glasses and look at a stop sign from about 100 yards away, there are 2 stops about 4 inches apart. it sucks, but you learn to work around it. closing one eye like you said, is what I usually do, but when you do that, you have a lack of depth perception, so its a double edged sword.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You see double because your eyes are not coordinating, this is not related to communication between hemispheres. \nSimply put, just like any other motor muscle in your body, the eye muscles are clumsier when you drink, so they can't align your eyes properly. Just like you would stumble trying to walk a straight line, your eyes \"stumble\" trying to both look at the same point and you see double as your eyes are each aligned on a different point in space.\nIf you experience double vision without drinking, or the need to close one eye to concentrate, I suggest you consult your optometrist. We can give you exercises to strengthen your eye muscles or prescribe special glasses for your condition.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Double vision was the first symptom I had that ultimately led to a brain cancer diagnosis. The Timor is pressing on my optic nerve causing the double vision. I essentially have a \"wonky\" eye although you can't tell by looking at it. If it weren't for my special prescription glasses I'd see double 24/7. Maybe you could go see a neuro-ophthalmologist?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Do a lot of people get double or very blurry vision vision when they drink? I thought that was just an easy trope they used for comedy and film. I drank SUPER heavily in my past, blacking out 3-4 times a week and I never experienced double vision. \n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Alcohol impairs the cerebellum by depressing its function. The cerebellum is used for controlling motor movements such as balance an coordination. This means the ocular muscles can become uncoordinated causing blurred or double vision. It is also why we may slur speech and and stumble around. Similar to how a toddler might as their cerebellum is still developing. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Nobody mentioned this yet. Each hemisphere doesn't get one eye, no, that would be too simple. Each hemisphere gets *one half of each eye*. That's why when testing people with their corpus cut, they have to make sure half of each eye can't see the thing they are testing if they can see.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I have double vision, basically one eye is slightly askew to the right so the two images created by my eyes aren't quite synced together correctly. It isn't an issue, I've had it my whole life and I always read at least three grades above my level. It doesn't affect me in any meaningful way, I just see two overlapping images of everything. You can't even tell looking at my eyes. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1331269",
"title": "Vision span",
"section": "Section::::Application to speed reading.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 409,
"text": "Most speed reading courses claim that the peripheral vision can be used to read text. This has been suggested impossible because the text is blurred out through lack of visual resolution. At best the human brain can only \"guess\" at the content of text outside the macular region. There simply are not enough cone cells away from the center of the visual field to identify words in the periphery of the field.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "490258",
"title": "Split-brain",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 984,
"text": "When split-brain patients are shown an image only in the left half of each eye's visual field, they cannot vocally name what they have seen. This is because the image seen in the left visual field is sent only to the right side of the brain (see optic tract), and most people's speech-control center is on the left side of the brain. Communication between the two sides is inhibited, so the patient cannot say out loud the name of that which the right side of the brain is seeing. A similar effect occurs if a split-brain patient touches an object with only the left hand while receiving no visual cues in the right visual field; the patient will be unable to name the object, as each cerebral hemisphere of the primary somatosensory cortex only contains a tactile representation of the opposite side of the body. If the speech-control center is on the right side of the brain, the same effect can be achieved by presenting the image or object to only the right visual field or hand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39151518",
"title": "Neuronal recycling hypothesis",
"section": "Section::::Criticisms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 620,
"text": "Using imaging studies, scientists found that the visual word form area played a clear role in reading. However, they also found the same area to be active during several other forms of object recognition and naming tasks. Additionally, activation of this area was also observed when subjects were asked to think about the meaning of spoken words, hear definitions of objects and make meaningful decisions about them, or when they imagine an object. Furthermore, the same area is activated when blind subjects read via tactile stimulation, implying that the visual word form area processes more than just visual stimuli.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "531432",
"title": "Autostereogram",
"section": "Section::::Mechanisms for viewing.:Viewing techniques.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 686,
"text": "The majority of autostereograms, including those in this article, are designed for divergent (wall-eyed) viewing. One way to help the brain concentrate on divergence instead of focusing is to hold the picture in front of the face, with the nose touching the picture. With the picture so close to their eyes, most people cannot focus on the picture. The brain may give up trying to move eye muscles in order to get a clear picture. If one slowly pulls back the picture away from the face, while refraining from focusing or rotating eyes, at some point the brain will lock onto a pair of patterns when the distance between them matches the current convergence degree of the two eyeballs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2438760",
"title": "Change blindness",
"section": "Section::::Influencing factors.:Substance use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 61,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 61,
"end_character": 259,
"text": "Active viewing involves more saccades than fixations. When viewing an image with a more passive search, more information is processed with each fixation. The alcohol slows down the movement and processing of the brain, therefore causing more fixation points.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "305854",
"title": "Text messaging",
"section": "Section::::Social effects.:Texting while walking.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 77,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 77,
"end_character": 1253,
"text": "Texting on a phone distracts participants, even when the texting task used is a relatively simple one. Stavrinos et al. investigated the effect of other cognitive tasks, such as engaging in conversations or cognitive tasks on a phone, and found that participants actually have reduced visual awareness. This finding was supported by Licence et al., who conducted a similar study. For example, texting pedestrians may fail to notice unusual events in their environment, such as a unicycling clown. These findings suggest that tasks that require the allocation of cognitive resources can affect visual attention even when the task itself does not require the participants to avert their eyes from their environment. The act of texting itself seems to impair pedestrians' visual awareness. It appears that the distraction produced by texting is a combination of both a cognitive and visual perceptual distraction. A study conducted by Licence et al. supported some of these findings, particularly that those who text while walking significantly alter their gait. However, they also found that the gait pattern texters adopted was slower and more \"protective\", and consequently did not increase obstacle contact or tripping in a typical pedestrian context.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44581891",
"title": "Eye movement in scene viewing",
"section": "Section::::Spatial variation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 328,
"text": "Information separate to what is presented in a scene also has an effect on the area being fixated upon. Eye movements can be guided anticipatorily by linguistic input, where if an item in the scene is presented verbally, the listener will be more likely to move their visual focus to that object (Staub, Abott & Bogartz, 2012).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2kuqep
|
what's the difference between looney tunes and merrie melodies?
|
[
{
"answer": "Silly Symphonies was Disney\n\nLooney Toons was Warner Brothers\n\nMerry Melodies was made by an independent studio until being purchased by Warner Brothers in 1944",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "50287",
"title": "Looney Tunes",
"section": "Section::::History.:1944–1964: Golden Age.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 719,
"text": "More \"Looney Tunes\" characters were created (most of which first appeared in \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoons) such as Tweety (debuted in 1942's \"A Tale of Two Kitties\"), Sylvester (debuted in 1945's \"Life with Feathers\"), Yosemite Sam (debuted in 1945's \"Hare Trigger\"), Pepé Le Pew (debuted in 1945's \"Odor-able Kitty\"), Foghorn Leghorn (debuted in 1946's \"Walky Talky Hawky\"), Marvin the Martian (debuted in 1948's \"Haredevil Hare\"), Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner (debuted in 1949's \"Fast and Furry-ous\"), Granny (debuted in 1950's \"Canary Row\"), Speedy Gonzales (debuted in 1953's \"Cat Tails for Two\"), Witch Hazel (debuted in 1954's \"Bewitched Bunny\"), and the Tasmanian Devil (debuted in 1954's \"Devil May Hare\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50287",
"title": "Looney Tunes",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 464,
"text": "Looney Tunes is an American series of animated comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation alongside its sister series \"Merrie Melodies\". It was known for introducing Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote and many other cartoon characters.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50287",
"title": "Looney Tunes",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 678,
"text": "In the beginning, \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" drew their storylines from Warner's vast music library. Between 1934 and 1943, \"Merrie Melodies\" were produced in color and \"Looney Tunes\" in black and white. After 1943, both series were produced in color and became virtually indistinguishable, varying only in their opening theme music and titles. Both series made use of the various Warner Bros. cartoon characters. By 1937, the theme music for \"Looney Tunes\" was \"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down\" by Cliff Friend and Dave Franklin, and the theme music for \"Merrie Melodies\" was an adaptation of \"Merrily We Roll Along\" by Charles Tobias, Murray Mencher and Eddie Cantor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60517776",
"title": "Looney Tunes Cartoons",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 317,
"text": "Looney Tunes Cartoons is an American animated television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation, based on the characters from \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\". It made its worldwide premiere at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 10, 2019. This show is the successor to \"New Looney Tunes\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5098654",
"title": "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down",
"section": "Section::::Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 292,
"text": "In 1963, a new atonal variation of the theme was arranged by William Lava for use with the updated opening sequences of new \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" shorts. In 1967, a remix of the Lava version was used in the opening sequences of new \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" shorts.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "332706",
"title": "DePatie–Freleng Enterprises",
"section": "Section::::The Pink Panther and other television series.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 508,
"text": "The \"Looney Tunes\"/\"Merrie Melodies\" shorts made by the studio can be easily identified by their modernized \"Abstract WB\" opening and closing sequences (although the \"Abstract WB\" opening and closing sequences were first used in three cartoons made by Warner Bros. Cartoons). DFE didn't continue doing Warner cartoon work until the late 1970s/early 1980s, with the TV specials \"Bugs Bunny's Easter Special\" (1977), \"Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales\" (1979), and \"Daffy Duck's Easter Egg-Citement\" (1980).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14214525",
"title": "Six Melodies (Cage)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 988,
"text": "Six Melodies is a collection of six pieces for violin and keyboard instrument by John Cage. It was composed in 1950, shortly after Cage completed his \"String Quartet in Four Parts\". The work uses the same techniques: the gamut technique and the nested rhythmic proportions. First, a fixed number of sonorities (single tones, intervals and aggregates) is prepared, each created independently of the other. These sonorities are called gamuts. Sequences of gamuts are then used to create melodies with harmonic backgrounds that are in no way connected to functional harmony, which Cage sought to avoid. The collection of gamuts used in \"Six Melodies\" is nearly identical to the one used in the \"String Quartet\" (Cage called \"Six Melodies\" \"a postscript\" to that work). The structure of each piece, and that of each phrase, is defined by the same rhythmic pattern: 3 1/2, 3 1/2, 4, 4, 3, 4. The violinist is instructed in the score to play without vibrato and with minimum weight on the bow.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
12vtgp
|
is gravity the only measure of mass?
|
[
{
"answer": "Mass is a property, gravitational force is a force. Forces and masses are not the same thing, though there is a relationship between them: F=ma.\n\nThe problem is that many people think that weight is the same thing as mass, especially due to conversions from imperial (lb) to metric (kg), as if these quantities were equal. They are not.\n\nMass can be measured in a variety of ways. On Earth, we use a balance beam, comparing known masses to other masses, or some kind of spring system that is calibrated using known masses. But it is possible to measure a mass in the absence of gravity by observing its inertia. The mass of an object is a property of an object related to how \"difficult\" it is to change inertial reference frames.\n\nAs for objects that speed up - it is true that an object moving at a fast velocity will have an apparent mass different from that of the object at rest, but I would not agree that it increases the gravitational pull. I think a general relativity expert would need to comment further on that, though, as it is GR that deals with the gravity side of relativity.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33931",
"title": "Weight",
"section": "Section::::Mass.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 973,
"text": "The distinction between mass and weight is unimportant for many practical purposes because the strength of gravity does not vary too much on the surface of the Earth. In a uniform gravitational field, the gravitational force exerted on an object (its weight) is directly proportional to its mass. For example, object A weighs 10 times as much as object B, so therefore the mass of object A is 10 times greater than that of object B. This means that an object's mass can be measured indirectly by its weight, and so, for everyday purposes, weighing (using a weighing scale) is an entirely acceptable way of measuring mass. Similarly, a balance measures mass indirectly by comparing the weight of the measured item to that of an object(s) of known mass. Since the measured item and the comparison mass are in virtually the same location, so experiencing the same gravitational field, the effect of varying gravity does not affect the comparison or the resulting measurement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14476384",
"title": "Mass versus weight",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 491,
"text": "A better scientific definition of mass is its description as being composed of inertia, which is the resistance of an object being accelerated when acted on by an external force. Gravitational \"weight\" is the force created when a mass is acted upon by a gravitational field and the object is not allowed to free-fall, but is supported or retarded by a mechanical force, such as the surface of a planet. Such a force constitutes weight. This force can be added to by any other kind of force.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9951602",
"title": "Earth mass",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 240,
"text": "Precise measurement of the Earth mass is difficult, as it is equivalent to measuring the gravitational constant, which is the fundamental physical constant known with least accuracy, due to the relative weakness of the gravitational force.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9951602",
"title": "Earth mass",
"section": "Section::::History of measurement.:19th century.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 61,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 61,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "The \"mass of the earth in gravitational measure\" is stated as \"9.81996×6370980\" in \"The New Volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica\" (Vol. 25, 1902) with a \"logarithm of earth's mass\" given as \"14.600522\" []. This is the gravitational parameter in m·s (modern value ) and not the absolute mass.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19048",
"title": "Mass",
"section": "Section::::Definitions.:Weight vs. mass.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 950,
"text": "In everyday usage, mass and \"weight\" are often used interchangeably. For instance, a person's weight may be stated as 75 kg. In a constant gravitational field, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, and it is unproblematic to use the same unit for both concepts. But because of slight differences in the strength of the Earth's gravitational field at different places, the distinction becomes important for measurements with a precision better than a few percent, and for places far from the surface of the Earth, such as in space or on other planets. Conceptually, \"mass\" (measured in kilograms) refers to an intrinsic property of an object, whereas \"weight\" (measured in newtons) measures an object's resistance to deviating from its natural course of free fall, which can be influenced by the nearby gravitational field. No matter how strong the gravitational field, objects in free fall are weightless, though they still have mass.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43537463",
"title": "Size",
"section": "Section::::Terminology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 1389,
"text": "Although the size of an object may be reflected in its mass or its weight, each of these is a different concept. In scientific contexts, mass refers loosely to the amount of \"matter\" in an object (though \"matter\" may be difficult to define), whereas weight refers to the force experienced by an object due to gravity. An object with a mass of 1.0 kilogram will weigh approximately 9.81 newtons (newton is the unit of force, while kilogram is the unit of mass) on the surface of the Earth (its mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength). Its weight will be less on Mars (where gravity is weaker), more on Saturn, and negligible in space when far from any significant source of gravity, but it will always have the same mass. Two objects of equal size, however, may have very different mass and weight, depending on the composition and density of the objects. By contrast, if two objects are known to have roughly the same composition, then some information about the size of one can be determined by measuring the size of the other, and determining the difference in weight between the two. For example, if two blocks of wood are equally dense, and it is known that one weighs ten kilograms and the other weighs twenty kilograms, and that the ten kilogram block has a volume of one cubic foot, then it can be deduced that the twenty kilogram block has a volume of two cubic feet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14476384",
"title": "Mass versus weight",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 681,
"text": "In common usage, the mass of an object is often referred to as its weight, though these are in fact different concepts and quantities. In scientific contexts, mass is the amount of \"matter\" in an object (though \"matter\" may be difficult to define), whereas weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity. In other words, an object with a mass of 1.0 kilogram weighs approximately 9.81 newtons on the surface of the Earth, which is its mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength. The object's weight is less on Mars, where gravity is weaker, and more on Saturn, and very small in space when far from any significant source of gravity, but it always has the same mass.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
21mcuy
|
How historically accurate is the architecture in the Asassin's Creed series?
|
[
{
"answer": "I wrote this historical analysis of Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flags if that will help:\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "51265284",
"title": "The Propylaeum",
"section": "Section::::Building description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 557,
"text": "Former director of the Indianapolis Museum of Art and art historian Wilbur Peat described the building's architecture as a Neo-Jacobean style, which is characterized by an irregular-shaped floor plan, projecting wall sections and bays, a hipped roof, expansive veranda, multiple gables, and prominent chimneys. The architecture of medieval England, especially Tudor- and Jacobean-style homes in England and elsewhere in Europe have influenced this style. The Propylaeum also has elements of Romanesque Revival, Georgian, and Queen Anne architecture styles.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25089058",
"title": "Yas Hotel Abu Dhabi",
"section": "Section::::Design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 304,
"text": "Asymptote designed the building as an architectural landmark that embodies key influences and local as well as global inspirations that range from the aesthetics and forms associated with speed and spectacle to the artistry and geometries that form the basis of ancient Islamic art and craft traditions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11928415",
"title": "Madonna of Chancellor Rolin",
"section": "Section::::Iconography.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "The architecture of the loggia, as in so many of van Eyck's paintings, is in a rich and delicate Romanesque style far from the Gothic styles of his own day. The setting probably represents at the same time an imaginary building in Autun, and the \"Heavenly city of Jerusalem\"; two personages from two worlds are shown, and their surrounding combines the world of each.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2668771",
"title": "Shah Mosque (Isfahan)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 331,
"text": "It is regarded as one of the masterpieces of Persian architecture in the Islamic era. The Royal Mosque is registered, along with the Naghsh-e Jahan Square, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its construction began in 1611, and its splendour is mainly due to the beauty of its seven-colour mosaic tiles and calligraphic inscriptions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57766086",
"title": "Broken Hill Mosque",
"section": "Section::::Heritage listing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 441,
"text": "Architecturally, the building is of State significance for its blending of traditional Islamic design and motifs with the use of local corrugated iron sheets and other vernacular materials, such as various woods. The mosque represents Islamic architectural style and detailing such as the arch in the alcove, and the wudu facilities. It offers cultural evidence in built form of a Middle Eastern and Islamic cultural aesthetic in Australia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6247586",
"title": "Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 321,
"text": "Its stylistic and cultural classification is unique among surviving buildings as it was constructed under the Christian Kingdom of Castile by Islamic architects for Jewish use. It is considered a symbol of the cooperation that existed among the three cultures that populated the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60309150",
"title": "Architecture of Hyderabad",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 330,
"text": "A distinct Indo-Islamic architecture style with local contribution is reflected in the historical buildings of Hyderabad, making it the first and \"Best Heritage City of India\" as of March 2012. The city houses many famous historical sites constructed during Qutb Shahi and Asaf Jahi period, including various mosques and palaces.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
dg7ncq
|
why did vhs tapes show a blue screen on the tv when they started up?
|
[
{
"answer": "That was the VCR, not the tape itself.\n\nIt's the precursor to the HDMI no signal screen. Used to be blue.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "That's not the tape. That's either the TV or the VCR telling you, \"I don't have anything clear enough to show you right now.\"\n\nI remember when that was a new thing. Before that, we saw a black screen with white lines or scrambled black and white dots.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The blue screen was not from the VHS tape, but rather from the VCR. \n\nIn many cases, VCRs would be hooked up to the TV with a coaxial (RF) cable. The VCR would generate a NTSC video signal on channel 3 or 4, which you would view by turning the TV to channel 3 or 4. In most of the US channel 3 was reserved (no broadcast signal) for this reason. \n\nWhen the VCR turns on, there was a desire for it to send some kind of signal to the TV so you'd know it was hooked up right. Otherwise the TV would just show static (if using coax) or a black screen (if using composite). \n\nThus, the blue screen. Easy to generate without complex circuitry (remember, VCRs were mostly analog devices) and it let you know the VCR was on, you were tuned to the right channel, and things were hooked up correctly. \n\nLater VCRs would then overlay text onto that blue screen or the video image such as PLAY / STOP / etc so you could control the VCR using the screen.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "304688",
"title": "Video 2000",
"section": "Section::::The Video Compact Cassette.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 527,
"text": "While VHS and Beta tapes have a break-off tab to protect recordings from erasure (as in audio Compact Cassettes and, once broken, the cavity left by the missing tab must be covered or filled before the tape can be reused), VCCs employ a reversible solution: a switch on the tape edge can be turned to red/orange to protect the recordings, and back to black/brown (depending on the colour of the cassette housing) to re-record. The switch covers/uncovers a hole along the tape edge which is detected by a sensor in the machine.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23442715",
"title": "Videocassette recorder",
"section": "Section::::History.:Mass-market success.:VHS vs. Betamax.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 392,
"text": "The rental market was a contributing factor for acceptance of the VHS, for a variety of reasons. In those pre-digital days TV broadcasters could not offer the wide choice of a rental store, and tapes could be played as often as desired. Material was available on tape with violent or sexual scenes not available on broadcasts. Home video cameras allowed tapes to be recorded and played back.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24438",
"title": "PAL",
"section": "Section::::Colour encoding.:PAL broadcast systems.:PAL-N (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 65,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 65,
"end_character": 676,
"text": "VHS tapes recorded from a PAL-N or a PAL-B/G, D/K, H, or I broadcast are indistinguishable because the downconverted subcarrier on the tape is the same. A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in colour on any PAL-N VCR and PAL-N TV in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape recorded in Argentina, Paraguay or Uruguay off a PAL-N TV broadcast can be sent to anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc.) and it will display in colour. This will also play back successfully in Russia and other SECAM countries, as the USSR mandated PAL compatibility in 1985—this has proved to be very convenient for video collectors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23387305",
"title": "Vanderbilt Television News Archive",
"section": "Section::::Collection characteristics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 447,
"text": "On several occasions, malfunctions of either the television set or the Ampex recorder caused a tape to have serious video or audio problems. In some cases, no recording could be made, explaining some of the weeknight date gaps in the 1960s and 1970s. Some of the oldest tapes in the collection, mainly between 1968 and 1973, suffered varying degrees of loss of picture quality due to natural deterioration before they were digitized in the 2000s.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3863445",
"title": "The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer",
"section": "Section::::DVD release.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "When the first series of the programme first made it to video titled \"Red\" & \"Blue\", it included extended versions of the episodes the way they were supposed to go out on TV, usually 7–10 minutes of new footage. When this DVD came out many were disappointed to find the episodes featured were the BBC edit versions. Series 2 was intact on the DVD release, mainly because it never had extended versions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5881881",
"title": "List of Coronation Street home video releases",
"section": "Section::::1990s.:Time-Life releases.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 326,
"text": "Many VHS tapes were made in the 1990s for the British market, from mail-order company Time-Life Distribution, with each tape consisting of a compilation of footage featuring a particular character (for example, Gail, Rita, the Duckworths). They were made only in PAL format and not distributed in the United States or Canada.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52124",
"title": "VHS",
"section": "Section::::Decline.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 132,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 132,
"end_character": 397,
"text": "The VHS VCR was a mainstay in television-equipped American and European living rooms for more than 20 years from its introduction in 1977. The home television recording market, as well as the camcorder market, has since transitioned to digital recording on solid-state memory cards. The introduction of the DVD format to American consumers in March 1997 triggered the market share decline of VHS.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6yochg
|
why do events that have a negative effect on oil production cause immediate rises in prices of gas but when production is back to normal prices don't plummet back to where they started?
|
[
{
"answer": "You have a lemonade stand. You sell it for 50 cents a cup. One day you find out it's going to be very hot outside and people are going to want more lemonade. You figure you can get away with selling it for a little more since the demand is there. So you start charging 80 cents. You notice that the number of people paying for lemonade hasn't gone down. So because people are comfortable with the new price you decide you won't bring prices down even when it's not that hot anymore. Now replace lemonade stand with gasoline stations. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The events that cause gas prices to surge generally happen at a specific point in time (hurricanes, destruction of a refinery, a specific international incident). The events that cause the prices to go down (reconstruction after the hurricane, refineries coming back online, easing of international tensions) tend to be more spread out in time. Combine that with the general tendency for prices to rise and you don't notice the reduction as clearly as the increase.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The underlying factors behind the consumer price and the wholesale price for gasoline are very different.\n\nThe gasoline sitting at the pumps in your service station was paid for months ago. While the service station has to eventually average out its costs/expenses, the consumer price it charges isn't actually linked to what it paid.\n\nRather, the consumer price is based on what the market will bear. If a new gas station moves in across the street and tries to undercut them, they'll lower gas prices - despite the fact that their cost for gas hasn't changed.\n\nIn terms of events like a hurricane, the gas station ends up in a situation where it incurs a temporary shortage due a disruption of the supply chain. So the gas station knows that it will only be able to sell X gallons of gas over the next two weeks no matter what else happens because they're not getting resupplied before then.\n\nThe best way for them to accomplish this isn't to hold prices firm and sell out in an hour and a half. It's to raise prices to the point where X gallons lasts them the next two weeks because relatively few people are desperate enough to buy much gasoline.\n\nInterestingly enough, this is also the *socially* best outcome as it encourages a more equitable distribution of gasoline based on the perceived need of the consumer rather than hoarding.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Costs at wholesale go up. Price at the pump goes up immediately to pay for the next load of fuel at the new higher wholesale cost. Once the supply eases up the more expensive fuel is still in the tanks until the first post emergency load is delivered with reduced costs. So you have a delay in the price at the pump going down. There are stations that will gouge but most states have laws against gouging during an emergency.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2420199",
"title": "Hirsch report",
"section": "Section::::Applicability beyond the US, critical remarks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 896,
"text": "During the significant oil price rise through 2007, a theme among several industry observers was that the price rise was only partially due to a limit in crude oil availability (peak oil). For example, an article by Jad Mouawad cited an unusual number of fires and other outages among U.S. refineries in the summer of 2007 which disrupted supply. However, a lack of refining capacity would only seem to explain high gasoline prices not high crude oil prices. Indeed, if the refineries were unable to process available crude oil then there should be a crude oil glut that would reduce crude prices on international crude oil markets. Then again, sharp changes in crude oil prices can also be due to stock market volatility and fear over the security of future supplies, or, on the other hand, an anticipation by investors of a rise in the value of crude oil once refining capacity picks up again.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5137675",
"title": "Price of oil",
"section": "Section::::Speculation during the 2008 crisis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 552,
"text": "The interim report by the Interagency Task Force, released in July, found that speculation had not caused significant changes in oil prices and that fundamental supply and demand factors provide the best explanation for the crude oil price increases. The report found that the primary reason for the price increases was that the world economy had expanded at its fastest pace in decades, resulting in substantial increases in the demand for oil, while the oil production grew sluggishly, compounded by production shortfalls in oil-exporting countries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "849508",
"title": "Peak oil",
"section": "Section::::Possible consequences.:Oil prices.:Effects of historical oil price rises.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 94,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 94,
"end_character": 707,
"text": "In the past, sudden increases in the price of oil have led to economic recessions, such as the 1973 and 1979 energy crises. The effect the increased price of oil has on an economy is known as a price shock. In many European countries, which have high taxes on fuels, such price shocks could potentially be mitigated somewhat by temporarily or permanently suspending the taxes as fuel costs rise. This method of softening price shocks is less useful in countries with much lower gas taxes, such as the United States. A baseline scenario for a recent IMF paper found oil production growing at 0.8% (as opposed to a historical average of 1.8%) would result in a small reduction in economic growth of 0.2–0.4%.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1197343",
"title": "2000s energy crisis",
"section": "Section::::Possible causes.:Supply.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 701,
"text": "An important contributor to the price increase was the slowdown in oil supply growth, which has been a general trend since oil production surpassed new discoveries in 1980. The likelihood that global oil production will decline at some point, leading to lower supply, is a long-term fundamental cause of rising prices. Although there is contention about the exact time at which global production will peak, a majority of industry participants acknowledge that the concept of a production peak is valid. However, some commentators argued that global warming awareness and new energy sources would limit demand before the effects of supply could, suggesting that reserve depletion would be a non-issue.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31809928",
"title": "Rolling recession",
"section": "Section::::Supply Side Shock Recession.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 210,
"text": "As oil prices are increasing, it can cause recession due to the decline in living standards. In this day, there is a high demand of oil, oil has increased in price throughout the years hence the demand for it.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "849508",
"title": "Peak oil",
"section": "Section::::Possible consequences.:Oil prices.:Historical oil prices.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 89,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 89,
"end_character": 497,
"text": "Oil price increases were partially fueled by reports that petroleum production is at or near full capacity. In June 2005, OPEC stated that they would 'struggle' to pump enough oil to meet pricing pressures for the fourth quarter of that year. From 2007 to 2008, the decline in the U.S. dollar against other significant currencies was also considered as a significant reason for the oil price increases, as the dollar lost approximately 14% of its value against the Euro from May 2007 to May 2008.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "849508",
"title": "Peak oil",
"section": "Section::::Possible consequences.:Oil prices.:Historical oil prices.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 88,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 88,
"end_character": 350,
"text": "It is generally agreed that the main reason for the price spike in 2005–2008 was strong demand pressure. For example, global consumption of oil rose from in 2004 to 31 billion in 2005. The consumption rates were far above new discoveries in the period, which had fallen to only eight billion barrels of new oil reserves in new accumulations in 2004.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
vc7eq
|
What are the long-term physiological effects of heavy body building in pre-teen years?
|
[
{
"answer": "[Here](_URL_1_), with plenty of citations if you want to look into it further.\n\nThe important part\n\n > Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) fractures may be the key concern in this controversy. Damage to these plates induced by weight training is frequently cited as a reason for avoiding weight training in children. The existing medical and scientific data do not support this as a valid contraindication. One instance of epiphyseal fracture attributed to weightlifting has been reported in preadolescents (Gumbs, 1982). In pubescent athletes, five publications have reported instances of fractures related to weight training (Benton, 1983; Brady, 1982; Gumbs, 1982; Rowe, 1979; Ryan, 1976). **The overwhelming majority of these injuries were attributed to improper technique in the execution of the exercises and excessive loading**. Each report failed to consider that the injury may actually have occurred as a result of contact with the floor or other object subsequent to loss of balance and falling, and not be attributable to the actual weight training movement. Further, proper diagnosis and treatment of this rare injury resulted in no detrimental effect on growth (Caine, 1990).\n\nIt's inherently safe, but can be made unsafe through poor execution. [Which is also](_URL_0_) [true of adults](_URL_2_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If I may, I think that the OP is wondering about the physiological effects of increasing muscle mass, low body fat %, as well as the actual act of weight training. I believe there is a subtle difference in these concepts. I am not qualified to respond to this directly.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I have heard the myth that muscle growth during those years can hinder bone growth, is there any truth to this? ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4572582",
"title": "Childhood obesity",
"section": "Section::::Effects on health.:Physical.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 349,
"text": "The early physical effects of obesity in adolescence include, almost all of the child's organs being affected, gallstones, hepatitis, sleep apnoea and increased intracranial pressure. Overweight children are also more likely to grow up to be overweight adults. Obesity during adolescence has been found to increase mortality rates during adulthood.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2684023",
"title": "Geriatric dentistry",
"section": "Section::::Medical Conditions affecting Oral Health.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 248,
"text": "A number of physiological changes happen to the geriatric population with age. The gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems often decrease in efficiency, and this impacts upon the entire body, including oral health.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1976353",
"title": "Obstructive sleep apnea",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Risk factors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 438,
"text": "Old age is often accompanied by muscular and neurological loss of muscle tone of the upper airway. Decreased muscle tone is also temporarily caused by chemical depressants; alcoholic drinks and sedative medications being the most common. The permanent premature muscular tonal loss in the upper airway may be precipitated by traumatic brain injury, neuromuscular disorders, or poor adherence to chemical and or speech therapy treatments.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3108990",
"title": "Sarcopenia",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 582,
"text": "Epidemiological research into the developmental origins of health and disease has shown that early environmental influences on growth and development may have long-term consequences for human health. Low birth weight, a marker of a poor early environment, is associated with reduced muscle mass and strength in adult life. One study has shown that lower birth weight is associated with a significant decrease in muscle fibre score, suggesting that developmental influences on muscle morphology may explain the widely reported associations between lower birth weight and sarcopenia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33096801",
"title": "Stress in early childhood",
"section": "Section::::Other symptoms and effects of stress on children.:Physical.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 714,
"text": "Stress may make the body more susceptible to infections, cardiovascular problems such as heart disease and high blood pressure, obesity, slower healing, viruses and gastrointestinal problems. Stress can affect children’s growth and development, including the onset of puberty. Some of the physical cues that may be indicative of stress in children are rashes on skin and skin diseases such as eczema, acne and hair loss, worsening asthma, insomnia or hypersomnia, frequent headaches, muscle aches, vomiting, constipation and diarrhea. Extreme fatigue, chest pain, racing heartbeat, shaking, cold and clammy hands and feet, frequently ill, and even ulcers are some other physical symptoms manifested due to stress.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22643999",
"title": "Myelomalacia",
"section": "Section::::Cause.:Geriatric.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 443,
"text": "With the growth in the elderly population of humans, there has been a rise to myelomalacia. Because the human body begins to deteriorate with age, and because human population is living many years longer, there has been a growth in cases of myelomalacia. As the bones in the body begin to weaken in a process known as osteopenia, the body is more vulnerable to damage. A simple fall may damage the spinal cord and myelomalacia may soon ensue.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "651370",
"title": "Precocious puberty",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Central.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 358,
"text": "Central precocious puberty can also be caused by brain tumors, infection (most commonly tuberculous meningitis, especially in developing countries), trauma, hydrocephalus, and Angelman syndrome. Precocious puberty is associated with advancement in bone age, which leads to early fusion of epiphyses, thus resulting in reduced final height and short stature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6j3y53
|
In massed infantry warfare (pikes, Roman legions, muskets, ect.) were casualties higher for soldiers in the front row? How did they convince anyone to be in front?
|
[
{
"answer": "There is always more to be said, but you may be interested in this answer by /u/iphikrates:\n\n[Did the people in the front lines of ancient armies basically know they are going to die?](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2269319",
"title": "Battle of Ceresole",
"section": "Section::::Battle.:\"A wholesale slaughter\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 1644,
"text": "The pike and shot infantry had by this time adopted a system in which arquebusiers and pikemen were intermingled in combined units; both the French and the Imperial infantry contained men with firearms interspersed in the larger columns of pikemen. This combination of pikes and small arms made close-quarters fighting extremely bloody. The mixed infantry was normally placed in separate clusters, with the arquebusiers on the flanks of a central column of pikemen; at Ceresole, however, the French infantry had been arranged with the first rank of pikemen followed immediately by a rank of arquebusiers, who were ordered to hold their fire until the two columns met. Montluc, who claimed to have devised the scheme, wrote that: In this way we should kill all their captains in the front rank. But we found that they were as ingenious as ourselves, for behind their first line of pikes they had put pistoleers. Neither side fired till we were touching—and then there was a wholesale slaughter: every shot told: the whole front rank on each side went down. The Swiss, seeing the French engage one of the two columns of landsknechte, finally descended to meet the other, which had been slowly moving up the hillside. Both masses of infantry remained locked in a push of pike until the squadron of heavy cavalry under Boutières charged into the landsknechts' flank, shattering their formation and driving them down the slope. The Imperial heavy cavalry, which had been on the landsknechts' right, and which had been ordered by d'Avalos to attack the Swiss, recoiled from the pikes and fled to the rear, leaving Carlo Gonzaga to be taken prisoner.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27650213",
"title": "Dutch States Army",
"section": "Section::::Tactical reforms of the late 16th century.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 1705,
"text": "The loss of pike men potentially diminished the defensive capacity of the company, as the rate of fire of firearms was slow, and musketeers needed to shelter in the safety of the squares of pike men when they were reloading. To counter this problem the important tactical invention of volley fire by ranks was introduced, combined with the ancient concept of the counter-march, already used by the Roman legions. This combined manoeuvre had the musketeers deploy in blocks of five or more ranks and nine files, in which the ranks successively fired their weapon simultaneously. After discharging its weapon the first rank would turn right, turn the corner of the block-formation and march to the rear, where it would start reloading, while the new first rank fired a volley, and so on. This tactic enabled the unit to sustain a relatively rapid rate of fire of sufficient \"density\" to discourage a charge by the pike men of the opposing square. The manoeuvre had to be executed in a disciplined way, however, to avoid confusion in the ranks, especially as the enemy was not sitting idly by. It therefore had to be drilled into the soldiers. And this drilling of the tactical manoeuvre was one of the mainstays of the reform. It required an attendant organisational reform, because the education of recruits now had to be entrusted to specialists, the company sergeants. At first the musketeers were placed on both flanks of a square of pike men, as in the conventional formation. But after 1609 the musketeers were placed in a continuous front before the pike men when they fired their volleys, only retreating into the safety of the pike squares when the opposing pike men, or the cavalry, charged them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7594884",
"title": "Infantry in the American Civil War",
"section": "Section::::Tactics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 855,
"text": "Traditionally, historians have stated that many generals, particularly early in the war, preferred to use Napoleonic tactics, despite the increased killing power of period weaponry. They marched their men out in tightly closed formations, often with soldiers elbow-to-elbow in double-rank battle lines, usually in brigade (by mid-war numbering about 2,500–3,000 infantrymen) or division (by mid-war numbering about 6,000–10,000 infantrymen) strength. This large mass presented an easy target for defenders, who could easily fire several volleys before his enemy would be close enough for hand-to-hand combat. The idea was to close on the enemy's position with this mass of soldiers and charge them with the bayonet, convincing the enemy to leave their position or be killed. At times, these soon-to-be outdated tactics contributed to high casualty lists.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26198495",
"title": "Roman army of the mid-Republic",
"section": "Section::::Army structure.:Legionary infantry.:Tactics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 78,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 78,
"end_character": 1328,
"text": "For set-piece battles, in contrast the single massed line of the Early Roman army phalanx, the heavy infantry were usually drawn up in three lines (\"triplex acies\"). However, the vast majority of the heavy infantry (2,400 out of 3,000) were stationed in the front two lines, the \"hastati\" and \"principes\". Contained in these lines were the younger recruits who were expected to do all the fighting. The rear line (\"triarii\"), was a reserve consisting of 600 older men who formed a line of last resort to provide cover for the front lines if they were put to flight (and also to prevent unauthorised retreat by the front ranks). It is thus more accurate to describe the Roman battle-line as a double-line (\"duplex acies\") with a small third line of reserve. It is this double line that constituted the most significant change from the previous single-line phalanx. The three lines of maniples were drawn up in a chessboard pattern (dubbed \"quincunx\" by modern historians, after the Latin for the \"5\" on a dice-cube, whose dots are so arranged). In front of the heavy infantry, would be stationed the legion's 1,200 \"velites\". It appears that the \"velites\" were not members of the maniples. But for the purposes of battle, they were divided into 10 companies of 120 men, each under the command of a senior centurion of \"hastati\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3347837",
"title": "Battle of Strasbourg",
"section": "Section::::Battle.:Engagement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 1175,
"text": "Encouraged by their cavalry's success, the foot soldiers in the German front line gave a great roar and ran towards the Roman line, which was formed as a barrier of interlocking shields. In the centre, German foot warriors repeatedly charged the Roman shieldwall, hoping to break through by sheer weight of numbers and brute strength. But the serried ranks of the Roman front, shields massed together “as in a \"testudo\"” held them off for a long time, inflicting severe casualties on the Germans who flung themselves recklessly at their bristling spears. Then, a group of German chiefs and their best warriors formed a dense mass (\"globus\"), and, let through by the German front ranks, charged the Romans. This was probably a formation, also used by the Romans, known as a \"hogshead\" (\"caput porcinum\"), a wedge protected by armoured warriors on the outside. They succeeded, by desperate efforts, in punching a hole through the centre of the Roman front line. This was potentially disastrous for the Romans. But despite being cut in two, the Roman front line evidently did not collapse: the experienced frontline regiments managed to hold their separated wings in formation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "86778",
"title": "Pike (weapon)",
"section": "Section::::History.:Medieval Japan.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "The rise of firearms and artillery in the 16th century made the large formations consisting entirely of pikemen vulnerable to being shot down despite their close-combat power. The decline of the combat column of pikemen was starkly displayed at the terrible Battle of Bicocca in 1522, for instance, where arquebusiers contributed to the heavy defeat of a force of Swiss pikemen.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48775",
"title": "Halberd",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 622,
"text": "As long as pikemen fought other pikemen, the halberd remained a useful supplemental weapon for \"push of pike\", but when their position became more defensive, to protect the slow-loading arquebusiers and matchlock musketeers from sudden attacks by cavalry, the percentage of halberdiers in the pike units steadily decreased. The halberd all but disappeared as a rank-and-file weapon in these formations by the middle of the sixteenth century, though Hakluyt's 'Voyages' relate the death of a halberdier named Zachary Saxy (probably a German) in fighting on the coast of Ecuador during Cavendish's circumnavigation in 1587.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2w71vc
|
can "playing dead" really trick bears? whats the reasoning behind this? bears dont eat/kill seemingly dead things?
|
[
{
"answer": "Playing dead is only suggested for Brown and Polar Bears and it does two things.\n\n1 - It makes them think you're not something they would want to eat, bears aren't usually scavengers.\n\n2 - It makes them think you're not a threat and therefore they don't want to fight you.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "92847",
"title": "Cherokee mythology",
"section": "Section::::Creation beliefs.:Medicine and Disease.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 587,
"text": "The Bears met first and decided that they would make their own weapons like the humans, but this only led to further chaos. Next the Deer gathered to discuss their plan of action and they came to the conclusion that if a hunter was to kill a Deer, they would develop a disease. The only way to avoid this disease was to ask the Deer's spirit for forgiveness. Another requirement was that the people only kill when necessary. The council of Birds, Insects and small animals met next and they decided that humans were too cruel, therefore they concocted many diseases to infect them with.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20632326",
"title": "Bear attack",
"section": "Section::::Causes of bear attacks.:Hunger.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 399,
"text": "Another dangerous situation is when a human is faced with a hungry bear that has lost its natural fear of humans. With the decrease of hunting grounds and food crops such as berries and bark, bears often become more desperate and aggressive. However, this hunger has also triggered an unexpected reaction: bears began to follow gunfire because they associate it with dead animals that they can eat.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20632326",
"title": "Bear attack",
"section": "Section::::Species, and respective aggressiveness.:Brown bears.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 1206,
"text": "As a rule, brown bears seldom attack humans on sight, and usually avoid people. They are, however, unpredictable in temperament, and will attack if they are surprised or feel threatened. Sows with cubs account for the majority of injuries and fatalities in North America. Habituated or food conditioned bears can also be dangerous, as their long-term exposure to humans causes them to lose their natural shyness, and in some cases associate humans with food. Small parties of one or two people are more often attacked than large groups, with no attacks being recorded against parties of more than seven people. In contrast to injuries caused by American black bears, which are usually minor, brown bear attacks tend to result in serious injury and in some cases death. In the majority of attacks resulting in injury, brown bears precede the attack with a growl or huffing sound, and seem to confront humans as they would when fighting other bears: they rise up on their hind legs, and attempt to \"disarm\" their victims by biting and holding on to the lower jaw to avoid being bitten in turn. Such a bite can be more severe than that of a tiger, and has been known to crush the heads of some human victims.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14823194",
"title": "Bear hunting",
"section": "Section::::Methods.:Firearms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 1005,
"text": "Hunters carrying firearms tend to favour calibres large enough to inflict as much tissue and bone damage as possible, as grizzly and brown bears can generally withstand a number of direct shots to the limbs or torso without ceasing their attack. Bears have the ability to dramatically lower their heart rate when hibernating and will readily do so if injured, as a defense mechanism against blood loss. To successfully subdue a bear by firearm, one may have to shoot it several times, so as to leave wounds that will cause the bear to hemorrhage to death as quickly as possible. Hunters pursuing the animal deliberately might use a caliber larger than they would for the deer that commonly co-inhabit the same area. If they intend to keep the hide, and to ensure a quick and humane kill, they may prefer to use a large bullet that will break the bear's shoulder and continue through the vital organs, ideally leaving an exit wound large enough to leave a blood trail to assist locating the downed animal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "181601",
"title": "The Edge (1997 film)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 315,
"text": "The bear finds Charles and Bob again. Charles decides that they must bait the bear and kill it in order to survive. The bear begins attacking Bob but Charles distracts the bear, luring it away. Charles wedges his spear between rocks allowing the bear to use its own weight to fatally wound itself after rearing up.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11250523",
"title": "Bear danger",
"section": "Section::::Firearms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 586,
"text": "Many U.S. states with large bear populations, such as Alaska, have laws permitting the killing of bears if done in the defense of human life or property. The previously utilized technique of relocating bears often proved ineffective, as the bears generally would either find new sources of human food or simply return to their old territory. Bears have been known to wander into farms, cattle and sheep ranches, and other populated areas, especially if they are very hungry, such as when they have just awakened from hibernation, and these incidents often end with the bear being shot.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11250523",
"title": "Bear danger",
"section": "Section::::Firearms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 350,
"text": "When a bear becomes conditioned by human food or habituated to humans, and threatens or attacks humans, it becomes a threat. Authorities such as police, park rangers, etc. are concerned with their liability should an injury to a person occur. Due to this concern, they often trap and euthanize or kill animals that have injured or threatened people.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
qd7cc
|
why do people's voices generally get higher when attempting to sound polite?
|
[
{
"answer": "A low voice sounds big and intimidating. A high voice sounds like a harmless little child. So it implies \"no offense intended!\" instead of \"hey get out of my way\".",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4836072",
"title": "My Fair Lady (film)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 891,
"text": "In London, Professor Henry Higgins, a scholar of phonetics, believes that the accent and tone of one's voice determines a person's prospects in society (\"Why Can't the English?\"). At Covent Garden one evening, he meets Colonel Hugh Pickering, himself a phonetics expert who had come all the way from India to see him. Higgins boasts he could teach anyone to speak so well he could pass them off as a duke or duchess at an embassy ball, even the young woman with a strong Cockney accent named Eliza Doolittle who tries to sell them flowers. Eliza's ambition is to work in a flower shop, but her accent makes that impossible (\"Wouldn't It Be Loverly\"). The following morning, Eliza shows up at Higgins' home, seeking lessons. Pickering is intrigued and offers to cover all the attendant expenses if Higgins succeeds. Higgins agrees, and describes how women ruin lives (\"I'm an Ordinary Man\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "768942",
"title": "Richard Dimbleby",
"section": "Section::::Biography.:Broadcasting career.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 886,
"text": "Inevitably, because of his close association with establishment figures and royalty, some people criticised his \"hushed tones\" style of speaking at state occasions, claiming he was pompous. In an interview he laughed-off such attacks explaining that, even though he had to use a special microphone which covered his mouth to obviate his speaking disrupting the solemn atmosphere, he still had to pitch his voice low to avoid his voice carrying. A more common touch was demonstrated in his friendly broadcasts like \"Down Your Way\" where he met thousands of ordinary people in towns and villages, and the many trade unionists, politicians and industrialists etc. who appeared on \"Panorama\" and other programmes. Dimbleby also showed stamina and imperturbability in marathon election night broadcasts which ran from 10pm when the polls closed, until around 6 or 7am the following morning.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7676",
"title": "Creaky voice",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 837,
"text": "Creaky voice is prevalent as a peer-group affectation among young women in the United States. For example, researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa suggests that the tendency is a product of young women trying to infuse their speech with gravitas by means of reaching for the male register and found that \"college-age Americans ... perceive female creaky voice as hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile.\" However, according to a 2012 study in \"PLOS ONE\", young women using creaky voice are viewed as less competent, less educated, less trustworthy, less attractive and less employable. Some suggest that creaky voice can function as a marker of parentheticals in conversations; creaky voice may indicate that certain phrases, when uttered with creaky voice, contain less central information.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14714507",
"title": "Vocal fry register",
"section": "Section::::In speech.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 544,
"text": "Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, but its frequency's extent and significance are disputed. Researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa suggests that the tendency is a product of young women trying to infuse their speech with gravitas by means of reaching for the male register and found that \"college-age Americans [...] perceive female creaky voice as hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "156635",
"title": "Glossophobia",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 460,
"text": "The aspect of speaking publicly whether it be in front of a group of unknown people, or a close group of friends, is what triggers the anxiety for the speaker. The speaker may be comfortable if they speak in front of a group of complete strangers, but when it comes to speaking in front of family/friends, their anxiety skyrockets, and vice versa. Some speakers are more comfortable in larger groups, and some are more comfortable speaking to smaller groups. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6725037",
"title": "Rudeness",
"section": "Section::::Examples.:Speech.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 769,
"text": "Failing to speak can also be rude: a rude person might pointedly ignore a legitimate and polite greeting or question to communicate disregard for the other person, or might fail to express appropriate thanks for favors or gifts by way of communicating either a sense of selfish entitlement or a disregard for the efforts of the giver. Sometimes people will leave very short gaps when speaking that may allow another person to begin speaking on a subject, however that can vary, and sometimes two or more people speaking at the same time can be considered rude. Which acts and communications require a response from which persons, under which circumstances, and what kind of response is required, depends on the culture and the social situation of the people concerned.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4989076",
"title": "Politeness theory",
"section": "Section::::Politeness strategies.:Negative politeness.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 778,
"text": "Negative politeness strategies are oriented towards the hearer's negative face and emphasize avoidance of imposition on the hearer. By attempting to avoid imposition from the speaker, the risk of face-threat to the hearer is reduced. These strategies presume that the speaker will be imposing on the listener. Additionally, there is a higher potential for awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on record strategies and positive politeness strategies. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous so the speaker is more apt to include an out for the listener through distancing styles like apologies or indirect speech. The use of negative politeness strategies assumes a direct relationship between indirectness and politeness. Examples from Brown and Levinson include:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2umlpv
|
Question about alaska
|
[
{
"answer": "The concept that it's just a lease appears to have originated as a plot element in the novel A Matter of Honour by Jefffrey Archer.\n\nThis theory has no basis in reality and the Alaska purchase of 1867 was just that - a purchase.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "27596414",
"title": "Alaska, New Mexico",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 237,
"text": "Alaska is a populated place in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The name was collected by the United States Geological Survey between 1976 and 1980, and entered into the Geographic Names Information System on November 13, 1980.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "624",
"title": "Alaska",
"section": "Section::::Etymology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 279,
"text": "The name \"Alaska\" () was introduced in the Russian colonial period when it was used to refer to the Alaska Peninsula. It was derived from an Aleut-language idiom, which figuratively refers to the mainland. Literally, it means \"object to which the action of the sea is directed\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27596478",
"title": "Alaska, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 244,
"text": "Alaska is a populated place in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The name was collected by the United States Geological Survey between 1976 and 1979, and entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27596444",
"title": "Alaska, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 239,
"text": "Alaska is a populated place in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, United States. The name was collected by the United States Geological Survey between 1976 and 1979, and entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "630260",
"title": "Canada–United States border",
"section": "Section::::Boundary divisions.:Practical exclaves.:Practical exclaves of the United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 85,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 85,
"end_character": 277,
"text": "BULLET::::- The State of Alaska is bounded by British Columbia and Yukon, the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. (Additionally, because of the terrain, several municipalities in southeast Alaska (the \"Panhandle\") are inaccessible by road, except via Canada.)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17964574",
"title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)",
"section": "Section::::Northwestern Forested Mountains.:Hydrology: Major watersheds, rivers, and lakes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 177,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 177,
"end_character": 483,
"text": "Alaska contains abundant natural resources which include ground and surface water. The southwestern part of Alaska is drained by the Yukon River and its tributaries that include the Porcupine, Tanana, and Koyukuk Rivers. The Yukon River is the third longest river and fourth largest drainage basin in North America with a drainage area of 832,700 square kilometers. Alaska contains over three million lakes and the largest is Lake Iliamna which covers an area of 1,000 square miles.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58634233",
"title": "Geology of Alaska",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 442,
"text": "The geology of Alaska includes Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks formed in offshore terranes and added to the western margin of North America from the Paleozoic through modern times. The region was submerged for much of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic and formed extensive oil and gas reserves due to tectonic activity in the Arctic Ocean. Alaska was largely ice free during the Pleistocene, allowing humans to migrate into the Americas. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4i88c2
|
why do we do things, which we know are dangerous or bad for us long term?
|
[
{
"answer": "Easy access to sugar and the use of fossil fuels have both been around for an extremely short time, evolutionary speaking. There hasn't been enough time for natural selection to gradually result in adaptations that discourage these behaviors.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Some reasons:\n\n\n*It's easier.\n\n*The short term benefits outweigh the long term risks. (For example, drinking coffee to keep you awake and alert for work.)\n\n*It's common behavior for your culture/environment. \n\n*Lack of better options. (For example, cars in the US are reliant on fossil fuels. If you want to get around anywhere and you don't live in a major metropolitan area, a car is the best option for travel.)\n\n*Life is full of risks. There is no way you can avoid everything that can potentially kill you or hurt you, so you just cancel out the riskiest things, like drugs, but still go with milder risks, like an occasional glass of wine.\n\n*The addictive nature of some of the substances, like sugar or caffeine. \n\n*People reason that bad things can happen to them even if they do everything for their body and the environment. They decide they would rather enjoy themselves now than spend their entire lives avoiding anything that poses the slightest risk to them.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "24462958",
"title": "Risk",
"section": "Section::::Risk assessment and analysis.:Fear as intuitive risk assessment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 98,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 98,
"end_character": 335,
"text": "People may rely on their fear and hesitation to keep them out of the most profoundly unknown circumstances. Fear is a response to perceived danger. Risk could be said to be the way we collectively measure and share this \"true fear\"—a fusion of rational doubt, irrational fear, and a set of unquantified biases from our own experience.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10828",
"title": "Fear",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "Although many fears are learned, the capacity to fear is part of human nature. Many studies have found that certain fears (e.g. animals, heights) are much more common than others (e.g. flowers, clouds). These fears are also easier to induce in the laboratory. This phenomenon is known as preparedness. Because early humans that were quick to fear dangerous situations were more likely to survive and reproduce, preparedness is theorized to be a genetic effect that is the result of natural selection.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15036",
"title": "Information security",
"section": "Section::::Risk management.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 314,
"text": "Risk is the likelihood that something bad will happen that causes harm to an informational asset (or the loss of the asset). A vulnerability is a weakness that could be used to endanger or cause harm to an informational asset. A threat is anything (man-made or act of nature) that has the potential to cause harm.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "591767",
"title": "Nicomachean Ethics",
"section": "Section::::Books II–V: Concerning excellence of character or moral virtue.:Book IV. The second set of examples of moral virtues.:Magnanimity or \"greatness of soul\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 111,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 111,
"end_character": 292,
"text": "BULLET::::- They do not take small risks, and are not devoted to risk taking, but they will take big risks, without regard for their life, because a worse life is worth less than a great life. Indeed, they do few things, and are slow to start on things, unless there is great honor involved.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5938818",
"title": "Wolf Wolfensberger",
"section": "Section::::Social Role Valorization.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 558,
"text": "The reality that not all people are positively valued in their society makes SRV so important (Kendrick, 1994). It not only can help to prevent bad things from happening to socially vulnerable people, but can also increase the likelihood that they will experience the good things in life, things which are usually not accorded to people who are devalued in society. For them, many or most good things are beyond reach, denied, withheld, or at least harder to attain. Instead, what might be called \"the bad things in life\" are imposed upon them, such as: \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24462958",
"title": "Risk",
"section": "Section::::Anxiety, risk and decision making.:Dread risk.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 108,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 108,
"end_character": 771,
"text": "It is common for people to dread some risks but not others: They tend to be very afraid of epidemic diseases, nuclear power plant failures, and plane accidents but are relatively unconcerned about some highly frequent and deadly events, such as traffic crashes, household accidents, and medical errors. One key distinction of dreadful risks seems to be their potential for catastrophic consequences, threatening to kill a large number of people within a short period of time. For example, immediately after the 11 September attacks, many Americans were afraid to fly and took their car instead, a decision that led to a significant increase in the number of fatal crashes in the time period following the 9/11 event compared with the same time period before the attacks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10828",
"title": "Fear",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Fear of death.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 456,
"text": "The amount of fear should be appropriate to the size of \"the bad\". If the three conditions are not met, fear is an inappropriate emotion. He argues, that death does not meet the first two criteria, even if death is a \"deprivation of good things\" and even if one believes in a painful afterlife. Because death is certain, it also does not meet the third criterion, but he grants that the unpredictability of when one dies \"may\" be cause to a sense of fear.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
s7d2r
|
Why does North Korea have a poor record launching ICBMs
|
[
{
"answer": "Developing ICBMs is very complex. They are not simple things to design and manufacture.\n\nThe US had plenty blow up in the process of coming up with ones that worked. Thing is the US could afford to test many rockets till they got it right. North Korea is very poor and very isolated so they cannot build lots and lots till they come up with a workable one.\n\nAs such it seems they cannot get it right but frankly, given their isolation and lack of resources, it is amazing they get as far as they do.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "39096705",
"title": "KN-08",
"section": "Section::::KN-08 Mod 2.:Reactions from Chinese military expert.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 545,
"text": "The Chinese expert in the video has estimated that North Korea can have a true ICBM within range of the US mainland between 2021 and 2026 if they can successfully master their Hwasong-10 missile. He stated that the technology and the theory behind an Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile is exactly the same as an ICBM except that ICBM involves more stage separation in order for the missile to have a longer range. North Korea has successfully demonstrated their stage separation technology by the latest 2 satellite launches in 2012 and 2016.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14939",
"title": "Intercontinental ballistic missile",
"section": "Section::::History.:Post-Cold War.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "By 2012 there was speculation by some intelligence agencies that North Korea is developing an ICBM. North Korea successfully put a satellite into space on 12 December 2012 using the Unha-3 rocket. The United States claimed that the launch was in fact a way to test an ICBM. (See Timeline of first orbital launches by country.) In early July 2017, North Korea claimed for the first time to have tested successfully an ICBM capable of carrying a large thermonuclear warhead.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43742768",
"title": "North Korea's illicit activities",
"section": "Section::::Arms trade.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 424,
"text": "North Korea has a known track record in proliferating nuclear and missile technology and in 2001, missile sales came to $560 million. Following its 2006 nuclear test, international sanctions have sought to limit or prevent North Korea from exporting various types of arms, materials, and technology. Prior to UN sanctions however, countries such as Japan and the United States took unilateral steps to curb such activities.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39096705",
"title": "KN-08",
"section": "Section::::KN-08 Mod 2.:Reactions from Chinese military expert.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 710,
"text": "However, he noted two weakness of North Korea's missile development program. One is that the North Korea's missiles are based on the older missile designs. Therefore, their flaws continued in their new missile development since North Korea has conducted only minimal flight tests compared to other countries with active missile development programs. The other aspect is that all of North Korea's ballistic missiles except the KN-02, at the time of the interview, were liquid fueled, and therefore the preparation, fueling, and launch takes hours. This amount of time would give enemies such as the United States or South Korea time to conduct airstrikes and destroy the missiles before they could be launched.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61177651",
"title": "2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit",
"section": "Section::::Aftermath.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 228,
"text": "On July 11, United Nations Command released its official strategic assessment about North Korean's ICBM capabilities, finding that the North's Hwasong-14 and 15 are capable of striking most or all of the mainland United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49310758",
"title": "Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4",
"section": "Section::::Reactions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 588,
"text": "South Korea, Japan, the United States and other countries have accused North Korea of testing a ballistic missile (Unha is the satellite launch version of Taepodong-2) capable of hitting the United States. However, some experts at the time believed North Korea was still a decade away from having the capability to successfully deliver a nuclear weapon by means of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), and the launch showed slow, but continuous, progress. The director of the U.S. Missile Defense Agency stated the launch was not a test of an intercontinental ballistic missile.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21263",
"title": "Korean People's Army",
"section": "Section::::Military equipment.:Chemical weapons.:Nuclear capabilities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 760,
"text": "North Korea has tested a series of different missiles, including short-, medium-, intermediate-, and intercontinental- range, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Estimates of the country's nuclear stockpile vary: some experts believe Pyongyang has between fifteen and twenty nuclear weapons, while U.S. intelligence believes the number to be between thirty and sixty bombs. The regime conducted two tests of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of carrying a large nuclear warhead in July 2017. The Pentagon confirmed North Korea's ICBM tests, and analysts estimate that the new missile has a potential range of 10,400 kilometers (6,500 miles) and, if fired on a flatter trajectory, could be capable of reaching mainland U.S. territory.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3ujyey
|
why is the "black lives matter" toted towards police when statistically they seem to matter least to other black lives?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because the police aren't actually supposed to be killing people, perhaps? Besides, statistically, white people kill mainly white people, and the same for the other ethnic groups. \n\nThey're angry that a group who are supposed to *avoid* killing are not only killing anyway, but keep getting videotaped killing in situations where it's clear no attempt to de-escelate was made.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "857279",
"title": "The Queers",
"section": "Section::::Controversy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 433,
"text": "\"Black Lives Matter doesn't care about black people, they just want to cause trouble and hate white people. If they truly cared they'd be in the ghettos of America trying to help there instead of screaming about white America. That's where the murders of black people are happening, but according to BLM it's all white cops who are doing it! It's insane thinking and not getting to the root of the problem at all. All lives matter.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44751865",
"title": "Black Lives Matter",
"section": "Section::::Influence.:Polls.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 154,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 154,
"end_character": 1322,
"text": "The U.S. population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race. According to a September 2015 poll on race relations, nearly two-thirds of African Americans mostly agree with Black Lives Matter, while 42% of white Americans are unsure or do not have an opinion about Black Lives Matter. Of white people surveyed, 41% thought that Black Lives Matter advocated violence, and 59% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. By comparison, 82% of black people polled thought that Black Lives Matter was a nonviolent movement, and 26% of blacks thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. On the question of whether \"Black Lives Matter\" was mostly a movement or mostly a slogan, 46% of whites and 67% of blacks thought that it is mostly a movement. A similar poll in June 2016 found that 65% of black American adults supported Black Lives Matter and 40% of white American adults support it. Fifty-nine percent of black Americans thought that Black Lives Matter would \"be effective, in the long run, in helping blacks achieve equality\" and 34% of white Americans thought so. A 2017 Harvard-Harris survey found that 35% of whites and 83% of blacks have a favorable view of the movement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44751865",
"title": "Black Lives Matter",
"section": "Section::::Counter-slogans and movements.:Law enforcement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 128,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 128,
"end_character": 542,
"text": "Heather Mac Donald says \"the Black Lives Matter movement is based on a lie. The idea that the United States is experiencing an epidemic of racially driven police shootings is false—and dangerously so.\" Citing the \"Washington Post\"s database of fatal police shootings, she writes that the police shot 990 people in 2015, most of whom were armed \"or violently resisting arrest. ... Whites made up 49.9 percent of those victims, blacks 26 percent. That proportion of black victims is lower than what the black violent crime rate would predict.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44751865",
"title": "Black Lives Matter",
"section": "Section::::Timeline of notable US events and demonstrations.:2016.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 341,
"text": "In 2016, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Bruce Kelley Jr., Alton Sterling, Philando Castile, Joseph Mann, Abdirahman Abdi, Paul O'Neal, Korryn Gaines, Sylville Smith, Terence Crutcher, Keith Lamont Scott, Alfred Olango, and Deborah Danner, among others.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44751865",
"title": "Black Lives Matter",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 565,
"text": "There have been many reactions to the Black Lives Matter movement. The U.S. population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race. The phrase \"All Lives Matter\" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of \"Black Lives Matter\". Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police. Some black civil rights leaders have disagreed with tactics used by Black Lives Matter activists.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2035730",
"title": "Progressivism in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Progressivism in the 21st century.:Black Lives Matter.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 75,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 75,
"end_character": 342,
"text": "Black Lives Matter is an international activist group that fights against police brutality and systemic racism. Black Lives Matter has organized protests against the deaths of African-Americans by police actions and crimes. These include protests against the deaths of Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, Eric Garner, Freddie Gray, and Korryn Gaines.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5266241",
"title": "Modern liberalism in the United States",
"section": "Section::::History.:Return of protest politics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 115,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 115,
"end_character": 542,
"text": "The shooting of Michael Brown and death of Eric Garner led to widespread protests (particularly in Ferguson, where Brown was shot) against perceived police militarization more generally and alleged police brutality against African-Americans more specifically. Deroy Murdock questioned statistics stated by some Black Lives Matter activists over the rate at which black people are killed by police. Murdock wrote that \"the notion that America's cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
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