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PMC1190192_F1_2881.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Three-dimensional vacuole reconstruction of a vacuolated BobTIP26-1::gfp expressing cell 7 days after subculture. (a) Projection view of 40 confocal serial pictures corresponding to the half depth of the cell (i.e. 40 μm). Bar = 25 μm. (b) 3-D view after isosurface extraction showing the protoplasmic side of the vacuole. (c) Interior view of the vacuole after isosurface extraction. Green and red correspond to the tonoplast and the chloroplasts, respectively. Arrow: nuclear pouch; arrowheads: transvacuolar strands. The missing domains of the tonoplast surface in (b) and (c) result from an under-sampling of confocal images. The rendering of a completely smooth 3-D view would have required use of additional intermediate sections. |
PMC1190192_F1_2883.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Three-dimensional vacuole reconstruction of a vacuolated BobTIP26-1::gfp expressing cell 7 days after subculture. (a) Projection view of 40 confocal serial pictures corresponding to the half depth of the cell (i.e. 40 μm). Bar = 25 μm. (b) 3-D view after isosurface extraction showing the protoplasmic side of the vacuole. (c) Interior view of the vacuole after isosurface extraction. Green and red correspond to the tonoplast and the chloroplasts, respectively. Arrow: nuclear pouch; arrowheads: transvacuolar strands. The missing domains of the tonoplast surface in (b) and (c) result from an under-sampling of confocal images. The rendering of a completely smooth 3-D view would have required use of additional intermediate sections. |
PMC1190192_F4_2879.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Cell perfusion with MS supplemented with 0.6 M mannitol. (a) A confocal fluorescent image merged with a Nomarski interference contrast image of convex plasmolysed cells. Arrowhead: transvacuolar strand. Bar = 10 μm. (b) A confocal fluorescent image merged with a Nomarski interference contrast image of a concave plasmolysed cell. n, nucleus. Bar = 10 μm. (c) A Nomarski interference contrast image of a plasmolysed cell. Hechtian strands (arrow) attach the protoplast tightly to the cell wall. n, nucleus. Bar = 5 μm. |
PMC1192791_F1_2900.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Co-visualization of multiple fluorescent proteins in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mixed colony of embryonic stem (ES) cells comprised of wild type (untagged) cells, CAG::ECFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of ECFP, CAG::EGFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of EGFP and CAG::mRFP1 transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of mRFP1. Bright field image (A), CFP channel (B), GFP channel (C), RFP channel (D), merge of all three fluorescent channels overlayed on the bright field image (E), merge of all three fluorescent channels (F), color-coded depth projection of the three fluorescent channel merge with the color-coded scale shown on the right of the image (G). A second mixed transgenic ES cell colony with bright field image (H), merge of three fluorescent channel merge overlayed on the bright field image (I) and dark field three fluorescent channel merge (J). In all panels except G ECFP fluorescence is shown in blue, EGFP fluorescence is in green and mRFP1 fluorescence is in red. bf, bright field; df, dark field. |
PMC1192791_F1_2895.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Co-visualization of multiple fluorescent proteins in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mixed colony of embryonic stem (ES) cells comprised of wild type (untagged) cells, CAG::ECFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of ECFP, CAG::EGFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of EGFP and CAG::mRFP1 transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of mRFP1. Bright field image (A), CFP channel (B), GFP channel (C), RFP channel (D), merge of all three fluorescent channels overlayed on the bright field image (E), merge of all three fluorescent channels (F), color-coded depth projection of the three fluorescent channel merge with the color-coded scale shown on the right of the image (G). A second mixed transgenic ES cell colony with bright field image (H), merge of three fluorescent channel merge overlayed on the bright field image (I) and dark field three fluorescent channel merge (J). In all panels except G ECFP fluorescence is shown in blue, EGFP fluorescence is in green and mRFP1 fluorescence is in red. bf, bright field; df, dark field. |
PMC1192791_F1_2894.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Co-visualization of multiple fluorescent proteins in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mixed colony of embryonic stem (ES) cells comprised of wild type (untagged) cells, CAG::ECFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of ECFP, CAG::EGFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of EGFP and CAG::mRFP1 transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of mRFP1. Bright field image (A), CFP channel (B), GFP channel (C), RFP channel (D), merge of all three fluorescent channels overlayed on the bright field image (E), merge of all three fluorescent channels (F), color-coded depth projection of the three fluorescent channel merge with the color-coded scale shown on the right of the image (G). A second mixed transgenic ES cell colony with bright field image (H), merge of three fluorescent channel merge overlayed on the bright field image (I) and dark field three fluorescent channel merge (J). In all panels except G ECFP fluorescence is shown in blue, EGFP fluorescence is in green and mRFP1 fluorescence is in red. bf, bright field; df, dark field. |
PMC1192791_F1_2892.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Co-visualization of multiple fluorescent proteins in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mixed colony of embryonic stem (ES) cells comprised of wild type (untagged) cells, CAG::ECFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of ECFP, CAG::EGFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of EGFP and CAG::mRFP1 transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of mRFP1. Bright field image (A), CFP channel (B), GFP channel (C), RFP channel (D), merge of all three fluorescent channels overlayed on the bright field image (E), merge of all three fluorescent channels (F), color-coded depth projection of the three fluorescent channel merge with the color-coded scale shown on the right of the image (G). A second mixed transgenic ES cell colony with bright field image (H), merge of three fluorescent channel merge overlayed on the bright field image (I) and dark field three fluorescent channel merge (J). In all panels except G ECFP fluorescence is shown in blue, EGFP fluorescence is in green and mRFP1 fluorescence is in red. bf, bright field; df, dark field. |
PMC1192791_F1_2891.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Co-visualization of multiple fluorescent proteins in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mixed colony of embryonic stem (ES) cells comprised of wild type (untagged) cells, CAG::ECFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of ECFP, CAG::EGFP transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of EGFP and CAG::mRFP1 transgenic cells exhibiting widespread expression of mRFP1. Bright field image (A), CFP channel (B), GFP channel (C), RFP channel (D), merge of all three fluorescent channels overlayed on the bright field image (E), merge of all three fluorescent channels (F), color-coded depth projection of the three fluorescent channel merge with the color-coded scale shown on the right of the image (G). A second mixed transgenic ES cell colony with bright field image (H), merge of three fluorescent channel merge overlayed on the bright field image (I) and dark field three fluorescent channel merge (J). In all panels except G ECFP fluorescence is shown in blue, EGFP fluorescence is in green and mRFP1 fluorescence is in red. bf, bright field; df, dark field. |
PMC1192791_F2_2924.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2919.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2927.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2921.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2932.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2934.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2920.jpg | What is shown in this image? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2925.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2930.jpg | What is shown in this image? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2926.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2922.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2918.jpg | What is shown in this image? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F2_2933.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 preimplantation stage embryos. Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ zygote including the second polar body (A–E). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (A), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (B), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in C). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render volumes shown D and E. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of the whole zygote and second polar body (PB) shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (D). Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected zygote shown in the previous panels and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (E). Note that the zygote is not spherical, it has a clear short and long axis (lines with arrows), and the fertilization cone resulting from the site of sperm entry is also clearly evident as a protrusion (asterix). Non-transgenic, CAG::EGFP Tg/+, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos recovered at E3.0 and representing compacted morulae through to blastocyst stages (F–I). Bright filed (F), red fluorescence channel (G), green fluorescence channel (H) and green and red fluorescence channel overlay (I). Single CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ blastocyst (J–M). A single x-y section taken from a z-stack, bright field image (J), overlay single confocal section of red fluorescence and bright field (K), red fluorescence channel only (left panel in L). Representative x-y sections taken from the same z-stack that was used to render the volume shown in M. Rendered z-stack (3D reconstruction) of a computationally bisected blastocyst and rotated through 180 degrees counter-clockwise (M). Note that individual cells of the trophectoderm can be distinguished. The RGB colored vector on the bottom left of the 3D reconstruction rotations depicts the x-axis in green, y-axis in red and z-axis in blue. |
PMC1192791_F3_2907.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 postimplantation embryos. Bright field and dark field epifluorescent images of CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos and non-transgenic littermates at E6.5 (A), E7.75 (B), E8.75 (C). CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos, CAG::EGFP Tg/+ embryos and non-transgenic littermates at E11.5 (D). E15.5 CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ fetuses and non-transgenic littermates at (E) demonstrating widespread homogenous red fluorescence throughout later development in whole embryos, dissected embryonic tissues (G and H) and extraembryonic tissues including the placenta (F). (H), cardiothoracic organs from three embryos of different ages, E13.5 (left), E14.5 (center) and E15.5 (right), only two of which are hemizygous for the transgene). Ad, adrenal gland; bl, bladder; h, heart; ki, kidney; lu, lung; te, testis; th, thymus. |
PMC1192791_F3_2904.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 postimplantation embryos. Bright field and dark field epifluorescent images of CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos and non-transgenic littermates at E6.5 (A), E7.75 (B), E8.75 (C). CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos, CAG::EGFP Tg/+ embryos and non-transgenic littermates at E11.5 (D). E15.5 CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ fetuses and non-transgenic littermates at (E) demonstrating widespread homogenous red fluorescence throughout later development in whole embryos, dissected embryonic tissues (G and H) and extraembryonic tissues including the placenta (F). (H), cardiothoracic organs from three embryos of different ages, E13.5 (left), E14.5 (center) and E15.5 (right), only two of which are hemizygous for the transgene). Ad, adrenal gland; bl, bladder; h, heart; ki, kidney; lu, lung; te, testis; th, thymus. |
PMC1192791_F3_2905.jpg | What is shown in this image? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 postimplantation embryos. Bright field and dark field epifluorescent images of CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos and non-transgenic littermates at E6.5 (A), E7.75 (B), E8.75 (C). CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos, CAG::EGFP Tg/+ embryos and non-transgenic littermates at E11.5 (D). E15.5 CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ fetuses and non-transgenic littermates at (E) demonstrating widespread homogenous red fluorescence throughout later development in whole embryos, dissected embryonic tissues (G and H) and extraembryonic tissues including the placenta (F). (H), cardiothoracic organs from three embryos of different ages, E13.5 (left), E14.5 (center) and E15.5 (right), only two of which are hemizygous for the transgene). Ad, adrenal gland; bl, bladder; h, heart; ki, kidney; lu, lung; te, testis; th, thymus. |
PMC1192791_F3_2908.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | RFP expression in CAG::mRFP1 postimplantation embryos. Bright field and dark field epifluorescent images of CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos and non-transgenic littermates at E6.5 (A), E7.75 (B), E8.75 (C). CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ embryos, CAG::EGFP Tg/+ embryos and non-transgenic littermates at E11.5 (D). E15.5 CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ fetuses and non-transgenic littermates at (E) demonstrating widespread homogenous red fluorescence throughout later development in whole embryos, dissected embryonic tissues (G and H) and extraembryonic tissues including the placenta (F). (H), cardiothoracic organs from three embryos of different ages, E13.5 (left), E14.5 (center) and E15.5 (right), only two of which are hemizygous for the transgene). Ad, adrenal gland; bl, bladder; h, heart; ki, kidney; lu, lung; te, testis; th, thymus. |
PMC1192791_F4_2886.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Transgenic CAG::mRFP1 mice can be distinguished from CAG::EGFP animals. Macroscopic images of non-transgenic, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ and CAG::EGFP Tg/+ newborn (P5) mouse pups demonstrating that red fluorescence can clearly be distinguished from green fluorescence using conventional epifluorescent illumination and macroscopic observation. Dorsal view (A), and ventral view (B), high magnification of tails of 3 month old animals (C). Inspection of fluorescence in the tails is the method used for routine genotyping of these strains. |
PMC1192791_F4_2888.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Transgenic CAG::mRFP1 mice can be distinguished from CAG::EGFP animals. Macroscopic images of non-transgenic, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ and CAG::EGFP Tg/+ newborn (P5) mouse pups demonstrating that red fluorescence can clearly be distinguished from green fluorescence using conventional epifluorescent illumination and macroscopic observation. Dorsal view (A), and ventral view (B), high magnification of tails of 3 month old animals (C). Inspection of fluorescence in the tails is the method used for routine genotyping of these strains. |
PMC1192791_F4_2887.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Transgenic CAG::mRFP1 mice can be distinguished from CAG::EGFP animals. Macroscopic images of non-transgenic, CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ and CAG::EGFP Tg/+ newborn (P5) mouse pups demonstrating that red fluorescence can clearly be distinguished from green fluorescence using conventional epifluorescent illumination and macroscopic observation. Dorsal view (A), and ventral view (B), high magnification of tails of 3 month old animals (C). Inspection of fluorescence in the tails is the method used for routine genotyping of these strains. |
PMC1192791_F5_2915.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Widespread RFP expression in adult organs. Panels of bright field and corresponding dark field epifluorescent images of organs taken from a 4 week old CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ mouse and a non-transgenic littermate. Peritoneum (A), heart (B), lung (C), eye (D), brain (E), liver (F), pancreas (G), spleen (H) and kidney (I). In addition to the fluorescence observed under epifluorescent illumination, RFP expressing tissues exhibit a pink color under bright field illumination. This is particularly evident in panels A, B, C, E and G. This allows for genotyping of newborn pups (by virtue of their pink color) in the absence of fluorescence illumination. |
PMC1192791_F5_2916.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Widespread RFP expression in adult organs. Panels of bright field and corresponding dark field epifluorescent images of organs taken from a 4 week old CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ mouse and a non-transgenic littermate. Peritoneum (A), heart (B), lung (C), eye (D), brain (E), liver (F), pancreas (G), spleen (H) and kidney (I). In addition to the fluorescence observed under epifluorescent illumination, RFP expressing tissues exhibit a pink color under bright field illumination. This is particularly evident in panels A, B, C, E and G. This allows for genotyping of newborn pups (by virtue of their pink color) in the absence of fluorescence illumination. |
PMC1192791_F5_2917.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Widespread RFP expression in adult organs. Panels of bright field and corresponding dark field epifluorescent images of organs taken from a 4 week old CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ mouse and a non-transgenic littermate. Peritoneum (A), heart (B), lung (C), eye (D), brain (E), liver (F), pancreas (G), spleen (H) and kidney (I). In addition to the fluorescence observed under epifluorescent illumination, RFP expressing tissues exhibit a pink color under bright field illumination. This is particularly evident in panels A, B, C, E and G. This allows for genotyping of newborn pups (by virtue of their pink color) in the absence of fluorescence illumination. |
PMC1192791_F5_2913.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Widespread RFP expression in adult organs. Panels of bright field and corresponding dark field epifluorescent images of organs taken from a 4 week old CAG::mRFP1 Tg/+ mouse and a non-transgenic littermate. Peritoneum (A), heart (B), lung (C), eye (D), brain (E), liver (F), pancreas (G), spleen (H) and kidney (I). In addition to the fluorescence observed under epifluorescent illumination, RFP expressing tissues exhibit a pink color under bright field illumination. This is particularly evident in panels A, B, C, E and G. This allows for genotyping of newborn pups (by virtue of their pink color) in the absence of fluorescence illumination. |
PMC1192792_F1_2885.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Liver biopsy contains numerous neoplastic elongate cells consistent with malignant melanoma infiltration. |
PMC1192816_F1_2936.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | CXR in inspiration showing left sided small pneumothorax. |
PMC1192816_F3_2938.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Digital mammogram (Mediolateral view) showing absence of the pectoralis major muscle and architectural distortion on the left side and normal right breast. |
PMC1192816_F3_2937.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Digital mammogram (Mediolateral view) showing absence of the pectoralis major muscle and architectural distortion on the left side and normal right breast. |
PMC1192821_F1_2941.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Transthoracic echocardiography: in apical four chamber view. (VD: right ventricle, VG: left ventricle, OD: right atrium, OG: left atrium) image of one thrombus in the right atrium, and two thrombi in the right ventricle (a), transoesophageal echocardiography showing a large thrombus (b), after treatment, complete resolution of the thrombus (c). |
PMC1192821_F1_2943.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Transthoracic echocardiography: in apical four chamber view. (VD: right ventricle, VG: left ventricle, OD: right atrium, OG: left atrium) image of one thrombus in the right atrium, and two thrombi in the right ventricle (a), transoesophageal echocardiography showing a large thrombus (b), after treatment, complete resolution of the thrombus (c). |
PMC1192821_F1_2942.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Transthoracic echocardiography: in apical four chamber view. (VD: right ventricle, VG: left ventricle, OD: right atrium, OG: left atrium) image of one thrombus in the right atrium, and two thrombi in the right ventricle (a), transoesophageal echocardiography showing a large thrombus (b), after treatment, complete resolution of the thrombus (c). |
PMC1192821_F2_2940.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Chest helical computed tomography demonstrating a single (14 mm) right main pulmonary artery aneurysm and image of thrombi in the right heart (a), diffuse venous collateral vessels and superior vena cava thrombosis (b). |
PMC1192821_F2_2939.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Chest helical computed tomography demonstrating a single (14 mm) right main pulmonary artery aneurysm and image of thrombi in the right heart (a), diffuse venous collateral vessels and superior vena cava thrombosis (b). |
PMC1192821_F3_2946.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Transthoracic echocardiography: image of the thrombus in the right atrium (a), after treatment complete resolution of the thrombus (b). |
PMC1192821_F3_2945.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Transthoracic echocardiography: image of the thrombus in the right atrium (a), after treatment complete resolution of the thrombus (b). |
PMC1192822_F2_2947.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy identifies uptake of the radiolabelled tracer in a single axillary lymph node. |
PMC1192822_F2_2948.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy identifies uptake of the radiolabelled tracer in a single axillary lymph node. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2952.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2954.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2960.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2956.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2961.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2950.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2959.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2957.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1193519_pbio-0030305-g003_2958.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | hug Neurons Receive Gustatory Input(A) Schematic drawing of the head region of a Drosophila larva with external as well as internal chemosensory neurons in antennomaxillary complex and internal mouth region innervating the larval CNS (depicted in green). hug neurons in the SOG (shown in red) project to the ring gland (RG), pharyngeal muscle (PM) region, and the protocerebrum (PC). Relative positions of external chemosensory sensillae (dorsal organ [do] and terminal organ [to]), internal chemosensory sensillae (ventral pharyngeal sense organ [vps], dorsal pharyngeal sense organ [dps], dorsal pharyngeal organ [dpo], and posterior pharyngeal sense organ [pps]), and major projections to the CNS are shown.(B) GR21D1-positive sensory neurons (shown by X-Gal staining) in the dorsal organ project axons to the CNS (see arrow).(C and D) Optical section through median CNS (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) shows hug arborizations in the SOG and mushroom body region (shown in green) relative to general neuropil (red) and cortical (DNA marker Draq5, blue) landmarks. Note the labeling of corpora allata cells in the ring gland (arrow; see Materials and Methods and Figure S2). Boxed area is shown at higher magnification in (D), revealing spherically organized neuropil regions lateral to foramen (partially outlined).(E) Expression of nSyb-GFP under MJ94 enhancer trap construct labels axon terminals of internal gustatory sensory neurons (shown in green), innervating SOG and VNC.(F) Close-up of SOG region shows co-localization of spherically organized axon terminals of MJ94 positive gustatory neurons (green) and hug neuronal arborizations (red).(G) Axon terminals of GR66C1-positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) can be detected in the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red). dilp3 staining (blue) serves as morphological landmark.(H) Optical section (composed of ten confocal 1-μm sections) containing the GR66C1 axon terminals (shown in green) also include the spherical hug arborizations. hug cell bodies are out of focus in (H); a close-up of the SOG is depicted.(I and J) Axon terminals of GR21D1 positive chemosensory neurons (shown in green) also project to the vicinity of hug cell bodies (shown in red in [I]), but the optical section comprising these terminals does not contain the hug arborizations (note the absence of spherical hug dendrites in [J] as compared to [H]).(K–M) Comparison of axon tracts used by olfactory projection neurons, which can be labeled by enhancer trap line GH146 (shown by GFP real color in [K] and in green in [L], marked by asterisks), with those used by hug neurons (shown by YFP real color in [K] and in red in [L], marked by arrows), indicate that hug neurons are distinct from olfactory projection neurons (OPN). These differences are summarized in (M). LAN, larval antennal nerve; LMN, larval maxillary nerve; LPN, larval pharyngeal nerve. |
PMC1198224_F3_2966.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Confocal assay for the expression of Fas on the membrane of co-cultured Bel 7402 cells. Bel 7402 cells and Jurkat T cells were co-cultured with AFP (20 mg/L), anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L), and AFP (20 mg/L) plus anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L) respectively for 48 h. After removing Jurkat cells, Bel 7402 cells were incubated with rabbit anti-Fas antibody and secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies conjugated with FITC. The cells were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Image A: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cell; B: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; C: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; D: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with anti-AFP antibody. Right images from A to D were taken under common microscope to observe the state of cells. E: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells; F: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP and anti-AFP antibody. All images were representative of an experiment that was repeated three times. |
PMC1198224_F3_2967.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Confocal assay for the expression of Fas on the membrane of co-cultured Bel 7402 cells. Bel 7402 cells and Jurkat T cells were co-cultured with AFP (20 mg/L), anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L), and AFP (20 mg/L) plus anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L) respectively for 48 h. After removing Jurkat cells, Bel 7402 cells were incubated with rabbit anti-Fas antibody and secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies conjugated with FITC. The cells were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Image A: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cell; B: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; C: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; D: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with anti-AFP antibody. Right images from A to D were taken under common microscope to observe the state of cells. E: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells; F: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP and anti-AFP antibody. All images were representative of an experiment that was repeated three times. |
PMC1198224_F3_2965.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Confocal assay for the expression of Fas on the membrane of co-cultured Bel 7402 cells. Bel 7402 cells and Jurkat T cells were co-cultured with AFP (20 mg/L), anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L), and AFP (20 mg/L) plus anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L) respectively for 48 h. After removing Jurkat cells, Bel 7402 cells were incubated with rabbit anti-Fas antibody and secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies conjugated with FITC. The cells were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Image A: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cell; B: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; C: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; D: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with anti-AFP antibody. Right images from A to D were taken under common microscope to observe the state of cells. E: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells; F: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP and anti-AFP antibody. All images were representative of an experiment that was repeated three times. |
PMC1198224_F3_2963.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Confocal assay for the expression of Fas on the membrane of co-cultured Bel 7402 cells. Bel 7402 cells and Jurkat T cells were co-cultured with AFP (20 mg/L), anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L), and AFP (20 mg/L) plus anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L) respectively for 48 h. After removing Jurkat cells, Bel 7402 cells were incubated with rabbit anti-Fas antibody and secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies conjugated with FITC. The cells were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Image A: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cell; B: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; C: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; D: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with anti-AFP antibody. Right images from A to D were taken under common microscope to observe the state of cells. E: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells; F: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP and anti-AFP antibody. All images were representative of an experiment that was repeated three times. |
PMC1198224_F3_2964.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Confocal assay for the expression of Fas on the membrane of co-cultured Bel 7402 cells. Bel 7402 cells and Jurkat T cells were co-cultured with AFP (20 mg/L), anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L), and AFP (20 mg/L) plus anti-AFP antibody (40 mg/L) respectively for 48 h. After removing Jurkat cells, Bel 7402 cells were incubated with rabbit anti-Fas antibody and secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies conjugated with FITC. The cells were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Image A: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cell; B: separate-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; C: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP; D: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with anti-AFP antibody. Right images from A to D were taken under common microscope to observe the state of cells. E: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells; F: co-cultured Bel 7402 cells treated with AFP and anti-AFP antibody. All images were representative of an experiment that was repeated three times. |
PMC1198226_F1_2970.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Stage 16 otocysts cultured for 7 days develop hair cells and neurons, independent of the presence of mesenchymal tissue. (A) Incomplete removal of periotic mesenchyme is clearly visible in cryosections of otocysts cultured for seven days. The asterisk labels such an area of mesenchyme-derived cells with chondrocyte morphology that label poorly with phalloidin (shown in B), indicating lower levels of F-actin in mesenchymal derivatives. (B) Hair cells, visualized by green myosin VIIA immunofluorescence and neurons (red β-III tubulin immunofluorescence) develop in the presence of mesenchyme. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence) (C) Mesenchyme-free otocysts do not display mesenchyme-derived cell morphologies. (D) Hair cells (green) and neurons (red) develop in mesenchyme-free otocysts. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). (E) β-III tubulin-positive neurites (red) appear to contact myosin VIIA-positive hair cells shown in green (arrows). (F) Hair cells develop hair bundles that can be visualized with antibody to espin (green fluorescence), hair cell antigen (red fluorescence), and filamentous actin (blue fluorescence). |
PMC1198226_F1_2968.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Stage 16 otocysts cultured for 7 days develop hair cells and neurons, independent of the presence of mesenchymal tissue. (A) Incomplete removal of periotic mesenchyme is clearly visible in cryosections of otocysts cultured for seven days. The asterisk labels such an area of mesenchyme-derived cells with chondrocyte morphology that label poorly with phalloidin (shown in B), indicating lower levels of F-actin in mesenchymal derivatives. (B) Hair cells, visualized by green myosin VIIA immunofluorescence and neurons (red β-III tubulin immunofluorescence) develop in the presence of mesenchyme. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence) (C) Mesenchyme-free otocysts do not display mesenchyme-derived cell morphologies. (D) Hair cells (green) and neurons (red) develop in mesenchyme-free otocysts. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). (E) β-III tubulin-positive neurites (red) appear to contact myosin VIIA-positive hair cells shown in green (arrows). (F) Hair cells develop hair bundles that can be visualized with antibody to espin (green fluorescence), hair cell antigen (red fluorescence), and filamentous actin (blue fluorescence). |
PMC1198226_F1_2971.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Stage 16 otocysts cultured for 7 days develop hair cells and neurons, independent of the presence of mesenchymal tissue. (A) Incomplete removal of periotic mesenchyme is clearly visible in cryosections of otocysts cultured for seven days. The asterisk labels such an area of mesenchyme-derived cells with chondrocyte morphology that label poorly with phalloidin (shown in B), indicating lower levels of F-actin in mesenchymal derivatives. (B) Hair cells, visualized by green myosin VIIA immunofluorescence and neurons (red β-III tubulin immunofluorescence) develop in the presence of mesenchyme. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence) (C) Mesenchyme-free otocysts do not display mesenchyme-derived cell morphologies. (D) Hair cells (green) and neurons (red) develop in mesenchyme-free otocysts. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). (E) β-III tubulin-positive neurites (red) appear to contact myosin VIIA-positive hair cells shown in green (arrows). (F) Hair cells develop hair bundles that can be visualized with antibody to espin (green fluorescence), hair cell antigen (red fluorescence), and filamentous actin (blue fluorescence). |
PMC1198226_F1_2972.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Stage 16 otocysts cultured for 7 days develop hair cells and neurons, independent of the presence of mesenchymal tissue. (A) Incomplete removal of periotic mesenchyme is clearly visible in cryosections of otocysts cultured for seven days. The asterisk labels such an area of mesenchyme-derived cells with chondrocyte morphology that label poorly with phalloidin (shown in B), indicating lower levels of F-actin in mesenchymal derivatives. (B) Hair cells, visualized by green myosin VIIA immunofluorescence and neurons (red β-III tubulin immunofluorescence) develop in the presence of mesenchyme. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence) (C) Mesenchyme-free otocysts do not display mesenchyme-derived cell morphologies. (D) Hair cells (green) and neurons (red) develop in mesenchyme-free otocysts. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). (E) β-III tubulin-positive neurites (red) appear to contact myosin VIIA-positive hair cells shown in green (arrows). (F) Hair cells develop hair bundles that can be visualized with antibody to espin (green fluorescence), hair cell antigen (red fluorescence), and filamentous actin (blue fluorescence). |
PMC1198226_F1_2969.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Stage 16 otocysts cultured for 7 days develop hair cells and neurons, independent of the presence of mesenchymal tissue. (A) Incomplete removal of periotic mesenchyme is clearly visible in cryosections of otocysts cultured for seven days. The asterisk labels such an area of mesenchyme-derived cells with chondrocyte morphology that label poorly with phalloidin (shown in B), indicating lower levels of F-actin in mesenchymal derivatives. (B) Hair cells, visualized by green myosin VIIA immunofluorescence and neurons (red β-III tubulin immunofluorescence) develop in the presence of mesenchyme. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence) (C) Mesenchyme-free otocysts do not display mesenchyme-derived cell morphologies. (D) Hair cells (green) and neurons (red) develop in mesenchyme-free otocysts. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). (E) β-III tubulin-positive neurites (red) appear to contact myosin VIIA-positive hair cells shown in green (arrows). (F) Hair cells develop hair bundles that can be visualized with antibody to espin (green fluorescence), hair cell antigen (red fluorescence), and filamentous actin (blue fluorescence). |
PMC1198226_F1_2973.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Stage 16 otocysts cultured for 7 days develop hair cells and neurons, independent of the presence of mesenchymal tissue. (A) Incomplete removal of periotic mesenchyme is clearly visible in cryosections of otocysts cultured for seven days. The asterisk labels such an area of mesenchyme-derived cells with chondrocyte morphology that label poorly with phalloidin (shown in B), indicating lower levels of F-actin in mesenchymal derivatives. (B) Hair cells, visualized by green myosin VIIA immunofluorescence and neurons (red β-III tubulin immunofluorescence) develop in the presence of mesenchyme. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence) (C) Mesenchyme-free otocysts do not display mesenchyme-derived cell morphologies. (D) Hair cells (green) and neurons (red) develop in mesenchyme-free otocysts. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). (E) β-III tubulin-positive neurites (red) appear to contact myosin VIIA-positive hair cells shown in green (arrows). (F) Hair cells develop hair bundles that can be visualized with antibody to espin (green fluorescence), hair cell antigen (red fluorescence), and filamentous actin (blue fluorescence). |
PMC1198226_F2_2982.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Increased production of hair cells with exogenous BMP4 and decrease in hair cell numbers in response to blockade of BMP signaling. (A) Hair cell antigen (red) and myosin VIIA-positive hair cells (green) in a cryosectioned otocyst after seven days culture. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). We routinely observed both hair cells organized in epithelia (see also higher magnification in (F)) and scattered hair cells (arrowhead). (B) BMP4 at 5 ng/ml, applied on the third day in culture, leads to substantial increase in the number of hair cells in epithelial cells and also in the scattered population of isolated hair cells. (C) Noggin at 0.5 μg/ml diminishes the number of hair cells. (D) The effect of noggin-treatment (0.5 μg/ml)) can be rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml exogenous BMP4. (E) Dose-dependence of the effect of exogenously added BMP4 on the number of hair cells in otocysts after seven days in culture. BMP4 at 3 ng/ml and at 5 ng/ml significantly increases the number of hair cells when compared with control conditions (asterisks indicate p < 0.05, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 4–5). Noggin at various concentrations and soluble BMPR 1a and 1b significantly reduced the number of hair cells detected in otocysts after seven days in culture when compared to the untreated control (asterisks indicate p < 0.003, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 6–7); the effect of 0.5 μg/ml noggin can be fully rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml BMP4. Error bars represent standard deviations. (F,G) Higher magnification to show the morphology of hair cells observed in (A) and in (B). |
PMC1198226_F2_2979.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Increased production of hair cells with exogenous BMP4 and decrease in hair cell numbers in response to blockade of BMP signaling. (A) Hair cell antigen (red) and myosin VIIA-positive hair cells (green) in a cryosectioned otocyst after seven days culture. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). We routinely observed both hair cells organized in epithelia (see also higher magnification in (F)) and scattered hair cells (arrowhead). (B) BMP4 at 5 ng/ml, applied on the third day in culture, leads to substantial increase in the number of hair cells in epithelial cells and also in the scattered population of isolated hair cells. (C) Noggin at 0.5 μg/ml diminishes the number of hair cells. (D) The effect of noggin-treatment (0.5 μg/ml)) can be rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml exogenous BMP4. (E) Dose-dependence of the effect of exogenously added BMP4 on the number of hair cells in otocysts after seven days in culture. BMP4 at 3 ng/ml and at 5 ng/ml significantly increases the number of hair cells when compared with control conditions (asterisks indicate p < 0.05, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 4–5). Noggin at various concentrations and soluble BMPR 1a and 1b significantly reduced the number of hair cells detected in otocysts after seven days in culture when compared to the untreated control (asterisks indicate p < 0.003, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 6–7); the effect of 0.5 μg/ml noggin can be fully rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml BMP4. Error bars represent standard deviations. (F,G) Higher magnification to show the morphology of hair cells observed in (A) and in (B). |
PMC1198226_F2_2978.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Increased production of hair cells with exogenous BMP4 and decrease in hair cell numbers in response to blockade of BMP signaling. (A) Hair cell antigen (red) and myosin VIIA-positive hair cells (green) in a cryosectioned otocyst after seven days culture. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). We routinely observed both hair cells organized in epithelia (see also higher magnification in (F)) and scattered hair cells (arrowhead). (B) BMP4 at 5 ng/ml, applied on the third day in culture, leads to substantial increase in the number of hair cells in epithelial cells and also in the scattered population of isolated hair cells. (C) Noggin at 0.5 μg/ml diminishes the number of hair cells. (D) The effect of noggin-treatment (0.5 μg/ml)) can be rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml exogenous BMP4. (E) Dose-dependence of the effect of exogenously added BMP4 on the number of hair cells in otocysts after seven days in culture. BMP4 at 3 ng/ml and at 5 ng/ml significantly increases the number of hair cells when compared with control conditions (asterisks indicate p < 0.05, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 4–5). Noggin at various concentrations and soluble BMPR 1a and 1b significantly reduced the number of hair cells detected in otocysts after seven days in culture when compared to the untreated control (asterisks indicate p < 0.003, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 6–7); the effect of 0.5 μg/ml noggin can be fully rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml BMP4. Error bars represent standard deviations. (F,G) Higher magnification to show the morphology of hair cells observed in (A) and in (B). |
PMC1198226_F2_2981.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Increased production of hair cells with exogenous BMP4 and decrease in hair cell numbers in response to blockade of BMP signaling. (A) Hair cell antigen (red) and myosin VIIA-positive hair cells (green) in a cryosectioned otocyst after seven days culture. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). We routinely observed both hair cells organized in epithelia (see also higher magnification in (F)) and scattered hair cells (arrowhead). (B) BMP4 at 5 ng/ml, applied on the third day in culture, leads to substantial increase in the number of hair cells in epithelial cells and also in the scattered population of isolated hair cells. (C) Noggin at 0.5 μg/ml diminishes the number of hair cells. (D) The effect of noggin-treatment (0.5 μg/ml)) can be rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml exogenous BMP4. (E) Dose-dependence of the effect of exogenously added BMP4 on the number of hair cells in otocysts after seven days in culture. BMP4 at 3 ng/ml and at 5 ng/ml significantly increases the number of hair cells when compared with control conditions (asterisks indicate p < 0.05, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 4–5). Noggin at various concentrations and soluble BMPR 1a and 1b significantly reduced the number of hair cells detected in otocysts after seven days in culture when compared to the untreated control (asterisks indicate p < 0.003, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 6–7); the effect of 0.5 μg/ml noggin can be fully rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml BMP4. Error bars represent standard deviations. (F,G) Higher magnification to show the morphology of hair cells observed in (A) and in (B). |
PMC1198226_F2_2983.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Increased production of hair cells with exogenous BMP4 and decrease in hair cell numbers in response to blockade of BMP signaling. (A) Hair cell antigen (red) and myosin VIIA-positive hair cells (green) in a cryosectioned otocyst after seven days culture. Filamentous actin is visualized with phalloidin-labeling (blue fluorescence). We routinely observed both hair cells organized in epithelia (see also higher magnification in (F)) and scattered hair cells (arrowhead). (B) BMP4 at 5 ng/ml, applied on the third day in culture, leads to substantial increase in the number of hair cells in epithelial cells and also in the scattered population of isolated hair cells. (C) Noggin at 0.5 μg/ml diminishes the number of hair cells. (D) The effect of noggin-treatment (0.5 μg/ml)) can be rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml exogenous BMP4. (E) Dose-dependence of the effect of exogenously added BMP4 on the number of hair cells in otocysts after seven days in culture. BMP4 at 3 ng/ml and at 5 ng/ml significantly increases the number of hair cells when compared with control conditions (asterisks indicate p < 0.05, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 4–5). Noggin at various concentrations and soluble BMPR 1a and 1b significantly reduced the number of hair cells detected in otocysts after seven days in culture when compared to the untreated control (asterisks indicate p < 0.003, unpaired Student's t-test, n = 6–7); the effect of 0.5 μg/ml noggin can be fully rescued by addition of 5 ng/ml BMP4. Error bars represent standard deviations. (F,G) Higher magnification to show the morphology of hair cells observed in (A) and in (B). |
PMC1198226_F4_2976.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Sensory epithelium fails to develop in absence of BMP signaling. (A,B) Blockade of BMP signaling with 0.5 μg/ml noggin robustly decreased the number of hair cell antigen-expressing hair cells (HCA shown in red) that were detectable after seven days in culture. It appears that Pax-2 expression (shown in green) is not affected by noggin. (C,D) In noggin-treated otocysts, islet-1-positive sensory epithelia (visualized in green) were evidently diminished, but not completely absent (arrowheads), as shown in this representative set of images. The images shown are not representative for the neural domains where we observed that the overall number of islet-1-positive neurons (arrows in C and D) did not differ between noggin-treated and control otocysts (no significant difference, n = 5). The inset in (C) shows a higher magnification of the islet-1-positive sensory epithelia (see also Li et al., 2004b). |
PMC1198226_F4_2975.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Sensory epithelium fails to develop in absence of BMP signaling. (A,B) Blockade of BMP signaling with 0.5 μg/ml noggin robustly decreased the number of hair cell antigen-expressing hair cells (HCA shown in red) that were detectable after seven days in culture. It appears that Pax-2 expression (shown in green) is not affected by noggin. (C,D) In noggin-treated otocysts, islet-1-positive sensory epithelia (visualized in green) were evidently diminished, but not completely absent (arrowheads), as shown in this representative set of images. The images shown are not representative for the neural domains where we observed that the overall number of islet-1-positive neurons (arrows in C and D) did not differ between noggin-treated and control otocysts (no significant difference, n = 5). The inset in (C) shows a higher magnification of the islet-1-positive sensory epithelia (see also Li et al., 2004b). |
PMC1198226_F4_2974.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Sensory epithelium fails to develop in absence of BMP signaling. (A,B) Blockade of BMP signaling with 0.5 μg/ml noggin robustly decreased the number of hair cell antigen-expressing hair cells (HCA shown in red) that were detectable after seven days in culture. It appears that Pax-2 expression (shown in green) is not affected by noggin. (C,D) In noggin-treated otocysts, islet-1-positive sensory epithelia (visualized in green) were evidently diminished, but not completely absent (arrowheads), as shown in this representative set of images. The images shown are not representative for the neural domains where we observed that the overall number of islet-1-positive neurons (arrows in C and D) did not differ between noggin-treated and control otocysts (no significant difference, n = 5). The inset in (C) shows a higher magnification of the islet-1-positive sensory epithelia (see also Li et al., 2004b). |
PMC1198234_F5_2991.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | A-D. Category III. Atypical hyperplasia. NAF from a 65-year-old Caucasian woman with a family history of breast cancer and an elevated Gail index of 3.0%. NAF analysis reveals moderate to severe cytologic abnormalities including distinct nuclear enlargement, increasing nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear borders, and nuclear variation. The chromatin is coarsely granular and there are prominent chromocenters. While the cells are distributed mainly in groups with occasional papillary formations, there are also increased numbers of single atypical cells (arrow-A). After the Category III findings, a ductal biopsy was performed that was found to be benign. A breast biopsy six months later showed DCIS. Pap 100X. |
PMC1198234_F5_2989.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | A-D. Category III. Atypical hyperplasia. NAF from a 65-year-old Caucasian woman with a family history of breast cancer and an elevated Gail index of 3.0%. NAF analysis reveals moderate to severe cytologic abnormalities including distinct nuclear enlargement, increasing nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear borders, and nuclear variation. The chromatin is coarsely granular and there are prominent chromocenters. While the cells are distributed mainly in groups with occasional papillary formations, there are also increased numbers of single atypical cells (arrow-A). After the Category III findings, a ductal biopsy was performed that was found to be benign. A breast biopsy six months later showed DCIS. Pap 100X. |
PMC1198234_F6_2986.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | A-D. Category III. Atypical hyperplasia. NAF from a 45-year-old Caucasian woman with a Gail index of 1.1% and no significant medical history. NAF analysis reveals moderate to severe cytologic abnormalities including distinct nuclear enlargement, increasing nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear borders, and nuclear variation. The chromatin is coarsely granular and there are prominent chromocenters. Follow-up bilateral biopsies showed LCIS in the right breast, and hyperplastic changes in the left. The changes depicted in these micrographs are not specific for either of those entities and may have originated from other areas of atypia (e.g., DCIS) that was not sampled by the biopsies. Pap 100X. |
PMC1198234_F6_2987.jpg | What is shown in this image? | A-D. Category III. Atypical hyperplasia. NAF from a 45-year-old Caucasian woman with a Gail index of 1.1% and no significant medical history. NAF analysis reveals moderate to severe cytologic abnormalities including distinct nuclear enlargement, increasing nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear borders, and nuclear variation. The chromatin is coarsely granular and there are prominent chromocenters. Follow-up bilateral biopsies showed LCIS in the right breast, and hyperplastic changes in the left. The changes depicted in these micrographs are not specific for either of those entities and may have originated from other areas of atypia (e.g., DCIS) that was not sampled by the biopsies. Pap 100X. |
PMC1199591_F3_2999.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Diversity of RBP expression in major cellular subtypes of the P0 retina. In situ hybridization for four representative RBPs that exhibit laminar-specific expression in the P0 mouse retina. Labels indicate Locuslink gene names. A, B) A2bp1, C, D) Pcbp3, E, F) Safb, G, H) Rbm15. Panels A, C, E, and G show the same magnification. Panels B, D, F, and H show the same magnification. gcl, granule cell layer; inl, inner nuclear layer, onbl; outer neuroblastic layer. |
PMC1199591_F3_2994.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Diversity of RBP expression in major cellular subtypes of the P0 retina. In situ hybridization for four representative RBPs that exhibit laminar-specific expression in the P0 mouse retina. Labels indicate Locuslink gene names. A, B) A2bp1, C, D) Pcbp3, E, F) Safb, G, H) Rbm15. Panels A, C, E, and G show the same magnification. Panels B, D, F, and H show the same magnification. gcl, granule cell layer; inl, inner nuclear layer, onbl; outer neuroblastic layer. |
PMC1199591_F3_2992.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Diversity of RBP expression in major cellular subtypes of the P0 retina. In situ hybridization for four representative RBPs that exhibit laminar-specific expression in the P0 mouse retina. Labels indicate Locuslink gene names. A, B) A2bp1, C, D) Pcbp3, E, F) Safb, G, H) Rbm15. Panels A, C, E, and G show the same magnification. Panels B, D, F, and H show the same magnification. gcl, granule cell layer; inl, inner nuclear layer, onbl; outer neuroblastic layer. |
PMC1199591_F3_2997.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Diversity of RBP expression in major cellular subtypes of the P0 retina. In situ hybridization for four representative RBPs that exhibit laminar-specific expression in the P0 mouse retina. Labels indicate Locuslink gene names. A, B) A2bp1, C, D) Pcbp3, E, F) Safb, G, H) Rbm15. Panels A, C, E, and G show the same magnification. Panels B, D, F, and H show the same magnification. gcl, granule cell layer; inl, inner nuclear layer, onbl; outer neuroblastic layer. |
PMC1199591_F3_2996.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Diversity of RBP expression in major cellular subtypes of the P0 retina. In situ hybridization for four representative RBPs that exhibit laminar-specific expression in the P0 mouse retina. Labels indicate Locuslink gene names. A, B) A2bp1, C, D) Pcbp3, E, F) Safb, G, H) Rbm15. Panels A, C, E, and G show the same magnification. Panels B, D, F, and H show the same magnification. gcl, granule cell layer; inl, inner nuclear layer, onbl; outer neuroblastic layer. |
PMC1199591_F3_2998.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Diversity of RBP expression in major cellular subtypes of the P0 retina. In situ hybridization for four representative RBPs that exhibit laminar-specific expression in the P0 mouse retina. Labels indicate Locuslink gene names. A, B) A2bp1, C, D) Pcbp3, E, F) Safb, G, H) Rbm15. Panels A, C, E, and G show the same magnification. Panels B, D, F, and H show the same magnification. gcl, granule cell layer; inl, inner nuclear layer, onbl; outer neuroblastic layer. |
PMC1199591_F3_2995.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Diversity of RBP expression in major cellular subtypes of the P0 retina. In situ hybridization for four representative RBPs that exhibit laminar-specific expression in the P0 mouse retina. Labels indicate Locuslink gene names. A, B) A2bp1, C, D) Pcbp3, E, F) Safb, G, H) Rbm15. Panels A, C, E, and G show the same magnification. Panels B, D, F, and H show the same magnification. gcl, granule cell layer; inl, inner nuclear layer, onbl; outer neuroblastic layer. |
PMC1199591_F3_2993.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Diversity of RBP expression in major cellular subtypes of the P0 retina. In situ hybridization for four representative RBPs that exhibit laminar-specific expression in the P0 mouse retina. Labels indicate Locuslink gene names. A, B) A2bp1, C, D) Pcbp3, E, F) Safb, G, H) Rbm15. Panels A, C, E, and G show the same magnification. Panels B, D, F, and H show the same magnification. gcl, granule cell layer; inl, inner nuclear layer, onbl; outer neuroblastic layer. |
PMC1199591_F5_3002.jpg | What is shown in this image? | In situ hybridization profiling uncovers the non-neural, restricted expression of novel RBPs. Data from ISH performed on (A, C) coronal E13.5 and on (B, D, E) E15 sagittal sections are presented for RRM-encoding RBPS. A, B) The Riken gene 2210008M09 is transcribed in epithelia covering the facial skeleton. C-E) BC013481 is detected in the choroid plexus, in the intestinal lining, and in the lining of the placenta. Panels C-E show the same magnification. |
PMC1199591_F5_3004.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | In situ hybridization profiling uncovers the non-neural, restricted expression of novel RBPs. Data from ISH performed on (A, C) coronal E13.5 and on (B, D, E) E15 sagittal sections are presented for RRM-encoding RBPS. A, B) The Riken gene 2210008M09 is transcribed in epithelia covering the facial skeleton. C-E) BC013481 is detected in the choroid plexus, in the intestinal lining, and in the lining of the placenta. Panels C-E show the same magnification. |
PMC1199591_F5_3000.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | In situ hybridization profiling uncovers the non-neural, restricted expression of novel RBPs. Data from ISH performed on (A, C) coronal E13.5 and on (B, D, E) E15 sagittal sections are presented for RRM-encoding RBPS. A, B) The Riken gene 2210008M09 is transcribed in epithelia covering the facial skeleton. C-E) BC013481 is detected in the choroid plexus, in the intestinal lining, and in the lining of the placenta. Panels C-E show the same magnification. |
PMC1199591_F5_3001.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | In situ hybridization profiling uncovers the non-neural, restricted expression of novel RBPs. Data from ISH performed on (A, C) coronal E13.5 and on (B, D, E) E15 sagittal sections are presented for RRM-encoding RBPS. A, B) The Riken gene 2210008M09 is transcribed in epithelia covering the facial skeleton. C-E) BC013481 is detected in the choroid plexus, in the intestinal lining, and in the lining of the placenta. Panels C-E show the same magnification. |
PMC1199600_F1_3005.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Schematic representation of the micro-dissection of dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex: This procedure was developed to isolate dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex tissue from different rostral-caudal slabs in fresh-frozen mouse brain. A: Coronal section of mouse brain showing bore holes left from blunt-ended, 22 gauge needle punch (green) in the ipsilateral and contralateral dentate gyrus. B: Coronal section of mouse brain (2 mm caudal from section in "A") showing bore holes left from blunt-ended, 18 gauge needle punch (green) in the ipsilateral and contralateral entorhinal cortex. C: Sagittal view of 2 mm slices used for the collection of dentate gyrus (A) and entorhinal cortex (B). Diagrams adapted from 'The Mouse Brain' [46]. |
PMC1199600_F1_3007.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Schematic representation of the micro-dissection of dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex: This procedure was developed to isolate dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex tissue from different rostral-caudal slabs in fresh-frozen mouse brain. A: Coronal section of mouse brain showing bore holes left from blunt-ended, 22 gauge needle punch (green) in the ipsilateral and contralateral dentate gyrus. B: Coronal section of mouse brain (2 mm caudal from section in "A") showing bore holes left from blunt-ended, 18 gauge needle punch (green) in the ipsilateral and contralateral entorhinal cortex. C: Sagittal view of 2 mm slices used for the collection of dentate gyrus (A) and entorhinal cortex (B). Diagrams adapted from 'The Mouse Brain' [46]. |
PMC1199608_F4_3009.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Time-dependency on Pep27anal2 – induced apoptosis in Jukart cells. Apoptotic cells were counted among 200–400 cells in each group. The representative electron microscopic findings show apoptosis induced by etoposide or by Pep27anal2 after 4-hr incubation. (a) Control group. Some apoptotic cells were found. (b) Etoposide treated group. Apoptotic cells were more frequent than in the control group. (c) Pep27anal2 treated group. Apoptotic cells were most frequent in this group. Lead citrate and uranyl acetate staining. Scale bar measures 9.9 μm. Arrows indicate apoptotic cells. |
PMC1199608_F4_3010.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Time-dependency on Pep27anal2 – induced apoptosis in Jukart cells. Apoptotic cells were counted among 200–400 cells in each group. The representative electron microscopic findings show apoptosis induced by etoposide or by Pep27anal2 after 4-hr incubation. (a) Control group. Some apoptotic cells were found. (b) Etoposide treated group. Apoptotic cells were more frequent than in the control group. (c) Pep27anal2 treated group. Apoptotic cells were most frequent in this group. Lead citrate and uranyl acetate staining. Scale bar measures 9.9 μm. Arrows indicate apoptotic cells. |
PMC1199624_F4_3013.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Surface expression of ICAM-1 on HBEC and CD11b on AM. Photomicrographs of primary cultured HBEC and human AM on coverslips. Immunocytochemistry was performed using mouse anti-human CD54 monoclonal antibody on HBEC and mouse anti-human CD11b monoclonal antibody on AM. In the absence of PM10 stimulation HBEC rarely expressed CD54 (A). After stimulation with 100 μg/ml of PM10 for 24 h the majority of cells stained positively (arrows, pink cells) for CD54 (B). Expression of surface CD11b on AM (C) was unaffected by 2 h stimulation with PM10 (D). The scale bars represent 20 μm. |
PMC1199624_F4_3012.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Surface expression of ICAM-1 on HBEC and CD11b on AM. Photomicrographs of primary cultured HBEC and human AM on coverslips. Immunocytochemistry was performed using mouse anti-human CD54 monoclonal antibody on HBEC and mouse anti-human CD11b monoclonal antibody on AM. In the absence of PM10 stimulation HBEC rarely expressed CD54 (A). After stimulation with 100 μg/ml of PM10 for 24 h the majority of cells stained positively (arrows, pink cells) for CD54 (B). Expression of surface CD11b on AM (C) was unaffected by 2 h stimulation with PM10 (D). The scale bars represent 20 μm. |
PMC1199624_F4_3014.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Surface expression of ICAM-1 on HBEC and CD11b on AM. Photomicrographs of primary cultured HBEC and human AM on coverslips. Immunocytochemistry was performed using mouse anti-human CD54 monoclonal antibody on HBEC and mouse anti-human CD11b monoclonal antibody on AM. In the absence of PM10 stimulation HBEC rarely expressed CD54 (A). After stimulation with 100 μg/ml of PM10 for 24 h the majority of cells stained positively (arrows, pink cells) for CD54 (B). Expression of surface CD11b on AM (C) was unaffected by 2 h stimulation with PM10 (D). The scale bars represent 20 μm. |
PMC1199630_F1_3017.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Computed tomographic scan showing lesion in maxillary antrum with destruction of maxilla (2a) and hard palate (2b). |
PMC1199630_F1_3016.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Computed tomographic scan showing lesion in maxillary antrum with destruction of maxilla (2a) and hard palate (2b). |
PMC1200429_F1_3026.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Photomicrographs of histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of representative surgical lung biopsy specimens (A-E; idiopathic UIP, F-J; CVD-associated UIP, K-O; idiopathic NSIP, scale bar = 100 μm). Histopathological examination (hematoxylin-eosin staining) revealed fibroblastic foci in both idiopathic UIP (A) and CVD-associated UIP (F), and fibroblast proliferation in idiopathic NSIP (K). Hyperplastic cuboidal epithelial cells were stained with cytokeratin, indicating that these cells were type II pneumocytes (B, G and L). Strong expression of HSP47 was noted predominantly in fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes in idiopathic UIP (C). Weak or no expression of HSP47 was noted in fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes in CVD-associated UIP (H). In idiopathic NSIP, strong expression of HSP47 was noted in fibroblasts, but not in type II pneumocytes (M). Type I procollagen was strongly expressed predominantly in fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes in idiopathic UIP (D), but neither in CVD-associated UIP (I) nor idiopathic NSIP (N). Expression of α-SMA was noted in some of fibroblasts, indicating that these cells were myofibroblasts, in all three diseases (E, J and O). Insets c, d, h, i, m and n are pictures taken at high power magnification (scale bar = 20 μm) of corresponding C, D, H, I, M and N sections to clearly show the phenotypic difference of type II pneumocytes. α-SMA = α-smooth muscle actin; CVD = collagen vascular disease; HSP47 = heat shock protein 47; NSIP = nonspecific interstitial pneumonia; UIP = usual interstitial pneumonia. |
PMC1200429_F1_3030.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Photomicrographs of histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of representative surgical lung biopsy specimens (A-E; idiopathic UIP, F-J; CVD-associated UIP, K-O; idiopathic NSIP, scale bar = 100 μm). Histopathological examination (hematoxylin-eosin staining) revealed fibroblastic foci in both idiopathic UIP (A) and CVD-associated UIP (F), and fibroblast proliferation in idiopathic NSIP (K). Hyperplastic cuboidal epithelial cells were stained with cytokeratin, indicating that these cells were type II pneumocytes (B, G and L). Strong expression of HSP47 was noted predominantly in fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes in idiopathic UIP (C). Weak or no expression of HSP47 was noted in fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes in CVD-associated UIP (H). In idiopathic NSIP, strong expression of HSP47 was noted in fibroblasts, but not in type II pneumocytes (M). Type I procollagen was strongly expressed predominantly in fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes in idiopathic UIP (D), but neither in CVD-associated UIP (I) nor idiopathic NSIP (N). Expression of α-SMA was noted in some of fibroblasts, indicating that these cells were myofibroblasts, in all three diseases (E, J and O). Insets c, d, h, i, m and n are pictures taken at high power magnification (scale bar = 20 μm) of corresponding C, D, H, I, M and N sections to clearly show the phenotypic difference of type II pneumocytes. α-SMA = α-smooth muscle actin; CVD = collagen vascular disease; HSP47 = heat shock protein 47; NSIP = nonspecific interstitial pneumonia; UIP = usual interstitial pneumonia. |
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