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PMC1896221_pmed-0040230-g002_11804.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | fMRI Responses in RPE65-Mutant Dogs before and after Gene TherapyThree coronal slices through the brain are shown, including both the lateral gyrus and extrastriate cortical areas (located within the marginal and ectomarginal sulci). Red and yellow indicate the location of significant responses to light stimulation. Top row: visual responses in a wild-type (WT) dog. Middle three rows: pre- and post-treatment data from an RPE65-mutant dog. Post-treatment data were obtained during two separate sessions separated by 1 mo and continue to show WT-like responses in both sessions. Responses within the lateral gyrus pretreatment were seen at a lowered statistical threshold. Bottom row: responses in an animal studied 18 mo after treatment. |
PMC1896221_pmed-0040230-g005_11811.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Visual Brain Anatomy in Human LCA from RPE65 Mutations(A) Interpial optic nerve diameter for patients and controls is shown. Left: Locations of optic nerve measurements were made for patient 3 (P3) upon high-resolution T2-weighted images. The average of six measurements (three from each nerve) were obtained for each participant. Right: Average optic nerve diameters for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. No population difference was observed.(B) Whole brain morphometric analysis. Left: The T1-weighted anatomical images from RPE65 patients and controls were warped to a representative template (top row). The (log) determinant of the Jacobian matrix calculated during warping for each participant (bottom row) indexes the degree to which cerebral tissue is smaller or larger than the template image. No differences between patients and controls were present in a whole brain analysis of these measures. A focused analysis was conducted within the LGN and occipital lobe white matter, indicated in yellow and red on the registered anatomy. Also shown is the y- or z-position (mm) of each slice relative to the anterior commissure. Right: The average (log) Jacobian measure within the regions of interest for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. Measures were slightly, but significantly, smaller for patients within occipital white matter, indicating relative atrophy. |
PMC1896221_pmed-0040230-g005_11809.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Visual Brain Anatomy in Human LCA from RPE65 Mutations(A) Interpial optic nerve diameter for patients and controls is shown. Left: Locations of optic nerve measurements were made for patient 3 (P3) upon high-resolution T2-weighted images. The average of six measurements (three from each nerve) were obtained for each participant. Right: Average optic nerve diameters for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. No population difference was observed.(B) Whole brain morphometric analysis. Left: The T1-weighted anatomical images from RPE65 patients and controls were warped to a representative template (top row). The (log) determinant of the Jacobian matrix calculated during warping for each participant (bottom row) indexes the degree to which cerebral tissue is smaller or larger than the template image. No differences between patients and controls were present in a whole brain analysis of these measures. A focused analysis was conducted within the LGN and occipital lobe white matter, indicated in yellow and red on the registered anatomy. Also shown is the y- or z-position (mm) of each slice relative to the anterior commissure. Right: The average (log) Jacobian measure within the regions of interest for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. Measures were slightly, but significantly, smaller for patients within occipital white matter, indicating relative atrophy. |
PMC1896221_pmed-0040230-g005_11815.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Visual Brain Anatomy in Human LCA from RPE65 Mutations(A) Interpial optic nerve diameter for patients and controls is shown. Left: Locations of optic nerve measurements were made for patient 3 (P3) upon high-resolution T2-weighted images. The average of six measurements (three from each nerve) were obtained for each participant. Right: Average optic nerve diameters for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. No population difference was observed.(B) Whole brain morphometric analysis. Left: The T1-weighted anatomical images from RPE65 patients and controls were warped to a representative template (top row). The (log) determinant of the Jacobian matrix calculated during warping for each participant (bottom row) indexes the degree to which cerebral tissue is smaller or larger than the template image. No differences between patients and controls were present in a whole brain analysis of these measures. A focused analysis was conducted within the LGN and occipital lobe white matter, indicated in yellow and red on the registered anatomy. Also shown is the y- or z-position (mm) of each slice relative to the anterior commissure. Right: The average (log) Jacobian measure within the regions of interest for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. Measures were slightly, but significantly, smaller for patients within occipital white matter, indicating relative atrophy. |
PMC1896221_pmed-0040230-g005_11816.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Visual Brain Anatomy in Human LCA from RPE65 Mutations(A) Interpial optic nerve diameter for patients and controls is shown. Left: Locations of optic nerve measurements were made for patient 3 (P3) upon high-resolution T2-weighted images. The average of six measurements (three from each nerve) were obtained for each participant. Right: Average optic nerve diameters for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. No population difference was observed.(B) Whole brain morphometric analysis. Left: The T1-weighted anatomical images from RPE65 patients and controls were warped to a representative template (top row). The (log) determinant of the Jacobian matrix calculated during warping for each participant (bottom row) indexes the degree to which cerebral tissue is smaller or larger than the template image. No differences between patients and controls were present in a whole brain analysis of these measures. A focused analysis was conducted within the LGN and occipital lobe white matter, indicated in yellow and red on the registered anatomy. Also shown is the y- or z-position (mm) of each slice relative to the anterior commissure. Right: The average (log) Jacobian measure within the regions of interest for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. Measures were slightly, but significantly, smaller for patients within occipital white matter, indicating relative atrophy. |
PMC1896221_pmed-0040230-g005_11813.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Visual Brain Anatomy in Human LCA from RPE65 Mutations(A) Interpial optic nerve diameter for patients and controls is shown. Left: Locations of optic nerve measurements were made for patient 3 (P3) upon high-resolution T2-weighted images. The average of six measurements (three from each nerve) were obtained for each participant. Right: Average optic nerve diameters for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. No population difference was observed.(B) Whole brain morphometric analysis. Left: The T1-weighted anatomical images from RPE65 patients and controls were warped to a representative template (top row). The (log) determinant of the Jacobian matrix calculated during warping for each participant (bottom row) indexes the degree to which cerebral tissue is smaller or larger than the template image. No differences between patients and controls were present in a whole brain analysis of these measures. A focused analysis was conducted within the LGN and occipital lobe white matter, indicated in yellow and red on the registered anatomy. Also shown is the y- or z-position (mm) of each slice relative to the anterior commissure. Right: The average (log) Jacobian measure within the regions of interest for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. Measures were slightly, but significantly, smaller for patients within occipital white matter, indicating relative atrophy. |
PMC1896221_pmed-0040230-g005_11808.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Visual Brain Anatomy in Human LCA from RPE65 Mutations(A) Interpial optic nerve diameter for patients and controls is shown. Left: Locations of optic nerve measurements were made for patient 3 (P3) upon high-resolution T2-weighted images. The average of six measurements (three from each nerve) were obtained for each participant. Right: Average optic nerve diameters for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. No population difference was observed.(B) Whole brain morphometric analysis. Left: The T1-weighted anatomical images from RPE65 patients and controls were warped to a representative template (top row). The (log) determinant of the Jacobian matrix calculated during warping for each participant (bottom row) indexes the degree to which cerebral tissue is smaller or larger than the template image. No differences between patients and controls were present in a whole brain analysis of these measures. A focused analysis was conducted within the LGN and occipital lobe white matter, indicated in yellow and red on the registered anatomy. Also shown is the y- or z-position (mm) of each slice relative to the anterior commissure. Right: The average (log) Jacobian measure within the regions of interest for RPE65-LCA patients and controls is shown. Measures were slightly, but significantly, smaller for patients within occipital white matter, indicating relative atrophy. |
PMC1899173_F8_11828.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11824.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11817.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11819.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11829.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11823.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11822.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11818.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11826.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899173_F8_11821.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Wildtype cement gland grafts rescued mandibular trigeminal axon target innervation in MO BDNFatg injected embryos. In vivo cement gland swap experiments were performed between MOC injected embryos and uninjected embryos (WT). (A) MOC cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo exhibits trigeminal axon arborisation and growth into the cement gland. (B) Similar observation was made when wildtype cement gland was placed onto a MOC injected embryo. In vivo cement gland swaps were also performed between BDNF morphants and uninjected embryos. (C) MO BDNFatg cement gland placed onto an uninjected embryo shows trigeminal arborisation at the cement gland was barely detectable. (D) Wildtype cement gland placed onto a MO BDNFatg injected embryo shows that trigeminal axons were able to arborise and enter the cement gland. |
PMC1899177_F2_11833.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Photomicrographs of typical lung lesions in NNK-treated Wistar rats. (A) Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia in a Wistar rat (magnification × 200). (B) Dysplasia occurred in the alveolar region. Some of the alveolar structure was absent and replaced by proliferated cells (magnification × 200). (C) Proliferated cells with increased cellular atypia (magnification × 400). |
PMC1899177_F2_11832.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Photomicrographs of typical lung lesions in NNK-treated Wistar rats. (A) Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia in a Wistar rat (magnification × 200). (B) Dysplasia occurred in the alveolar region. Some of the alveolar structure was absent and replaced by proliferated cells (magnification × 200). (C) Proliferated cells with increased cellular atypia (magnification × 400). |
PMC1899177_F4_11834.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Transmission electron microscopy of proliferated cells in Wistar rats exposed to NNK. The proliferated cells had lamellar body-like structures (arrows). Magnification × 4000. |
PMC1899177_F5_11840.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Expression of COX-2 and PCNA in preneoplastic lung lesions of Wistar rats exposed to NNK. A and B show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in normal lung tissues of rats. A, COX-2; B, PCNA. C and D show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in alveolar hyperplasia of NNK-treated Wistar rats. C, COX-2; D, PCNA. E and F show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in alveolar dysplasia of NNK-treated Wistar rats. E, COX-2; F, PCNA. Magnification × 200. |
PMC1899177_F5_11838.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Expression of COX-2 and PCNA in preneoplastic lung lesions of Wistar rats exposed to NNK. A and B show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in normal lung tissues of rats. A, COX-2; B, PCNA. C and D show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in alveolar hyperplasia of NNK-treated Wistar rats. C, COX-2; D, PCNA. E and F show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in alveolar dysplasia of NNK-treated Wistar rats. E, COX-2; F, PCNA. Magnification × 200. |
PMC1899177_F5_11841.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Expression of COX-2 and PCNA in preneoplastic lung lesions of Wistar rats exposed to NNK. A and B show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in normal lung tissues of rats. A, COX-2; B, PCNA. C and D show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in alveolar hyperplasia of NNK-treated Wistar rats. C, COX-2; D, PCNA. E and F show immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 and PCNA in alveolar dysplasia of NNK-treated Wistar rats. E, COX-2; F, PCNA. Magnification × 200. |
PMC1899177_F7_11835.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Aspirin and/or PEITC inhibit lung tumorigenesis in Wistar rats after NNK instillation. Treatment with aspirin and/or PEITC reduced alveolar dysplasia and improved lung structure after 91 days. A, NNK-treated group; B, aspirin group; C, aspirin and PEITC group. Magnification × 100. |
PMC1899177_F7_11836.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Aspirin and/or PEITC inhibit lung tumorigenesis in Wistar rats after NNK instillation. Treatment with aspirin and/or PEITC reduced alveolar dysplasia and improved lung structure after 91 days. A, NNK-treated group; B, aspirin group; C, aspirin and PEITC group. Magnification × 100. |
PMC1899177_F7_11837.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Aspirin and/or PEITC inhibit lung tumorigenesis in Wistar rats after NNK instillation. Treatment with aspirin and/or PEITC reduced alveolar dysplasia and improved lung structure after 91 days. A, NNK-treated group; B, aspirin group; C, aspirin and PEITC group. Magnification × 100. |
PMC1899229_pone-0000604-g002_11847.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Electron microscopic immunogold localization of pERK in visual cortical neurons.(A) pERK immunogold labelling is visible in the cytoplasm and in the nuclear compartment of a pyramidal cortical neuron. (B) At higher magnification, gold particles decorate the external membranes of the rough ER. Note that symmetric synaptic contacts (empty arrows) appear to be mostly unlabelled. (C) Low power view of the neuropil of layers II/III showing intense pERK immunogold labelling in dendritic profiles. The immunoreactivity is distributed both in the dendritic cytoplasm and near or over the plasma membrane. An intensely labelled dendritic spine is also visible (arrow). (D) pERK immunogold signals in a dendritic process and a protruding spine (Sp) receiving an asymmetric synapse (arrow). Note that the presynaptic profile is completely unlabelled. (E) pERK labelling in a presynaptic terminal establishing an axospinous contact. Scale bars: A = 400 nm. B–E = 200 nm. |
PMC1899229_pone-0000604-g002_11844.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Electron microscopic immunogold localization of pERK in visual cortical neurons.(A) pERK immunogold labelling is visible in the cytoplasm and in the nuclear compartment of a pyramidal cortical neuron. (B) At higher magnification, gold particles decorate the external membranes of the rough ER. Note that symmetric synaptic contacts (empty arrows) appear to be mostly unlabelled. (C) Low power view of the neuropil of layers II/III showing intense pERK immunogold labelling in dendritic profiles. The immunoreactivity is distributed both in the dendritic cytoplasm and near or over the plasma membrane. An intensely labelled dendritic spine is also visible (arrow). (D) pERK immunogold signals in a dendritic process and a protruding spine (Sp) receiving an asymmetric synapse (arrow). Note that the presynaptic profile is completely unlabelled. (E) pERK labelling in a presynaptic terminal establishing an axospinous contact. Scale bars: A = 400 nm. B–E = 200 nm. |
PMC1899229_pone-0000604-g002_11845.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Electron microscopic immunogold localization of pERK in visual cortical neurons.(A) pERK immunogold labelling is visible in the cytoplasm and in the nuclear compartment of a pyramidal cortical neuron. (B) At higher magnification, gold particles decorate the external membranes of the rough ER. Note that symmetric synaptic contacts (empty arrows) appear to be mostly unlabelled. (C) Low power view of the neuropil of layers II/III showing intense pERK immunogold labelling in dendritic profiles. The immunoreactivity is distributed both in the dendritic cytoplasm and near or over the plasma membrane. An intensely labelled dendritic spine is also visible (arrow). (D) pERK immunogold signals in a dendritic process and a protruding spine (Sp) receiving an asymmetric synapse (arrow). Note that the presynaptic profile is completely unlabelled. (E) pERK labelling in a presynaptic terminal establishing an axospinous contact. Scale bars: A = 400 nm. B–E = 200 nm. |
PMC1899482_F4_11848.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Computed tomography angiography in a patient with medial dibromuscular dysplasia. |
PMC1899482_F4_11849.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Computed tomography angiography in a patient with medial dibromuscular dysplasia. |
PMC1899483_F2_11850.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | A scanned section of the human skeletal muscle t-tubule network from Hayashi et al. [8] (×8000; the scanned section is approximately 8 × 8 μm). |
PMC1899512_F5_11852.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Trypanosomes in salivary exudates. Fluorescence microscopy image of red and green trypanosomes extruded by an individual fly during probing onto a microscope slide. |
PMC1899515_F10_11853.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Electron microscopic analysis of 293T cells cotransfected with pNL4-3Luc(R-E-) and pTracer-Emp (a, and inset a') or pTracer-EED (b-f) at 3 μg each plasmid per 2 × 106 cell sample, and harvested at 48 h posttransfection. (a), Control cells without exogenous EED expression. Note the number of viral particles budding at the cell surface. Inset (a'), Enlargement of one virus particle at an intermediate step of budding and egress. (b), EED3/4-expressing cells showing very rare budding events at the plasma membrane. Several clusters of ringlike structures (arrows) were observed in the cytoplasm, at distance from the nuclear envelope. Their dimensions (70–80 nm in overall diameter) and constitutive elements (electron-dense annular granules of 15–18 nm in diameter and central channel of 25–27 nm) were characteristic of nuclear pore complexes. (c-f), Enlargement of cytoplasmic areas from EED3/4-expressing cells showing clusters of nuclear pores (NP), viewed in tangential (c) or transversal (d, e) section, and in association with filaments arranged in bundles (F). (f), Cytoplasmic area of EED3/4-expressing cell showing intracytoplasmic vesicles at higher magnification. Note the local thickening of the vesicular membrane and the intraluminal budding of virus-like particles. N, nucleus ; C, cytoplasm ; M, mitochondria. |
PMC1899515_F10_11854.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Electron microscopic analysis of 293T cells cotransfected with pNL4-3Luc(R-E-) and pTracer-Emp (a, and inset a') or pTracer-EED (b-f) at 3 μg each plasmid per 2 × 106 cell sample, and harvested at 48 h posttransfection. (a), Control cells without exogenous EED expression. Note the number of viral particles budding at the cell surface. Inset (a'), Enlargement of one virus particle at an intermediate step of budding and egress. (b), EED3/4-expressing cells showing very rare budding events at the plasma membrane. Several clusters of ringlike structures (arrows) were observed in the cytoplasm, at distance from the nuclear envelope. Their dimensions (70–80 nm in overall diameter) and constitutive elements (electron-dense annular granules of 15–18 nm in diameter and central channel of 25–27 nm) were characteristic of nuclear pore complexes. (c-f), Enlargement of cytoplasmic areas from EED3/4-expressing cells showing clusters of nuclear pores (NP), viewed in tangential (c) or transversal (d, e) section, and in association with filaments arranged in bundles (F). (f), Cytoplasmic area of EED3/4-expressing cell showing intracytoplasmic vesicles at higher magnification. Note the local thickening of the vesicular membrane and the intraluminal budding of virus-like particles. N, nucleus ; C, cytoplasm ; M, mitochondria. |
PMC1899515_F10_11856.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Electron microscopic analysis of 293T cells cotransfected with pNL4-3Luc(R-E-) and pTracer-Emp (a, and inset a') or pTracer-EED (b-f) at 3 μg each plasmid per 2 × 106 cell sample, and harvested at 48 h posttransfection. (a), Control cells without exogenous EED expression. Note the number of viral particles budding at the cell surface. Inset (a'), Enlargement of one virus particle at an intermediate step of budding and egress. (b), EED3/4-expressing cells showing very rare budding events at the plasma membrane. Several clusters of ringlike structures (arrows) were observed in the cytoplasm, at distance from the nuclear envelope. Their dimensions (70–80 nm in overall diameter) and constitutive elements (electron-dense annular granules of 15–18 nm in diameter and central channel of 25–27 nm) were characteristic of nuclear pore complexes. (c-f), Enlargement of cytoplasmic areas from EED3/4-expressing cells showing clusters of nuclear pores (NP), viewed in tangential (c) or transversal (d, e) section, and in association with filaments arranged in bundles (F). (f), Cytoplasmic area of EED3/4-expressing cell showing intracytoplasmic vesicles at higher magnification. Note the local thickening of the vesicular membrane and the intraluminal budding of virus-like particles. N, nucleus ; C, cytoplasm ; M, mitochondria. |
PMC1899521_F3_11859.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Isolectin B4 antibody staining for detection of microglia (in cortical layers 2–3). Microglial morphology was observed in the cortex of in control, hydrocephalic and shunted animals. In the 5d and 12d hydrocephalic animals, a relative lack of processes on the microglia cell was evident, while the 21d and 36d hydrocephalic animals, had shorter thicker processes than control. Following shunting in both age groups, a return of fine-branched processes was seen. Scale bar = 25 μm. Low power images of brains from 36d rats at the upper right demonstrate the gross effect of shunting (lower image) on cortical thickness and ventricular volume when compared to the control (upper) and hydrocephalic brain (center). |
PMC1899521_F3_11861.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Isolectin B4 antibody staining for detection of microglia (in cortical layers 2–3). Microglial morphology was observed in the cortex of in control, hydrocephalic and shunted animals. In the 5d and 12d hydrocephalic animals, a relative lack of processes on the microglia cell was evident, while the 21d and 36d hydrocephalic animals, had shorter thicker processes than control. Following shunting in both age groups, a return of fine-branched processes was seen. Scale bar = 25 μm. Low power images of brains from 36d rats at the upper right demonstrate the gross effect of shunting (lower image) on cortical thickness and ventricular volume when compared to the control (upper) and hydrocephalic brain (center). |
PMC1899521_F3_11858.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Isolectin B4 antibody staining for detection of microglia (in cortical layers 2–3). Microglial morphology was observed in the cortex of in control, hydrocephalic and shunted animals. In the 5d and 12d hydrocephalic animals, a relative lack of processes on the microglia cell was evident, while the 21d and 36d hydrocephalic animals, had shorter thicker processes than control. Following shunting in both age groups, a return of fine-branched processes was seen. Scale bar = 25 μm. Low power images of brains from 36d rats at the upper right demonstrate the gross effect of shunting (lower image) on cortical thickness and ventricular volume when compared to the control (upper) and hydrocephalic brain (center). |
PMC1903360_F1_11862.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Gram stain morphology of Streptobacillus moniliformis and patient's skin lesion. (A) Gram stain appearance of synovial fluid showing Gram negative bacilli and numerous polymorphs (1000× magnification). (B) Gram stain appearance of Streptobacillus moniliformis after passaging showing filamentous Gram negative bacilli with bulbous swellings arranging into chains and clumps. (C) Rat bite mark (arrow) over base of right thumb 10 days after being bitten. |
PMC1903360_F1_11863.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Gram stain morphology of Streptobacillus moniliformis and patient's skin lesion. (A) Gram stain appearance of synovial fluid showing Gram negative bacilli and numerous polymorphs (1000× magnification). (B) Gram stain appearance of Streptobacillus moniliformis after passaging showing filamentous Gram negative bacilli with bulbous swellings arranging into chains and clumps. (C) Rat bite mark (arrow) over base of right thumb 10 days after being bitten. |
PMC1904197_F1_11868.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11872.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11870.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11871.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11869.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11865.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11876.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11866.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11874.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F1_11867.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | The twisted pharynx phenotype in mnm-4;etIs2 worms of different stages, and in adult mnm-4;unc-61. (A) An example of a twisted pharynx and the three measurements that can be obtained by DIC microscopy to estimate the actual degree of twist within the isthmus using the formula shown on the right side (D is diameter; L is isthmus length; and θ is the angle between the torsion lines and the pharyngeal axis). (B) Analysis of etIs2 [pRF4 pRIC-19::GFP] transgenic worms [12]: DIC images (left column), M2 neurons of the same worms visualized via their GFP expression (middle column), and the average degree of twist within the isthmus for at least three similar worms scored using confocal microscopy (pie charts). Genotypes and stages are as indicated in the DIC images. See Table 1 for actual numerical data and list of alleles. For the confocal microscopy analysis, worms were mounted on dried agarose pads (2% in dH2O), paralyzed with a small drop of 100 mM levamisole and covered with a coverslip. The worms were examined using a Zeiss LSM 510 META system connected to an inverted Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. The z-stacks were projected in 360° using 32 or 64 steps and then exported as full resolution images in avi or mov format using the in-microscope software LSM 510 ConfoCor2 Combination, version 3.2. These movies were then used to determine the degree of twisting in the isthmus using video editing software (Sorenson squeeze, trial version). "180° twist" means that the distal ends of the M2 neurons would have to be rotated by 180° in order to be parallel with the cell bodies from which they originate. |
PMC1904197_F4_11883.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Anatomical features of the head region and comparison of the hemicentin-rich pharyngeal tendons between wild-type and a mutant with the twisted pharynx phenotype. (A) and (B) show transverse and cross sections of the head region in idealized forms. For clarity, many structures were omitted here, including axons, excretory canals, muscle arms and complex hypodermal cell shapes that sometimes cover the body muscles. Of particular importance is that the pharynx seems to float in pseudocoelomic fluid and to make almost no contact with the worm body along its entire length: except for the tendons, the pharynx is secured only at its anterior and posterior ends, where it is connected to the mouth and intestine, respectively. (C) Transverse thin section of an adult wild type nose, showing a left ventral tendon (red arrows) connecting the basal laminae (red arrowheads) of the pharyngeal epithelium (PH) and of the body-wall muscles (BWM). Major cells bordering the tendon include the amphid sheath cell (AMSh) and several other sheath cells (Sh) for mechanosensors of the lips. Smaller caliber processes include many sensory dendrites and some arcade processes. Hemidesmosomes link the pharyngeal epithelium's intermediate filaments to the basal lamina. Dense bodies (modified adherens junctions) link the muscle sarcomeres to the muscle's basal lamina. Because it is tilted with respect to the body axis, the tendon is better seen close to the pharynx in this image, but goes out of the plane of section as it passes between the muscle cells. Image is rotated about 20 degrees clockwise for convenience. Scale bar is 1 μm. (D) and (E) show images of a wild-type and mnm-4 mutant that carry the hemicentin::GFP transgene rhIs23 [30], respectively. (F) and (H): geometry of the tendons (brown) and pharynx (blue circle) viewed in cross sections if the pharynx is not twisted (F) or if it were twisted as a whole while held by the tendons (H). (G) and (I) show cross section views of the flattened confocal image stacks from (D) and (E); note the spiral-oriented tendons in (I). Specimens were immersion fixed using buffered aldehydes and then osmium tetroxide as described previously [40]. Three or four animals were aligned within agar blocks then embedded in plastic resin and sectioned together. Thin cross sections were collected on slot grids, post-stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, then examined with a JEOL 1200EX electron microscope. Scale bars in D and H are 10 μm. |
PMC1904197_F4_11885.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Anatomical features of the head region and comparison of the hemicentin-rich pharyngeal tendons between wild-type and a mutant with the twisted pharynx phenotype. (A) and (B) show transverse and cross sections of the head region in idealized forms. For clarity, many structures were omitted here, including axons, excretory canals, muscle arms and complex hypodermal cell shapes that sometimes cover the body muscles. Of particular importance is that the pharynx seems to float in pseudocoelomic fluid and to make almost no contact with the worm body along its entire length: except for the tendons, the pharynx is secured only at its anterior and posterior ends, where it is connected to the mouth and intestine, respectively. (C) Transverse thin section of an adult wild type nose, showing a left ventral tendon (red arrows) connecting the basal laminae (red arrowheads) of the pharyngeal epithelium (PH) and of the body-wall muscles (BWM). Major cells bordering the tendon include the amphid sheath cell (AMSh) and several other sheath cells (Sh) for mechanosensors of the lips. Smaller caliber processes include many sensory dendrites and some arcade processes. Hemidesmosomes link the pharyngeal epithelium's intermediate filaments to the basal lamina. Dense bodies (modified adherens junctions) link the muscle sarcomeres to the muscle's basal lamina. Because it is tilted with respect to the body axis, the tendon is better seen close to the pharynx in this image, but goes out of the plane of section as it passes between the muscle cells. Image is rotated about 20 degrees clockwise for convenience. Scale bar is 1 μm. (D) and (E) show images of a wild-type and mnm-4 mutant that carry the hemicentin::GFP transgene rhIs23 [30], respectively. (F) and (H): geometry of the tendons (brown) and pharynx (blue circle) viewed in cross sections if the pharynx is not twisted (F) or if it were twisted as a whole while held by the tendons (H). (G) and (I) show cross section views of the flattened confocal image stacks from (D) and (E); note the spiral-oriented tendons in (I). Specimens were immersion fixed using buffered aldehydes and then osmium tetroxide as described previously [40]. Three or four animals were aligned within agar blocks then embedded in plastic resin and sectioned together. Thin cross sections were collected on slot grids, post-stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, then examined with a JEOL 1200EX electron microscope. Scale bars in D and H are 10 μm. |
PMC1904197_F4_11879.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Anatomical features of the head region and comparison of the hemicentin-rich pharyngeal tendons between wild-type and a mutant with the twisted pharynx phenotype. (A) and (B) show transverse and cross sections of the head region in idealized forms. For clarity, many structures were omitted here, including axons, excretory canals, muscle arms and complex hypodermal cell shapes that sometimes cover the body muscles. Of particular importance is that the pharynx seems to float in pseudocoelomic fluid and to make almost no contact with the worm body along its entire length: except for the tendons, the pharynx is secured only at its anterior and posterior ends, where it is connected to the mouth and intestine, respectively. (C) Transverse thin section of an adult wild type nose, showing a left ventral tendon (red arrows) connecting the basal laminae (red arrowheads) of the pharyngeal epithelium (PH) and of the body-wall muscles (BWM). Major cells bordering the tendon include the amphid sheath cell (AMSh) and several other sheath cells (Sh) for mechanosensors of the lips. Smaller caliber processes include many sensory dendrites and some arcade processes. Hemidesmosomes link the pharyngeal epithelium's intermediate filaments to the basal lamina. Dense bodies (modified adherens junctions) link the muscle sarcomeres to the muscle's basal lamina. Because it is tilted with respect to the body axis, the tendon is better seen close to the pharynx in this image, but goes out of the plane of section as it passes between the muscle cells. Image is rotated about 20 degrees clockwise for convenience. Scale bar is 1 μm. (D) and (E) show images of a wild-type and mnm-4 mutant that carry the hemicentin::GFP transgene rhIs23 [30], respectively. (F) and (H): geometry of the tendons (brown) and pharynx (blue circle) viewed in cross sections if the pharynx is not twisted (F) or if it were twisted as a whole while held by the tendons (H). (G) and (I) show cross section views of the flattened confocal image stacks from (D) and (E); note the spiral-oriented tendons in (I). Specimens were immersion fixed using buffered aldehydes and then osmium tetroxide as described previously [40]. Three or four animals were aligned within agar blocks then embedded in plastic resin and sectioned together. Thin cross sections were collected on slot grids, post-stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, then examined with a JEOL 1200EX electron microscope. Scale bars in D and H are 10 μm. |
PMC1904198_F2_11897.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11898.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11894.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11901.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11893.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11900.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11887.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11890.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11892.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11886.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11902.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11889.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11899.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11895.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11896.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904198_F2_11891.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Spatial and temporal d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos. (A & B) Lateral views of d2EGFP mRNA expression at Bud stage and 24 hpf. (C-P) d2EGFP expression in Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)pt6 embryos, stages are indicated in each panel. At bud stage (C & D), d2EGFP is detected in the hindbrain (r3/r4, yellow arrowhead) and within the caudal region in the DFCs. (E, G & K) From 8- to 14-somite stages, lateral views show expression of d2EGFP in cells lining Kupffer's vesicle, within r4 (r4, yellow arrowhead) and the mid-hindbrain boundary (mhb, red arrowhead). (F & H) Dorsal views show high d2EGFP expression within the MHB, r4 and the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (alpm, red brackets). (H) At 10-somite stage initial d2EGFP expression is detected within the trigeminal ganglia (tg, blue arrow). (I & J) 24 hpf embryo showing d2EGFP expression in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal retina (rt, white arrow) and pharyngeal endoderm (pe, yellow bracket). (K & L) 14 and 20-somite stage embryo highlighting the expression of d2EGFP in Kupffer's vesicle. Higher magnifications are show in (K' & L'). (M) Trunk region shows d2EGFP expression within the dorsal spinal cord neurons (spn, white arrow) at 24 hpf. (N) At 50 hpf expression is noted in the MHB, trigeminal ganglia, pharyngeal endoderm and otic vesicle (ot, blue bracket). (O) Ventral view of 50 hpf, showing d2EGFP expression in the jaw (white bracket). (P) At 56 hpf, strong expression in noted in the trigeminal ganglia, the jaw and also in neurons within the dorsal diencephalon. |
PMC1904213_F1_11903.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from equine umbilical cord blood. (a) Monolayer of rapidly expanding adherent spindle-shaped fibroblastoid cells compatible with undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (× 100). (b) Three-dimensional, relief contrast image of cell cluster of rapidly expanding adherent spindle-shaped fibroblastoid cells compatible with undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cell morphology (× 100). |
PMC1904240_F1_11906.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Dynamic of Tat and Cdk9 at HIV-1 transcription sites. A-Accumulation of Tat, but not the C22G mutant, at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with Tat-GFP or Tat(C22G)-GFP, and then induced 7h with PMA/ionomycin. Cells were then fixed and hybridized in situ with a Cy3-labelled oligo probe against the MS2 repeat. The HIV-1 transcription site corresponds to the focal accumulation labelled by the MS2 probe. Blue: dapi. Each field is 22 × 22 μm. B-Dynamic of Tat at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with vectors expressing Tat-CFP and MS2-YFP. Tat-CFP was then bleached, and recovery was analyzed by tracking transcription sites in 3D with a wide-field microscope. Upper panel: colocalization of Tat-CFP and MS2-YFP in living cells (30 × 25μm). Middle panels: image sequence from a FRAP experiment (time in second; each field is 30 × 25 μm). Graph: recovery curves in the nucleoplasm of transfected U2OS cells (pink), or at the HIV-1 transcription site (blue). The best fit is shown in green. C-Dynamics of Cdk9 at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with vectors expressing Cdk9-GFP and MS2-mCherry. Cdk9-GFP was then bleached, and recovery was analyzed by tracking transcription sites in 3D with a wide-field microscope. Upper panel: colocalization of Cdk9-GFP and MS2-mCherry in living cells (30 × 25 μm). Middle panels: image sequence from a FRAP experiment (time in second; each field is 30 × 25 μm). Graph: recovery curves in the nucleoplasm of transfected U2OS cells (pink), or at the HIV-1 transcription site. Blue: cells were transfected with Tat; Green: Tat was absent but cells were induced by PMA/ionomycin. |
PMC1904240_F1_11909.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Dynamic of Tat and Cdk9 at HIV-1 transcription sites. A-Accumulation of Tat, but not the C22G mutant, at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with Tat-GFP or Tat(C22G)-GFP, and then induced 7h with PMA/ionomycin. Cells were then fixed and hybridized in situ with a Cy3-labelled oligo probe against the MS2 repeat. The HIV-1 transcription site corresponds to the focal accumulation labelled by the MS2 probe. Blue: dapi. Each field is 22 × 22 μm. B-Dynamic of Tat at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with vectors expressing Tat-CFP and MS2-YFP. Tat-CFP was then bleached, and recovery was analyzed by tracking transcription sites in 3D with a wide-field microscope. Upper panel: colocalization of Tat-CFP and MS2-YFP in living cells (30 × 25μm). Middle panels: image sequence from a FRAP experiment (time in second; each field is 30 × 25 μm). Graph: recovery curves in the nucleoplasm of transfected U2OS cells (pink), or at the HIV-1 transcription site (blue). The best fit is shown in green. C-Dynamics of Cdk9 at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with vectors expressing Cdk9-GFP and MS2-mCherry. Cdk9-GFP was then bleached, and recovery was analyzed by tracking transcription sites in 3D with a wide-field microscope. Upper panel: colocalization of Cdk9-GFP and MS2-mCherry in living cells (30 × 25 μm). Middle panels: image sequence from a FRAP experiment (time in second; each field is 30 × 25 μm). Graph: recovery curves in the nucleoplasm of transfected U2OS cells (pink), or at the HIV-1 transcription site. Blue: cells were transfected with Tat; Green: Tat was absent but cells were induced by PMA/ionomycin. |
PMC1904240_F1_11911.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Dynamic of Tat and Cdk9 at HIV-1 transcription sites. A-Accumulation of Tat, but not the C22G mutant, at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with Tat-GFP or Tat(C22G)-GFP, and then induced 7h with PMA/ionomycin. Cells were then fixed and hybridized in situ with a Cy3-labelled oligo probe against the MS2 repeat. The HIV-1 transcription site corresponds to the focal accumulation labelled by the MS2 probe. Blue: dapi. Each field is 22 × 22 μm. B-Dynamic of Tat at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with vectors expressing Tat-CFP and MS2-YFP. Tat-CFP was then bleached, and recovery was analyzed by tracking transcription sites in 3D with a wide-field microscope. Upper panel: colocalization of Tat-CFP and MS2-YFP in living cells (30 × 25μm). Middle panels: image sequence from a FRAP experiment (time in second; each field is 30 × 25 μm). Graph: recovery curves in the nucleoplasm of transfected U2OS cells (pink), or at the HIV-1 transcription site (blue). The best fit is shown in green. C-Dynamics of Cdk9 at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with vectors expressing Cdk9-GFP and MS2-mCherry. Cdk9-GFP was then bleached, and recovery was analyzed by tracking transcription sites in 3D with a wide-field microscope. Upper panel: colocalization of Cdk9-GFP and MS2-mCherry in living cells (30 × 25 μm). Middle panels: image sequence from a FRAP experiment (time in second; each field is 30 × 25 μm). Graph: recovery curves in the nucleoplasm of transfected U2OS cells (pink), or at the HIV-1 transcription site. Blue: cells were transfected with Tat; Green: Tat was absent but cells were induced by PMA/ionomycin. |
PMC1904240_F1_11905.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Dynamic of Tat and Cdk9 at HIV-1 transcription sites. A-Accumulation of Tat, but not the C22G mutant, at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with Tat-GFP or Tat(C22G)-GFP, and then induced 7h with PMA/ionomycin. Cells were then fixed and hybridized in situ with a Cy3-labelled oligo probe against the MS2 repeat. The HIV-1 transcription site corresponds to the focal accumulation labelled by the MS2 probe. Blue: dapi. Each field is 22 × 22 μm. B-Dynamic of Tat at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with vectors expressing Tat-CFP and MS2-YFP. Tat-CFP was then bleached, and recovery was analyzed by tracking transcription sites in 3D with a wide-field microscope. Upper panel: colocalization of Tat-CFP and MS2-YFP in living cells (30 × 25μm). Middle panels: image sequence from a FRAP experiment (time in second; each field is 30 × 25 μm). Graph: recovery curves in the nucleoplasm of transfected U2OS cells (pink), or at the HIV-1 transcription site (blue). The best fit is shown in green. C-Dynamics of Cdk9 at HIV-1 transcription sites. U2OS_HIV-1 cells were transfected with vectors expressing Cdk9-GFP and MS2-mCherry. Cdk9-GFP was then bleached, and recovery was analyzed by tracking transcription sites in 3D with a wide-field microscope. Upper panel: colocalization of Cdk9-GFP and MS2-mCherry in living cells (30 × 25 μm). Middle panels: image sequence from a FRAP experiment (time in second; each field is 30 × 25 μm). Graph: recovery curves in the nucleoplasm of transfected U2OS cells (pink), or at the HIV-1 transcription site. Blue: cells were transfected with Tat; Green: Tat was absent but cells were induced by PMA/ionomycin. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g002_11913.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | LM of the SAM from Paraffin Sections of Maize Seedlings(A) The apex before LM is shown.(B) Laser ablation is used to isolate the SAM from surrounding leaf primordia and stem tissue, without heating or damaging adjacent SAM tissues.(C) SAM tissue is microdissected via laser pressure catapulting, in which the laser is focused beneath the targeted SAM tissue and a high photonic force catapults the tissue into a collection tube suspended above the sample. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g002_11914.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | LM of the SAM from Paraffin Sections of Maize Seedlings(A) The apex before LM is shown.(B) Laser ablation is used to isolate the SAM from surrounding leaf primordia and stem tissue, without heating or damaging adjacent SAM tissues.(C) SAM tissue is microdissected via laser pressure catapulting, in which the laser is focused beneath the targeted SAM tissue and a high photonic force catapults the tissue into a collection tube suspended above the sample. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g005_11916.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part I.Drawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), (O and P), and (S and T). Differentially expressed maize genes shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [Q]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], [J], [N], and [R]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in cartoons, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DV621960 (A and B), CD001847 (E and F), DN210415 (I and J), Zmhp1 (M and N), and DN221438 (Q and R).Predicted functions are abbreviated as: helicase, DEAD BOX HELICASE; hp1, HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN1; tir1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE F-BOX protein; jac1, JACALIN-related LECTIN; and GTPase, Rab class GTP-BINDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCER. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g005_11932.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part I.Drawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), (O and P), and (S and T). Differentially expressed maize genes shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [Q]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], [J], [N], and [R]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in cartoons, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DV621960 (A and B), CD001847 (E and F), DN210415 (I and J), Zmhp1 (M and N), and DN221438 (Q and R).Predicted functions are abbreviated as: helicase, DEAD BOX HELICASE; hp1, HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN1; tir1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE F-BOX protein; jac1, JACALIN-related LECTIN; and GTPase, Rab class GTP-BINDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCER. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g005_11919.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part I.Drawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), (O and P), and (S and T). Differentially expressed maize genes shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [Q]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], [J], [N], and [R]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in cartoons, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DV621960 (A and B), CD001847 (E and F), DN210415 (I and J), Zmhp1 (M and N), and DN221438 (Q and R).Predicted functions are abbreviated as: helicase, DEAD BOX HELICASE; hp1, HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN1; tir1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE F-BOX protein; jac1, JACALIN-related LECTIN; and GTPase, Rab class GTP-BINDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCER. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g005_11917.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part I.Drawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), (O and P), and (S and T). Differentially expressed maize genes shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [Q]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], [J], [N], and [R]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in cartoons, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DV621960 (A and B), CD001847 (E and F), DN210415 (I and J), Zmhp1 (M and N), and DN221438 (Q and R).Predicted functions are abbreviated as: helicase, DEAD BOX HELICASE; hp1, HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN1; tir1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE F-BOX protein; jac1, JACALIN-related LECTIN; and GTPase, Rab class GTP-BINDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCER. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g005_11933.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part I.Drawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), (O and P), and (S and T). Differentially expressed maize genes shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [Q]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], [J], [N], and [R]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in cartoons, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DV621960 (A and B), CD001847 (E and F), DN210415 (I and J), Zmhp1 (M and N), and DN221438 (Q and R).Predicted functions are abbreviated as: helicase, DEAD BOX HELICASE; hp1, HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN1; tir1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE F-BOX protein; jac1, JACALIN-related LECTIN; and GTPase, Rab class GTP-BINDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCER. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g005_11920.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part I.Drawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), (O and P), and (S and T). Differentially expressed maize genes shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [Q]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], [J], [N], and [R]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in cartoons, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DV621960 (A and B), CD001847 (E and F), DN210415 (I and J), Zmhp1 (M and N), and DN221438 (Q and R).Predicted functions are abbreviated as: helicase, DEAD BOX HELICASE; hp1, HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN1; tir1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE F-BOX protein; jac1, JACALIN-related LECTIN; and GTPase, Rab class GTP-BINDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCER. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g005_11930.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part I.Drawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), (O and P), and (S and T). Differentially expressed maize genes shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [Q]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], [J], [N], and [R]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in cartoons, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DV621960 (A and B), CD001847 (E and F), DN210415 (I and J), Zmhp1 (M and N), and DN221438 (Q and R).Predicted functions are abbreviated as: helicase, DEAD BOX HELICASE; hp1, HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN1; tir1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE F-BOX protein; jac1, JACALIN-related LECTIN; and GTPase, Rab class GTP-BINDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCER. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g005_11915.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part I.Drawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), (O and P), and (S and T). Differentially expressed maize genes shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [Q]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], [J], [N], and [R]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in cartoons, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DV621960 (A and B), CD001847 (E and F), DN210415 (I and J), Zmhp1 (M and N), and DN221438 (Q and R).Predicted functions are abbreviated as: helicase, DEAD BOX HELICASE; hp1, HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN1; tir1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE F-BOX protein; jac1, JACALIN-related LECTIN; and GTPase, Rab class GTP-BINDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCER. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g006_11941.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part IIDrawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), and (N and P). Differentially expressed maize genes are shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [O]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], and [J]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in drawings, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DN232668 (A and B), DY400928 (E and F), AI820200 (I and J), CB381550 (M), and CD650947 (O). Predicted functions are abbreviated as: ara GTPase, GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ARA-3; sugar trans, SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN; amine oxidase, AMINE OXIDASE1; FtsZ, CELL DIVISION FTSZ PROTEIN; and Yabby, YABBY-RELATED PROTEIN. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g006_11945.jpg | What is shown in this image? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part IIDrawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), and (N and P). Differentially expressed maize genes are shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [O]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], and [J]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in drawings, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DN232668 (A and B), DY400928 (E and F), AI820200 (I and J), CB381550 (M), and CD650947 (O). Predicted functions are abbreviated as: ara GTPase, GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ARA-3; sugar trans, SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN; amine oxidase, AMINE OXIDASE1; FtsZ, CELL DIVISION FTSZ PROTEIN; and Yabby, YABBY-RELATED PROTEIN. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g006_11939.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part IIDrawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), and (N and P). Differentially expressed maize genes are shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [O]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], and [J]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in drawings, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DN232668 (A and B), DY400928 (E and F), AI820200 (I and J), CB381550 (M), and CD650947 (O). Predicted functions are abbreviated as: ara GTPase, GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ARA-3; sugar trans, SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN; amine oxidase, AMINE OXIDASE1; FtsZ, CELL DIVISION FTSZ PROTEIN; and Yabby, YABBY-RELATED PROTEIN. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g006_11936.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part IIDrawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), and (N and P). Differentially expressed maize genes are shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [O]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], and [J]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in drawings, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DN232668 (A and B), DY400928 (E and F), AI820200 (I and J), CB381550 (M), and CD650947 (O). Predicted functions are abbreviated as: ara GTPase, GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ARA-3; sugar trans, SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN; amine oxidase, AMINE OXIDASE1; FtsZ, CELL DIVISION FTSZ PROTEIN; and Yabby, YABBY-RELATED PROTEIN. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g006_11935.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part IIDrawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), and (N and P). Differentially expressed maize genes are shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [O]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], and [J]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in drawings, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DN232668 (A and B), DY400928 (E and F), AI820200 (I and J), CB381550 (M), and CD650947 (O). Predicted functions are abbreviated as: ara GTPase, GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ARA-3; sugar trans, SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN; amine oxidase, AMINE OXIDASE1; FtsZ, CELL DIVISION FTSZ PROTEIN; and Yabby, YABBY-RELATED PROTEIN. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g006_11937.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part IIDrawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), and (N and P). Differentially expressed maize genes are shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [O]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], and [J]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in drawings, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DN232668 (A and B), DY400928 (E and F), AI820200 (I and J), CB381550 (M), and CD650947 (O). Predicted functions are abbreviated as: ara GTPase, GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ARA-3; sugar trans, SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN; amine oxidase, AMINE OXIDASE1; FtsZ, CELL DIVISION FTSZ PROTEIN; and Yabby, YABBY-RELATED PROTEIN. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904365_pgen-0030101-g006_11934.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | In Situ Hybridization Reveals Domain-Specific Expression of Differentially Expressed Maize Genes in Nonmutant and ns1-R Mutant Shoot Apices, Part IIDrawings of SAM expression patterns are modeled in (C and D), (G and H), (K and L), and (N and P). Differentially expressed maize genes are shown in nonmutant (wild type: [A], [E], [I], [M], and [O]) and ns1-R mutant (ns: [B], [F], and [J]) shoot apices. No expression in leaf primordia is portrayed in drawings, since transcripts accumulating in leaves were not LM sampled or reflected in microarray data. Probes were made from maize ESTs: DN232668 (A and B), DY400928 (E and F), AI820200 (I and J), CB381550 (M), and CD650947 (O). Predicted functions are abbreviated as: ara GTPase, GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ARA-3; sugar trans, SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN; amine oxidase, AMINE OXIDASE1; FtsZ, CELL DIVISION FTSZ PROTEIN; and Yabby, YABBY-RELATED PROTEIN. Numbers denote leaf primordia. Analyses of expression patterns are provided in the text. |
PMC1904451_F2_11951.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Fluorescein angiogram shows slight leakage from the margins of the choriocapillaris neighboring the atrophic area. The posterior pole was normal. |
PMC1904451_F2_11950.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Fluorescein angiogram shows slight leakage from the margins of the choriocapillaris neighboring the atrophic area. The posterior pole was normal. |
PMC1904475_ppat-0030089-g006_11955.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | CHIKV Productively Infects Human Primary Macrophages(A–C) Human monocyte–derived macrophages were exposed to CHIKV for 4 h and extensively washed, and CHIKV replication was analyzed by different methods. Data are representative of at least four independent experiments, with cells from eight different donors.(A) CHIKV-infected macrophages. Cells were infected with CHIKV at an moi of 10. At the indicated time points, cells were stained with anti-CHIKV antibodies and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Two magnifications are depicted (objectives ×25 and ×40). NI, noninfected cells.(B) Release of infectious virus in supernatants. Macrophages were infected at various mois as stated. At the indicated time points, levels of infectious virions in supernatants were measured by limiting dilution on Vero cells. Results are expressed as TCID50/ml. Macrophages from three representative donors are depicted.(C) Viral RNA in supernatants. Levels of viral RNA in supernatants from the same experiment depicted in (B) were measured by real-time PCR. |
PMC1904475_ppat-0030089-g006_11956.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | CHIKV Productively Infects Human Primary Macrophages(A–C) Human monocyte–derived macrophages were exposed to CHIKV for 4 h and extensively washed, and CHIKV replication was analyzed by different methods. Data are representative of at least four independent experiments, with cells from eight different donors.(A) CHIKV-infected macrophages. Cells were infected with CHIKV at an moi of 10. At the indicated time points, cells were stained with anti-CHIKV antibodies and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Two magnifications are depicted (objectives ×25 and ×40). NI, noninfected cells.(B) Release of infectious virus in supernatants. Macrophages were infected at various mois as stated. At the indicated time points, levels of infectious virions in supernatants were measured by limiting dilution on Vero cells. Results are expressed as TCID50/ml. Macrophages from three representative donors are depicted.(C) Viral RNA in supernatants. Levels of viral RNA in supernatants from the same experiment depicted in (B) were measured by real-time PCR. |
PMC1905916_F1_11960.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Bronchial aspirate before biopsy (A), biopsy specimen (B) and bronchial washing after biopsy (C) in a case of NSCLC, large cell carcinoma type (Papanicolaou stain, x630 (A and C), Haematoxylin and Eosin stain x 200 (B)). |
PMC1905916_F1_11959.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Bronchial aspirate before biopsy (A), biopsy specimen (B) and bronchial washing after biopsy (C) in a case of NSCLC, large cell carcinoma type (Papanicolaou stain, x630 (A and C), Haematoxylin and Eosin stain x 200 (B)). |
PMC1906762_F7_11965.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Differentiation can be uncoupled from delamination. (A-H). Confocal sections of chicken embryonic pancreata 52 hours after electroporation with Ngn3 (A-B), Ngn3 and Notch1ICD (C-D), NeuroD (E-F), or NeuroD and Notch1ICD (G-H) subjected to immunohistochemical stainings against Pax6 (red) and laminin (blue) (A, C, E, G) and glucagon (red) and somatostatin (blue) (B, D, F, H). GFP was detected by its endogenous fluorescence (A-H). Inserts show higher magnification of boxed areas in the cognate panels. Note that Notch1ICD inhibits Ngn3 and NeuroD induced expression of endocrine markers without affecting delamination of the cells from the endoderm. |
PMC1906762_F7_11963.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Differentiation can be uncoupled from delamination. (A-H). Confocal sections of chicken embryonic pancreata 52 hours after electroporation with Ngn3 (A-B), Ngn3 and Notch1ICD (C-D), NeuroD (E-F), or NeuroD and Notch1ICD (G-H) subjected to immunohistochemical stainings against Pax6 (red) and laminin (blue) (A, C, E, G) and glucagon (red) and somatostatin (blue) (B, D, F, H). GFP was detected by its endogenous fluorescence (A-H). Inserts show higher magnification of boxed areas in the cognate panels. Note that Notch1ICD inhibits Ngn3 and NeuroD induced expression of endocrine markers without affecting delamination of the cells from the endoderm. |
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