image stringlengths 37 84 | question stringlengths 9 255 | answer stringlengths 1 1.79k |
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splits/subfolder_2/PMC3715455_pone-0069196-g006_218702.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner |
EAEC-L stimulates Stx1 uptake in T84 cells by stimulation of MPC.
(A) Representative IB and quantitative representations of IB data show that increasing concentrations of EAEC-L significantly increased Stx1 uptake in T84 cells compared to untreated cells (n ≥ 3 monolayers per each experimental condition; * - significant compared to the control (p < 0.05)). (B) Representative XY optical sections through either control or EAEC-L-treated T84 cells additionally incubated with Stx1B-488 for 4 h show EHEC-L induced actin remodeling with formation of F-actin coated macropinosomes (spherical or irregularly shaped). Numerous macropinosomes carry the Stx1B-488 (green). F-actin - red by phalloidin -Alexa Fluor 568; bars -5 µm. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3116458_F3_99124.jpg | What is shown in this image? | This dissection is made to replicate the parasternal long echocardiographic projection. It shows the coronary sinus (CS) opening to the right-sided morphologically right atrium, which connects to the morphologically left ventricle (mLV) through the mitral valve (MV). The oval fossa (OF) is clearly seen in the atrial septum |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic54256.jpg | what organ is this mri showing? | skull and contents |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4129498_F2_312902.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | The different imaging techniques used to select stroke-patients who would benefit from therapy. Patient 1 exhibits no FLAIR-lesion (A) and a clear DWI-lesion (B), the so-called DWI-FLAIR mismatch pattern. Patient 2 has a PWI/DWI mismatch on imaging, with (C) representing the lesion on Tmax, and (D) the corresponding diffusion lesion. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwz9dox4086u1bi2371k.jpg | What type of procedure is the image taken from? | Colonoscopy |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4272793_Fig1_345802.jpg | What is shown in this image? |
Case report: Patient treated with SBRT and evaluation of response to the changing pattern of ADC in MRI. Patient diagnosed of 3 bone metastasesof prostate cancer by PET/CT Fluror-Choline and diffusion MRI treated with SBRT (3 fractions of 10 Gy). Assessment by MRI diffusion technique, suggestiveof response to treatment. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4570455_Fig1_423705.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Full 18F-FDG uptake nodule in a 68-year-old female. The whole-body PET (a) and axial PET (b), CT (c), and fused PET/CT images (d) show FDG accumulation in the nodule of the middle lobe of the right lung. The pathologic result was adenosquamous carcinoma |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3077390_pone-0018652-g002_92407.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Delineation of the cingulum bundles.They include the segment adjoining the hippocampus (CGH) and the main cingulum (CGC). Panel (a) illustrates the 3D view of the brain, where the cingulum, hippocampus, and corpus callosum are colored in yellow, pink, and green. Panels (b–g) respectively show the sagittal, axial, and coronal slices of the average DTI color map, where the ROIs are defined for delineating CGH and CGC. CGH is defined by the ROIs given in panels (c, d) whereas CGC is defined by the ROIs given in panels (c, g). CGC is further divided into three partitions using the ROIs in panels (b, e, f). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/inside_uterus/train_1853.jpg | Where does this belong to? | female reproductive system |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3490065_Fig8_164137.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | External genitalia of males. a, b
Cinara cedri
a ventral view (scanning electron microscopy), b dorsal view (light microscopy). c
Cinara maculipes ventral view (light microscopy). d
Cinara piceicola ventral view (light microscopy). e
Cinara todocola ventral view (light microscopy). f
Cinara (Cedrobium) laportei ventral view (light microscopy). bp basal part of phallus with sclerotized arms consists of short proximal (solid arrow), long distal (dotted arrow) part and upper half-circle-shaped structure that surrounds the genital area (arrow-head), lp lobate parts of parameres, pp parameres projections |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4499274_F0005_405328.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | CT scan of left knee and tibia plateau had allowed to objectify the left medial condyle fracture and also the discovery of an associated fracture of left tibia plateau. These were not displaced. (A) Sagittal; (B) condyle axial; (C) axial |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3220730_F1_116452.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Sample photographs before (a) and after (b) ultrasonication (photograph taken after 24 h of dispersion). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3814589_F3_240562.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | AFM topography maps of S1 (a to c) and S2 (d to f) samples. Insets (a,d) illustrate FFT of corresponding AFM maps. Surface height profiles along dashed lines are shown on (c,f). Maps (a,d) have enhanced, contrasted for convenience. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cla820gl7s3zr071uambb5w1s.jpg | Are there any abnormalities in the image? | Ulcerative colitis |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4077629_F1_302573.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Axial images obtained after vascular injury. The imaging studies were performed 13 days post-stroke. The infarct volume evaluated on MRI was 13 cm3. (A) Flair T2-weighted MR image. Left fronto-insular hypersignal demonstrating infarcted tissue. (B) Post-gadolinium T1-weighted MR image. Enhancement signal in the left fronto-insular cortex corresponding to the breakdown of BBB. (C) Co-registration image obtained between the post-gadolinium T1 MRI and PET. Note the absence of 18 F-DPA-714 uptake by the multiple bilateral nodular hypersignals within the white matter in connection with leukoaraïosis lesions. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC2661255_pmed-1000057-g001_36599.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Typical DE-CMR images.Short and long axis views of DE-CMR images from four patients are shown. Patients A–C demonstrate hyperenhancement (red arrows) consistent with prior myocardial infarction. None had Q-waves on electrocardiography, and all three were classified as having non-Q-wave UMI. Of note, Patient C has evidence of two distinct infarcts. Patient D has hyperenhancement (blue arrows) involving the midwall of the interventricular septum, sparing the subendocardium. This pattern is not consistent with prior myocardial infarction, and this patient was categorized in the “no MI” group. See text for further details. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2631147_pone-0004372-g007_33220.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | LETKI-2 and KLK5 are expressed at the stratum granulosum of palmar skin.Immunofluorescence localization of LEKTI-2 (red) and KLK5 (green) in human skin. Nuclei staining was done using Hoechst 33258 reagent. (B–E) shows the magnification of the white-square area of (A). LEKTI-2 staining showed granular structures inside the keratinocytes at the stratum granulosum (C) with a faint intercellular staining pattern and remaining immunoreactivity inside the stratum corneum. KLK5 staining (D) exhibited only intercellular staining at the stratum granulosum. Comparative localization of LEKTI-2 and KLK5 is shown in the merged image (D). (E) shows the control omitting the first antibody. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4251901_pone-0112388-g010_340988.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation |
In vitro Wnt signaling inhibition (PK115-584) and β-catenin expression.Representative examples of stage b2 lung explant culture, at D0∶0h (A, D, G) and D2∶48h (B, E, H) treated with DMSO (A, B), 1 µM (D, E) and 2.5 µM (G, H) and probed with β-catenin (C, F, I); n = 4 for each stage. Magnification: A, B, D, E, G, H –4x; C, F, I –5x. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_2386.jpg | Does aldehyde fuscin show schwannoma? | no |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4654902_Fig2_446293.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you |
Antigen distribution pattern of S-INDEL PEDV Iowa106 strain (A), the original US PEDV PC21A strain (B and C), and mock (D) in jejunum. PEDV nucleocapsid proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry staining (brown) using monoclonal antibody SD6-29 against the N protein of PEDV. Both S-INDEL PEDV Iowa106 (A) and the original US PEDV PC21A (B and C) antigens were mainly detected in villous epithelial cells. Severe villous atrophy was observed in the original US PEDV PC21A-inoculated pigs (B). Incidentially, dominant villous atrophy along with the original US PEDV PC21A antigen located in crypts (arrow) were noted in one piglet (litter E, no. 3) (C). |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4057691_f6-ijms-15-07563_298067.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Histological features of the burn wounds on (A) day 3 and (B) day 13 after topical treatment with untreated controls (C) (a), silver sulfadiazine 1% cream (positive controls, PC) (b), Vaseline (vehicle) (c) and various concentrations of Nac (0.1%, 0.5%, 3.0%) (d–f). Yellow arrows indicate acute inflammation; black arrows indicate necrotic tissue; blue dashed arrows indicate peeling of epithelial tissue; red arrows indicate collagen formation; yellow dashed arrows indicate crust; blue arrows indicate regenerated epidermis. Photos shown are all representative of three independent experiments done in duplicate. The images in (A) and (B) show the original magnification 100×. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3950688_gkt1290-F4_273452.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Pluripotency of recipient ESC and iPSC lines. (A) Typical ESC and iPSC morphology of the recipient cell lines H9-2attNG (left), 1761-2attNG (middle) and 1754-2attNG (right). (B) Immunostaining of pluripotent markers OCT3/4, NANOG, SSEA4 and TRA-1-60, for H9-2attNG (upper), 1761-2attNG (middle) and 1754-2attNG (lower). (C) Typical morphology of suspended EBs at Day 8 (left) and immunostaining of marker genes for the three germ layers: AFP (endoderm), alpha-SMA (mesoderm) and Tuj1 (ectoderm) from H9-2attNG (upper), 1761-2attNG (middle) and 1754-2attNG (lower). Scale bar, 200 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3673103_f9-sensors-13-04624_209167.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | (A,B) Optical photograph of the grid electrode implantation (C) Time-magnitude plot of the averaged ECoG response under 9 kHz 75 dB SPL stimulation. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4366257_pone.0119619.g005_369657.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Spermatocytes and spermatozoa of haploid and diploid males.Phase-contrast images of chromosome preparations obtained by spreading of gonads from male descendants of mother–son crosses. (A) Haploid spermatocytes. (B) Diploid spermatocytes. (C) Haploid spermatozoa. (D) Diploid spermatozoa. Bar = 10 μm. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3655871_F3_204951.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | An example of the average dipoles after auditory stimulation (A and B). The ECDs of the N100m, and the N100m latency of a patient with tinnitus accompanied by left-side HFS are greater and faster after auditory stimulation on the HFS side (A). However, these findings were not observed in patients without tinnitus (B). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC516018_F8_411.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Distribution of keratin IFs and K8 pS79 in hepatocytes from GF-fed FVB/n mice. A, C keratin IFs; B, D K8 pS79; A, B, C, D 5 month treatment. Asterisks in A and B indicate MBs reactive with Troma 1 but not with LJ4; arrows in C and D indicate MBs reactive with Troma 1 and LJ4, respectively. Scale bar = 20 μm. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4193980_Fig1_327118.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description |
Representative photomicrographs of histological preparation (0.5 µm), stained with hematoxylin and eosin of liver
(A1,A2,B1,B2)
, heart
(C1,C2)
, kidney
(D1,D2,E1,E2)
, testis
(F1,F2)
, ovaries
(G1,G2)
and lung
(H1,H2,I1,I2)
of rats controls (1) and treated (2) with HAE of
Lampaya medicinalis
. Abbreviation: cv (central vein), s (sinusoids), h (hepatocyte), cc (cardiac muscle cell), ct (connective tissue), g (glomerulus), p (podocyte), Bc (Bowman´s capsule), c (capillarie), pct (proximal convoluted tubule), tl (tubular lumen), sp (spermatozoids), st (seminiferous tubule), ic (interstitial Leydig cell), ov (oocyte), F (follicle), fc (follicular cell), b (bronchioli), a (alveoli), ad (alveolar duct), bv (blood vessel). The number above the bar indicates the amplification. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3649758_fig2_203601.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | (a) Anteroposterior radiograph of the pelvis, showing a large osteolytic lesion of the left iliac bone (synovial sarcoma). (b) CT scan of the same patient showing the size of the tumor. Notably is the lack of matrix or calcification inside the tumor. (c) and (d) MRI scan of the same patient showing the intra- and extrapelvine size. (e) Postoperative X-ray after P1 resection and pelvic reconstruction stabilised with an autologous nonvascularised fibular graft. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4545803_Fig1_416378.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Analyzed datasets (i, ii and iii). MRI images (a) MPRAGE (post contrast), (b) DSC-MRI EPI, and the corresponding extracted parametric images: (c) peak and (d) AUC. (e) FET-PET image (summed image of 20-40 min p.i., previously filtered with a 2 mm Gaussian filter) and the corresponding extracted parametric images of (f) peak and (g) AUC. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_19957.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | Representative illustration depicting extremely small, snail-shaped ilium (left) with a superomedial extension (arrow) resembling a snail's head – seen in Schneckenbecken dysplasia |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3852814_F3_249335.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Computed tomography (CT) showing a right ischio pubic rami fracture. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4417934_fig8_382972.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Myosin10/11/14/9 and MRLC9/12 localization in homozygous aim embryos.(A) Distribution of nuclear and Myosin10/11/14/9 (green) or MRLC9/12 (orange) localization phenotypes (ant., anterior; post., posterior; unloc., unlocalized) in aimless embryos. Each dot represents a single scored cell. (B and C) MRLC9/12-Venus (green) localization in cells with posterior and anterior nuclei (red), respectively. (D and E) Myosin10/11/14/9-myc (green) localization in cells with posterior and anterior nuclei (red), respectively. Anterior is to the right in all panels.DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05361.012 |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1585.jpg | Does adenocarcinoma show duodenal ulcer? | no |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3734147_F4_222806.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Identification of BDNF expression in transplanted OECs and host neurons. The distribution of nucleus would be showed in DAPI staining. It is showed that OECs can express BDNF after transplantation (A-D). Meanwhile, the images also showed that the BDNF expression was concomitantly occurred in neurons (E-H), while these neurons has co-expresseion of TrkB receptor (I-L). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2500017_F2_26366.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | FRAP of Nrg-GFP in embryonic epithelial cells. Face-on views of epithelial cells in wild-type (A), nrx IV (B), cont (C) and Dfvari (D) embryos at stage15. Pre-bleach images are shown on the left. The sections of cell interface that were bleached are indicated with boxes. Images on the right show the recovery of fluorescence 160 seconds after bleaching. Bar: 5 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2778556_pone-0008025-g001_51077.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Nuclear inclusions in the skeletal muscle and liver of Hdh
Q150/Q150 mice.Nuclear inclusions in longitudinal sections of quadriceps muscle are present in Hdh
Q150/Q150 (A) but absent from wild-type (B) mice. Nuclear inclusions are present in hepatocytes from Hdh
Q150/Q150 (C) but not in those from wild-type (D) mice and are abundant in an Hdh
Q150/Q150 intrahepatic bile duct (E). The insert shows a higher magnification of the epithelial cells of the bile duct. Nuclear inclusions are indicated by arrowheads. Scale bar = 20 µm. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_44224.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Coronal CT showing left lamellar concha (arrow) |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_78440.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Angiogram of right subclavian artery – occlusion of brachiocephalic artery |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3831053_F2_244096.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Multifocal bone and lymph node tuberculosis with concomitant psoas abscess demonstrated on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT). The sagittal (A, B) and transverse (C, D) PET/CT fusion images, theaxial unenhanced CT images (E, F) and the FDG-PET images (G, H) showed persistent FDG uptake corresponding to the L1 vertebral body destruction (arrow) and abscesses in the bilateral psoas major muscles before (A, C, E, G) and after psoas abscess drainage and 9 months of antituberculous medications (B, D, F, H). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3024947_F2_84999.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | MRI spectroscopy (2A), angio-MRI sequences (2B, 2C), and T1 weighted MRI with Gd-DTPA (2D). showed anterior, posterior circulation and circle of Willis vessel's perviety |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4486867_F1_401260.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Significant increase of gray matter density (GMD, color-coded in orange) and fractional anisotropy (FA, color-coded in green) in overweight and obese participants comparing images of two scanning sessions before and after a period of 3 months of physical exercise. In addition, a decrease of radial diffusivity (λ⊥, color-coded in blue) was obtained when comparing diffusion weighted images of both scanning sessions. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4628395_Fig3_439587.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Identification of scar tissue in chronic myocardial infarction. (a) Magnitude reconstructed bSSFP image reveals a thinned wall along the inferior right ventricular insertion point (red arrow). (b) LGE imaging confirms the presence of primarily sub-endocardial scar tissue as an area of signal enhancement (red arrow). Mapping of (c) ΔS/So and (d) native-T1 both reveal increased values within the scar tissue (red arrows), and normal values throughout the remaining myocardium |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3971873_figure4_277917.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Colonoscopic examination images. (a) A submucosal tumour with ulceration was seen in the sigmoid colon. (b) Two months after the diagnosis, the tumour had disappeared and a longitudinal ulcer was seen. (c) Close-up observation revealed pus-like discharge from the ulcer, suggesting tumour-bowel fistulisation. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2803829_F1_54164.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Hematoxylin and eosin stain demonstrating mucinous adenocarcinoma within prostatic needle core biopsy (×100). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3554659_pone-0054881-g001_181299.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Immunohistochemical staining of ezrin in human tongue SCCs and noncancerous tissues.(A) Ezrin expression was low in noncancerous tissues (magnification 40× and 200×). (B) Ezrin was highly expressed in tongue squamous cell carcinomas (magnification 40× and 200×). Ezrin immunoreactivity was apparent in the membrane of normal tongue epithelium, whereas positive staining for ezrin was primarily in the cytoplasm or in the membrane and cytoplasm of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1885.jpg | Is very good example present? | no |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4334979_fig1_360479.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | (a) Regions of significant ReHo differences in tinnitus patients compared with healthy controls. Heat map (upper, right) shows areas of increased ReHo (t values 2.62 to 3.40; red to yellow, resp.) and decreased ReHo (t values −2.60 to −3.20; dark blue to light blue, resp.). Table 3 identified regions where significant increases and decreases occurred. (b) Significant increased functional connectivity of four seed regions between tinnitus patients and healthy subjects. Table 4 identified regions where significant increases occurred. The threshold was set at P < 0.01 (AlphaSim correction). L: left; R: right; ReHo: regional homogeneity; AI: anterior insula; IFG: inferior frontal gyrus; SMG: supramarginal gyrus. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_02435.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Occlusal planes and reference planes used for cephalometric measurements. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4307628_Fig1_353153.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. |
Large scalloping of the L3 vertebral body. Pre-operative sagittal (A) and axial (B) computed tomography myelography scans of the lumbar spine show extremely extensive scalloping of the L3 vertebral body. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3312572_fig3_131514.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | MRI showed that 5 × 8 mm mass the has irregular borderline (arrow). |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_04892.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | A T2-weighted sagittal image of the cervical spine of a 42-year-old man with low back pain incidentally revealed atlantoaxial dislocation. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3427508_RSIF20120174F1_151768.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | AFM images of RBCs. (a,b) Single RBCs from recent human tissue. (c) An assembly of RBCs. (d,e) Single corpuscles found in Iceman sample A and sample B are shown. An assembly of several randomly distributed corpuscles, similar to those found within the recent sample (c), are displayed in image (f). The imaged corpuscles (d–f) feature the characteristic discoid and concave surface of RBCs. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3742185_f7-ijms-14-13241_224402.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Subcellular localization of fluorescent recombinant proteins in roots of transgenic tobacco. Root epidermis from plants expressing p24RFP-TMD17 (A–C), p24RFP-TMD20 (D–F) or p24RFP-TMD23; (G–I) were analyzed by confocal microscopy. RFP fluorescence (A, D and G), brightfield (B, E and H) and merge (C, F and I) are shown. Scale bar: 5 μm. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3046962_pone-0016886-g001_88744.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Temporal lobe areas studied: posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) and intermediate rostrocaudal hippocampal formation (HF).
A: Location of those structures mapped on a template adapted from Nieuwenhuys et al. [85]. B and C: Tissue sections from pSTG and HF, respectively, reacted immunohistochemically for dysbindin-1 with antibody PA3111. pSTG samples included BA 22 and 42. The cellular localization of dysbindin-1 in the sampled areas is shown in Figure 2. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2955669_F5_76139.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | SIV-producing cells in the spleen of SIV-infected macaques receiving a short-term HAART just after the viremia peak. SIV-RNA detection in spleen section from a representative placebo d28 animal (#13927) (a) and a representative HAART d14-d28 animal (#13514) (b) using 35S in situ hybridization and T cell staining with anti-CD3 antibodies. Black arrows indicate SIV+ CD3+ cells and white arrow SIV+CD3-cells. Magnification: 200×. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4500467_pone.0128529.g003_405551.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Standing AP radiograph of the pelvis with internal (asterix) and external calibration marker (arrow) and performed measurements: central beam (C); marker diameter; distances of the markers from the central beam; position of the markers. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4052480_fig13_296675.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Left ventricular mass measurement using three-dimensional echocardiography. Using automated or semiautomated endocardial and epicardial boundary detection endocardial and epicardial volumes are measured (a). By subtracting the left ventricular cavity volume from the epicardial volume, the volume of myocardium is obtained (b). Left ventricular mass is calculated by multiplying myocardial volume by its specific gravity (1.05 g/cm3). |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic48521.jpg | what abnormality is seen in the image? | acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4673320_fig3_451703.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | MRI-FLAIR protocol. Left: initial MRI, 04/12. Right: MRI following relapse 10/12. Note a diffuse hyperintense, ill-defined, left hemispheric centrum semiovale lesion superior to the lateral ventricles (black arrow). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3840722_F7_246100.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Interaction between sex and aging for water diffusion. This figure uses 3D rendering to show the regions where the difference in either the mean diffusivity (A) or diffusion kurtosis (B) between sexes and aging is significant. The green color indicates significant regions with respect to aging, and the red color shows significance between sexes. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4246609_f2-ol-09-01-0371_339794.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | (A) Tumor in the primary site arranged in a glandular pattern with necrosis in the center of the duct (H&E; magnification, ×100). (B) Tumor in the lymph node demonstrating a similar structure as observed in (A) (H&E; magnification, ×100). (C) Positive HER-2 expression in the tumor sample (ABC; magnification, ×100). (D) Diffusely positive CK-H expression and (E) moderately positive CK8/CK18 expression (ABC; magnification, ×100). (F and G) The expression of p63 and calponin located in the myoepithelial surrounding the salivary ducts (ABC; magnification X100). H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; ABC, avidin-biotin complex; CK, cytokeratin; CK-H, high molecular weight CK. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4137726_F1_314189.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Scimitar sign. Coronal contrast-enhanced computed tomography shows the anomalous drainage of the right pulmonary vein into the inferior vena cava, representing the scimitar sign on conventional radiography. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3647661_F3_203379.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | No evidence of productive Norwalk virus (NV) replication in 3-dimensional INT-407 aggregates by confocal microscopy analysis of viral proteins. Three-dimensional INT-407 aggregates 24 h post inoculation (hpi) (panels A, B) and 48 hpi (panels C, D) with live NV, 24 hpi with inactivated NV (panels E, F), or phosphate-buffered saline alone controls (panels G, H). Aggregates were stained for viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) (panels A, C, E, G) or nonstructural protein VPg (panels B, D, F, H). Nuclei were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (not shown in print issue). Original magnification ×63. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4391320_fig2_376559.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | TEE three-dimensional view of aortic valve showing heavy calcification. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4149012_f1_316549.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Images of M. lupini LUT6T using scanning (Left) and transmission (Center) electron microscopy and the appearance of colony morphology on solid medium (Right). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4588337_fig2_428436.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Gossypiboma in abdominal computed tomography. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2266934_F3_18855.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | GFP imaging can reveal details of ductal development, mammary tumors, tumor associated blood vessels, and lymph node morphology. Ductal development can be compared with two imaging techniques – by first GFP imaging the mammary gland (A, C) and then whole mounting the same gland (B, D). Mammary tumors appear less bright compared to the mammary ducts (E) and more bright compared to tumor associated blood vessels (F-H). Lymph nodes (I) can be highlighted close to brighter mammary ducts (K). (J) H&E section of a lymph node. Arrows: mammary ducts, ^: mammary tumor, open arrowheads: blood vessels, *: lymph node. Magnifications are as indicated. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4101959_fig10_306888.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Sagittal unenhanced T1-weighted imaging (a and b) in a Fabry patient showing hyperintensity in the pulvinar, associated with ischemic leukoencephalopathy on FLAIR sequences (c) and vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia on TOF imaging (d). |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwyzdomk086u3kct35ar.jpg | What type of procedure is the image taken from? | Colonoscopy |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4098774_fig2_306148.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Gadolinium-enhanced brain MRI. The lesion is hypointense on T1- and hyperintense on T2-weighted images (asterisk). Signal intensity is high on FLAIR images probably due to the cyst protein content. A small mural nodule is observed. After gadolinium administration, enhancement of the small mural nodule (white arrow) and of the peripheral cystic area is observed. There is a small hyperintense area on T2-weighted and FLAIR images (red arrow) around the medial aspect of the cyst, probably related to the presence of reactive gliosis. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4141336_Fig8_314816.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | A 35-year-old man, smoker, with asymptomatic PLCH (chest radiograph performed for traumatic injury). Diagnosis based on typical lesion heterogeneity on CT imaging. a Two-millimetre collimated CT images at initial diagnosis shows bilateral centrilobular ground-glass nodules, thin-walled cysts and a single air-trapping zone. Upper and middle lung are predominantly affected. b Three-millimetre collimated CT after 5 months of smoking cessation shows almost complete resolution of the centrilobular nodularity while thin-walled cysts remain unchanged |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_06363.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of 34-year-old male, diffusion-weighted axial section image showing hypointense lesion in the right half of the midbrain |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC1797619_ppat-0030020-g007_9568.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Electron Micrographs of TBE Virus Interacting with Liposomes at pH 5.4 and 10.0(A) Electron micrographs of a virus particle in the process of low pH–induced fusion with a liposome. Solid arrow points to low pH–induced projections at the virion surface; dotted arrow points to an electrodense structure presumed to be the nucleocapsid in the process of release.(B) Virus particles attached to liposomal membranes at alkaline pH. Negative stain by phosphotungstic acid adjusted to pH 8.0. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4560146_Fig4_421028.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Intra and postoperative view of the abdomen. a Photograph of trocar placement. We used an EZ Access (Hakko, Nagano, Japan). b Surgical view, showing that IMA was ligated with vascular clip. c Postoperative abdominal view, showing that the umbilical incision was not extended and there was no additional lateral abdominal trocar |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3148050_F5_104136.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | SEM micrographs taken at 45º tilt angle (shown using three magnifications) of nanostructure on flat replica, microstructures, and hierarchical structure. Nano and hierarchical structures coated with 0.8 μg/mm2 of Lotus wax after storage for seven days at 50 °C with ethanol vapor. Flat epoxy resin and microstructure were covered with flat Lotus wax [21]. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4374855_pgen.1005057.g001_371896.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Morphological and radiographic examination of Snx10 KD mice.A) 2-week-old Snx10 KD mice are growth retarded. 2-week-old Snx10 KD mice (C and E) have a tooth eruption defect compared to their WT littermates (B and D). The white arrows (D and E) demonstrate the presence of tooth buds that failed to erupt in the KD mice. Radiographic images demonstrate that 3-week-old Snx10 KD mice (G and I) have bones that lack marrow cavities. Compare the femur (white arrow) and pelvis (black arrow) with WT (F and H) mice. The metaphyseal cupping in the Snx10 KD femur and tibia (I) are consistent with rickets. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2776581_F2_50668.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | (A) T1-weighted coronal MR image (B) T2-weighted coronal MR image. A cystic structure is seen in the lateral femoral condyle (black arrow). A lesion of low signal intensity on T1-weighted image and high signal intensity on T2-weighted image is evident |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2481490_F1_25769.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Changes in mammary gland architecture induced by estrogen and progesterone. Tissues from mice that were nulliparous (a, d), E+P-treated (b, e), and parous (c, f) were examined using whole mounts (a-c) and 4-μm sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (d-f). Magnifications, × 4 (a-c) and × 100 (d-f). E+P, estrogen and progesterone. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3883667_pone-0084722-g006_257115.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Kainate-induced loss of neurons in the ventral dentate hilus.Photomicrographs of representative Nissl-stained coronal sections containing the ventral portion of the dentate gyrus taken from a control rat (A), from a rat in the behavioral status epilepticus (BSE) group (B) and from a kainate-treated rat that had not experienced behavioral status epilepticus (no-BSE; C). Note that the density of neurons in the dentate hilus is dramatically reduced in the rat that experienced behavioral SE (B). In striking contrast, most of the neurons of the ventral hilus are preserved in the rat from the no-BSE group (C). Scale bar shown in (B) = 250 µm. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_2631.jpg | Was hematoma anterior or posterior? | no |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4068870_F2_300677.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Splenic hamartoma in a 6-year-old boy with left upper quadrant abdominal pain. (A) Abdominal ultrasonography showed a hypoechoic mass (arrow) with well-defined borders in the lower pole of spleen. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed slightly hyperintense signal in the T1WI (B), T2WI images (C), and T2WI + Fatsat images (D), and a non-homogeneous signal within the lesion (arrow). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_3018.jpg | Is optic nerve present? | yes |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2569031_F1_28935.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Abdominal radiograph showing no significant abnormality. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4549214_pone.0136563.g003_417388.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Deferiprone down-regulates Omniscan-induced CD163+ cells in NSF skin as shown by immunohistochemistry (Panel A).Immunohistochemistry staining shows deferiprone treatment decreases Omniscan-induced CD163+. The top panels (40X) show the comparative skin thickness from each group. Panel B demonstrates the quantitative analysis of the number of positively stained cells in μm2. (**p<0.01 Omniscan alone compared with control or Omniscan treated compared with deferiprone and Omniscan). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4610972_f0035_434748.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Hematoxylin and eosin staining of nine tumor samples subjected to exome sequencing. The nine ESCC samples subjected to exome sequencing were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tumor cell content of each sample (as indicated by patient ID) was evaluated and reviewed by two pathologists independently. The magnification for all of the images was 400×. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4276664_ijerph-11-13084-f002_346711.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | ESEM observation of a travertine sample, collected from the site shown in Figure 1D. Panels (A) and (B) show that the travertine surface was dominated by psychrophilic diatoms. Their metabolic activity has strong effects on the travertine surface as arrows indicated. Squares in Figure 2 indicate glutinous layers. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4433111_pone.0124173.g002_386727.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Liver histology of representative control diet (control swine # 957) and NASH diet swine (NASH diet # 954 and 943).For each animal, top row is H&E and bottom row is trichrome staining; the columns are weeks 8, 16 and 24, respectively. All sections are at 200x magnification except for all week 24 H&E staining, and week 8 and 16 for NASH 943 which are 400x magnification. Control 957 swine showed no evidence of liver injury or fibrosis throughout the experiment. Livers from swine fed NASH diet showed progressive hepatocyte ballooning degeneration (as evidenced by wispy clear cytoplasm), Kupffer cell accumulation, and fibrosis (indicated by an arrow). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3932193_fig1_268823.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | ((a)–(d))
11C-MET PET image of a 44-year-old man with a frontal-parasagittal low grade glioma, after 1 month from surgical resection ((a)-(b)) and 3 months later ((c)-(d)), showing residual disease in the area of surgery. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2904815_fig09_68919.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Expression profiles of dopamine receptor subtypes in adult chicken brain.
Images were taken from film autoradiograms and inverted; white, mRNA
signal. Two sagittal sections are shown per receptor; the distance from
the midline is ∼1.5 (top) and 3.5 mm (bottom). A–C show
the D1 receptor family (D1A, D1B, and D1D). D–F show the D2
receptor family (D2, D3, and D4). The hybridizations were done with the
zebra finch 35S-UTP-labeled cRNA riboprobes using the same
high-stringency conditions as for the zebra finch in situ
hybridizations. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4631456_pone.0133690.g002_440207.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Examples of metastatic disease detected with restaging PET-CT.Examples of interval metastases on restaging PET-CT located in a supraclavicular lymph node (I), the right iliac body (II) and the liver (III). Panel A and B represent axial CT images before and after fusion with PET, respectively. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4329815_F1_358620.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Examples of extreme vacuolization of macropinosomes associated with non-apoptotic cell death (methuosis) in U251 glioblastoma cells. (A,B) Show phase contrast and electron microscopy images of a stable U251 cell line in which overexpression of H-Ras(G12V) was induced for a period of 4 days (reprinted with permission from Overmeyer et al., 2008). Similar images of U251 cells treated with the indolyl chalcone, MIPP, were obtained after 3 days (C) or 2 days (D) of drug treatment (reprinted with permission from Overmeyer et al., 2011). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4437296_f2_387795.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Longitudinal in vivo assessment of bone regeneration induced by BMP-2-presenting hydrogels.Preformed BMP-2 presenting hydrogels (Ø 4.4 mm, ht. 1.25 mm) were placed in critical-sized calvarial defects (ca. Ø 4.4 mm) in C57BL/6 mice. A) Top views of 3D volume rendered micro-CT in vivo measurements of a representative animal at indicated time points after surgery. The defect location is indicated by a blue shaded circle. B) Longitudinal in vivo assessment of the coverage of the defect and C) bone volume in the defect by micro-CT. Scale bar = 2 mm. Data is depicted as mean ± SEM (n = 5). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4660807_Fig1_448041.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography demonstrating prominent common bile duct and prominent irregular hepatic ducts |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3718819_pone-0065917-g003_219356.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Confocal microscopy of mRNA localization in axons.(A,D) Double-label immunofluorescence shows Syto labeling in cell bodies (nuclear) and co-localization of mRNA (Syto, green) with an axonal marker (SMI-31, red). Green puncta (Syto) that are not co-labeled correspond to localization within dendrites. (Inset – expanded for more clear visualization). (B, E) Immunofluorescence of mRNA (Syto, green). (C,F) Immunofluorescence of axonal marker only (SMI-31, red). Bar is 50 µm. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cla820glhs4gv071uhfx8hwoo.jpg | Are there any abnormalities in the image? | Ulcerative colitis |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3940942_F2_271121.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Tissue microarray cylinders representing an adrenal gland infiltration by a poorly differentiated neuroblastoma. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of (A) adrenal gland and (A’) tumor tissue. (B–F) Several histochemical and immunohistochemical stainings of extracellular matrix elements and (B’–F’) their corresponding mark-up images after image analysis are shown. The cylinder tissue was stained with (B) Gomori for Ret F, (C) Masson’s trichrome for Col I F, and (D) Alcian blue pH 2.5 for GAGs; and immunostained with (E) anti-CD45 for leukocyte-common antigen and (F) anti-CD31 for Blood vessels. Tumors tend to disrupt the topology of the ECM of the organ in which they settle, producing changes in biotensegrity. AG, antigen. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwyido5k086ug46g3css.jpg | Is there a green/black box artefact? | Yes |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3103170_F0001_97158.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Immunohistochemical staining of cyclin D1 in tobacco-related intraoral squamous cell carcinoma using mouse monoclonal antibody; (A) negative control and (B) normal buccal mucosa are negative for cyclin D1; (C) moderately differentiated tumour cells show strong cytoplasmic and nuclear (arrows) immunoreactivity (magnification (40X); (D) shows intense nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in tumour cells (arrow) under higher (100X) magnification. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3272791_fig1_124617.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | (a) Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery image and (b) diffusion-weighted image of cranial magnetic resonance imaging on the axial images demonstrated a small infarct lesion in the lower lateral medulla oblongata on the left side (arrow). (c) Cranial magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated an absence of flow of the left vertebral artery. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_69264.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Unenhanced axial CT at the level of the upper abdomen demonstrates a 3.5 × 2.2 cm peritoneal mass (white arrow) 3 years after laparoscopic hysterectomy with power morcellation. |
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