id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4,781,981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Strogatz | Steven Henry Strogatz (; born August 13, 1959) is an American mathematician and author, and the Susan and Barton Winokur Distinguished Professor for the Public Understanding of Science and Mathematics at Cornell University.
He is known for his work on nonlinear systems, including contributions to the study of synchroni... | Steven Strogatz | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,477 | [
"Dynamical systems theorists",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,871,162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit%20interaction | In quantum mechanics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's spin with its motion inside a potential. A key example of this phenomenon is the spin–orbit interaction leading to shifts in an electron's atomic energy levels, due to e... | Spin–orbit interaction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,046 | [
"Spintronics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
1,872,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorone | Phorone, or diisopropylidene acetone, is a yellow crystalline substance with a geranium odor, with formula or .
Preparation
It was first obtained in 1837 in impure form by the French chemist Auguste Laurent, who called it "camphoryle". In 1849, the French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt and his student Jean Pierre ... | Phorone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 231 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups"
] |
1,873,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual%20stress | In materials science and solid mechanics, residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed. Residual stress may be desirable or undesirable. For example, laser peening imparts deep beneficial compressive residual stresses into metal components such... | Residual stress | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,268 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Reliability engineering",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Technological failures",
"Classical mechanics",
"Engineering failures",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
1,874,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut%20and%20fill | In earthmoving, cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway, road or canal whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill needed to make nearby embankments to minimize the amount of construction labor.
Overview
Cut sections of roadway or rail are areas where the roadway has a lo... | Cut and fill | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 523 | [
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
1,253,782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20quantum%20chemistry | Relativistic quantum chemistry combines relativistic mechanics with quantum chemistry to calculate elemental properties and structure, especially for the heavier elements of the periodic table. A prominent example is an explanation for the color of gold: due to relativistic effects, it is not silvery like most other me... | Relativistic quantum chemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,126 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Special relativity",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"Theory of relativity",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
1,254,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathleen%20Synge%20Morawetz | Cathleen Synge Morawetz (May 5, 1923 – August 8, 2017) was a Canadian mathematician who spent much of her career in the United States. Morawetz's research was mainly in the study of the partial differential equations governing fluid flow, particularly those of mixed type occurring in transonic flow. She was professor e... | Cathleen Synge Morawetz | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,348 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
1,254,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulae%20and%20Star%20Clusters | There are several astronomical catalogues referred to as Nebulae and Star Clusters.
A Nebula is a cloud of dust and gas inside a galaxy. Nebulae become visible if the gas glows, or if the cloud reflects starlight or obscures light from more distant objects.
The catalogues that it may refer to:
Catalogue des nébuleu... | Nebulae and Star Clusters | [
"Astronomy"
] | 223 | [
"Astronomical catalogues",
"Works about astronomy",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
1,254,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopcalite | Hopcalite is the trade name for a number of mixtures that mainly consist of oxides of copper and manganese, which are used as catalysts for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide when exposed to the oxygen in the air at room temperature.
The name "hopcalite" is derived from Johns Hopkins University - "Hop... | Hopcalite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 887 | [
"Catalysis",
"Catalysts",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
1,255,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure%E2%80%93ground%20%28perception%29 | Figure–ground organization is a type of perceptual grouping that is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision. In Gestalt psychology it is known as identifying a figure from the background. For example, black words on a printed paper are seen as the "figure", and the white sheet as the "background".
Ges... | Figure–ground (perception) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,725 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Behavior",
"Optical illusions",
"Optical phenomena",
"Behavioural sciences",
"Cognitive psychology",
"Design"
] |
1,255,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogroup | In mathematics, a pseudogroup is a set of homeomorphisms between open sets of a space, satisfying group-like and sheaf-like properties. It is a generalisation of the concept of a group, originating however from the geometric approach of Sophus Lie to investigate symmetries of differential equations, rather than out of ... | Pseudogroup | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,320 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Topology",
"Algebraic structures",
"Differential topology"
] |
1,255,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending | In applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.
The structural element is assumed to be such that at least one of its dimensions is a small fraction, typically 1... | Bending | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,087 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Statics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Building engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Structural system",
"Physical properties"
] |
1,255,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borabenzene | Borabenzene is a hypothetical organoboron compound with the formula C5H5B. Unlike the related but highly stable benzene molecule, borabenzene would be electron-deficient. Related derivatives are the boratabenzene anions, including the parent [C5H5BH]−.
Adducts
Adducts of borabenzene with Lewis bases are isolatable. S... | Borabenzene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 349 | [
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Hypotheses in chemistry",
"Hypothetical chemical compounds"
] |
1,256,194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-model | The V-model is a graphical representation of a systems development lifecycle. It is used to produce rigorous development lifecycle models and project management models. The V-model falls into three broad categories, the German V-Modell, a general testing model, and the US government standard.
The V-model summarizes th... | V-model | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,035 | [
"Systems engineering"
] |
1,256,751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%20machine | In mathematics and computer science, Zeno machines (abbreviated ZM, and also called accelerated Turing machine, ATM) are a hypothetical computational model related to Turing machines that are capable of carrying out computations involving a countably infinite number of algorithmic steps. These machines are ruled out i... | Zeno machine | [
"Mathematics"
] | 908 | [
"Supertasks",
"Mathematical objects",
"Infinity"
] |
1,257,907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir, also spelled valacyclovir, is an antiviral medication used to treat outbreaks of herpes simplex or herpes zoster (shingles). It is also used to prevent cytomegalovirus following a kidney transplant in high risk cases. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include headache and vomiting. Severe side ef... | Valaciclovir | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,367 | [
"Functional groups",
"Prodrugs",
"Organic compounds",
"Ethers",
"Chemicals in medicine"
] |
1,257,929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHEMKIN | CHEMKIN is a proprietary software tool for solving complex chemical kinetics problems. It is used worldwide in the combustion, chemical processing, microelectronics and automotive industries, and also in atmospheric science. It was originally developed at Sandia National Laboratories and is now developed by a US comp... | CHEMKIN | [
"Chemistry"
] | 135 | [
"Combustion",
"Computational chemistry",
"Computational chemistry software",
"Chemistry software"
] |
1,258,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20synthesis | In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. Protecting group st... | Peptide synthesis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,115 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Biochemistry",
"Peptide coupling reagents",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Organic reactions",
"Amide synthesis reactions",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Chemical synthesis",
"Reagents for biochemistry",
"Peptides"
] |
1,258,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated%20ion%20channel | Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in a cell's electrical membrane potential near the channel. The membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins, regulating their opening and closing. Cell membranes are generally imp... | Voltage-gated ion channel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,023 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
2,606,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecular%20docking | Macromolecular docking is the computational modelling of the quaternary structure of complexes formed by two or more interacting biological macromolecules. Protein–protein complexes are the most commonly attempted targets of such modelling, followed by protein–nucleic acid complexes.
The ultimate goal of docking is th... | Macromolecular docking | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,945 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Molecular physics",
"Bioinformatics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Molecular modelling",
" molecular",
"Structural biology",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Protein structure",
" and optical physics"
] |
15,734,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20buoy%20mooring | A Single buoy mooring (SrM) (also known as single-point mooring or SPM) is a loading buoy anchored offshore, that serves as a mooring point and interconnect for tankers loading or offloading gas or liquid products. SPMs are the link between geostatic subsea manifold connections and weathervaning tankers. They are capab... | Single buoy mooring | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,667 | [
"Petroleum engineering",
"Petroleum technology"
] |
15,734,676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium%20ferrate | Barium ferrate is the chemical compound of formula BaFeO4. This is a rare compound containing iron in the +6 oxidation state. The ferrate(VI) ion has two unpaired electrons, making it paramagnetic. It is isostructural with BaSO4, and contains the tetrahedral [FeO4]2− anion.
Structure
The ferrate(VI) anion is paramagne... | Barium ferrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 939 | [
"Ferrates",
"Salts"
] |
15,735,043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-utility%20function | A Time/Utility Function (TUF), née Time/Value Function, specifies the application-specific utility that an action (e.g., computational task, mechanical movement) yields depending on its completion time. TUFs and their utility interpretations (semantics), scales, and values are derived from application domain-specific s... | Time-utility function | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,925 | [
"Optimal scheduling",
"Real-time computing",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
15,735,983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog%20desert | A fog desert is a type of desert where fog drip supplies the majority of moisture needed by animal and plant life. Examples of fog deserts include the Atacama Desert of coastal Chile and Peru; the Baja California desert of Mexico; the Namib Desert in Namibia; the Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert; and a manmade inst... | Fog desert | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 702 | [
"Visibility",
"Symbiosis",
"Fog",
"Physical quantities",
"Ecosystems",
"Deserts"
] |
22,336,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHydrion | pHydrion is the trademarked name for a popular line of chemical test products, marketed by Micro Essential Laboratory, Inc., the original manufacturer of Hydrion and pHydrion products. The trademarked pHydrion product line comprises chemical test papers, chemical indicators, chemical test kits, chemical indicator kits,... | PHydrion | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 150 | [
"Titration",
"PH indicators",
"Chromism",
"Chemical tests",
"Equilibrium chemistry"
] |
22,343,496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverquant | Silverquant is a labeling and detection method for DNA microarrays or protein microarrays. A synonym is colorimetric detection. In contrast to the classical signal detection on microarrays by using fluorescence, the colorimetric detection is more sensitive and ozone-stable.
Chemical reaction
The probe to be detected i... | Silverquant | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 218 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Biological engineering",
"Microtechnology",
"Microarrays",
"Gene expression",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
3,549,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village-level%20operation%20and%20maintenance%20%28pumps%29 | Village Level Operation and Maintenance (VLOM) is an unofficial classification given to handpumps used in developing countries that require minimal maintenance or that can be done "at the village level." Not all maintenance and repair needs to be done by the villagers for a pump to be classed as a VLOM pump. VLOMM, or... | Village-level operation and maintenance (pumps) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 655 | [
"Pumps",
"Hydrology",
"Turbomachinery",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water supply"
] |
3,551,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%E2%80%93hemoglobin%20dissociation%20curve | The oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve, also called the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve or oxygen dissociation curve (ODC), is a curve that plots the proportion of hemoglobin in its saturated (oxygen-laden) form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis. This curve is an impor... | Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,882 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
3,555,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20solution | In mathematics, a weak solution (also called a generalized solution) to an ordinary or partial differential equation is a function for which the derivatives may not all exist but which is nonetheless deemed to satisfy the equation in some precisely defined sense. There are many different definitions of weak solution, ... | Weak solution | [
"Mathematics"
] | 941 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations"
] |
18,616,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20ray | A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically shorter than those of X-rays. With frequencies above 30 exahertz () and wavelengths less t... | Gamma ray | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 7,709 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Radiation",
"Gamma rays",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity"
] |
23,679,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time%20Neutron%20Monitor%20Database | The Real-time Neutron Monitor Database (or NMDB) is a worldwide network of standardized neutron monitors, used to record variations of the primary cosmic rays. The measurements complement space-based cosmic ray measurements.
Unlike data from satellite experiments, neutron monitor data has never been available in high... | Real-time Neutron Monitor Database | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 283 | [
"Astronomical databases",
"Works about astronomy",
"nan"
] |
23,681,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization%20%28chemistry%29 | Recrystallization is a method used to purify chemicals by dissolving a mixture of a compound and its impurities, in an appropriate solvent, prior to heating the solution. Following the dissolution of crude product, the mixture will passively cool, yielding a crystallized compound and its impurities as separate entities... | Recrystallization (chemistry) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,006 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Separation processes",
"Critical phenomena",
"Phases of matter",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
23,682,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Law%20Enforcement%20System | The National Law Enforcement System, better known as the Wanganui Computer, was a database set up in 1976 by the State Services Commission in Wanganui, New Zealand. It held information which could be accessed by New Zealand Police, Land Transport Safety Authority and the justice department.
The Wanganui computer was a... | National Law Enforcement System | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 369 | [
"Computer science",
"Computers",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
23,682,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%20follower | A cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cam lobe profiles. Cam followers come in a vast array of different configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its mating part; stud style cam followers use... | Cam follower | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,157 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
23,686,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20shredder | An industrial shredder is a machine used to break down materials for various applications such as recycling, volume reduction, and product destruction. Industrial shredders come in many different sizes and design variations based on what particle size is needed for final shredded product.
The main categories of design... | Industrial shredder | [
"Engineering"
] | 456 | [
"Industrial machinery"
] |
23,687,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Electrochemistry | The Journal of Applied Electrochemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media, which focuses on the technological applications of electrochemistry.
Subjects covered are energy conversion, conservation, and storage, industrial synthesis, environmental remediation, electroche... | Journal of Applied Electrochemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 234 | [
"Electrochemistry journals",
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrochemistry stubs",
"Physical chemistry journals",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
10,629,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir%20%28receptor%29 | Tir (translocated intimin receptor) is an essential component in the adherence of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorraghic Escherichia coli (EHEC) to the cells lining the small intestine. To aid attachment, both EPEC and EHEC possess the ability to reorganise the host cell actin cytoskeleton v... | Tir (receptor) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 315 | [
"Tyrosine kinase receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
10,630,682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin%20corner%20%28aerodynamics%29 | Coffin corner (also known as the aerodynamic ceiling or Q corner) is the region of flight where a fast but subsonic fixed-wing aircraft's stall speed is near the critical Mach number, at a given gross weight and G-force loading. In this region of flight, it is very difficult to keep an airplane in stable flight. Becaus... | Coffin corner (aerodynamics) | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,484 | [
"Aerospace engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
10,636,131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20markup%20language | A mathematical markup language is a computer notation for representing mathematical formulae, based on mathematical notation. Specialized markup languages are necessary because computers normally deal with linear text and more limited character sets (although increasing support for Unicode is obsoleting very simple us... | Mathematical markup language | [
"Mathematics"
] | 745 | [
"Mathematical markup languages"
] |
10,637,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconica%20inquilina | Deconica inquilina is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Formerly a member of the genus Psilocybe (well known for its psilocybin containing members), this species belonged to the non-blueing (non-hallucinogenic) clade and was consequently moved to Deconica in 2009.
Habitat and distribution
Deconica i... | Deconica inquilina | [
"Biology"
] | 116 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
10,639,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/321%20kinematic%20structure | 321 kinematic structure is a design method for robotic arms (serial manipulators), invented by Donald L. Pieper and used in most commercially produced robotic arms. The inverse kinematics of serial manipulators with six revolute joints, and with three consecutive joints intersecting, can be solved in closed form, i.e. ... | 321 kinematic structure | [
"Engineering"
] | 242 | [
"Robotics engineering",
"Robot kinematics"
] |
20,852,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tully%20Lake | Tully Lake, of Royalston, Massachusetts, is a reservoir and flood control project constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in 1949 for 1.6 million dollars. The project prevents flooding of the greater Connecticut River and Millers River valleys and provides a variety of recreational opportuniti... | Tully Lake | [
"Engineering"
] | 412 | [
"Engineering units and formations",
"United States Army Corps of Engineers"
] |
20,852,803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinx%20in%20anatomy | In anatomical contexts, salpinx is used to refer to a type of tube. Per Terminologia Anatomica, the Latin term "tuba" is usually used to describe most tubes (after the Roman tuba, not the modern tuba), but the term "salpinges" and its adjectival derivatives are still sometimes used to describe the following two "tubes"... | Salpinx in anatomy | [
"Biology"
] | 139 | [
"Anatomy"
] |
20,853,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20action%20process%20approach | The health action process approach (HAPA) is a psychological theory of health behavior change, developed by Ralf Schwarzer, Professor of Psychology at the Freie University Berlin of Berlin, Germany and SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland, first published in 1992.
Health behavior change r... | Health action process approach | [
"Biology"
] | 1,741 | [
"Behavior",
"Motivation",
"Behaviorism",
"Ethology",
"Human behavior"
] |
20,854,281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo-beta-lactamase%20protein%20fold | The metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) superfamily constitutes a group of proteins found in all domains of life that share a characteristic αββα fold with the ability to bind transition metal ions. Such metal binding sites may have divalent transition metal ions like Zn(II), Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Mn(II), and are located at the bot... | Metallo-beta-lactamase protein fold | [
"Biology"
] | 961 | [
"Protein superfamilies",
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
20,854,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20repeat | Direct repeats are a type of genetic sequence that consists of two or more repeats of a specific sequence. In other words, the direct repeats are nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome. Generally, a direct repeat occurs when a sequence is repeated with the same pattern downstream. There is and ... | Direct repeat | [
"Biology"
] | 396 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Repetitive DNA sequences",
"Genetics"
] |
6,251,151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rock%20%28Northwestern%20University%29 | The Rock is a boulder on the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, United States, located in between University Hall and Harris Hall. It serves as a billboard for campus groups and events, and has been painted with different colors and messages over the years.
History
The Rock, a purple-and-white q... | The Rock (Northwestern University) | [
"Physics"
] | 361 | [
"Stones",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
6,252,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%20levels | In quantum mechanics, the energies of cyclotron orbits of charged particles in a uniform magnetic field are quantized to discrete values, thus known as Landau levels. These levels are degenerate, with the number of electrons per level directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. It is named afte... | Landau levels | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,129 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
6,257,840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate%20fee | A gate fee (or tipping fee) is the charge levied upon a given quantity of waste received at a waste processing facility.
In the case of a landfill it is generally levied to offset the cost of opening, maintaining and eventually closing the site. It may also include any landfill tax which is applicable in the region. T... | Gate fee | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 192 | [
"Water treatment",
"Waste treatment technology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
12,884,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium%20%2899mTc%29%20albumin%20aggregated | Technetium 99mTc albumin aggregated (99mTc-MAA) is an injectable radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine. It consists of a sterile aqueous suspension of Technetium-99m (99mTc) labeled to human albumin aggregate particles. It is commonly used for lung perfusion scanning. It is also less commonly used to visualise ... | Technetium (99mTc) albumin aggregated | [
"Chemistry"
] | 585 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Medicinal radiochemistry"
] |
12,885,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric%20manifold | In mathematics, a toric manifold is a topological analogue of toric variety in algebraic geometry. It is an even-dimensional manifold with an effective smooth action of an -dimensional compact torus which is locally standard with the orbit space a simple convex polytope.
The aim is to do combinatorics on the quotient ... | Toric manifold | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 172 | [
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Manifolds",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
12,885,977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon%20%28general%20relativity%29 | A horizon is a boundary in spacetime satisfying prescribed conditions.
There are several types of horizons that play a role in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity:
Absolute horizon, a boundary in spacetime in general relativity inside of which events cannot affect an external observer
Event horizon, a bo... | Horizon (general relativity) | [
"Physics"
] | 170 | [
"General relativity",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
12,885,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIGO | The Australian International Gravitational Observatory (AIGO) is a research facility located near Gingin, north of Perth in Western Australia. It is part of a worldwide effort to directly detect gravitational waves. Note that these are a major prediction of the general theory of relativity and are not to be confused w... | AIGO | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 686 | [
"Interferometers",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
12,886,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic%20property | In mathematics, properties that hold for "typical" examples are called generic properties. For instance, a generic property of a class of functions is one that is true of "almost all" of those functions, as in the statements, "A generic polynomial does not have a root at zero," or "A generic square matrix is invertibl... | Generic property | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,745 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
23,853,677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20viable%20product | A minimum viable product (MVP) is a version of a product with just enough features to be usable by early customers who can then provide feedback for future product development.
A focus on releasing an MVP means that developers potentially avoid lengthy and (possibly) unnecessary work. Instead, they iterate on working ... | Minimum viable product | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,086 | [
"Systems engineering"
] |
23,854,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time%20Control%20System | Real-time Control System (RCS) is a reference model architecture, suitable for many software-intensive, real-time computing control problem domains. It defines the types of functions needed in a real-time intelligent control system, and how these functions relate to each other.
RCS is not a system design, nor is it a... | Real-time Control System | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,296 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Enterprise modelling",
"Automation",
"Industrial engineering",
"Industrial computing",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
23,855,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20ergodicity | In quantum chaos, a branch of mathematical physics, quantum ergodicity is a property of the quantization of classical mechanical systems that are chaotic in the sense of exponential sensitivity to initial conditions. Quantum ergodicity states, roughly, that in the high-energy limit, the probability distributions associ... | Quantum ergodicity | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,015 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Ergodic theory",
"Modular forms",
"Number theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
23,859,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body%20problem | In physics, the -body problem is the problem of predicting the individual motions of a group of celestial objects interacting with each other gravitationally. Solving this problem has been motivated by the desire to understand the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and visible stars. In the 20th century, understanding ... | N-body problem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,697 | [
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Computational physics",
"Computational problems",
"Mechanics",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
125,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevatron | The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator (active until 2011) in the United States, at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (called Fermilab), east of Batavia, Illinois, and was the highest energy particle collider until the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN... | Tevatron | [
"Physics"
] | 2,591 | [
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Particle physics",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
125,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20programming | Dynamic programming is both a mathematical optimization method and an algorithmic paradigm. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s and has found applications in numerous fields, from aerospace engineering to economics.
In both contexts it refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it dow... | Dynamic programming | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 8,664 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations"
] |
23,690,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute%20rotation | In physics, the concept of absolute rotation—rotation independent of any external reference—is a topic of debate about relativity, cosmology, and the nature of physical laws.
For the concept of absolute rotation to be scientifically meaningful, it must be measurable. In other words, can an observer distinguish between... | Absolute rotation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,256 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Theory of relativity",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
23,692,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20dot%20display | A quantum dot display is a display device that uses quantum dots (QD), semiconductor nanocrystals which can produce pure monochromatic red, green, and blue light. Photo-emissive quantum dot particles are used in LCD backlights or display color filters. Quantum dots are excited by the blue light from the display panel ... | Quantum dot display | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,682 | [
"Quantum electronics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Display technology",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
19,696,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20cladding | There are four main techniques used today in the UK and mainland Europe for copper cladding a building:
seamed-cladding (typically 0.7 mm thick copper sheet on the facade): max 600 mm by 4000 mm 'seam centres'.
shingle-cladding (typically made from 0.7 mm thick copper sheet): max 600 mm by 4000 mm 'seam centres'.
sl... | Copper cladding | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 463 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
19,696,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedral%20combinatorics | Polyhedral combinatorics is a branch of mathematics, within combinatorics and discrete geometry, that studies the problems of counting and describing the faces of convex polyhedra and higher-dimensional convex polytopes.
Research in polyhedral combinatorics falls into two distinct areas. Mathematicians in this area st... | Polyhedral combinatorics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,358 | [
"Polyhedral combinatorics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
19,714,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20test%20controller | Digital test controllers are devices (usually computer based) that provide motion control by processing digital signals. Typically a controller has inputs connected to sensors on the device they control, which measure the feedback, its current state (for example the current position), and process this signal to provide... | Digital test controller | [
"Engineering"
] | 254 | [
"Control devices",
"Control engineering"
] |
19,714,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium%20%2899mTc%29%20votumumab | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Technetium (99mTc) votumumab}}
Technetium (99mTc) votumumab (trade name HumaSPECT) is a human monoclonal antibody labelled with the radionuclide technetium-99m. It was developed for the detection of colorectal tumors, but has never been marketed.
The target of votumumab is CTAA16.88, a complex of cytok... | Technetium (99mTc) votumumab | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 154 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Antibody-drug conjugates",
"Drug safety",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
8,245,866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-particle%20spectroscopy | Alpha spectrometry (also known as alpha(-particle) spectroscopy) is the quantitative study of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter.
As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies often di... | Alpha-particle spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,155 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
8,248,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund%20Data%20Bank | The Dortmund Data Bank (short DDB) is a factual data bank for thermodynamic and thermophysical data. Its main usage is the data supply for process simulation where experimental data are the basis for the design, analysis, synthesis, and optimization of chemical processes. The DDB is used for fitting parameters for ther... | Dortmund Data Bank | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 794 | [
"Thermodynamics databases",
"Chemical databases",
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
8,249,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20array | A parametric array, in the field of acoustics, is a nonlinear transduction mechanism that generates narrow, nearly side lobe-free beams of low frequency sound, through the mixing and interaction of high frequency sound waves, effectively overcoming the diffraction limit (a kind of spatial 'uncertainty principle') assoc... | Parametric array | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,013 | [
"Nonlinear systems",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
4,790,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20ethics | Engineering ethics is the field of system of moral principles that apply to the practice of engineering. The field examines and sets the obligations by engineers to society, to their clients, and to the profession. As a scholarly discipline, it is closely related to subjects such as the philosophy of science, the philo... | Engineering ethics | [
"Technology"
] | 3,635 | [
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
4,791,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-algebra | In conformal field theory and representation theory, a W-algebra is an associative algebra that generalizes the Virasoro algebra. W-algebras were introduced by Alexander Zamolodchikov, and the name "W-algebra" comes from the fact that Zamolodchikov used the letter W for one of the elements of one of his examples.
Defi... | W-algebra | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,996 | [
"Integrable systems",
"Representation theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Theoretical physics"
] |
4,792,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermathematics | Supermathematics is the branch of mathematical physics which applies the mathematics of Lie superalgebras to the behaviour of bosons and fermions. The driving force in its formation in the 1960s and 1970s was Felix Berezin.
Objects of study include superalgebras (such as super Minkowski space and super-Poincaré algebr... | Supermathematics | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 177 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"String theory",
"Mathematical physics",
"Supersymmetry",
"Symmetry"
] |
22,349,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch%E2%80%93Siegert%20shift | The Bloch–Siegert shift is a phenomenon in quantum physics that becomes important for driven two-level systems when the driving gets strong (e.g. atoms driven by a strong laser drive or nuclear spins in NMR, driven by a strong oscillating magnetic field).
When the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) is invoked, the reso... | Bloch–Siegert shift | [
"Physics"
] | 794 | [
"Wave mechanics",
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
22,350,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20carrier%20absorption | Free carrier absorption occurs when a material absorbs a photon, and a carrier (electron or hole) is excited from an already-excited state to another, unoccupied state in the same band (but possibly a different subband). This intraband absorption is different from interband absorption because the excited carrier is alr... | Free carrier absorption | [
"Physics"
] | 562 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
22,354,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20code%20%28mathematics%29 | In theoretical computer science and coding theory, the long code is an error-correcting code that is locally decodable. Long codes have an extremely poor rate, but play a fundamental role in the theory of hardness of approximation.
Definition
Let for be the list of all functions from .
Then the long code encoding of... | Long code (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 281 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory",
"Reliability engineering",
"Error detection and correction"
] |
22,355,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consed | Consed is a program for viewing, editing, and finishing DNA sequence assemblies. Originally developed for sequence assemblies created with phrap, recent versions also support other sequence assembly programs like Newbler.
History
Consed was originally developed as a contig editing and finishing tool for large-scale ... | Consed | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 190 | [
"Bioinformatics stubs",
"Bioinformatics software",
"Applied mathematics",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Computational science",
"Bioinformatics"
] |
474,589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-energy%20cosmic%20ray | In astroparticle physics, an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) is a cosmic ray with an energy greater than 1 EeV (1018 electronvolts, approximately 0.16 joules), far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles. The origin of these highest energy cosmic ray is not known.
These partic... | Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,127 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Matter",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astroparticle physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Radiation",
"Subatomic particles",
"Particle physics",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Nuclear physics",
"Atoms",
"Cosmic rays"
] |
474,760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%20transform%20%28integral%20transform%29 | In mathematics, Legendre transform is an integral transform named after the mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre, which uses Legendre polynomials as kernels of the transform. Legendre transform is a special case of Jacobi transform.
The Legendre transform of a function is
The inverse Legendre transform is given by
... | Legendre transform (integral transform) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 92 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
474,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20in%20a%20ring | In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The Schrödinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a ring (technically, whose configuration space is the circle ) is
Wave function
Using polar coordinates on the 1-dimensional ring of radius R... | Particle in a ring | [
"Physics"
] | 500 | [
"Quantum models",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
474,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20alignment | Structural alignment attempts to establish homology between two or more polymer structures based on their shape and three-dimensional conformation. This process is usually applied to protein tertiary structures but can also be used for large RNA molecules. In contrast to simple structural superposition, where at least ... | Structural alignment | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 4,623 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Protein methods",
"Protein biochemistry",
"Computational problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"NP-complete problems"
] |
474,931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving%20physics | Diving physics, or the physics of underwater diving, is the basic aspects of physics which describe the effects of the underwater environment on the underwater diver and their equipment, and the effects of blending, compressing, and storing breathing gas mixtures, and supplying them for use at ambient pressure. These e... | Diving physics | [
"Physics"
] | 2,373 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Underwater diving physics"
] |
474,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-oscillation | Self-oscillation is the generation and maintenance of a periodic motion by a source of power that lacks any corresponding periodicity. The oscillator itself controls the phase with which the external power acts on it. Self-oscillators are therefore distinct from forced and parametric resonators, in which the power that... | Self-oscillation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,238 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Physical phenomena",
"Nonlinear systems",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical vibrations",
"Amplifiers",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
475,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffness | Stiffness is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force.
The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is.
Calculations
The stiffness, of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation.... | Stiffness | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,275 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Quantity",
"Structural analysis",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Physical properties"
] |
475,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pressure%20area | In meteorology, a low-pressure area, low area or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. It is the opposite of a high-pressure area. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclement weather (such as cloudy, windy, with possible rain or storms), while high-pre... | Low-pressure area | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,574 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Vortices",
"Meteorological quantities",
"Atmospheric pressure",
"Meteorological phenomena",
"Dynamical systems",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
475,393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock%20method | In computational physics and chemistry, the Hartree–Fock (HF) method is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system in a stationary state.
The Hartree–Fock method often assumes that the exact N-body wave function of the system can be approximated by... | Hartree–Fock method | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,897 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Electronic structure methods",
"Computational chemistry",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
475,449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, the oscillation of a function or a sequence is a number that quantifies how much that sequence or function varies between its extreme values as it approaches infinity or a point. As is the case with limits, there are several definitions that put the intuitive concept into a form suitable for a mathemati... | Oscillation (mathematics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,012 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mechanics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Oscillation"
] |
475,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20parcel | In fluid dynamics, a fluid parcel, also known as a fluid element or material element, is an infinitesimal volume of fluid, identifiable throughout its dynamic history while moving with the fluid flow. As it moves, the mass of a fluid parcel remains constant, while—in a compressible flow—its volume may change, and its s... | Fluid parcel | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 372 | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
476,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman%20number | The Ekman number (Ek) is a dimensionless number used in fluid dynamics to describe the ratio of viscous forces to Coriolis forces. It is frequently used in describing geophysical phenomena in the oceans and atmosphere in order to characterise the ratio of viscous forces to the Coriolis forces arising from planetary rot... | Ekman number | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 339 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
476,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenberg%20figure | A Lichtenberg figure (German Lichtenberg-Figur), or Lichtenberg dust figure, is a branching electric discharge that sometimes appears on the surface or in the interior of insulating materials. Lichtenberg figures are often associated with the progressive deterioration of high-voltage components and equipment. The stud... | Lichtenberg figure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,459 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Materials",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Mathematical relations",
"Electrical breakdown",
"Lightning",
"Dielectrics",
"Matter"
] |
477,175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant%20energy | In physics, and in particular as measured by radiometry, radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation. As energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated by integrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time. The symbol Qe is often used through... | Radiant energy | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 971 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Forms of energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Radiation",
"Radiometry"
] |
477,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz%27s%20theorems | In fluid mechanics, Helmholtz's theorems, named after Hermann von Helmholtz, describe the three-dimensional motion of fluid in the vicinity of vortex lines. These theorems apply to inviscid flows and flows where the influence of viscous forces are small and can be ignored.
Helmholtz's three theorems are as follows:
He... | Helmholtz's theorems | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 528 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Equations of physics",
"Vortices",
"Aerodynamics",
"Theorems in mathematical physics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Dynamical systems",
"Physics theorems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
477,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20duplication | Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene. Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors in D... | Gene duplication | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,884 | [
"Evolutionary processes",
"Genetics concepts",
"Molecular evolution",
"Modification of genetic information",
"Evolutionary biology concepts",
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
2,606,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20knife | A glass knife is a knife with a blade made of glass, with a fracture line forming an extremely sharp cutting edge.
Glass knives were used in antiquity due to their natural sharpness and the ease with which they could be manufactured. In modern electron microscopy glass knives are used to make the ultrathin sections ne... | Glass knife | [
"Chemistry"
] | 913 | [
"Microscopy"
] |
2,606,916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-conjugation | Cross-conjugation is a special type of conjugation in a molecule, when in a set of three pi bonds only two pi bonds interact with each other by conjugation, while the third one is excluded from interaction.
Whereas a normal conjugated system such as a polyene typically has alternating single and double bonds along co... | Cross-conjugation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 215 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
2,610,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade%20%28chemical%20engineering%29 | In chemical engineering, a cascade is a plant consisting of several similar stages with each processing the output from the previous stage. Cascades are most commonly used in isotope separation, distillation, flotation and other separation or purification processes.
Cascade process
Cascade process is any process that ... | Cascade (chemical engineering) | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 229 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical engineering"
] |
2,611,971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatic%20Harvester | The Bioinformatic Harvester was a bioinformatic meta search engine created by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and subsequently hosted and further developed by KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for genes and protein-associated information. Harvester currently works for human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, drosoph... | Bioinformatic Harvester | [
"Biology"
] | 858 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases",
"Bioinformatics software"
] |
2,612,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy%2020 | Alloy 20 is an austenitic stainless steel containing less than 50% iron developed for applications involving sulfuric acid. Its corrosion resistance also finds other uses in the chemical, petrochemical, power generation, and plastics industries. Alloy 20 resists pitting and chloride ion corrosion, better than 304 stain... | Alloy 20 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 361 | [
"Nickel alloys",
"Alloy stubs",
"Steels",
"Alloys",
"Chromium alloys"
] |
6,259,941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterial | A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose – either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one. The corresponding field of study, called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering, is abo... | Biomaterial | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,203 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Natural products",
"Biochemistry",
"Organic compounds",
"Materials",
"Biomolecules",
"Molecular biology",
"Structural biology",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
6,261,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-value%20layer | A material's half-value layer (HVL), or half-value thickness, is the thickness of the material at which the intensity of radiation entering it is reduced by one half. HVL can also be expressed in terms of air kerma rate (AKR), rather than intensity: the half-value layer is the thickness of specified material that, "att... | Half-value layer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 754 | [
"Radiation health effects",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Radiation effects",
"Radioactivity",
"Radiometry"
] |
6,262,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure%20two-party%20computation | Secure two-party computation (2PC) a.k.a. Secure function evaluation is sub-problem of secure multi-party computation (MPC) that has received special attention by researchers because of its close relation to many cryptographic tasks. The goal of 2PC is to create a generic protocol that allows two parties to jointly com... | Secure two-party computation | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 583 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
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