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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
23,921,022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5H5NS	{{DISPLAYTITLE:C5H5NS}} The molecular formula C5H5NS (molar mass: 111.16 g/mol, exact mass: 111.0143 u) may refer to: 2-Mercaptopyridine Thiazepines 1,2-Thiazepine 1,3-Thiazepine 1,4-Thiazepine Molecular formulas	C5H5NS	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	88	[ "Molecules", "Set index articles on molecular formulas", "Isomerism", "Molecular formulas", "Matter" ]
23,922,168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepresence%20technology	Telepresence technology is a term used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to refer to the combination of satellite technology with the Internet to broadcast information, including video in real-time from cameras used on its remotely operated vehicle (ROV) on Okeanos Explorer. Its ROV will...	Telepresence technology	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	183	[ "Oceanography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
23,922,461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials%20Science%20Laboratory	The Materials Science Laboratory (MSL) of the European Space Agency is a payload on board the International Space Station for materials science experiments in low gravity. It is installed in NASA's first Materials Science Research Rack which is placed in the Destiny laboratory on board the ISS. Its purpose is to proce...	Materials Science Laboratory	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,687	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
23,922,614	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20black%20hole	In cosmology, primordial black holes (PBHs) are hypothetical black holes that formed soon after the Big Bang. In the inflationary era and early radiation-dominated universe, extremely dense pockets of subatomic matter may have been tightly packed to the point of gravitational collapse, creating primordial black holes w...	Primordial black hole	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	5,220	[ "Dark matter", "Physical phenomena", "Black holes", "Unsolved problems in astronomy", "Physical quantities", "Concepts in astronomy", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Astrophysics", "Density", "Exotic matter", "Stellar phenomena", "Astronomical objects", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", ...
23,923,990	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-scale%20analysis	In mathematics and physics, multiple-scale analysis (also called the method of multiple scales) comprises techniques used to construct uniformly valid approximations to the solutions of perturbation problems, both for small as well as large values of the independent variables. This is done by introducing fast-scale and...	Multiple-scale analysis	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	968	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Asymptotic analysis", "Mathematical physics", "Perturbation theory" ]
810,183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access%20network	An access network is a type of telecommunications network which connects subscribers to their immediate service provider. It is contrasted with the core network, which connects local providers to one another. The access network may be further divided between feeder plant or distribution network, and drop plant or edg...	Access network	[ "Engineering" ]	1,139	[ "Electronic engineering", "Network access" ]
811,030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger%E2%80%93Dyson%20equation	The Schwinger–Dyson equations (SDEs) or Dyson–Schwinger equations, named after Julian Schwinger and Freeman Dyson, are general relations between correlation functions in quantum field theories (QFTs). They are also referred to as the Euler–Lagrange equations of quantum field theories, since they are the equations of mo...	Schwinger–Dyson equation	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	802	[ "Quantum field theory", "Mathematical objects", "Differential equations", "Quantum mechanics", "Equations" ]
811,890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen-segment%20display	A fourteen-segment display (FSD) (sometimes referred to as a starburst display or Union Jack display) is a type of display based on 14 segments that can be turned on or off to produce letters and numerals. It is an expansion of the more common seven-segment display, having an additional four diagonal and two vertical s...	Fourteen-segment display	[ "Engineering" ]	809	[ "Electronic engineering", "Display technology" ]
812,290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIIS	DIIS (direct inversion in the iterative subspace or direct inversion of the iterative subspace), also known as Pulay mixing, is a technique for extrapolating the solution to a set of linear equations by directly minimizing an error residual (e.g. a Newton–Raphson step size) with respect to a linear combination of known...	DIIS	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	419	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
813,041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20HapMap%20Project	The International HapMap Project was an organization that aimed to develop a haplotype map (HapMap) of the human genome, to describe the common patterns of human genetic variation. HapMap is used to find genetic variants affecting health, disease and responses to drugs and environmental factors. The information produce...	International HapMap Project	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,140	[ "Single-nucleotide polymorphisms", "Bioinformatics", "Biodiversity", "Molecular biology", "Genome projects", "Human genome projects", "Biological databases" ]
813,086	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational%20frequency	Rotational frequency, also known as rotational speed or rate of rotation (symbols ν, lowercase Greek nu, and also n), is the frequency of rotation of an object around an axis. Its SI unit is the reciprocal seconds (s−1); other common units of measurement include the hertz (Hz), cycles per second (cps), and revolutions ...	Rotational frequency	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	674	[ "Temporal quantities", "Physical phenomena", "Mechanical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Temporal rates", "Classical mechanics", "Rotation", "Motion (physics)", "Kinematic properties" ]
815,969	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckling	In structural engineering, buckling is the sudden change in shape (deformation) of a structural component under load, such as the bowing of a column under compression or the wrinkling of a plate under shear. If a structure is subjected to a gradually increasing load, when the load reaches a critical level, a member may...	Buckling	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	5,064	[ "Structural engineering", "Physical phenomena", "Mechanical failure modes", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Elasticity (physics)", "Deformation (mechanics)", "Aerospace engineering", "Structural analysis", "Technological failures", "Materials science", "Mechanics", "nan", "Mechanic...
817,680	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thixotropy	Thixotropy is a time-dependent shear thinning property. Certain gels or fluids that are thick or viscous under static conditions will flow (become thinner, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated, shear-stressed, or otherwise stressed (time-dependent viscosity). They then take a fixed time to return to a more vis...	Thixotropy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,557	[ "Tribology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Continuum mechanics", "Chemical engineering", "Soil mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Soil physics", "Surface science", "Materials science", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
817,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatant	A dilatant (, ) (also termed shear thickening) material is one in which viscosity increases with the rate of shear strain. Such a shear thickening fluid, also known by the initialism STF, is an example of a non-Newtonian fluid. This behaviour is usually not observed in pure materials, but can occur in suspensions. A ...	Dilatant	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,779	[ "Continuum mechanics", "Chemical engineering", "Classical mechanics", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
19,767,753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einasto%20profile	The Einasto profile (or Einasto model) is a mathematical function that describes how the density of a spherical stellar system varies with distance from its center. Jaan Einasto introduced his model at a 1963 conference in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan. The Einasto profile possesses a power law logarithmic slope of the form:...	Einasto profile	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	299	[ "Dark matter", "Unsolved problems in astronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Concepts in astronomy", "Equations of astronomy", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Astrophysics", "Exotic matter", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Matter" ]
19,774,226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20column	A Taylor column is a fluid dynamics phenomenon that occurs as a result of the Coriolis effect. It was named after Geoffrey Ingram Taylor. Rotating fluids that are perturbed by a solid body tend to form columns parallel to the axis of rotation called Taylor columns. An object moving parallel to the axis of rotation in ...	Taylor column	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	645	[ "Civil engineering", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography", "Fluid mechanics" ]
19,777,162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20resistance%20heating	Electrical resistance heating (ERH) is an intensive environmental remediation method that uses the flow of alternating current electricity to heat soil and groundwater and evaporate contaminants. Electric current is passed through a targeted soil volume between subsurface electrode elements. The resistance to electri...	Electrical resistance heating	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	2,786	[ "Water treatment", "Environmental chemistry", "Pollution control technologies", "Soil contamination", "Environmental engineering", "Waste treatment technology" ]
19,777,655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20elements%20by%20atomic%20properties	This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by atomic number (Z). Since valence electrons are not clearly defined for the d-block and f-block elements, there not being a clear point at which further ionisation becomes unprofitable, a purely formal definition as number of electrons in the o...	List of elements by atomic properties	[ "Chemistry" ]	121	[ "Lists of chemical elements" ]
2,630,105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20wave%20equation	In physics, the acoustic wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that governs the propagation of acoustic waves through a material medium resp. a standing wavefield. The equation describes the evolution of acoustic pressure or particle velocity as a function of position and time . A simplified...	Acoustic wave equation	[ "Physics" ]	923	[ "Equations of physics", "Acoustic equations" ]
2,630,316	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunt%E2%80%93V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4%20frequency	In atmospheric dynamics, oceanography, asteroseismology and geophysics, the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, or buoyancy frequency, is a measure of the stability of a fluid to vertical displacements such as those caused by convection. More precisely it is the frequency at which a vertically displaced parcel will oscillate with...	Brunt–Väisälä frequency	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	923	[ "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Atmospheric dynamics", "Oceanography", "Chemical engineering", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,632,079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanning%20friction%20factor	The Fanning friction factor (named after American engineer John T. Fanning) is a dimensionless number used as a local parameter in continuum mechanics calculations. It is defined as the ratio between the local shear stress and the local flow kinetic energy density: where is the local Fanning friction factor (dimens...	Fanning friction factor	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	989	[ "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,634,020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%20function	The Patterson function is used to solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. It was introduced in 1935 by Arthur Lindo Patterson while he was a visiting researcher in the laboratory of Bertram Eugene Warren at MIT. The Patterson function is defined as It is essentially the Fourier transform of the intensities ...	Patterson function	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	215	[ "Crystallography", "Condensed matter physics", "Materials science" ]
2,634,195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20ballast	An electrical ballast is a device placed in series with a load to limit the amount of current in an electrical circuit. A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in fluorescent lamps to limit the current through the tube, which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the negative dif...	Electrical ballast	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	3,516	[ "Physical quantities", "Analog circuits", "Resistive components", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
2,634,856	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20assay	Enzyme assays are laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity. They are vital for the study of enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibition. Enzyme units The quantity or concentration of an enzyme can be expressed in molar amounts, as with any other chemical, or in terms of activity in enzyme units. Enzyme activity ...	Enzyme assay	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,211	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Pathology", "Protein methods", "Protein biochemistry", "Biochemistry", "Chemical pathology" ]
2,635,006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20conductor	In electrostatics, a perfect conductor is an idealized model for real conducting materials. The defining property of a perfect conductor is that static electric field and the charge density both vanish in its interior. If the conductor has excess charge, it accumulates as an infinitesimally thin layer of surface charge...	Perfect conductor	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	455	[ "Materials science stubs", "Computational electromagnetics", "Computational physics stubs", "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Computational physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Electromagnetism stubs", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
2,635,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20tweezers	Molecular tweezers, and molecular clips, are host molecules with open cavities capable of binding guest molecules. The open cavity of the molecular tweezers may bind guests using non-covalent bonding, which includes hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, π–π interactions, and/o...	Molecular tweezers	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology" ]	930	[ "Machines", "Molecular machines", "Physical systems", "nan", "Nanotechnology", "Supramolecular chemistry" ]
22,412,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharide%20nomenclature	Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are an important class of polymeric carbohydrates found in virtually all living entities. Their structural features make their nomenclature challenging and their roles in living systems make their nomenclature important. Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that a...	Oligosaccharide nomenclature	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,452	[ "Carbohydrates", "Oligosaccharides", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "nan", "Chemical synthesis", "Glycobiology" ]
22,414,431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharide%20nomenclature	Monosaccharide nomenclature is the naming system of the building blocks of carbohydrates, the monosaccharides, which may be monomers or part of a larger polymer. Monosaccharides are subunits that cannot be further hydrolysed in to simpler units. Depending on the number of carbon atom they are further classified into tr...	Monosaccharide nomenclature	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,846	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Chemical synthesis", "nan", "Glycobiology" ]
22,416,553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric%20propagation	Tropospheric propagation describes electromagnetic propagation in relation to the troposphere. The service area from a VHF or UHF radio transmitter extends to just beyond the optical horizon, at which point signals start to rapidly reduce in strength. Viewers living in such a "deep fringe" reception area will notice th...	Tropospheric propagation	[ "Physics" ]	2,330	[ "Physical phenomena", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Radio frequency propagation", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Waves" ]
12,947,073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B%20vaccine	Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature. It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccin...	Hepatitis B vaccine	[ "Biology" ]	3,409	[ "Recombinant proteins", "Biotechnology products" ]
12,947,946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexural%20modulus	In mechanics, the flexural modulus or bending modulus is an intensive property that is computed as the ratio of stress to strain in flexural deformation, or the tendency for a material to resist bending. It is determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve produced by a flexural test (such as the ASTM D790), and u...	Flexural modulus	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	339	[ "Physical phenomena", "Materials science stubs", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Elasticity (physics)", "Deformation (mechanics)", "Materials science", "nan", "Physical properties" ]
12,952,238	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20topology%20%28object%29	In mathematics, the algebraic topology on the set of group representations from G to a topological group H is the topology of pointwise convergence, i.e. pi converges to p if the limit of pi(g) = p(g) for every g in G. This terminology is often used in the case of the algebraic topology on the set of discrete, faithfu...	Algebraic topology (object)	[ "Mathematics" ]	202	[ "Algebra stubs", "Algebraic topology", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Algebra" ]
12,953,027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20junction	In electronics, a tunnel junction is a barrier, such as a thin insulating layer or electric potential, between two electrically conducting materials. Electrons (or quasiparticles) pass through the barrier by the process of quantum tunnelling. Classically, the electron has zero probability of passing through the barrier...	Tunnel junction	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	347	[ "Quantum electronics", "Electrodes", "Quantum mechanics", "Electrochemistry", "Condensed matter physics", "Electrochemistry stubs", "Nanotechnology", "Mesoscopic physics", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
12,953,288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Alexander%20Graham%20Bell%20Medal	The IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal is an award honoring "exceptional contributions to communications and networking sciences and engineering" in the field of telecommunications. The medal is one of the highest honors awarded by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for achievements in telecomm...	IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal	[ "Engineering" ]	522	[ "Electrical engineering", "Telecommunications engineering" ]
12,953,305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Nikola%20Tesla%20Award	The IEEE Nikola Tesla Award is a Technical Field Award given annually to an individual or team that has made an outstanding contribution to the generation or utilization of electric power. It is awarded by the Board of Directors of the IEEE. The award is named in honor of Nikola Tesla. This award may be presented to a...	IEEE Nikola Tesla Award	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,124	[ "Power (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Electric power", "Physical quantities" ]
8,299,324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20Protocol%20Device%20Control	Internet Protocol Device Control (IPDC) is a 1998 specification of a communications protocol for voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephony, developed by Level 3 Communications. IPDC divides the operation of telephony gateways between intelligent call routers in an Internet Protocol (IP) network and simple media ga...	Internet Protocol Device Control	[ "Engineering" ]	186	[ "Broadcast engineering", "Electronic engineering" ]
8,299,558	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septin	Septins are a group of GTP-binding proteins expressed in all eukaryotic cells except plants. Different septins form protein complexes with each other. These complexes can further assemble into filaments, rings and gauzes. Assembled as such, septins function in cells by localizing other proteins, either by providing a ...	Septin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,206	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Cell biology", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Proteins", "Cell cycle" ]
8,301,902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaning%20validation	Cleaning validation is the methodology used to assure that a cleaning process removes chemical and microbial residues of the active, inactive or detergent ingredients of the product manufactured in a piece of equipment, the cleaning aids utilized in the cleaning process and the microbial attributes. All residues are re...	Cleaning validation	[ "Chemistry" ]	378	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
8,302,382	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraharmonic%20mean	In mathematics, a contraharmonic mean (or antiharmonic mean) is a function complementary to the harmonic mean. The contraharmonic mean is a special case of the Lehmer mean, , where p = 2. Definition The contraharmonic mean of a set of positive real numbers is defined as the arithmetic mean of the squares of the numb...	Contraharmonic mean	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,112	[ "Means", "Mathematical analysis", "Point (geometry)", "Geometric centers", "Symmetry" ]
8,305,325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%20titanium	Nickel titanium, also known as nitinol, is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium, where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages. Different alloys are named according to the weight percentage of nickel; e.g., nitinol 55 and nitinol 60. Nitinol alloys exhibit two closely related and unique proper...	Nickel titanium	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	4,642	[ "Biomaterials", "Dental materials", "Inorganic compounds", "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "Materials", "Intermetallics", "Condensed matter physics", "Alloys", "Smart materials", "Matter", "Medical technology" ]
8,309,686	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination%20number	In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science, the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it. The ion/molecule/atom surrounding the central ion/molecule/atom is called a ligand. This number is determined somewhat di...	Coordination number	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,109	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Molecules", "Molecular geometry", "Stereochemistry", "Coordination chemistry", "Materials science", "Space", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Spacetime", "Chemical bonding", "Matter" ]
23,925,683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencamine	Fencamine (Altimina, Sicoclor) is a psychostimulant drug of the amphetamine class. It is closely related to fenethylline. References Methamphetamines Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents Xanthines	Fencamine	[ "Chemistry" ]	61	[ "Alkaloids by chemical classification", "Xanthines" ]
23,927,032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laninamivir	Laninamivir (CS-8958) is a neuraminidase inhibitor that is a drug used for the treatment and prophylaxis of Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus B. It is currently in Phase III clinical trials. It is a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor administered by nasal inhalation. Laninamivir was approved for influenza treatment...	Laninamivir	[ "Chemistry" ]	204	[ "Glycobiology", "Guanidines", "Functional groups", "Neuraminidase inhibitors" ]
23,929,075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively%20parallel%20signature%20sequencing	Massive parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) is a procedure that is used to identify and quantify mRNA transcripts, resulting in data similar to serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), although it employs a series of biochemical and sequencing steps that are substantially different. How it works MPSS is a method fo...	Massively parallel signature sequencing	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	747	[ "Genetics techniques", "DNA sequencing methods", "DNA sequencing", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
25,254,818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcredit%20for%20water%20supply%20and%20sanitation	Microcredit for water supply and sanitation is the application of microcredit to provide loans to small enterprises and households in order to increase access to an improved water source and sanitation in developing countries. For background, most investments in water supply and sanitation infrastructure are financed ...	Microcredit for water supply and sanitation	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,849	[ "Hydrology", "Water supply", "Environmental engineering" ]
25,260,082	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarizing%20prepulse	A depolarizing prepulse (DPP) is an electrical stimulus that causes the potential difference measured across a neuronal membrane to become more positive or less negative, and precedes another electrical stimulus. DPPs may be of either the voltage or current stimulus variety and have been used to inhibit neural activit...	Depolarizing prepulse	[ "Biology" ]	1,970	[ "Neuroscience" ]
6,321,088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20frequency%20power%20transmission	Radio frequency power transmission is the transmission of the output power of a transmitter to an antenna. When the antenna is not situated close to the transmitter, special transmission lines are required. The most common type of transmission line for this purpose is large-diameter coaxial cable. At high-power transm...	Radio frequency power transmission	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	254	[ "Information and communications technology", "Telecommunications engineering", "Radio technology" ]
6,321,288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20peptide%20peptidase	In molecular biology, the Signal Peptide Peptidase (SPP) is a type of protein that specifically cleaves parts of other proteins. It is an intramembrane aspartyl protease with the conserved active site motifs 'YD' and 'GxGD' in adjacent transmembrane domains (TMDs). Its sequences is highly conserved in different vertebr...	Signal peptide peptidase	[ "Biology" ]	827	[ "Protein targeting", "Cellular processes" ]
6,325,086	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STR%20analysis	Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is a common molecular biology method used to compare allele repeats at specific loci in DNA between two or more samples. A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite with repeat units that are 2 to 7 base pairs in length, with the number of repeats varying among individuals, making STRs...	STR analysis	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,402	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "DNA profiling techniques", "Chemical tests", "Biochemistry detection methods" ]
6,325,527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitless%20%28gene%29	The fruitless gene (fru) is a Drosophila melanogaster gene that encodes several variants of a putative transcription factor protein. Normal fruitless function is required for proper development of several anatomical structures necessary for courtship, including motor neurons which innervate muscles needed for fly sexua...	Fruitless (gene)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	609	[ "Behavior", "Molecular neuroscience", "Molecular biology", "Ethology", "Mating" ]
6,326,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist%20%28device%29	A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The most familiar form is an elevator, the car of which is raised and...	Hoist (device)	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	1,297	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Lifting equipment" ]
6,327,272	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal%20%28biology%29	Biometals (also called biocompatible metals, bioactive metals, metallic biomaterials) are metals normally present, in small but important and measurable amounts, in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. The metals copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of m...	Biometal (biology)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,631	[ "Pharmacology", "Metals", "Properties of chemical elements", "Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements", "Biochemistry" ]
6,327,661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology%20adoption%20life%20cycle	The technology adoption lifecycle is a sociological model that describes the adoption or acceptance of a new product or innovation, according to the demographic and psychological characteristics of defined adopter groups. The process of adoption over time is typically illustrated as a classical normal distribution or "...	Technology adoption life cycle	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	1,129	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Diffusion", "Science and technology studies" ]
3,581,788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opacity	Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light. In radiative transfer, it describes the absorption and scattering of radiation in a medium, such as a plasma, dielectric, shielding material, glass, etc. An opaque object is neither transparent (allowing...	Opacity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,044	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Physical phenomena", " absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Optics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Molecular physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Instrumental analysis", "Glass physics", "Radiation", "Sca...
3,584,826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotropic%20material	In material science and solid mechanics, orthotropic materials have material properties at a particular point which differ along three orthogonal axes, where each axis has twofold rotational symmetry. These directional differences in strength can be quantified with Hankinson's equation. They are a subset of anisotropi...	Orthotropic material	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,911	[ "Continuum mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Materials", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime", "Orientation (geometry)", "Matter" ]
3,587,470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20stress	The effective stress can be defined as the stress, depending on the applied tension and pore pressure , which controls the strain or strength behaviour of soil and rock (or a generic porous body) for whatever pore pressure value or, in other terms, the stress which applied over a dry porous body (i.e. at ) provides th...	Effective stress	[ "Physics" ]	1,149	[ "Soil mechanics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
3,587,477	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Pi%20microscope	A 4Pi microscope is a laser scanning fluorescence microscope with an improved axial resolution. With it the typical range of the axial resolution of 500–700 nm can be improved to 100–150 nm, which corresponds to an almost spherical focal spot with 5–7 times less volume than that of standard confocal microscopy. Workin...	4Pi microscope	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	939	[ "Luminescence", "Fluorescence", "Measuring instruments", "Microscopes", "Microscopy", "Cell imaging" ]
3,587,852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold%20protein	In biology, scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signalling pathways. Although scaffolds are not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signalling pathway, tethering them into complexes. In such pathways, they regulate signal transduction and he...	Scaffold protein	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,228	[ "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry", "Cell biology", "Signal transduction" ]
1,272,080	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metallocene%20catalyst	A post-metallocene catalyst is a kind of catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, i.e., the industrial production of some of the most common plastics. "Post-metallocene" refers to a class of homogeneous catalysts that are not metallocenes. This area has attracted much attention because the market for polyethylene, p...	Post-metallocene catalyst	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	829	[ "Catalysis", "Catalysts", "Coordination chemistry", "Materials science", "Polymer chemistry", "Chemical kinetics" ]
1,272,743	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20of%20distribution	In pharmacology, the volume of distribution (VD, also known as apparent volume of distribution, literally, volume of dilution) is the theoretical volume that would be necessary to contain the total amount of an administered drug at the same concentration that it is observed in the blood plasma. In other words, it is th...	Volume of distribution	[ "Chemistry" ]	866	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacokinetics" ]
1,273,491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20stability	In control theory, a continuous linear time-invariant system (LTI) is exponentially stable if and only if the system has eigenvalues (i.e., the poles of input-to-output systems) with strictly negative real parts (i.e., in the left half of the complex plane). A discrete-time input-to-output LTI system is exponentially s...	Exponential stability	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	686	[ "Stability theory", "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
1,274,368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGR1	EGR-1 (Early growth response protein 1) or NGFI-A (nerve growth factor-induced protein A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGR1 gene. EGR-1 is a mammalian transcription factor. It was also named Krox-24, TIS8, and ZENK. It was originally discovered in mice. Function The protein encoded by this gene bel...	EGR1	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	929	[ "Gene expression", "Signal transduction", "Molecular neuroscience", "Induced stem cells", "Molecular biology", "Transcription factors" ]
26,759,187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation%20equation	In mathematics, a summation equation or discrete integral equation is an equation in which an unknown function appears under a summation sign. The theories of summation equations and integral equations can be unified as integral equations on time scales using time scale calculus. A summation equation compares to a diff...	Summation equation	[ "Mathematics" ]	103	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Integral equations", "Mathematical analysis stubs", "Mathematical objects", "Equations" ]
26,760,516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20stream%20management%20system	A data stream management system (DSMS) is a computer software system to manage continuous data streams. It is similar to a database management system (DBMS), which is, however, designed for static data in conventional databases. A DBMS also offers a flexible query processing so that the information needed can be expres...	Data stream management system	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,738	[ "Data management", "Software engineering", "Data engineering", "Data", "Big data" ]
26,762,530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhotoRC%20RNA%20motifs	PhotoRC RNA motifs refer to conserved RNA structures that are associated with genes acting in the photosynthetic reaction centre of photosynthetic bacteria. Two such RNA classes were identified and called the PhotoRC-I and PhotoRC-II motifs. PhotoRC-I RNAs were detected in the genomes of some cyanobacteria. Although...	PhotoRC RNA motifs	[ "Chemistry" ]	243	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Molecular and cellular biology stubs" ]
26,763,104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20zeta%20function	In mathematics, the Jacobi zeta function Z(u) is the logarithmic derivative of the Jacobi theta function Θ(u). It is also commonly denoted as Where E, K, and F are generic Incomplete Elliptical Integrals of the first and second kind. Jacobi Zeta Functions being kinds of Jacobi theta functions have applications...	Jacobi zeta function	[ "Mathematics" ]	168	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Special functions", "Mathematical analysis stubs", "Combinatorics" ]
26,769,724	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/866A	The 866 is a mercury vapor half-wave rectifier intended for high-voltage applications. The voltage drop is approximately 15 volts up to 150 Hz. To avoid unwanted shorts the tube must be operated in a vertical position and the filament preheated for at least 30 seconds before applying the plate voltage. Construction St...	866A	[ "Physics" ]	183	[ "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
18,665,459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro%27s%20lemma	In mathematics, especially in the areas of abstract algebra dealing with group cohomology or relative homological algebra, Shapiro's lemma, also known as the Eckmann–Shapiro lemma, relates extensions of modules over one ring to extensions over another, especially the group ring of a group and of a subgroup. It thus rel...	Shapiro's lemma	[ "Mathematics" ]	556	[ "Mathematical structures", "Theorems in algebra", "Lemmas in algebra", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Category theory", "Representation theory", "Lemmas", "Homological algebra" ]
18,665,993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion%20engineering	Corrosion engineering is an engineering specialty that applies scientific, technical, engineering skills, and knowledge of natural laws and physical resources to design and implement materials, structures, devices, systems, and procedures to manage corrosion. From a holistic perspective, corrosion is the phenomenon of...	Corrosion engineering	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	4,225	[ "Corrosion prevention", "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "Corrosion", "Electrochemistry", "nan", "Materials degradation" ]
20,913,655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20management	Flood management describes methods used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes, such as extreme weather upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. Flood management methods can be either of the structural type (i.e. flood contro...	Flood management	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	4,981	[ "Flood control", "Hydrology", "Flood", "Environmental engineering" ]
20,916,902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20heat%20conduction	Relativistic heat conduction refers to the modelling of heat conduction (and similar diffusion processes) in a way compatible with special relativity. In special (and general) relativity, the usual heat equation for non-relativistic heat conduction must be modified, as it leads to faster-than-light signal propagation. ...	Relativistic heat conduction	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	820	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Diffusion", "Chemical engineering", "Special relativity", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Theory of relativity", "Heat conduction", "Dynamical systems" ]
272,063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component%20%28thermodynamics%29	In thermodynamics, a component is one of a collection of chemically independent constituents of a system. The number of components represents the minimum number of independent chemical species necessary to define the composition of all phases of the system. Calculating the number of components in a system is necessary...	Component (thermodynamics)	[ "Chemistry" ]	756	[ "Chemical thermodynamics" ]
272,483	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20radiated%20power	Effective radiated power (ERP), synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power, such as that emitted by a radio transmitter. It is the total power in watts that would have to be radiated by a half-wave dipole antenna to give the same radiation i...	Effective radiated power	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	3,199	[ "Broadcast engineering", "Physical quantities", "Radio transmission power", "Quantity", "Power (physics)", "Electronic engineering", "Logarithmic scales of measurement" ]
272,496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height%20above%20average%20terrain	Height above average terrain (HAAT), or (less popularly) effective height above average terrain (EHAAT), is the vertical position of an antenna site above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power (ERP) in determining the range ...	Height above average terrain	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	967	[ "Antennas", "Vertical extent", "Telecommunications engineering", "Physical quantities", "Distance", "Quantity", "Size", "Height", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
273,524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20particle%20accelerator	A linear particle accelerator (often shortened to linac) is a type of particle accelerator that accelerates charged subatomic particles or ions to a high speed by subjecting them to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline. The principles for such machines were proposed by Gustav Ising in 192...	Linear particle accelerator	[ "Physics" ]	5,195	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "X-rays", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Experimental physics", "Accelerator physics" ]
273,679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20spectroscopy	Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, infrared and radio waves that radiate from stars and other celestial objects. A stellar spectrum can reveal many properties of stars...	Astronomical spectroscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	4,316	[ "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Observational astronomy", "Astrophysics", "Astronomical spectroscopy", "Spectroscopy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
273,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber%E2%80%93Fechner%20law	The Weber–Fechner laws are two related scientific laws in the field of psychophysics, known as Weber's law and Fechner's law. Both relate to human perception, more specifically the relation between the actual change in a physical stimulus and the perceived change. This includes stimuli to all senses: vision, hearing, t...	Weber–Fechner law	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Biology" ]	2,747	[ "Behavior", "Mathematical psychology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Behavioral concepts", "Applied mathematics", "Psychophysics", "Behaviorism" ]
273,854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase	Telomerase, also called terminal transferase, is a ribonucleoprotein that adds a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3' end of telomeres. A telomere is a region of repetitive sequences at each end of the chromosomes of most eukaryotes. Telomeres protect the end of the chromosome from DNA damage or from fu...	Telomerase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,179	[ "Genetics techniques", "Aging-related enzymes", "Anti-aging substances", "Senescence", "DNA replication", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Metabolism" ]
274,675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maillard%20reaction	The Maillard reaction ( ; ) is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars to create melanoidins, the compounds that give browned food its distinctive flavor. Seared steaks, fried dumplings, cookies and other kinds of biscuits, breads, toasted marshmallows, falafel and many other foods undergo this reac...	Maillard reaction	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,294	[ "Name reactions", "Biochemistry", "Food chemistry", "nan" ]
274,726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeslantkering	The Maeslantkering ("Maeslant barrier" in Dutch) is a storm surge barrier on the Nieuwe Waterweg, in South Holland, Netherlands. It was constructed from 1991 to 1997. As part of the Delta Works the barrier responds to water level predictions calculated by a centralized computer system called BOS. It automatically close...	Maeslantkering	[ "Physics" ]	2,205	[ "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Delta Works" ]
274,810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20instrument	A scientific instrument is a device or tool used for scientific purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research. History Historically, the definition of a scientific instrument has varied, based on usage, laws, and historical time period. Before the mid-nineteenth century such tools we...	Scientific instrument	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	811	[ "Scientific instruments", "Measuring instruments" ]
274,816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20control%20system	A distributed control system (DCS) is a computerized control system for a process or plant usually with many control loops, in which autonomous controllers are distributed throughout the system, but there is no central operator supervisory control. This is in contrast to systems that use centralized controllers; either...	Distributed control system	[ "Engineering" ]	3,683	[ "Control engineering", "Industrial automation", "Automation", "Industrial engineering" ]
275,015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, a building (also Tits building, named after Jacques Tits) is a combinatorial and geometric structure which simultaneously generalizes certain aspects of flag manifolds, finite projective planes, and Riemannian symmetric spaces. Buildings were initially introduced by Jacques Tits as a means to understan...	Building (mathematics)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,090	[ "Mathematical structures", "Geometric group theory", "Group actions", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic combinatorics", "Symmetry" ]
275,216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics	Hemodynamics or haemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms of autoregulation, just as hydraulic circuits are controlled by control systems. The hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Hemodyna...	Hemodynamics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	6,360	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Applied mathematics", "Chemical engineering", "Computational physics", "Civil engineering", "Piping", "Mathematics in medicine", "Fluid mechanics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
275,473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20system	A control system manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using control loops. It can range from a single home heating controller using a thermostat controlling a domestic boiler to large industrial control systems which are used for controlling processes or machines. The contro...	Control system	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,014	[ "Systems engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Automation", "Control engineering", "Dynamical systems" ]
275,602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope%20image%20processing	Microscope image processing is a broad term that covers the use of digital image processing techniques to process, analyze and present images obtained from a microscope. Such processing is now commonplace in a number of diverse fields such as medicine, biological research, cancer research, drug testing, metallurgy, etc...	Microscope image processing	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,283	[ "Microscopy" ]
275,636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20gel	A color gel or color filter (Commonwealth spelling: colour gel or colour filter), also known as lighting gel or simply gel, is a transparent colored material that is used in theater, event production, photography, videography and cinematography to color light and for color correction. Modern gels are thin sheets of pol...	Color gel	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,628	[ "Optical filters", "Filters" ]
275,651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared-nothing%20architecture	A shared-nothing architecture (SN) is a distributed computing architecture in which each update request is satisfied by a single node (processor/memory/storage unit) in a computer cluster. The intent is to eliminate contention among nodes. Nodes do not share (independently access) the same memory or storage. One alte...	Shared-nothing architecture	[ "Engineering" ]	358	[ "Data engineering", "Data partitioning" ]
4,840,944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presheaf%20%28category%20theory%29	In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a presheaf on a category is a functor . If is the poset of open sets in a topological space, interpreted as a category, then one recovers the usual notion of presheaf on a topological space. A morphism of presheaves is defined to be a natural transformation of functors. ...	Presheaf (category theory)	[ "Mathematics" ]	838	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Sheaf theory", "Topology", "Mathematical relations", "Category theory", "Functors", "Topos theory" ]
4,842,312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20absorption%20near%20edge%20structure	X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), also known as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic co...	X-ray absorption near edge structure	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,408	[ "X-ray absorption spectroscopy", "Materials science", "Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics" ]
4,843,202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20abelian%20group	In mathematics, specifically in group theory, an elementary abelian group is an abelian group in which all elements other than the identity have the same order. This common order must be a prime number, and the elementary abelian groups in which the common order is p are a particular kind of p-group. A group for which...	Elementary abelian group	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,199	[ "Mathematical structures", "Algebraic structures", "Finite groups" ]
4,846,345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20electric%20dipole%20moment	The electron electric dipole moment is an intrinsic property of an electron such that the potential energy is linearly related to the strength of the electric field: The electron's electric dipole moment (EDM) must be collinear with the direction of the electron's magnetic moment (spin). Within the Standard Model,...	Electron electric dipole moment	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	924	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Electric dipole moment", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Fundamental interactions", "Particle physics", "Moment (physics)" ]
22,423,074	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linde%E2%80%93Frank%E2%80%93Caro%20process	The Linde–Frank–Caro process is a method for hydrogen production by removing hydrogen and carbon dioxide from water gas by condensation. The process was invented in 1909 by Adolf Frank and developed with Carl von Linde and Heinrich Caro. Process description Water gas is compressed to 20 bar and pumped into the Linde–F...	Linde–Frank–Caro process	[ "Chemistry" ]	221	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Chemical processes", "Industrial gases", "nan" ]
22,423,865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy%20of%20carbohydrates	Carbohydrate NMR spectroscopy is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to structural and conformational analysis of carbohydrates. This method allows the scientists to elucidate structure of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates and other carbohydrate derivatives...	Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of carbohydrates	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,160	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "nan", "Chemical synthesis", "Biochemistry", "Glycobiology", "Spectroscopy" ]
22,423,972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93carbohydrate%20interaction	Carbohydrate–protein interactions are the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions between protein and carbohydrate moieties. These interactions form the basis of specific recognition of carbohydrates by lectins. Carbohydrates are important biopolymers and have a variety of functions. Often carbohydrates serve a ...	Protein–carbohydrate interaction	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	958	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Chemical synthesis", "nan", "Biochemistry", "Glycobiology" ]
22,424,589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsulfonium	Trimethylsulfonium (systematically named trimethylsulfanium) is an organic cation with the chemical formula (also written as ). Compounds Several salts of trimethylsulfonium are known. X-ray crystallography reveals that the ion has trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry at sulfur atom, with C-S-C angles near 102° and...	Trimethylsulfonium	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	279	[ "Cations", "Ions", "Sulfur ions", "Matter" ]
22,426,870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20renormalization%20group	The numerical renormalization group (NRG) is a technique devised by Kenneth Wilson to solve certain many-body problems where quantum impurity physics plays a key role. History The numerical renormalization group is an inherently non-perturbative procedure, which was originally used to solve the Kondo model. The Kondo ...	Numerical renormalization group	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	1,138	[ "Physical phenomena", "Materials science stubs", "Statistical mechanics", "Critical phenomena", "Quantum mechanics", "Renormalization group", "Condensed matter physics", "Condensed matter stubs", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
19,780,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-X-ray%20fluorescence	Micro x-ray fluorescence (μXRF) is an elemental analysis technique that relies on the same principles as x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Synchrotron X-rays may be used to provide elemental imaging with biological samples. The spatial resolution diameter of micro x-ray fluorescence is many orders of magnitude smaller than...	Micro-X-ray fluorescence	[ "Physics" ]	630	[ "X-rays", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum" ]
19,783,072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiplane%20shear	Antiplane shear or antiplane strain is a special state of strain in a body. This state of strain is achieved when the displacements in the body are zero in the plane of interest but nonzero in the direction perpendicular to the plane. For small strains, the strain tensor under antiplane shear can be written as whe...	Antiplane shear	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	286	[ "Solid mechanics", "Physical phenomena", "Elasticity (physics)", "Deformation (mechanics)", "Mechanics", "Physical properties" ]
485,424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householder%20transformation	In linear algebra, a Householder transformation (also known as a Householder reflection or elementary reflector) is a linear transformation that describes a reflection about a plane or hyperplane containing the origin. The Householder transformation was used in a 1958 paper by Alston Scott Householder. Its analogue ov...	Householder transformation	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,340	[ "Matrices (mathematics)", "Mathematical objects", "Geometry", "Transformation (function)" ]

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