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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
34,265,825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geroch%27s%20splitting%20theorem	In the theory of causal structure on Lorentzian manifolds, Geroch's theorem or Geroch's splitting theorem (first proved by Robert Geroch) gives a topological characterization of globally hyperbolic spacetimes. The theorem A Cauchy surface can possess corners, and thereby need not be a differentiable submanifold of the...	Geroch's splitting theorem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	396	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Equations of physics", "Theorems in general relativity", "Theorems in mathematical physics", "Relativity stubs", "Theory of relativity", "Mathematical problems", "Physics theorems" ]
34,270,640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC21-B	MC21-B is an antibiotic isolated from the O-BC30T strain of a marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas phenolica. MC21-B is cytotoxic to human leukaemia cells and human normal dermal fibroblasts. See also MC21-A References Antibiotics Biphenyls Dicarboxylic acids Benzoic acids Bromoarenes Halogen-containing natural prod...	MC21-B	[ "Biology" ]	91	[ "Antibiotics", "Biocides", "Biotechnology products" ]
36,842,000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng%20cycle	The Cheng cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which uses a combination of two working fluids, one gas and one steam. It can therefore be considered a combination of the Brayton cycle and the Rankine cycle. It was named for Dr. Dah Yu Cheng. The company founded by Dr. Cheng has developed systems in partnership with both GM...	Cheng cycle	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	255	[ "Thermodynamics stubs", "Energy engineering", "Thermodynamics", "Power engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
36,842,201	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiproton%20Accumulator	The Antiproton Accumulator (AA) was an infrastructure connected to the Proton–Antiproton Collider (SpS) – a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) – at CERN. The AA was built in 1979 and 1980, for the production and accumulation of antiprotons. In the SpS the antiprotons were made to collide with protons, a...	Antiproton Accumulator	[ "Physics" ]	973	[ "Accelerator physics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Experimental physics" ]
36,842,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Wall%20group	In mathematics, the Brauer–Wall group or super Brauer group or graded Brauer group for a field F is a group BW(F) classifying finite-dimensional graded central division algebras over the field. It was first defined by as a generalization of the Brauer group. The Brauer group of a field F is the set of the similarity...	Brauer–Wall group	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	565	[ "Symmetry", "Super linear algebra", "Quadratic forms", "Supersymmetry", "Number theory" ]
41,033,059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20algebraic%20stress%20model	The algebraic stress model arises in computational fluid dynamics. Two main approaches can be undertaken. In the first, the transport of the turbulent stresses is assumed proportional to the turbulent kinetic energy; while in the second, convective and diffusive effects are assumed to be negligible. Algebraic stress mo...	Explicit algebraic stress model	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,225	[ "Functions and mappings", "Functional analysis", "Computational fluid dynamics", "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Computational mathematics", "Fluid mechanics", "Computational physics", "Civil engineering", "Mathematical relations", "Numerical analysis", "Approximations", "Flu...
41,034,291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PISO%20algorithm	PISO algorithm (Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators) was proposed by Issa in 1986 without iterations and with large time steps and a lesser computing effort. It is an extension of the SIMPLE algorithm used in computational fluid dynamics to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. PISO is a pressure-velocity calcul...	PISO algorithm	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	734	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Fluid dynamics", "Computational physics" ]
41,036,105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Annihilator	1E1740.7-2942, or the Great Annihilator, is a Milky Way microquasar, located near the Galactic Center on the sky. It likely consists of a black hole and a companion star. It is one of the brightest X-ray sources in the region around the Galactic Center. The object was first detected in soft X-rays by the Einstein Obse...	Great Annihilator	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	344	[ "Black holes", "Stellar black holes", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Constellations", "Ophiuchus" ]
41,038,479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition%20fiber%20tracking	High definition fiber tracking (HDFT) is a tractography technique where data from MRI scanners is processed through computer algorithms to reveal the detailed wiring of the brain and to pinpoint fiber tracts. Each tract contains millions of neuronal connections. HDFT is based on data acquired from diffusion spectrum im...	High-definition fiber tracking	[ "Chemistry" ]	607	[ "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Magnetic resonance imaging" ]
41,038,739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20category	In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a spherical category is a pivotal category (a monoidal category with traces) in which left and right traces coincide. Spherical fusion categories give rise to a family of three-dimensional topological state sum models (a particular formulation of a topological quantum field ...	Spherical category	[ "Mathematics" ]	89	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Category theory stubs", "Mathematical objects", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Mathematical relations", "Category theory" ]
41,038,878	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Street	Ross Howard Street (born 29 September 1945, Sydney) is an Australian mathematician specialising in category theory. Biography Street completed his undergraduate and postgraduate study at the University of Sydney, where his dissertation advisor was Max Kelly. He is an emeritus professor of mathematics at Macquarie Univ...	Ross Street	[ "Mathematics" ]	150	[ "Category theorists", "Mathematical structures", "Category theory" ]
41,040,671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20functor	Fiber functors in category theory, topology and algebraic geometry refer to several loosely related functors that generalise the functors taking a covering space to the fiber over a point . Definition A fiber functor (or fibre functor) is a loose concept which has multiple definitions depending on the formalism con...	Fiber functor	[ "Mathematics" ]	555	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Monoidal categories", "Mathematical objects", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Category theory", "Mathematical relations" ]
41,040,854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwind%20differencing%20scheme%20for%20convection	The upwind differencing scheme is a method used in numerical methods in computational fluid dynamics for convection–diffusion problems. This scheme is specific for Peclet number greater than 2 or less than −2 Description By taking into account the direction of the flow, the upwind differencing scheme overcomes that in...	Upwind differencing scheme for convection	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	667	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Fluid dynamics", "Computational physics" ]
41,042,161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation%20of%20buoyancy%20flows%20and%20flows%20inside%20buildings	Buoyancy force is the defined as the force exerted on the body or an object when inserted in a fluid. Buoyancy force is based on the basic principle of pressure variation with depth, since pressure increases with depth. Hence buoyancy force arises as pressure on the bottom surface of the immersed object is greater than...	Calculation of buoyancy flows and flows inside buildings	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	855	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Fluid dynamics", "Computational physics" ]
42,477,276	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monin%E2%80%93Obukhov%20similarity%20theory	Monin–Obukhov (M–O) similarity theory describes the non-dimensionalized mean flow and mean temperature in the surface layer under non-neutral conditions as a function of the dimensionless height parameter, named after Russian scientists A. S. Monin and A. M. Obukhov. Similarity theory is an empirical method that descri...	Monin–Obukhov similarity theory	[ "Engineering" ]	1,356	[ "Dimensional analysis", "Mechanical engineering" ]
42,477,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20sorbents%20for%20carbon%20capture	Solid sorbents for carbon capture include a diverse range of porous, solid-phase materials, including mesoporous silicas, zeolites, and metal-organic frameworks. These have the potential to function as more efficient alternatives to amine gas treating processes for selectively removing CO2 from large, stationary source...	Solid sorbents for carbon capture	[ "Engineering" ]	1,903	[ "Geoengineering", "Carbon capture and storage" ]
42,478,011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszul%20duality	In mathematics, Koszul duality, named after the French mathematician Jean-Louis Koszul, is any of various kinds of dualities found in representation theory of Lie algebras, abstract algebras (semisimple algebra) and topology (e.g., equivariant cohomology). The prototypical example of Koszul duality was introduced by Jo...	Koszul duality	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,245	[ "Mathematical structures", "Algebras", "Algebraic structures", "Duality theories", "Geometry", "Category theory" ]
42,478,101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiality%20%28geometry%29	In the geometry of the Euclidean plane, axiality is a measure of how much axial symmetry a shape has. It is defined as the ratio of areas of the largest axially symmetric subset of the shape to the whole shape. Equivalently it is the largest fraction of the area of the shape that can be covered by a mirror reflection o...	Axiality (geometry)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	768	[ "Planes (geometry)", "Euclidean plane geometry", "Geometry", "Symmetry" ]
42,478,623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse%20matrix%E2%80%93vector%20multiplication	Sparse matrix–vector multiplication (SpMV) of the form is a widely used computational kernel existing in many scientific applications. The input matrix is sparse. The input vector and the output vector are dense. In the case of a repeated operation involving the same input matrix but possibly changing numerical v...	Sparse matrix–vector multiplication	[ "Mathematics" ]	106	[ "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Matrices (mathematics)", "Sparse matrices", "Matrix stubs" ]
46,219,227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20metal%20ions%20in%20biological%20systems	Evolution of metal ions in biological systems refers to the incorporation of metallic ions into living organisms and how it has changed over time. Metal ions have been associated with biological systems for billions of years, but only in the last century have scientists began to truly appreciate the scale of their infl...	Evolution of metal ions in biological systems	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,150	[ "Biochemistry", "Metals", "Evolutionary biology", "Bioinorganic chemistry" ]
46,222,172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainshtein%20radius	Inside the Vainshtein radius with Planck length and Planck mass the gravitational field around a body of mass is the same in a theory where the graviton mass is zero and where it's very small because the helicity 0 degree of freedom becomes effective on distance scales . See also References Quantum gravity R...	Vainshtein radius	[ "Physics" ]	66	[ "Quantum gravity", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
46,224,462	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity%20interferometer%20system%20for%20any%20reflector	Velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) is a time-resolved velocity measurement system that uses laser interferometry to measure the surface velocity of solids moving at high speeds. For solids experiencing high velocity impact or explosive conditions, VISAR plots the free-surface velocity against tim...	Velocity interferometer system for any reflector	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	557	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Astrophysics", "Size", "Measurement", "Doppler effects" ]
47,066,174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Singular%20Universe%20and%20the%20Reality%20of%20Time	The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time: A Proposal in Natural Philosophy is a book about cosmology, philosophy of time, metaphysics and scientific naturalism by the American theoretical physicist Lee Smolin and the Brazilian philosopher Roberto Mangabeira Unger. The authors argue that the current crisis in cosmo...	The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time	[ "Physics" ]	290	[ "Spacetime", "Philosophy of time", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
47,069,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun%20Kumar%20Basak	Arun Kumar Basak FInstP CPhys (born October 17, 1941) is a Bangladeshi physicist. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi. Early life and education Basak was born in Radhanagor of Pabna town, Bengal Presidency, British India to parents Haripada Basak and Usha Rani Basak. Basak ma...	Arun Kumar Basak	[ "Physics" ]	594	[ "Nuclear physicists", "Theoretical physics", "Theoretical physicists", "Nuclear physics" ]
39,710,393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C16H16O8	{{DISPLAYTITLE:C16H16O8}} The molecular formula C16H16O8 (molar mass: 336.29 g/mol, exact mass = 336.084517 u) may refer to: 4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide Dactylifric acid Molecular formulas	C16H16O8	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	74	[ "Molecules", "Set index articles on molecular formulas", "Isomerism", "Molecular formulas", "Matter" ]
38,262,597	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRM%20Engine%20Suite	The SRM Engine Suite is an engineering software tool used for simulating fuels, combustion and exhaust gas emissions in internal combustion engine (IC engine) applications. It is used worldwide by leading IC engine development organisations and fuel companies. The software is developed, maintained and supported by CMCL...	SRM Engine Suite	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	624	[ "Machines", "Engines", "Applied mathematics", "Chemical engineering", "Physical systems", "Computational science", "Combustion", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
38,262,758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes3%20signaling%20axis	The STAT3-Ser/Hes3 signaling axis is a specific type of intracellular signaling pathway that regulates several fundamental properties of cells. Overview Cells in tissues need to be able to sense and interpret changes in their environment. For example, cells must be able to detect when they are in physical contact wi...	Hes3 signaling axis	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,339	[ "Stem cell research", "Signal transduction", "Molecular neuroscience", "Translational medicine", "Tissue engineering", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry" ]
38,262,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanothermometry	Nanothermometry is a branch of physics and engineering exploring the use of non-invasive precise thermometers working at the nanoscale. These devices have high spatial resolution (below one micrometer), where conventional methods are ineffective. Sensitivity of a nanothermometer The sensitivity is a parameter that cha...	Nanothermometry	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	307	[ "Nanotechnology", "Materials science" ]
38,266,312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20tetrapentagonal%20tiling	In geometry, the truncated tetrapentagonal tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of t0,1,2{4,5} or tr{4,5}. Symmetry There are four small index subgroup constructed from [5,4] by mirror removal and alternation. In these images fundamental domains are alternately colored black and ...	Truncated tetrapentagonal tiling	[ "Physics" ]	277	[ "Truncated tilings", "Isogonal tilings", "Tessellation", "Hyperbolic tilings", "Uniform tilings", "Symmetry" ]
38,266,320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapentagonal%20tiling	In geometry, the tetrapentagonal tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of t1{4,5} or r{4,5}. Symmetry A half symmetry [1+,4,5] = [5,5] construction exists, which can be seen as two colors of pentagons. This coloring can be called a rhombipentapentagonal tiling. Dual tiling The dua...	Tetrapentagonal tiling	[ "Physics" ]	259	[ "Isotoxal tilings", "Isogonal tilings", "Tessellation", "Hyperbolic tilings", "Uniform tilings", "Symmetry" ]
38,266,327	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombitetrapentagonal%20tiling	In geometry, the rhombitetrapentagonal tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of t0,2{4,5}. Dual tiling The dual is called the deltoidal tetrapentagonal tiling with face configuration V.4.4.4.5. Related polyhedra and tiling References John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman...	Rhombitetrapentagonal tiling	[ "Physics" ]	187	[ "Isogonal tilings", "Tessellation", "Hyperbolic tilings", "Uniform tilings", "Symmetry" ]
38,266,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20order-4%20pentagonal%20tiling	In geometry, the truncated order-4 pentagonal tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of t0,1{5,4}. Uniform colorings A half symmetry [1+,4,5] = [5,5] coloring can be constructed with two colors of decagons. This coloring is called a truncated pentapentagonal tiling. Symmetry Ther...	Truncated order-4 pentagonal tiling	[ "Physics" ]	254	[ "Truncated tilings", "Isogonal tilings", "Tessellation", "Hyperbolic tilings", "Uniform tilings", "Symmetry" ]
38,266,339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20order-5%20square%20tiling	In geometry, the truncated order-5 square tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of t0,1{4,5}. Related polyhedra and tiling References John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, (Chapter 19, The Hyperbolic Archimedean Tessellations) See ...	Truncated order-5 square tiling	[ "Physics" ]	164	[ "Truncated tilings", "Isogonal tilings", "Tessellation", "Hyperbolic tilings", "Uniform tilings", "Symmetry" ]
38,268,733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20carpet	In quantum mechanics, a quantum carpet is a regular art-like pattern drawn by the wave function evolution or the probability density in the space of the Cartesian product of the quantum particle position coordinate and time or in spacetime resembling carpet art. It is the result of self-interference of the wave functio...	Quantum carpet	[ "Physics" ]	906	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
38,269,169	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurensine	Amurensine is an alkaloid found in Papaver species such as P. alpinum, P. pyrenaicum, P. suaveolens, and P. tatricum and P. nudicaule. It is a member of the isoquinoline group. See also C19H19NO4 References Alkaloids found in Papaveraceae Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids Tropane alkaloids Benzodioxoles Heterocyclic c...	Amurensine	[ "Chemistry" ]	110	[ "Alkaloids by chemical classification", "Tropane alkaloids" ]
38,269,892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushing%20plant	A Crushing plant is one-stop crushing installation, which can be used for rock crushing, garbage crushing, building materials crushing and other similar operations. Crushing plants may be either fixed or mobile. A crushing plant has different stations (primary, secondary, tertiary, ...) where different crushing, select...	Crushing plant	[ "Engineering" ]	448	[ "Mining equipment", "Manufacturing", "Mechanical engineering" ]
32,659,088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favard%27s%20theorem	In mathematics, Favard's theorem, also called the Shohat–Favard theorem, states that a sequence of polynomials satisfying a suitable three-term recurrence relation is a sequence of orthogonal polynomials. The theorem was introduced in the theory of orthogonal polynomials by and , though essentially the same theore...	Favard's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	329	[ "Theorems in approximation theory", "Theorems in mathematical analysis" ]
48,764,998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20strategies	Plant strategies include mechanisms and responses plants use to reproduce, defend, survive, and compete on the landscape. The term “plant strategy” has existed in the literature since at least 1965, however multiple definitions exist. Strategies have been classified as adaptive strategies (through a change in the genot...	Plant strategies	[ "Biology" ]	2,043	[ "Plants", "Botany" ]
48,768,665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-malleable%20code	The notion of non-malleable codes was introduced in 2009 by Dziembowski, Pietrzak, and Wichs, for relaxing the notion of error-correction and error-detection. Informally, a code is non-malleable if the message contained in a modified code-word is either the original message, or a completely unrelated value. Non-malleab...	Non-malleable code	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,046	[ "Applied mathematics", "Algorithms", "Mathematical logic" ]
48,769,660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadison%E2%80%93Singer%20problem	In mathematics, the Kadison–Singer problem, posed in 1959, was a problem in functional analysis about whether certain extensions of certain linear functionals on certain C*-algebras were unique. The uniqueness was proved in 2013. The statement arose from work on the foundations of quantum mechanics done by Paul Dirac ...	Kadison–Singer problem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	767	[ "Mathematical problems", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
60,342,612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced%20order	Noise-induced order is a mathematical phenomenon appearing in the Matsumoto-Tsuda model of the Belosov-Zhabotinski reaction. In this model, adding noise to the system causes a transition from a "chaotic" behaviour to a more "ordered" behaviour; this article was a seminal paper in the area and generated a big number of...	Noise-induced order	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	376	[ "Name reactions", "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
60,343,222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning%20vibrating%20electrode%20technique	Scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), also known as vibrating probe within the field of biology, is a scanning probe microscopy (SPM) technique which visualizes electrochemical processes at a sample. It was originally introduced in 1974 by Jaffe and Nuccitelli to investigate the electrical current densities ne...	Scanning vibrating electrode technique	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,542	[ "Electric current", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Measuring instruments" ]
55,527,967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary%20Carbon%20Cycle%20Observatory	Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCarb) was an intended NASA Venture-class Earth observation mission that was designed to measure the carbon cycle. GeoCarb was to be stationed over the Americas and make observations between 50° North and South latitudes. Its primary mission was to conduct observations of veg...	Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	424	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Environmental chemistry", "Greenhouse gases", "Spectrometers", "Spectroscopy" ]
55,535,501	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20nuclide	An alpha nuclide is a nuclide that consists of an integer number of alpha particles. Alpha nuclides have equal, even numbers of protons and neutrons; they are important in stellar nucleosynthesis since the energetic environment within stars is amenable to fusion of alpha particles into heavier nuclei. Stable alpha nuc...	Alpha nuclide	[ "Physics" ]	236	[ "Nuclear physics" ]
55,538,688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI%20pulse%20sequence	An MRI pulse sequence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance. A multiparametric MRI is a combination of two or more sequences, and/or including other specialized MRI configurations such as spectroscopy. Spin...	MRI pulse sequence	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,160	[ "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Magnetic resonance imaging", "Nuclear physics" ]
53,985,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C19orf67	UPF0575 protein C19orf67 is a protein which in humans (Homo sapiens) is encoded by the C19orf67 gene. Orthologs of C19orf67 are found in many mammals, some reptiles, and most jawed fish. The protein is expressed at low levels throughout the body with the exception of the testis and breast tissue. Where it is expressed,...	C19orf67	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,404	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
53,986,905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20scraping%20flow	In fluid dynamics, Taylor scraping flow is a type of two-dimensional corner flow occurring when one of the wall is sliding over the other with constant velocity, named after G. I. Taylor. Flow description Consider a plane wall located at in the cylindrical coordinates , moving with a constant velocity towards the l...	Taylor scraping flow	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	704	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Flow regimes", "Fluid dynamics" ]
53,989,605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrotaxane	Polyrotaxane is a type of mechanically interlocked molecule consisting of strings and rings, in which multiple rings are threaded onto a molecular axle and prevented from dethreading by two bulky end groups. As oligomeric or polymeric species of rotaxanes, polyrotaxanes are also capable of converting energy input to mo...	Polyrotaxane	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	4,167	[ "Nanotechnology", "nan", "Supramolecular chemistry" ]
53,990,911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20molasses	Gray molasses is a method of sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms. It employs principles from Sisyphus cooling in conjunction with a so-called "dark" state whose transition to the excited state is not addressed by the resonant lasers. Ultracold atomic physics experiments on atomic species with poorly-resolved hyperfine s...	Gray molasses	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,502	[ "Dynamical systems", "Quantum mechanics", "Atomic physics", "Thermodynamics", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
53,991,267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCPForge	The Collaborative Computational Projects (CCP) group was responsible for the development of CCPForge, which is a software development tool produced through collaborations by the CCP community. CCPs allow experts in computational research to come together and develop scientific software which can be applied to numerous ...	CCPForge	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	338	[ "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry", "Computational physics" ]
53,992,385	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative%20Computational%20Project%20Q	Collaborative Computational Project Q (CCPQ) was developed in order to provide software which uses theoretical techniques to catalogue collisions between electrons, positrons or photons and atomic/molecular targets. The 'Q' stands for quantum dynamics. This project is accessible via the CCPForge website, which contains...	Collaborative Computational Project Q	[ "Physics" ]	454	[ "Computational particle physics", "Computational physics", "Particle physics", "Particle physics stubs", "Computational physics stubs" ]
53,992,606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Electrical%20I/O	The Common Electrical I/O (CEI) refers to a series of influential Interoperability Agreements (IAs) that have been published by the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF). CEI defines the electrical and jitter requirements for 3.125, 6, 11, 25-28, and 56 Gbit/s electrical interfaces. CEI, the Common Electrical I/O The Co...	Common Electrical I/O	[ "Engineering" ]	645	[ "Electronic engineering", "Digital electronics" ]
53,992,715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK%20Molecular%20R-matrix%20Codes	The UK Molecular R-Matrix codes are a set of software routines used to calculate the effects of collision of electrons with atoms and molecules. The R-matrix method is used in computational quantum mechanics to study scattering of positrons and electrons by atomic and molecular targets. The fundamental idea was origina...	UK Molecular R-matrix Codes	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	304	[ "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Quantum mechanics", "Matrices (mathematics)", "Particle physics", "Matrix stubs", "Particle physics stubs", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
50,211,107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian%20structural%20time%20series	Bayesian structural time series (BSTS) model is a statistical technique used for feature selection, time series forecasting, nowcasting, inferring causal impact and other applications. The model is designed to work with time series data. The model has also promising application in the field of analytical marketing. In...	Bayesian structural time series	[ "Engineering" ]	648	[ "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Machine learning" ]
34,274,639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20clutches%20and%20brakes	Electromagnetic clutches and brakes operate electrically, but transmit torque mechanically. This is why they used to be referred to as electro-mechanical clutches or brakes. Over the years, EM became known as electromagnetic versus electro mechanical, referring more about their actuation method versus physical operatio...	Electromagnetic clutches and brakes	[ "Engineering" ]	4,258	[ "Electromagnetic brakes and clutches", "Mechanical engineering" ]
34,278,662	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKDF	HKDF is a simple key derivation function (KDF) based on the HMAC message authentication code. It was initially proposed by its authors as a building block in various protocols and applications, as well as to discourage the proliferation of multiple KDF mechanisms. The main approach HKDF follows is the "extract-then-exp...	HKDF	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,232	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
34,280,377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types%20of%20press%20tools	Press tools are commonly used in hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical presses to produce the sheet metal components in large volumes. Generally press tools are categorized by the types of operation performed using the tool, such as blanking, piercing, bending, forming, forging, trimming etc. The press tool will also be...	Types of press tools	[ "Engineering" ]	1,481	[ "Machine tools", "Industrial machinery" ]
56,907,265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke%27s%20equation	In combustion, Clarke's equation is a third-order nonlinear partial differential equation, first derived by John Frederick Clarke in 1978. The equation describes the thermal explosion process, including both effects of constant-volume and constant-pressure processes, as well as the effects of adiabatic and isothermal s...	Clarke's equation	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	504	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Combustion", "Fluid dynamics" ]
56,912,080	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20moisture%20velocity%20equation	The soil moisture velocity equation describes the speed that water moves vertically through unsaturated soil under the combined actions of gravity and capillarity, a process known as infiltration. The equation is alternative form of the Richardson/Richards' equation. The key difference being that the dependent variab...	Soil moisture velocity equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	2,167	[ "Environmental engineering", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Soil physics" ]
56,913,000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking%E2%80%93Page%20phase%20transition	In quantum gravity, the Hawking–Page phase transition is phase transition between AdS black holes with radiation and thermal AdS. Stephen Hawking and Don Page () showed that although AdS black holes can be in stable thermal equilibrium with radiation, they are not the preferred state below a certain critical temperatu...	Hawking–Page phase transition	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	138	[ "Black holes", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Astrophysics", "Astronomy stubs", "Quantum gravity", "Astrophysics stubs", "Stellar astronomy stubs", "Density", "Relativity stubs", "Theory of relativity", "Stellar phenomena"...
56,916,503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone	19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone (19-nor-DHEA), or 19-nor-5-dehydroepiandrosterone (19-nor-5-DHEA), is an estrane (19-norandrostane) steroid which was never marketed. It is the combined derivative of the androgen/anabolic steroid nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) and the androgen prohormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, or m...	19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone	[ "Chemistry" ]	256	[ "Drug safety", "Abandoned drugs" ]
56,917,808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-C%20motif%20chemokine%20ligand%2027	C-C motif chemokine ligand 27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL27 gene. Function This gene is one of several CC cytokine genes clustered on the p-arm of chromosome 9. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The CC cytokines are proteins cha...	C-C motif chemokine ligand 27	[ "Chemistry" ]	239	[ "Cytokines", "Signal transduction" ]
43,910,664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunte%20salt	In organosulfur chemistry, a Bunte salt is an archaic name for salts with the formula RSSO3–Na+. They are also called S-alkylthiosulfates or S-arylthiosulfates. These compounds are typically derived from alkylation on the pendant sulfur of sodium thiosulfate: RX + Na2S2O3 → Na[O3S2R] + NaX They have been used ...	Bunte salt	[ "Chemistry" ]	216	[ "Organic compounds", "Organosulfur compounds", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
43,910,689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiosulfonate	Thiosulfonates are organosulfur compounds with the formula RSO2SR'. The parent member is a colorless liquid. Thiosulfonate esters are usually produced by oxidation of disulfides or the nucleophilic attack of thiolates on organosulfonyl halides. The simplest thiosulfonate, can however be prepared from dimethyl sulf...	Thiosulfonate	[ "Chemistry" ]	196	[ "Organic compounds", "Organosulfur compounds", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
43,912,166	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile%20styrene%20acrylate	Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), also called acrylic styrene acrylonitrile, is an amorphous thermoplastic developed as an alternative to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), that has improved weather resistance. It is an acrylate rubber-modified styrene acrylonitrile copolymer. It is used for general prototyping...	Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,378	[ "Organic compounds", "Organic polymers" ]
43,913,289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosaminogalactan	Galactosaminogalactan (commonly abbreviated as GAG or GG), is an exopolysaccharide composed of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). It is commonly found in the biofilm and cell wall of various fungal species. Although the sugar residues are arranged in no particular/discrete order, and thus a heteroglycan, t...	Galactosaminogalactan	[ "Chemistry" ]	462	[ "Carbohydrates", "Polysaccharides" ]
43,920,749	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Organization%20for%20Biological%20Crystallization	The International Organization for Biological Crystallization (IOBCr) is a non-profit, scientific organization for scientists who study the crystallization of biological macromolecules and develop crystallographic methodologies for their study. It was founded in 2002 to create a permanent organ for the organization of ...	International Organization for Biological Crystallization	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	980	[ "Crystallography", "Crystallography organizations" ]
43,921,696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvius%20%28robot%29	Salvius () is an open source humanoid robot built in the United States in 2008, the first of its kind. Its name is derived from the word 'salvaged', being constructed with an emphasis on using recycled components and materials to reduce the costs of designing and construction. The robot is designed to be able to perfor...	Salvius (robot)	[ "Engineering" ]	810	[ "Robotics", "Automation" ]
43,926,107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stewart%20Bell%20Prize	The John Stewart Bell Prize for Research on Fundamental Issues in Quantum Mechanics and their Applications (short form: Bell Prize) was established in 2009, funded and managed by the University of Toronto, Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control (CQIQC). Named after John Stewart Bell (the physicist behind Be...	John Stewart Bell Prize	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	199	[ "Science and technology awards", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Physics awards" ]
41,045,982	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergistic%20catalysis	Synergistic catalysis is a specialized approach to catalysis whereby at least two different catalysts act on two different substrates simultaneously to allow reaction between the two activated materials. While a catalyst works to lower the energy of reaction overall, a reaction using synergistic catalysts work together...	Synergistic catalysis	[ "Chemistry" ]	966	[ "Catalysis", "Chemical kinetics" ]
41,047,035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20in%20use	Data in use is an information technology term referring to active data which is stored in a non-persistent digital state typically in computer random-access memory (RAM), CPU caches, or CPU registers. Scranton, PA data scientist Daniel Allen in 1996 proposed Data in use as a complement to the terms data in transit an...	Data in use	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	959	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Cryptography", "Applied mathematics", "Computer data", "Data" ]
41,047,668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol%E2%80%93chloroform%20extraction	Phenol–chloroform extraction is a liquid-liquid extraction technique in molecular biology used to separate nucleic acids from proteins and lipids. Process Aqueous samples, lysed cells, or homogenised tissue are mixed with equal volumes of a phenol:chloroform mixture. This mixture is then centrifuged. Because the pheno...	Phenol–chloroform extraction	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	448	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Molecular biology stubs", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
41,050,914	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20therapy%20for%20epilepsy	Gene therapy is being studied for some forms of epilepsy. It relies on viral or non-viral vectors to deliver DNA or RNA to target brain areas where seizures arise, in order to prevent the development of epilepsy or to reduce the frequency and/or severity of seizures. Gene therapy has delivered promising results in earl...	Gene therapy for epilepsy	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,606	[ "Gene therapy", "Genetic engineering" ]
52,635,018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UVS%20%28Juno%29	UVS, known as the Ultraviolet Spectrograph or Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer is the name of an instrument on the Juno orbiter for Jupiter. The instrument is an imaging spectrometer that observes the ultraviolet range of light wavelengths, which is shorter wavelengths than visible light but longer than X-rays. Specifi...	UVS (Juno)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	965	[ "Spectrographs", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
52,637,818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient%20grating%20spectroscopy	Overview Transient grating spectroscopy is an optical technique used to measure quasiparticle propagation. It can track changes in metallic materials as they are irradiated. It is a pump-probe method in which short-lived standing waves are generated upon a sample surface. This is performed by combining two simultan...	Transient grating spectroscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	329	[ "Spectroscopy stubs", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Astronomy stubs", "Time-resolved spectroscopy", "Molecular physics stubs", "Spectroscopy", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
52,642,074	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis%20expansion%20time-frequency%20analysis	Linear expansions in a single basis, whether it is a Fourier series, wavelet, or any other basis, are not suitable enough. A Fourier basis provided a poor representation of functions well localized in time, and wavelet bases are not well adapted to represent functions whose Fourier transforms have a narrow high frequen...	Basis expansion time-frequency analysis	[ "Physics" ]	438	[ "Frequency-domain analysis", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Time–frequency analysis" ]
51,121,181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20Galois%20theory	In mathematics, topological Galois theory is a mathematical theory which originated from a topological proof of Abel's impossibility theorem found by Vladimir Arnold and concerns the applications of some topological concepts to some problems in the field of Galois theory. It connects many ideas from algebra to ideas in...	Topological Galois theory	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	140	[ "Topology stubs", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
36,853,181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydration%20energy	In chemistry, hydration energy (also hydration enthalpy) is the amount of energy released when one mole of ions undergoes solvation. Hydration energy is one component in the quantitative analysis of solvation. It is a particular special case of water. The value of hydration energies is one of the most challenging aspe...	Hydration energy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	367	[ "Physical chemistry", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "nan" ]
36,854,652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulerian%20matroid	In matroid theory, an Eulerian matroid is a matroid whose elements can be partitioned into a collection of disjoint circuits. Examples In a uniform matroid , the circuits are the sets of exactly elements. Therefore, a uniform matroid is Eulerian if and only if is a divisor of . For instance, the -point lines are Eu...	Eulerian matroid	[ "Mathematics" ]	973	[ "Matroid theory", "Combinatorics" ]
39,716,485	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20heterogeneity	Dynamical heterogeneity describes the behavior of glass-forming materials when undergoing a phase transition from the liquid state to the glassy state. In dynamical heterogeneity, the dynamics of cooling to a glassy state show variation within the material. Polymers Polymer properties include viscoelasticity and may ...	Dynamical heterogeneity	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	495	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
39,719,118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argillipedoturbation	Argillipedoturbation, sometimes referred to as self-mulching, is a process of soil mixing caused by the shrinking and swelling of the smectite clays contained in soil. It is an effect specific to soils of the vertisolic variety, and is triggered by the constant cycles of wetting and drying It is characterized by wide ...	Argillipedoturbation	[ "Physics" ]	351	[ "Soil mechanics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
39,720,117	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision-induced%20absorption%20and%20emission	In spectroscopy, collision-induced absorption and emission refers to spectral features generated by inelastic collisions of molecules in a gas. Such inelastic collisions (along with the absorption or emission of photons) may induce quantum transitions in the molecules, or the molecules may form transient supramolecular...	Collision-induced absorption and emission	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	2,988	[ "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Astrophysics", "Spectroscopy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
46,230,112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Kovalevskaya%20theorem	In mathematics, the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem (also written as the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem) is the main local existence and uniqueness theorem for analytic partial differential equations associated with Cauchy initial value problems. A special case was proven by , and the full result by . First order Cauchy–Kovale...	Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	819	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical theorems", "Mathematical problems", "Uniqueness theorems" ]
47,070,537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-convex%20function	K-convex functions, first introduced by Scarf, are a special weakening of the concept of convex function which is crucial in the proof of the optimality of the policy in inventory control theory. The policy is characterized by two numbers and , , such that when the inventory level falls below level , an order is issu...	K-convex function	[ "Mathematics" ]	397	[ "Functions and mappings", "Types of functions", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations" ]
47,074,767	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifshitz%20theory%20of%20van%20der%20Waals%20force	In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the Lifshitz theory of van der Waals forces, sometimes called the macroscopic theory of van der Waals forces, is a method proposed by Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz in 1954 for treating van der Waals forces between bodies which does not assume pairwise additivity of the...	Lifshitz theory of van der Waals force	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,216	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Physical chemistry", "Matter" ]
47,075,289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal%20sludge%20management	Fecal sludge management (FSM) (or faecal sludge management in British English) is the storage, collection, transport, treatment and safe end use or disposal of fecal sludge. Together, the collection, transport, treatment and end use of fecal sludge constitute the "value chain" or "service chain" of fecal sludge managem...	Fecal sludge management	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	7,464	[ "Chemical engineering", "Excretion", "Water pollution", "Sewerage", "Animal waste products", "Civil engineering", "Feces", "Environmental engineering" ]
60,355,556	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer-gas%20trap	The buffer-gas trap (BGT) is a device used to accumulate positrons (the antiparticles of electrons) efficiently while minimizing positron loss due to annihilation, which occurs when an electron and positron collide and the energy is converted to gamma rays. The BGT is used for a variety of research applications, partic...	Buffer-gas trap	[ "Chemistry" ]	989	[ "Particle traps", "Molecular physics" ]
60,357,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEE%207%20standard%20AC%20plugs%20and%20sockets	CEE 7 is a standard for alternating-current plugs and sockets. First published in 1951 by the former International Commission on the Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment (IECEE), it unified standards produced by several continental European countries. The 2nd edition was published in 1963 and last updated...	CEE 7 standard AC plugs and sockets	[ "Physics" ]	2,436	[ "Physical systems", "Electrical standards", "Electrical systems" ]
60,360,425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartle%E2%80%93Thorne%20metric	The Hartle–Thorne metric is an approximate solution of the vacuum Einstein field equations of general relativity that describes the exterior of a slowly and rigidly rotating, stationary and axially symmetric body. The metric was found by James Hartle and Kip Thorne in the 1960s to study the spacetime outside neutron s...	Hartle–Thorne metric	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	160	[ "Tensors", "General relativity", "Metric tensors", "Relativity stubs", "Theory of relativity" ]
60,361,376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20DNA%20barcoding	Microbial DNA barcoding is the use of DNA metabarcoding to characterize a mixture of microorganisms. DNA metabarcoding is a method of DNA barcoding that uses universal genetic markers to identify DNA of a mixture of organisms. History Using metabarcoding to assess microbial communities has a long history. Back in 19...	Microbial DNA barcoding	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,611	[ "Genetics techniques", "Biological engineering", "Taxonomy (biology)", "DNA barcoding", "Bioinformatics", "Molecular genetics", "Molecular biology", "Phylogenetics" ]
60,361,757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20DNA%20barcoding	DNA barcoding methods for fish are used to identify groups of fish based on DNA sequences within selected regions of a genome. These methods can be used to study fish, as genetic material, in the form of environmental DNA (eDNA) or cells, is freely diffused in the water. This allows researchers to identify which specie...	Fish DNA barcoding	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,739	[ "Genetics techniques", "Biological engineering", "DNA barcoding", "Bioinformatics", "Molecular genetics", "Molecular biology", "Phylogenetics" ]
48,781,047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20algebraic%20topology	This is a glossary of properties and concepts in algebraic topology in mathematics. See also: glossary of topology, list of algebraic topology topics, glossary of category theory, glossary of differential geometry and topology, Timeline of manifolds. Convention: Throughout the article, I denotes the unit interval, Sn...	Glossary of algebraic topology	[ "Mathematics" ]	475	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Algebraic topology" ]
48,782,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20fluid%20dynamics	Astrophysical fluid dynamics is a branch of modern astronomy which deals with the motion of fluids in outer space using fluid mechanics, such as those that make up the Sun and other stars. The subject covers the fundamentals of fluid mechanics using various equations, such as continuity equations, the Navier–Stokes equ...	Astrophysical fluid dynamics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy", "Engineering" ]	905	[ "Chemical engineering", "Astrophysics", "Piping", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Fluid dynamics" ]
48,782,942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebelipase%20alfa	Sebelipase alfa, sold under the brand name Kanuma, is a recombinant form of the enzyme lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) that is used as a medication for the treatment of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D). It is administered via intraveneous infusion. It was approved for medical use in the European Union and in the ...	Sebelipase alfa	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	335	[ "Pharmacology", "Biotechnology products", "Biopharmaceuticals" ]
48,786,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s%20curse	In biology, mother's curse is an evolutionary effect that males inherit deleterious mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations from their mother, while those mutations are beneficial, neutral or less deleterious to females. As mtDNA is usually maternally inherited, mtDNA mutations deleterious to males but beneficial, neut...	Mother's curse	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	937	[ "Mitochondria", "Genetics concepts", "Metabolism", "Evolutionary biology concepts" ]
48,786,651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-avoiding%20algorithm	Communication-avoiding algorithms minimize movement of data within a memory hierarchy for improving its running-time and energy consumption. These minimize the total of two costs (in terms of time and energy): arithmetic and communication. Communication, in this context refers to moving data, either between levels of m...	Communication-avoiding algorithm	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,207	[ "Applied mathematics", "Algorithms", "Mathematical logic" ]
48,786,735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule%20plus-end%20tracking%20protein	Microtubule plus-end/positive-end tracking proteins or +TIPs are a type of microtubule associated protein (MAP) which accumulate at the plus ends of microtubules. +TIPs are arranged in diverse groups which are classified based on their structural components; however, all classifications are distinguished by their speci...	Microtubule plus-end tracking protein	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,320	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
48,788,092	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20therapy%20for%20blood%20diseases	Gene therapy for blood diseases is a novel field of research investigating ways in which components of blood can be genetically modified to treat hematologic diseases. Current clinical applications CAR-T therapy targeting leukemia Source: CAR T-cell therapy is a type of personalized cancer immunotherapy designed t...	Gene therapy for blood diseases	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,134	[ "Biological engineering", "Bioengineering stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Genetic engineering", "Molecular biology" ]
38,273,081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence%20image-guided%20surgery	Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS), also called fluorescence image-guided surgery, or in the specific case of tumor resection, fluorescence guided resection, is a medical imaging technique used to detect fluorescently labelled structures during surgery. Similarly to standard image-guided surgery, FGS has the purpose of ...	Fluorescence image-guided surgery	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,072	[ "Luminescence", "Fluorescence", "Biological engineering", "Biomedical engineering", "Medical equipment", "Fluorescence techniques", "Medical technology" ]
38,279,132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent%20encryption	Convergent encryption, also known as content hash keying, is a cryptosystem that produces identical ciphertext from identical plaintext files. This has applications in cloud computing to remove duplicate files from storage without the provider having access to the encryption keys. The combination of deduplication and...	Convergent encryption	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	722	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]

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