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Musicals
In the 2017 Broadway musical Anastasia, based on the 1997 film, the bridge is seen in the second half of the musical and in the closing scene. Anastasia was the granddaughter of Alexander III, who is mentioned in the musical.
Sports
In June 2017, with Paris competing against Los Angeles to host the 2024 Summ... | Pont Alexandre III | Wikipedia | 120 | 2936554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Alexandre%20III | Technology | Bridges | null |
Eucalyptol (also called cineole) is a monoterpenoid colorless liquid, and a bicyclic ether. It has a fresh camphor-like odor and a spicy, cooling taste. It is insoluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. Eucalyptol makes up about 70–90% of eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptol forms crystalline adducts with hydrohalic... | Eucalyptol | Wikipedia | 456 | 2938620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
Toxicology
Eucalyptol has a toxicity (LD50) of 2.48 grams per kg (rat). Ingestion in significant quantities is likely to cause headache and gastric distress, such as nausea and vomiting. Because of its low viscosity, it may directly enter the lungs if swallowed, or if subsequently vomited. Once in the lungs, it is diff... | Eucalyptol | Wikipedia | 349 | 2938620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptol | Physical sciences | Terpenes and terpenoids | Chemistry |
Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about , which is about 20% of Earth's radius or 70% of the Moon's radius.
There are no samples of the core accessible for direct measurement, as there are for Earth's mantle. The characteristics of the... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 491 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
Seismic waves
Almost all measurements that scientists have about the physical properties of the inner core are the seismic waves that pass through it. Deep earthquakes generate the most informative waves, 30 km or more below the surface of the Earth (where the mantle is relatively more homogeneous) and are recorded by... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 432 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
Other sources
Other sources of information about the inner core include
the Earth's magnetic field. While it seems to be generated mostly by fluid and electric currents in the outer core, those currents are strongly affected by the presence of the solid inner core and by the heat that flows out of it. (Although made ... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 493 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
Pressure and gravity
The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: It ranges from about .
The acceleration of gravity at the surface of the inner core can be computed to be 4.3 m/s2; which is less than half the value at the surface of the Earth... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 340 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
Magnetic field
In 2010, Bruce Buffett determined that the average magnetic field in the liquid outer core is about 2.5 milliteslas (25 gauss), which is about 40 times the maximum strength at the surface. He started from the known fact that the Moon and Sun cause tides in the liquid outer core, just as they do on the o... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 510 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
Laboratory experiments and analysis of seismic wave velocities seem to indicate that the inner core consists specifically of ε-iron, a crystalline form of the metal with the hexagonal close-packed () structure. That structure can still admit the inclusion of small amounts of nickel and other elements.
Structure
Many ... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 473 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
One phenomenon that could cause such partial alignment is slow flow ("creep") inside the inner core, from the equator towards the poles or vice versa. That flow would cause the crystals to partially reorient themselves according to the direction of the flow. In 1996, S. Yoshida and others proposed that such a flow coul... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 478 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
In 2023, a study reported new evidence "for an anisotropically-distinctive innermost inner core" – a ~650-km thick innermost ball – "and its transition to a weakly anisotropic outer shell, which could be a fossilized record of a significant global event from the past." They suggest that atoms in the IIC atoms are [pack... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 510 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
The existence of the inner core also affects the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core, and thus may help fix the magnetic field.
Dynamics
Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid mantle, the possibility that it rotates slightly more quickly or slowly than the rest of Earth has long ... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 501 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
Age
Theories about the age of the core are part of theories of the history of Earth. It is widely believed that the Earth's solid inner core formed out of an initially completely liquid core as the Earth cooled. However, the time when this process started is unknown.
Two main approaches have been used to infer the ag... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 442 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
However, in 2016 Konôpková and others directly measured the thermal conductivity of solid iron at inner core conditions, and obtained a much lower value, 18–44 W/m·K. With those values, they obtained an upper bound of 4.2 billion years for the age of the inner core, compatible with the paleomagnetic evidence.
In 2014,... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 502 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
In 2016, P. Driscoll published a numerical evolving dynamo model that made a detailed prediction of the paleomagnetic field evolution over 0.0–2.0 Ga. The evolving dynamo model was driven by time-variable boundary conditions produced by the thermal history solution in Driscoll and Bercovici (2014). The evolving dynamo ... | Earth's inner core | Wikipedia | 306 | 2939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20inner%20core | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
Notonectidae is a cosmopolitan family of aquatic insects in the order Hemiptera, commonly called backswimmers because they swim "upside down" (inverted). They are all predators and typically range from in length. They are similar in appearance to Corixidae (water boatmen), but can be separated by differences in their ... | Notonectidae | Wikipedia | 458 | 2940782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notonectidae | Biology and health sciences | Hemiptera (true bugs) | Animals |
Gloss is an optical property which indicates how well a surface reflects light in a specular (mirror-like) direction. It is one of the important parameters that are used to describe the visual appearance of an object. Other categories of visual appearance related to the perception of regular or diffuse reflection and t... | Gloss (optics) | Wikipedia | 452 | 2942638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss%20%28optics%29 | Physical sciences | Basics_7 | null |
Surface roughness influences the specular reflectance levels; in the visible frequencies, the surface finish in the micrometre range is most relevant. The diagram on the right depicts the reflection at an angle on a rough surface with a characteristic roughness height variation . The path difference between rays refle... | Gloss (optics) | Wikipedia | 449 | 2942638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss%20%28optics%29 | Physical sciences | Basics_7 | null |
In 1937 R. S. Hunter, as part of his research paper on gloss, described six different visual criteria attributed to apparent gloss. The following diagrams show the relationships between an incident beam of light, I, a specularly reflected beam, S, a diffusely reflected beam, D and a near-specularly reflected beam, B.
... | Gloss (optics) | Wikipedia | 488 | 2942638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss%20%28optics%29 | Physical sciences | Basics_7 | null |
Standard gloss measurement
Standardisation in gloss measurement was led by Hunter and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) who produced ASTM D523 Standard test method for specular gloss in 1939. This incorporated a method for measuring gloss at a specular angle of 60°. Later editions of the Standard (1951... | Gloss (optics) | Wikipedia | 344 | 2942638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss%20%28optics%29 | Physical sciences | Basics_7 | null |
The Guangzhou Metro () is the rapid transit system of the city of Guangzhou in the Guangdong Province of China. It is operated by the state-owned Guangzhou Metro Corporation and was the fourth metro system to be built in mainland China, after those of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai.
The earliest efforts to build an un... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 443 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Chen Yu (), Governor of Guangdong in 1957–1967, was the first to have proposed an underground metro system for Guangzhou. In the summer of 1960, he ordered a secret geological survey of groundwater levels of Guangzhou. Six holes with an accumulated depth of were drilled in the karst and alluvial plains in the city. Th... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 245 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
As envisaged by Chen Yu, the metro system of Guangzhou would consist of two lines: a north–south line that would connect Nanfang Building to Sanyuanli via Renmin Lu and Jiefang Beilu, and an east–west line that would run from Xichang to Dongshan along today's Dongfeng Lu. The two lines roughly parallelled Line 2 and Li... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 479 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Construction of Line 1 officially commenced on 28 December 1993, although work on a trial section at Huangsha had begun in October 1992, five months before the feasibility study of the line was ratified by the State Planning Commission in March 1993. Various technologies novel to China's construction industry at the ti... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 402 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Construction of Line 2 started in July 1998. Rolling stock manufacturer Bombardier airlifted the first two train cars in an An-124 from Berlin to Guangzhou in November 2002 after schedule delays. The first section, from to opened on 29 December 2002; the remaining section from Xiaogang to opened on 28 June 2003. At ... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 451 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Line 3 is a Y-shaped line connecting Airport North and Tianhe Coach Terminal to Haibang. All stations in the line are underground. When the line opened on 26 December 2005, trains operated between Guangzhou East railway station and Kecun. Following completion of the Tianhe Coach Terminal–Tiyu Xilu and Kecun–Panyu Squa... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 502 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
The long Line 5 starts at Jiaokou and runs to Huangpu New Port. It entered operation on 28 December 2009 between Jiaokou and Wenchong, and on 28 December 2023 between Wenchong and Huangpu New Port. All stations in the line except Jiaokou and Tanwei are underground. Until Line 8 was split off from Line 2, it was the on... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 512 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Line 9
The long underground route is operated by six-car trains, which runs from Fei'eling to Gaozeng, serving 10 stations. The line, other than Qingtang station, went operational on 28 December 2017. Line 9 mainly serves as a link for the passengers of Huadu District and Guangzhou North railway station to the rest ... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 463 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
The section from to of Line 18 opened on 28 September 2021. The section is 58.3 km in length. It will be extended 3 km to . A further 39.6 km extension to is also planned. Line 18's color is blue.
Line 21
The long Line 21 runs between Tianhe Park in Tianhe and Zengcheng Square in Zengcheng with six-car trains. I... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 477 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
The Automated People Mover System of Zhujiang New Town Core District Municipal Traffic Project () is an underground automated people mover that serves the central business district of Zhujiang New Town. It is commonly known as Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System or the APM for short. At a length of , it con... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 329 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
High-speed metro lines:
: Knowledge City – Luogang – Zini (→ Foshan)
: (Zhongshan / Zhuhai →) Shiliuchong – Huachengjie (→ Qingyuan)
: Airport North – Nansha Passenger Port (→ Dongguan)
: (Foshan →) Fangcun – Xintang (→ Dongguan)
spur line: Xintang – Guangzhou Huali College (→ Huizhou)
: Guangzhou East railway s... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 510 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
: Nanjiao – GAC Base
Foshan : (Foshan →) Guangzhou South Railway Station
Foshan : (Foshan →) Xingyedadao
Foshan : (Foshan →) Guangzhou Railway Station
Foshan : (Foshan →) Baiyun Dongping
Foshan : (Foshan →) Longxi
Foshan : (Foshan →) Fangcun
Foshan : (Foshan →) Hedongdong
Dongguan : Huangpu Passenger Port (→ Do... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 145 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Connections to neighboring cities
The Guangzhou Metro is actively constructing connections to neighboring cities. Foshan is already connected via the Guangfo Metro with connections via Line 7 and Foshan Metro Line 2 is now opened. Dongguan city is proposing connections with Guangzhou Metro Line 13 and the Dongguan Met... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 462 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Yang Cheng Tong offers discounts for rides on buses and the metro. Within each month, bus and metro rides combined, a 5% discount is available for the first 15 journeys and a 40% discount for all journeys beyond.
Full-time students enrolled in primary, secondary, and vocational schools can apply for student passes, whi... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 457 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Each journey could travel from one station to any other station regardless of distance. A monthly pass was valid within a calendar month, not the one-month period from the first day it was used. Unused journeys in a month could not be rolled over to a pass for the following month.
Student pass and senior citizen pass ... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 447 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Following its publicity, the policy sparked widespread criticism. A Nanfang Daily editorial criticised the policy as Guangzhou Metro exploiting public resources to its own interests. It also questioned the competence of relatives of metro employees in counter-terrorism. It further argued that if Guangzhou Metro indeed ... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 323 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Initially the trains of Line 3 would only be three cars long and planned to gradually be extended into six car trains in the long-term future. This was in line with the conservative ridership projections at the time, with the Airport Section of Line 3 predicted in 2007 to have a long term peak demand of just over 20,00... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 252 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
As the controversy surrounding Line 3 unfolded the low capacity design of Line 6, another downscaled line, drew concentrated but late criticism from local media in July 2009. Originally believed to have limited attraction to commuters, Line 6 was intended as an auxiliary line with a projected daily ridership of two ye... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 500 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Exposure of quality issue
On 11 October 2010, news broke that the concrete structures of two connecting passages in the north extension of Line 3 between Jiahewanggang and Longgui had substandard compressive strength. The quality of the two connecting passages was found to be questionable as early as August 2009. But ... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 410 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Reactions
According to Su (Guangzhou Metro) had launched an investigation into the incident and demanded remedial plans for fortifying the structures from the designer after its experts verified that the quality of the passage did not meet the design standard. In its official response (Guangzhou Metro) claimed that it... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 456 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
The free rides policy prompted unprecedented enthusiasm from local residents on 1 November 2010, the first day it went into effect. The metro system carried 7.80 million rides, doubling the figure of an average day. Ridership of the day exceeded the previous peak of 5.13 million on National Day 1 October 2010 by a sign... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 431 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
There were no casualties in the incident because metro construction workers detected geological anomalies 20 minutes before the initial collapse and promptly evacuated the neighbourhood. The sinkhole caused disruptions to electricity, gas and water supplies and drainage pipelines. Preliminary analysis blamed the incide... | Guangzhou Metro | Wikipedia | 177 | 1484327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
In physics, the wavefront of a time-varying wave field is the set (locus) of all points having the same phase. The term is generally meaningful only for fields that, at each point, vary sinusoidally in time with a single temporal frequency (otherwise the phase is not well defined).
Wavefronts usually move with time. ... | Wavefront | Wikipedia | 370 | 1484541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront | Physical sciences | Waves | Physics |
Simple wavefronts and propagation
Optical systems can be described with Maxwell's equations, and linear propagating waves such as sound or electron beams have similar wave equations. However, given the above simplifications, Huygens' principle provides a quick method to predict the propagation of a wavefront through, f... | Wavefront | Wikipedia | 509 | 1484541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront | Physical sciences | Waves | Physics |
A wavefront sensor is a device which measures the wavefront aberration in a coherent signal to describe the optical quality or lack thereof in an optical system. There are many applications that include adaptive optics, optical metrology and even the measurement of the aberrations in the eye itself. In this approach, a... | Wavefront | Wikipedia | 365 | 1484541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront | Physical sciences | Waves | Physics |
Xanthidae is a family of crabs known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing toxins which are not destroyed by cooking and for which no antidote is known. The toxins are similar to the tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin produced ... | Xanthidae | Wikipedia | 168 | 1484921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthidae | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
Actaeinae
Actaea
Actaeodes
Actaeops †
Allactaea
Eoxanthops †
Epiactaea
Epiactaeodes
Forestiana
Gaillardiellus
Heteractaea
Lambropsis †
Lobiactaea
Meractaea
Novactaea
Odhnea
Paractaea
Paractaeopsis
Phlyctenodes †
Platyactaea
Pseudoliomera
Pseudophlyctenodes †
Rata
Serenius
Banareiinae
Banareia
... | Xanthidae | Wikipedia | 509 | 1484921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthidae | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
Wardoxanthops
Williamstimpsonia
Xanthias
Xantho
Xanthodius
Zosiminae
Atergatis
Atergatopsis
Lophozozymus
Paratergatis
Platypodia
Platypodiella
Pulcratis
Zosimus
Zozymodes
Incertae sedis
Haydnella †
Nogarolia †
Sculptoplax † | Xanthidae | Wikipedia | 84 | 1484921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthidae | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
Desmans are aquatic insectivores of the tribe Desmanini (also considered a subfamily, Desmaninae) in the mole family, Talpidae.
This tribe consists of two living species found in Europe: the Russian desman (Desmana moschata) in European Russia, and the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) in the northwest of the Iberi... | Desman | Wikipedia | 296 | 1485078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desman | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Oarfish are large and extremely long pelagic lampriform fish belonging to the small family Regalecidae. Found in areas spanning from temperate ocean zones to tropical ones, yet rarely seen, the oarfish family contains three species in two genera. One of these, the giant oarfish (Regalecus glesne), is the longest bony f... | Oarfish | Wikipedia | 414 | 1486232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
As in other members of its order, the mouth can be protruded. The body has no scales. In the streamer fish (Agrostichthys parkeri), the skin is clad with hard tubercles; in Regalecus russelii, there are tubercules along the midline of the belly.
All species lack swim bladders, the number of gill rakers is variable, b... | Oarfish | Wikipedia | 512 | 1486232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
Giant Oarfish (Regalecus glesne)
Russell's Oarfish (Regalecus russelii)
Streamerfish (Agrostichthys parkeri)
Environment and distribution
The oarfish inhabits the epipelagic to mesopelagic ocean layers, ranging from 250 meters (660 ft) to 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) and is rarely seen on the surface. A few have been f... | Oarfish | Wikipedia | 390 | 1486232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
In July 2008, scientists for the first time captured footage of an oarfish swimming in its natural habitat in the mesopelagic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. The fish was estimated to be between in length. Five observations of apparently healthy oarfish Regalecus glesne by remotely operated vehicles were reported from the... | Oarfish | Wikipedia | 504 | 1486232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
The eggs hatch after about three weeks into highly active larvae that feed on other zooplankton. The larvae have little resemblance to the adults, with long dorsal and pelvic fins and extensible mouths. Larvae and juveniles have been observed drifting just below the surface. In contrast, adult oarfish are rarely seen a... | Oarfish | Wikipedia | 472 | 1486232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarfish | Biology and health sciences | Fishes | null |
A lobster trap or lobster pot is a portable trap that traps lobsters or crayfish and is used in lobster fishing. In Scotland (chiefly in the north), the word creel was used to refer to a device used to catch lobsters and other crustaceans. A lobster trap can hold several lobsters. Lobster traps can be constructed of wi... | Lobster trap | Wikipedia | 489 | 1487479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster%20trap | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
As whales can get entangled in ropes, there is currently research going on into the development of rope-less lobster traps. Some designs have already been developed. | Lobster trap | Wikipedia | 32 | 1487479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster%20trap | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
GDK (GIMP Drawing Kit) is a library that acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems. GDK lies between the display server and the GTK library, handling basic rendering such as drawing primitives, raster graphics (bitmaps), cursors, fonts, as well as window ... | GDK | Wikipedia | 467 | 1487891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDK | Technology | System | null |
GDK provides a layer that is much more portable than say the X protocol, without sacrificing any of the low-level accessibility that systems such as X provide. The true power of this abstraction is that if you choose to use it rather than say, X, your software will automatically render on the Linux Framebuffer and Wind... | GDK | Wikipedia | 484 | 1487891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDK | Technology | System | null |
With the release of GNOME 3.16 in March 2015, GDK obtained an experimental back-end for the Mir display server protocol. The Mir display server protocol is a product by Canonical for their Ubuntu distribution of Linux, which they intend to compete with the Wayland display server protocol; so far, it is implemented only... | GDK | Wikipedia | 497 | 1487891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDK | Technology | System | null |
The first stand-alone release was 2.22 on 2010-Sep-21, its development started with 2.21.3 on 2010-06-23.
History
GDK was originally developed on the X Window System for the GIMP raster graphics editor. | GDK | Wikipedia | 54 | 1487891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDK | Technology | System | null |
Sodium acetate, CH3COONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, is the sodium salt of acetic acid. This salt is colorless deliquescent, and hygroscopic.
Applications
Biotechnological
Sodium acetate is used as the carbon source for culturing bacteria. Sodium acetate can also be useful for increasing yields of DNA isolation by ethan... | Sodium acetate | Wikipedia | 346 | 1488243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20acetate | Physical sciences | Acetates | Chemistry |
Sodium acetate trihydrate crystals melt at , and the liquid sodium acetate dissolves in the released water of crystallization. When heated past the melting point and subsequently allowed to cool, the aqueous solution becomes supersaturated. This solution is capable of cooling to room temperature without forming crystal... | Sodium acetate | Wikipedia | 445 | 1488243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20acetate | Physical sciences | Acetates | Chemistry |
To manufacture anhydrous sodium acetate industrially, the Niacet Process is used. Sodium metal ingots are extruded through a die to form a ribbon of sodium metal, usually under an inert gas atmosphere such as N2 then immersed in anhydrous acetic acid.
2 CH3COOH + 2 Na →2 CH3COONa + H2.
The hydrogen gas is normally a ... | Sodium acetate | Wikipedia | 295 | 1488243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20acetate | Physical sciences | Acetates | Chemistry |
Agroforestry (also known as agro-sylviculture or forest farming) is a land use management system that integrates trees with crops or pasture. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies. As a polyculture system, an agroforestry system can produce timber and wood products, fruits, nuts, other edible plant product... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 391 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
History and scientific study
The term “agroforestry” was coined in 1973 by Canadian forester John Bene, but the concept includes agricultural practices that have existed for millennia.
Scientific agroforestry began in the 20th century with ethnobotanical studies carried out by anthropologists. However, indigenous comm... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 504 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Benefits
Benefits include increasing farm productivity and profitability, reduced soil erosion, creating wildlife habitat, managing animal waste, increased biodiversity, improved soil structure, and carbon sequestration.
Agroforestry systems can provide advantages over conventional agricultural and forest production... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 483 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Sustainability
Agroforestry systems can provide ecosystem services which can contribute to sustainable agriculture in the following ways:
Diversification of agricultural products, such as fuelwood, medicinal plants, and multiple crops, increases income security
Increased food security and nutrition by restored soil ... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 433 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Poor smallholder farmers have turned to agroforestry as a means to adapt to climate change. A study from the CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security found from a survey of over 700 households in East Africa that at least 50% of those households had begun planting trees in a change from e... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 238 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Hillside systems
A well-studied example of an agroforestry hillside system is the Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System in Lempira Department, Honduras. This region was historically used for slash-and-burn subsistence agriculture. Due to heavy seasonal floods, the exposed soil was washed away, leaving inferti... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 355 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Kuojtakiloyan is a Masehual term that means 'useful forest' or 'forest that produces', and it is an agroforestry system developed and maintained by indigenous peoples of the Sierra Norte of the State of Puebla, Mexico. It has become a vital fountain of resources (food, medicinal herbs, fuels, floriculture, etc.) for th... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 472 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Intercropping and alley cropping
With alley cropping, crop strips alternate with rows of closely spaced tree or hedge species. Normally, the trees are pruned before planting the crop. The cut leafy material - for example, from Alchornea cordifolia and Acioa barteri - is spread over the crop area to provide nutrients. ... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 484 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Syntropic systems have a number of documented benefits, including increased soil water penetration, increases to productivity on marginal land that has since become and soil temperature moderation.
In Burma
Taungya is a system from Burma. In the initial stages of an orchard or tree plantation, trees are small and wi... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 507 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
The United States Department of Agriculture distinguishes five applications of agroforestry for temperate climates, namely alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, silvopasture, and windbreaks.
Alley cropping
Alley cropping can also be used in temperate climates. Strip cropping is similar to alley cro... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 495 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
The Inga is used as hedges and pruned when large enough to provide a mulch in which bean and corn seeds are planted. This results in both improving crop yields and the retention of soil fertility on the plot that is being farmed. Hands had seen the devastating consequences that are caused by slash and burn agriculture ... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 421 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
The crops grow, fed by the mulch. The crops feed on the lower layers while the latest prunings form a protective layer over the soil and roots, shielding them from both the hot sun and heavy rain. This makes it possible for the roots of both the crops and the trees to stay to a considerable extent in the top layer of ... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 430 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
In Switzerland
Since the 1950s, four-fifths of Swiss Hochstammobstgärten (traditional orchards with tall trees) have disappeared. An agroforestry scheme was tested here with trees together with annual crops. Trees tested were walnut (Juglans regia) and cherry (Prunus avium). Forty to seventy trees per hectare were re... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 499 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Robert Hart adapted forest gardening for the United Kingdom's temperate climate during the 1980s.
In temperate climates
Hart began farming at Wenlock Edge in Shropshire to provide a healthy and therapeutic environment for himself and his brother Lacon. Starting as relatively conventional smallholders, Hart soon disc... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 487 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Kathleen Jannaway, the cofounder of Movement for Compassionate Living (MCL) with her husband Jack, wrote a book outlining a sustainable vegan future called Abundant Living in the Coming Age of the Tree in 1991. The MCL promotes forest gardening and other types of vegan organic gardening. In 2009 it provided a grant of ... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 492 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
The environmental historian William Cronon argued in his 1983 book Changes in the Land that indigenous North Americans used controlled burning to form ideal habitat for wild game. The natural environment of New England was sculpted into a mosaic of habitats. When indigenous Americans hunted, they were "harvesting a foo... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 499 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Forest farming
Forest farming is the cultivation of high-value specialty crops under a forest canopy that is intentionally modified or maintained to provide shade levels and habitat that favor growth and enhance production levels. Forest farming encompasses a range of cultivated systems from introducing plants into th... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 366 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
In 1929, J. Russell Smith, Emeritus Professor of Economic Geography at Columbia University, published "Tree Crops – A Permanent Agriculture" which stated that crop-yielding trees could provide useful substitutes for cereals in animal feeding programs, as well as conserve environmental health. Toyohiko Kagawa read and w... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 485 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Apart from the environmental benefits, forest farming can increase the economic value of forest property and provide short- and long-term benefits to the landowner. Forest farming provides economic return from intact forest ecosystems, but timber sales can remain part of the long-term management strategy.
Methods
For... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 431 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
4. Wildcrafting is the harvesting of naturally growing NTFPs. It is not considered a forest farming practice since there is no human involvement in the plant’s establishment and maintenance. However, wildcrafters often take steps to protect NTFPs with future harvests in mind. It becomes agroforestry once forest thinnin... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 512 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Fruit:
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)
Currants (Ribes spp)
Elderberry (Sambucus spp)
Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp)
Blackberry (Rubus spp)
Huckleberry (Gaylussacia brachycera)
Other food crops:
Ramps (wild leeks) (Allium tricoccum)
Syrups (maple)
Honey
Mushrooms
Other edible roots
Other products: (mulch, decora... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 495 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
FMNR complements the evergreen agriculture, conservation agriculture and agroforestry movements. It is considered a good entry point for resource-poor and risk-averse farmers to adopt a low-cost and low-risk technique. This in turn has acted as a stepping stone to greater agricultural intensification as farmers become ... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 461 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
This was an enormous oversight. In fact, these living tree stumps are so numerous they constitute a vast 'underground forest' just waiting for some care to grow and provide multiple benefits at little or no cost. Each stump can produce between 10 and 30 stems each. During the process of traditional land preparation, fa... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 432 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
In 2004, World Vision Australia and World Vision Ethiopia initiated a forestry-based carbon sequestration project as a potential means to stimulate community development while engaging in environmental restoration. A partnership with the World Bank, the Humbo Community-based Natural Regeneration Project involved the re... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 483 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
For each stump, a decision is made as to how many stems will be chosen to grow. The tallest and straightest stems are selected and the remaining stems culled. Best results are obtained when the farmer returns regularly to prune any unwanted new stems and side branches as they appear. Farmers can then grow other crops b... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 429 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Benefits
FMNR can restore degraded farmlands, pastures and forests by increasing the quantity and value of woody vegetation, by increasing biodiversity and by improving soil structure and fertility through leaf litter and nutrient cycling. The reforestation also retards wind and water erosion; it creates windbreaks wh... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 509 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
The following table summarises FMNR's benefits which fit the sustainable development model of economic, social and environmental benefits:
Sources:
Key success factors and constraints
While there are numerous accounts of the uptake and spread of FMNR independent of aid and development agencies, the following factors... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 472 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Brown et al. suggest that the two main reasons why FMNR has spread so widely in Niger are attitudinal change by the community of what constitutes good land management practices, and farmers' ownership of trees. Farmers need the assurance that they will benefit from their labour. Giving farmers either outright ownership... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 497 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
In April 2012, World Vision Australia – in partnership with the World Agroforestry Center and World Vision East Africa – held an international conference in Nairobi called "Beating Famine" to analyse and plan how to improve food security for the world's poor through the use of FMNR and Evergreen Agriculture. The confer... | Agroforestry | Wikipedia | 221 | 1488463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
Nephrops norvegicus, known variously as the Norway lobster, Dublin Bay prawn, (compare langostino) or scampi, is a slim, coral colored lobster that grows up to long, and is "the most important commercial crustacean in Europe". It is now the only extant species in the genus Nephrops, after several other species were m... | Nephrops norvegicus | Wikipedia | 510 | 1489133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrops%20norvegicus | Biology and health sciences | Crayfishes and lobsters | Animals |
Diet
Nephrops norvegicus is a scavenger and predator that makes short foraging excursions, mainly during periods of subdued light. They feed on active prey, including worms and fish, which they capture with their chelipeds and walking legs, and food is conveyed to the mouth using the anterior walking legs, assisted by ... | Nephrops norvegicus | Wikipedia | 330 | 1489133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrops%20norvegicus | Biology and health sciences | Crayfishes and lobsters | Animals |
The most significant parasite of N. norvegicus is a dinoflagellate of the genus Hematodinium, which has caused epidemic infection in fished populations of N. norvegicus since the 1980s. Hematodinium is a genus that contains major pathogens of a wide variety of decapod crustaceans, although its internal taxonomy is poo... | Nephrops norvegicus | Wikipedia | 357 | 1489133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrops%20norvegicus | Biology and health sciences | Crayfishes and lobsters | Animals |
Adult male Nephrops norvegicus moult once or twice a year (usually in late winter or spring) and adult females moult up to once a year (in late winter or spring, after hatching of the eggs). In annual breeding cycles, mating takes place in the spring or winter, when the females are in the soft, post-moult state. The ov... | Nephrops norvegicus | Wikipedia | 458 | 1489133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrops%20norvegicus | Biology and health sciences | Crayfishes and lobsters | Animals |
The North East Atlantic individual biological stocks of Nephrops are identified as functional units. A number of functional units make up the sea areas over which a total allowable catch (TAC) is set annually by the EU Council of Ministers. For example, the TAC set for North Sea Nephrops is based on the aggregate tota... | Nephrops norvegicus | Wikipedia | 420 | 1489133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrops%20norvegicus | Biology and health sciences | Crayfishes and lobsters | Animals |
Nephrops norvegicus was one of the species included by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of , the starting point for zoological nomenclature. In that work, it was listed as , with a type locality of ("in the Norwegian sea"). In choosing a lectotype, Lipke Holthuis restricted the type locality to the Kattegat at t... | Nephrops norvegicus | Wikipedia | 239 | 1489133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrops%20norvegicus | Biology and health sciences | Crayfishes and lobsters | Animals |
Porcelain crabs are decapod crustaceans in the widespread family Porcellanidae, which superficially resemble true crabs. They have flattened bodies as an adaptation for living in rock crevices. They are delicate, readily losing limbs when attacked, and use their large claws for maintaining territories. They first appea... | Porcelain crab | Wikipedia | 493 | 1489218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain%20crab | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
Aliaporcellana Nakasone & Miyake, 1969
Allopetrolisthes Haig, 1960
Ancylocheles Haig, 1978
Capilliporcellana Haig, 1978
Clastotoechus Haig, 1960
Enosteoides Johnson, 1970
Euceramus Stimpson, 1860
Eulenaios Ng & Nakasone, 1993
Heteropolyonyx Osawa, 2001
Heteroporcellana Haig, 1978
Liopetrolisthes Haig, 1960
Lissoporcell... | Porcelain crab | Wikipedia | 423 | 1489218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain%20crab | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
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