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Birdwings are butterflies in the swallowtail family, that belong to the genera Trogonoptera, Troides, and Ornithoptera. Most recent authorities recognise 36 species, however, this is debated, and some authorities include additional genera. Birdwings are named for their exceptional size, angular wings, and birdlike flig... | Birdwing | Wikipedia | 499 | 2134303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Trogonoptera brookiana – Rajah Brooke's birdwing
Trogonoptera trojana – Palawan birdwing
genus: Ornithoptera
subgenus: Aetheoptera
Ornithoptera victoriae – Queen Victoria's birdwing
subgenus: Ornithoptera
Ornithoptera aesacus – Obi Island birdwing
Ornithoptera croesus – Wallace's golden birdwing
Ornithoptera e... | Birdwing | Wikipedia | 356 | 2134303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
The caterpillars are voracious eaters but move very little; a small group will defoliate an entire vine. If starved due to overcrowding, the caterpillars may resort to cannibalism. Fleshy spine-like tubercles line the caterpillars' backs, and their bodies are dark red to brown and velvety black. Some species have tuber... | Birdwing | Wikipedia | 430 | 2134303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Birdwings are typified by large size (up to a maximum body length of 7.6 cm or 3 inches and a wingspan of 28 cm or 11 inches in O. alexandrae), showy colouration (in contrasting shades of green, yellow, black, white, and sometimes blue or orange), and slender, lanceolate forewings. With few exceptions (i.e., the New Gu... | Birdwing | Wikipedia | 507 | 2134303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
The close evolutionary relationship between Troides and Ornithoptera butterflies is well demonstrated by the fact that commercial breeders have produced numerous hybrids between the two.
The final and smallest genus is Trogonoptera with just two species. They resemble each other, being overall black with iridescent gr... | Birdwing | Wikipedia | 455 | 2134303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Richmond birdwings (O. richmondia) depend on the plant Aristolochia praevenosa which they need for their caterpillars. However, the very similar Aristolochia elegans (Dutchman's pipe) which can be found in many Australian backyards, kills the caterpillars.
Reproduction
Ornithoptera, or the genus of birdwing butterfli... | Birdwing | Wikipedia | 403 | 2134303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Some male Ornithoptera species demonstrate courtship behaviour. Ornithoptera priamus posedion males will approach a female carefully, and examine the female for several minutes. After consideration, the male may choose to hover twenty to thirty centimeters above the female, displaying the bright yellow marking on its h... | Birdwing | Wikipedia | 372 | 2134303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Gyanandromorphism is a very rare condition in which an organism simultaneously expresses both male and female phenotypes. It is only observed in species that express strong sexual dimorphism. Gynandromorphs are suspected to be due to genetic errors associated with cell division such as nondisjunction, as well as fertil... | Birdwing | Wikipedia | 141 | 2134303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Vertebrate lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. suckling and gulping) and the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are also a... | Lip | Wikipedia | 461 | 2136925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
The lower lip is formed from the mandibular prominence, a branch of the first pharyngeal arch. The lower lip covers the anterior body of the mandible. It is lowered by the depressor labii inferioris muscle and the orbicularis oris borders it inferiorly.
The upper lip covers the anterior surface of the body of the maxi... | Lip | Wikipedia | 470 | 2136925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
Muscles
The muscles acting on the lips are considered part of the muscles of facial expression. All muscles of facial expression are derived from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch and are therefore supplied (motor supply) by the nerve of the second pharyngeal arch, the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve). The m... | Lip | Wikipedia | 510 | 2136925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
Because of their high number of nerve endings, the lips are an erogenous zone. The lips therefore play a crucial role in kissing and other acts of intimacy.
A woman's lips are also a visible expression of her fertility. In studies performed on the science of human attraction, psychologists have concluded that a woman'... | Lip | Wikipedia | 503 | 2136925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
As an organ of the body, the lip can be a focus of disease or show symptoms of a disease:
One of the most frequent changes of the lips is a blue coloring due to cyanosis; the blood contains less oxygen and thus has a dark red to blue color, which shows through the thin skin. Cyanosis is the reason why corpses sometim... | Lip | Wikipedia | 502 | 2136925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
In most vertebrates, the lips are relatively unimportant folds of tissue lying just outside the jaws. However, in mammals, they become much more prominent, being separated from the jaws by a deep cleft (a notable exception being the naked mole-rat, whose lips close behind the front teeth). They are also more mobile in ... | Lip | Wikipedia | 180 | 2136925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
In fluid dynamics, drag, sometimes referred to as fluid resistance, is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers, two solid surfaces, or between a fluid and a solid surface. Drag forces tend to decrease fluid velocity... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 504 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
lift-induced drag appears with wings or a lifting body in aviation and with semi-planing or planing hulls for watercraft
wave drag (aerodynamics) is caused by the presence of shockwaves and first appears at subsonic aircraft speeds when local flow velocities become supersonic. The wave drag of the supersonic Concorde ... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 494 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
In aviation, induced drag tends to be greater at lower speeds because a high angle of attack is required to maintain lift, creating more drag. However, as speed increases the angle of attack can be reduced and the induced drag decreases. Parasitic drag, however, increases because the fluid is flowing more quickly aroun... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 460 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
It can be demonstrated that drag force can be expressed as a function of a dimensionless number, which is dimensionally identical to the Bejan number. Consequently, drag force and drag coefficient can be a function of Bejan number. In fact, from the expression of drag force it has been obtained:
and consequently allow... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 432 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
The power needed to push an object through a fluid increases as the cube of the velocity increases. For example, a car cruising on a highway at may require only to overcome aerodynamic drag, but that same car at requires . With a doubling of speeds, the drag/force quadruples per the formula. Exerting 4 times the for... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 484 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
For example, for a human body ( ≈0.6 m) ≈70 m/s, for a small animal like a cat ( ≈0.2 m) ≈40 m/s, for a small bird ( ≈0.05 m) ≈20 m/s, for an insect ( ≈0.01 m) ≈9 m/s, and so on. Terminal velocity for very small objects (pollen, etc.) at low Reynolds numbers is determined by Stokes law.
In short, terminal velocity... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 493 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
The drag coefficient of a sphere can be determined for the general case of a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers less than using the following formula:
For Reynolds numbers less than 1, Stokes' law applies and the drag coefficient approaches !
Aerodynamics
In aerodynamics, aerodynamic drag, also known as air resistan... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 458 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
Viscosity of the fluid has a major effect on drag. In the absence of viscosity, the pressure forces acting to hinder the vehicle are canceled by a pressure force further aft that acts to push the vehicle forward; this is called pressure recovery and the result is that the drag is zero. That is to say, the work the body... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 226 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
History
The idea that a moving body passing through air or another fluid encounters resistance had been known since the time of Aristotle. According to Mervyn O'Gorman, this was named "drag" by Archibald Reith Low. Louis Charles Breguet's paper of 1922 began efforts to reduce drag by streamlining. Breguet went on to pu... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 493 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
In transonic flight, wave drag is the result of the formation of shockwaves in the fluid, formed when local areas of supersonic (Mach number greater than 1.0) flow are created. In practice, supersonic flow occurs on bodies traveling well below the speed of sound, as the local speed of air increases as it accelerates ov... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 422 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
In 1752 d'Alembert proved that potential flow, the 18th century state-of-the-art inviscid flow theory amenable to mathematical solutions, resulted in the prediction of zero drag. This was in contradiction with experimental evidence, and became known as d'Alembert's paradox. In the 19th century the Navier–Stokes equat... | Drag (physics) | Wikipedia | 276 | 2137292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29 | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.
Examples are the common cold, gastroenteritis,corona,flu,pneumonia.
Structural characteristics
Basic structural characteristics, such a... | Viral disease | Wikipedia | 415 | 15845253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20disease | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.
Segmented genomes: Bunyaviridae, Orthomy... | Viral disease | Wikipedia | 240 | 15845253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20disease | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Messier 15 or M15 (also designated NGC 7078 and sometimes known as the Great Pegasus Cluster) is a globular cluster in the constellation Pegasus. It was discovered by Jean-Dominique Maraldi in 1746 and included in Charles Messier's catalogue of comet-like objects in 1764. At an estimated billion years old, it is one ... | Messier 15 | Wikipedia | 440 | 958996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier%2015 | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
The Omega Nebula is an H II region in the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in 1745. Charles Messier catalogued it in 1764. It is by some of the richest starfields of the Milky Way, figuring in the northern two-thirds of Sagittarius. This feature is also known as the Swan Nebula,... | Omega Nebula | Wikipedia | 493 | 959018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20Nebula | Physical sciences | Notable nebulae | Astronomy |
Sketches were also made by William Lassell in 1862 using his four-foot telescope at Malta, and by M. Trouvelot from Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Edward Singleton Holden in 1875 using the twenty-six inch Clark refractor at the United States Naval Observatory.
Observations by SOFIA
In January 2020, the Stratospheric ... | Omega Nebula | Wikipedia | 202 | 959018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20Nebula | Physical sciences | Notable nebulae | Astronomy |
Hypovolemic shock is a form of shock caused by severe hypovolemia (insufficient blood volume or extracellular fluid in the body). It can be caused by severe dehydration or blood loss. Hypovolemic shock is a medical emergency; if left untreated, the insufficient blood flow can cause damage to organs, leading to multiple... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 450 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Patients with volume depletion may complain of thirst, muscle cramps, and/or orthostatic hypotension. Severe hypovolemic shock can result in mesenteric and coronary ischemia that can cause abdominal or chest pain. Agitation, lethargy, or confusion may characterize brain mal-perfusion.
Dry mucous membranes, decreased s... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 464 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Hemorrhagic shock is hypovolemic shock from blood loss. Traumatic injury is by far the most common cause of hemorrhagic shock, particularly blunt and penetrating trauma, followed by upper and lower gastrointestinal sources, such as gastrointestinal (GI) bleed. Other causes of hemorrhagic shock include bleed from an ect... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 501 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Gastrointestinal (GI) losses can occur via many different etiologies. The gastrointestinal tract usually secretes between 3 and 6 liters of fluid per day. However, most of this fluid is reabsorbed as only 100 to 200 mL are lost in the stool. Volume depletion occurs when the fluid ordinarily secreted by the GI tract can... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 473 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
The body compensates for volume loss by increasing heart rate and contractility, followed by baroreceptor activation resulting in sympathetic nervous system activation and peripheral vasoconstriction. Typically, there is a slight increase in the diastolic blood pressure with narrowing of the pulse pressure. As diastoli... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 431 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Trauma-induced coagulopathy is acutely worsened by the presence of acidosis and hypothermia. The activity of coagulation factors, fibrinogen depletion, and platelet quantity are all adversely affected by acidosis. Hypothermia (less than 34 C) compounds coagulopathy by impairing coagulation and is an independent risk fa... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 441 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Recognizing the degree of blood loss via vital sign and mental status abnormalities is important. The American College of Surgeons Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) hemorrhagic shock classification links the amount of blood loss to expected physiologic responses in a healthy 70 kg patient. As total circulating blood ... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 476 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Lactic acidosis can result from increased anaerobic metabolism. However, the effect of acid–base balance can be variable as patients with large GI losses can become alkalotic.
In cases of hemorrhagic shock, hematocrit and hemoglobin can be severely decreased. However, with a reduction in plasma volume, hematocrit and ... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 491 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Although relatively nonsensitive and nonspecific, physical exam can be helpful in determining the presence of hypovolemic shock. Physical findings suggestive of volume depletion include dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, and low jugular venous distention. Tachycardia and hypotension can be seen along with dec... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 444 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
With a broader understanding of the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock, treatment in trauma has expanded from a simple massive transfusion method to a more comprehensive management strategy of "damage control resuscitation". The concept of damage control resuscitation focuses on permissive hypotension, hemostatic res... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 360 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Recent trends in damage control resuscitation focus on "hemostatic resuscitation" which pushes for early use of blood products rather than an abundance of crystalloids in order to minimize the metabolic derangement, resuscitation-induced coagulopathy, and the hemodilution that occurs with crystalloid resuscitation. The... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 491 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
For patients in hypovolemic shock due to fluid losses, the exact fluid deficit cannot be determined. Therefore, it is prudent to start with 2 liters of isotonic crystalloid solution infused rapidly as an attempt to quickly restore tissue perfusion. Fluid repletion can be monitored by measuring blood pressure, urine out... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 489 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
If the vital organs are deprived of perfusion for more than just a short time, the prognosis is generally not good. Shock is still a medical emergency characterized by a high mortality rate. Early identification of patients who are likely to succumb to their illness is of utmost importance.
Epidemiology
Blood loss
... | Hypovolemic shock | Wikipedia | 442 | 959491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis is an enthesopathy (attachment point disease) of the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis on the lateral epicondyle. It causes pain and tenderness over the bony part of the lateral epicondyle. Symptoms range from mild tenderness to severe, persistent pain. The ... | Tennis elbow | Wikipedia | 491 | 960460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20elbow | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Since histological findings reveal noninflammatory tissue, the terms "lateral elbow tendinopathy" and "tendinosis" are suggested. In 2019, a group of international experts suggested that "lateral elbow tendinopathy" was the most appropriate terminology. But a disease of an attachment point (or enthesia) is most accurat... | Tennis elbow | Wikipedia | 341 | 960460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20elbow | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Recently, successful results of a prospective therapeutic study of tennis elbow were published. It was observed that tennis elbow symptoms were most painful after awakening. It was hypothesized that a very common sleep position was interfering with healing and causing pain. The study evaluated if changing this position... | Tennis elbow | Wikipedia | 501 | 960460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20elbow | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Radiographs (X-rays) may demonstrate calcification where the extensor muscles attach to the lateral epicondyle. Medical ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can demonstrate the pathology, but are not helpful for diagnosis and do not influence treatment.
Longitudinal sonogram of the lateral elbow displa... | Tennis elbow | Wikipedia | 504 | 960460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20elbow | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Isometric strengthening can be done by pushing the top of the hand up against the undersurface of a table and holding the wrist straight.
Orthotic devices
Orthosis is a device externally used on the limb to improve the function or reduce the pain. Orthotics may be useful in tennis elbow; however, long-term effects ar... | Tennis elbow | Wikipedia | 445 | 960460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20elbow | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injections
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) has emerged as a potential treatment for lateral epicondylitis. PRP is derived from the patient's own blood and contains concentrated platelets, which are rich in growth factors. These growth factors are believed to initiate and accelerate tissue repair ... | Tennis elbow | Wikipedia | 472 | 960460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20elbow | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Arthroscopic Surgery
Arthroscopic surgery is a minimally invasive option for treating lateral epicondylitis. This technique fully visualizes the elbow joint, and leads to a quicker return to work. In the past, studies have shown good long term effects and fewer complications with arthroscopic surgery compared to open ... | Tennis elbow | Wikipedia | 496 | 960460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20elbow | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Messier 22 or M22, also known as NGC 6656 or the Great Sagittarius Cluster, is an elliptical globular cluster of stars in the constellation Sagittarius, near the Galactic bulge region. It is one of the brightest globulars visible in the night sky. The brightest stars are 11th magnitude, with hundreds of stars bright en... | Messier 22 | Wikipedia | 485 | 960596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier%2022 | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
M22 is one of only four globulars of our galaxy known to contain a planetary nebula (an expanding, glowing gas swell from a massive star, often a red giant). It was an object first noted of interest using the IRAS satellite by Fred Gillett and his associates in 1986, as a pointlike light source and its nature was found... | Messier 22 | Wikipedia | 206 | 960596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier%2022 | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
Nitrous oxide, as medical gas supply, is an inhaled gas used as pain medication, and is typically administered with 50% oxygen mix. It is often used together with other medications for anesthesia. Common uses include during childbirth, following trauma, and as part of end-of-life care. Onset of effect is typically with... | Nitrous oxide (medication) | Wikipedia | 458 | 960789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous%20oxide%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
In 1970, Peter Baskett recognised that pre-mixed nitrous oxide and oxygen mix could have an important part to play in the provision of pre-hospital pain relief management, provided by ambulance personnel. Baskett contacted the Chief Ambulance Officer for the Gloucestershire Ambulance Brigade, Alan Withnell, to suggest ... | Nitrous oxide (medication) | Wikipedia | 488 | 960789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous%20oxide%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
When used in combination with other anesthetics gases, nitrous oxide causes a dose dependent increased respiratory rate and decreased tidal volumes, the net effect is a lower minute ventilation. Like volatile anesthetics, it increases cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. However, contrary to volatile anesthet... | Nitrous oxide (medication) | Wikipedia | 490 | 960789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous%20oxide%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
The pharmacological mechanism of action of in medicine is not fully known. However, it has been shown to directly modulate a broad range of ligand-gated ion channels, and this likely plays a major role in many of its effects. It moderately blocks NMDAR and β-subunit-containing nACh channels, weakly inhibits AMPA, kain... | Nitrous oxide (medication) | Wikipedia | 326 | 960789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous%20oxide%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
Hot Jupiters (sometimes called hot Saturns) are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are inferred to be physically similar to Jupiter but that have very short orbital periods (). The close proximity to their stars and high surface-atmosphere temperatures resulted in their informal name "hot Jupiters".
Hot Jupiters are... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 152 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Though there is diversity among hot Jupiters, they do share some common properties.
Their defining characteristics are their large masses and short orbital periods, spanning 0.36–11.8 Jupiter masses and 1.3–111 Earth days. The mass cannot be greater than approximately 13.6 Jupiter masses because then the pressure and ... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 461 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Formation and evolution
There are three schools of thought regarding the possible origin of hot Jupiters. One possibility is that they were formed in situ at the distances at which they are currently observed. Another possibility is that they were formed at a distance but later migrated inward. Such a shift in positio... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 354 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
In situ
Instead of being gas giants that migrated inward, in an alternate hypothesis the cores of the hot Jupiters began as more common super-Earths which accreted their gas envelopes at their current locations, becoming gas giants in situ. The super-Earths providing the cores in this hypothesis could have formed eith... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 445 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Terrestrial planets in systems with hot Jupiters
Simulations have shown that the migration of a Jupiter-sized planet through the inner protoplanetary disk (the region between 5 and 0.1 AU from the star) is not as destructive as expected. More than 60% of the solid disk materials in that region are scattered outward, i... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 334 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Misaligned orbits
Several hot Jupiters, such as HD 80606 b, have orbits that are misaligned with their host stars, including several with retrograde orbits such as HAT-P-14b. This misalignment may be related to the heat of the photosphere the hot Jupiter is orbiting. There are several proposed hypotheses as to why this... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 406 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Puffy planets
Gas giants with a large radius and very low density are sometimes called "puffy planets" or "hot Saturns", due to their density being similar to Saturn's. Puffy planets orbit close to their stars so that the intense heat from the star combined with internal heating within the planet will help inflate the ... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 480 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Hot Jupiters around red giants
It has been proposed that gas giants orbiting red giants at distances similar to that of Jupiter could be hot Jupiters due to the intense irradiation they would receive from their stars. It is very likely that in the Solar System Jupiter will become a hot Jupiter after the transformation... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 288 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
In 2008, a team of astronomers first described how as the exoplanet orbiting HD 189733 A reaches a certain place in its orbit, it causes increased stellar flaring. In 2010, a different team found that every time they observe the exoplanet at a certain position in its orbit, they also detected X-ray flares. In 2019, ast... | Hot Jupiter | Wikipedia | 285 | 961349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Lip balm or lip salve is a wax-like substance applied to the lips to moisturize and relieve chapped or dry lips, angular cheilitis, stomatitis, or cold sores. Lip balm often contains beeswax or carnauba wax, camphor, cetyl alcohol, lanolin, paraffin, and petrolatum, among other ingredients. Some varieties contain dyes... | Lip balm | Wikipedia | 460 | 961611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%20balm | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
United States
In the 1800s, Lydia Maria Child recommended earwax as a treatment for cracked lips in her highly-popular book, Child observed that, "Those who are troubled with cracked lips have found this earwax remedy successful when others have failed. It is one of those sorts of cures, which are very likely to be l... | Lip balm | Wikipedia | 506 | 961611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%20balm | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
In 2011, Evolution of Smooth (or commonly known as EOS) created a spherical-shaped lip balm as well as describing its 95% organic ingredients.
Cannabis infused lip balms
With the gradual legalization of cannabis in the United States, some companies have produced lip balms containing doses of THC or CBD oil. The lip b... | Lip balm | Wikipedia | 480 | 961611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%20balm | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Effects on lip barrier
The human lips have an inadequate capability of holding moisture as well as an imperfect lip barrier function. The Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology performed a study in order to determine whether consistent use of lip balm would enhance the overall quality of the lips. The study us... | Lip balm | Wikipedia | 461 | 961611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%20balm | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Beezin' is a trend dating back to 2013 in which a person applies Burt's Bees brand lip balm onto the eyelids. The practice is done in order to feel a sensation of being high or drunk, and even to increase the desired effects of alcohol and other substances. In 2022, Beezin' became a viral trend on the social media plat... | Lip balm | Wikipedia | 118 | 961611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%20balm | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
The Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), also called Asian tapir, Asiatic tapir, oriental tapir, Indian tapir, piebald tapir, or black-and-white tapir, is the only living tapir species outside of the Americas. It is native to Southeast Asia from the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN R... | Malayan tapir | Wikipedia | 404 | 961680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan%20tapir | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
The Malayan tapir is the largest of the four extant tapir species and grows to between in length, not counting a stubby tail of only in length, and stands tall. It typically weighs between , although some adults can weigh up to . The females are usually larger than the males. Like other tapir species, it has a small... | Malayan tapir | Wikipedia | 442 | 961680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan%20tapir | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Pleistocene fossils were found in Java and other locations accompanied by herbivores more typical of grasslands, indicating that it evolved in more open habitats and retreated to closed forests in later times. It was found in Borneo until at least 8,000 years ago during the early Holocene in the Niah Caves of Sarawak, ... | Malayan tapir | Wikipedia | 357 | 961680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan%20tapir | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
The gestation period of the Malayan tapir is about 390–395 days, after which a single calf is born that weighs around . Malayan tapirs are the largest of the four tapir species at birth and tend to grow more quickly than their relatives. Young tapirs of all species have brown hair with white stripes and spots, a patter... | Malayan tapir | Wikipedia | 329 | 961680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan%20tapir | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Choy sum (also spelled choi sum, choi sam in Cantonese; cai xin, caixin in Standard Mandarin) is a leafy vegetable commonly used in Chinese cuisine. It is a member of the genus Brassica of the mustard family, Brassicaceae (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis or Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis). Choy sum is a transli... | Choy sum | Wikipedia | 444 | 961724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choy%20sum | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
Seismic refraction is a geophysical principle governed by Snell's Law of refraction. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves by rock or soil layers to characterize the subsurface geologic conditions and geologic structure.
Seismic refraction is exploited in engineering geology, geotechni... | Seismic refraction | Wikipedia | 458 | 962035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20refraction | Physical sciences | Seismology | Earth science |
The Beehive Cluster (also known as Praesepe (Latin for "manger", "cot" or "crib"), M44, NGC 2632, or Cr 189), is an open cluster in the constellation Cancer. One of the nearest open clusters to Earth, it contains a larger population of stars than other nearby bright open clusters holding around 1,000 stars. Under dark ... | Beehive Cluster | Wikipedia | 330 | 962148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive%20Cluster | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
History
In 1609, Galileo first telescopically observed the Beehive and was able to resolve it into 40 stars. Charles Messier added it to his famous catalog in 1769 after precisely measuring its position in the sky. Along with the Orion Nebula and the Pleiades cluster, Messier's inclusion of the Beehive has been noted... | Beehive Cluster | Wikipedia | 484 | 962148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive%20Cluster | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
Morphology and composition
Like many star clusters of all kinds, Praesepe has experienced mass segregation. This means that bright massive stars are concentrated in the cluster's core, while dimmer and less massive stars populate its halo (sometimes called the corona). The cluster's core radius is estimated at 3.5 par... | Beehive Cluster | Wikipedia | 467 | 962148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive%20Cluster | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
The announcement describing the planetary finds, written by Sam Quinn as the lead author, was published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. Quinn's team worked with David Latham of the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, utilizing the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory.... | Beehive Cluster | Wikipedia | 173 | 962148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive%20Cluster | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
In quantum physics, the Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized. Thus an atomic-scale system was shown to have intrinsically quantum properties. In the original experiment, silver atoms were sent through a spatially-varying magnetic field, which deflected them... | Stern–Gerlach experiment | Wikipedia | 427 | 962171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach%20experiment | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
If the particle is treated as a classical spinning magnetic dipole, it will precess in a magnetic field because of the torque that the magnetic field exerts on the dipole (see torque-induced precession). If it moves through a homogeneous magnetic field, the forces exerted on opposite ends of the dipole cancel each othe... | Stern–Gerlach experiment | Wikipedia | 501 | 962171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach%20experiment | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
To mathematically describe the experiment with spin particles, it is easiest to use Dirac's bra–ket notation. As the particles pass through the Stern–Gerlach device, they are deflected either up or down, and observed by the detector which resolves to either spin up or spin down. These are described by the angular mome... | Stern–Gerlach experiment | Wikipedia | 495 | 962171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach%20experiment | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
Experiment 2
The middle system shows what happens when a different S-G apparatus is placed at the exit of the z+ beam resulting of the first apparatus, the second apparatus measuring the deflection of the beams on the x axis instead of the z axis. The second apparatus produces x+ and x- outputs. Now classically we wou... | Stern–Gerlach experiment | Wikipedia | 264 | 962171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach%20experiment | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
The Stern–Gerlach experiment was conceived by Otto Stern in 1921 and performed by him and Walther Gerlach in Frankfurt in 1922.
At the time of the experiment, the most prevalent model for describing the atom was the Bohr-Sommerfeld model, which described electrons as going around the positively charged nucleus only in... | Stern–Gerlach experiment | Wikipedia | 493 | 962171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach%20experiment | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
In the early 1930s Stern, together with Otto Robert Frisch and Immanuel Estermann improved the molecular beam apparatus sufficiently to measure the magnetic moment of the proton, a value nearly 2000 times smaller than the electron moment. In 1931, theoretical analysis by Gregory Breit and Isidor Isaac Rabi showed that ... | Stern–Gerlach experiment | Wikipedia | 213 | 962171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach%20experiment | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
In the decade that followed, scientists showed using similar techniques, that the nuclei of some atoms also have quantized angular momentum. It is the interaction of this nuclear angular momentum with the spin of the electron that is responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines.
Norman F. Ramsey ... | Stern–Gerlach experiment | Wikipedia | 322 | 962171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach%20experiment | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
The viviparous lizard, or common lizard, (Zootoca vivipara, formerly Lacerta vivipara) is a Eurasian lizard. It lives farther north than any other species of non-marine reptile, and is named for the fact that it is viviparous, meaning it gives birth to live young (although they will sometimes lay eggs normally). Both "... | Viviparous lizard | Wikipedia | 505 | 962527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous%20lizard | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The underside of the male is typically more colourful and bright, with yellow, orange, green, and blue, and the male typically has spots along its back. On the other hand, females typically have darker stripes down their backs and sides. Additionally, males have been found to have larger heads than their female counter... | Viviparous lizard | Wikipedia | 481 | 962527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous%20lizard | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Predation
Birds are common predators of Z. vivipara. Male-biased predation of Z. vivipara by the great grey shrike (L. excubitor) has been studied, finding that adult males, over adult females and juveniles, were preferentially predated on. This bias may be due to increased activity of adult males during the reproduct... | Viviparous lizard | Wikipedia | 492 | 962527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous%20lizard | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The range of viviparous populations of Z. vivipara extends from France to Russia. Oviparous populations are only found in northern Spain and the southwest of France. Some research in the Italian alps has suggested that distinct populations of oviparous and viviparous Z. vivipara should be considered separate species. C... | Viviparous lizard | Wikipedia | 501 | 962527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous%20lizard | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Male-male interaction
Head size has also been shown to be a predictor of success in male-male interactions. The head is used as a weapon in male-male interactions, and a larger head is typically more effective, leading to greater success during male-male aggressive encounters. This aggression and interaction is center... | Viviparous lizard | Wikipedia | 487 | 962527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous%20lizard | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The colour polymorphism of female Z. vivipara has not been thoroughly studied in past years, regardless of the extensive research done on the species itself. Females exhibit three types of body colouration within a population: yellow, orange, and mixture of the two. These discrete traits are inherited maternally and ex... | Viviparous lizard | Wikipedia | 295 | 962527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous%20lizard | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Orange females are more sensitive to intraspecific and colour-specific competition. They have smaller clutch sizes when the density of the population is high, or when the number of yellow females in the population is high. This could be due to their need to conserve energy for survival and reproductive events. Their co... | Viviparous lizard | Wikipedia | 326 | 962527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous%20lizard | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
A rogue planet, also termed a free-floating planet (FFP) or an isolated planetary-mass object (iPMO), is an interstellar object of planetary mass which is not gravitationally bound to any star or brown dwarf.
Rogue planets may originate from planetary systems in which they are formed and later ejected, or they can als... | Rogue planet | Wikipedia | 430 | 558397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20planet | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Microlensing
Astrophysicist Takahiro Sumi of Osaka University in Japan and colleagues, who form the Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics and the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment collaborations, published their study of microlensing in 2011. They observed 50 million stars in the Milky Way by using the MOA... | Rogue planet | Wikipedia | 296 | 558397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20planet | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Microlensing planets can only be studied by the microlensing event, which makes the characterization of the planet difficult. Astronomers therefore turn to isolated planetary-mass objects (iPMO) that were found via the direct imaging method. To determine a mass of a brown dwarf or iPMO one needs for example the luminos... | Rogue planet | Wikipedia | 447 | 558397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20planet | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Astronomers have used the Herschel Space Observatory and the Very Large Telescope to observe a very young free-floating planetary-mass object, OTS 44, and demonstrate that the processes characterizing the canonical star-like mode of formation apply to isolated objects down to a few Jupiter masses. Herschel far-infrared... | Rogue planet | Wikipedia | 240 | 558397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20planet | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
In the Orion Nebula a population of 40 wide binaries and 2 triple systems were discovered. This was surprising for two reasons: The trend of binaries of brown dwarfs predicted a decrease of distance between low mass objects with decreasing mass. It was also predicted that the binary fraction decreases with mass. These ... | Rogue planet | Wikipedia | 492 | 558397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20planet | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
In October 2023 an even larger group of 540 planetary-mass object candidates was discovered in the Trapezium Cluster and inner Orion Nebula with JWST. The objects have a mass between 13 and 0.6 . A surprising number of these objects formed wide binaries, which was not predicted.
Formation
There are in general two sce... | Rogue planet | Wikipedia | 312 | 558397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20planet | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
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