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Australia
The two largest rivers in Australia, the Murray and its tributary the Darling, converge at Wentworth, New South Wales.
Europe
Seine
The Seine divides in the historical center of Paris, flowing around two river islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the Île de la Cité. At the downstream confluence, where the riv... | Confluence | Wikipedia | 330 | 3755359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Passau, Germany, sometimes called the (City of Three Rivers), is the site of a triple confluence, described thus in a guidebook: "from the north the little Ilz sluices brackish water down from the peat-rich Bavarian Forest, meeting the cloudy brown of the Danube as it flows from the west and the pale snow-melt jade of... | Confluence | Wikipedia | 484 | 3755359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Mississippi basin
The Greater Twin Cities area of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota features two important Mississippi confluences. Near historical Fort Snelling and the town of Mendota—about 9 miles downstream on the Mississippi from Minneapolis—the Minnesota River flows into the Mississippi at Pike Island. The are... | Confluence | Wikipedia | 506 | 3755359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
At Ottawa, the capital of Canada, the Rideau River flows—unusually, as a waterfall—into the Ottawa River; see Rideau Falls. On the island separating the two portions of the falls is a park with military monuments, among them the Ottawa Memorial.
The Hochelaga Archipelago, including the island and city of Montreal, is ... | Confluence | Wikipedia | 268 | 3755359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
South America
Manaus, Brazil is on the Rio Negro near its confluence with the Amazon (see Meeting of Waters). It is the chief port and a hub for the region's extensive river system.
The Iguazú flows into the Paraná at the "Triple Frontier" (, ), the tripoint for Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.
In Ciudad Guayana, Ve... | Confluence | Wikipedia | 212 | 3755359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
A gun is a device designed to propel a projectile using pressure or explosive force. The projectiles are typically solid, but can also be pressurized liquid (e.g. in water guns/cannons), or gas (e.g. light-gas gun). Solid projectiles may be free-flying (as with bullets and artillery shells) or tethered (as with Tasers... | Gun | Wikipedia | 485 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
The earliest recorded use of the term "gonne" was in a Latin document . Other names for guns during this era were "schioppi" (Italian translation-"thunderers"), and "donrebusse" (Dutch translation-"thunder gun") which was incorporated into the English language as "blunderbuss". Artillerymen were often referred to as "g... | Gun | Wikipedia | 450 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
Classic gun
Historians consider firearms to have reached the form of a "classic gun" in the 1480s, which persisted until the mid-18th century. This "classic" form displayed longer, lighter, more efficient, and more accurate design compared to its predecessors only 30 years prior. However this "classic" design changed v... | Gun | Wikipedia | 343 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
In due course, the proportion of saltpeter in the propellant was increased to maximise its explosive power. To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and bamboo of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced by metal. And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be repl... | Gun | Wikipedia | 254 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
In 1287, the Yuan dynasty deployed Jurchen troops with hand cannons to put down a rebellion by the Mongol prince Nayan. The History of Yuan records that the cannons of Li Ting's soldiers "caused great damage" and created "such confusion that the enemy soldiers attacked and killed each other." The hand cannons were used... | Gun | Wikipedia | 390 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
The earliest depiction of a cannon in Europe dates to 1326 and evidence of firearm production can be found in the following year. The first recorded use of gunpowder weapons in Europe was in 1331 when two mounted German knights attacked Cividale del Friuli with gunpowder weapons of some sort. By 1338 hand cannons were ... | Gun | Wikipedia | 387 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
Gunpowder technology entered Java in the Mongol invasion of Java (1293 A.D.). Majapahit under Mahapatih (prime minister) Gajah Mada utilized gunpowder technology obtained from the Yuan dynasty for use in the naval fleet. During the following years, the Majapahit army have begun producing cannons known as cetbang. Early... | Gun | Wikipedia | 495 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
A shoulder stock was added to the arquebus around 1470 and the matchlock mechanism sometime before 1475. The matchlock arquebus was the first firearm equipped with a trigger mechanism and the first portable shoulder-arms firearm. Before the matchlock, handheld firearms were fired from the chest, tucked under one arm, w... | Gun | Wikipedia | 490 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
In 1835, Casimir Lefaucheux invented the first practical breech loading firearm with a cartridge. The new cartridge contained a conical bullet, a cardboard powder tube, and a copper base that incorporated a primer pellet.
Rifles
While rifled guns did exist prior to the 19th century in the form of grooves cut into the... | Gun | Wikipedia | 477 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
The first assault rifle was introduced during World War II by the Germans, known as the StG44. It was the first firearm to bridge the gap between long range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. Since the mid-20th century, guns that fire beams of energy rather than solid projectiles have been developed... | Gun | Wikipedia | 471 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
Projectile
A gun projectile may be a simple, single-piece item like a bullet, a casing containing a payload like a shotshell or explosive shell, or complex projectile like a sub-caliber projectile and sabot. The propellant may be air, an explosive solid, or an explosive liquid. Some variations like the Gyrojet and cer... | Gun | Wikipedia | 332 | 21281502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun | Technology | Projectile weapons | null |
The somatosensory system, or somatic sensory system is a subset of the sensory nervous system. It has two subdivisions, one for the detection of mechanosensory information related to touch, and the other for the nociception detection of pain and temperature. The main functions of the somatosensory system are the perce... | Somatosensory system | Wikipedia | 452 | 21281976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory%20system | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Sensory receptors
The two different types of mechanoreceptor in the skin are termed low-threshold mechanoreceptors, and high threshold mechanoreceptors.
The four mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin are low-threshold that respond to harmless stimuli. They are innervated by four different afferent fibers. High-threshold ... | Somatosensory system | Wikipedia | 471 | 21281976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory%20system | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
BA3 receives the densest projections from the thalamus. BA3a is involved with the sense of relative position of neighboring body parts and amount of effort being used during movement. BA3b is responsible for distributing somatosensory information, it projects texture information to BA1 and shape and size information to... | Somatosensory system | Wikipedia | 458 | 21281976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory%20system | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
A somatosensory pathway will typically have three neurons: first-order, second-order, and third-order.
The first-order neuron is a type of pseudounipolar neuron and always has its cell body in the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve with a peripheral axon innervating touch mechanoreceptors and a central axon syna... | Somatosensory system | Wikipedia | 510 | 21281976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory%20system | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Fine touch and crude touch
Fine touch (or discriminative touch) is a sensory modality that allows a subject to sense and localize touch. The form of touch where localization is not possible is known as crude touch. The dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway is the pathway responsible for the sending of fine touch info... | Somatosensory system | Wikipedia | 488 | 21281976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory%20system | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Tactile interaction is important amongst some animals. Usually, tactile contact between two animals occurs through stroking, licking, or grooming. These behaviours are essential for the individual's social healthcare, as in the hypothalamus they induce the release of oxytocin, a hormone that decreases stress and anxiet... | Somatosensory system | Wikipedia | 461 | 21281976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory%20system | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Individual variation
A variety of studies have measured and investigated the causes for differences between individuals in the sense of fine touch. One well-studied area is passive tactile spatial acuity, the ability to resolve the fine spatial details of an object pressed against the stationary skin. A variety of meth... | Somatosensory system | Wikipedia | 422 | 21281976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory%20system | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Affectionate touch is present in everyday life and can take multiple forms. These actions, however, seem to carry specific functions even though the evolutionary benefit from such a wide range of behaviours is not entirely understood. Researchers investigated the expression patterns and characteristics of 8 different a... | Somatosensory system | Wikipedia | 301 | 21281976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory%20system | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds through an organ, such as an ear, by detecting vibrations as periodic changes in the pressure of a surrounding medium. The academic field concerned with hearing is auditory science.
Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter. It is one... | Hearing | Wikipedia | 492 | 21282020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Also located in the middle ear are the stapedius muscle and tensor tympani muscle, which protect the hearing mechanism through a stiffening reflex. The stapes transmits sound waves to the inner ear through the oval window, a flexible membrane separating the air-filled middle ear from the fluid-filled inner ear. The rou... | Hearing | Wikipedia | 485 | 21282020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Disturbances (such as stroke or trauma) at any of these levels can cause hearing problems, especially if the disturbance is bilateral. In some instances it can also lead to auditory hallucinations or more complex difficulties in perceiving sound.
Hearing tests
Hearing can be measured by behavioral tests using an aud... | Hearing | Wikipedia | 468 | 21282020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Prevention
Hearing protection is the use of devices designed to prevent noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), a type of post-lingual hearing impairment. The various means used to prevent hearing loss generally focus on reducing the levels of noise to which people are exposed. One way this is done is through environmental... | Hearing | Wikipedia | 382 | 21282020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called audio or sonic. The range is typically considered to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as ultrasonic, while frequencies below audio are referred to as infrasonic. Some bats use ultrasound for echolocation while in flight... | Hearing | Wikipedia | 505 | 21282020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
The gustatory system or sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste. Taste is the perception stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. Taste, along with the sense... | Taste | Wikipedia | 490 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Among humans, taste perception begins to fade during ageing, tongue papillae are lost, and saliva production slowly decreases. Humans can also have distortion of tastes (dysgeusia). Not all mammals share the same tastes: some rodents can taste starch (which humans cannot), cats cannot taste sweetness, and several othe... | Taste | Wikipedia | 477 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Sour and salt tastes can be pleasant in small quantities, but in larger quantities become more and more unpleasant to taste. For sour taste, this presumably is because the sour taste can signal under-ripe fruit, rotten meat, and other spoiled foods, which can be dangerous to the body because of bacteria that grow in su... | Taste | Wikipedia | 399 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Sweetness, usually regarded as a pleasurable sensation, is produced by the presence of sugars and substances that mimic sugar. Sweetness may be connected to aldehydes and ketones, which contain a carbonyl group. Sweetness is detected by a variety of G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) coupled to the G protein gustducin ... | Taste | Wikipedia | 428 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Sour taste is detected by a small subset of cells that are distributed across all taste buds called Type III taste receptor cells. H+ ions (protons) that are abundant in sour substances can directly enter the Type III taste cells through a proton channel. This channel was identified in 2018 as otopetrin 1 (OTOP1). The... | Taste | Wikipedia | 436 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
A number of similar cations also trigger the low salt signal. The size of lithium and potassium ions most closely resemble those of sodium, and thus the saltiness is most similar. In contrast, rubidium and caesium ions are far larger, so their salty taste differs accordingly. The saltiness of substances is rated relati... | Taste | Wikipedia | 416 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Bitterness is of interest to those who study evolution, as well as various health researchers since a large number of natural bitter compounds are known to be toxic. The ability to detect bitter-tasting, toxic compounds at low thresholds is considered to provide an important protective function. Plant leaves often cont... | Taste | Wikipedia | 354 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Research has shown that TAS2Rs (taste receptors, type 2, also known as T2Rs) such as TAS2R38 coupled to the G protein gustducin are responsible for the human ability to taste bitter substances. They are identified not only by their ability to taste for certain "bitter" ligands, but also by the morphology of the recepto... | Taste | Wikipedia | 443 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Savoriness, or umami, is an appetitive taste. It can be tasted in soy sauce, meat, dashi and consomme. Umami, a loanword from Japanese meaning "good flavor" or "good taste", which is similar to the word "savory" that comes from the French for "tasty". is considered fundamental to many East Asian cuisines, such as Japa... | Taste | Wikipedia | 451 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Sweetness is subjectively measured by comparing the threshold values, or level at which the presence of a dilute substance can be detected by a human taster, of different sweet substances. Substances are usually measured relative to sucrose, which is usually given an arbitrary index of 1 or 100. Rebaudioside A is 100 t... | Taste | Wikipedia | 312 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Taste is a form of chemoreception which occurs in the specialised taste receptors in the mouth. To date, there are five different types of taste these receptors can detect which are recognized: salt, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami. Each type of receptor has a different manner of sensory transduction: that is, of detect... | Taste | Wikipedia | 280 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Sweetness
Sweetness is produced by the presence of sugars, some proteins, and other substances such as alcohols like anethol, glycerol and propylene glycol, saponins such as glycyrrhizin, artificial sweeteners (organic compounds with a variety of structures), and lead compounds such as lead acetate. It is often connect... | Taste | Wikipedia | 493 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Bitterness
Research has shown that TAS2Rs (taste receptors, type 2, also known as T2Rs) such as TAS2R38 are responsible for the ability to taste bitter substances in vertebrates. They are identified not only by their ability to taste certain bitter ligands, but also by the morphology of the receptor itself (surface bou... | Taste | Wikipedia | 490 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
This particular sensation, called chemesthesis, is not a taste in the technical sense, because the sensation does not arise from taste buds, and a different set of nerve fibers carry it to the brain. Foods like chili peppers activate nerve fibers directly; the sensation interpreted as "hot" results from the stimulation... | Taste | Wikipedia | 449 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Metallicness
A metallic taste may be caused by food and drink, certain medicines or amalgam dental fillings. It is generally considered an off flavor when present in food and drink. A metallic taste may be caused by galvanic reactions in the mouth. In the case where it is caused by dental work, the dissimilar metals us... | Taste | Wikipedia | 512 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Monovalent cation channel TRPM5 has been implicated in fat taste as well, but it is thought to be involved primarily in downstream processing of the taste rather than primary reception, as it is with other tastes such as bitter, sweet, and savory.
Proposed alternate names to fat taste include oleogustus and pinguis, a... | Taste | Wikipedia | 488 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Alongside the five basic tastes of sweet, sour, salt, bitter and savory, kokumi has been described as something that may enhance the other five tastes by magnifying and lengthening the other tastes, or "mouthfulness". Garlic is a common ingredient to add flavor used to help define the characteristic kokumi flavors.
Ca... | Taste | Wikipedia | 484 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
The pterygopalatine ganglia are ganglia (one on each side) of the soft palate. The greater petrosal, lesser palatine and zygomatic nerves all synapse here. The greater petrosal carries soft palate taste signals to the facial nerve. The lesser palatine sends signals to the nasal cavity, which is why spicy foods cause n... | Taste | Wikipedia | 457 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Taste in insects
Insects taste using small hair-like structures called taste sensilla, specialized sensory organs located on various body parts such as the mouthparts, legs, and wings. These sensilla contain gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) sensitive to a wide range of chemical stimuli.
Insects respond to sugar, bitt... | Taste | Wikipedia | 417 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Disorders of taste
ageusia (complete loss of taste)
hypogeusia (reduced sense of taste)
dysgeusia (distortion in sense of taste)
hypergeusia (abnormally heightened sense of taste)
Viruses can also cause loss of taste. About 50% of patients with SARS-CoV-2 (causing COVID-19) experience some type of disorder associat... | Taste | Wikipedia | 260 | 21282070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null |
Proprioception ( ) is the sense of self-movement, force, and body position.
Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, a type of sensory receptor, located within muscles, tendons, and joints. Most animals possess multiple subtypes of proprioceptors, which detect distinct kinesthetic parameters, such as joint positi... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 448 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Reflexes
The sense of proprioception is ubiquitous across mobile animals and is essential for the motor coordination of the body. Proprioceptors can form reflex circuits with motor neurons to provide rapid feedback about body and limb position. These mechanosensation circuits are important for flexibly maintaining pos... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 437 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
The initiation of proprioception is the activation of a proprioceptor in the periphery. The proprioceptive sense is believed to be composed of information from sensory neurons located in the inner ear (motion and orientation) and in the stretch receptors located in the muscles and the joint-supporting ligaments (stance... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 404 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Stability
An important role for proprioception is to allow an animal to stabilize itself against perturbations. For instance, for a person to walk or stand upright, they must continuously monitor their posture and adjust muscle activity as needed to provide balance. Similarly, when walking on unfamiliar terrain, or ev... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 485 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Muscle spindles
Poppele and Bowman used linear system theory to model mammalian muscle spindles Ia and II afferents. They obtained a set of de-afferented muscle spindles, measured their response to a series of sinusoidal and step function stretches, and fit a transfer function to the spike rate. They found that the f... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 407 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Chronic
Proprioception, a sense vital for rapid and proper body coordination, can be permanently lost or impaired as a result of genetic conditions, disease, viral infections, and injuries. For instance, patients with joint hypermobility or Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, genetic conditions that result in weak connective tis... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 307 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Proprioception is also permanently lost in people who lose a limb or body part through injury or amputation. After the removal of a limb, people may have a confused sense of that limb's existence on their body, known as phantom limb syndrome. Phantom sensations can occur as passive proprioceptive sensations of the limb... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 481 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
It has been proposed that even common tinnitus and the attendant hearing frequency-gaps masked by the perceived sounds may cause erroneous proprioceptive information to the balance and comprehension centers of the brain, precipitating mild confusion.
Temporary loss or impairment of proprioception may happen periodical... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 503 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Proprioception is tested by American police officers using the field sobriety testing to check for alcohol intoxication. The subject is required to touch his or her nose with eyes closed; people with normal proprioception may make an error of no more than , while people with impaired proprioception (a symptom of modera... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 434 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Standing on one leg (stork standing) and various other body-position challenges are also used in such disciplines as yoga, Wing Chun and tai chi. The vestibular system of the inner ear, vision and proprioception are the main three requirements for balance. Moreover, there are specific devices designed for proprioceptio... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 416 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Today, the "exteroceptors" are the organs that provide information originating outside the body, such as the eyes, ears, mouth, and skin. The interoceptors provide information about the internal organs, and the "proprioceptors" provide information about movement derived from muscular, tendon, and articular sources. Usi... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 416 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Plants and bacteria
Although they lack neurons, systems responding to stimuli (analogous to the sensory system in animals with a nervous system, which includes the proprioception) have also been described in some plants (angiosperms). Terrestrial plants control the orientation of their primary growth through the sensi... | Proprioception | Wikipedia | 425 | 21290714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception | Biology and health sciences | Sensory nervous system | Biology |
Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system produced by Microsoft as part of its Windows product line, the first version of which, Windows NT 3.1, was released on July 27, 1993. Originally made for the workstation, office, and server markets, the Windows NT line was made available to consumers with the relea... | Windows NT | Wikipedia | 502 | 21291483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20NT | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Since Windows Vista, the Windows installation files, as well as the preinstallation environment used to install Windows, are stored in the Windows Imaging Format. It is possible to use the Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM) tool to install Windows from the command line and skip the GUI installer.
Naming
... | Windows NT | Wikipedia | 466 | 21291483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20NT | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
NT has supported per-object (file, function, and role) access control lists allowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services. NT
has also supported Windows network protocols, inheriting the previous OS/2 LAN Manager networking, as well as TCP/IP networking (for which Microsoft used to i... | Windows NT | Wikipedia | 464 | 21291483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20NT | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Windows NT introduced its own driver model, the Windows NT driver model, and is incompatible with older driver frameworks. With Windows 2000, the Windows NT driver model was enhanced to become the Windows Driver Model, which was first introduced with Windows 98, but was based on the NT driver model. Windows Vista added... | Windows NT | Wikipedia | 425 | 21291483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20NT | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Although NT was not an exact clone of Cutler's previous operating systems, DEC engineers almost immediately noticed the internal similarities. Parts of VAX/VMS Internals and Data Structures, published by Digital Press, accurately describe Windows NT internals using VMS terms. Furthermore, parts of the NT codebase's dir... | Windows NT | Wikipedia | 481 | 21291483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20NT | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The booting process of Windows NT begins with NTLDR in versions before Vista and the Windows Boot Manager in Vista and later. The boot loader is responsible for accessing the file system on the boot drive, starting the kernel, and loading boot-time device drivers into memory. Once all the boot and system drivers have b... | Windows NT | Wikipedia | 464 | 21291483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20NT | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
32-bit platforms
In order to prevent Intel x86-specific code from slipping into the operating system, due to developers being used to developing on x86 chips, Windows NT 3.1 was initially developed using non-x86 development systems and then ported to the x86 architecture. This work was initially based on the Intel i860... | Windows NT | Wikipedia | 478 | 21291483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20NT | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The original Xbox and Xbox 360 run a custom operating system based upon a heavily modified version of Windows 2000, an approach that Microsoft engineer Don Box called "fork and run". It exports APIs similar to those found in Microsoft Windows, such as Direct3D. The Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles use a stripped-d... | Windows NT | Wikipedia | 375 | 21291483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20NT | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Windows 3.1 is a major release of Microsoft Windows. It was released to manufacturing on April 6, 1992, as a successor to Windows 3.0. Like its predecessors, the Windows 3.1 series run as a shell on top of MS-DOS; it was the last Windows 16-bit operating environment as all future versions of Windows had moved to 32-bit... | Windows 3.1 | Wikipedia | 495 | 21291678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%203.1 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Windows 3.1 was codenamed Janus. Like its predecessors, the operating environment runs as a shell on top of MS-DOS, although it does not include the MS-DOS Executive shell. After the introduction of Windows 1.0, Microsoft had worked on gaining support from companies to expand its operating environment on different type... | Windows 3.1 | Wikipedia | 418 | 21291678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%203.1 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
File Manager had also received tweaks; split view-mode was introduced, users were now able to browse files without having to open separate windows, while files were able to be dragged and dropped to other locations on the system. An option for quick formatting was introduced to format floppy disks and copy its files wi... | Windows 3.1 | Wikipedia | 418 | 21291678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%203.1 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Unlike all previous versions, Windows 3.1 could not run in real mode and it insisted on the use of 80286 processors or above. Because of this, the maximum memory available was increased. While Windows 3.0 was limited to 16 MB maximum memory, Windows 3.1 could access a theoretical 4 GB in the 386 enhanced mode. The actu... | Windows 3.1 | Wikipedia | 501 | 21291678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%203.1 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Windows 3.2
An updated Simplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1 was released in November 1993, as Windows 3.2. The update was limited to this language version, as it only fixed issues related to the complex input system for the Simplified Chinese language. A font editor is present in Windows 3.2; it is used to add ne... | Windows 3.1 | Wikipedia | 421 | 21291678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%203.1 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
It received network improvements; a Winsock package was released for Windows for Workgroups, although it was later replaced by a 32-bit stack add-on package (codenamed Wolverine) that provided TCP/IP support in Windows for Workgroups 3.11. Its connectivity with NetWare networks was increased, while it also introduced s... | Windows 3.1 | Wikipedia | 483 | 21291678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%203.1 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Microsoft ended its support for Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups on December 31, 2001, although the embedded version of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was retired on November 1, 2008. The operating environment was superseded by Windows NT 3.1, which was released in 1993, and Windows 95 in 1995.
DR-DOS compatibility... | Windows 3.1 | Wikipedia | 506 | 21291678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%203.1 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
MS-DOS ( ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System, also known as Microsoft DOS) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS-DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and a few operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS, are sometimes referred to a... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 376 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOSowned by Seattle Computer Products, written by Tim Paterson. Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of Digital Research's CP/M (for 8080/Z80 processors), ported to run on 8086 processors and with two notable differences compared to CP/M: an improved dis... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 478 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O. Indeed, the same design philosophy is embodied in Windows NT (see Hardware Abstraction Layer). However, in MS-DOS' early days, the greater speed attainable by programs through direct contro... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 476 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
On March 25, 2014, Microsoft made the code to SCP MS-DOS 1.25 and a mixture of Altos MS-DOS 2.11 and TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 available to the public under the Microsoft Research License Agreement, which makes the code source-available, but not open source as defined by Open Source Initiative or Free Software Foundation s... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 509 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
MS-DOS 2.x
Support for IBM's XT 10 MB hard disk drives, support up to 16 MB or 32 MB FAT12-formatted hard disk drives depending on the formatting tool shipped by OEMs, user-installable device drivers, tree-structure filing system, Unix-like inheritable redirectable file handles, non-multitasking child processes an im... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 397 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Version 3.0 (OEM) – First version to support 5.25-inch 1.2 MB floppy drives and diskettes, FAT16 partitions up to 32 MB; Release date: April 1985
Version 3.1 (OEM) – Support for Microsoft Networks through an IFS layer, remote file and printer API
Version 3.2 (OEM) – First version to support 3.5-inch 720 KB floppy dri... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 311 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
MS-DOS 4.0 / MS-DOS 4.x
MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking) and MS-DOS 4.1A separate branch of development with additional multitasking features, released between 3.2 and 3.3, and later abandoned. It is unrelated to any later versions, including versions 4.00 and 4.01 listed below
MS-DOS 4.x (IBM-developed) – Includes a graph... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 511 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Version 6.0 (Retail) – Online help through QBasic. Disk compression, upper memory optimization and antivirus included.
Version 6.2 – SCANDISK as replacement for CHKDSK. Fix serious bugs in DBLSPACE.
Version 6.21 (Retail) – Stacker-infringing DBLSPACE removed.
Version 6.22 (Retail) – New DRVSPACE compression. Last ve... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 511 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Microsoft DOS was released through the OEM channel, until Digital Research released DR-DOS 5.0 as a retail upgrade. With PC DOS 5.00.1, the IBM–Microsoft agreement started to end, and IBM entered the retail DOS market with IBM DOS 5.00.1, 5.02, 6.00 and PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000 and 7.1.
Localized versions
Localized v... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 245 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
On microcomputers based on the Intel 8086 and 8088 processors, including the IBM PC and clones, the initial competition to the PC DOS/MS-DOS line came from Digital Research, whose CP/M operating system had inspired MS-DOS. In fact, there remains controversy as to whether QDOS was more or less plagiarized from early ver... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 410 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
In the emerging world of home users, a variety of other computers based on various other processors were in serious competition with the IBM PC: the Apple II, Mac, Commodore 64 and others did not use the 808x processor; many 808x machines of different architectures used custom versions of MS-DOS. At first all these mac... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 405 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
During the period when Digital Research was competing in the operating system market some computers, like the Amstrad PC1512, were sold with floppy disks for two operating systems (only one of which could be used at a time), MS-DOS and CP/M-86 or a derivative of it. Digital Research produced DOS Plus, which was compati... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 493 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
The pact between Microsoft and IBM to promote OS/2 began to fall apart in 1990 when Windows 3.0 became a marketplace success. Many of Microsoft's further contributions to OS/2 also went into creating a third GUI replacement for DOS, Windows NT.
IBM, which had already been developing the next version of OS/2, carried o... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 496 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Use of undocumented APIs
Microsoft also used a variety of tactics in MS-DOS and several of their applications and development tools that, while operating perfectly when running on genuine MS-DOS (and PC DOS), would break when run on another vendor's implementation of DOS. Notable examples of this practice included:
Mi... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 391 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
All versions of Microsoft Windows have had an MS-DOS or MS-DOS-like command-line interface called MS-DOS Prompt which redirected input to MS-DOS and output from MS-DOS to the MS-DOS Prompt, or, in later versions, Command Prompt. This could run many DOS and variously Win32, OS/2 1.x and POSIX command-line utilities in t... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 412 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
The MS-DOS emulation takes place through the NTVDM (NT Virtual DOS Machine). This is a modified SoftPC (a former product similar to VirtualPC), running a modified MS-DOS 5 (NTIO.SYS and NTDOS.SYS). The output is handled by the console DLLs, so that the program at the prompt (CMD.EXE, 4NT.EXE, TCC.EXE), can see the outp... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 512 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
All versions of Windows for Itanium (no longer sold by Microsoft) and x86-64 architectures no longer include the NTVDM and can therefore no longer natively run DOS or 16-bit Windows applications. There are alternatives such as virtual machine emulators such as Microsoft's own Virtual PC, as well as VMware, DOSBox etc.,... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 406 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
In contrast to the Windows 9x series, the Windows NT-derived 32-bit operating systems (Windows NT, 2000, XP and newer), developed alongside the 9x series, do not contain MS-DOS compatibility as a core component of the operating system nor do they rely on it for bootstrapping, as NT was not with the level of support for... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 350 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
The creation of the MS-DOS startup disk was then carried over to later versions of Windows, with the majority of its contents remaining unchanged from its introduction in Windows XP. When creating a DOS startup disk on Windows Vista, the files on the startup disk are dated April 18, 2005, but are otherwise unchanged, i... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 462 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Due to the historical nature of the software, Microsoft will not accept any pull requests to the code. Users, however, are allowed and fully encouraged to fork the repository containing the MS-DOS source code and make their own modifications, and do whatever they like with it.
Legacy compatibility
From 1983 onwards, ... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 449 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Microsoft's control of the Windows platform, and their programming practices which intentionally made Windows appear as if it ran poorly on competing versions of DOS, crippled the ability of other DOS makers to continue to compete with MS-DOS. Digital Research had to release interim releases to circumvent Windows limit... | MS-DOS | Wikipedia | 73 | 21291954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | Technology | Operating systems | null |
Digitaria is a genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions but can occur in tropical, subtropical, and cooler temperate regions as well. Common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. They are slender monocotyledonous annual and perennial lawn, pasture, and forage plants;... | Digitaria | Wikipedia | 453 | 2005663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaria | Biology and health sciences | Poales | Plants |
Digitaria ammophila (Benth.) Hughes – silky umbrella grass
Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roemer & J.A.Schultes ex Loud. – Asian crabgrass
Digitaria brownii (Roem. & Schult.) Hughes – cotton panic grass
Digitaria californica (Benth.) Henrard – Arizona cottontop
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler – summer grass, southern crab... | Digitaria | Wikipedia | 493 | 2005663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaria | Biology and health sciences | Poales | Plants |
Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roemer & J.A.Schultes – East Indian crabgrass
Digitaria serotina (Walt.) Michx. – dwarf crabgrass
Digitaria stenotaphrodes (Nees ex Steud.) Stapf
Digitaria texana A.S.Hitchc. – Texas crabgrass
Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) P.Beauv – velvet crabgrass
Digitaria villosa (Walt.) Pers. – shaggy cra... | Digitaria | Wikipedia | 117 | 2005663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaria | Biology and health sciences | Poales | Plants |
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