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HDMI 2.0b was released March 2016. HDMI 2.0b initially supported the same HDR10 standard as HDMI 2.0a as specified in the CTA-861.3 specification. In December 2016 additional support for HDR Video transport was added to HDMI 2.0b in the CTA-861-G specification, which extends the static metadata signaling to include hyb... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 300 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Maximum supported format is 10K at 120Hz
Dynamic HDR for specifying HDR metadata on a scene-by-scene or even a frame-by-frame basis
Note: While HDMI 2.1 did standardize transport of dynamic HDR metadata over HDMI, in actuality it only formalized dynamic metadata interfaces already utilized by Dolby Vision and HDR10+ ... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 488 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
The increase in maximum bandwidth is achieved by increasing both the bitrate of the data channels and the number of channels. Previous HDMI versions use three data channels (each operating at up to in HDMI 2.0, or up to in HDMI 1.4), with an additional channel for the TMDS clock signal, which runs at a fraction of th... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 512 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Version 2.2
HDMI 2.2 was announced on January 6, 2025. It will be released in the first half of 2025. The maximum allowed bit rate is increased to .
Version comparison
Main specifications
Refresh frequency limits for common resolutions
The maximum limits for TMDS transmission are calculated using standard data rate... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 484 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Uncompressed 8bpc (24bit/px) color depth and RGB or 4:4:4 color format are assumed on this table except where noted.
Refresh frequency limits for HDR10 video
HDR10 requires 10bpc (30bit/px) color depth, which uses 25% more bandwidth than standard 8bpc video.
Uncompressed 10bpc color depth and RGB or 4:4:4 color for... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 293 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Full HD Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD video (version 1.0)
Consumer Electronic Control (CEC) (version 1.0)
DVD-Audio (version 1.1)
Super Audio CD (DSD) (version 1.2)
Auto Lip-Sync Correction (version 1.3)
Dolby TrueHD / DTS-HD Master Audio bitstream capable (version 1.3)
Updated list of CEC commands (version 1.3a)
3D v... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 496 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
The HDMI 1.4 specification (released in 2009) added support for 3D video and is used by all Blu-ray 3D compatible players.
The Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) spokespersons have stated (Sept. 2014 at IFA show in Berlin, Germany) that the Blu-ray, Ultra HD players, and 4K discs are expected to be available starting in t... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 491 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Personal computer (PCs) with a DVI interface are capable of video output to an HDMI-enabled monitor. Some PCs include an HDMI interface and may also be capable of HDMI audio output, depending on specific hardware. For example, Intel's motherboard chipsets since the 945G and NVIDIA's GeForce 8200/8300 motherboard chipse... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 252 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Even with an HDMI output, a computer may not be able to produce signals that implement HDCP, Microsoft's Protected Video Path, or Microsoft's Protected Audio Path. Several early graphic cards were labelled as "HDCP-enabled" but did not have the hardware needed for HDCP; this included some graphic cards based on the ATI... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 372 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
In September 2009, AMD announced the ATI Radeon HD 5000 series video cards, which have HDMI 1.3 output (deep color, xvYCC wide gamut capability and high bit rate audio), 8-channel LPCM over HDMI, and an integrated HD audio controller with a Protected Audio Path that allows bitstream output over HDMI for AAC, Dolby AC-3... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 486 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Gaming consoles
Beginning with the seventh generation of video game consoles, most consoles support HDMI. Video game consoles that support HDMI include the Xbox 360 (except most pre-2007 models) (1.2a), Xbox One (1.4b), Xbox One S (2.0a), Xbox One X (2.0b), PlayStation 3 (1.3a), PlayStation 4 (1.4b), PlayStation 4 Pro ... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 352 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Legacy compatibility
HDMI can only be used with older analog-only devices (using connections such as SCART, VGA, RCA, etc.) by means of a digital-to-analog converter or AV receiver, as the interface does not carry any analog signals (unlike DVI, where devices with DVI-I ports accept or provide either digital or analog ... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 302 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
The Alternate Mode reconfigures the four SuperSpeed differential pairs present in USB-C to carry the three HDMI TMDS channels and the clock signal. The two Sideband Use pins (SBU1 and SBU2) are used to carry the HDMI Ethernet and Audio Return Channel and the Hot Plug Detect functionality (HEAC+/Utility pin and HEAC−/HP... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 389 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
In recent years, DisplayPort connectors have become a common feature of premium products—displays, desktop computers, and video cards; most of the companies producing DisplayPort equipment are in the computer sector. The DisplayPort website states that DisplayPort is expected to complement HDMI, but 100% of HD and UHD... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 492 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
The DisplayPort features an adapter detection mechanism enabling dual-mode operation and the transmission of TMDS signals allowing the conversion to DVI and HDMI 1.2/1.4/2.0 signals using a passive adapter. The same external connector is used for both protocolswhen a DVI/HDMI passive adapter is attached, the transmitte... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 467 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL) is an adaptation of HDMI intended to connect mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets to high-definition televisions (HDTVs) and displays. Unlike DVI, which is compatible with HDMI using only passive cables and adapters, MHL requires that the HDMI socket be MHL-enabled, otherwise... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 437 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
The fourth version, superMHL, increased bandwidth by operating over multiple TMDS differential pairs (up to a total of six) allowing a maximum of . The six lanes are supported over a reversible 32-pin superMHL connector, while four lanes are supported over USB-C Alternate Mode (only a single lane is supported over micr... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 120 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
A police dog, also known as a K-9, is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers. Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting officers and other people, and attacking suspects who flee from officers. The br... | Police dog | Wikipedia | 474 | 537859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20dog | Technology | Agriculture, labor and economy | null |
One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren. Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not usin... | Police dog | Wikipedia | 438 | 537859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20dog | Technology | Agriculture, labor and economy | null |
Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler. The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability. First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one ... | Police dog | Wikipedia | 457 | 537859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20dog | Technology | Agriculture, labor and economy | null |
Apprehension and attack dogs – This dog is used to locate, apprehend, and sometimes subdue suspects.
Detection dogs – Trained to detect explosives or drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, or methamphetamines. Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition.
Dual purpose dog – A... | Police dog | Wikipedia | 322 | 537859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20dog | Technology | Agriculture, labor and economy | null |
A 2020 investigation coordinated by the Marshall Project found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U.S. as disproportionate force and disproportionately against people of color. A series of 13 linked reports found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K-9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons... | Police dog | Wikipedia | 235 | 537859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20dog | Technology | Agriculture, labor and economy | null |
Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera (also sometimes called pig plague based on the German word ) is a highly contagious disease of swine (Old World and New World pigs). It has been mentioned as a potential bioweapon.
Clinical signs
Swine fever causes fever, skin lesions, convulsions, splenic infarctions and usu... | Classical swine fever | Wikipedia | 496 | 537990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20swine%20fever | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
The effect of different CSFV strains varies widely, leading to a wide range of clinical signs. Highly virulent strains correlate with acute, obvious disease and high mortality, including neurological signs and hemorrhages within the skin.
Less virulent strains can give rise to subacute or chronic infections that may e... | Classical swine fever | Wikipedia | 428 | 537990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20swine%20fever | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Standard diagnostic tests include
Fluorescent antibody test (FAT) detection of viral protein using fluorescent labelled antibodies in tissue
Serum Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection of host animal antibody response in serum samples.
Antigen ELISA detection of viral protein (antigen) in serum sample... | Classical swine fever | Wikipedia | 173 | 537990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20swine%20fever | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
In geology and physical geography, a plateau (; ; : plateaus or plateaux), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. Often one or more sides have deep hills or escarpments. Plateaus can be formed b... | Plateau | Wikipedia | 421 | 538005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
Intermontane plateaus are some of the highest and most extensive plateaus in the world, enclosed by fold mountains. Examples are the Tibetan Plateau between the Himalayas and Kunlun Mountains, Altiplano plateau between two ranges of Andes.
Lava or volcanic plateaus are the plateau that occur in areas of widespread vol... | Plateau | Wikipedia | 510 | 538005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
Asia
The largest and highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau, sometimes metaphorically described as the "Roof of the World", which is still being formed by the collisions of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates. The Tibetan Plateau covers approximately , at about above sea level. The plateau i... | Plateau | Wikipedia | 480 | 538005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
The North Island Volcanic Plateau is an area of high land occupying much of the centre of the North Island of New Zealand, with volcanoes, lava plateaus, and crater lakes, the most notable of which is the country's largest lake, Lake Taupō. The plateau stretches approximately 100 km east to west and 130 km north to sou... | Plateau | Wikipedia | 354 | 538005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
The parallel Sierra of Andes delimit one of the world highest plateaux: the Altiplano, (Spanish for "high plain"), Andean Plateau or Bolivian Plateau. It lies in west-central South America, where the Andes are at their widest, is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet. The bulk of the Altipla... | Plateau | Wikipedia | 169 | 538005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
The Friesian ( in Dutch; in West Frisian) is a horse breed originating in Friesland in north Netherlands. The breed nearly became extinct on more than one occasion. It is classified as a light draught horse, and the modern day Friesian horse is used for riding and driving. The Friesian horse is most known for its all-... | Friesian horse | Wikipedia | 497 | 538413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
In 1990, the began to attempt breeding out the chestnut colour, and today stallions undergo genetic testing. If testing indicates the presence of the chestnut or "red" gene, even if heterozygous and masked by black colour, the horse is not accepted for registration with the FPS. In 2014 there were eight stallion lines... | Friesian horse | Wikipedia | 487 | 538413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
It was not until the 11th century, that there were illustrations of what appeared to be Friesians. Many of the illustrations found depict knights riding horses which resemble the breed, with one of the most famous examples being William the Conqueror.
These ancestors of the modern Friesians were used in medieval times... | Friesian horse | Wikipedia | 487 | 538413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
In 1913 a society, , was founded to protect and promote the breed. By 1915 it had convinced FPS to split registration into two groups. By 1943, the breeders of non-Friesian horses left the FPS completely to form a separate association, which later became the Koninklijk Warmbloed Paardenstamboek Nederland (Royal Warmblo... | Friesian horse | Wikipedia | 453 | 538413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
KFPS studbook breeding is strictly controlled, and breeding a KFPS-registered and approved stallion to any non-KFPS mares or to any other breed of horse is strongly discouraged. Other registries exist for Friesians and Friesian crossbreeds, but KFPS does not permit dual registration.
For a stallion to be approved as b... | Friesian horse | Wikipedia | 478 | 538413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
The Copenhagen Metro (, ) is a light rapid transit system in Copenhagen, Denmark, serving the municipalities of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, and Tårnby.
The original system opened in October 2002, serving nine stations on two lines: M1 and M2. In 2003 and 2007, the Metro was extended to Vanløse and Copenhagen Airport (... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 477 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
Operation of the system is subcontracted to a private company. For the history of service, this has been Metro Service A/S. Trains run continually, twenty-four hours a day, with the headway varying from two to four minutes in daytime, with longer intervals (up to twenty minutes) during the night.
Planning of the Metro... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 414 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
The planning of the metro was spurred by the development of the Ørestad area of Copenhagen. The principle of building a rail transit was passed by the Parliament of Denmark on 24 June 1992, with the Ørestad Act. The responsibility for developing the area, as well as building and operating the metro, was given to the Ør... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 367 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
The decision to build stage 2, from Nørreport to Vanløse, and stage 3, to the airport, was taken by Parliament on 21 December 1994. Stage 2 involved the establishment of the company Frederiksbergbaneselskabet I/S in February 1995, owned 70% by the Ørestad Development Corporation and 30% by Frederiksberg Municipality. T... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 502 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
In March 2001, Copenhagen County Council decided to start construction of stage 3. On 6 November 2001, the first train operated through a tunnel section. On 28 November, laying of tracks along stage 1, and stage 2A from Nørreport to Frederiksberg, was completed. An agreement about financing stage 3 was reached on 12 Ap... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 467 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
In January 2007, the city council decided that a branch was to be built during construction at Nørrebro, to allow a future branch line from the City Circle Line towards Brønshøj. The first part of this line was intended to be constructed at the same time as the City Circle Line, to avoid a multitude-higher construction... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 460 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
Initially, the system operated trains from 01:00 to 05:00 only on Thursdays to Saturdays, but, starting on 19 March 2009, night service was extended to the rest of the week. This caused a logistical challenge, because Metro Service used the nights for maintenance. The routes were therefore set up in such a way that the... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 186 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
An expansion of the metro, the City Circle Line, is current and opened on 29 September 2019. Independent of the existing system, it circles the city centre and connects the areas of Østerbro, Nørrebro and Vesterbro to Frederiksberg and Indre By. The line is long and runs entirely in tunnel. The circle has 17 stations,... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 495 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
An extension to the Sydhavn district open in June 2024, served by the M4. The addition of this line will relocate the M4's southern terminus from Copenhagen Central Station to Ny Ellebjerg.
Evolution of plans
A northwestern expansion of the City Circle Line was planned, where M4 would have diverted at Nørrebro and run... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 507 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
Future lines discussed
Many new lines have been discussed. Initially Line M4 was supposed to supplement the circular M3 on the eastern side of the Inner City between Nørrebro station and Copenhagen Central Station. At this time, an extension was suggested from Nørrebro to the northwestern suburbs with a terminus at Hu... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 496 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
The metro consists of four lines, M1, M2, M3 and M4, with a planned M5 line expected to be operational in 2035. M1 and M2 share a common section from Vanløse to Christianshavn, where they split along two lines: M1 follows the Ørestad Line to Vestamager, while M2 follows the Østamager Line to the airport. The metro con... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 484 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
The system operates 24/7 with a varying headway throughout the day. During rush hour (07:00–10:00 and 15:00–18:00), there is a two-minute headway on the common section and a four-minute headway on the single-service sections. During Thursday through Saturday night (0:00–05:00) on the M1 and M2 lines there is a seven/ei... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 436 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
The metro operates with a proof-of-payment system, so riders must have a valid ticket before entering the station platforms. The system is divided into zones, and the fare structure is integrated with other public transport in Copenhagen, including the buses managed by Movia, local DSB trains and the S-train. The syste... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 448 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
There are 37 stations on the network. Of the initial 22 stations on lines M1 and M2, nine are underground and six of these are deep-level. They were all designed by KHR Arkitekter, who created open stations with daylight. Stations have an information column in front, marked with a large 'M' and featuring information sc... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 458 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
Each car is equipped with two three-phase asynchronous motors, giving each train a power output of . In each car, the two motors are fed by the car's own IGBT motor drive. They transform the 750-volt direct current collected from the third rail shoe to the three-phase alternating current used in the motors. The trains... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 401 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
The Control and Maintenance Center is a facility located at the south end of M1. It consists of a storage area for trains not in use, a maintenance area and the control facility. Trains operate automatically through the system, and can also automatically be washed on the exterior. The facility has of track, of which ... | Copenhagen Metro | Wikipedia | 225 | 540093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Metro | Technology | Scandinavia | null |
Products are the species formed from chemical reactions. During a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products after passing through a high energy transition state. This process results in the consumption of the reactants. It can be a spontaneous reaction or mediated by catalysts which lower the energy of... | Product (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 437 | 540448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
If the products are higher in chemical energy than the reactants then the reaction will require energy to be performed and is therefore an endergonic reaction. Additionally if the product is less stable than a reactant, then Leffler's assumption holds that the transition state will more closely resemble the product tha... | Product (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 425 | 540448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), gammaxene, Gammallin and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine chemical and an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane that has been used both as an agricultural insecticide and as a pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies.
Lindane is a neurotoxin th... | Lindane | Wikipedia | 252 | 540869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
History and use
The chemical was originally synthesized in 1825 by Faraday. It is named after the Dutch chemist Teunis van der Linden (1884–1965), the first to isolate and describe γ-hexachlorcyclohexane in 1912. The fact that mixtures of isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane have insecticidal activity is a case of multiple... | Lindane | Wikipedia | 400 | 540869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
By November 2006, the use of lindane had been banned in 52 countries and restricted in 33 others. Seventeen countries, including the US and Canada, allowed either limited agricultural or pharmaceutical use. In 2009, an international ban on the use of lindane in agriculture was implemented under the Stockholm Convention... | Lindane | Wikipedia | 155 | 540869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
United States
In the US, lindane pesticide products were regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), while lindane medications are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It was registered as an agricultural insecticide in the 1940s, and as pharmaceutical in 1951. The EPA gradually began r... | Lindane | Wikipedia | 511 | 540869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
Other uses
Pest repellent
Lindane is a bird repellent. Rudd & Genelly 1954 noticed that bird pests seemed uninterested in treated seeds, specifically pheasants and blackbirds around Davis, CA, US. They tested its repellent effect on pheasants and found it effective, speculating that it may be usable as a general bird ... | Lindane | Wikipedia | 497 | 540869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
Cancer risk
Base... | Lindane | Wikipedia | 476 | 540869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
Environmental contamination
Lindane is a persistent organic pollutant: it is relatively long-lived in the environment, it is transported long distances by natural processes like global distillation, and it can bioaccumulate in food chains, though it is rapidly eliminated when exposure is discontinued.
The production a... | Lindane | Wikipedia | 510 | 540869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
The US EPA determined in 2002 that the agency does not believe that lindane contaminates drinking water in excess of levels considered safe. U.S. Geological Survey teams concluded the same in 1999 and 2000. With regard to lindane medications, the EPA conducted "down-the-drain" estimates of the amount of lindane reachin... | Lindane | Wikipedia | 511 | 540869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
In electromagnetism, the magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment is the combination of strength and orientation of a magnet or other object or system that exerts a magnetic field. The magnetic dipole moment of an object determines the magnitude of torque the object experiences in a given magnetic field. When the same... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 470 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
Generically, the intrinsic energy includes the self-field energy of the system plus the energy of the internal workings of the system. For example, for a hydrogen atom in a 2p state in an external field, the self-field energy is negligible, so the internal energy is essentially the eigenenergy of the 2p state, which in... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 488 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
The magnetic moment is a quantity that describes the magnetic strength of an entire object. Sometimes, though, it is useful or necessary to know how much of the net magnetic moment of the object is produced by a particular portion of that magnet. Therefore, it is useful to define the magnetization field as:
where an... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 512 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
It points in the direction from South to North pole. The analogy with electric dipoles should not be taken too far because magnetic dipoles are associated with angular momentum (see Relation to angular momentum). Nevertheless, magnetic poles are very useful for magnetostatic calculations, particularly in applications t... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 448 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
Quantum mechanical model
When calculating the magnetic moments of materials or molecules on the microscopic level it is often convenient to use a third model for the magnetic moment that exploits the linear relationship between the angular momentum and the magnetic moment of a particle. While this relation is straight... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 477 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
One can relate the magnetic moment of a system to the free energy of that system. In a uniform magnetic field , the free energy can be related to the magnetic moment of the system as
where is the entropy of the system and is the temperature. Therefore, the magnetic moment can also be defined in terms of the free e... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 475 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
The magnetic field of any magnet can be modeled by a series of terms for which each term is more complicated (having finer angular detail) than the one before it. The first three terms of that series are called the monopole (represented by an isolated magnetic north or south pole) the dipole (represented by two equal a... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 512 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
where is the vector cross product, is the position vector, and is the electric current density and the integral is a volume integral.
In the magnetic pole perspective, the first non-zero term of the scalar potential is
Here may be represented in terms of the magnetic pole strength density but is more usefully exp... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 477 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
Viewing a magnetic dipole as current loop brings out the close connection between magnetic moment and angular momentum. Since the particles creating the current (by rotating around the loop) have charge and mass, both the magnetic moment and the angular momentum increase with the rate of rotation. The ratio of the two ... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 480 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
Fundamentally, contributions to any system's magnetic moment may come from sources of two kinds: 1) motion of electric charges, such as electric currents; and 2) the intrinsic magnetism due spin of elementary particles, such as the electron.
Contributions due to the sources of the first kind can be calculated from kn... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 462 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
Due to the angular momentum, the dynamics of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field differs from that of an electric dipole in an electric field. The field does exert a torque on the magnetic dipole tending to align it with the field. However, torque is proportional to rate of change of angular momentum, so precession o... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 441 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
The nuclear system is a complex physical system consisting of nucleons, i.e., protons and neutrons. The quantum mechanical properties of the nucleons include the spin among others. Since the electromagnetic moments of the nucleus depend on the spin of the individual nucleons, one can look at these properties with measu... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 485 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
Elementary particles
In atomic and nuclear physics, the Greek symbol represents the magnitude of the magnetic moment, often measured in Bohr magnetons or nuclear magnetons, associated with the intrinsic spin of the particle and/or with the orbital motion of the particle in a system. Values of the intrinsic magnetic m... | Magnetic moment | Wikipedia | 69 | 540979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20moment | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
A siesta (from Spanish, pronounced and meaning "nap") is a short nap taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday meal. Such a period of sleep is a common tradition in some countries, particularly those in warm-weather zones. The "siesta" can refer to the nap itself, or more generally to a period of the day, g... | Siesta | Wikipedia | 471 | 541000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siesta | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Taking a long lunch break including a nap is common in a number of Mediterranean, tropical, and subtropical countries. The Washington Post of 13 February 2007 reports at length on studies in Greece that indicate that those who nap have less risk of heart attacks.
In the United States, the United Kingdom, and a growing... | Siesta | Wikipedia | 504 | 541000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siesta | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
In modern Spain, the midday nap during the working week is being gradually abandoned among the adult working population. According to a 2009 survey, 16.2 percent of Spaniards polled claimed to take a nap "daily", whereas 22 percent did so "sometimes", 3.2 percent "weekends only" and the remainder, 58.6 percent, "never"... | Siesta | Wikipedia | 403 | 541000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siesta | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Epidemiological studies on the relations between cardiovascular health and siesta have led to conflicting conclusions, possibly because of poor control of confounding variables, such as physical activity. It is possible that people who take a siesta have different physical activity habits, for example, waking earlier a... | Siesta | Wikipedia | 137 | 541000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siesta | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
A feral cat or a stray cat is an unowned domestic cat (Felis catus) that lives outdoors and avoids human contact; it does not allow itself to be handled or touched, and usually remains hidden from humans. Feral cats may breed over dozens of generations and become a local apex predator in urban, savannah and bushland en... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 433 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
The meaning of the term feral cat varies between professions and countries, and is sometimes used interchangeably with other terms such as free-roaming, street, alley, or community cat. Some of these terms are also used to refer to stray cats, although stray and feral cats are generally considered to be different by re... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 463 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
United States
A survey of rescue and veterinary facilities in the United States revealed that no widely accepted definition of a feral cat exists. Many facilities used waiting periods to evaluate whether a cat was feral by observing whether the cat became less afraid and evasive over time. Other indicators included the... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 372 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
History
Cats in ancient Egypt were venerated for killing rodents and venomous snakes.
The need to keep rodents from consuming or contaminating grain crops stored for later human consumption may be the original reason that cats were domesticated. The spread of cats throughout much of the world is thought to have origin... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 186 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In the 19th and 20th centuries, several cat specimens were described as wildcat subspecies that are considered feral cat populations today:
Felis silvestris sarda, proposed by Fernand Lataste in 1885, was a skin and a skull of a male cat from Sarrabus in Sardinia that looked like an African wildcat (Felis lybica), but ... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 468 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
The feral cat is the most widely distributed terrestrial carnivore. It occurs between 55° North and 54.3° South latitudes in a wide range of climatic zones and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea, including Canary Islands, Port-Cros, Dassen Island, Marion Island, Juan de Nova I... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 507 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Feral cats often live in groups called colonies, which are located close to food sources and shelter. Researchers disagree on the existence, extent, and structure of dominance hierarchies among feral cats in colonies. Different types of hierarchies have been observed in colonies, including despotic and linear hierarchi... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 418 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Feral cats are either mesopredators (mid-ranking predators) or apex predators (top predators) in local ecosystems. They prey on a wide variety of both vertebrates and invertebrates, and typically prefer smaller animals with body weights under , particularly mammals, birds, and lizards. Their global prey spectrum encomp... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 481 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
A long-term study of a trap-neuter-return (TNR) program on a university campus in Central Florida found that, despite widespread concern about the welfare of free-roaming cats, 83% of the cats studied had been present for more than six years, with almost half first observed as adults of unknown age. The authors compare... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 288 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Researchers studying 553 feral cats in North Florida in the United States tested them for a number of infections that could be detrimental to feline or human health. The study found the most prevalent infection to be Bartonella henselae, the cause of cat-scratch disease in humans, with 33.6% of the cats testing positiv... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 469 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Control and management
Feral cats are controlled or managed by various agencies to manage disease, for the protection of native wildlife and to protect their welfare. Control of feral cats can be managed through trapping and euthanasia or other forms of lethal control, or, some claim, through trap-neuter-return (TNR).... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 418 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
The International Companion Animal Management Coalition advocates for TNR as a humane method of controlling feral cat populations. In the U.S., the practice is endorsed by the Humane Society of the United States. and the National Animal Control Association, TNR is opposed by the Australian Veterinary Association, the N... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 390 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
The effectiveness of both trap-and-euthanise and TNR programmes is largely dependent upon controlling immigration of cats into cleared or controlled areas; where immigration of new cats is controlled, both techniques can be effective. However where immigration is not controlled, culling is more effective. Comparisons o... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 451 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
TNR is backed by well-funded advocacy organizations: in 2010, Alley Cat Allies spent US$3 million advocating to legalise TNR throughout the United States, while the Best Friends Animal Society spent $11 million on a "Focus on Felines" initiative that included TNR advocacy. Promoters of TNR are often funded by big busin... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 502 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In the United States, free-ranging cats kill one to four billion birds and six to 22 billion mammals annually.
In Australia, domestic cats were introduced in the 1800s to settlements that had developed near gold mining sites and farms as a pest control strategy to decimate rabbits, mice, and rats. Feral cats kill on a... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 380 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In agricultural settings, cats can be effective at keeping mouse and rat populations low, but only if rodent harborage locations (such as tall grass) are kept under control. While cats are effective at preventing rodent population explosions, they are not effective for eliminating pre-existing severe infestations. Rat ... | Feral cat | Wikipedia | 339 | 895672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20cat | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Magnetic storage or magnetic recording is the storage of data on a magnetized medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetisation in a magnetizable material to store data and is a form of non-volatile memory. The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads.
Magnetic storage media, primar... | Magnetic storage | Wikipedia | 415 | 896356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
The magnetic surface is conceptually divided into many small sub-micrometer-sized magnetic regions, referred to as magnetic domains, (although these are not magnetic domains in a rigorous physical sense), each of which has a mostly uniform magnetisation. Due to the polycrystalline nature of the magnetic material, each ... | Magnetic storage | Wikipedia | 482 | 896356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
The heads are kept from contacting the platter surface by the air that is extremely close to the platter; that air moves at or near the platter speed. The record and playback head are mounted on a block called a slider, and the surface next to the platter is shaped to keep it just barely out of contact. This forms a ty... | Magnetic storage | Wikipedia | 479 | 896356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
Domain propagation memory
Domain propagation memory is also called bubble memory. The basic idea is to control domain wall motion in a magnetic medium that is free of microstructure. Bubble refers to a stable cylindrical domain. Data is then recorded by the presence/absence of a bubble domain. Domain propagation memor... | Magnetic storage | Wikipedia | 494 | 896356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
Future
A new type of magnetic storage, called magnetoresistive random-access memory or MRAM, is being produced that stores data in magnetic bits based on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. Its advantage is non-volatility, low power usage, and good shock robustness. The 1st generation that was developed was pr... | Magnetic storage | Wikipedia | 311 | 896356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
The gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), or grey fox, is an omnivorous mammal of the family Canidae, widespread throughout North America and Central America. This species and its only congener, the diminutive island fox (Urocyon littoralis) of the California Channel Islands, are the only living members of the genus Uro... | Gray fox | Wikipedia | 376 | 896399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20fox | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
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