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Mesonychia ("middle claws") is an extinct taxon of small- to large-sized carnivorous ungulates related to artiodactyls. Mesonychians first appeared in the early Paleocene, went into a sharp decline at the end of the Eocene, and died out entirely when the last genus, Mongolestes, became extinct in the early Oligocene. I... | Mesonychia | Wikipedia | 346 | 2007102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonychia | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Mesonychians have often been reconstructed as resembling wolves albeit superficially, but they would have appeared very different in life. With a short lower spine stiffened by revolute joints, they would have run with stiff backs like modern ungulates rather than bounding or loping with flexible spines like modern car... | Mesonychia | Wikipedia | 506 | 2007102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonychia | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
These "wolves on hooves" were probably one of the more important predator groups in the late Paleocene and Eocene ecosystems of Europe (which was an archipelago at the time), Asia (which was an island continent), and North America. Mesonychian dentition consisted of molars modified to generate vertical shear, thin blad... | Mesonychia | Wikipedia | 352 | 2007102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonychia | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Mesonychians possess unusual triangular molar teeth that are similar to those of Cetacea (whales and dolphins), especially those of the archaeocetes, as well as having similar skull anatomies and other morphologic traits. For this reason, scientists had long believed that mesonychians were the direct ancestor of Cetace... | Mesonychia | Wikipedia | 385 | 2007102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonychia | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
A water bottle is a container that is used to hold liquids, mainly water, for the purpose of transporting a drink while travelling or while otherwise away from a supply of potable water.
Water bottles are usually made of plastic, glass, metal, or some combination of those substances. In the past, water bottles were so... | Water bottle | Wikipedia | 396 | 2007779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20bottle | Technology | Containers | null |
Reusable plastic
Multi-use water bottles can be made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), copolyester, or polypropylene. They all offer the advantage of being durable, lightweight, dishwasher-safe, and BPA-free. The main difference between each type of water bottle is the flexibility... | Water bottle | Wikipedia | 450 | 2007779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20bottle | Technology | Containers | null |
Glass flasks have been used since ancient times, though were not common until the Early Modern period when consistent, bulk manufacturing of glass products became easier. Because they are completely recyclable, BPA-free, and do not retain and transfer taste or odor, glass water bottles are becoming a popular choice for... | Water bottle | Wikipedia | 433 | 2007779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20bottle | Technology | Containers | null |
Hydration reservoirs, also known as hydration bladders, are large-volume, flexible bags typically carried in a backpack system. Users access water via a sipping tube. This system allows the user to remain engaged in activity without having to stop and unscrew a water bottle. Such reservoirs also permit the carrying of... | Water bottle | Wikipedia | 393 | 2007779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20bottle | Technology | Containers | null |
Bottle manufacturing relies on petroleum and natural resources. Some creating processes release toxic chemicals into the air and water supply that can immensely affect nervous systems, blood cells, kidneys, immune systems, and can cause cancer and birth defects. Most disposable water bottles are made from petroleum fo... | Water bottle | Wikipedia | 426 | 2007779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20bottle | Technology | Containers | null |
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)", or the Eightfold Way, the successful classification scheme organizing the large number o... | Quark model | Wikipedia | 467 | 2008215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%20model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Mesons are made of a valence quark–antiquark pair (thus have a baryon number of 0), while baryons are made of three quarks (thus have a baryon number of 1). This article discusses the quark model for the up, down, and strange flavors of quark (which form an approximate flavor SU(3) symmetry). There are generalizations ... | Quark model | Wikipedia | 498 | 2008215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%20model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Finally, in 1964, Gell-Mann and George Zweig, discerned independently what the Eightfold Way picture encodes: They posited three elementary fermionic constituents—the "up", "down", and "strange" quarks—which are unobserved, and possibly unobservable in a free form. Simple pairwise or triplet combinations of these three... | Quark model | Wikipedia | 475 | 2008215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%20model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
N.B. Nevertheless, the mass splitting between the and the is larger than the quark model can accommodate, and this "– puzzle" has its origin in topological peculiarities of the strong interaction vacuum, such as instanton configurations.
Mesons are hadrons with zero baryon number. If the quark–antiquark pair are i... | Quark model | Wikipedia | 488 | 2008215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%20model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
The octet baryons are the two nucleons (, ), the three Sigmas (, , ), the two Xis (, ), and the Lambda (). The decuplet baryons are the four Deltas (, , , ), three Sigmas (, , ), two Xis (, ), and the Omega ().
For example, the constituent quark model wavefunction for the proton is
Mixing of baryons, mass splittin... | Quark model | Wikipedia | 506 | 2008215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%20model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
States outside the quark model
While the quark model is derivable from the theory of quantum chromodynamics, the structure of hadrons is more complicated than this model allows. The full quantum mechanical wavefunction of any hadron must include virtual quark pairs as well as virtual gluons, and allows for a variety o... | Quark model | Wikipedia | 137 | 2008215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%20model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
A poikilotherm () is an animal (Greek poikilos – 'various', 'spotted', and therme – 'heat') whose internal temperature varies considerably. Poikilotherms have to survive and adapt to environmental stress. One of the most important stressors is outer environment temperature change, which can lead to alterations in memb... | Poikilotherm | Wikipedia | 454 | 2008686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikilotherm | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Because their metabolism is variable and generally below that of homeothermic animals, sustained high-energy activities like powered flight in large animals or maintaining a large brain is generally beyond poikilotherm animals. The metabolism of poikilotherms favors strategies such as sit-and-wait hunting over chasing ... | Poikilotherm | Wikipedia | 512 | 2008686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikilotherm | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
This difference in energy requirement also means that a given food source can support a greater density of poikilothermic animals than homeothermic animals. This is reflected in the predator-prey ratio which is usually higher in poikilothermic fauna compared to homeothermic ones. However, when homeotherms and poikiloth... | Poikilotherm | Wikipedia | 241 | 2008686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikilotherm | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), also known as the Indian antelope, is a medium-sized antelope native to India and Nepal. It inhabits grassy plains and lightly forested areas with perennial water sources.
It stands up to high at the shoulder. Males weigh , with an average of . Females are lighter, weighing or on... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 400 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The antelope is native to and occurs mainly in India, while it is locally extinct in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Formerly widespread, small and scattered herds are largely confined to protected areas today. During the 20th century, blackbuck numbers declined sharply due to excessive hunting, deforestation, and habitat des... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 486 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Two subspecies are recognised, although they might be independent species:
A. c. cervicapra (Linnaeus, 1758), known as the southeastern blackbuck, occurs in southern, eastern, and central India. The white eye ring of the male is narrow above the eye and the neck is all black in the male and the white on the underside ... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 403 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The blackbuck has white fur on the chin and around the eyes, which is in sharp contrast with the black stripes on the face. The coats of males show two-tone colouration; while the upper parts and outsides of the legs are dark brown to black, the underparts and the insides of the legs are all white. Darkness typically i... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 503 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Introduced populations
The blackbuck was also introduced into Argentina, numbering about 8,600 individuals as of the early 2000s.
In the early 1900s, blackbuck were introduced to Western Australia.
In either the late 1980s or the early 1990s, they were also introduced to Cape York in Far North Queensland, although th... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 488 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The blackbuck is severely affected by natural calamities such as floods and droughts, from which it can take as long as five years to recover. The wolf is a major predator. Old rutting bulls might be especially vulnerable prey. The golden jackal hunts juveniles. Village dogs are reported to kill fawns, but are unlikely... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 323 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Females become sexually mature at the age of eight months, but mate no earlier than two years. Males mature at the age of one-and-a-half years. Mating takes place throughout the year; peaks occur during spring and fall in Texas. Two peaks have been observed in India: from August to October and from March to April. Rutt... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 401 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Conservation
The blackbuck is listed under Appendix III of CITES.
In India, hunting of blackbuck is prohibited under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. It inhabits several protected areas of India, including
in Gujarat: Velavadar National Park, Gir Forest National Park;
in Bihar: Kaimur Wildlife Sanctu... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 432 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The hide of the blackbuck is deemed to be sacred in Hinduism. According to the scriptures, it is to be sat upon only by brahmin priests, sadhus and yogis, forest-dwellers and bhikshu mendicants. Blackbuck meat is highly regarded in Texas. In an analysis, blackbuck milk was found to have 6.9% protein, 9.3% fat, and 4.3%... | Blackbuck | Wikipedia | 154 | 1370818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Medicalization is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. Medicalization can be driven by new evidence or hypotheses about conditions; by changing social attitudes or econo... | Medicalization | Wikipedia | 509 | 1371050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalization | Biology and health sciences | General concepts | Health |
In the 1975 book Limits to medicine: Medical nemesis (1975), Ivan Illich put forth one of the earliest uses of the term "medicalization". Illich, a philosopher, argued that the medical profession harms people through iatrogenesis, a process in which illness and social problems increase due to medical intervention. Illi... | Medicalization | Wikipedia | 299 | 1371050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalization | Biology and health sciences | General concepts | Health |
Tiago Correia (2017) offers an alternative perspective on medicalization. He argues that medicalization needs to be detached from biomedicine to overcome much of the criticism it has faced, and to protect its value in contemporary sociological debates. Building on Gadamer's hermeneutical view of medicine, he focuses on... | Medicalization | Wikipedia | 434 | 1371050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalization | Biology and health sciences | General concepts | Health |
The diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has caused some controversy when fluoxetine (also known as Prozac) was being repackaged as a PMDD therapy under the trade named Sarafem. The psychologist Peggy Kleinplatz has criticized the diagnosis as the medicalization of normal human behavior. Other medicalize... | Medicalization | Wikipedia | 475 | 1371050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalization | Biology and health sciences | General concepts | Health |
According to Nicholas Kittrie, a number of phenomena considered "deviant", such as alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, pedophilia, and masturbation ("self-abuse"), were originally considered as moral, then legal, and now medical problems. Innumerable other conditions such as obesity, smoking cigarettes, draft mal... | Medicalization | Wikipedia | 422 | 1371050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalization | Biology and health sciences | General concepts | Health |
Professionals, patients, corporations and society
Several decades on the definition of medicalization is complicated, if for no other reason than because the term is so widely used. Many contemporary critics position pharmaceutical companies in the space once held by doctors as the supposed catalysts of medicalization... | Medicalization | Wikipedia | 507 | 1371050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalization | Biology and health sciences | General concepts | Health |
In response to theory based on medicalisation being insufficient to explain social processes, some scholars have developed a concept of biomedicalization which argues that technical and scientific interventions are transforming medicine. One aspect is pharmaceuticalization, the influence of the use of pharmaceutical dr... | Medicalization | Wikipedia | 186 | 1371050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalization | Biology and health sciences | General concepts | Health |
Hydraulic machines use liquid fluid power to perform work. Heavy construction vehicles are a common example. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is pumped to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders throughout the machine and becomes pressurized according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled ... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 489 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Two hydraulic cylinders interconnected
Cylinder C1 is one inch in radius, and cylinder C2 is ten inches in radius. If the force exerted on C1 is 10 lbf, the force exerted by C2 is 1000 lbf because C2 is a hundred times larger in area (S = πr²) as C1. The downside to this is that you have to move C1 a hundred inches to ... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 471 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
For the hydraulic fluid to do work, it must flow to the actuator and/or motors, then return to a reservoir. The fluid is then filtered and re-pumped. The path taken by hydraulic fluid is called a hydraulic circuit of which there are several types.
Open center circuits use pumps that supply a continuous flow. The flow... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 453 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Closed loop circuits
Closed-loop: Motor-return is connected directly to the pump-inlet. To keep up pressure on the low pressure side, the circuits have a charge pump (a small gear pump) that supplies cooled and filtered oil to the low pressure side. Closed-loop circuits are generally used for hydrostatic transmissions... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 372 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Closed loop systems in mobile equipment are generally used for the transmission as an alternative to mechanical and hydrodynamic (converter) transmissions. The advantage is a stepless gear ratio (continuously variable speed/torque) and a more flexible control of the gear ratio depending on the load and operating condit... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 451 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Load-sensing systems
Load-sensing systems (LS) generate less power losses as the pump can reduce both flow and pressure to match the load requirements, but require more tuning than the CP system with respect to system stability. The LS system also requires additional logical valves and compensator valves in the direct... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 378 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
System type (3) gives the advantage that activated functions are synchronized independent of pump flow capacity. The flow relation between two or more activated functions remains independent of load pressures, even if the pump reaches the maximum swivel angle. This feature is important for machines that often run with ... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 298 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Common types of hydraulic pumps to hydraulic machinery applications are:
Gear pump: cheap, durable (especially in g-rotor form), simple. Less efficient, because they are constant (fixed) displacement, and mainly suitable for pressures below 20 MPa (3000 psi).
Vane pump: cheap and simple, reliable. Good for higher-flo... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 438 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Tolerances are very tight in order to handle the high pressure and avoid leaking, spools typically have a clearance with the housing of less than a thousandth of an inch (25 μm). The valve block will be mounted to the machine's frame with a three point pattern to avoid distorting the valve block and jamming the valve's... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 132 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
The main valve block is usually a stack of off the shelf directional control valves chosen by flow capacity and performance. Some valves are designed to be proportional (flow rate proportional to valve position), while others may be simply on-off. The control valve is one of the most expensive and sensitive parts of a ... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 445 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Auxiliary valves in complex hydraulic systems may have auxiliary valve blocks to handle various duties unseen to the operator, such as accumulator charging, cooling fan operation, air conditioning power, etc. They are usually custom valves designed for the particular machine, and may consist of a metal block with ports... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 88 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Actuators
Hydraulic cylinder
Hydraulic motor (a pump plumbed in reverse); hydraulic motors with axial configuration use swashplates for highly accurate control and also in 'no stop' continuous (360°) precision positioning mechanisms. These are frequently driven by several hydraulic pistons acting in sequence.
Hydros... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 432 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Filters may be positioned in many locations. The filter may be located between the reservoir and the pump intake. Blockage of the filter will cause cavitation and possibly failure of the pump. Sometimes the filter is located between the pump and the control valves. This arrangement is more expensive, since the filter... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 356 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Hydraulic hose is graded by pressure, temperature, and fluid compatibility. Hoses are used when pipes or tubes can not be used, usually to provide flexibility for machine operation or maintenance. The hose is built up with rubber and steel layers. A rubber interior is surrounded by multiple layers of woven wire and ru... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 464 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Fittings serve several purposes;
To join components with ports of different sizes.
To bridge different standards; O-ring boss to JIC, or pipe threads to face seal, for example.
To allow proper orientation of components, a 90°, 45°, straight, or swivel fitting is chosen as needed. They are designed to be positioned i... | Hydraulic machinery | Wikipedia | 311 | 1372353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
The Shenzhen Metro () is the rapid transit system for the city of Shenzhen in Guangdong province, China. The newest lines and extensions which opened on December 27, 2024 put the network at of trackage. It currently operates on 17 lines with 398 stations. Despite having only opened on December 28, 2004, the Shenzhen M... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 508 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Line 4, formerly known as Longhua line, runs northward from Futian Checkpoint to Niuhu. Trains operate every 2.5 minutes at peak hours and every 6 minutes during off-peak hours. Stations from Futian Checkpoint to Shangmeilin Station are underground. The line has been operated by MTR Corporation (Shenzhen), a subsidiary... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 479 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Line 8, formerly known as Yantian line of the Shenzhen Metro, opened on October 28, 2020, with a length of and a total of 11 stations. It connects the eastern suburbs of Liantang to Yantian Road, then towards the beach resorts at Dameisha and Xiaomeisha. However, this line serves as the extension of Line 2 in actual o... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 444 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Line 12, also known as Nanbao Line, runs from Zuopaotai East in the southwest to Waterlands Resort East in the northwest. Construction began in 2018 and the line opened on November 28, 2022. Line 12's color is light purple.
November 28, 2022: Zuopaotai East – Waterlands Resort East
Line 13
Line 13, also known as Sh... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 403 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Early planning
In late 1983, Party Secretary of Shenzhen Mayor Liang Xiang led a team to Singapore to study its mass transit system. Upon returning it was decided that on each side of Shennan Avenue should be protected as a green belt, and to set aside a wide median reserved for a light rail or light metro line. In 1... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 493 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Phase I (1998–2004)
Construction of the first sections of Line 1 and Line 4 began in 1999. The grand opening of the Shenzhen Metro system occurred at 5:00 pm on Tuesday, December 28, 2004. This made Shenzhen the seventh city in mainland China to have a subway after Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dalian and Wuh... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 378 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Phase II (2007–2011)
From 2004 to 2007, there was a lack of official government interest and attention to expanding the subway after completion of Phase 1 with little or no active projects. Subway construction speed was ridiculed as "earthworm speed". On January 17, 2007, Shenzhen won the right to host the 2011 Univer... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 479 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Phase IV & Phase IV revised expansion (2017–2026)
With the shortening of the Phase III implementation period, a number of lines (Lines 16 and 12) planned in 2007's Phase III moved into the next phase. By 2016, it was determined that Phase IV will have an implementation period between 2017 and 2022 and consist of of ne... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 324 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Phase V (2023–2028)
In the Shenzhen Metro 2007 masterplan proposed four more lines (Lines 13, 14, 15 and 16) which have a planned completion target of 2030. In 2016, all aforementioned lines but Line 15 were designated as part of the Phase IV expansion, moving the completion date forward from 2030 to 2022. In 2012, fou... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 472 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Long-term plan
Aside from the set masterplan, at the 12th Guangdong Provincial People's Congress in January 2014, it was proposed to extend Line 4 beyond the planned Phase III terminus at the Songyuan Bus Terminal in Guanlan. The proposal wanted to further extend this line to reach the future planned Dongguan Metro Lin... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 496 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Children under the height of or aged below 6 may ride for free when accompanied by an adult. The metro also offers free rides to senior citizens over the age of 65, the physically disabled and military personnel. Tickets for children between and , or aged between 6 and 14 years, or middle school students, are half pr... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 497 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Unlike Hong Kong Octopus Cards, Shenzhen Tong cards cannot be sold back to the stations or have faults dealt with by SZMC. Instead, the customer must go to the offices of Shenzhen Tong. Students studying in Shenzhen can use the Shenzhen Tong to receive a 50% discount.
Note that discounts are not applicable for people ... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 484 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Line 2
35 Changchun Railway Vehicles Type A 6-car sets, traction units by Bombardier Transportation (201–235)
17 Changchun Railway Vehicles Type A 6-car sets, traction units by Bombardier Transportation (236–239、241–252), by CRRC Qingdao Sifang (240).
5 Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works Type A 6-car sets, traction... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 492 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Line 9
29 Changchun Railway Vehicles Type A 6-car sets, traction units by CRRC Times Electric (901–929).
22 Changchun Railway Vehicles Type A 6-car sets, traction units by INVT (930–951).
Line 10
35 Changchun Railway Vehicles Type A 8-car sets, traction units by CRRC Times Electric (1001–1035)
Line 11
33 Zhuzh... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 453 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
Accidents and incidents
April 4, 2011 – One worker was killed and four others injured on April 4 when a manually controlled chain hoist broke loose in a Line 5 tunnel in Longgang district. A preliminary investigation by district safety authorities found mechanical failure was to blame.
September 9, 2013 – Three passe... | Shenzhen Metro | Wikipedia | 361 | 1372941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Metro | Technology | China | null |
In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. The degree of a vertex is denoted or . The maximum degree of a graph is denoted by , and is the maximum of ... | Degree (graph theory) | Wikipedia | 408 | 1374448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
The degree sequence problem is the problem of finding some or all graphs with the degree sequence being a given non-increasing sequence of positive integers. (Trailing zeroes may be ignored since they are trivially realized by adding an appropriate number of isolated vertices to the graph.) A sequence which is the deg... | Degree (graph theory) | Wikipedia | 442 | 1374448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Global properties
If each vertex of the graph has the same degree k, the graph is called a k-regular graph and the graph itself is said to have degree k. Similarly, a bipartite graph in which every two vertices on the same side of the bipartition as each other have the same degree is called a biregular graph.
An undire... | Degree (graph theory) | Wikipedia | 241 | 1374448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Graecopithecus is an extinct genus of hominid that lived in southeast Europe during the late Miocene around 7.2 million years ago. Originally identified by a single lower jawbone bearing teeth found in Pyrgos Vasilissis, Athens, Greece, in 1944, other teeth were discovered from Azmaka quarry in Bulgaria in 2012. With o... | Graecopithecus | Wikipedia | 357 | 34360942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Discovery
The original Graecopithecus specimen was a single lower jawbone (mandible) found from a site called Pyrgos Vassilissis, northwest of Athens, in southern Greece in 1944, "reportedly unearthed as the occupying German forces were building a wartime bunker". The jawbone was almost complete with teeth when it was... | Graecopithecus | Wikipedia | 377 | 34360942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Classification
G. freybergi is considered to be possibly the same taxon as Ouranopithecus macedoniensis, another extinct hominid described in 1977 from northern Greece. Due to paucity of specimens and poor quality of the fossils, it remains the least well-known extinct hominid found within Europe. In 1984, British pal... | Graecopithecus | Wikipedia | 244 | 34360942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
In 2017, an international team of palaeontologists led by Madelaine Böhme (Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany) published detailed reanalysis and new interpretation in the journal PLOS One. One paper deals with an examination of the detailed morphology of molar teeth of G. freybergi from Greece and Bulgaria, an... | Graecopithecus | Wikipedia | 497 | 34360942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
It also indicates that as the species lived in Europe, it suggest "that major splits in the hominid family occurred outside Africa." | Graecopithecus | Wikipedia | 28 | 34360942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
It has also been proposed the Graecopithecus may not be a direct ancestor of the human lineage, but instead may have evolved its hominin-like traits independently. The emergence of Homo itself is dated to close to 4 million years later than Graecopithecus, so that the appearance of Graecopithecus in Europe does not pre... | Graecopithecus | Wikipedia | 436 | 34360942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
However, claiming that Graecopithecus is an evidence of human origin in Europe is illogical since all human ancestral species known so far are strictly found in Africa; as Rick Potts, head of the Smithsonian's Human Origins Program, remarked: "I think the principal claim of the main paper goes well beyond the evidence ... | Graecopithecus | Wikipedia | 384 | 34360942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
The partial fusion of the fourth premolar (P4) roots does not define Graecopithecus as a hominin since the feature is common in hominids, even in the chimpanzees.
Thick enamel and relatively large molar teeth are not exclusive to hominins as they are also present in other Miocene apes and gorillas.
The claim that Gra... | Graecopithecus | Wikipedia | 446 | 34360942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecopithecus | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
An intergalactic star, also known as an intracluster star or a rogue star, is a star not gravitationally bound to any galaxy. Although a source of much discussion in the scientific community during the late 1990s, intergalactic stars are now generally thought to have originated in galaxies, like other stars, before bei... | Intergalactic star | Wikipedia | 371 | 27533725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergalactic%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Another hypothesis, that is not mutually exclusive to the galactic collisions hypothesis, is that intergalactic stars were ejected from their galaxy of origin by a close encounter with the supermassive black hole in the galaxy center, should there be one. In such a scenario, it is likely that the intergalactic star(s) ... | Intergalactic star | Wikipedia | 443 | 27533725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergalactic%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Some Vanderbilt astronomers report that they have identified more than 675 stars at the edge of the Milky Way, between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way. They argue that these stars are hypervelocity (intergalactic) stars that were ejected from the Milky Way's Galactic Center. These stars are red giants with a hig... | Intergalactic star | Wikipedia | 491 | 27533725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergalactic%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals, or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation, also called normal freez... | Fractional freezing | Wikipedia | 441 | 537264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20freezing | Physical sciences | Phase separations | Chemistry |
Purification of solids
When a pure solid is desired, two possible situations can occur. If the contaminant is soluble in the desired solid, a multiple stage fractional freezing is required, analogous to multistage distillation. If, however, a eutectic system forms (analogous to an azeotrope in distillation), a very pur... | Fractional freezing | Wikipedia | 338 | 537264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20freezing | Physical sciences | Phase separations | Chemistry |
Fractional freezing can be used as a simple method to increase the alcohol concentration in fermented alcoholic beverages, a process sometimes called freeze distillation. Examples are applejack, made from hard cider, and ice beer. In practice, while not able to produce an alcohol concentration comparable to distillatio... | Fractional freezing | Wikipedia | 296 | 537264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20freezing | Physical sciences | Phase separations | Chemistry |
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a source device, such as a display controller, to a computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device. HDMI is a... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 463 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
The HDMI founders began development on HDMI 1.0 on April 16, 2002, with the goal of creating an AV connector that was backward-compatible with DVI. At the time, DVI-HDCP (DVI with HDCP) and DVI-HDTV (DVI-HDCP using the CEA-861-B video standard) were being used on HDTVs. HDMI 1.0 was designed to improve on DVI-HDTV by u... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 456 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
In 2008, PC Magazine awarded a Technical Excellence Award in the Home Theater category for an "innovation that has changed the world" to the CEC portion of the HDMI specification. Ten companies were given a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for their development of HDMI by the National Academy of Television Arts an... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 375 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Specifications
The HDMI specification defines the protocols, signals, electrical interfaces and mechanical requirements of the standard. The maximum pixel clock rate for HDMI 1.0 is 165 MHz, which is sufficient to allow 1080p and WUXGA (1920×1200) at 60Hz. HDMI 1.3 increases that to 340 MHz, which allows for higher res... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 399 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
To ensure baseline compatibility between different HDMI sources and displays (as well as backward compatibility with the electrically compatible DVI standard) all HDMI devices must implement the sRGB color space at 8 bits per component. Ability to use the color space and higher color depths ("deep color") is optional.... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 477 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
The HDMI standard was not designed to pass closed caption data (for example, subtitles) to the television for decoding. As such, any closed caption stream must be decoded and included as an image in the video stream(s) prior to transmission over an HDMI cable to appear on the DTV. This limits the caption style (even fo... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 457 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Both HDMI and DVI use TMDS to send 10-bit characters that are encoded using 8b/10b encoding that differs from the original IBM form for the video data period and 2b/10b encoding for the control period. HDMI adds the ability to send audio and auxiliary data using 4b/10b encoding for the data island period. Each data isl... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 495 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
HDMI Ethernet and Audio Return Channel
Introduced in HDMI 1.4, HDMI Ethernet and Audio Return Channel (HEAC) adds a high-speed bidirectional data communication link (HEC) and the ability to send audio data upstream to the source device (ARC). HEAC utilizes two lines from the connector: the previously unused Reserved pi... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 400 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
From a user's perspective, an HDMI display can be driven by a single-link DVI-D source, since HDMI and DVI-D define an overlapping minimum set of allowed resolutions and frame-buffer formats to ensure a basic level of interoperability. In the reverse case, a DVI-D monitor has the same level of basic interoperability un... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 400 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
HDMI can use HDCP to encrypt the signal if required by the source device. Content Scramble System (CSS), Content Protection for Recordable Media (CPRM) and Advanced Access Content System (AACS) require the use of HDCP on HDMI when playing back encrypted DVD Video, DVD Audio, HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. The HDCP repeater b... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 403 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Type B; Dual-link This connector is 21.2 mm × 4.45 mm and has 29 pins, carrying six differential pairs instead of three, for use with very high-resolution displays such as WQUXGA (3840×2400). It is electrically compatible with dual-link DVI-D, but has not yet been used in any products. With the introduction of HDMI 1.... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 448 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
An HDMI cable is composed of four shielded twisted pairs, with impedance of the order of 100 Ω (±15%), plus seven separate conductors. HDMI cables with Ethernet differ in that three of the separate conductors instead form an additional shielded twisted pair (with the CEC/DDC ground as a shield).
Although no maximum le... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 450 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
A new certification program was introduced in October 2015 to certify that cables work at the maximum bandwidth of the HDMI 2.0 specification. In addition to expanding the set of cable testing requirements, the certification program introduces an EMI test to ensure cables minimize interference with wireless signals. T... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 484 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
While earlier versions of HDMI specs are available to the public for download, only adopters have access to the latest standards (HDMI 1.4b/2.1). Only adopters have access to the compliance test specification (CTS) that is used for compliance and certification. Compliance testing is required before any HDMI product can... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 463 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
HDMI devices and cables are designed based on the HDMI Specification, a document published by HDMI Licensing (through version 1.4b) or the HDMI Forum (from version 2.0 onward). The HDMI Specification defines the minimum baseline requirements that all HDMI devices must adhere to for interoperability, as well as a large ... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 306 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Version 1.0
HDMI 1.0 was released on December 9, 2002, and is a single-cable digital audio/video connector interface. The link architecture is based on DVI, using exactly the same video transmission format but sending audio and other auxiliary data during the blanking intervals of the video stream. HDMI 1.0 allows a ma... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 401 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
Version 1.2
HDMI 1.2 was released on August 8, 2005, and added the option of One Bit Audio, used on Super Audio CDs, at up to 8 channels. To make HDMI more suitable for use on PC devices, version 1.2 also removed the requirement that only explicitly supported formats be used. It added the ability for manufacturers to c... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 418 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
HDMI 1.3a was released on November 10, 2006, and had cable and sink modifications for HDMI type C, source termination recommendations, and removed undershoot and maximum rise/fall time limits. It also changed CEC capacitance limits, and CEC commands for timer control were brought back in an altered form, with audio con... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 447 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
HDMI 1.4a was released on March 4, 2010, and added two mandatory 3D formats for broadcast content, which was deferred with HDMI 1.4 pending the direction of the 3D broadcast market. HDMI 1.4a has defined mandatory 3D formats for broadcast, game, and movie content. HDMI 1.4a requires that 3D displays implement the frame... | HDMI | Wikipedia | 441 | 537442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI | Technology | User interface | null |
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