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The electronic circuit is an oscillator, an amplifier whose output passes through the quartz resonator. The resonator acts as an electronic filter, eliminating all but the single frequency of interest. The output of the resonator feeds back to the input of the amplifier, and the resonator assures that the oscillator ru...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	495	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
It is also possible for quartz clocks and watches to have their quartz crystal oscillate at a higher frequency than (= 215) Hz (high frequency quartz movements) and/or generate digital pulses more than once per second, to drive a stepping motor powered second hand at a higher power of 2 than once every second, but the...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	420	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
Accuracy The relative stability of the quartz resonator and its driving circuit is much better than its absolute accuracy. Standard-quality resonators of this type are warranted to have a long-term accuracy of about six parts per million (0.0006%) at : that is, a typical quartz clock or wristwatch will gain or lose 1...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	445	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
Quartz watch manufacturers use a simplified version of the oven-controlled crystal oscillator method by recommending that their watches be worn regularly to ensure the best time-keeping performance. Regular wearing of a quartz watch significantly reduces the magnitude of environmental temperature swings, since a correc...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	504	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
It is possible for a computerized high-accuracy quartz movement to measure its temperature and adjust for that. For this the movement autonomously measures the crystal's temperature a few hundred to a few thousand times a day and compensates for this with a small calculated offset. Both analog and digital temperature c...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	353	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
Inhibition compensation Many inexpensive quartz clocks and watches use a rating and compensation technique known as inhibition compensation. The crystal is deliberately made to run somewhat faster. After manufacturing, each module is calibrated against a precision clock at the factory and adjusted to keep accurate time...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	441	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
Quartz crystal aging Clock quartz crystals are manufactured in an ultra-clean environment, then protected by an inert ultra-high vacuum in hermetically sealed containers. Despite these measures, the frequency of a quartz crystal can slowly change over time. The effect of aging is much smaller than the effect of frequen...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	417	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
External magnetic interference The Lavet-type stepping motors used in analog quartz clock movements which themselves are driven by a magnetic field (generated by the coil) can be affected by external (nearby) magnetism sources, and this may impact the rotor sprocket output. As a result, the mechanical output of analog...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	419	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
The next 3 decades saw the development of quartz clocks as precision time standards in laboratory settings; the bulky delicate counting electronics, built with vacuum tubes, limited their use elsewhere. In 1932 a quartz clock was able to measure tiny variations in the rotation rate of the Earth over periods as short as...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	238	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
Developing quartz clocks for the consumer market took place during the 1960s. One of the first successes was a portable quartz clock called the Seiko Crystal Chronometer QC-951. This portable clock was used as a backup timer for marathon events in the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. In 1966, prototypes of the world's fi...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	359	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
Girard-Perregaux introduced the Caliber 350 in 1971, with an advertised accuracy within about 0.164 seconds per day, which had a quartz oscillator with a frequency of 32,768 Hz, which was faster than previous quartz watch movements and has since become the oscillation frequency used by most quartz clocks. The introduct...	Quartz clock	Wikipedia	400	21304320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20clock	Technology	Clocks	null
DOS (, ) is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. The DOS family primarily consists of IBM PC DOS and a rebranded version, Microsoft's MS-DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-DOS (1993...	DOS	Wikipedia	405	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
IBM again approached Bill Gates. Gates in turn approached Seattle Computer Products. There, programmer Tim Paterson had developed a variant of CP/M-80, intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit Intel 8086 CPU card for the S-100 bus. The system was initially named QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating Syste...	DOS	Wikipedia	415	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
In the mid-1980s, Microsoft developed a multitasking version of DOS. This version of DOS is generally referred to as "European MS-DOS 4" because it was developed for ICL and licensed to several European companies. This version of DOS supports preemptive multitasking, shared memory, device helper services and New Execut...	DOS	Wikipedia	413	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
IBM, however, did not want to replace DOS. After AT&T began selling Unix, Microsoft and IBM began developing OS/2 as an alternative. The two companies later had a series of disagreements over two successor operating systems to DOS, OS/2 and Windows. They split development of their DOS systems as a result. The last reta...	DOS	Wikipedia	509	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Emulation On Linux, it is possible to run DOSEMU, a Linux-native virtual machine for running DOS programs at near native speed. There are a number of other emulators for running DOS on various versions of Unix and Microsoft Windows such as DOSBox. DOSBox is designed for legacy gaming (e.g. King's Quest, Doom) on moder...	DOS	Wikipedia	448	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
The operating system offers an application programming interface that allows development of character-based applications, but not for accessing most of the hardware, such as graphics cards, printers, or mice. This required programmers to access the hardware directly, usually resulting in each application having its own...	DOS	Wikipedia	78	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Boot sequence The bootstrap loader on PC-compatible computers, the master boot record, is located beginning at the boot sector, the first sector on the first track (track zero), of the boot disk. The ROM BIOS will load this sector into memory at address :, and typically check for a signature "" at offset . If the sec...	DOS	Wikipedia	471	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
In later DOS versions, where the VBR has loaded only the first 3 sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory, the loaded portion contains another boot loader, which will then load the remainder of itself into memory, using the root directory information stored at :. For most versions, the file contents still need...	DOS	Wikipedia	238	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
The DOS system files loaded by the boot sector must be contiguous and be the first two directory entries. As such, removing and adding this file is likely to render the media unbootable. It is, however, possible to replace the shell at will, a method that can be used to start the execution of dedicated applications fas...	DOS	Wikipedia	391	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
DOS uses the File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystem. This was originally FAT12 which supported up to 4078 clusters per drive. DOS 3.0 added support for FAT16 which used 16-bit allocation entries and supported up to 65518 clusters per drive. Compaq MS-DOS 3.31 added support for FAT16B which removed the 32‑MiB drive limi...	DOS	Wikipedia	482	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Because DOS applications use these drive letters directly (unlike the /dev directory in Unix-like systems), they can be disrupted by adding new hardware that needs a drive letter. An example is the addition of a new hard drive having a primary partition where a pre-existing hard drive contains logical drives in extende...	DOS	Wikipedia	400	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
In Windows 95 and Windows 98, typing in the location of the reserved name (such as CON/CON, AUX/AUX, or PRN/PRN) crashes the operating system, of which Microsoft has provided a security fix for the issue. In Windows XP, the name of the file or folder using a reserved name silently reverts to its previous name, with no ...	DOS	Wikipedia	493	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Filenames ended with a colon () such as NUL: conventionally indicate device names, but the colon is not actually a part of the name of the built-in device drivers. Colons are not necessary to be typed in some cases, for example: ECHO This achieves nothing > NUL It is still possible to create files or directories using...	DOS	Wikipedia	495	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
The DOS emulation in OS/2 and Windows runs in much the same way as native applications do. They can access all of the drives and services, and can even use the host's clipboard services. Because the drivers for file systems and such forth reside in the host system, the DOS emulation needs only provide a DOS API transla...	DOS	Wikipedia	426	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
OS/2 allows for 'DOS from Drive A:', (VMDISK). This is a real DOS, like MS-DOS 6.22 or PC DOS 5.00. One makes a bootable floppy disk of the DOS, adds a number of drivers from OS/2, and then creates a special image. The DOS booted this way has full access to the system, but provides its own drivers for hardware. One can...	DOS	Wikipedia	402	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Although DOS is not a multitasking operating system, it does provide a terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) function which allows programs to remain resident in memory. These programs can hook the system timer or keyboard interrupts to allow themselves to run tasks in the background or to be invoked at any time, preemptin...	DOS	Wikipedia	494	21304364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (di...	Sexual reproduction	Wikipedia	440	21304415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20reproduction	Biology and health sciences	Biological reproduction	null
During sexual reproduction, two haploid gametes combine into one diploid cell known as a zygote in a process called fertilization. The nuclei from the gametes fuse, and each gamete contributes half of the genetic material of the zygote. Multiple cell divisions by mitosis (without change in the number of chromosomes) th...	Sexual reproduction	Wikipedia	500	21304415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20reproduction	Biology and health sciences	Biological reproduction	null
However, newer models presented in recent years suggest a basic advantage for sexual reproduction in slowly reproducing complex organisms. Sexual reproduction allows these species to exhibit characteristics that depend on the specific environment that they inhabit, and the particular survival strategies that they empl...	Sexual reproduction	Wikipedia	402	21304415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20reproduction	Biology and health sciences	Biological reproduction	null
There are three extant kinds of mammals: monotremes, placentals and marsupials, all with internal fertilization. In placental mammals, offspring are born as juveniles: complete animals with the sex organs present although not reproductively functional. After several months or years, depending on the species, the sex or...	Sexual reproduction	Wikipedia	501	21304415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20reproduction	Biology and health sciences	Biological reproduction	null
Animals have life cycles with a single diploid multicellular phase that produces haploid gametes directly by meiosis. Male gametes are called sperm, and female gametes are called eggs or ova. In animals, fertilization of the ovum by a sperm results in the formation of a diploid zygote that develops by repeated mitotic ...	Sexual reproduction	Wikipedia	466	21304415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20reproduction	Biology and health sciences	Biological reproduction	null
In 2013, flowers dating from the Cretaceous (100 million years before present) were found encased in amber, the oldest evidence of sexual reproduction in a flowering plant. Microscopic images showed tubes growing out of pollen and penetrating the flower's stigma. The pollen was sticky, suggesting it was carried by inse...	Sexual reproduction	Wikipedia	302	21304415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20reproduction	Biology and health sciences	Biological reproduction	null
The bryophytes, which include liverworts, hornworts and mosses, reproduce both sexually and vegetatively. They are small plants found growing in moist locations and like ferns, have motile sperm with flagella and need water to facilitate sexual reproduction. These plants start as a haploid spore that grows into the dom...	Sexual reproduction	Wikipedia	476	21304415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20reproduction	Biology and health sciences	Biological reproduction	null
Three distinct processes in prokaryotes are regarded as similar to eukaryotic sex: bacterial transformation, which involves the incorporation of foreign DNA into the bacterial chromosome; bacterial conjugation, which is a transfer of plasmid DNA between bacteria, but the plasmids are rarely incorporated into the bacter...	Sexual reproduction	Wikipedia	409	21304415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20reproduction	Biology and health sciences	Biological reproduction	null
Steam is water vapour (water in the gas phase), often mixed with air and/or an aerosol of liquid water droplets. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization. Steam that is saturated or superheated (water vapor) is invisible; however, wet st...	Steam	Wikipedia	477	21304461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam	Physical sciences	Water	Chemistry
Steam's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric, carpets and flooring, and for heating buildings. In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. Steam is also used in ironing clothes to add enough humidity wit...	Steam	Wikipedia	493	21304461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam	Physical sciences	Water	Chemistry
Sterilization An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization. Steam, especially dry (highly superheated) steam, may be used for antimicrobial cleaning even to the levels of sterilization. Steam is a non-toxic antimicrobial agent. Steam i...	Steam	Wikipedia	333	21304461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam	Physical sciences	Water	Chemistry
Random-access memory (RAM; ) is a form of electronic computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data ins...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	440	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
Early computers used relays, mechanical counters or delay lines for main memory functions. Ultrasonic delay lines were serial devices which could only reproduce data in the order it was written. Drum memory could be expanded at relatively low cost but efficient retrieval of memory items requires knowledge of the physic...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	492	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
MOS RAM In 1957, Frosch and Derick manufactured the first silicon dioxide field-effect transistors at Bell Labs, the first transistors in which drain and source were adjacent at the surface. Subsequently, in 1960, a team demonstrated a working MOSFET at Bell Labs. This led to the development of metal–oxide–semiconducto...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	454	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
In 1966, Robert Dennard invented modern DRAM architecture for which there is a single MOS transistor per capacitor. While examining the characteristics of MOS technology, he found it was capable of building capacitors, and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, whi...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	327	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
Types The two widely used forms of modern RAM are static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM). In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a six-transistor memory cell, typically using six MOSFETs. This form of RAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires less dynamic power than DRAM. In ...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	447	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
The memory cell is the fundamental building block of computer memory. The memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores one bit of binary information and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage level) and reset to store a logic 0 (low voltage level). Its value is maintained/stored until it is changed by the ...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	434	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
One can read and over-write data in RAM. Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of processor registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, paging systems and virtual memory or swap space on a hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as "RAM" by many developers, even though the...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	505	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
Software can "partition" a portion of a computer's RAM, allowing it to act as a much faster hard drive that is called a RAM disk. A RAM disk loses the stored data when the computer is shut down, unless memory is arranged to have a standby battery source, or changes to the RAM disk are written out to a nonvolatile disk....	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	412	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
Another reason for the disparity is the enormous increase in the size of memory since the start of the PC revolution in the 1980s. Originally, PCs contained less than 1 mebibyte of RAM, which often had a response time of 1 CPU clock cycle, meaning that it required 0 wait states. Larger memory units are inherently slowe...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	435	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
A different concept is the processor-memory performance gap, which can be addressed by 3D integrated circuits that reduce the distance between the logic and memory aspects that are further apart in a 2D chip. Memory subsystem design requires a focus on the gap, which is widening over time. The main method of bridging t...	Random-access memory	Wikipedia	320	21306150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20memory	Technology	Data storage	null
In graph theory, the blossom algorithm is an algorithm for constructing maximum matchings on graphs. The algorithm was developed by Jack Edmonds in 1961, and published in 1965. Given a general graph , the algorithm finds a matching such that each vertex in is incident with at most one edge in and is maximized. The ...	Blossom algorithm	Wikipedia	424	24277294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom%20algorithm	Mathematics	Graph theory	null
By Berge's lemma, matching is maximum if and only if there is no -augmenting path in . Hence, either a matching is maximum, or it can be augmented. Thus, starting from an initial matching, we can compute a maximum matching by augmenting the current matching with augmenting paths as long as we can find them, and return...	Blossom algorithm	Wikipedia	504	24277294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom%20algorithm	Mathematics	Graph theory	null
if has an endpoint , then the path segment in is replaced with the segment in , where blossom vertices and and the side of , , going from to are chosen to ensure that the path is alternating ( is exposed, ). Thus blossoms can be contracted and search performed in the contracted graphs. This reduction is at the...	Blossom algorithm	Wikipedia	250	24277294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom%20algorithm	Mathematics	Graph theory	null
INPUT: Graph G, matching M on G OUTPUT: augmenting path P in G or empty path if none found B01 function find_augmenting_path(G, M) : P B02 F ← empty forest B03 unmark all vertices and edges in G, mark all edges of M B05 for each exposed vertex v do B06 create a singleton tree { v } and add the...	Blossom algorithm	Wikipedia	480	24277294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom%20algorithm	Mathematics	Graph theory	null
Finally, it locates an augmenting path in the contracted graph (line B22) and lifts it to the original graph (line B23). Note that the ability of the algorithm to contract blossoms is crucial here; the algorithm cannot find in the original graph directly because only out-of-forest edges between vertices at even dista...	Blossom algorithm	Wikipedia	420	24277294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom%20algorithm	Mathematics	Graph theory	null
The Sup'ung Dam (), also referred to as the Shuifeng Dam and originally the Suihō Dam, is a gravity dam on the Yalu River between Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province in China and Sakju County, North Pyongan Province in North Korea. The dam was constructed by the Japanese between 1937 and 1943 in order ...	Sup'ung Dam	Wikipedia	417	32882672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sup%27ung%20Dam	Technology	Dams	null
The dam's power station and transformer yard were targeted by the United Nations Command three times during the Korean War in order to disrupt power supply. Between 23 and 24 June 1952, the dam was attacked by 250 bombers and fighters, dropping 90 tons of munitions on the power station, transformer yard and auxiliary f...	Sup'ung Dam	Wikipedia	498	32882672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sup%27ung%20Dam	Technology	Dams	null
A smartwatch is a portable wearable computer that resembles a wristwatch. Most modern smartwatches are operated via a touchscreen, and rely on mobile apps that run on a connected device (such as a smartphone) in order to provide core functions. Early smartwatches were capable of performing basic functions like calcula...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	454	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
These models were followed by many others from Seiko during the 1980s, most notably the "RC Series". The RC-1000 Wrist Terminal from Seiko Epson was released in 1984; it was the first Seiko model to interface with a computer and was priced at around £100. It featured 2 KB of storage, a two-line, 12-character display, a...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	433	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Seiko launched the Ruputer in 1998 in Japan, a wristwatch computer with a 3.6 MHz processor. The Ruputer failed to achieve wide success due to its small, hard-to-read screen, cumbersome joystick method of navigation and text input, and poor battery life. Outside of Japan, this watch was distributed as the Matsucom onHa...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	488	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
In the same year, Microsoft announced its SPOT smartwatch, which it released in early 2004. SPOT stands for Smart Personal Objects Technology, an initiative by Microsoft to personalize household electronics and other everyday gadgets. For instance, the company demonstrated coffee makers, weather stations, and alarm clo...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	410	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Pebble was a smartwatch funded via Kickstarter, which set a fundraising record for the site, raising $10.3 million between 12 April and 18 May 2012. The watch has a 144 × 168 pixel black and white memory LCD, using an ultra low-power "transflective LCD" manufactured by Sharp. It features a backlight, vibrating motor, ...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	467	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
As of July 2013, the list of companies that were engaged in smartwatch development activities consisted of Acer, Apple, BlackBerry, Foxconn/Hon Hai, Google, LG, Microsoft, Qualcomm, Samsung, Sony, VESAG and Toshiba. Some notable omissions from this list include HP, HTC, Lenovo, and Nokia. Science and technology journal...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	486	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
At the 2014 Consumer Electronics Show, a large number of new smartwatches were released from various companies such as Razer Inc. Archos, Some called the show a "wrist revolution". At Google I/O on 25 June 2014, the Android Wear platform was introduced and the LG G Watch and Samsung Gear Live were released. The Wear-ba...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	500	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
At the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show, Razer released the Nabu Watch, a dual-screen smartwatch. The first screen integrates an always-on illuminated backlit display and handles standard features such as date and time. The second OLED screen, activated by raising one's wrist, allows access to additional smart features. ...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	491	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Typical features Many smartwatch smartphone models manufactured in the 2010s are completely functional as standalone products. Some are used in sports and feature a GPS tracking unit that can record historical data. For example, after a workout, data can be uploaded onto a computer or online in order to create a log o...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	385	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Security and health issues Tests by UK consumer organization Which? found that ultra-cheap smartwatches and fitness trackers sold online often had serious security flaws, including excessive data collection, insecure data storage, the inability to opt out of data collection, and a lack of a security lock function. Typi...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	488	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Social consequences from the increase in popularity of smartwatches include data collection and data privacy concerns. Smartwatches are capable of collecting personal health data such as activity levels, heart rate, sleep patterns, and other metrics. This user data is often collected and stored in the cloud, which can ...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	512	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
watchOS watchOS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. to run on the Apple Watch. Wear OS Wear OS, previously known as Android Wear, is a smartwatch operating system developed by Google Inc. For children and the elderly In China, since around 2015, smartwatches have become widely used by ...	Smartwatch	Wikipedia	237	28825877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Roundness is the degree of smoothing due to abrasion of sedimentary particles. It is expressed as the ratio of the average radius of curvature of the edges or corners to the radius of curvature of the maximum inscribed sphere. Measure of roundness Rounding, roundness or angularity are terms used to describe the shape...	Roundness (geology)	Wikipedia	473	28831147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundness%20%28geology%29	Physical sciences	Sedimentology	Earth science
Paleogeographic value of determining the degree of roundness of clastic material Roundness is an important indicator of the genetic affiliation of a clastic rock. The degree of roundness points to the range and mode of transport of clastic material, and can also serve as a search criterion in mineral exploration, espec...	Roundness (geology)	Wikipedia	328	28831147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundness%20%28geology%29	Physical sciences	Sedimentology	Earth science
Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula . It is used in ceramics and glasses. It is a white solid but the compound is rarely encountered. Instead "sodium oxide" is used to describe components of various materials such as glasses and fertilizers which contain oxides that include sodium and other elements. S...	Sodium oxide	Wikipedia	485	2010826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20oxide	Physical sciences	Alkali oxide salts	Chemistry
Sodium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2O2. This yellowish solid is the product of sodium ignited in excess oxygen. It is a strong base. This metal peroxide exists in several hydrates and peroxyhydrates including Na2O2·2H2O2·4H2O, Na2O2·2H2O, Na2O2·2H2O2, and Na2O2·8H2O. The octahydrate, which is ...	Sodium peroxide	Wikipedia	405	2010836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20peroxide	Physical sciences	Peroxide salts	Chemistry
Sodium peroxide was used to bleach wood pulp for the production of paper and textiles. Presently it is mainly used for specialized laboratory operations, e.g., the extraction of minerals from various ores. Sodium peroxide may go by the commercial names of Solozone and Flocool. In chemistry preparations, sodium peroxi...	Sodium peroxide	Wikipedia	186	2010836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20peroxide	Physical sciences	Peroxide salts	Chemistry
Potassium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula K2O2. It is formed as potassium reacts with oxygen in the air, along with potassium oxide (K2O) and potassium superoxide (KO2). Potassium peroxide reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide and oxygen: Properties Potassium peroxide is a highly...	Potassium peroxide	Wikipedia	163	2010867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20peroxide	Physical sciences	Peroxide salts	Chemistry
Sodium perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It consists of sodium cations and perchlorate anions . It is a white crystalline, hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and ethanol. It is usually encountered as sodium perchlorate monohydrate . The compound is noteworthy as the most w...	Sodium perchlorate	Wikipedia	485	2011471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20perchlorate	Physical sciences	Halide oxyanions	Chemistry
Sodium perchlorate is the precursor to ammonium, potassium and lithium perchlorate salts, often taking advantage of their low solubility in water relative to (209 g/(100 mL) at 25 °C). It is used for denaturating proteins in biochemistry and in standard DNA extraction and hybridization reactions in molecular biolog...	Sodium perchlorate	Wikipedia	369	2011471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20perchlorate	Physical sciences	Halide oxyanions	Chemistry
Megazostrodon is an extinct genus of basal mammaliaforms belonging to the order Morganucodonta. It is approximately 200 million years old. Two species are known: M. rudnerae from the Early Jurassic of Lesotho and South Africa, and M. chenali from the Late Triassic of France. Discovery The type species M. rudnerae was ...	Megazostrodon	Wikipedia	395	2013229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megazostrodon	Biology and health sciences	Stem-mammals	Animals
Megazostrodon is the best-known genus of the family Megazostrodontidae, part of the larger group Morganucodonta. The other members of this family that are currently known are Indozostrodon, Dinnetherium, Wareolestes and Brachyzostrodon. The megazostrodontids used to be classified as members of a group of mammals called...	Megazostrodon	Wikipedia	480	2013229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megazostrodon	Biology and health sciences	Stem-mammals	Animals
Reproduction Like placentals and possibly Erythrotherium, Megazostrodon is unique among mammaliaforms in lacking epipubic bones. It is likely that Megazostrodon, like the modern monotremes, laid eggs.	Megazostrodon	Wikipedia	51	2013229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megazostrodon	Biology and health sciences	Stem-mammals	Animals
Scrubber systems (e.g. chemical scrubbers, gas scrubbers) are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. An early application of a carbon dioxide scrubber was in the submarine the Ictíneo I, in 1859; a role for which they c...	Scrubber	Wikipedia	482	2013448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubber	Technology	Food, water and health	null
Wet scrubbers can also be used for heat recovery from hot gases by flue-gas condensation. In this mode, termed a condensing scrubber, water from the scrubber drain is circulated through a cooler to the nozzles at the top of the scrubber. The hot gas enters the scrubber at the bottom. If the gas temperature is above the...	Scrubber	Wikipedia	509	2013448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubber	Technology	Food, water and health	null
Dry sorbent injection involves the addition of an alkaline material (usually hydrated lime, soda ash, or sodium bicarbonate) into the gas stream to react with the acid gases. The sorbent can be injected directly into several different locations: the combustion process, the flue gas duct (ahead of the particulate contr...	Scrubber	Wikipedia	433	2013448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubber	Technology	Food, water and health	null
Mercury removal Mercury is a highly toxic element commonly found in coal and municipal waste. Wet scrubbers are only effective for removal of soluble mercury species, such as oxidized mercury, Hg2+. Mercury vapor in its elemental form, Hg0, is insoluble in the scrubber slurry and not removed. Therefore, an additional...	Scrubber	Wikipedia	426	2013448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubber	Technology	Food, water and health	null
Later, in preparation for the global 0.5% sulfur cap in 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted guidelines on the approval, installation and use of exhaust gas scrubbers (exhaust gas cleaning systems) on board ships to ensure compliance with the sulfur regulation of MARPOL Annex VI. Flag states must...	Scrubber	Wikipedia	162	2013448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubber	Technology	Food, water and health	null
A ravine is a landform that is narrower than a canyon and is often the product of streambank erosion. Ravines are typically classified as larger in scale than gullies, although smaller than valleys. Ravines may also be called a cleuch, dell, ghout (Nevis), gill or ghyll, glen, gorge, kloof (South Africa), and chine (Is...	Ravine	Wikipedia	381	2014227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravine	Physical sciences	Fluvial landforms	Earth science
Hawaii The shield volcanoes of Hawaii have significant impact on the distribution of ravines across the islands, specifically Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, the former of which is one the most active shield volcanoes on Earth. Both of these volcanoes show V-shaped ravines on their flanks, solely where they have been mantled ...	Ravine	Wikipedia	234	2014227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravine	Physical sciences	Fluvial landforms	Earth science
A square inch (plural: square inches) is a unit of area, equal to the area of a square with sides of one inch. The following symbols are used to denote square inches: square in sq inches, sq inch, sq in inches/-2, inch/-2, in/-2 inches^2, inch^2, in^2 inches2, inch2, in2 (also denoted by "2) historic engineering drawi...	Square inch	Wikipedia	234	1376450	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20inch	Physical sciences	Area	Basics and measurement
Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is an inorganic compound with the formula . Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate (x = 5), which is a white solid that dissolves well in water. The compound is a reducing agent and a ligand, and these properties underpin its applications. Uses Sodium ...	Sodium thiosulfate	Wikipedia	455	1378708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20thiosulfate	Physical sciences	Sulfuric oxyanions	Chemistry
In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (the active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing b...	Sodium thiosulfate	Wikipedia	482	1378708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20thiosulfate	Physical sciences	Sulfuric oxyanions	Chemistry
Iodometry Some analytical procedures exploit the oxidizability of thiosulfate anion by iodine. The reaction produces tetrathionate: Due to the quantitative nature of this reaction, as well as because has an excellent shelf-life, it is used as a titrant in iodometry. is also a component of iodine clock experiments. ...	Sodium thiosulfate	Wikipedia	227	1378708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20thiosulfate	Physical sciences	Sulfuric oxyanions	Chemistry
Linalool () refers to two enantiomers of a naturally occurring terpene alcohol found in many flowers and spice plants. Together with geraniol, nerol, citronellol, linalool is one of the rose alcohols. Linalool has multiple commercial applications, the majority of which are based on its pleasant scent (floral, with a to...	Linalool	Wikipedia	487	1380144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool	Physical sciences	Terpenes and terpenoids	Chemistry
Aniba rosaeodora Lavandula Cinnamomum tamala Cannabis sativa Basil Solidago (goldenrod) Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) Humulus lupulus (hop) It was first synthesized in the laboratory of Leopold Ružička in 1919. Production Linalool is produced commercially from several terpenes and terpenoid precursors, which ar...	Linalool	Wikipedia	486	1380144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool	Physical sciences	Terpenes and terpenoids	Chemistry
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists linalool in the Code of Federal Regulations under substances generally recognized as safe, synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants.	Linalool	Wikipedia	36	1380144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool	Physical sciences	Terpenes and terpenoids	Chemistry
Symbian was a mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform designed for smartphones. It was originally developed as a proprietary software OS for personal digital assistants in 1998 by the Symbian Ltd. consortium. Symbian OS is a descendant of Psion's EPOC, and was released exclusively on ARM processors, althoug...	Symbian	Wikipedia	173	25686223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian	Technology	Operating Systems	null
The Symbian OS platform is formed of two components: one being the microkernel-based operating system with its associated libraries, and the other being the user interface (as middleware), which provides the graphical shell atop the OS. The most prominent user interface was the S60 (formerly Series 60) platform built b...	Symbian	Wikipedia	346	25686223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian	Technology	Operating Systems	null
The Symbian Foundation disintegrated in late 2010 and Nokia took back control of the OS development. In February 2011, Nokia, by then the only remaining company still supporting Symbian outside Japan, announced that it would use Microsoft's Windows Phone 7 as its primary smartphone platform, while Symbian would be grad...	Symbian	Wikipedia	379	25686223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Despite its sizable market share then, Symbian was at various stages difficult to develop for: First (at around early-to-mid-2000s) due to the complexity of then the only native programming languages Open Programming Language (OPL) and Symbian C++, and of the OS; then the stubborn developer bureaucracy, along with high...	Symbian	Wikipedia	470	25686223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Nokia became the major contributor to Symbian's code, since it then possessed the development resources for both the Symbian OS core and the user interface. Since then Nokia maintained its own code repository for the platform development, regularly releasing its development to the public repository. Symbian was intende...	Symbian	Wikipedia	417	25686223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian	Technology	Operating Systems	null
With market share sliding from 39% in Q32010 to 31% in Q42010, Symbian was losing ground to iOS and Android quickly, eventually falling behind Android in Q42010. Stephen Elop was appointed the CEO of Nokia in September 2010, and on 11 February 2011, he announced a partnership with Microsoft that would see Nokia adopt W...	Symbian	Wikipedia	463	25686223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Symbian^4 was planned to introduce a new GUI library framework specifically designed for a touch-based interface, known as "UI Extensions for Mobile" or UIEMO (internal project name "Orbit"), which was built on top of Qt Widget; a preview was released in January 2010, however in October 2010 Nokia announced that Orbit/...	Symbian	Wikipedia	368	25686223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian	Technology	Operating Systems	null
Arabic (Arabic) Basque (Latin) Bulgarian (Cyrillic) Catalan (Latin) Chinese [PRC] (Simplified Chinese) Chinese [Hong Kong] (Traditional Chinese) Chinese [Taiwan] (Traditional Chinese) Croatian (Latin) Czech (Latin) Danish (Latin) Dutch (Latin) English [UK] (Latin) English [US] (Latin) Estonian (Latin) Finnish (Latin) F...	Symbian	Wikipedia	501	25686223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian	Technology	Operating Systems	null

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