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There is little sexual dimorphism, save for the females being slightly smaller than males. The gray fox ranges from in total length. The tail measures of that length and its hind feet measure . The gray fox typically weighs , though exceptionally large individuals can weigh as much as . The gray fox is readily distin... | Gray fox | Wikipedia | 418 | 896399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20fox | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Genetic analyses of the fox-like canids confirmed that the gray fox is a distinct genus from the red foxes (Vulpes spp.). The genus Urocyon is considered to be sister to the other living canid taxa. Genetically, the gray fox often clusters with two other ancient lineages: The east Asian raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyon... | Gray fox | Wikipedia | 373 | 896399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20fox | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Behavior
The gray fox is specifically adapted to climb trees. Its strong, hooked claws allow it to scramble up trees to escape many predators, such as the domestic dog or the coyote, or to reach tree-bound or arboreal food sources. It can climb branchless, vertical trunks to heights of and jump from branch to branch. ... | Gray fox | Wikipedia | 377 | 896399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20fox | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Gray foxes often hunt for the same prey as bobcats and coyotes who occupy the same region. To avoid interspecific competition, the gray fox has developed certain behaviors and habits to increase their survival chances. In regions where gray foxes and coyotes hunt for the same food, the gray fox has been observed to giv... | Gray fox | Wikipedia | 503 | 896399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20fox | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The annual reproductive cycle of males has been described through epididymal smears. They become fertile earlier and remain fertile longer than females.
Logs, trees, rocks, burrows, or abandoned dwellings serve as suitable den sites. Dens are used at any time during the year but mostly during whelping season. Dens are... | Gray fox | Wikipedia | 502 | 896399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20fox | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Hunting
Gray foxes are hunted in the U.S. The intensity of the hunting has correlated with the value of their pelts. Between the 1970–1971 and 1975–1976 hunting seasons, the price of gray fox pelts greatly increased and the number of individuals hunted jumped over six-fold from 26,109 to 163,458. It has been recently ... | Gray fox | Wikipedia | 390 | 896399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20fox | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Parasites
Parasites of gray fox include trematode Metorchis conjunctus. Other common parasites that were collected on gray foxes in Texas were a variety of tapeworms (Mesocestoides litteratus, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia serialis) and roundworms (Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Haemonchus similis, Spirocer... | Gray fox | Wikipedia | 129 | 896399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%20fox | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
A magazine, often simply called a mag, is an ammunition storage and feeding device for a repeating firearm, either integral within the gun (internal/fixed magazine) or externally attached (detachable magazine). The magazine functions by holding several cartridges within itself and sequentially pushing each one into a p... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 403 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
History
The earliest firearms were loaded with loose powder and a lead ball, and to fire more than a single shot without reloading required multiple barrels, such as in pepper-box guns, double-barreled rifles, double-barreled shotguns, or multiple chambers, such as in revolvers. The main problem with these solutions is... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 486 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The second magazine-fed firearm to achieve widespread success was the Spencer repeating rifle, which saw service in the American Civil War. The Spencer used a tubular magazine located in the butt of the gun instead of under the barrel and it used new rimfire metallic cartridges. The Spencer was successful, but the rimf... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 341 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Two early box magazine patents were the ones by Rollin White in 1855 and William Harding in 1859. A detachable box magazine was patented in 1864 by the American Robert Wilson. Unlike later box magazines this magazine fed into a tube magazine and was located in the stock of the gun. Another box magazine, closer to the m... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 405 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The bolt-action Krag–Jørgensen rifle, designed in Norway in 1886, used a unique rotary magazine that was built into the receiver. Like Lee's box magazine, the rotary magazine held the rounds side-by-side, rather than end-to-end. Like most rotary magazines, it was loaded through a loading gate one round at a time, this ... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 492 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
In the late 19th century, there were many short-lived designs, such as the M1895 Lee Navy and Gewehr 1888, eventually replaced by the M1903 Springfield rifle and Gewehr 98 respectively. The Russian Mosin–Nagant, adopted in 1891, was an exception. It was not revolutionary; it was a bolt-action rifle, used a small-bore s... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 306 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
One of the last new clip-fed, fixed-magazine rifles widely adopted that was not a modification of an earlier rifle was the M1 Garand. The M1 Garand was the first gas-operated semi-automatic rifle adopted and issued in large numbers as the standard service rifle of any military in the world. The M1 Garand was fed by a s... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 436 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The Lee–Metford rifle, developed in 1888, was one of the first rifles to use a detachable box magazine, and the spare one could be optionally worn on soldier equipment, although with the adoption of the Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I this became only detachable for cleaning and not swapped to reload the weapon. Howeve... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 460 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The M1911 semi-automatic pistol set the standard for most modern handguns and likewise the mechanics of the handgun magazine. In most handguns the magazine follower engages a slide-stop to hold the slide back and keep the firearm out of battery when the magazine is empty and all rounds fired. Upon inserting a loaded ma... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 503 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
All cartridge-based single-barrel firearms designed to fire more than a single round of ammunition without manual reloading require some form of magazine designed to store and feed cartridges into the firearm's action. Magazines come in many shapes and sizes, with the most common type in modern firearms being the detac... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 403 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Tubular
Many of the first repeating rifles and shotguns, particularly lever-action rifles and pump-action shotguns, used magazines that stored cartridges nose-to-end inside of a spring-loaded tube that typically runs parallel underneath the barrel, or inside of the buttstock. Tubular magazines are also commonly used in... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 206 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The most popular type of magazine in modern rifles and handguns, a box magazine stores cartridges in a column, either one above the other or in staggered zigzag fashion. This zigzag stack is often identified as a double-column or double-stack (The double-stack is much more common because of its ability to store more ro... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 466 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
There are, however, exceptions to these rules. The Lee–Enfield rifle had a detachable box magazine only to facilitate cleaning. The Lee–Enfield magazine did open, permitting rapid unloading of the magazine without having to operate the bolt-action repeatedly to unload the magazine. Other designs, like the Breda Modello... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 406 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Another form of box magazine, sometimes referred to as a "quad-column", can hold a large amount of ammunition. It is wider than a standard box magazine, but retains the same length. Casket magazines can be found on the Suomi KP/-31, Hafdasa C-4, Spectre M4, QCW-05 and on 5.45×39mm AK rifle derivatives, and now the Kel... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 301 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The rotary (or spool) magazine consists of a cylindrical sprocket actuated by a torsion spring, with cartridges fitting between the tooth bar of the sprocket, which is mounted on a spindle parallel to the bore axis and rotates each round sequentially into the feeding position. Rotary magazines may be fixed or detachabl... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 358 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Drum magazines are used primarily for light machine guns. In one type, a moving partition within a cylindrical chamber forces loose rounds into an exit slot, with the cartridges being stored parallel to the axis of rotation. After loading of the magazine, a wound spring or other mechanism forces the partition against t... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 473 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Helical magazines extend the drum magazine design so that rounds follow a spiral path around an auger-shaped rotating follower or drive member, allowing for large ammunition capacity in a relatively compact package (compared to a regular box magazine of similar capacity). Early helical magazine designs include that pat... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 469 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
A STANAG magazine or NATO magazine is a type of detachable magazine proposed by NATO in October 1980. Shortly after NATO's acceptance of the 5.56×45mm NATO rifle cartridge, Draft Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 4179 was proposed in order to allow NATO members to easily share rifle ammunition and magazines down to th... | Magazine (firearms) | Wikipedia | 344 | 896497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine%20%28firearms%29 | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
An arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) or arc-fault detection device (AFDD) is a circuit breaker that breaks the circuit when it detects the electric arcs that are a signature of loose connections in home wiring. Loose connections, which can develop over time, can sometimes become hot enough to ignite house fires. An ... | Arc-fault circuit interrupter | Wikipedia | 438 | 897047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault%20circuit%20interrupter | Technology | Electrical protective devices | null |
Conventional circuit breakers respond only to overloads and short circuits, so they do not protect against arcing conditions that produce erratic, and often reduced current. AFCIs are devices designed to protect against fires caused by arcing faults in the home electrical wiring. The AFCI circuitry continuously monitor... | Arc-fault circuit interrupter | Wikipedia | 290 | 897047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault%20circuit%20interrupter | Technology | Electrical protective devices | null |
Starting with the 1999 version of the National Electrical Code in the United States, and the 2002 version of the Canadian Electrical Code in Canada, the national codes require AFCIs in all circuits that feed outlets in bedrooms of dwelling units. As of the 2014 NEC, AFCI protection is required on all branch circuits su... | Arc-fault circuit interrupter | Wikipedia | 437 | 897047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault%20circuit%20interrupter | Technology | Electrical protective devices | null |
In 2002, the NEC removed the word "receptacle", leaving "outlets", with the effect that lights and other wired-in devices such as ceiling fans within bedrooms were added to the requirement. The 2005 code made it clearer that all outlets must be protected despite discussion in the code-making panel about excluding bedro... | Arc-fault circuit interrupter | Wikipedia | 364 | 897047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault%20circuit%20interrupter | Technology | Electrical protective devices | null |
4. This option does have a single manufacturer who has a solution on the market. This option includes a listed outlet branch-circuit-type AFCI that is installed on the branch circuit at the first outlet in combination with a listed branch-circuit overcurrent protective device when the following four conditions are met... | Arc-fault circuit interrupter | Wikipedia | 461 | 897047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault%20circuit%20interrupter | Technology | Electrical protective devices | null |
Australia and New Zealand
The Australian and New Zealand regulations – Wiring Rules (AS NZS 3000:2018) do not require installation of AFDDs in Australia. However, in New Zealand all final sub-circuits with ratings up to 20 A will require protection by an AFDD if they supply locations with significant fire risk, locati... | Arc-fault circuit interrupter | Wikipedia | 427 | 897047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault%20circuit%20interrupter | Technology | Electrical protective devices | null |
AFCIs do not detect low line voltage. Low line voltage can cause electromechanical relays to repeatedly turn off and on, or "chatter". If current is flowing through the load contacts, it causes arcing across the contacts as they open. The arcing can oxidize, pit, and melt the contacts. This process can increase the con... | Arc-fault circuit interrupter | Wikipedia | 121 | 897047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault%20circuit%20interrupter | Technology | Electrical protective devices | null |
An asteroid family is a population of asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements, such as semimajor axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination. The members of the families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions. An asteroid family is a more specific term than asteroid group whose members, w... | Asteroid family | Wikipedia | 419 | 897091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid%20family | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Asteroid families are thought to have lifetimes of the order of a billion years, depending on various factors (e.g. smaller asteroids are lost faster). This is significantly shorter than the Solar System's age, so few if any are relics of the early Solar System. Decay of families occurs both because of slow dissipation... | Asteroid family | Wikipedia | 506 | 897091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid%20family | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
The Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama (1874–1943) pioneered the estimation of proper elements for asteroids, and first identified several of the most prominent families in 1918. In his honor, asteroid families are sometimes called Hirayama families. This particularly applies to the five prominent groupings discove... | Asteroid family | Wikipedia | 412 | 897091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid%20family | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
The term cluster is also used to describe a small asteroid family, such as the Karin cluster. Clumps are groupings which have relatively few members but are clearly distinct from the background (e.g. the Juno clump). Clans are groupings which merge very gradually into the background density and/or have a complex intern... | Asteroid family | Wikipedia | 187 | 897091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid%20family | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Eos family
The Eos family (adj. Eoan; 9,789 members, named after 221 Eos)
Eunomia family
The Eunomia family (adj. Eunomian; 5,670 known members, named after 15 Eunomia) is a family of S-type asteroids. It is the most prominent family in the intermediate asteroid belt and the 6th-largest family with approximately 1.4%... | Asteroid family | Wikipedia | 491 | 897091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid%20family | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Other asteroid families from miscellaneous sources (not listed in the above table), as well as non-asteroid families include: | Asteroid family | Wikipedia | 24 | 897091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid%20family | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Insemination is the introduction of sperm (in semen) into a female or hermaphrodite's reproductive system in order to fertilize the ovum through sexual reproduction. The sperm enters into the uterus of a mammal or the oviduct of an oviparous (egg-laying) animal. Female humans and other mammals are inseminated during se... | Insemination | Wikipedia | 235 | 897567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insemination | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Insemination during sexual intercourse through penile–vaginal penetration is referred to as natural insemination (i.e., insemination by natural means). If an artificial lubricant needs to be used, care must be taken that it does not have spermicidal properties. During ejaculation, semen, containing male gametes known ... | Insemination | Wikipedia | 487 | 897567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insemination | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
The term is also used in the context of third-party insemination, where a male who is not the woman's usual sexual partner (i.e., a sperm donor) fathers a child for the woman by providing his sperm through sexual intercourse rather than by providing his sperm for it to be used to produce a pregnancy in the woman by art... | Insemination | Wikipedia | 474 | 897567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insemination | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
The sperm for insemination may be provided either by a sexual partner of the female's choice or by a sperm donor. Donor sperm is most commonly used by lesbian couples and single women, and by heterosexual couples when the male partner is suffering from male infertility. In some circumstances, sperm has been collecte... | Insemination | Wikipedia | 298 | 897567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insemination | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Vipera berus, also known as the common European adder and the common European viper, is a species of venomous snake in the family Viperidae. The species is extremely widespread and can be found throughout much of Europe, and as far as East Asia. There are three recognised subspecies.
Known by a host of common names in... | Adder | Wikipedia | 493 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
In keeping with its wide distribution and familiarity through the ages, Vipera berus has a large number of common names in English, which include:
Common European adder, common European viper, European viper, northern viper, adder, common adder, crossed viper, European adder, common viper, European common viper, cross ... | Adder | Wikipedia | 417 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
The eye is relatively large—equal in size or slightly larger than the nasal scale—but often smaller in females. Below the supraoculars are six to 13 (usually eight to 10) small circumorbital scales. The temporal scales are smooth (rarely weakly keeled). There are 10–12 sublabials and six to 10 (usually eight or 9) supr... | Adder | Wikipedia | 428 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Vipera berus has a wide range. It can be found across the Eurasian land-mass; from northwestern Europe (Great Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Germany, France) across southern Europe (Italy, Serbia, Albania, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and northern Greece) and east... | Adder | Wikipedia | 423 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
In Great Britain, it is illegal to kill, injure, harm or sell adders under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The same situation applies to Norway under the (The Wildlife Act 1981) and Denmark (1981). In Finland (Nature Conservation Act 9/2023) killing an adder is legal if it's not possible to capture and transfer... | Adder | Wikipedia | 403 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Adders are not usually aggressive, tending to be rather timid and biting only when cornered or alarmed. People are generally bitten only after stepping on them or attempting to pick them up. They will usually disappear into the undergrowth at a hint of any danger, but will return once all is quiet, often to the same sp... | Adder | Wikipedia | 438 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Reproduction
In Hungary, mating takes place in the last week of April, whilst in the north it happens later (in the second week of May). Mating has also been observed in June and even early October, but it is not known if this autumn mating results in any offspring. Females often breed once every two years, or even onc... | Adder | Wikipedia | 437 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Venom
Because of the rapid rate of human expansion throughout the range of this species, bites are relatively common. Domestic animals and livestock are frequent victims. In Great Britain, most instances occur in March–October. In Sweden, there are about 1,300 bites a year, with an estimated 12% that require hospitalis... | Adder | Wikipedia | 418 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Local symptoms include immediate and intense pain, followed after a few minutes (but perhaps by as much as 30 minutes) by swelling and a tingling sensation. Blisters containing blood are not common. The pain may spread within a few hours, along with tenderness and inflammation. Reddish lymphangitic lines and bruising m... | Adder | Wikipedia | 444 | 897576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Steam is a digital distribution service and storefront developed by Valve Corporation. It was launched as a software client in September 2003 to provide game updates automatically for Valve's games and expanded to distributing third-party titles in late 2005. Steam offers various features, such as game server matchmaki... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 457 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Valve began its own platform development in 2002, using the working names "Grid" and "Gazelle". The Steam platform was announced at the Game Developers Conference event on March 22, 2002, and released for beta testing that day. Prior to the implementation of Steam, Valve had a publishing contract with Sierra Studios; t... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 472 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In 2020, Electronic Arts started to publish selected games on Steam, and offered its rebranded subscription service EA Play on the platform. In 2022, Ubisoft announced that it would return to selling its recent games on Steam, starting with Assassin's Creed Valhalla, stating that it was "constantly evaluating how to br... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 491 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In September 2008, Valve added support for Steam Cloud, a service that can automatically store saved game and related custom files on Valve's servers; users can access this data from any machine running the Steam client. Users can disable this feature on a per-game and per-account basis. Cloud saving was expanded in Ja... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 420 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
By its acceptable use policy, Valve retains the right to block customers' access to their games and Steam services when Valve's Anti-Cheat (VAC) software determines that the user is cheating in multiplayer games, selling accounts to others, or trading games to exploit regional price differences. Blocking such users ini... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 208 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Storefront features
The Steam client includes a digital storefront called the Steam Store through which users can purchase games. Once the game is bought, a software license is permanently attached to the user's Steam account, allowing them to download the software on any compatible device. Game licenses can be given ... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 388 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Users of Steam's storefront can also purchase games and other software as gifts for another Steam user. Before May 2017, users could purchase these gifts to be held in their profile's inventory until they opted to gift them. However, this feature enabled a gray market around some games, where a user in a country where ... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 476 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In 2013, Steam began to accept player reviews of games. Other users can subsequently rate these reviews as helpful, humorous, or otherwise unhelpful, which are then used to highlight the most useful reviews on the game's Steam store page. Steam also aggregates these reviews and enables users to sort products based on t... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 294 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Valve added support for free-to-play games on Steam as well as support for in-game microtransactions through the use of Steamworks in June 2011, while support was added in September 2011 for trading in-game items and "unopened" gifts between users. Steam Coupons, which was introduced in December 2011, provides single-u... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 512 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Valve took a flat 30% share of all revenue generated from direct Steam sales and microtransactions until October 2018 when they changed their policy to reduce the cut to 25% once revenue for a game surpasses , and further to 20% at . The policy change was seen by journalists as trying to entice larger developers to sta... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 417 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Valve launched Steam Guard in March 2011 with the goal of protecting Steam users against account hijacking via phishing schemes, one of the largest security problems Valve had at the time. Steam Guard was advertised to take advantage of the identity protection provided by Intel's second-generation Core processors and c... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 430 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In July 2015, a bug in the software allowed anyone to reset the password to any account by using the "forgot password" function of the client. High-profile professional gamers and streamers lost access to their accounts. In December 2015, Steam's content delivery network was misconfigured in response to a DDoS attack, ... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 359 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
User interface and functionality
Since November 2013, Steam has allowed for users to review their purchased games and organize them into categories set by the user and add to favorite lists for quick access.
Players can add non-Steam games to their libraries, allowing the game to be easily accessed from the Steam clie... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 504 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In-Home Streaming was introduced in May 2014; it allows users to stream games installed on one computer to another on the same home network with low latency. By June 2019, Valve renamed this feature to Remote Play, allowing users to stream games across devices that may be outside of their home network. Steam's "Remote ... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 480 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Through Steamworks, Steam provides a means of server browsing for multiplayer games that use the Steam Community features, allowing users to create lobbies with friends or members of common groups. Steamworks also provides Valve Anti-Cheat (VAC), Valve's anti-cheat system; game servers automatically detect and report u... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 478 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In June 2023, a visual and architectural overhaul was released, unifying the backend functions of the Steam and Steam Deck clients and redesigning the desktop client. As part of this, the in-game overlay received a new customizable design where users can pin windows such as chat or game guides on top of the current gam... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 509 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Steam has conducted and partially published a monthly opt-in hardware and software survey between 2007 and 2010.
Valve added the ability for developers to sell games under an early access model with a special section of the Steam store, starting in March 2013. This program allows developers to release functional, but ... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 478 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
By January 2015, Valve themselves had provided some user-developed Workshop content as paid-for features in Valve-developed games, including Team Fortress 2 and Dota 2; with over $57 million being paid to content creators using the Workshop. Valve began allowing developers to use these advanced features in January 2015... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 486 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Steam Greenlight
Valve announced Steam Greenlight to streamline game addition to the service in July 2012 and released the following month. Through Greenlight, Steam users would choose which games were added to the service. Developers were able to submit information about their games, as well as early builds or beta v... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 424 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
On announcing its plans for Steam Direct, Valve suggested the fee would be in the range of $100–5,000, meant to encourage earnest software submissions to the service and weed out poor quality games that are treated as shovelware, improving the discovery pipeline to Steam's customers. Smaller developers raised concerns ... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 456 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
By February 2017, Valve reported that with the second Discovery update, the number of games shown to users via the store's front page increased by 42%, with more conversions into sales from that viewership. In 2016, more games are meeting a rough metric of success defined by Valve as selling more than $200,000 in reven... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 447 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Steam Charts were introduced in September 2022 and publicly track the storefront's best-selling and most-played games, including historically by week and month. Charts replaced a previous statistics page to be more comprehensive, and features content that had previously been part of third-party websites including Steam... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 469 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Other actions taken by developers against the terms of service or other policies have prompted Valve to remove games, which has included asset flips, review manipulation, misuse of Steamworks tools, and hostile activities towards Steam users.
Valve has banned games that incorporate blockchain-type technologies, such ... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 395 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In June 2018, Valve clarified its policy on content, taking a more hands-off approach outside of illegal material. Rather than trying to make decisions themselves on what content is appropriate, Valve enhanced its filtering system to allow developers and publishers to indicate and justify the types of mature content (v... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 487 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Platforms, devices and regions
Valve introduced the Steam Hardware Survey in 2003 ahead of the release of Half-Life 2. At that time, no information was available as to the distribution of CPU and GPU units among gamers, so Valve used the survey, which automatically collected hardware information with the user's permis... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 427 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Steam for macOS was originally planned for release in April 2010 before being pushed back to May 12, 2010. In addition to the Steam client, several features were made available to developers, allowing them to take advantage of the cross-platform Source engine and Steamworks' platform and network capabilities. Through t... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 503 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In August 2018, Valve released a beta version of Proton (named Steam Play), an open-source Windows compatibility layer for Linux, so that Linux users could run Windows games directly through Steam for Linux. Proton comprises a set of open-source tools including Wine and DXVK. The software allows the use of Steam-suppor... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 429 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
The Xbox 360 does not have support for Steamworks. Newell said that they would have liked to bring the service to the console through the game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, but later said that cross-platform play would not be present in the final version of the game. Valve attributes the inability to use Steamworks... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 407 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Steam-branded devices
Before 2013, industry analysts believed that Valve was developing hardware and tuning features of Steam with apparent use on its own hardware. These computers were pre-emptively dubbed as "Steam Boxes" by the gaming community and expected to be a dedicated machine focused on Steam functionality a... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 490 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
China has strict regulations on video games and Internet use; however, access to Steam is allowed through China's governmental firewalls. Currently, a large portion of Steam users are from China. By November 2017, more than half of the Steam userbase was fluent in Chinese, an effect created by the large popularity of D... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 501 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Steam's customer service has been highly criticized, with users citing poor response times or lack of response. In March 2015, Valve was given a failing "F" grade from the Better Business Bureau due to a large number of complaints about Valve's handling of Steam, leading Valve's Erik Johnson to state that "we don't fee... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 359 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Valve also considers concurrent users – how many accounts were logged in at the same time – a key indicator of the success of the platform. By August 2017, Valve reported that they saw a peak of 14 million concurrent players, up from 8.4 million in 2015, with 33 million concurrent players each day and 67 million each m... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 406 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Developers and publishers have asked for some metrics of sales for games, to allow them to judge the potential success of a title by reviewing how similar games have performed. Algorithms that worked on publicly available data through user profiles to estimate sales data with some accuracy led to the creation of the we... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 486 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Steam was estimated to have the largest share of the PC digital distribution market in the 2010s. In 2013, sales via the Steam catalog are estimated to be between 50 and 75 percent of the total PC gaming market. In 2010 and 2013, with an increase in retail copies of major game publishers integrating or requiring Steam,... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 462 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Legal disputes
Steam's predominance has led to Valve becoming involved in various legal cases. The lack of a formal refund policy led the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) to sue Valve in September 2014 for violating Australian consumer laws that required stores to offer refunds for faulty or broke... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 368 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In 2017, the European Commission began investigating Valve and five other publishers—Bandai Namco Entertainment, Capcom, Focus Home Interactive, Koch Media, and ZeniMax Media—for anti-competitive practices, specifically the use of geo-blocking to prevent access to software within certain countries within the European E... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 276 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
A separate class-action lawsuit filed against Valve by Wolfire Games in April 2021 asserted that Steam is essentially a monopoly, since developers must sell to PC users through it and that its 30% cut and "most favored nation" pricing practices violate antitrust laws as a result of their position. Valve's response, fil... | Steam (service) | Wikipedia | 299 | 898503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20%28service%29 | Technology | Multimedia | null |
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus in the Asfarviridae family. It is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF). The virus causes a hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in domestic pigs; some isolates can cause death of animals as quickly as a week after infection. It pe... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 377 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
The virus encodes enzymes required for replication and transcription of its genome, including elements of a base excision repair system, structural proteins, and many proteins that are not essential for replication in cells, but instead have roles in virus survival and transmission in its hosts. Virus replication takes... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 421 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
Evolution
The virus is thought to be derived from a virus of soft tick (genus Ornithodoros) that infects wild swine, including giant forest hogs (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), and bushpigs (Potamochoerus porcus). In these wild hosts, infection is generally asymptomatic. This virus app... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 463 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
Diagnosis
The clinical symptoms of ASFV infection are very similar to classical swine fever, and the two diseases normally have to be distinguished by laboratory diagnosis. This diagnosis is usually performed by an ELISA, real time PCR, or isolation of the virus from either the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, or serum of ... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 424 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
ASFV crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and outbreaks were reported in some Caribbean islands, including Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti). Resultantly, US Customs and Border Protection is on high alert to prevent any spread to the US, which would inflict billions of dollars of damage to the pork industry in the count... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 398 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
African swine fever had become endemic in the Russian Federation since spreading into the North Caucasus in November 2007, most likely through movements of infected wild boar from Georgia to Chechnya, said a 2013 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization, a United Nations agency. The report showed how the disease... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 219 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
"Wholesale buyers, particularly the military food supply system, hav[ing] been implicated multiple times in the illegal distribution of contaminated meat" were vectors for the virus's spread, said the Food and Agriculture Organization report—and evidence of that was "repeated outbreaks in Leningrad oblast". The report ... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 460 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
Estonia in July 2015 recorded its first case of African swine fever in farmed pigs in Valgamaa on the country's border with Latvia. Another case was reported the same day in Viljandi County, which also borders Latvia. All the pigs were culled and their carcasses incinerated. Less than a month later, almost 15,000 farme... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 451 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
In September 2020, the German agriculture minister confirmed on a press conference that the African swine fever virus reached Germany. The virus was discovered on a wild boar carcass, which the test results confirmed all as positive results. The dead boar was located in the district of Spree-Neisse, Brandenburg, just a... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 418 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
Ze Chen, Shan Gao and co-workers from Nankai University detected ASFV in Dermacentor (hard ticks) from sheep and bovines using small RNA sequencing. This 235-bp segment had an identity of 99% to a 235-bp DNA segment of ASFV and contained three single nucleotide mutations (C38T, C76T and A108C). C38T, resulting in a sin... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 502 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
On May 29, China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs said it had found a new outbreak of ASF near the city of Lanzhou in northwestern Gansu Province.
On April 9, 2019, a pig carcass with ASF was discovered on the shore of Nangan in the Matsu Islands (Lienchiang County) leading to a week-long ban on the transpo... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 434 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
In Sabah, Malaysia, outbreaks of ASF had been detected in domestic pigs by February 2021. However, large numbers of dead wild pigs had been reported dead since January, and over a hundred Bornean bearded pigs had been found dead as of March 2021; the Sabah Wildlife Department later stated that it was probably due to AS... | African swine fever virus | Wikipedia | 356 | 5094165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20swine%20fever%20virus | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
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