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Historically, mathematics was most important in the natural sciences and engineering. However, since World War II, fields outside the physical sciences have spawned the creation of new areas of mathematics, such as game theory and social choice theory, which grew out of economic considerations. Further, the utilization... | Applied mathematics | Wikipedia | 506 | 24295969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20mathematics | Mathematics | Other | null |
Scientific computing
Scientific computing includes applied mathematics (especially numerical analysis), computing science (especially high-performance computing), and mathematical modelling in a scientific discipline.
Computer science
Computer science relies on logic, algebra, discrete mathematics such as graph theory... | Applied mathematics | Wikipedia | 444 | 24295969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20mathematics | Mathematics | Other | null |
A paddy field is a flooded field of arable land used for growing semiaquatic crops, most notably rice and taro. It originates from the Neolithic rice-farming cultures of the Yangtze River basin in southern China, associated with pre-Austronesian and Hmong-Mien cultures. It was spread in prehistoric times by the expansi... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 504 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Genetic evidence shows that all forms of paddy rice, including both indica and japonica, spring from a domestication of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon by cultures associated with pre-Austronesian and Hmong-Mien-speakers. This occurred 13,500 to 8,200 years ago south of the Yangtze River in present-day China.
There are ... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 470 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
In the terminal Neolithic (2500 to 2000 BC), Shijiahe shrank in size, and Liangzhu disappeared altogether. This is largely believed to be the result of the southward expansion of the early Sino-Tibetan Longshan culture. Fortifications like walls (as well as extensive moats in Liangzhu cities) are common features in set... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 488 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Rice and wet-field agriculture were also introduced to Madagascar, the Comoros, and the coast of East Africa around the 1st millennium AD by Austronesian settlers from the Greater Sunda Islands.
Korea
There are ten archaeologically excavated rice paddy fields in Korea. The two oldest are the Okhyun and Yaumdong sites,... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 479 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Japan
The first paddy fields in Japan date to the Early Yayoi period (300 BC – 250 AD). The Early Yayoi has been re-dated, and based on studies of early Japanese paddy formations in Kyushu it appears that wet-field rice agriculture in Japan was directly adopted from the Lower Yangtze river basin in Eastern China.
Cult... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 349 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
During the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC), two revolutionary improvements in farming technology took place. One was the use of cast iron tools and beasts of burden to pull plows, and the other was the large-scale harnessing of rivers and development of water conservation projects. Sunshu Ao of the 6th century BC... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 477 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Prime Javanese paddies yield roughly 6 metric tons of unmilled rice (2.5 metric tons of milled rice) per hectare. When irrigation is available, rice farmers typically plant Green Revolution rice varieties allowing three growing seasons per year. Since fertilizer and pesticide are relatively expensive inputs, farmers ty... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 393 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Ta () is used as a part of many place names as well as in many family names. Most of these places are somehow related to the paddy field and, in many cases, are based on the history of a particular location. For example, where a river runs through a village, the place east of the river may be called Higashida (), liter... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 508 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
The Hanja character for 'field', jeon (), is found in some place names, especially small farming townships and villages. However, the specific Korean term for 'paddy' is a purely Korean word, "non" ().
Madagascar
In Madagascar, the average annual consumption of rice is 130 kg per person, one of the largest in the wo... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 476 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Rice is grown in Myanmar primarily in three areas – the Irrawaddy Delta, the area along and the delta of the Kaladan River, and the Central plains around Mandalay, though there has been an increase in rice farming in Shan State and Kachin State in recent years. Up until the later 1960s, Myanmar was the main exporter of... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 495 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Located at Barangay Batad in Banaue, the Batad Rice Terraces are shaped like an amphitheatre, and can be reached by a 12-kilometer ride from Banaue Hotel and a 2-hour hike uphill through mountain trails. The Bangaan Rice Terraces portray the typical Ifugao community, where the livelihood activities are within the villa... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 452 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Thailand has a strong tradition of rice production. It has the fifth-largest amount of land used for rice cultivation in the world and is the world's largest exporter of rice. Thailand has plans to further increase its land available for rice production, with a goal of adding 500,000 hectares to the 9.2 million hectare... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 504 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Ecology
Paddy fields are a major source of atmospheric methane which contributes to global warming, having been estimated to contribute in the range of 50 to 100 million tonnes of the gas per annum. Studies have shown that this can be significantly reduced while also boosting crop yield by draining the paddies to allo... | Paddy field | Wikipedia | 155 | 541808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20field | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used as research tools in molecular biology.
The term cultur... | Microbiological culture | Wikipedia | 456 | 541900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological%20culture | Biology and health sciences | Biology basics | Biology |
Prokaryotic culture
The culturing of prokaryotes typically involves bacteria, since archaea are difficult to culture in a laboratory setting. To obtain a pure prokaryotic culture, one must start the culture from a single cell or a single colony of the organism. Since a prokaryotic colony is the asexual offspring of a ... | Microbiological culture | Wikipedia | 468 | 541900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological%20culture | Biology and health sciences | Biology basics | Biology |
Liquid cultures are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay in which the liquid broth is inoculated with bacteria and let to grow overnight (a ‘shaker’ may be used to mechanically mix the broth, to encourage uniform growth). Subsequently, aliquots of the sample are taken to test for the antimicrobial activity o... | Microbiological culture | Wikipedia | 499 | 541900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological%20culture | Biology and health sciences | Biology basics | Biology |
Selective media
Selective media is used to distinguish organisms by allowing for a specific kind of organism to grow on it while inhibiting the growth of others. For example, eosin methylene blue (EMB) may be used to select against Gram-positive bacteria, most of which have hindered growth on EMB, and select for Gram-... | Microbiological culture | Wikipedia | 405 | 541900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological%20culture | Biology and health sciences | Biology basics | Biology |
Solid plate culture of thermophilic microorganisms
For solid plate cultures of thermophilic microorganisms such as Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus etc. growing at temperatures of 50 to 70 degrees C, low acyl clarified gellan gum has been proven to be the ... | Microbiological culture | Wikipedia | 169 | 541900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological%20culture | Biology and health sciences | Biology basics | Biology |
Anopheles () is a genus of mosquito first described by the German entomologist J. W. Meigen in 1818, and are known as nail mosquitoes and marsh mosquitoes. Many such mosquitoes are vectors of the parasite Plasmodium, a genus of protozoans that cause malaria in birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. The Anophel... | Anopheles | Wikipedia | 490 | 542071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
The genus name Anopheles was introduced by the German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818. He described two species, A. birfurcatus and the type species, Anopheles maculipennis. He stated that the name meant , "burdensome". The name comes from the Ancient Greek word 'useless', derived from , 'not', 'un-' and ... | Anopheles | Wikipedia | 445 | 542071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
Adult females lay 50–200 eggs per oviposition. The eggs are quite small (about × ). Eggs are laid singly and directly on water. They are unique in that they have floats on either side. Eggs are not resistant to drying and hatch within 2–3 days, although hatching may take up to 2–3 weeks in colder climates.
Larvae
T... | Anopheles | Wikipedia | 417 | 542071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
The pupa (also known as a tumbler) is comma-shaped when viewed from the side. The head and thorax are merged into a cephalothorax, with the abdomen curving around underneath it. As with the larvae, the pupa must come to the surface frequently to breathe, which it does through a pair of respiratory trumpets on its cepha... | Anopheles | Wikipedia | 502 | 542071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
Males live for about a week, feeding on nectar and other sources of sugar. Males cannot feed on blood, as it appears to produce toxic effects and kills them within a few days, around the same lifespan as a water-only diet. Females feed on sugar sources for energy, but usually require a blood meal for the development of... | Anopheles | Wikipedia | 401 | 542071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
Parasites of Anopheles include Microsporidia of the genera Amblyospora, Crepidulospora, Senoma and Parathelohania. Two distinct life cycles are found in the Microsporidia. In the first type, the parasite is transmitted by the oral route and is relatively species nonspecific. In the second, while again the oral route is... | Anopheles | Wikipedia | 439 | 542071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
Once ingested by a mosquito, malaria parasites must undergo development within the mosquito before they are infectious to humans. The time required for the parasite to develop in the mosquito (the extrinsic incubation period) ranges from 10 to 21 days, depending on the parasite species and the temperature. If a mosquit... | Anopheles | Wikipedia | 447 | 542071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
Because transmission of disease by the mosquito requires ingestion of blood, the gut flora may have a bearing on the success of infection of the mosquito host. The larval and pupal gut is largely colonized by photosynthetic cyanobacteria, while in the adult, gram-negative bacteria in the Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota... | Anopheles | Wikipedia | 388 | 542071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
Schizotypal personality disorder (StPD or SPD), also known as schizotypal disorder, is a cluster A personality disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describes the disorder specifically as a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paranoia, a characteristic form of soc... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 351 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Affect
Patients with StPD can have difficulties in recognizing their or others' emotions. This can extend to difficulties expressing emotion. They may have limited responses to others' emotions and can be ambivalent. It is common for people with StPD to derive limited joy from activities. People with StPD are typicall... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 456 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
History
StPD was introduced in 1980 in the DSM-III. Its inclusion provided a new classification for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and of personality disorders that were previously unspecified. Its diagnosis was developed through differentiating the classifications of borderline personality disorder, of which some o... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 363 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Prognosis
People with StPD usually had symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder in childhood. Traits of StPD usually remain consistently present over time, although can fluctuate greatly in severity and stability. DSM characterizes StPD as having nine major symptoms: ideas of reference, odd/magical beliefs, social... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 289 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Genetic
Although environmental factors likely play an important role in the onset of the disorder, people who have relatives with schizotypy, mood disorders, or other disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum are at a higher likelihood of developing StPD. The COMT Val158Met polymorphism and its Val or Met allele are sus... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 391 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Neurological
Exposure to influenza during week 23 of gestation is associated with a higher likelihood of developing StPD. Poor nutrition in childhood may also contribute to the onset of StPD by altering the course of brain development. Numerous areas of the brain are thought to be associated with StPD. Higher levels o... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 511 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Environmental
Unique environmental factors, which differ from shared sibling experiences, have been found to play a role in the development of StPD and its dimensions. There is evidence to suggest that parenting styles, early separation, childhood trauma, and childhood neglect can lead to the development of schizotypa... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 470 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Screening
There are various methods of screening for schizotypal personality. The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) measures nine traits of StPD using a self-report assessment. The nine traits referenced are Ideas of Reference, Excessive Social Anxiety, Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking, Unusual Perceptual Exp... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 463 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Antisocial personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Bipolar disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Dysthymia
Narcissistic personality disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Major depressive disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
Schizo... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 67 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
StPD is rarely seen as the primary reason for treatment in a clinical setting, but it often occurs as a comorbid finding with other mental disorders. When patients with StPD have prescribed pharmaceuticals, they are usually prescribed antipsychotics, however, the use of neuroleptic drugs in the schizotypal population i... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 448 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Therapy
According to Theodore Millon, schizotypal personality disorder is one of the easiest personality disorders to identify but one of the most difficult to treat with psychotherapy. Cognitive remediation therapy, metacognitive therapy, supportive psychotherapy, social skills training and cognitive-behavioral thera... | Schizotypal personality disorder | Wikipedia | 195 | 542107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Tetra is the common name of many small freshwater characiform fishes. Tetras come from Africa, Central America, and South America, belonging to the biological family Characidae and to its former subfamilies Alestidae (the "African tetras") and Lebiasinidae. The Characidae are distinguished from other fish by the presen... | Tetra | Wikipedia | 511 | 542241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Although the list below is sorted by common name, in a number of cases, the common name is applied to different species. Since the aquarium trade may use a different name for the same species, advanced aquarists tend to use scientific names for the less-common tetras. The list below is incomplete.
Species
Tetra specie... | Tetra | Wikipedia | 71 | 542241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Adonis tetra, Lepidarchus adonis
African long-finned tetra, Brycinus longipinnis
African moon tetra, Bathyaethiops caudomaculatus
Arnold's tetra, Arnoldichthys spilopterus
Banded tetra, Psalidodon fasciatus
Bandtail tetra, Moenkhausia dichroura
Barred glass tetra, Phenagoniates macrolepis
Beacon tetra, Hemigramm... | Tetra | Wikipedia | 509 | 542241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Congo tetra, Phenacogrammus interruptus
Copper tetra, Hasemania melanura
Costello tetra, Hemigrammus hyanuary
Creek tetra, Bryconamericus scleroparius
Creek tetra, Bryconamericus terrabensis
Croaking tetra, Mimagoniates inequalis
Croaking tetra, Mimagoniates lateralis
Croaking tetra, Mimagoniates microlepis
Daw... | Tetra | Wikipedia | 169 | 542241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Ember tetra, Hyphessobrycon amandae
Emperor tetra, Nematobrycon palmeri
False black tetra, Gymnocorymbus thayeri
False rummynose tetra, Petitella georgiae
Featherfin tetra, Hemigrammus unilineatus
Firehead tetra, Petitella bleheri
Flag tetra, Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus
Flame tail tetra, Aphyocharax erythrurus
... | Tetra | Wikipedia | 502 | 542241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Niger tetra, Arnoldichthys spilopterus
Nurse tetra, Brycinus nurse
Oneline tetra, Nannaethiops unitaeniatus
One-line tetra, Hemigrammus unilineatus
Orangefin tetra, Bryconops affinis
Ornate tetra, Hyphessobrycon bentosi
Panama tetra, Hyphessobrycon panamensis
Penguin tetra, Thayeria boehlkei
Peruvian tetra, Hyp... | Tetra | Wikipedia | 187 | 542241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
R–Z
rainbow tetra, Nematobrycon lacortei
rainbow tetra, Nematobrycon palmeri
Red eye tetra, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae
Red phantom tetra, Hyphessobrycon sweglesi
Red tetra or rio tetra, Hyphessobrycon flammeus
Redspotted tetra, Copeina guttata
Rosy tetra, Hyphessobrycon rosaceus
Royal tetra, Inpaichthys kerr... | Tetra | Wikipedia | 487 | 542241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
In algebra, a binomial is a polynomial that is the sum of two terms, each of which is a monomial. It is the simplest kind of a sparse polynomial after the monomials.
Definition
A binomial is a polynomial which is the sum of two monomials. A binomial in a single indeterminate (also known as a univariate binomial) can b... | Binomial (polynomial) | Wikipedia | 428 | 542399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20%28polynomial%29 | Mathematics | Basics | null |
Thermus aquaticus is a species of bacteria that can tolerate high temperatures, one of several thermophilic bacteria that belong to the Deinococcota phylum. It is the source of the heat-resistant enzyme Taq DNA polymerase, one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology because of its use in the polymerase chain... | Thermus aquaticus | Wikipedia | 487 | 542410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus%20aquaticus | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Biology
T. aquaticus shows best growth at , but can survive at temperatures of . It primarily scavenges for protein from its environment as is evidenced by the large number of extracellular and intracellular proteases and peptidases as well as transport proteins for amino acids and oligopeptides across its cell membran... | Thermus aquaticus | Wikipedia | 492 | 542410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus%20aquaticus | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Enzymes from T. aquaticus
T. aquaticus has become famous as a source of thermostable enzymes, particularly the Taq DNA polymerase, as described below.
Aldolase
Studies of this extreme thermophilic bacterium that could be grown in cell culture was initially centered on attempts to understand how enzymes, which are norm... | Thermus aquaticus | Wikipedia | 445 | 542410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus%20aquaticus | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Other enzymes
The high optimum temperature for T. aquaticus allows researchers to study reactions under conditions for which other enzymes lose activity. Other enzymes isolated from this organism include DNA ligase, alkaline phosphatase, NADH oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, amylomaltase, and fructose 1,6-disphosphat... | Thermus aquaticus | Wikipedia | 203 | 542410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus%20aquaticus | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
In geometry, a locus (plural: loci) (Latin word for "place", "location") is a set of all points (commonly, a line, a line segment, a curve or a surface), whose location satisfies or is determined by one or more specified conditions.
The set of the points that satisfy some property is often called the locus of a point ... | Locus (mathematics) | Wikipedia | 470 | 542465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus%20%28mathematics%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
Examples in plane geometry
Examples from plane geometry include:
The set of points equidistant from two points is a perpendicular bisector to the line segment connecting the two points.
The set of points equidistant from two intersecting lines is the union of their two angle bisectors.
All conic sections are loci:
... | Locus (mathematics) | Wikipedia | 427 | 542465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus%20%28mathematics%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
Choose an orthonormal coordinate system such that A(−c/2, 0), B(c/2, 0).
C(x, y) is the variable third vertex. The center of [BC] is M((2x + c)/4, y/2). The median from C has a slope y/x. The median AM has slope 2y/(2x + 3c).
C(x, y) is a point of the locus
the medians from A and C are orthogonal
The loc... | Locus (mathematics) | Wikipedia | 307 | 542465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus%20%28mathematics%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
The enzyme unit, or international unit for enzyme (symbol U, sometimes also IU) is a unit of enzyme's catalytic activity.
1 U (μmol/min) is defined as the amount of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of one micromole of substrate per minute under the specified conditions of the assay method.
The specified con... | Enzyme unit | Wikipedia | 368 | 543106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20unit | Physical sciences | Catalytic activity | Basics and measurement |
A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus Martes within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark brown, depending on the species; it is valued by animal trappers for the fur trade. Martens are slend... | Marten | Wikipedia | 346 | 543301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Spatial niche segregation
The stone marten and the pine marten segregate spatially where they occur in sympatry. This spatial niche segregation is due to the differences regarding their food preferences, adaptability to cold climates and avoidance of predators.
The spatial niche segregation between stone and pine mart... | Marten | Wikipedia | 508 | 543301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Greece
In the Illiad, the fleet-footed spy Dolon wore a marten-pelt cap.
Italy
The Latin word for helmet, , originally meant "marten pelt", although it is unclear whether early Romans wore these helmets for symbolical reasons or for their fine fur. | Marten | Wikipedia | 59 | 543301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
The Siberian tiger or Amur tiger is a population of the tiger subspecies Panthera tigris tigris native to Northeast China, the Russian Far East, and possibly North Korea. It once ranged throughout the Korean Peninsula, but currently inhabits mainly the Sikhote-Alin mountain region in south-west Primorye Province in the... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 506 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on the basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size – characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different ... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 383 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
At the start of the 21st century, researchers from the University of Oxford, U.S. National Cancer Institute and Hebrew University of Jerusalem collected tissue samples from 20 of 23 Caspian tiger specimens kept in museums across Eurasia. They sequenced at least one segment of five mitochondrial genes and found a low am... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 432 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In 2013, the whole genome of the Siberian tiger was sequenced and published. Tigers in mainland Asia fall into two clades: the northern clade comprises the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and the southern clade all remaining continental tiger populations. A study published in 2018 was based on 32 tiger specimen... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 399 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Measurements taken by scientists of the Siberian Tiger Project in the Sikhote-Alin range from in head and body length measured in straight line, with an average of for males; and for females ranging from with an average of . The average tail measures in males and in females. The longest male measured in total len... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 469 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
The ground colour of Siberian tigers' pelage is often very pale, especially in winter coat. However, variations within populations may be considerable. Individual variation is also found in form, length, and partly in colour, of the dark stripes, which have been described as being dark brown rather than black.
The fur... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 400 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Today, its range stretches south to north for almost the length of Primorsky Krai and into southern Khabarovsk Krai east and south of the Amur River. It also occurs within the Greater Xing'an Range, which crosses into Russia from China at several places in southwest Primorye. This region represents a merger zone of th... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 347 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In August 2012, a Siberian tiger with four cubs was recorded for the first time in northeastern China's Hunchun National Nature Reserve located in the vicinity of the international borders with Russia and North Korea. Camera-trap surveys carried out in the spring seasons of 2013 and 2014 revealed between 27 and 34 tige... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 442 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Prey species of the tiger include ungulates such as Manchurian wapiti (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus), Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus), long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus), moose (Alces alces), Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and even sometime... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 393 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, 32 cases of Amur tigers attacking both Ussuri brown (Ursus arctos lasiotus) and Ussuri black bears (U. thibetanus ussuricus) were recorded in the Russian Far East, and hair of bears were found in several tiger scat samples. Tigers attack black bears less o... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 243 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
The effect the presence of tigers has on brown bear behavior seems to vary. In the winters of 1970–1973, Yudakov and Nikolaev recorded two cases of bears showing no fear of tigers and another case of a brown bear changing path upon crossing tiger tracks. Other researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks to s... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 324 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Tigers depress wolf (Canis lupus) numbers, either to the point of localized extinction or to such low numbers as to make them a functionally insignificant component of the ecosystem. Wolves appear capable of escaping competitive exclusion from tigers only when human pressure decreases tiger numbers. In areas where wolv... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 425 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Siberian tigers mate at any time of the year. A female signals her receptiveness by leaving urine deposits and scratch marks on trees. She will spend 5 or 6 days with the male, during which she is receptive for three days. Gestation lasts from 3 to 3½ months. Litter size is normally two or four cubs but there can be as... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 445 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In the past
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, illegal deforestation and bribery of park rangers facilitated poaching of Siberian tigers. Local hunters had access to a formerly sealed off lucrative Chinese market, and this once again put the region's tiger population at risk of extinction. While improvement in... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 457 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Inspired by findings that the Amur tiger is the closest relative of the Caspian tiger, there has been discussion whether the Amur tiger could be an appropriate subspecies for reintroduction into a safe place in Central Asia. The Amu-Darya Delta was suggested as a potential site for such a project. A feasibility study w... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 472 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In recent years, captive breeding of tigers in China has accelerated to the point where the captive population of several tiger subspecies exceeds 4,000 animals. Three thousand specimens are reportedly held by 10–20 "significant" facilities, with the remainder scattered among some 200 facilities. This makes China home ... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 428 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
According to the Japanese Police Bureau in Korea, in 1928 a tiger killed one human, whereas leopards killed three, wild boars four and wolves killed 48. Six cases were recorded in 20th century Russia of unprovoked attacks leading to man-eating behaviour. Provoked attacks are however more common, usually the result of b... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 119 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In January 2002, a man was attacked by a tiger on a remote mountain road near Hunchun in Jilin province, China, near the borders of Russia and North Korea. He suffered compound fractures but managed to survive. When he sought medical attention, his story raised suspicions as Siberian tigers seldom attack humans. An inv... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 480 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Zookeepers in Anhui province and the cities of Shanghai and Shenzhen were attacked and killed in 2010. In January 2011, a tiger attacked and killed a tour bus driver at a breeding park in Heilongjiang province. Park officials reported that the bus driver violated safety guidelines by leaving the vehicle to check on the... | Siberian tiger | Wikipedia | 291 | 543466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In relativistic physics, Lorentz symmetry or Lorentz invariance, named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, is an equivalence of observation or observational symmetry due to special relativity implying that the laws of physics stay the same for all observers that are moving with respect to one another within an i... | Lorentz covariance | Wikipedia | 493 | 543568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz%20covariance | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
In general, the (transformational) nature of a Lorentz tensor can be identified by its tensor order, which is the number of free indices it has. No indices implies it is a scalar, one implies that it is a vector, etc. Some tensors with a physical interpretation are listed below.
The sign convention of the Minkowski m... | Lorentz covariance | Wikipedia | 337 | 543568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz%20covariance | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
The laws of physics are exactly Lorentz covariant but this symmetry is spontaneously broken. In special relativistic theories, this leads to phonons, which are the Goldstone bosons. The phonons travel at less than the speed of light.
Similar to the approximate Lorentz symmetry of phonons in a lattice (where the speed ... | Lorentz covariance | Wikipedia | 502 | 543568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz%20covariance | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Even though there is no evidence of the violation of Lorentz invariance, several experimental searches for such violations have been performed during recent years. A detailed summary of the results of these searches is given in the Data Tables for Lorentz and CPT Violation.
Lorentz invariance is also violated in QFT a... | Lorentz covariance | Wikipedia | 91 | 543568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz%20covariance | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Soil liquefaction occurs when a cohesionless saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake or other sudden change in stress condition, in which material that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid. In soil mech... | Soil liquefaction | Wikipedia | 392 | 544776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20liquefaction | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Although the effects of soil liquefaction have been long understood, engineers took more notice after the 1964 Alaska earthquake and 1964 Niigata earthquake. It was a major cause of the destruction produced in San Francisco's Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and in the Port of Kobe during the 199... | Soil liquefaction | Wikipedia | 449 | 544776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20liquefaction | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
A 'flow failure' may initiate if the strength of the soil is reduced below the stresses required to maintain the equilibrium of a slope or footing of a structure. This can occur due to monotonic loading or cyclic loading and can be sudden and catastrophic. A historical example is the Aberfan disaster. Casagrande referr... | Soil liquefaction | Wikipedia | 486 | 544776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20liquefaction | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Depending on the initial void ratio, the soil material can respond to loading either strain-softening or strain-hardening. Strain-softened soils, e.g., loose sands, can be triggered to collapse, either monotonically or cyclically, if the static shear stress is greater than the ultimate or steady-state shear strength of... | Soil liquefaction | Wikipedia | 367 | 544776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20liquefaction | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Liquefaction potential: advanced constitutive model
The interaction between the solid skeleton and pore fluid flow has been considered by many researchers to model the material softening associated with the liquefaction phenomenon. The dynamic performance of saturated porous media depends on the soil-pore fluid interac... | Soil liquefaction | Wikipedia | 481 | 544776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20liquefaction | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Studies of liquefaction features left by prehistoric earthquakes, called paleoliquefaction or paleoseismology, can reveal information about earthquakes that occurred before records were kept or accurate measurements could be taken.
Soil liquefaction induced by earthquake shaking is a major contributor to urban seismic... | Soil liquefaction | Wikipedia | 464 | 544776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20liquefaction | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Existing buildings can be mitigated by injecting grout into the soil to stabilize the layer of soil that is subject to liquefaction. Another method called IPS (Induced Partial Saturation) is now practicable to apply on larger scale. In this method, the saturation degree of the soil is decreased.
Quicksand
Quicksand f... | Soil liquefaction | Wikipedia | 497 | 544776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20liquefaction | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Quick clay has been the underlying cause of many deadly landslides. In Canada alone, it has been associated with more than 250 mapped landslides. Some of these are ancient, and may have been triggered by earthquakes.
Turbidity currents
Submarine landslides are turbidity currents and consist of water-saturated sedimen... | Soil liquefaction | Wikipedia | 191 | 544776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20liquefaction | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It appears as a mucoid lactose fermenter on MacConkey agar.
Although found in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, and intestines, it can cause destructive changes to human and animal lu... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 510 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
In addition to pneumonia, Klebsiella can also cause infections in the urinary tract, lower biliary tract, and surgical wound sites. The range of clinical diseases includes pneumonia, thrombophlebitis, urinary tract infection, cholecystitis, diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, wound infection, osteomyelitis, me... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 488 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Signs and symptoms
Individuals with Klebsiella pneumoniae tend to cough up a characteristic sputum, as well as having fever, nausea, tachycardia, and vomiting. Klebsiella pneumoniae tends to affect people with underlying conditions, such as alcoholism.
Diagnosis
In terms of the diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae the f... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 413 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae
Hypervirulent (hvKp) is a rather recent K pneumoniae variant that is significantly more virulent than classical K. pneumoniae (cKp). While cKp is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections that usually affect immunocompromised patients, hvKp is clinically more co... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 480 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Klebsiella organisms are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Current evidence implicates plasmids as the primary source of the resistance genes. Klebsiella species with the ability to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are resistant to virtually all beta-lactam antibiotics, except carbapenems. Other ... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 400 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
A number of mechanisms cause carbapenem resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae. These include hyperproduction of ampC beta-lactamase with an outer membrane porin mutation, CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with a porin mutation or drug efflux, and carbapenemase production. The most important mechanism of resistance ... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 287 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Place all patients colonized or infected with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae on contact precautions. Acute-care facilities are to establish a protocol, in conjunction with the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to detect nonsusceptibility and carbapenemase production in Enterobac... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 483 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Nevada 2016. In mid-August 2016, a resident of Washoe County was hospitalized in Reno due to a CRE (specifically Klebsiella pneumoniae) infection. In early September of the same year, she developed septic shock and died. On testing by CDC an isolate from the patient was found to be resistant to all 26 antibiotics avail... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 469 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Treatment
K. pneumoniae can be treated with antibiotics if the infections are not drug-resistant. Infections by K. pneumoniae can be difficult to treat because fewer antibiotics are effective against them. In such cases, a microbiology laboratory must run tests to determine which antibiotics will treat the infection. M... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 197 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Vaccine development
New data sources outlining the global burden of K. pneumoniae and drug-resistant forms are expected to build momentum into prophylactic vaccine development. The recent 2022 IHME study showed that in 2019 K. pneumoniae was responsible for 790,000 deaths [571,000–1,060,000] in all age groups across 11... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Wikipedia | 345 | 544934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella%20pneumoniae | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
In chemical kinetics, the entropy of activation of a reaction is one of the two parameters (along with the enthalpy of activation) that are typically obtained from the temperature dependence of a reaction rate constant, when these data are analyzed using the Eyring equation of the transition state theory. The standard ... | Entropy of activation | Wikipedia | 415 | 3766560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20of%20activation | Physical sciences | Kinetics | Chemistry |
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