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Phylogeny
Molecular analysis using mitochondrial RNA and the mitogenome has clarified the group's phylogeny within the Neuropterida, as shown in the cladogram.
The name Raphidioptera is formed from Greek ῥαφίς (raphis), meaning needle, and πτερόν (pteron), meaning wing.
The Megaloptera, Neuroptera (in the modern sens... | Snakefly | Wikipedia | 199 | 2026577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakefly | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Two suborders of Raphidioptera and their families are grouped below according to Engel (2002) with updates according to Bechly and Wolf-Schwenninger (2011) and Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente et al. (2012). For lists of genera, see the articles on the individual families.
Raphidioptera
†Priscaenigmatomorpha
?Genus Chrysora... | Snakefly | Wikipedia | 507 | 2026577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakefly | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Genus †Electrobaissoptera - Burmese amber, Mid Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)
Genus †Lugala - Dzun-Bain Formation, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
Genus †Microbaissoptera - Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
Genus †Rhynchobaissoptera - Burmese amber, Mid Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)
Genus †Ste... | Snakefly | Wikipedia | 192 | 2026577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakefly | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Possible biological pest control agents
Snakeflies have been considered a viable option for biological control of agricultural pests. The main advantage is that they have few predators, and both adults and larvae are predacious. A disadvantage is that snakeflies have a long larval period, so their numbers increase onl... | Snakefly | Wikipedia | 116 | 2026577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakefly | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
The mustard plant is any one of several plant species in the genera Brassica, Rhamphospermum and Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family). Mustard seed is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard. The seeds... | Mustard plant | Wikipedia | 341 | 2028368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard%20plant | Biology and health sciences | Herbs and spices | Plants |
White mustard (Sinapis alba) grows wild in North Africa, West Asia, and Mediterranean Europe, and has spread further by long cultivation; brown mustard (Brassica juncea), initially from the foothills of the Himalayas, is grown commercially in India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Bangladesh and the United States;... | Mustard plant | Wikipedia | 371 | 2028368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard%20plant | Biology and health sciences | Herbs and spices | Plants |
The order Embioptera, commonly known as webspinners or footspinners, are a small group of mostly tropical and subtropical insects, classified under the subclass Pterygota. The order has also been called Embiodea or Embiidina. More than 400 species in 11 families have been described, the oldest known fossils of the grou... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 451 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Fossils of webspinners are rare. The group probably first appeared during the Jurassic; the oldest known, Sinembia rossi and Juraembia ningchengensis, both in a new family Sinembiidae created for them, are from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, and were described in 2009. The female of J. ningchengensis had wings,... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 353 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
The internal phylogeny of the group is not yet fully resolved. Miller et al.'s phylogenetic analysis examined 96 morphological characters and 5 genes for 82 species across the order. Four families were found to be robustly monophyletic in whatever way the phylogeny was analysed (parsimony, maximum likelihood, or Bayesi... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 352 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
The first segment of the thorax is small and narrow, while the second and third are larger and broader, especially in the males, where they include the flight muscles. All the females and nymphs are wingless, whereas adult males can be either winged or wingless depending on species. The wings, where present, occur as t... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 483 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
The eggs hatch into nymphs that resemble small, wingless adults. After a short period of parental care, the nymphs undergo hemimetabolosis (incomplete metamorphosis), moulting a total of four times before reaching adult form. Adult males never eat, and leave the home colony almost immediately to find a female and mate.... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 362 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Maternal care starts with the placement of the eggs. Some species attach batches of eggs to the web structure with silk; others form the eggs into rows in grooves excavated in the bark; others fix them in rows with a cement formed from saliva, while many species bury them in a mass of silk, even incorporating other mat... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 500 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
When constructing their silken galleries, webspinners use characteristic cyclic movements of their forelegs, alternating actions with the left and right legs while also moving. There are variations in the choreography of these movements across species.
Silk web production
Embiopterans produce a silk thread similar to... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 450 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Webspinners continually extend their galleries to reach new food sources, and expand their existing galleries as they grow in size. The insects spin silk by moving their forelegs back and forth over the substrate, and rotating their bodies to create a cylindrical, silk-lined tunnel. Older galleries have multiple lamina... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 499 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Another group of associates inside the galleries are bugs in the family Plokiophilidae. Whether these are feeding on embiopteran eggs or larvae, on mites and other residents of the gallery, or are scavenging is unclear. The embiopteran Aposthonia ceylonica has been found living inside a colony of the Indian cooperative... | Embioptera | Wikipedia | 313 | 2029258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embioptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
A nail gun, nailgun or nailer is a form of hammer used to drive nails into wood or other materials. It is usually driven by compressed air (pneumatic), electromagnetism, highly flammable gases such as butane or propane, or, for powder-actuated tools, a small explosive charge. Nail guns have in many ways replaced hammer... | Nail gun | Wikipedia | 420 | 2030304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail%20gun | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
The smallest size of fasteners are normally 23 gauge ( in diameter), commonly called "pin nailers" and generally have only a minimal head. They are used for attaching everything from beadings, mouldings and so forth to furniture all the way up to medium-sized baseboard, crown molding and casing. Lengths are normally i... | Nail gun | Wikipedia | 509 | 2030304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail%20gun | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Another type of fastening commonly found in construction is the strap fastening which is roughly analogous to the large head clout nail. These are used in conjunction with a strap shot nailer (or positive placement nailer UK) to fix metalwork such as joist hangers, corner plates, strengthening straps, etc. to timber st... | Nail gun | Wikipedia | 512 | 2030304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail%20gun | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
There is recoil associated with the discharge of a nail from a nail gun. Contact triggers allow the gun to fire unintended nails if the nose hits the wood surface or a previously placed nail following recoil. Nailers with touch tip (contact) triggers are susceptible to this double firing. According to a 2002 engineeri... | Nail gun | Wikipedia | 478 | 2030304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail%20gun | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Either type can, with the right cartridge loads, be very powerful, driving a nail or other fastener into hard concrete, stone, hardwood, steel, etc., with ease.
Combustion powered
Powered by a gas (e.g. propane) and air explosion in a small cylinder; the piston pushes the nail directly and there are no rotating parts.... | Nail gun | Wikipedia | 326 | 2030304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail%20gun | Technology | Hydraulics and pneumatics | null |
Hardware acceleration is the use of computer hardware designed to perform specific functions more efficiently when compared to software running on a general-purpose central processing unit (CPU). Any transformation of data that can be calculated in software running on a generic CPU can also be calculated in custom-made... | Hardware acceleration | Wikipedia | 449 | 2031045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20acceleration | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Overview
Integrated circuits are designed to handle various operations on both analog and digital signals. In computing, digital signals are the most common and are typically represented as binary numbers. Computer hardware and software use this binary representation to perform computations. This is done by processing ... | Hardware acceleration | Wikipedia | 485 | 2031045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20acceleration | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
This reclamation saves time, power, and circuit area in computation. The reclaimed resources can be used for increased parallel computation, other functions, communication, or memory, as well as increased input/output capabilities. This comes at the cost of general-purpose utility.
Emerging hardware architectures
Grea... | Hardware acceleration | Wikipedia | 462 | 2031045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20acceleration | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Traditionally, processors were sequential (instructions are executed one by one), and were designed to run general purpose algorithms controlled by instruction fetch (for example, moving temporary results to and from a register file). Hardware accelerators improve the execution of a specific algorithm by allowing great... | Hardware acceleration | Wikipedia | 174 | 2031045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20acceleration | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Cavendish bananas are the fruits of one of a number of banana cultivars belonging to the Cavendish subgroup of the AAA banana cultivar group (triploid cultivars of Musa acuminata). The same term is also used to describe the plants on which the bananas grow.
They include commercially important cultivars like 'Dwarf Cav... | Cavendish banana | Wikipedia | 439 | 2823401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20banana | Biology and health sciences | Tropical and tropical-like fruit | Plants |
Cavendish bananas entered mass commercial production in 1903 but did not gain prominence until later when Panama disease attacked the dominant Gros Michel ("Big Mike") variety in the 1950s. Because they were successfully grown in the same soils as previously affected Gros Michel plants, many assumed the Cavendish culti... | Cavendish banana | Wikipedia | 412 | 2823401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20banana | Biology and health sciences | Tropical and tropical-like fruit | Plants |
The fruits of the Cavendish bananas are eaten raw, used in baking, fruit salads, and to complement foods. The outer skin is partially green when bananas are sold in food markets, and turns yellow when the fruit ripens. As it ripens, the starch is converted to sugars turning the fruit sweet. When it reaches its final st... | Cavendish banana | Wikipedia | 488 | 2823401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20banana | Biology and health sciences | Tropical and tropical-like fruit | Plants |
A free-ranging dog is a dog that is not confined to a yard or house. Free-ranging dogs include street dogs, village dogs, stray dogs, feral dogs, etc., and may be owned or unowned. The global dog population is estimated to be 900 million, of which around 20% are regarded as owned pets and therefore restrained.
Free-ra... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 455 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Factors leading to stray dogs
Stray dogs are dogs without an owner. While the term stray dog is sometimes used to refer specifically to dogs which have been lost, in a more general sense a stray dog is any unowned free-ranging dog. Four Paws defines stray animals as "those animals who are either born on the streets or ... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 512 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Free-ranging unowned dogs
Free-ranging unowned dogs are stray dogs. They get their food and shelter from human environments, but they have not been socialized and so they avoid humans as much as possible. Free-ranging unowned dogs include "street dogs", which live in cities and urban areas. These have no owner but ar... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 499 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries defines wild dogs as any dogs that are not domesticated, which includes dingoes, feral dogs and hybrids. Yearling wild dogs frequently disperse more than from the place where they were born.
The first British colonists to arrive in Australia established a settlement ... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 512 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Problems caused by street dogs
Bites
Street dogs generally avoid conflict with humans to survive. However, dog bites and attacks can occur for various reasons. Dogs might bite because they are scared, startled, feel threatened, or are protecting something valuable like their puppies, food, or toys. Bites can also hap... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 499 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Dogs are known to be a highly adaptive and intelligent species. Free-ranging dogs commonly form packs. To survive in modern cities, street dogs must be able to navigate traffic.
Some of the stray dogs in Bucharest are seen crossing the large streets at pedestrian crosswalks. The dogs have probably noticed that when hu... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 481 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
After a nine-week gestation, four to six pups are born in a den that provides protection from the elements and other animals. Dens may be in soft
ground under rocks, logs or other debris, or in logs or other hollows. Pups are suckled for 4–6 weeks
and weaned at four months. They become independent of their parents when... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 364 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
In 2011, a media article on the stray dog population by the US National Animal Interest Alliance said that there were 200 million stray dogs worldwide and that a "rabies epidemic" was causing a global public health issue. In 2024, the World Health Organization reported that dog bites and scratches caused 99% of the hum... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 362 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Large numbers of free-ranging dogs can pose a threat to wildlife. Dogs have contributed to 11 vertebrate extinctions, and are a known or potential threat to 188 threatened species worldwide: 96 mammal (33 families), 78 bird (25 families), 22 reptile (10 families) and three amphibian (three families) species. In an urba... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 472 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Stray dogs are feared in Bhutan when they move around in packs. Dog bites are of concern in almost all cities. In May 2022, six feral stray dogs mauled and killed a seven-year-old girl in Genekha. Stray dogs have also historically poised a problem for tourists in Bhutan, who have complained about the disturbance caused... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 474 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
In Sri Lanka, there is a No-Kill Policy for street dogs, hence neutering and vaccinating are encouraged. Despite the proposal for an updated Animal Welfare Act, century-old law against animal cruelty still exist, so they are subjected to cruelty in various forms.
Europe
Bulgaria
There is a number of street dogs in So... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 484 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Although the number of stray dogs in Romania has been reduced significantly during the past 15 years, there have been recent fatal incidents, including in 2022, when a man was mauled to death by a pack of 15-20 stray dogs in Bacău County, and in 2023, when a woman who was jogging in a field near Lacul Morii in Ilfov Co... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 503 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
While many developing countries harbor high numbers of stray dogs as a result of neglect, Turkey’s problem is a little different. In 2004, Turkish government passed a law requiring local officials to rehabilitate rather than annihilate stray dogs. The Animal Protection Law No. 5199 states a no kill, no capture policy, ... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 512 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Thailand
Management
Given the problems associated with free-ranging dogs, including spread of diseases (especially rabies, with dog bites and scratches being responsible for 99% of the global human rabies cases), attacks on humans or other animals, and increased risk of road accidents, many places where there are fre... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 503 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
The WHO and international veterinary organizations have expressed their concerns about a possible rabies outbreak in Europe due to the war in Ukraine. According to Four Paws, before the war there were about 200,000 stray dogs in Ukraine, but by 2024, the number is estimated to have reached about a million. In 2022, in... | Free-ranging dog | Wikipedia | 225 | 28871384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-ranging%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
A megamaser is a type of astrophysical maser, which is a naturally occurring source of stimulated spectral line emission. Megamasers are distinguished from other astrophysical masers by their large isotropic luminosity. Megamasers have typical luminosities of 103 solar luminosities (), which is 100 million times bright... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 512 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
Water megamasers and kilomasers are found primarily associated with active galactic nuclei, while galactic and weaker extragalactic water masers are found in star forming regions. Despite different environments, the circumstances that produce extragalactic water masers do not seem to be very different from those that p... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 390 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
Masers and lasers built on Earth and masers that occur in space both require population inversion in order to operate, but the conditions under which population inversion occurs are very different in the two cases. Masers in laboratories have systems with high densities, which limits the transitions that may be used fo... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 405 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
In 1982, the first megamaser was discovered in the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Arp 220. The luminosity of the source, assuming it emits isotropically, is roughly . This luminosity is roughly one hundred million times stronger than the typical maser found in the Milky Way, and so the maser source in Arp 220 was called... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 491 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
Hydroxyl megamasers
Arp 220 hosts the first megamaser discovered, is the nearest ultraluminous infrared galaxy, and has been studied in great detail at many wavelengths. For this reason, it is the prototype of hydroxyl megamaser host galaxies, and is often used as a guide for interpreting other hydroxyl megamasers and ... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 376 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
The far-infrared luminosity and dust temperature of a LIRG both affect the likelihood of hosting a hydroxyl megamaser, through correlations between the dust temperature and far-infrared luminosity, so it is unclear from observations alone what the role of each is in producing hydroxyl megamasers. LIRGs with warmer dust... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 394 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
The LIRGs that host hydroxyl megamasers may be distinguished from the general population of LIRGs by their molecular gas content. The majority of molecular gas is molecular hydrogen, and typical hydroxyl megamaser hosts have molecular gas densities greater than 1000 cm−3. These densities are among the highest mean dens... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 451 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
The radiation amplified by hydroxyl masers is the radio continuum of its host. This continuum is primarily composed of synchrotron radiation produced by Type II supernovae. Amplification of this background is low, with amplification factors, or gains, ranging from a few percent to a few hundred percent, and sources wit... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 379 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
Pumping mechanism
The observed relationship between the luminosity of the hydroxyl line and the far infrared suggests that hydroxyl megamasers are radiatively pumped. Initial VLBI measurements of nearby hydroxyl megamasers seemed to present a problem with this model for compact emission components of hydroxyl megamaser... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 446 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
The first detection of the Zeeman effect in another galaxy was made through observations of hydroxyl megamasers. The Zeeman effect is the splitting of a spectral line due to the presence of a magnetic field, and the size of the splitting is linearly proportional to the line-of-sight magnetic field strength. Zeeman spli... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 467 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
Applications
Water megamasers may be used to provide accurate distance determinations to distant galaxies. Assuming a Keplerian orbit, measuring the centripetal acceleration and velocity of water maser spots yields the physical diameter subtended by the maser spots. By then comparing the physical radius to the angular ... | Megamaser | Wikipedia | 254 | 3790398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
Spinning is a manufacturing process for creating polymer fibers. It is a specialized form of extrusion that uses a spinneret to form multiple continuous filaments.
Melt spinning
If the polymer is a thermoplastic then it can undergo melt spinning. The molten polymer is extruded through a spinneret composed of capillari... | Spinning (polymers) | Wikipedia | 471 | 20303498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning%20%28polymers%29 | Technology | Spinning | null |
A variant of wet spinning is dry-jet wet spinning, where the spinning solution passes through an air-gap prior to being submerged into the coagulation bath. This method is used in Lyocell spinning of dissolved cellulose, and can lead to higher polymer orientation due to the higher stretchability of the spinning solutio... | Spinning (polymers) | Wikipedia | 441 | 20303498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning%20%28polymers%29 | Technology | Spinning | null |
Graphite oxide (GO), formerly called graphitic oxide or graphitic acid, is a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios, obtained by treating graphite with strong oxidizers and acids for resolving of extra metals. The maximally oxidized bulk product is a yellow solid with C:O ratio between 2.1 and 2.9,... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 508 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Graphite (graphene) oxide has also been prepared by using a "bottom-up" synthesis method (Tang-Lau method) in which the sole source is glucose, the process is safer, simpler, and more environmentally friendly compared to traditionally "top-down" method, in which strong oxidizers are involved. Another important advantag... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 271 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Graphene oxide layers are about 1.1 ± 0.2 nm thick. Scanning tunneling microscopy shows the presence of local regions where oxygen atoms are arranged in a rectangular pattern with lattice constant 0.27 nm × 0.41 nm. The edges of each layer are terminated with carboxyl and carbonyl groups. X-ray photoelectron spectrosco... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 427 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Similar to water, graphite oxide easily incorporates other polar solvents, e.g. alcohols. However, intercalation of polar solvents occurs significantly different in Brodie and Hummers graphite oxides. Brodie graphite oxide is intercalated at ambient conditions by one monolayer of alcohols and several other solvents (e.... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 485 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Surface properties
It is also possible to modify the surface of graphene oxide to change its properties. Graphene oxide has unique surface properties which make it a very good surfactant material stabilizing various emulsion systems. Graphene oxide remains at the interface of the emulsions systems due to the differenc... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 405 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Optical nonlinearity
Nonlinear optical materials are of great importance for ultrafast photonics and optoelectronics. Recently, the giant optical nonlinearities of graphene oxide (GO) has proven useful for a number of applications. For example, the optical limiting of GO is indispensable in the protection of sensitive... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 411 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Partial reduction can be achieved by treating the suspended graphene oxide with hydrazine hydrate at 100 °C for 24 hours, by exposing graphene oxide to hydrogen plasma for a few seconds, or by exposure to a strong pulse of light, such as that of a xenon flash. Due to the oxidation protocol, manifold defects already pr... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 492 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Graphite oxides were studied for desalination of water using reverse osmosis beginning in the 1960s. In 2011 additional research was released.
In 2013 Lockheed Martin announced their Perforene graphene filter. Lockheed claims the filter reduces the energy costs of reverse osmosis desalination by 99%. Lockheed claimed ... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 507 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Graphene attached to a polycarbonate support structure was initially effective at removing salt. However, defects formed in the graphene. Filling larger defects with nylon and small defects with hafnium metal followed by a layer of oxide restored the filtration effect.
In 2016 engineers developed graphene-based films ... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 440 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Graphene oxide has been used in DNA analysis applications. The large planar surface of graphene oxide allows simultaneous quenching of multiple DNA probes labeled with different dyes, providing the detection of multiple DNA targets in the same solution. Further advances in graphene oxide based DNA sensors could result ... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 417 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
The optical lens has been playing a critical role in almost all areas of science and technology since its invention about 3000 years ago. With the advances in micro- and nanofabrication techniques, continued miniaturization of the conventional optical lenses has always been requested for various applications such as co... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 349 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
As a result, a novel ultrathin planar lens on a GO thin film has been realized recently using the DLW method. The distinct advantage of the GO flat lens is that phase modulation and amplitude modulation can be achieved simultaneously, which are attributed to the giant refractive index modulation and the variable linear... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 415 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Energy conversion
Photocatalytic water splitting is an artificial photosynthesis process in which water is dissociated into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), using artificial or natural light. Methods such as photocatalytic water splitting are currently being investigated to produce hydrogen as a clean source of energy. ... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 455 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
It has also been explored for its uses in vaccines and immunotherapy, including as a dual-use adjuvant and carrier of biomedical materials. In September 2020, researchers at the Shanghai National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology in China filed a patent for use of graphene oxide in a recombinant vaccine un... | Graphite oxide | Wikipedia | 275 | 20305069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
In astronomy, stellar kinematics is the observational study or measurement of the kinematics or motions of stars through space.
Stellar kinematics encompasses the measurement of stellar velocities in the Milky Way and its satellites as well as the internal kinematics of more distant galaxies. Measurement of the kinema... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 408 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
The components of space velocity in the Milky Way's Galactic coordinate system are usually designated U, V, and W, given in km/s, with U positive in the direction of the Galactic Center, V positive in the direction of galactic rotation, and W positive in the direction of the North Galactic Pole. The peculiar motion of ... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 393 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Rotation of the Milky Way's disc: From the proper motions and radial velocities of stars within the Milky way disc one can show that there is differential rotation. When combining these measurements of stars' proper motions and their radial velocities, along with careful modeling, it is possible to obtain a picture of ... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 402 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
External galaxies: Spectroscopic observations of external galaxies make it possible to characterize the bulk motions of the stars they contain. While these stellar populations in external galaxies are generally not resolved to the level where one can track the motion of individual stars (except for the very nearest gal... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 201 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Recent advancements due to Gaia
In 2018, the Gaia Data Release 2 (GAIA DR2) marked a significant advancement in stellar kinematics, offering a rich dataset of precise measurements. This release included detailed stellar kinematic and stellar parallax data, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the Milky Way'... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 487 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Depending on the definition, a high-velocity star is a star moving faster than 65 km/s to 100 km/s relative to the average motion of the other stars in the star's neighborhood. The velocity is also sometimes defined as supersonic relative to the surrounding interstellar medium. The three types of high-velocity stars ar... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 401 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
An example of a related set of runaway stars is the case of AE Aurigae, 53 Arietis and Mu Columbae, all of which are moving away from each other at velocities of over 100 km/s (for comparison, the Sun moves through the Milky Way at about 20 km/s faster than the local average). Tracing their motions back, their paths in... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 478 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Jack G. Hills first predicted the existence of HVSs in 1988. This was later confirmed in 2005 by Warren Brown, Margaret Geller, Scott Kenyon, and Michael Kurtz. 10 unbound HVSs were known, one of which is believed to have originated from the Large Magellanic Cloud rather than the Milky Way. Further measurements placed... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 494 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Supernova-induced HVSs may also be possible, although they are presumably rare. In this scenario, a HVS is ejected from a close binary system as a result of the companion star undergoing a supernova explosion. Ejection velocities up to 770 km/s, as measured from the galactic rest frame, are possible for late-type B-sta... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 437 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
As of 2014, twenty HVS were known.
HVS 1 – (SDSS J090744.99+024506.8) (a.k.a. The Outcast Star) – the first hypervelocity star to be discovered
HVS 2 – (SDSS J093320.86+441705.4 or US 708)
HVS 3 – (HE 0437-5439) – possibly from the Large Magellanic Cloud
HVS 4 – (SDSS J091301.00+305120.0)
HVS 5 – (SDSS J091759.42+... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 476 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
A stellar association is a very loose star cluster, whose stars share a common origin and are still moving together through space, but have become gravitationally unbound. Associations are primarily identified by their common movement vectors and ages. Identification by chemical composition is also used to factor in as... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 490 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
T associations
Young stellar groups can contain a number of infant T Tauri stars that are still in the process of entering the main sequence. These sparse populations of up to a thousand T Tauri stars are known as T associations. The nearest example is the Taurus-Auriga T association (Tau–Aur T association), located a... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 505 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
The list of young moving groups is constantly evolving. The Banyan Σ tool currently lists 29 nearby young moving groups Recent additions to nearby moving groups are the Volans-Carina Association (VCA), discovered with Gaia, and the Argus Association (ARG), confirmed with Gaia. Moving groups can sometimes be further sub... | Stellar kinematics | Wikipedia | 362 | 20310362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20kinematics | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
The angstrom (; ) is a unit of length equal to m; that is, one ten-billionth of a metre, a hundred-millionth of a centimetre, 0.1 nanometre, or 100 picometres. The unit is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874). It was originally spelled with Swedish letters, as Ångström and later as ångs... | Angstrom | Wikipedia | 435 | 25739045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom | Physical sciences | Metric | Basics and measurement |
In 1868, Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström created a chart of the spectrum of sunlight, in which he expressed the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre (or .) Ångström's chart and table of wavelengths in the solar spectrum became... | Angstrom | Wikipedia | 475 | 25739045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom | Physical sciences | Metric | Basics and measurement |
After the redefinition of the metre in spectroscopic terms, the Angstrom was formally redefined to be 0.1 nanometres. However, there was briefly thought to be a need for a separate unit of comparable size defined directly in terms of spectroscopy. In 1965, J.A. Bearden defined the Angstrom Star (symbol: Å*) as 0.2029... | Angstrom | Wikipedia | 501 | 25739045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom | Physical sciences | Metric | Basics and measurement |
Oral administration is a route of administration whereby a substance is taken through the mouth, swallowed, and then processed via the digestive system. This is a common route of administration for many medications.
Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes of administration, such as injecti... | Oral administration | Wikipedia | 427 | 27604245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20administration | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
The Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano (English: Super Toucan), also named ALX or A-29, is a Brazilian turboprop light attack aircraft designed and built by Embraer as a development of the Embraer EMB 312 Tucano. The A-29 Super Tucano carries a wide variety of weapons, including precision-guided munitions, and was designed t... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 389 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The request for a light attack aircraft was part of the Brazilian government's Amazon Surveillance System project. This aircraft would fly with the R-99A and R-99B aircraft then in service and be used to intercept illegal aircraft flights and patrol Brazil's borders. The ALX project was then created by the Brazilian Ai... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 303 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
The aircraft differs from the baseline EMB-312 Tucano trainer aircraft in several respects. It is powered by a more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-68C engine (compared to the EMB-312's powerplant); has a strengthened airframe to sustain higher g loads and increase fatigue life to 8,000–12,000 hours in operation... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 498 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Embraer developed an advanced training and support system suite called Training Operational Support System (TOSS) an integrated computational tool composed of four systems: computer-based training enabling the student to rehearse the next sortie on a computer simulation; an aviation mission planning station, which uses... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 412 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Afghanistan
In 2011, the Super Tucano was declared the winner of the US Light Air Support contract competition over the Hawker Beechcraft AT-6B Texan II. The contract was cancelled in 2012 citing Hawker Beechcraft's appeal when its proposal was disqualified during the procurement process, but rewon in 2013. Twenty of ... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 512 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Brazil
In August 2001, the Brazilian Air Force awarded Embraer a contract for 76 Super Tucano / ALX aircraft with options for a further 23. A total of 99 aircraft were acquired from a contract estimated to be worth U$214.1 million; 66 of these aircraft are two-seater versions, designated A-29B. The remaining 33 aircr... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 456 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Multiple RQ-450 UAVs and several E-99s were assigned for night operations to locate remote jungle airstrips used by drug smuggling gangs along the border. The RQ-450s located targets for the A-29s, allowing them to bomb the airstrips with a high level of accuracy using night vision systems and computer systems calculat... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 415 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In August 2008, the Chilean Air Force signed a contract valued at $120 million for 12 A-29Bs. The contract includes a broad integrated logistic support package and an advanced training and operation support system (TOSS), covering not only the aircraft, but also an integrated suite for ground support stations. The FAC... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 468 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In 2008, during "Operation Phoenix", a Colombian Air Force Super Tucano used Griffin laser-guided bombs to destroy a guerrilla cell inside Ecuador and kill the second-in-command chief of FARC, Raúl Reyes. This event led to a diplomatic break between the two countries. On 21 September 2010, Operation Sodoma in the Meta ... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 463 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
During Operacion Faraón, at the dawn of 21 March 2012, five Super Tucanos bombarded the FARC's 10th Front guerrilla camp in Arauca, near the Venezuelan border, killing 33 rebels. Five days later, in Operation Armagedón, nine Super Tucanos from Apiay Air Base attacked the FARC's 27th front camp in Vista Hermosa, Meta, u... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 429 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
In August 2001, Embraer announced the signing of a contract with the Dominican Republic for 10 Super Tucanos, to use for pilot training, internal security, border patrol and counter-narcotics trafficking missions. The order was reduced to eight aircraft in January 2009, for a total amount of US$93 million. The first tw... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 460 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
On 3 September 2011, the head of the Honduran Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Hondureña, or FAH), said that Honduras was to procure four Super Tucanos. On 7 February 2012, the Honduran government informed the Brazilian Trade Ministry of its interest in acquiring a large number of Super Tucanos. However, due to the economic sit... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 441 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
On 10 July 2012, Indonesia ordered a second set of eight Super Tucanos, along with a full flight simulator, bringing their order total to 16. In August 2012, Indonesia received the first four planes from the initial batch at a ceremony held in its facility in Gavião Peixoto, São Paulo, Brazil. Deliveries of the second ... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 492 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
Philippines
The Philippine Air Force (PAF) considered the acquisition of six Super Tucanos to replace the aging OV-10 Bronco. In late 2017, Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana signed the contract to purchase six for the Close Air Support Aircraft acquisition project as included in the AFP Modernization Program's Horizo... | Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano | Wikipedia | 434 | 5133204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20EMB%20314%20Super%20Tucano | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
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