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The electrons released during the entire sulfide-oxidation process enter in an electron transport chain, yielding a proton gradient that produces ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Thus, ATP generated from oxidative phosphorylation and ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation become available for CO2 fixation in C... | Riftia | Wikipedia | 417 | 550334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riftia | Biology and health sciences | Lophotrochozoa | Animals |
Ambient deep-sea water contains an abundant amount of inorganic carbon in the form of bicarbonate HCO3−, but it is actually the chargeless form of inorganic carbon, CO2, that is easily diffusible across membranes. The low partial pressures of CO2 in the deep-sea environment is due to the seawater alkaline pH and the hi... | Riftia | Wikipedia | 425 | 550334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riftia | Biology and health sciences | Lophotrochozoa | Animals |
Sulfide acquisition
In deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sulfide and oxygen are present in different areas. Indeed, the reducing fluid of hydrothermal vents is rich in sulfide, but poor in oxygen, whereas sea water is richer in dissolved oxygen. Moreover, sulfide is immediately oxidized by dissolved oxygen to form partly, ... | Riftia | Wikipedia | 469 | 550334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riftia | Biology and health sciences | Lophotrochozoa | Animals |
Another proof to support the environmental transfer comes from several studies conducted in the late 1990s. PCR was used to detect and identify a R. pachyptila symbiont gene whose sequence was very similar to the fliC gene that encodes some primary protein subunits (flagellin) required for flagellum synthesis. Analysis... | Riftia | Wikipedia | 433 | 550334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riftia | Biology and health sciences | Lophotrochozoa | Animals |
The large ovaries of females run within the gonocoel along the entire length of the trunk and are ventral to the trophosome. Eggs at different maturation stages can be found in the middle area of the ovaries, and depending on their developmental stage, are referred to as: oogonia, oocytes, and follicular cells. When th... | Riftia | Wikipedia | 443 | 550334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riftia | Biology and health sciences | Lophotrochozoa | Animals |
The endosymbionts of R. pachyptila are not passed to the fertilized eggs during spawning, but are acquired later during the larval stage of the vestimentiferan worm. R. pachyptila planktonic larvae that are transported through sea-bottom currents until they reach active hydrothermal vents sites, are referred to as trop... | Riftia | Wikipedia | 489 | 550334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riftia | Biology and health sciences | Lophotrochozoa | Animals |
is a system of community-supported agriculture in Japan, where consumers purchase food directly from farmers. Teikei is closely associated with small-scale, local, organic farming, and volunteer-based, non-profit partnerships between producers and consumers. Millions of Japanese consumers participate in teikei. It is w... | Teikei | Wikipedia | 483 | 550379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikei | Technology | Agriculture, labor and economy | null |
In particle physics, a tetraquark is an exotic meson composed of four valence quarks. A tetraquark state has long been suspected to be allowed by quantum chromodynamics, the modern theory of strong interactions. A tetraquark state is an example of an exotic hadron that lies outside the conventional quark model classif... | Tetraquark | Wikipedia | 484 | 550622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraquark | Physical sciences | Bosons | Physics |
In 2014, the Large Hadron Collider experiment LHCb confirmed the existence of the Z(4430) state with a significance of over 13.9 σ.
In February 2016, the DØ experiment reported evidence of a narrow tetraquark candidate, named X(5568), decaying to .
In December 2017, DØ also reported observing the X(5568) using a diffe... | Tetraquark | Wikipedia | 255 | 550622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraquark | Physical sciences | Bosons | Physics |
Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes (structurally different forms of the same element) due to its valency (tetravalent). Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades, many more allotropes have been discovered and researched, including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and s... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 464 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
The dominant industrial use of diamond is cutting, drilling (drill bits), grinding (diamond edged cutters), and polishing. Most uses of diamonds in these technologies do not require large diamonds, and most diamonds that are not gem-quality can find an industrial use. Diamonds are embedded in drill tips and saw blades ... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 484 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
Graphite conducts electricity, due to delocalization of the pi bond electrons above and below the planes of the carbon atoms. These electrons are free to move, so are able to conduct electricity. However, the electricity is only conducted along the plane of the layers. In diamond, all four outer electrons of each carbo... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 483 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
In its pure glassy (isotropic) synthetic forms, pyrolytic graphite and carbon fiber graphite are extremely strong, heat-resistant (to 3000 °C) materials, used in reentry shields for missile nosecones, solid rocket engines, high temperature reactors, brake shoes and electric motor brushes.
Intumescent or expandable gra... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 493 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
Carbophene
Carbophene is a 2 dimensional covalent organic framework. 4-6 carbophene has been synthesized from 1-3-5 trihydroxybenzene. It consists of 4-carbon and 6-carbon rings in 1:1 ratio. The angles between the three σ-bonds of the orbitals are approximately 120°, 90°, and 150°.
AA'-graphite
AA'-graphite is an al... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 470 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
As of the early twenty-first century, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are still under heavy study, in both pure and applied research labs. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use — binding specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even targe... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 440 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
Recent work has proposed zeolite-templated carbons (ZTCs) may be schwarzites. The name, ZTC, derives from their origin inside the pores of zeolites, crystalline silicon dioxide minerals. A vapor of carbon-containing molecules is injected into the zeolite, where the carbon gathers on the pores' walls, creating the negat... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 458 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphite-like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagons among the regular hexagonal pattern. This is the opposite of what happens in the case of buckminsterfullerenes, in which carbon sheets are given ... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 434 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
Other possible allotropes
Many other allotropes have been hypothesized but have yet to be synthesized.
bcc-carbon: At ultrahigh pressures of above 1000 GPa, diamond is predicted to transform into a body-centered cubic structure. This phase has importance in astrophysics and deep interiors of planets like Uranus and Ne... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 429 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
bct-carbon: Body-centered tetragonal carbon was proposed by theorists in 2010.
Chaoite is a mineral believed to have been formed in meteorite impacts. It has been described as slightly harder than graphite with a reflection color of grey to white. However, the existence of carbyne phases is disputed – see the article o... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 174 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
The Laves graph or K4 crystal is a theoretically predicted three-dimensional crystalline metastable carbon structure in which each carbon atom is bonded to three others, at 120° angles (like graphite), but where the bond planes of adjacent layers lie at an angle of 70.5°, rather than coinciding.
M-carbon: Monoclinic C... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 416 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
There is evidence that white dwarf stars have a core of crystallized carbon and oxygen nuclei. The largest of these found in the universe so far, BPM 37093, is located away in the constellation Centaurus. A news release from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics described the -wide stellar core as a diamond,... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 185 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
Zayedene: A combination of linear sp carbon chains and sp3 bulk carbon. The structure of these crystalline carbon allotropes consists of sp chains inserted in cylindrical cavities periodically arranged in hexagonal diamond (lonsdaleite).
Variability of carbon
The system of carbon allotropes spans an astounding range ... | Allotropes of carbon | Wikipedia | 350 | 551061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20carbon | Physical sciences | Group 14 | Chemistry |
Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats or, in Ireland, slob or slobs, are coastal wetlands that form in intertidal areas where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers. A global analysis published in 2019 suggested that tidal flat ecosystems are as extensive globally as mangroves, covering at least o... | Mudflat | Wikipedia | 457 | 551217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | Earth science |
Tidal flats, along with intertidal salt marshes and mangrove forests, are important ecosystems. They usually support a large population of wildlife, and are a key habitat that allows tens of millions of migratory shorebirds to migrate from breeding sites in the northern hemisphere to non-breeding areas in the southern ... | Mudflat | Wikipedia | 496 | 551217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | Earth science |
Arcachon Bay, France
Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania
Chamiza Wetland, Chile
Great Rann of Kutch, India
Belhaven, East Lothian Scotland, United Kingdom
Bridgwater Bay and Morecambe Bay, United Kingdom
Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, United States
Cook Inlet, Alaska, United States
Lindisfarne Island, England, United King... | Mudflat | Wikipedia | 183 | 551217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | Earth science |
In atomic physics, a magnetic quantum number is a quantum number used to distinguish quantum states of an electron or other particle according to its angular momentum along a given axis in space. The orbital magnetic quantum number ( or ) distinguishes the orbitals available within a given subshell of an atom. It speci... | Magnetic quantum number | Wikipedia | 405 | 551359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20quantum%20number | Physical sciences | Atomic physics | Physics |
There is a set of quantum numbers associated with the energy states of the atom. The four quantum numbers , , , and specify the complete quantum state of a single electron in an atom called its wavefunction or orbital. The Schrödinger equation for the wavefunction of an atom with one electron is a separable partial d... | Magnetic quantum number | Wikipedia | 434 | 551359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20quantum%20number | Physical sciences | Atomic physics | Physics |
Effect in magnetic fields
The quantum number refers, loosely, to the direction of the angular momentum vector. The magnetic quantum number only affects the electron's energy if it is in a magnetic field because in the absence of one, all spherical harmonics corresponding to the different arbitrary values of are e... | Magnetic quantum number | Wikipedia | 169 | 551359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20quantum%20number | Physical sciences | Atomic physics | Physics |
Engineering management is the application of engineering methods, tools, and techniques to business management systems. Engineering management is a career that brings together the technological problem-solving ability of engineering and the organizational, administrative, legal and planning abilities of management in o... | Engineering management | Wikipedia | 511 | 551388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20management | Technology | Basics | null |
In Pakistan, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore and National University of Science and Technology (NUST) offer admission both at Master and Doctorate level in Engineering Management while Capital University of Science & Technology (CUST), NED University of... | Engineering management | Wikipedia | 432 | 551388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20management | Technology | Basics | null |
Operations, operations research, and supply chain
Operations management is concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. Operations research deals with quantitative models of complex operations and uses these models to sup... | Engineering management | Wikipedia | 462 | 551388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20management | Technology | Basics | null |
Industrial engineering
Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes, systems or organizations. Industrial engineers work to eliminate waste of time, money, materials, man-hours, machine time, energy and other resources that do not generate value.
Management ... | Engineering management | Wikipedia | 462 | 551388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20management | Technology | Basics | null |
Although most engineering management programs are geared toward graduate studies, there are a number of institutions that teach EM at the undergraduate level. Over twenty undergraduate engineering management related programs are accredited by ABET including: West Point (United States Military Academy), Western Michiga... | Engineering management | Wikipedia | 476 | 551388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20management | Technology | Basics | null |
Western Michigan University began offering the MS in Manufacturing Administration degree in 1977 and later renamed the degree as Master of Science in Engineering Management. WMU's MSEM alumni work in the automotive, medical, manufacturing, and service sectors, often in roles of project manager, engineering manager, and... | Engineering management | Wikipedia | 512 | 551388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20management | Technology | Basics | null |
Engineering management consulting is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of organizations, people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials and/or processes. Management Engineering Consultants strive to improve upon existing organizations,... | Engineering management | Wikipedia | 359 | 551388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20management | Technology | Basics | null |
Professional organizations
There are a number of societies and organizations dedicated to the field of engineering management. One of the largest societies is a division of IEEE, the Engineering Management Society, which regularly publishes a trade magazine. Another prominent professional organization in the field is t... | Engineering management | Wikipedia | 196 | 551388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20management | Technology | Basics | null |
A liana is a long-stemmed woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word liana does not refer to a taxonomic grouping, but rather a habit of plant growth – much like tree or shrub. It com... | Liana | Wikipedia | 460 | 551448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana | Biology and health sciences | Plant anatomy and morphology: General | Biology |
Some lianas attain to great length, such as Bauhinia sp. in Surinam which has grown as long as 600 meters (2000'). Hawkins has accepted a length of 1.5 km (1 mile) for an Entada phaseoloides. The longest monocot liana is Calamus manan (or Calamus ornatus) at exactly 240 meters (787'). Dr. Francis E. Putz states that ... | Liana | Wikipedia | 215 | 551448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana | Biology and health sciences | Plant anatomy and morphology: General | Biology |
Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source. In the context of history of technology and economic development, electrification refers to the build-out of the electricity generation and electric power distri... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 503 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Many power requirements were less than that of a horse. Shop machines, such as woodworking lathes, were often powered with a one- or two-man crank. Household sewing machines were powered with a foot treadle; however, factory sewing machines were steam-powered from a line shaft. Dogs were sometimes used on machines s... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 470 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Vast gains in electrification were seen in the 1970s and 1980s—from 49% of the world's population in 1970 to 76% in 1990. By the early 2010s, 81–83% of the world's population had access to electricity.
Electrification for sustainable energy
Clean energy is mostly generated in the form of electricity, such as renewabl... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 478 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Heating electrification
A large fraction of the world population cannot afford sufficient cooling for their homes. In addition to air conditioning, which requires electrification and additional power demand, passive building design and urban planning will be needed to ensure cooling needs are met in a sustainable way. ... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 480 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Solar and wind are variable renewable energy sources that supply electricity intermittently depending on the weather and the time of day. Most electrical grids were constructed for non-intermittent energy sources such as coal-fired power plants. As larger amounts of solar and wind energy are integrated into the grid, c... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 497 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
In the years 1831–1832, Michael Faraday discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators. The principle, later called Faraday's law, is based on an electromotive force generated in an electrical conductor that is subjected to a varying magnetic flux as, for example, a wire moving through a magnetic fiel... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 460 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Carbon arc lamps were started by making contact between two carbon electrodes, which were then separated to within a narrow gap. Because the carbon burned away, the gap had to be constantly readjusted. Several mechanisms were developed to regulate the arc. A common approach was to feed a carbon electrode by gravity and... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 425 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Incandescent light bulbs
Various forms of incandescent light bulbs had numerous inventors; however, the most successful early bulbs were those that used a carbon filament sealed in a high vacuum. These were invented by Joseph Swan in 1878 in Britain and by Thomas Edison in 1879 in the US. Edison’s lamp was more success... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 499 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
By the mid-1880s, other electric companies were establishing central power stations and distributing electricity, including Crompton & Co. and the Swan Electric Light Company in the UK, Thomson-Houston Electric Company and Westinghouse in the US and Siemens in Germany. By 1890 there were 1000 central stations in operat... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 505 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Frank J. Sprague improved on the DC motor in 1884 by solving the problem of maintaining a constant speed with varying load and reducing sparking from the brushes. Sprague sold his motor through Edison Co. It is easy to vary speed with DC motors, which made them suited for a number of applications such as electric stree... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 421 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti went into this business in 1882 when he set up a shop in London designing various electrical devices. Ferranti believed in the success of alternating current power distribution early on, and was one of the few experts in this system in the UK. With the help of Lord Kelvin, Ferranti pioneered... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 375 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
AC power stations
The first AC power station was built by the English electrical engineer Sebastian de Ferranti. In 1887 the London Electric Supply Corporation hired Ferranti for the design of their power station at Deptford. He designed the building, the generating plant and the distribution system. It was built at th... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 446 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
The efficiency of steam prime movers in converting the heat energy of fuel into mechanical work was a critical factor in the economic operation of steam central generating stations. Early projects used reciprocating steam engines, operating at relatively low speeds. The introduction of the steam turbine fundamentally ... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 497 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Steam turbines could be built to operate on higher pressure and temperature steam. A fundamental principle of thermodynamics is that the higher the temperature of the steam entering an engine, the higher the efficiency. The introduction of steam turbines motivated a series of improvements in temperatures and pressures... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 493 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
Rural areas were electrified first in Europe, and in the U.S. the Rural Electric Administration, established in 1935 brought electrification to the underserviced rural areas.
In the Soviet Union, as in the United States, rural electrification progressed more slowly than in urban areas. It wasn't until the Brezhnev era... | Electrification | Wikipedia | 350 | 551731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Technology | Energy: General | null |
A courier is a person or organization that delivers a message, package or letter from one place or person to another place or person. Typically, a courier provides their courier service on a commercial contract basis; however, some couriers are government or state agency employees (for example: a diplomatic courier).
... | Courier | Wikipedia | 479 | 551824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
In Roman Britain, Rufinus made use of anabasii, as documented in Saint Jerome's memoirs (adv. Ruffinum, l. 3. c. 1.): "Idcircone Cereales et Anabasii tui per diversas provincias cucurrerunt, ut laudes meas legerent?" ("Is it on that account that your Cereales and Anabasii circulated through many provinces, so that they... | Courier | Wikipedia | 424 | 551824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
China
International courier services in China include TNT, EMS International, DHL, FedEx and UPS. These companies provide nominal worldwide service for both inbound and outbound shipments, connecting China to countries such as the US, Australia, United Kingdom, and New Zealand. Of the international courier services, t... | Courier | Wikipedia | 503 | 551824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
Couriers that operate across Bangladesh include Sundarban Courier Service(40% market share), SA Paribahan, Pathao Courier, e-dak Courier, RedX, Sheba Delivery, Janani Express Parcel Service, Delivery Tiger, eCourier, Karatoa Courier Service, Sonar Courier. Almost all of these couriers can be tracked online. Also intern... | Courier | Wikipedia | 379 | 551824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
The 'Man & Van'/Freelance courier business model, is highly popular in the United Kingdom, with thousands upon thousands of independent couriers and localised companies, offering next-day and same day services. This is likely to be so popular because of the low business requirements (a vehicle) and the lucrative number... | Courier | Wikipedia | 483 | 551824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
The courier industry has long held an important place in United States commerce and has been involved in pivotal moments in the nation's history such as westward migration and the gold rush. Wells Fargo was founded in 1852 and rapidly became the preeminent package delivery company. The company specialised in shipping g... | Courier | Wikipedia | 273 | 551824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus Ateles, part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The genus consists of seven species, all of which are under threat; the brown spider ... | Spider monkey | Wikipedia | 498 | 551920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20monkey | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Taxonomic classification
The genus name Ateles derives from the ancient greek word (), meaning "incomplete, imperfect", in reference to the reduced or non-existent thumbs of spider monkeys.
The genus contains seven species, and seven subspecies.
Family Atelidae
Subfamily Alouattinae: howler monkeys
Subfamily Atel... | Spider monkey | Wikipedia | 480 | 551920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20monkey | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Spider monkeys are highly agile, and they are said to be second only to the gibbons in this respect. They have been seen in the wild jumping from tree to tree.
Female spider monkeys have a clitoris that is especially developed; it may be referred to as a pseudo-penis because it has an interior passage, or urethra, tha... | Spider monkey | Wikipedia | 357 | 551920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20monkey | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Spider monkeys communicate their intentions and observations using postures and stances, such as postures of sexual receptivity and of attack. When a spider monkey sees a human approaching, it barks loudly similar to a dog. When a monkey is approached, it climbs to the end of the branch it is on and shakes it vigorousl... | Spider monkey | Wikipedia | 439 | 551920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20monkey | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Spider monkeys eat fleshy fruits 71 to 83 percent of the time. They can live for long periods on only one or two kinds of fruits and nuts. They eat the fruits of many big forest trees, and because they swallow fruits whole, the seeds are eventually excreted and fertilized by the feces. Studies show the diet of spider m... | Spider monkey | Wikipedia | 420 | 551920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20monkey | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
Spider monkeys are found in many aspects of the Mesoamerican cultures. In the Aztec 260-day calendar, Spider Monkey (Nahua Ozomatli) serves as the name for the 11th day. In the corresponding Maya calendar, Howler Monkey (Batz) is substituted for Spider Monkey. In present-day Maya religious feasts, spider monkey imperso... | Spider monkey | Wikipedia | 123 | 551920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20monkey | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) or fluctuation–dissipation relation (FDR) is a powerful tool in statistical physics for predicting the behavior of systems that obey detailed balance. Given that a system obeys detailed balance, the theorem is a proof that thermodynamic fluctuations in a physical variable pred... | Fluctuation–dissipation theorem | Wikipedia | 269 | 552234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation%E2%80%93dissipation%20theorem | Physical sciences | Statistical mechanics | Physics |
Drag and Brownian motion
If an object is moving through a fluid, it experiences drag (air resistance or fluid resistance). Drag dissipates kinetic energy, turning it into heat. The corresponding fluctuation is Brownian motion. An object in a fluid does not sit still, but rather moves around with a small and rapidly-cha... | Fluctuation–dissipation theorem | Wikipedia | 486 | 552234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation%E2%80%93dissipation%20theorem | Physical sciences | Statistical mechanics | Physics |
which connects the diffusion constant D and the particle mobility μ, the ratio of the particle's terminal drift velocity to an applied force. kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
Thermal noise in a resistor
In 1928, John B. Johnson discovered and Harry Nyquist explained Johnson–Nyquist nois... | Fluctuation–dissipation theorem | Wikipedia | 505 | 552234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation%E2%80%93dissipation%20theorem | Physical sciences | Statistical mechanics | Physics |
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem can be generalized in a straightforward way to the case of space-dependent fields, to the case of several variables or to a quantum-mechanics setting.
Derivation
Classical version
We derive the fluctuation–dissipation theorem in the form given above, using the same notation.
Consid... | Fluctuation–dissipation theorem | Wikipedia | 461 | 552234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation%E2%80%93dissipation%20theorem | Physical sciences | Statistical mechanics | Physics |
where in the second equality we re-positioned using the cyclic property of trace. Next, in the third equality, we inserted next to the trace and interpreted as a time evolution operator with imaginary time interval . The imaginary time shift turns into a factor after Fourier transform
and thus the expression for... | Fluctuation–dissipation theorem | Wikipedia | 512 | 552234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation%E2%80%93dissipation%20theorem | Physical sciences | Statistical mechanics | Physics |
Their results confirm the expectation that as the system is left to equilibrate for longer times, the fluctuation-dissipation relation is closer to be satisfied.
In the mid-1990s, in the study of dynamics of spin glass models, a generalization of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem was discovered that holds for asymp... | Fluctuation–dissipation theorem | Wikipedia | 125 | 552234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation%E2%80%93dissipation%20theorem | Physical sciences | Statistical mechanics | Physics |
The standard error (SE) of a statistic (usually an estimate of a parameter) is the standard deviation of its sampling distribution or an estimate of that standard deviation. If the statistic is the sample mean, it is called the standard error of the mean (SEM). The standard error is a key ingredient in producing confid... | Standard error | Wikipedia | 452 | 552520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20error | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
the standard deviation of the population (),
the standard deviation of the sample (),
the standard deviation of the mean itself (, which is the standard error), and
the estimator of the standard deviation of the mean (, which is the most often calculated quantity, and is also often colloquially called the standard e... | Standard error | Wikipedia | 471 | 552520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20error | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
In many practical applications, the true value of σ is unknown. As a result, we need to use a distribution that takes into account that spread of possible σs.
When the true underlying distribution is known to be Gaussian, although with unknown σ, then the resulting estimated distribution follows the Student t-distribut... | Standard error | Wikipedia | 503 | 552520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20error | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
Standard errors provide simple measures of uncertainty in a value and are often used because:
in many cases, if the standard error of several individual quantities is known then the standard error of some function of the quantities can be easily calculated;
when the probability distribution of the value is known, it ca... | Standard error | Wikipedia | 496 | 552520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20error | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
If one is interested in measuring an existing finite population that will not change over time, then it is necessary to adjust for the population size (called an enumerative study). When the sampling fraction (often termed f) is large (approximately at 5% or more) in an enumerative study, the estimate of the standard e... | Standard error | Wikipedia | 338 | 552520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20error | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respon... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 433 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
In eukaryotes, the accessibility of large regions of DNA can depend on its chromatin structure, which can be altered as a result of histone modifications directed by DNA methylation, ncRNA, or DNA-binding protein. Hence these modifications may up or down regulate the expression of a gene. Some of these modifications t... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 480 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Regulation of transcription thus controls when transcription occurs and how much RNA is created. Transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase can be regulated by several mechanisms.
Specificity factors alter the specificity of RNA polymerase for a given promoter or set of promoters, making it more or less likely to bind t... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 309 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Regulation by RNA
RNA can be an important regulator of gene activity, e.g. by microRNA (miRNA), antisense-RNA, or long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). LncRNAs differ from mRNAs in the sense that they have specified subcellular locations and functions. They were first discovered to be located in the nucleus and chromatin, and... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 342 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG sites are methylated the gene becomes silenced. Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations. However, transcriptional silencing... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 315 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Chronic nicotine intake in mice alters brain cell epigenetic control of gene expression through acetylation of histones. This increases expression in the brain of the protein FosB, important in addiction. Cigarette addiction was also studied in about 16,000 humans, including never smokers, current smokers, and those... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 486 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Methylation of CpGs in a promoter region of a gene represses transcription while methylation of CpGs in the body of a gene increases expression. TET enzymes play a central role in demethylation of methylated cytosines. Demethylation of CpGs in a gene promoter by TET enzyme activity increases transcription of the gene... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 482 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
The 3'-UTR often contains miRNA response elements (MREs). MREs are sequences to which miRNAs bind. These are prevalent motifs within 3'-UTRs. Among all regulatory motifs within the 3'-UTRs (e.g. including silencer regions), MREs make up about half of the motifs.
As of 2014, the miRBase web site, an archive of miRNA s... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 483 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Examples of gene regulation
Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule (e.g., a drug) induces (i.e., initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme.
The induction of heat shock proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
The Lac operon is an interesting example of how gene expression can be regula... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 474 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Up-regulation and down-regulation
Up-regulation is a process which occurs within a cell triggered by a signal (originating internal or external to the cell), which results in increased expression of one or more genes and as a result the proteins encoded by those genes. Conversely, down-regulation is a process resultin... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 435 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Theoretical circuits
Repressor/Inducer: an activation of a sensor results in the change of expression of a gene
negative feedback: the gene product downregulates its own production directly or indirectly, which can result in
keeping transcript levels constant/proportional to a factor
inhibition of run-away reactio... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 219 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
When studying gene expression, there are several methods to look at the various stages. In eukaryotes these include:
The local chromatin environment of the region can be determined by ChIP-chip analysis by pulling down RNA Polymerase II, Histone 3 modifications, Trithorax-group protein, Polycomb-group protein, or any ... | Regulation of gene expression | Wikipedia | 393 | 553121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Platybelodon ("flat-spear tusk") is an extinct genus of large herbivorous proboscidean mammals related to modern-day elephants, placed in the "shovel tusker" family Amebelodontidae. Species lived during the middle Miocene Epoch in Africa, Asia and the Caucasus.
Distribution
P. grangeri fossils are known from China.
... | Platybelodon | Wikipedia | 198 | 553313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platybelodon | Biology and health sciences | Proboscidea | Animals |
Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas in temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands and montane grasslands and shrublands biomes, characterised by low-growing vegetation on acidic soils. Moorland, nowadays, generally means uncultivated hill land (such as Dartmoor in South West England), but al... | Moorland | Wikipedia | 493 | 553383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
In Europe, the associated fauna consists of bird species such as red grouse, hen harrier, merlin, golden plover, curlew, skylark, meadow pipit, whinchat, ring ouzel, and twite. Other species dominate in moorlands elsewhere. Reptiles are few due to the cooler conditions. In Europe, only the common viper is frequent, tho... | Moorland | Wikipedia | 449 | 553383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
In terms of managing moorlands for wildlife, in the UK, vegetation characteristics are important for passerine abundance, whilst predator control benefits red grouse, golden plover, and curlew abundances. To benefit multiple species, many management options are required. However, management needs to be carried out in l... | Moorland | Wikipedia | 502 | 553383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Belgium
Weißer Stein (Eifel)
High Fens
France
Monts d'Arrée
Germany
Großes Torfmoor
Hücker Moor
Oppenwehe Moor
Worringer Bruch
High Fens
The Netherlands
Dwingelderveld
Bargerveen
Fochteloërveen
The Peel
Great Britain
Great Britain is home to an estimated 10–15% of the world's moors. Notable areas ... | Moorland | Wikipedia | 478 | 553383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Sumapaz Páramo, Bogota
Chingaza National Natural Park, Cundinamarca department
Oceta Páramo, Boyacá Department
Iguaque, Boyacá Department
Puracé, Cauca Department
Páramo de Santurbán, Santander Department | Moorland | Wikipedia | 52 | 553383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Rafflesia arnoldii, the corpse flower, or giant padma, Its local name is Petimum Sikinlili. It is a species of flowering plant in the parasitic genus Rafflesia within the family Rafflesiaceae. It is noted for producing the largest individual flower on Earth. It has a strong and unpleasant odor of decaying flesh. It is ... | Rafflesia arnoldii | Wikipedia | 416 | 1392524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia%20arnoldii | Biology and health sciences | Malpighiales | Plants |
In 1818 the British surgeon Joseph Arnold collected a specimen of another Rafflesia species found by a Malay servant in a part of Sumatra, then a British colony called British Bencoolen (now Bengkulu), during an expedition run by the recently appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen, Stamford Raffles. Arnold contract... | Rafflesia arnoldii | Wikipedia | 449 | 1392524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia%20arnoldii | Biology and health sciences | Malpighiales | Plants |
In 1999, the British botanical historian David Mabberley, in response to Meijer's findings, attempted to rescue Brown's names from synonymy. This is known as 'conservation' in taxonomy, and normally this requires making a formal proposal to the committee of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). Mabbe... | Rafflesia arnoldii | Wikipedia | 494 | 1392524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia%20arnoldii | Biology and health sciences | Malpighiales | Plants |
Regional names
It is called kerubut in Sumatra. In the kecamatan ('district') of Pandam Gadang, it is known as cendawan biriang in the Minangkabau language.
Description
Although Rafflesia is a vascular plant, it lacks any observable leaves, stems or even roots, and does not have chlorophyll. It lives as a holoparasite... | Rafflesia arnoldii | Wikipedia | 373 | 1392524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia%20arnoldii | Biology and health sciences | Malpighiales | Plants |
The only host plant species of R. arnoldii is Tetrastigma leucostaphylum in West Sumatra. Tetrastigma are themselves parasites of a sort, using the strength and upright growth of other surrounding plants to reach the light. The host plants of the host plants – the trees that Tetrastigma uses to climb up to light, are r... | Rafflesia arnoldii | Wikipedia | 357 | 1392524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia%20arnoldii | Biology and health sciences | Malpighiales | Plants |
Other important components of the ecosystem around Rafflesia arnoldii plants at this location are, in the undergrowth, the Urticaceae Laportea stimulans (IVI: 55.81%) and Villebrunea rubescens (IVI: 50.10%), as well as the wild cinnamon Cinnamomum burmannii (IVI: 24.33%) and the fig Ficus disticha (IVI: 23.83%). In the... | Rafflesia arnoldii | Wikipedia | 495 | 1392524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia%20arnoldii | Biology and health sciences | Malpighiales | Plants |
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