text stringlengths 26 3.6k | page_title stringlengths 1 71 | source stringclasses 1
value | token_count int64 10 512 | id stringlengths 2 8 | url stringlengths 31 117 | topic stringclasses 4
values | section stringlengths 4 49 ⌀ | sublist stringclasses 9
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food
The most common food allergies in adults are shellfish and nuts. The most common food allergies in children are shellfish, nuts, eggs, wheat, and soy. One study showed Balsam of Peru, which is in many processed foods, to be the most common cause of immediate contact urticaria. Another food allergy that can cause ... | Hives | Wikipedia | 501 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Pressure or delayed pressure
This type of hives can occur right away, precisely after a pressure stimulus or as a deferred response to sustained pressure being enforced to the skin. In the deferred form, the hives only appear after about six hours from the initial application of pressure to the skin. Under normal circu... | Hives | Wikipedia | 436 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Severe reactions can be seen with exposure to cold water; swimming in cold water is the most common cause of a severe reaction. This can cause a massive discharge of histamine, resulting in low blood pressure, fainting, shock and even loss of life. Cold urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing an ice cube against the skin of ... | Hives | Wikipedia | 447 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Exercise
The condition was first distinguished in 1980. People with exercise urticaria (EU) experience hives, itchiness, shortness of breath and low blood pressure five to 30 minutes after beginning exercise. These symptoms can progress to shock and even sudden death. Jogging is the most common exercise to cause EU, bu... | Hives | Wikipedia | 452 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Allergic hives
Histamine and other proinflammatory substances are released from mast cells in the skin and tissues in response to the binding of allergen-bound IgE antibodies to high-affinity cell surface receptors. Basophils and other inflammatory cells are also seen to release histamine and other mediators, and are ... | Hives | Wikipedia | 490 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Stress and chronic idiopathic hives
Chronic idiopathic hives has been anecdotally linked to stress since the 1940s. A large body of evidence demonstrates an association between this condition and both poor emotional well-being and reduced health-related quality of life. A link between stress and this condition has als... | Hives | Wikipedia | 506 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Angioedema
Angioedema is similar to hives, but in angioedema, the swelling occurs in a lower layer of the dermis than in hives, as well as in the subcutis. This swelling can occur around the mouth, eyes, in the throat, in the abdomen, or in other locations. Hives and angioedema sometimes occur together in response to a... | Hives | Wikipedia | 376 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Treatment guidelines for the management of chronic hives have been published. According to the 2014 American practice parameters, treatment involves a stepwise approach. Step 1 consists of second generation, H1 receptor blocking antihistamines. Systemic glucocorticoids can also be used for episodes of severe disease bu... | Hives | Wikipedia | 489 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Systemic steroids
Oral glucocorticoids are effective in controlling symptoms of chronic hives. However, they have an extensive list of adverse effects, such as adrenal suppression, weight gain, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, etc. Therefore, their use should be limited to a couple of weeks. In addition, one study found th... | Hives | Wikipedia | 396 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Omalizumab was approved by the FDA in 2014 for people with hives 12 years old and above with chronic hives. It is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE. Significant improvement in pruritus and quality of life was observed in a phase III, multicenter, randomized control trial.
Immunosuppressants used for CU inclu... | Hives | Wikipedia | 388 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
History
The term urticaria was first used by the Scottish physician William Cullen in 1769. It originates from the Latin word urtica, meaning stinging hair or nettle, as the classical presentation follows the contact with a perennial flowering plant Urtica dioica. The history of urticaria dates back to 1000–2000 BC wit... | Hives | Wikipedia | 148 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
The hydrogen economy is an umbrella term for the roles hydrogen can play alongside low-carbon electricity to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The aim is to reduce emissions where cheaper and more energy-efficient clean solutions are not available. In this context, hydrogen economy encompasses the production of hyd... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 444 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
there are no real alternatives to hydrogen for several chemical processes in which it is currently used, such as ammonia production for fertilizer. The cost of low- and zero-carbon hydrogen is likely to influence the degree to which it will be used in chemical feedstocks, long haul aviation and shipping, and long-term ... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 472 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
A spike in attention for the hydrogen economy concept during the 2000s was repeatedly described as hype by some critics and proponents of alternative technologies, and investors lost money in the bubble. Interest in the energy carrier resurged in the 2010s, notably with the forming of the World Hydrogen Council in 2017... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 460 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
Virtually all hydrogen produced for the current market is used in oil refining (40 Mt in 2021) and industry (54 MtH2). In oil refining, hydrogen is used, in a process known as hydrocracking, to convert heavy petroleum sources into lighter fractions suitable for use as fuels. Industrial uses mainly comprise ammonia prod... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 506 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
The imperative to use low-carbon hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has the potential to reshape the geography of industrial activities, as locations with appropriate hydrogen production potential in different regions will interact in new ways with logistics infrastructure, raw material availability, human and... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 476 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
An alternative to gaseous hydrogen as an energy carrier is to bond it with nitrogen from the air to produce ammonia, which can be easily liquefied, transported, and used (directly or indirectly) as a clean and renewable fuel. Among disadvantages of ammonia as an energy carrier are its high toxicity, energy efficiency... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 488 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals and i... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 427 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
The range of cost estimates for commercially available hydrogen production methods is broad, As of 2022, gray hydrogen is cheapest to produce without a tax on its CO2 emissions, followed by blue and green hydrogen. Blue hydrogen production costs are not anticipated to fall substantially by 2050, can be expected to fluc... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 451 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
Australia
Western Australia's Department of Planning and Infrastructure operated three Daimler Chrysler Citaro fuel cell buses as part of its Sustainable Transport Energy for Perth Fuel Cells Bus Trial in Perth. The buses were operated by Path Transit on regular Transperth public bus routes. The trial began in Septemb... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 449 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
Iceland
Iceland has committed to becoming the world's first hydrogen economy by the year 2050. Iceland is in a unique position. Presently, it imports all the petroleum products necessary to power its automobiles and fishing fleet. Iceland has large geothermal resources, so much that the local price of electricity actu... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 474 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
Poland
It planning open first hydrogen publication stations, The Ministry of Climate and Environment (MKiŚ) will soon schan competitions for 2-3 hydrogen refueling stations, Polish Deputy Minister in this ministry Krzysztof Bolesta.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia as a part of the NEOM project, is looking to produce rough... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 451 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
In 2006, Florida’s infrastructure project was commissioned. First opened Orlando as public bus transportation, Ford Motor Company announced putting a fleet of hydrogen-fueled Ford E-450. Liquidated hydrogen mobile system was constructed at Titusville. An FPL’s pilot clean hydrogen facility operated in Okeechobee County... | Hydrogen economy | Wikipedia | 162 | 906156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Technology | Fuel | null |
Athlete's foot, known medically as tinea pedis, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by a fungus. Signs and symptoms often include itching, scaling, cracking and redness. In rare cases the skin may blister. Athlete's foot fungus may infect any part of the foot, but most often grows between the toes. The next m... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 405 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
Athlete's foot is divided into four categories or presentations: chronic interdigital, plantar (chronic scaly; aka "moccasin foot"), acute ulcerative, and vesiculobullous. "Interdigital" means between the toes. "Plantar" here refers to the sole of the foot. The ulcerative condition includes macerated lesions with scaly... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 512 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
Complications
As the disease progresses, the skin may crack, leading to bacterial skin infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. If allowed to grow for too long, athlete's foot fungus may spread to infect the toenails, feeding on the keratin in them, a condition called onychomycosis.
Because athlete's foot... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 470 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
Some individuals may experience an allergic response to the fungus called an id reaction in which blisters or vesicles can appear in areas such as the hands, chest, and arms. Treatment of the underlying infection typically results in the disappearance of the id reaction.
Causes
Athlete's foot is a form of dermatophyt... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 451 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
One way to contract athlete's foot is to get a fungal infection somewhere else on the body first. The funguses causing athlete's foot may spread from other areas of the body to the feet, usually by touching or scratching the affected area, thereby getting the fungus on the fingers, and then touching or scratching the f... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 479 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
A Wood's lamp (black light), although useful in diagnosing fungal infections of the scalp (tinea capitis), is not usually helpful in diagnosing athlete's foot, since the common dermatophytes that cause this disease do not fluoresce under ultraviolet light.
Prevention
There are several preventive foot hygiene measures... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 487 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
Conventional treatment typically involves thoroughly washing the feet daily or twice daily, followed by the application of a topical medication. Because the outer skin layers are damaged and susceptible to reinfection, topical treatment generally continues until all layers of the skin are replaced, about 2 to 6 weeks a... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 262 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
Topical treatments
There are many topical antifungal drugs useful in the treatment of athlete's foot including: miconazole nitrate, clotrimazole, tolnaftate (a synthetic thiocarbamate), terbinafine hydrochloride, butenafine hydrochloride and undecylenic acid. The fungal infection may be treated with topical antifungal... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 371 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
Epidemiology
Globally, fungal infections affect about 15% of the population and 20% of adults. Additionally, 70% of the population will experience athlete's foot at some point in life. Athlete's foot is common in individuals who wear unventilated (occlusive) footwear, such as rubber boots or vinyl shoes. Upon exposure ... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 201 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
Cases of athlete's foot were first documented around 1916 during World War I, where infection among soldiers was common. By 1928 it was estimated that nearly ten million Americans with cases of athlete's foot; the alarming prevalence of the disease caused for public health concern. In the following year, an epidemiolo... | Athlete's foot | Wikipedia | 421 | 906475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s%20foot | Biology and health sciences | Fungal infections | Health |
A disc herniation or spinal disc herniation is an injury to the intervertebral disc between two vertebrae, usually caused by excessive strain or trauma to the spine. It may result in back pain, pain or sensation in different parts of the body, and physical disability. The most conclusive diagnostic tool for disc hernia... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 417 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Symptoms of a herniated disc can vary depending on the location of the herniation and the types of soft tissue involved. They can range from little or no pain, if the disc is the only tissue injured, to severe and unrelenting neck pain or low back pain that radiates into regions served by nerve roots which have been ir... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 453 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Cause
When the spine is straight, such as in standing or lying down, internal pressure is equalized on all parts of the discs. While sitting or bending to lift, internal pressure on a disc can move from (lying down) to over (lifting with a rounded back). Herniation of the contents of the disc into the spinal canal of... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 489 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Professional athletes, especially those playing contact sports, such as American football, Rugby, ice hockey, and wrestling, are known to be prone to disc herniations as well as some limited contact sports that require repetitive flexion and compression such as soccer, baseball, basketball, and volleyball. Within athle... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 318 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Lumbar disc herniation
Lumbar disc herniations occur in the back, most often between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies or between the fifth and the sacrum. Here, symptoms can be felt in the lower back, buttocks, thigh, anal/genital region (via the perineal nerve), and may radiate into the foot and/or toe.... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 403 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
It is increasingly recognized that back pain resulting from disc herniation is not always due solely to nerve compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots, but may also be caused by chemical inflammation. There is evidence that points to a specific inflammatory mediator in back pain: an inflammatory molecule, called t... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 473 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Straight leg raise
The straight leg raise is often used as a preliminary test for possible disc herniation in the lumbar region. A variation is to lift the leg while the patient is sitting. However, this reduces the sensitivity of the test. A Cochrane review published in 2010 found that individual diagnostic tests incl... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 189 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Computed tomographyscan is the most sensitive imaging modality to examine the bony structures of the spine. CT imaging allows for the evaluation of calcified herniated discs or any pathological process that may result in bone loss or destruction. It is deficient for the visualization of nerve roots, making it unsuitabl... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 392 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Myelography. An X-ray of the spinal canal following injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces will reveal displacement of the contrast material. It can show the presence of structures that can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, such as herniated discs, tumors, or bone sp... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 478 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Differential diagnosis
Tests may be required to distinguish spinal disc herniations from other conditions with similar symptoms.
Discogenic pain
Mechanical pain
Myofascial pain
Abscess
Aortic dissection
Discitis or osteomyelitis
Hematoma
Mass lesion or malignancy
Benign tumor like neurinoma or meningeoma
Myoc... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 432 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Non-surgical methods of treatment are usually attempted first. Pain medications may be prescribed to alleviate acute pain and allow the patient to begin exercising and stretching. There are a number of non-surgical methods used in attempts to relieve the condition. They are considered indicated, contraindicated, relati... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 393 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Surgery
Surgery may be useful when a herniated disc is causing significant pain radiating into the leg, significant leg weakness, bladder problems, or loss of bowel control.
Discectomy (the partial removal of a disc that is causing leg pain) can provide pain relief sooner than non-surgical treatments.
Small endoscop... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 474 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Epidemiology
Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing low back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica. Lumbar disc herniation... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 459 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Exercises that enhance back strength may also be used to prevent back injuries. Back exercises include the prone push-ups/press-ups, upper back extension, transverse abdominis bracing, and floor bridges. If pain is present in the back, it can mean that the stabilization muscles of the back are weak and a person needs t... | Disc herniation | Wikipedia | 170 | 6737633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20herniation | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
A disposable (also called disposable product) is a product designed for a single use after which it is recycled or is disposed as solid waste. The term is also sometimes used for products that may last several months (e.g. disposable air filters) to distinguish from similar products that last indefinitely (e.g. washabl... | Disposable product | Wikipedia | 493 | 2817032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable%20product | Technology | Industry: General | null |
In the UK, a 2018 HM Treasury consultation on single-use plastic waste taxation noted that the production process for single-use plastic originates in the conversion of naturally occurring substances into polymers, which vary in their capacity for being re-processed on one or more occasions, meaning that some polymers ... | Disposable product | Wikipedia | 512 | 2817032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable%20product | Technology | Industry: General | null |
In 2002, Taiwan began taking action to reduce the use of disposable tableware at institutions and businesses, and to reduce the use of plastic bags. Yearly, the nation of 17.7 million people was producing 59,000 tons of disposable tableware waste and 105,000 tons of waste plastic bags, and increasing measures have been... | Disposable product | Wikipedia | 505 | 2817032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable%20product | Technology | Industry: General | null |
A kulhar is a traditional handle-less clay cup from South Asia that is typically unpainted and unglazed, and meant to be disposable. Since kulhars are made by firing in a kiln and are almost never reused, they are inherently sterile and hygienic. Bazaars and food stalls in the Indian subcontinent traditionally served ... | Disposable product | Wikipedia | 500 | 2817032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable%20product | Technology | Industry: General | null |
Garbage bags
Vacuum cleaner bags, water, air, coolant, and other filters
Ballpoint pens, erasers, and other writing implements
Movie sets and theater sets
Gift wrapping paper
Labels, stickers, and the associated release liners are single use and usually disposed after use.
Cigarettes and cigars, plus cigarette pack... | Disposable product | Wikipedia | 84 | 2817032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable%20product | Technology | Industry: General | null |
In electrodynamics, the Larmor formula is used to calculate the total power radiated by a nonrelativistic point charge as it accelerates. It was first derived by J. J. Larmor in 1897, in the context of the wave theory of light.
When any charged particle (such as an electron, a proton, or an ion) accelerates, energy is... | Larmor formula | Wikipedia | 494 | 2817855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor%20formula | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
The variables in this equation are in the original moving frame, but the rate of energy emission on the left hand side of the equation is still given in terms of the rest frame variables.
However, the right-hand side will be shown below to be a Lorentz invariant, so radiated power can be Lorentz transformed to the movi... | Larmor formula | Wikipedia | 406 | 2817855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor%20formula | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
Radiation reaction
The radiation from a charged particle carries energy and momentum. In order to satisfy energy and momentum conservation, the charged particle must experience a recoil at the time of emission. The radiation must exert an additional force on the charged particle. This force is known as Abraham-Lorentz ... | Larmor formula | Wikipedia | 468 | 2817855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor%20formula | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
The Larmor formula can only be used for non-relativistic particles, which limits its usefulness. The Liénard-Wiechert potential is a more comprehensive formula that must be employed for particles travelling at relativistic speeds. In certain situations, more intricate calculations including numerical techniques or pert... | Larmor formula | Wikipedia | 80 | 2817855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor%20formula | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
Hyaenodon ("hyena-tooth") is an extinct genus of carnivorous placental mammals from extinct tribe Hyaenodontini within extinct subfamily Hyaenodontinae (in extinct family Hyaenodontidae), that lived in Eurasia and North America from the middle Eocene, throughout the Oligocene, to the early Miocene.
Description
Typica... | Hyaenodon | Wikipedia | 410 | 2819553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Paleoecology
The various species of Hyaenodon competed with each other and with other hyaenodont genera (including Sinopa, Dissopsalis and Hyainailurus), and played important roles as predators in ecological communities as late as the Miocene in Asia and preyed on a variety of prey species such as primitive horses like... | Hyaenodon | Wikipedia | 233 | 2819553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Taxonomy
Tribe: †Hyaenodontini
Genus: †Hyaenodon
†Hyaenodon brachyrhynchus
†Hyaenodon chunkhtensis
†Hyaenodon dubius
†Hyaenodon eminus
†Hyaenodon exiguus
†Hyaenodon filholi
†Hyaenodon gervaisi
†Hyaenodon heberti (Europe, 41–33.9 mya)
†Hyaenodon leptorhynchus
†Hyaenodon minor
†Hyaenodon neimongo... | Hyaenodon | Wikipedia | 333 | 2819553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Dysnomia (formally (136199) Eris I Dysnomia) is the only known moon of the dwarf planet Eris and is the second-largest known moon of a dwarf planet, after Pluto I Charon. It was discovered in September 2005 by Mike Brown and the Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics (LGSAO) team at the W. M. Keck Observatory. It carried the... | Dysnomia (moon) | Wikipedia | 358 | 2820700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysnomia%20%28moon%29 | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Submillimeter-wavelength observations of the Eris–Dysnomia system's thermal emissions by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) in 2015 first showed that Dysnomia had a large diameter and a very low albedo, with the initial estimate being . Further observations by ALMA in 2018 refined Dysnomia's diameter to (24% to... | Dysnomia (moon) | Wikipedia | 474 | 2820700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysnomia%20%28moon%29 | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Combining Keck and Hubble observations, the orbit of Dysnomia was used to determine the mass of Eris through Kepler's third law of planetary motion. Dysnomia's average orbital distance from Eris is approximately , with a calculated orbital period of 15.786 days, or approximately half a month. This shows that the mass o... | Dysnomia (moon) | Wikipedia | 497 | 2820700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysnomia%20%28moon%29 | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Mike Brown, the moon's discoverer, chose the name Dysnomia for the moon. As the daughter of Eris, the mythological Dysnomia fit the established pattern of naming moons after gods associated with the primary body (hence, Jupiter's largest moons are named after lovers of Jupiter, while Saturn's are named after his fellow... | Dysnomia (moon) | Wikipedia | 294 | 2820700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysnomia%20%28moon%29 | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Virus latency (or viral latency) is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant (latent) within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle. A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection. Latency is the phase in certain vir... | Virus latency | Wikipedia | 466 | 3783315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus%20latency | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes latency in myeloid progenitor cells, and is reactivated by inflammation. Immunosuppression and critical illness (sepsis in particular) often results in CMV reactivation. CMV reactivation is commonly seen in patients with severe colitis.
Advantages and disadvantages
A... | Virus latency | Wikipedia | 403 | 3783315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus%20latency | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Maintaining latency
Both proviral and episomal latency may require maintenance for continued infection and fidelity of viral genes. Latency is generally maintained by viral genes expressed primarily during latency. Expression of these latency-associated genes may function to keep the viral genome from being digested... | Virus latency | Wikipedia | 402 | 3783315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus%20latency | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
More serious ramifications of a latent infection could be the possibility of transforming the cell, and forcing the cell into uncontrolled cell division. This is a result of the random insertion of the viral genome into the host's own gene and expression of host cellular growth factors for the benefit of the virus. In... | Virus latency | Wikipedia | 257 | 3783315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus%20latency | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
A shake is an informal metric unit of time equal to 10 nanoseconds, or 10−8 seconds. It was originally coined for use in nuclear physics, helping to conveniently express the timing of various events in a nuclear reaction.
Etymology
Like many informal units having to do with nuclear physics, it arose from top secret op... | Shake (unit) | Wikipedia | 249 | 1387527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Time | Basics and measurement |
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites. These spores contain an extrusion apparatus that has a coiled polar tube ending in an anchoring disc at the apical part of the spore. They were once considered protozoans or protists, but are now known to be fungi, or a sister group to true fungi. These ... | Microsporidia | Wikipedia | 487 | 1387753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporidia | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Microsporidia lack mitochondria, instead possessing mitosomes. They also lack motile structures, such as flagella.
Microsporidia produce highly resistant spores, capable of surviving outside their host for up to several years. Spore morphology is useful in distinguishing between different species. Spores of most speci... | Microsporidia | Wikipedia | 489 | 1387753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporidia | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
In the case of insect hosts, vertical transmission often occurs as transovarial transmission, where the microsporidian parasites pass from the ovaries of the female host into eggs and eventually multiply in the infected larvae. Amblyospora salinaria n. sp. which infects the mosquito Culex salinarius Coquillett, and Am... | Microsporidia | Wikipedia | 357 | 1387753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporidia | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Microsporidia can infect a variety of hosts, including hosts which are themselves parasites. In that case, the microsporidian species is a hyperparasite, i.e. a parasite of a parasite. As an example, more than eighteen species are known which parasitize digeneans (parasitic flatworms). These digeneans are themselves pa... | Microsporidia | Wikipedia | 475 | 1387753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporidia | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
The first described microsporidian genus, Nosema, was initially put by Nägeli in the fungal group Schizomycetes together with some bacteria and yeasts. For some time microsporidia were considered as very primitive eukaryotes, placed in the protozoan group Cnidospora. Later, especially because of the lack of mitochondri... | Microsporidia | Wikipedia | 412 | 1387753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporidia | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Plants |
Brassica oleracea is a plant of the family Brassicaceae, also known as wild cabbage in its uncultivated form. The species evidently originated from feral populations of related plants in the Eastern Mediterranean, where it was most likely first cultivated. It has many common cultivars used as vegetables, including cabb... | Brassica oleracea | Wikipedia | 459 | 1388407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica%20oleracea | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | Plants |
B. oleracea has become established as an important human food crop plant, used because of its large food reserves, which are stored over the winter in its leaves. It has been bred into a wide range of cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, and kale, some of which are hardly rec... | Brassica oleracea | Wikipedia | 463 | 1388407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica%20oleracea | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | Plants |
European preference emerged for eating immature buds, selecting for inflorescence. Early records in 15th century AD, indicate that early cauliflower and broccoli heading types were found throughout southern Italy and Sicily, although these types may not have been resolved into distinct cultivars until about 100 years l... | Brassica oleracea | Wikipedia | 422 | 1388407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica%20oleracea | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | Plants |
Human genetics in relation to taste
The TAS2R38 gene encodes a G protein-coupled receptor that functions as a taste receptor, mediated by ligands such as propylthiouracil (PTU) and phenylthiocarbamide that bind to the receptor and initiate signaling that confers various degrees of taste perception. Bitter taste recep... | Brassica oleracea | Wikipedia | 343 | 1388407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica%20oleracea | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | Plants |
Man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS or MPADS) are portable shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles. They are guided weapons and are a threat to low-flying aircraft, especially helicopters and also used against low-flying cruise missiles. These short-range missiles can also be fired from vehicles, tripods, weapo... | Man-portable air-defense system | Wikipedia | 343 | 1389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable%20air-defense%20system | Technology | Missiles | null |
The first missiles deployed in the 1960s were infrared missiles. First generation MANPADS, such as the US Redeye, early versions of the Soviet 9K32 Strela-2, and the Chinese HN-5 (A copy of the Soviet Strela-2), are considered "tail-chase weapons" as their uncooled spin-scan seekers can only discern the superheated int... | Man-portable air-defense system | Wikipedia | 476 | 1389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable%20air-defense%20system | Technology | Missiles | null |
Command guidance (CLOS) missiles do not home in on a particular aspect (heat source or radio or radar transmissions) of the targeted aircraft. Instead, the missile operator or gunner visually acquires the target using a magnified optical sight and then uses radio controls to "fly" the missile into the aircraft. One of ... | Man-portable air-defense system | Wikipedia | 471 | 1389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable%20air-defense%20system | Technology | Missiles | null |
Against military aircraft
List of Soviet aircraft losses in Afghanistan
Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
British air forces in the Falklands War.
On 27 February 1991, during Operation Desert Storm, an USAF F-16 was shot down by an Igla-1.
On 16 April 1994, during Operation Deny Flight a Sea Harrier of th... | Man-portable air-defense system | Wikipedia | 391 | 1389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable%20air-defense%20system | Technology | Missiles | null |
Against civilian aircraft
The 1978 Air Rhodesia Viscount shootdown is the first example of a civilian airliner shot down by a man-portable surface-to-air missile. The pilot of the aircraft managed to make a controlled crash landing.
Air Rhodesia Flight 827 was also shot down in February 1979 by the Zimbabwe People's ... | Man-portable air-defense system | Wikipedia | 440 | 1389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable%20air-defense%20system | Technology | Missiles | null |
2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash: On 23 March 2007, a TransAVIAexport Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 airplane crashed in the outskirts of Mogadishu, Somalia, during the 2007 Battle of Mogadishu. Witnesses claim that a surface-to-air missile was fired immediately prior to the accident. However, Somali offici... | Man-portable air-defense system | Wikipedia | 85 | 1389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable%20air-defense%20system | Technology | Missiles | null |
Over fifty MANPADS attacks on civilian aircraft are on record to 2007. Thirty-three aircraft were shot down killing over 800 people in the process.
Against cruise missiles
On 10 October 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian forces were recorded allegedly shooting down a Russian cruise missile us... | Man-portable air-defense system | Wikipedia | 512 | 1389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable%20air-defense%20system | Technology | Missiles | null |
China
HN-5
HN-6
QW-1
QW-11
QW-11G
QW-1A
QW-1M
QW-2
QW-3
FN-6
QW-1 Vanguard
TB-1
France
Mistral 1
Mistral 2
Mistral 3
United Kingdom
Blowpipe
Javelin
Starburst
Starstreak
India
MPDMS
VSHORAD
Iran
Misagh-1
Misagh-2
Misagh-3
Qaem
Italy
New VSHORAD
Japan
Type 91 (SAM-2, SAM-2B)
Pakistan
Anza
Poland
PZR Grom
Piorun
Romani... | Man-portable air-defense system | Wikipedia | 339 | 1389714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable%20air-defense%20system | Technology | Missiles | null |
In chemistry, a single bond is a chemical bond between two atoms involving two valence electrons. That is, the atoms share one pair of electrons where the bond forms. Therefore, a single bond is a type of covalent bond. When shared, each of the two electrons involved is no longer in the sole possession of the orbital i... | Single bond | Wikipedia | 450 | 1390921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20bond | Physical sciences | Bonding | Chemistry |
Another property comparison can be made in bond length. Single bonds are the longest of the three types of covalent bonds as interatomic attraction is greater in the two other types, double and triple. The increase in component bonds is the reason for this attraction increase as more electrons are shared between the bo... | Single bond | Wikipedia | 251 | 1390921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20bond | Physical sciences | Bonding | Chemistry |
Repenomamus (Latin: "reptile" (reptilis), "mammal" (mammalis)) is a genus of opossum- to badger-sized gobiconodontid mammal containing two species, Repenomamus robustus and Repenomamus giganticus. Both species are known from fossils found in China that date to the early Cretaceous period, about 125-123.2 million years ... | Repenomamus | Wikipedia | 399 | 1391822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repenomamus | Biology and health sciences | Stem-mammals | Animals |
Individuals of the known species in Repenomamus are some of the largest known Mesozoic mammals represented by reasonably complete fossils (though Kollikodon and Patagomaia may be larger, and Schowalteria, Oxlestes, Khuduklestes and Bubodens reached similar if not larger sizes). Adults of R. robustus were the size of a ... | Repenomamus | Wikipedia | 284 | 1391822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repenomamus | Biology and health sciences | Stem-mammals | Animals |
Features of the teeth and jaw suggest that Repenomamus were carnivorous and a specimen of R. robustus discovered with the fragmentary skeleton of a juvenile Psittacosaurus preserved in its stomach represents the second direct evidence that at least some Mesozoic mammals were carnivorous and fed on other vertebrates, in... | Repenomamus | Wikipedia | 318 | 1391822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repenomamus | Biology and health sciences | Stem-mammals | Animals |
In statistical mechanics, thermal fluctuations are random deviations of an atomic system from its average state, that occur in a system at equilibrium. All thermal fluctuations become larger and more frequent as the temperature increases, and likewise they decrease as temperature approaches absolute zero.
Thermal flu... | Thermal fluctuations | Wikipedia | 447 | 28862381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20fluctuations | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
The surface area has its legs in two worlds: (i) the macroscopic one in which it is considered a function of the energy, and the other extensive variables, like the volume, that have been held constant in the differentiation of the phase volume, and (ii) the microscopic world where it represents the number of complexi... | Thermal fluctuations | Wikipedia | 488 | 28862381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20fluctuations | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
It follows from the expression of the first moment that , while from the second central moment, . Introducing these two expressions into the expression of the structure function evaluated at the mean value of the energy leads to
.
The denominator is exactly Stirling's approximation for , and if the structure function r... | Thermal fluctuations | Wikipedia | 292 | 28862381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20fluctuations | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
The emperor angelfish (Pomacanthus imperator) is a species of marine angelfish. It is a reef-associated fish, native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Red Sea to Hawaii and the Austral Islands. This species is generally associated with stable populations and faces no major threats of extinction. It is a favo... | Emperor angelfish | Wikipedia | 431 | 5130291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20angelfish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Habitat and biology
The emperor angelfish is found at depths between . The adults are found in areas where there is a rich growth of corals on clear lagoon, channel, or seaward reefs. Here they are normally observed underneath ledges and within caves. The subadults are frequently recorded in cavities in reefs and along... | Emperor angelfish | Wikipedia | 278 | 5130291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20angelfish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Psocodea is a taxonomic group of insects comprising the bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice. It was formerly considered a superorder, but is now generally considered by entomologists as an order. Despite the greatly differing appearance of parasitic lice (Phthiraptera), they are believed to have evolved from within... | Psocodea | Wikipedia | 453 | 20294004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
There is often considerable variation in the appearance of individuals within the same species. Many have no wings or ovipositors, and may have a different shape to the thorax. Other, more subtle, variations are also known, such as changes to the development of the setae. The significance of such changes is uncertain, ... | Psocodea | Wikipedia | 443 | 20294004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Interaction with humans
Some species of psocids, such as Liposcelis bostrychophila, are common pests of stored products. Psocids, among other arthropods, have been studied to develop new pest control techniques in food manufacturing. One study found that modified atmospheres during packing (MAP) helped to control the ... | Psocodea | Wikipedia | 494 | 20294004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Suborder Troctomorpha
Troctomorpha have antennae with 15–17 segments and two-segmented tarsi.
Troctomorpha comprises the Infraorder Amphientometae (families Amphientomidae, Compsocidae, Electrentomidae, Musapsocidae, Protroctopsocidae and Troctopsocidae) and Infraorder Nanopsocetae (families Liposcelididae, Pachytroct... | Psocodea | Wikipedia | 364 | 20294004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Psocomorpha is the largest suborder of the Psocoptera sensu stricto (i.e., excluding Phthiraptera), with about 3,600 species in 24 families, ranging from the species-poor Bryopsocidae (2 spp.) to the speciose Psocidae (about 900 spp).
Psocomorpha comprises Infraorder Epipsocetae (families Cladiopsocidae, Dolabellopsoci... | Psocodea | Wikipedia | 274 | 20294004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.