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Conservation
It has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List, but the conservation status of the Rafflesia arnoldii is currently of concern due to anthropogenic and biological factors. Anthropogenic factors contributing to the decline are primarily deforestation and harvesting; biological factors contributing to the de... | Rafflesia arnoldii | Wikipedia | 123 | 1392524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia%20arnoldii | Biology and health sciences | Malpighiales | Plants |
The basement membrane, also known as base membrane, is a thin, pliable sheet-like type of extracellular matrix that provides cell and tissue support and acts as a platform for complex signalling. The basement membrane sits between epithelial tissues including mesothelium and endothelium, and the underlying connective t... | Basement membrane | Wikipedia | 489 | 1392630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Tissues | Biology |
Function
The primary function of the basement membrane is to anchor down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue (the dermis or lamina propria) underneath. This is achieved by cell-matrix adhesions through substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs).
The basement membrane acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing malign... | Basement membrane | Wikipedia | 466 | 1392630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Tissues | Biology |
Evolutionary origin
These are only found within diploblastic and homoscleromorphic sponge animals. The homoscleromorph were found to be sister to diploblasts in some studies, making the membrane originate once in the history of life. But more recent studies have disregarded diploblast-homoscleromorph group, so other sp... | Basement membrane | Wikipedia | 94 | 1392630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement%20membrane | Biology and health sciences | Tissues | Biology |
Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is a long roadway bridge in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China, which is part of the Jiaozhou Bay Connection Project. The longest continuous segment of the bridge is , making it one of the longest bridges in the world.
Description
The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge transects Jiaozhou Bay, which redu... | Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge | Wikipedia | 454 | 30372477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao%20Jiaozhou%20Bay%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
The section is further broken into multiple parts:
- Jiaozhou Bay Bridge of which 25.9 km (16.1 mi) is over water in the aggregate of three legs.
- Licang District side land bridge
- Huangdao District side land bridge
- Hongdao Subdistrict connection
Records
After the bridge opened, Guinness World Records listed... | Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge | Wikipedia | 423 | 30372477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao%20Jiaozhou%20Bay%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
An airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS, usually pronounced as ay-kas) operates independently of ground-based equipment and air traffic control in warning pilots of the presence of other aircraft that may present a threat of collision. If the risk of collision is imminent, the system recommends a maneuver that wil... | Airborne collision avoidance system | Wikipedia | 450 | 2829963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20collision%20avoidance%20system | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
AIS-P (ACAS) is a modification which both corrects the transponder deficiencies (the transponder will respond to all varieties of radar and TCAS), then adds an Automatic Independent Surveillance with Privacy augmentation. The AIS-P protocol does not suffer from the saturation issue in high density traffic, does not int... | Airborne collision avoidance system | Wikipedia | 145 | 2829963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20collision%20avoidance%20system | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
Aircraft collision avoidance
Some of the systems are designed to avoid collisions with other aircraft and UAVs. They are referred to as "electronic conspicuity" by the UK CAA.
Airborne radar can detect the relative location of other aircraft, and has been in military use since World War II, when it was introduced to h... | Airborne collision avoidance system | Wikipedia | 399 | 2829963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20collision%20avoidance%20system | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
Terrain collision avoidance
a Ground proximity warning system (GPWS), or Ground collision warning system (GCWS), which uses a radar altimeter to detect proximity to the ground or unusual descent rates. GPWS is common on civil airliners and larger general aviation aircraft.
a Terrain awareness and warning system (TAW... | Airborne collision avoidance system | Wikipedia | 220 | 2829963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20collision%20avoidance%20system | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
The Huronian glaciation (or Makganyene glaciation) was a period where at least three ice ages occurred during the deposition of the Huronian Supergroup. Deposition of this largely sedimentary succession extended from approximately 2.5 to 2.2 billion years ago (Gya), during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods of the Paleo... | Huronian glaciation | Wikipedia | 507 | 2830083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huronian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
The confusion of the terms glaciation and ice age has led to the more recent impression that the entire time period represents a single glacial event. The term Huronian is used to describe a lithostratigraphic supergroup and should not be used to describe glacial cycles, according to The North American Stratigraphic Co... | Huronian glaciation | Wikipedia | 504 | 2830083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huronian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
The once-reducing atmosphere, now an oxidizing one, was highly reactive and toxic to the anaerobic biosphere. Furthermore, atmospheric methane was depleted by oxygen and reduced to trace gas levels, and replaced by much less powerful greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, the latter of which was also ... | Huronian glaciation | Wikipedia | 326 | 2830083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huronian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
The Hirnantian glaciation, also known as the Andean-Saharan glaciation, Early Paleozoic Ice Age (EPIA), the Early Paleozoic Icehouse, the Late Ordovician glaciation, or the end-Ordovician glaciation, occurred during the Paleozoic from approximately 460 Ma to around 420 Ma, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian pe... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 362 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Pre-Hirnantian glaciations | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 10 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
The earliest evidence for possible glaciation comes from Floian conodont apatite oxygen isotope fluctuations, which display a periodicity characteristic of Milankovitch cycles and have been interpreted as reflecting cyclic waxing and waning of polar ice caps. A speculated glaciation in the middle Darriwilian correspond... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 511 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Katian brachiopod and seawater δ18O values from Cincinnati Arch indicate ocean temperatures characteristic of a global greenhouse state | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 24 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Hirnantian glaciation
At the Katian-Hirnantian boundary, a sudden cooling event caused a rapid expansion of glaciers, resulting in one of the most severe glaciations of the Phanerozoic, an extreme cooling event generally believed to be coincident with the first pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction. An δ18O shi... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 407 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
During this period, glaciation is known from Arabia, Sahara, West Africa, the south Amazon, and the Andes, and the centre of glaciation is known to have migrated from the Sahara in the Ordovician (450–440 Ma) to South America in the Silurian (440–420 Ma). According to Eyles and Young, "A major glacial episode at c. 440... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 413 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
CO2 depletion
One of the factors that hindered glaciation during the early Paleozoic was atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which at the time were somewhere between 8 and 20 times pre-industrial levels. However, solar irradiance was significantly lower during the Late Ordovician; 450 million years ago, solar irradiance o... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 434 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Organic carbon burial
Isotopic evidence points to a global Hirnantian positive shift in δ13C at nearly the same time as the positive shift in marine carbonate δ18O. This shift is known as the Hirnantian Isotopic Carbon Excursion (HICE). The positive shift in δ13C implies a change in the carbon cycle leading to more bu... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 450 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
A 2024 study suggests that rather than a complete breakup or outright impact, the L-chondrite parent body may have had a near-miss encounter with Earth, causing a part of it to break off from Earth's gravitational pull. This debris may have formed a planetary ring, and down-falling debris from the ring may have shaded ... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 507 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Palaeogeography
The possible setup of the paleogeography during the period from 460 Ma to 440 Ma falls in a range between the Caradocian and the Ashgillian. The choice of setup is important, because the Caradocian setup is more likely to produce glacial ice at high CO2 concentrations, and the Ashgillian is more likely... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 470 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Orbital parameters
Orbital parameters may have acted in conjunction with some of the above parameters to help start glaciation. The variation of the earth's precession, and eccentricity, could have set the off the tipping point for initiation of glaciation. The Orbit at this time is thought to have been in a cold sum... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 509 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
CO2
As the Ice sheets began to increase the weathering of silicate rocks and basaltic important to carbon sequestration (the silicates through the Carbonate–silicate cycle, the basalt through forming calcium carbonate) decreased, which caused levels to rise again, this in turned helped push deglaciation. This deglaci... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 432 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
The deglaciation at the end of the Homerian glacial interval was coeval with the first major radiation of trilete spore-producing plants, harbingering the dawn of the Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution. The later middle Ludfordian glaciation caused a sea level drop that created vast areas of new terrestrial habit... | Hirnantian glaciation | Wikipedia | 111 | 2830096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian%20glaciation | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
In agriculture, postharvest handling is the stage of crop production immediately following harvest, including cooling, cleaning, sorting and packing. The instant a crop is removed from the ground, or separated from its parent plant, it begins to deteriorate. Postharvest treatment largely determines final quality, wheth... | Postharvest | Wikipedia | 464 | 2831333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Postharvest physiology
Postharvest physiology is the scientific study of the plant physiology of living plant tissues after picking. It has direct applications to postharvest handling in establishing the storage and transport conditions that best prolong shelf life.
An example of the importance of the field to post-ha... | Postharvest | Wikipedia | 130 | 2831333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Mantella (also known as golden frogs or Malagasy poison frogs) are a prominent genus of aposematic frogs in the family Mantellidae, endemic to the island of Madagascar. Members of Mantella are diurnal and terrestrial, with bright aposematic coloration or cryptic markings.
Natural history
Mantella are an example of co... | Mantella | Wikipedia | 440 | 3794290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantella | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
During the first quarter of the 20th century, another three species of Mantella were described, including the golden mantella (Mantella aurantiaca), by the French herpetologist François Mocquard in 1900. In his work "Synopsis des familles, genres et espèces des reptiles écailleux et des batraciens de Madagascar" publis... | Mantella | Wikipedia | 416 | 3794290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantella | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
Many species of Mantella are similar to the neotropical family Dendrobatidae in their use of aposematism (from Greek ἀπό apo away, σῆμα sema sign), a defense mechanism that uses dramatic coloration to deter potential predators. Coloration and markings vary between species, with combinations of green, red, orange, yello... | Mantella | Wikipedia | 505 | 3794290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantella | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
Some members of the genus such as Ebenau's mantella (Mantella ebenaui), the brown mantella (Mantella betsileo), and Cowan's mantella (Mantella cowanii) are highly adaptable and have been reported in a wide variety of habitats. On the island of Nosy Boraha (Sainte Marie), M. ebenaui have been found living in garbage dum... | Mantella | Wikipedia | 422 | 3794290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantella | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
Several species in the genus are threatened because of habitat loss (due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction and charcoal production, fires, draining of wetlands, the spread of invasive eucalyptus, and expanding human settlements), mining, hybridization and over-collection for the international pet trade. As ... | Mantella | Wikipedia | 156 | 3794290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantella | Biology and health sciences | Frogs and toads | Animals |
Ficus sycomorus, called the sycamore fig or the fig-mulberry (because the leaves resemble those of the mulberry), sycamore, or sycomore, is a fig species that has been cultivated since ancient times.
Etymology and naming
The specific name came into English in the 14th century as sicamour, derived from Old French sag... | Ficus sycomorus | Wikipedia | 512 | 3796570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus%20sycomorus | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
Cultivation
Two major varieties are known in Egypt. Roumi (also called Falaki or Turki), which has more horizontally spread branches, stouter shoots and petioles, more densely spaced leaves that are wider than they are long, and larger, flatter, broad pink fruits; and Kelabi (also called Arabi or Beledi), which has mo... | Ficus sycomorus | Wikipedia | 505 | 3796570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus%20sycomorus | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
In the Near East F. sycomorus is an orchard and ornamental tree of great importance and extensive use. It has wide-spreading branches and affords shade.
In religion
Judaism and Christianity
In the Hebrew Bible, the sycomore is mentioned seven times (; Strong's number 8256) and once in the New Testament ( or ; Stro... | Ficus sycomorus | Wikipedia | 458 | 3796570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus%20sycomorus | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
In Kikuyu religion, the sycomore is a sacred tree. All sacrifices to Ngai (or Murungu), the supreme creator, were performed under the tree. Whenever the mugumo tree fell, it symbolised a bad omen and rituals had to be performed by elders in the society. Some of those ceremonies carried out under the Mugumo tree are sti... | Ficus sycomorus | Wikipedia | 81 | 3796570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus%20sycomorus | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | null |
In quantum mechanics, the angular momentum operator is one of several related operators analogous to classical angular momentum. The angular momentum operator plays a central role in the theory of atomic and molecular physics and other quantum problems involving rotational symmetry. Being an observable, its eigenfunct... | Angular momentum operator | Wikipedia | 490 | 3797203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum%20operator | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
Total angular momentum
Finally, there is total angular momentum , which combines both the spin and orbital angular momentum of a particle or system:
Conservation of angular momentum states that J for a closed system, or J for the whole universe, is conserved. However, L and S are not generally conserved. For example, ... | Angular momentum operator | Wikipedia | 488 | 3797203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum%20operator | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
Commutation relations involving vector magnitude
Like any vector, the square of a magnitude can be defined for the orbital angular momentum operator,
is another quantum operator. It commutes with the components of ,
One way to prove that these operators commute is to start from the [Lℓ, Lm] commutation relations in ... | Angular momentum operator | Wikipedia | 495 | 3797203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum%20operator | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
A common way to derive the quantization rules above is the method of ladder operators. The ladder operators for the total angular momentum are defined as:
Suppose is a simultaneous eigenstate of and (i.e., a state with a definite value for and a definite value for ). Then using the commutation relations for the c... | Angular momentum operator | Wikipedia | 494 | 3797203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum%20operator | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
The most general and fundamental definition of angular momentum is as the generator of rotations. More specifically, let be a rotation operator, which rotates any quantum state about axis by angle . As , the operator approaches the identity operator, because a rotation of 0° maps all states to themselves. Then the a... | Angular momentum operator | Wikipedia | 453 | 3797203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum%20operator | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
On the other hand, in all circumstances, because a 360° rotation of a spatial configuration is the same as no rotation at all. (This is different from a 360° rotation of the internal (spin) state of the particle, which might or might not be the same as no rotation at all.) In other words, the operators carry the stru... | Angular momentum operator | Wikipedia | 508 | 3797203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum%20operator | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
If H is just the Hamiltonian for one particle, the total angular momentum of that one particle is conserved when the particle is in a central potential (i.e., when the potential energy function depends only on ). Alternatively, H may be the Hamiltonian of all particles and fields in the universe, and then H is always r... | Angular momentum operator | Wikipedia | 450 | 3797203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum%20operator | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. The bond angles are arccos(−) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane () as well as its heavier analogues. Methane and other per... | Tetrahedral molecular geometry | Wikipedia | 445 | 3797882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral%20molecular%20geometry | Physical sciences | Bond structure | Chemistry |
Other molecules have a tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom; for example ammonia () with the nitrogen atom surrounded by three hydrogens and one lone pair. However the usual classification considers only the bonded atoms and not the lone pair, so that ammonia is actually considered as pyramid... | Tetrahedral molecular geometry | Wikipedia | 461 | 3797882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral%20molecular%20geometry | Physical sciences | Bond structure | Chemistry |
Inverted tetrahedral geometry
Geometrical constraints in a molecule can cause a severe distortion of idealized tetrahedral geometry. In compounds featuring "inverted" tetrahedral geometry at a carbon atom, all four groups attached to this carbon are on one side of a plane. The carbon atom lies at or near the apex of a... | Tetrahedral molecular geometry | Wikipedia | 314 | 3797882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral%20molecular%20geometry | Physical sciences | Bond structure | Chemistry |
Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, chronic liver failure or chronic hepatic failure and end-stage liver disease, is an acute condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic l... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 509 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Diagnosis is based on blood tests, medical imaging, and liver biopsy.
Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B and the development of cirrhosis from it, but no vaccination against hepatitis C is available. No specific treatment for cirrhosis is known, but many of the underlying causes may be treated by medications ... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 505 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Worsening cirrhosis can cause a build-up of fluid in different parts of the body such as the legs (edema) and abdomen (ascites). Other signs of advancing disease include itchy skin, bruising easily, dark urine, and yellowing of the skin.
Liver dysfunction
These features are a direct consequence of liver cells not func... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 392 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Liver cirrhosis makes it hard for blood to flow in the portal venous system. This resistance creates a backup of blood and increases pressure. This results in portal hypertension. Effects of portal hypertension include:
Ascites is a build-up of fluid in the peritoneal cavity in the abdomen
An enlarged spleen in 35–50... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 343 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Advanced disease
As the disease progresses, complications may develop. In some people, these may be the first signs of the disease.
Bruising and bleeding can result from decreased production of blood clotting factors.
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) occurs when ammonia and related substances build up in the blood. This b... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 282 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD, or alcoholic cirrhosis) develops for 10–20% of individuals who drink heavily for a decade or more. Alcohol seems to injure the liver by blocking the normal metabolism of protein, fats, and carbohydrates. This injury happens through the formation of acetaldehyde from alcohol. Acetaldehyde i... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 411 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Less common causes
In primary biliary cholangitis (previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis), the bile ducts become damaged by an autoimmune process. This leads to liver damage. Some people may have no symptoms, while others may present with fatigue, pruritus, or skin hyperpigmentation. The liver is typically enl... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 465 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Pathophysiology
The liver plays a vital role in many metabolic processes in the body including protein synthesis, detoxification, nutrient storage (such as glycogen), platelet production and clearance of bilirubin. With progressive liver damage; hepatocyte death and replacement of functional liver tissue with fibrosis ... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 324 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Research has shown the pivotal role of the stellate cell, that normally stores vitamin A, in the development of cirrhosis. Damage to the liver tissue from inflammation leads to the activation of stellate cells, which increases fibrosis through the production of myofibroblasts, and obstructs hepatic blood flow. In addit... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 357 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Imaging
Ultrasound is routinely used in the evaluation of cirrhosis. It may show a small and shrunken liver in advanced disease. On ultrasound, there is increased echogenicity with irregular appearing areas. Other suggestive findings are an enlarged caudate lobe, liver surface nodularity widening of the fissures and e... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 482 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Lab findings
The best predictors of cirrhosis are ascites, platelet count < 160,000/mm3, spider angiomata, and a Bonacini cirrhosis discriminant score greater than 7 (as the sum of scores for platelet count, ALT/AST ratio and INR as per table).
These findings are typical in cirrhosis:
Thrombocytopenia, typically mul... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 505 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
FibroTest is a biomarker for fibrosis that may be used instead of a biopsy.
Other laboratory studies performed in newly diagnosed cirrhosis may include:
Serology for hepatitis viruses, autoantibodies (ANA, anti-smooth muscle, antimitochondria, anti-LKM)
Ferritin and transferrin saturation: markers of iron overload a... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 373 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
The gold standard for diagnosis of cirrhosis is a liver biopsy. This is usually carried out as a fine-needle approach, through the skin (percutaneous), or internal jugular vein (transjugular). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS), using the percutaneous or transjugular route, has become a good alternative to... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 455 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Macroscopically, the liver is initially enlarged, but with the progression of the disease, it becomes smaller. Its surface is irregular, the consistency is firm, and if associated with steatosis the color is yellow. Depending on the size of the nodules, there are three macroscopic types: micronodular, macronodular, and... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 466 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was later developed and approved in 2002. It was approved by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) as a way to determine the allocation of liver transplants to awaiting people in the United States. It is also used as a validated survival predictor of cirrhosis, a... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 462 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Treatment
Generally, liver damage from cirrhosis cannot be reversed, but treatment can stop or delay further progression and reduce complications. A healthy diet is encouraged, as cirrhosis may be an energy-consuming process. A recommended diet consists of high-protein, high-fiber diet plus supplementation with branche... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 485 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Treating the cause of cirrhosis prevents further damage; for example, giving oral antivirals such as entecavir and tenofovir where cirrhosis is due to hepatitis B prevents progression of cirrhosis. Similarly, control of weight and diabetes prevents deterioration in cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
P... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 502 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
People with decompensated cirrhosis generally require admission to a hospital, with close monitoring of the fluid balance, mental status, and emphasis on adequate nutrition and medical treatment – often with diuretics, antibiotics, laxatives or enemas, thiamine and occasionally steroids, acetylcysteine and pentoxifylli... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 433 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) provided recommendations in 2021 in regards to coagulopathy management of cirrhotic patients in certain scenarios.
The AGA does not recommend for extensive pre-procedural testing, including repeated measurements of PT/INR or platelet count before patients with stable ... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 431 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding
For portal hypertension, nonselective beta blockers such as propranolol or nadolol are commonly used to lower blood pressure over the portal system. In severe complications from portal hypertension, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS) is occasionally indicate... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 502 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
In addition to pharmacotherapy, providing proper hydration and nutritional support is also essential. Appropriate quantities of protein uptake is encouraged. Several factors may precipitate hepatic encephalopathy, which include alcohol use, excess protein, gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, constipation, and vomitin... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 484 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Those with cirrhosis are at increased risk of infections as well as increased mortality from infections. This is due to a combination of factors including cirrhosis associated immune dysfunction, reduced gut barrier function, reduced bile flow, and changes in the gut microbiota, with an increase in pathobionts (native ... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 469 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver cancer, and the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. Screening using an ultrasound with or without cancer markers such as alpha-fetoprotein can detect this cancer and is often carried out for early signs which has been sh... | Cirrhosis | Wikipedia | 441 | 21365918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis | Biology and health sciences | Non-infectious disease | null |
Artificial leather, also called synthetic leather, is a material intended to substitute for leather in upholstery, clothing, footwear, and other uses where a leather-like finish is desired but the actual material is cost prohibitive or unsuitable due to practical or ethical concerns. Artificial leather is known under m... | Artificial leather | Wikipedia | 445 | 2033875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20leather | Technology | Materials | null |
One of the earliest artificial leathers was Presstoff. Invented in 19th century Germany, it was made of specially layered and treated paper pulp. It gained its widest use in Germany during the Second World War in place of leather, which under wartime conditions was rationed. Presstoff could be used in almost every appl... | Artificial leather | Wikipedia | 432 | 2033875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20leather | Technology | Materials | null |
Environmental effect
The production of the PVC used in the production of many artificial leathers requires a plasticizer called a phthalate to make it flexible and soft. PVC requires petroleum and large amounts of energy thus making it reliant on fossil fuels. During the production process carcinogenic byproducts, dio... | Artificial leather | Wikipedia | 400 | 2033875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20leather | Technology | Materials | null |
Aluminium sulfate is a salt with the formula . It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a coagulating agent (promoting particle collision by neutralizing charge) in the purification of drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing.
The anhydrous form occurs naturally as a rare min... | Aluminium sulfate | Wikipedia | 454 | 2035853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20sulfate | Physical sciences | Sulfuric oxyanions | Chemistry |
From clays or bauxite
In the preparation of aluminium sulfate from clays or from bauxite, the material is gently calcined, then mixed with sulfuric acid and water and heated gradually to boiling; if concentrated acid is used no external heat is generally required as the formation of aluminium sulfate is exothermic. It ... | Aluminium sulfate | Wikipedia | 503 | 2035853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20sulfate | Physical sciences | Sulfuric oxyanions | Chemistry |
Aluminium sulfate is sometimes used to reduce the pH of garden soil, as it hydrolyzes to form the aluminium hydroxide precipitate and a dilute sulfuric acid solution. An example of what changing the pH level of soil can do to plants is visible when looking at Hydrangea macrophylla. The gardener can add aluminium sulfat... | Aluminium sulfate | Wikipedia | 419 | 2035853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20sulfate | Physical sciences | Sulfuric oxyanions | Chemistry |
The Galaxiidae are a family of mostly small freshwater fish in the Southern Hemisphere. The majority live in Southern Australia or New Zealand, but some are found in South Africa, southern South America, Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, and the Falkland Islands. One galaxiid species, the common galaxias (Galaxias macu... | Galaxiidae | Wikipedia | 378 | 2036044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxiidae | Biology and health sciences | Osmeriformes | null |
The earliest definitive fossils of galaxiids are from the Miocene of New Zealand, which can be placed in the extant genus Galaxias. This young fossil range contrasts with the presumed ancient origins of the group. In 1998, a possible Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) galaxiid from South Africa was described as Stompooria... | Galaxiidae | Wikipedia | 444 | 2036044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxiidae | Biology and health sciences | Osmeriformes | null |
Australia
Galaxiids are found around the south eastern seaboard of Australia and in some parts of south western Australia. The galaxiids and the temperate perches (Percichthyidae) are the dominant native freshwater fish families of southern Australia. Species common to all areas include:
Common galaxias or jollytail g... | Galaxiidae | Wikipedia | 438 | 2036044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxiidae | Biology and health sciences | Osmeriformes | null |
New Zealand
Twenty-three species of galaxiids have been discovered in New Zealand, and prior to the introduction of non-native species such as trout, they were the dominant freshwater fish family. Most of these live in fresh water all their lives. However, the larvae of five species of the genus Galaxias develop in th... | Galaxiidae | Wikipedia | 496 | 2036044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxiidae | Biology and health sciences | Osmeriformes | null |
South Africa
Cape galaxias, Galaxias zebratus (Cape Province, South Africa)
Fishing
The juveniles of those galaxiids that develop in the ocean and then move into rivers for their adult lives are caught as whitebait while moving upstream and are much valued as a delicacy. Adult galaxiids may be caught for food, but ... | Galaxiidae | Wikipedia | 233 | 2036044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxiidae | Biology and health sciences | Osmeriformes | null |
In general relativity, a geodesic generalizes the notion of a "straight line" to curved spacetime. Importantly, the world line of a particle free from all external, non-gravitational forces is a particular type of geodesic. In other words, a freely moving or falling particle always moves along a geodesic.
In general r... | Geodesics in general relativity | Wikipedia | 483 | 2037563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics%20in%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Here the Latin index n takes the values [1,2,3]. This equation simply means that all test particles at a particular place and time will have the same acceleration, which is a well-known feature of Newtonian gravity. For example, everything floating around in the International Space Station will undergo roughly the same... | Geodesics in general relativity | Wikipedia | 502 | 2037563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics%20in%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
We can now go ahead and vary this action with respect to the curve . By the principle of least action we get:
Using the product rule we get:
where
Integrating by-parts the last term and dropping the total derivative (which equals to zero at the boundaries) we get that:
Simplifying a bit we see that:
so,
multiplyi... | Geodesics in general relativity | Wikipedia | 165 | 2037563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics%20in%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Equation of motion may follow from the field equations for empty space
Albert Einstein believed that the geodesic equation of motion can be derived from the field equations for empty space, i.e. from the fact that the Ricci curvature vanishes. He wrote:
It has been shown that this law of motion — generalized to the cas... | Geodesics in general relativity | Wikipedia | 443 | 2037563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics%20in%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
These last three equations can be used as the starting point for the derivation of an equation of motion in General Relativity, instead of assuming that acceleration is zero in free fall. Because the Minkowski tensor is involved here, it becomes necessary to introduce something called the metric tensor in General Rela... | Geodesics in general relativity | Wikipedia | 453 | 2037563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics%20in%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
For a space-like geodesic through two events, there are always nearby curves which go through the two events that have either a longer or a shorter proper length than the geodesic, even in Minkowski space. In Minkowski space, the geodesic will be a straight line. Any curve that differs from the geodesic purely spatiall... | Geodesics in general relativity | Wikipedia | 448 | 2037563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics%20in%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Depressive personality disorder, also known as melancholic personality disorder, is a former psychiatric diagnosis that denotes a personality disorder with depressive features.
Originally included in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-II,, depressive personality disorder was removed from the DSM-III and DSM-II... | Depressive personality disorder | Wikipedia | 500 | 5144613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressive%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Similarities to dysthymia
Much of the controversy surrounding the potential inclusion of depressive personality disorder in the DSM-5 stems from its apparent similarities to dysthymia, a diagnosis already included in the DSM-IV. Dysthymia is characterized by a variety of depressive symptoms such as hypersomnia, fatigue... | Depressive personality disorder | Wikipedia | 485 | 5144613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressive%20personality%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Phalangiotarbida is an extinct arachnid order first recorded from the Early Devonian of Germany and most widespread in the Upper Carboniferous coal measures of Europe and North America. The last species are known from the early Permian Rotliegend of Germany.
The affinities of phalangiotarbids are obscure, with most au... | Phalangiotarbida | Wikipedia | 185 | 5146410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangiotarbida | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric arachnids | Animals |
Family Anthracotarbidae Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969
Genus Anthracotarbus Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969
Species Anthracotarbus hintoni Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969
Family Architarbidae Karsch, 1882
Genus Architarbus Scudder, 1868
Species Architarbus hoffmanni Guthörl, 1934 (Jr synonyms Opiliotarbus kliveri Waterlot, 1934; Gon... | Phalangiotarbida | Wikipedia | 498 | 5146410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangiotarbida | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric arachnids | Animals |
Species Orthotarbus minutus Petrunkevitch, 1913
Species Orthotarbus robustus Petrunkevitch, 1945
Species Orthotarbus nyranensis Petrunkevitch, 1953
Genus Paratarbus Petrunkevitch, 1945
Species Paratarbus carbonarius Petrunkevitch, 1945
Genus Phalangiotarbus Haase, 1890
Species Phalangiotarbus subovalis Woodward, ... | Phalangiotarbida | Wikipedia | 250 | 5146410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangiotarbida | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric arachnids | Animals |
The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation. They prevent members of different species from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring are sterile. These barriers maintain the integrity of a species by reducin... | Reproductive isolation | Wikipedia | 272 | 5146476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20isolation | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
An example of the ecological or habitat differences that impede the meeting of potential pairs occurs in two fish species of the family Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks). One species lives all year round in fresh water, mainly in small streams. The other species lives in the sea during winter, but in spring and summer ind... | Reproductive isolation | Wikipedia | 335 | 5146476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20isolation | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Mating dances, the songs of males to attract females or the mutual grooming of pairs, are all examples of typical courtship behavior that allows both recognition and reproductive isolation. This is because each of the stages of courtship depend on the behavior of the partner. The male will only move onto the second st... | Reproductive isolation | Wikipedia | 410 | 5146476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20isolation | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
In species of the melanogaster group of Drosophila, the pheromones of the females are mixtures of different compounds, there is a clear dimorphism in the type and/or quantity of compounds present for each sex. In addition, there are differences in the quantity and quality of constituent compounds between related specie... | Reproductive isolation | Wikipedia | 447 | 5146476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20isolation | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Mating pairs may not be able to couple successfully if their genitals are not compatible. The relationship between the reproductive isolation of species and the form of their genital organs was signaled for the first time in 1844 by the French entomologist Léon Dufour. Insects' rigid carapaces act in a manner analogous... | Reproductive isolation | Wikipedia | 477 | 5146476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20isolation | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
In some Drosophila crosses, the swelling of the female's vagina has been noted following insemination. This has the effect of consequently preventing the fertilization of the ovule by sperm of a different species.
In plants the pollen grains of a species can germinate in the stigma and grow in the style of other spec... | Reproductive isolation | Wikipedia | 462 | 5146476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20isolation | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
Similar results are observed in mosquitoes of the genus Culex, but the differences are seen between reciprocal crosses, from which it is concluded that the same effect occurs in the interaction between the genes of the cell nucleus (inherited from both parents) as occurs in the genes of the cytoplasmic organelles which... | Reproductive isolation | Wikipedia | 478 | 5146476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20isolation | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
The sterility of many interspecific hybrids in angiosperms has been widely recognised and studied.
Interspecific sterility of hybrids in plants has multiple possible causes. These may be genetic, related to the genomes, or the interaction between nuclear and cytoplasmic factors, as will be discussed in the correspondin... | Reproductive isolation | Wikipedia | 482 | 5146476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20isolation | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
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