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Current paradigm shifts
To adjust to today's environment of quick social and ecological changes, some organizations have begun to experiment with new tools and concepts. Those that are more traditional and stick to hierarchical decision making have difficulty dealing with the demand for lateral decision making that sup... | Environmental resource management | Wikipedia | 411 | 1407416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20resource%20management | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Private sector
The private sector comprises private corporations and non-profit institutions serving households. The private sector's traditional role in environmental resource management is that of the recovery of natural resources. Such private sector recovery groups include mining (minerals and petroleum), forestry ... | Environmental resource management | Wikipedia | 507 | 1407416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20resource%20management | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Other strategies exist that rely on making simple distinctions rather than building top-down management "systems" using performance audits and full cost accounting. For instance, Ecological Intelligent Design divides products into consumables, service products or durables and unsaleables – toxic products that no one sh... | Environmental resource management | Wikipedia | 393 | 1407416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20resource%20management | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
But, Kissidougou villagers claim their ancestors’ established these islands. Many maps and letters evidence France’s occupation of Guinea, as well as Kissidougou’s past landscape. During the 1780s to 1860s “the whole country [was] prairie.” James Fairhead and Melissa Leach, both environmental anthropologists at the Uni... | Environmental resource management | Wikipedia | 202 | 1407416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20resource%20management | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples by a method called sequencing. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics, community genomics or microbiomics.
While traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing and g... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 511 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
In the 1980s early molecular work in the field was conducted by Norman R. Pace and colleagues, who used PCR to explore the diversity of ribosomal RNA sequences. The insights gained from these breakthrough studies led Pace to propose the idea of cloning DNA directly from environmental samples as early as 1985. This led ... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 406 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Beginning in 2003, Craig Venter, leader of the privately funded parallel of the Human Genome Project, has led the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS), circumnavigating the globe and collecting metagenomic samples throughout the journey. All of these samples were sequenced using shotgun sequencing, in hopes that new ... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 312 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Shotgun metagenomics
Advances in bioinformatics, refinements of DNA amplification, and the proliferation of computational power have greatly aided the analysis of DNA sequences recovered from environmental samples, allowing the adaptation of shotgun sequencing to metagenomic samples (known also as whole metagenome shot... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 287 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
High-throughput sequencing
An advantage to high throughput sequencing is that this technique does not require cloning the DNA before sequencing, removing one of the main biases and bottlenecks in environmental sampling. The first metagenomic studies conducted using high-throughput sequencing used massively parallel 454... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 479 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Sequence pre-filtering
The first step of metagenomic data analysis requires the execution of certain pre-filtering steps, including the removal of redundant, low-quality sequences and sequences of probable eukaryotic origin (especially in metagenomes of human origin). The methods available for the removal of contaminat... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 404 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Gene annotations provide the "what", while measurements of species diversity provide the "who". In order to connect community composition and function in metagenomes, sequences must be binned. Binning is the process of associating a particular sequence with an organism. In similarity-based binning, methods such as BLAS... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 374 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Metagenomic analysis pipelines use two approaches in the annotation of coding regions in the assembled contigs. The first approach is to identify genes based upon homology with genes that are already publicly available in sequence databases, usually by BLAST searches. This type of approach is implemented in the program... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 507 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
One of the first standalone tools for analysing high-throughput metagenome shotgun data was MEGAN (MEta Genome ANalyzer). A first version of the program was used in 2005 to analyse the metagenomic context of DNA sequences obtained from a mammoth bone. Based on a BLAST comparison against a reference database, this tool ... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 360 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Comparative analyses between metagenomes can provide additional insight into the function of complex microbial communities and their role in host health. Pairwise or multiple comparisons between metagenomes can be made at the level of sequence composition (comparing GC-content or genome size), taxonomic diversity, or f... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 354 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
A key goal in comparative metagenomics is to identify microbial group(s) which are responsible for conferring specific characteristics to a given environment. However, due to issues in the sequencing technologies artifacts need to be accounted for like in metagenomeSeq. Others have characterized inter-microbial interac... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 406 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Metagenomics allows researchers to access the functional and metabolic diversity of microbial communities, but it cannot show which of these processes are active. The extraction and analysis of metagenomic mRNA (the metatranscriptome) provides information on the regulation and expression profiles of complex communities... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 502 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass conversion, as in the conversion of cellulose contained in corn stalks, switchgrass, and other biomass into cellulosic ethanol. This process is dependent upon microbial consortia (association) that transform the cellulose into sugars, followed by the fermentation of the sugars in... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 313 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Two types of analysis are used in the bioprospecting of metagenomic data: function-driven screening for an expressed trait, and sequence-driven screening for DNA sequences of interest. Function-driven analysis seeks to identify clones expressing a desired trait or useful activity, followed by biochemical characterizati... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 507 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Gut microbe characterization
Microbial communities play a key role in preserving human health, but their composition and the mechanism by which they do so remains mysterious. Metagenomic sequencing is being used to characterize the microbial communities from 15–18 body sites from at least 250 individuals. This is part ... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 504 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
In the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), gut microbial communities were assayed using high-throughput DNA sequencing. HMP showed that, unlike individual microbial species, many metabolic processes were present among all body habitats with varying frequencies. Microbial communities of 649 metagenomes drawn from seven prim... | Metagenomics | Wikipedia | 440 | 1408929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as mountains. Hills fall under the category of slope landforms.
Terminology
The distinction between a hi... | Hill | Wikipedia | 395 | 1408983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
Hills may form through geomorphic phenomena: faulting, erosion of larger landforms such as mountains and movement and deposition of sediment by glaciers (notably moraines and drumlins or by erosion exposing solid rock which then weathers down into a hill). The rounded peaks of hills results from the diffusive movement ... | Hill | Wikipedia | 483 | 1408983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
Some cities' hills are culturally significant in their foundation, defense, and history. In addition to Rome, hills have played a prominent role in the history of San Francisco, with its hills being central to the city's fog and civil engineering projects today famous as tourist attractions such as the cable cars and L... | Hill | Wikipedia | 397 | 1408983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
Hillwalking is a British English term for a form of hiking which involves the ascent of hills. The activity is usually distinguished from mountaineering as it does not involve ropes or technically difficult rock climbing, although the terms mountain and hill are often used interchangeably in Britain. Hillwalking is pop... | Hill | Wikipedia | 332 | 1408983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill | Physical sciences | Landforms | null |
Common knowledge is a special kind of knowledge for a group of agents. There is common knowledge of p in a group of agents G when all the agents in G know p, they all know that they know p, they all know that they all know that they know p, and so on ad infinitum. It can be denoted as .
The concept was first introduce... | Common knowledge (logic) | Wikipedia | 462 | 1409006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20knowledge%20%28logic%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
At some point, an outsider comes to the island, calls together all the people on the island, and makes the following public announcement: "At least one of you has blue eyes". The outsider, furthermore, is known by all to be truthful, and all know that all know this, and so on: it is common knowledge that he is truthful... | Common knowledge (logic) | Wikipedia | 508 | 1409006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20knowledge%20%28logic%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
For k = 3, it is "second order" knowledge (). Each blue-eyed person knows that a second blue-eyed person knows that a third person has blue eyes, but no one knows that there is a third blue-eyed person with that knowledge, until the outsider makes their statement.
In general: For k > 1, it is "(k − 1)th order" knowled... | Common knowledge (logic) | Wikipedia | 451 | 1409006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20knowledge%20%28logic%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
There is, however, a complication. The languages of epistemic logic are usually finitary, whereas the axiom above defines common knowledge as an infinite conjunction of formulas, hence not a well-formed formula of the language. To overcome this difficulty, a fixed-point definition of common knowledge can be given. Intu... | Common knowledge (logic) | Wikipedia | 340 | 1409006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20knowledge%20%28logic%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Alternatively (yet equivalently) common knowledge can be formalized using set theory (this was the path taken by the Nobel laureate Robert Aumann in his seminal 1976 paper). Starting with a set of states S. An event E can then be defined as a subset of the set of states S. For each agent i, define a partition on S, ... | Common knowledge (logic) | Wikipedia | 484 | 1409006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20knowledge%20%28logic%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Robert Aumann introduced a set theoretical formulation of common knowledge (theoretically equivalent to the one given above) and proved the so-called agreement theorem through which: if two agents have common prior probability over a certain event, and the posterior probabilities are common knowledge, then such posteri... | Common knowledge (logic) | Wikipedia | 483 | 1409006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20knowledge%20%28logic%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a training protocol alternating short periods of intense or explosive anaerobic exercise with brief recovery periods until the point of exhaustion. HIIT involves exercises performed in repeated quick bursts at maximum or near maximal effort with periods of rest or low activity... | High-intensity interval training | Wikipedia | 426 | 1409767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20interval%20training | Biology and health sciences | Physical fitness | Health |
Sprint interval training (SIT) is an exercise conducted in a similar way to HIIT, but instead of using "near maximal" effort for the high-intensity periods, "supramaximal" or "all-out" efforts are used in shorter bursts. In physiological terms, "near maximal" means reaching 80–100% HRmax, while "supramaximal" means a p... | High-intensity interval training | Wikipedia | 454 | 1409767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20interval%20training | Biology and health sciences | Physical fitness | Health |
An alternative form of HIIT, designed for heart rate training, involves a 30-minute period of cardio followed by 30 minutes of full-body resistance training to help maximize calorie burning. The idea is to combine aerobic exercise with intense weight and resistance training to achieve a high level heart rate for an ext... | High-intensity interval training | Wikipedia | 443 | 1409767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20interval%20training | Biology and health sciences | Physical fitness | Health |
Gibala regimen
Professor Martin Gibala and his team at McMaster University in Canada have been researching high-intensity exercise for several years. Their 2010 study on students uses 3 minutes for warming up, then 60 seconds of intense exercise (at 95% of VO2max) followed by 75 seconds of rest, repeated for 8–12 cycl... | High-intensity interval training | Wikipedia | 409 | 1409767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20interval%20training | Biology and health sciences | Physical fitness | Health |
Vollaard regimen
Dr Niels Vollaard at the University of Stirling proposed that when high-intensity intervals are done at "all-out" intensities, associated health benefits plateau after performing 2 or 3 sprint repetitions. This led to the development of a 10-minute exercise routine consisting of easy pedalling interspe... | High-intensity interval training | Wikipedia | 487 | 1409767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20interval%20training | Biology and health sciences | Physical fitness | Health |
Comparing HIIT to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) in people with coronary artery disease, HIIT leads to greater improvements in VO2 max but MICT leads to greater reductions in body weight and heart rate. Improvement to cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by VO2 max, of individuals with lifestyle-induc... | High-intensity interval training | Wikipedia | 420 | 1409767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20interval%20training | Biology and health sciences | Physical fitness | Health |
Youth
HIIT has been shown to increase muscle mass in adolescent populations, especially in the mid-to-late teenage years. In cases of pediatric obesity, HIIT training can be used as both a treatment and a preventative measure, as it can help decrease BMI (body mass index), decrease body fat mass percentage, decrease i... | High-intensity interval training | Wikipedia | 487 | 1409767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20interval%20training | Biology and health sciences | Physical fitness | Health |
A 2017 study examined the effect of HIIT on cognitive performance among a group of children. The authors show that HIIT is beneficial to cognitive control and working memory capacity when compared against "a blend of board games, computer games, and trivia quizzes" and that this effect is mediated by the BDNF polymorph... | High-intensity interval training | Wikipedia | 459 | 1409767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20interval%20training | Biology and health sciences | Physical fitness | Health |
or is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is indicated by (of uncertain family), (of uncertain suborder), (o... | Incertae sedis | Wikipedia | 459 | 1409922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae%20sedis | Biology and health sciences | Phylogenetics and taxonomy | Biology |
In formal nomenclature
When formally naming a taxon, uncertainty about its taxonomic classification can be problematic. The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, stipulates that "species and subdivisions of genera must be assigned to genera, and infraspecific taxa must be assigned to species,... | Incertae sedis | Wikipedia | 407 | 1409922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae%20sedis | Biology and health sciences | Phylogenetics and taxonomy | Biology |
Phylogenetic vs. nomenclatural uncertainty
The term incertae sedis refers to uncertainty about phylogenetic position of a taxon, which may be expressed, among others, by using a question mark after or before a taxon name. This should be distinguished from the situation where either it is uncertain how to use a name, o... | Incertae sedis | Wikipedia | 398 | 1409922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae%20sedis | Biology and health sciences | Phylogenetics and taxonomy | Biology |
In astronomy, Bok globules are isolated and relatively small dark nebulae containing dense cosmic dust and gas from which star formation may take place. Bok globules are found within H II regions, and typically have a mass of about two to 50 solar masses contained within a region about a light year or so across (about ... | Bok globule | Wikipedia | 471 | 1410775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok%20globule | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. The theory of general relativity says that the observed gravitational effect between masses results from their warping of spacetime.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Newton's law of universal gravitation had been acc... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 469 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Several physicists, including Einstein, searched for a theory that would reconcile Newton's law of gravity and special relativity. Only Einstein's theory proved to be consistent with experiments and observations. To understand the theory's basic ideas, it is instructive to follow Einstein's thinking between 1907 and 1... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 487 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
An observer in an accelerated reference frame must introduce what physicists call fictitious forces to account for the acceleration experienced by the observer and objects around them. In the example of the driver being pressed into their seat, the force felt by the driver is one example; another is the force one can f... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 454 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
This gravitational frequency shift corresponds to a gravitational time dilation: Since the "higher" observer measures the same light wave to have a lower frequency than the "lower" observer, time must be passing faster for the higher observer. Thus, time runs more slowly for observers the lower they are in a gravitati... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 366 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
A more basic manifestation of the same effect involves two bodies that are falling side by side towards the Earth, with a similar position and velocity. In a reference frame that is in free fall alongside these bodies, they appear to hover weightlessly – but not exactly so. These bodies are not falling in precisely th... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 426 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
The elementary objects of geometry – points, lines, triangles – are traditionally defined in three-dimensional space or on two-dimensional surfaces. In 1907, Hermann Minkowski, Einstein's former mathematics professor at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic, introduced Minkowski space, a geometric formulation of Einstein's spe... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 414 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
In order to map a body's gravitational influence, it is useful to think about what physicists call probe or test particles: particles that are influenced by gravity, but are so small and light that we can neglect their own gravitational effect. In the absence of gravity and other external forces, a test particle moves ... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 453 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Compared with planets and other astronomical bodies, the objects of everyday life (people, cars, houses, even mountains) have little mass. Where such objects are concerned, the laws governing the behavior of test particles are sufficient to describe what happens. Notably, in order to deflect a test particle from its ge... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 448 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
In special relativity, energy is closely connected to momentum. In special relativity, just as space and time are different aspects of a more comprehensive entity called spacetime, energy and momentum are merely different aspects of a unified, four-dimensional quantity that physicists call four-momentum. In consequence... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 481 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
The metric function and its rate of change from point to point can be used to define a geometrical quantity called the Riemann curvature tensor, which describes exactly how the Riemannian manifold, the spacetime in the theory of relativity, is curved at each point. As has already been mentioned, the matter content of t... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 477 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Newtonian gravity predicts that the orbit which a single planet traces around a perfectly spherical star should be an ellipse. Einstein's theory predicts a more complicated curve: the planet behaves as if it were travelling around an ellipse, but at the same time, the ellipse as a whole is rotating slowly around the st... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 453 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Gravitational redshift was first measured in a laboratory setting in 1959 by Pound and Rebka. It is also seen in astrophysical measurements, notably for light escaping the white dwarf Sirius B. The related gravitational time dilation effect has been measured by transporting atomic clocks to altitudes of between tens an... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 182 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Further tests of general relativity include precision measurements of the Shapiro effect or gravitational time delay for light, measured in 2002 by the Cassini space probe. One set of tests focuses on effects predicted by general relativity for the behavior of gyroscopes travelling through space. One of these effects, ... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 362 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
One particular set of observations is related to eminently useful practical applications, namely to satellite navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) that are used for both precise positioning and timekeeping. Such systems rely on two sets of atomic clocks: clocks aboard satellites orbiting the E... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 423 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Observational astronomy uses lensing effects as an important tool to infer properties of the lensing object. Even in cases where that object is not directly visible, the shape of a lensed image provides information about the mass distribution responsible for the light deflection. In particular, gravitational lensing pr... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 457 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
The discoverers of PSR1913+16, Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993. Since then, several other binary pulsars have been found. The most useful are those in which both stars are pulsars, since they provide accurate tests of general relativity.
Currently, a number of land-base... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 368 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
There are several properties that make black holes the most promising sources of gravitational waves. One reason is that black holes are the most compact objects that can orbit each other as part of a binary system; as a result, the gravitational waves emitted by such a system are especially strong. Another reason foll... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 370 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Einstein's equations can be generalized by adding a term called the cosmological constant. When this term is present, empty space itself acts as a source of attractive (or, less commonly, repulsive) gravity. Einstein originally introduced this term in his pioneering 1917 paper on cosmology, with a very specific motiva... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 506 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Beyond the challenges of quantum effects and cosmology, research on general relativity is rich with possibilities for further exploration: mathematical relativists explore the nature of singularities and the fundamental properties of Einstein's equations, and ever more comprehensive computer simulations of specific sp... | Introduction to general relativity | Wikipedia | 86 | 1411100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20general%20relativity | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Pre-stellar cores are the nurseries of new stars, and are an early phase in the formation of low-mass stars, before gravitational collapse produces a central protostar. The spatial distribution of pre-stellar cores shows the history of their formation, and their sensitivity to the physics controlling their creation.
M... | Pre-stellar core | Wikipedia | 188 | 28945767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-stellar%20core | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Sky blue refers to a collection of shades comparable to that of a clear daytime sky. Typically it is a shade of cyan or light teal, though some iterations are closer to light blue. The term (as "sky blew") is attested from 1681. A 1585 translation of Nicolas de Nicolay's 1576 includes "the tulbant [turban] of the merc... | Sky blue | Wikipedia | 350 | 33022390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20blue | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
Celeste, that is, the pure Celeste strictly speaking (HEX #B2FFFF; RGB 178,255,255) from here on (and which can be thought as the "true" or "conventional" celeste), is a gradation of the cyan and a cold color. It is the colour of the sky with optimal visibility, when it is clear, perfectly or near-perfectly cloudless a... | Sky blue | Wikipedia | 504 | 33022390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20blue | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
Alternatively, other variants, like Celeste polvere, Pallido and Velato, are visible towards the horizon when the sun is near to the zenith, always with discrete or good conditions of visibility. In the afternoon, always with good conditions, these three type of celeste, together with softer and less bright shades of c... | Sky blue | Wikipedia | 510 | 33022390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20blue | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
Medium sky blue
Displayed at right is the colour medium sky blue. This is the colour that is called sky blue in Crayola crayons. This colour was formulated by Crayola in 1958.
"Sky blue" appears in the 32, 48, 64, 96 and 120 packs of crayons.
Vivid sky blue
Displayed at right is the colour vivid sky blue.
Deep sky... | Sky blue | Wikipedia | 349 | 33022390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20blue | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
In culture
Sports
Argentina: Following the colours of the flag of Argentina, in which sky blue (celeste in Spanish) is the predominant colour, many Argentine sport teams feature the colour, including Racing Club de Avellaneda, , Racing de Córdoba, Club Atlético Temperley, Atlético de Rafaela, Villa San Carlos, , Gimnas... | Sky blue | Wikipedia | 415 | 33022390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20blue | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), also known as adlay or adlay millet, is a tall grain-bearing perennial tropical plant of the family Poaceae (grass family). It is native to Southeast Asia and introduced to Northern China and India in remote antiquity, and elsewhere cultivated in gardens as an annual. It has been natur... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 409 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi
Widely distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent to peninsular Malaysia and Taiwan; naturalized elsewhere. The involucres are ovoid, bony and glossy. It has hard shells and is used as beads in crafts.
Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen
South China to peninsular Malaysia and the Ph... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 446 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
These shells cover the bases of the flowers (inflorescences) which are male and female racemes/panicles; the male racemes project upright and consist of overlapping scale-like spikelets, with yellow stamens that pop out in-between, and there are one or two yarn-like female racemes drooping from the base.
Proteins
Job'... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 488 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
The hard, white grains of Job's tears have historically been used as beads to make necklaces and other objects. The seeds are naturally bored with holes without the need to artificially puncture them.
Strands of Job's tears are used as Buddhist prayer beads in parts of India, Myanmar, Laos, Taiwan, and Korea according... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 480 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
Ocean Road hypothesis
Yanagita in his Ocean Road hypothesis argues that the pearly glistening seeds were regarded as simulating or substituting for cowrie shells, which were used as ornaments and currency throughout Southern China and Southeast Asia in antiquity, and he argued both items to be part of cultural transmi... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 509 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
Philippines
Job's tears () are otherwise known by many local names in the Philippines (e.g. in Visaya Islands). The beads strung together have sometimes been used as rosaries, or made into bead curtains (e.g. the Tboli people on Mindanao), or woven into baskets and other vessels.
Americas
The plant was known as ca... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 404 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
The grains of Job's tear can be used the same way as rice. It can be eaten cooked or even raw, as it has a slightly sweet taste. Further, the grains can be used for the production of flour.
Job's tear grains can be processed in the same machine as rice. For the soft hulls, it is enough to press them over a sieve. The a... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 466 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
The plant is noted in an ancient medical text Huangdi Neijing (5th–2nd centuries BCE) attributed to the legendary Huangdi (Yellow Emperor), but fails to be noticed in the standard traditional materia medica reference Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目)(16c.).
Cultivation requirements
Soil and climate requirement
It is generally gr... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 507 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
Drought is a major stress for adlay growth and development. The lack of moisture will cause impaired germination and poor establishment. During the growth and maturation stage, water deficits will reduce the leaf area index and lead to barrenness, which negatively affects photosynthesis and dry matter production.
Harv... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 459 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
Job's tears contain high amount of starch (58%). The seeds are used as ingredients to make soup, porridge, flour and pastries. It is common to grind seeds into powder form to make pastries. Two major methods are used to isolate starch: alkaline steeping method and steeping with sodium metabisulfite (), an antioxidant a... | Job's tears | Wikipedia | 279 | 2052205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%27s%20tears | Biology and health sciences | Grains | Plants |
In inorganic nomenclature, a manganate is any negatively charged molecular entity with manganese as the central atom. However, the name is usually used to refer to the tetraoxidomanganate(2−) anion, MnO, also known as manganate(VI) because it contains manganese in the +6 oxidation state. Manganates are the only known m... | Manganate | Wikipedia | 489 | 2053015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganate | Physical sciences | Metallic oxyanions | Chemistry |
Uses
Manganates, particularly the insoluble barium manganate, BaMnO4, have been used as oxidizing agents in organic synthesis: they will oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids, and secondary alcohols to ketones. Barium manganate has also been used to oxidize hydrazones to diazo compounds.
R... | Manganate | Wikipedia | 275 | 2053015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganate | Physical sciences | Metallic oxyanions | Chemistry |
Leaellynasaura (meaning "Leaellyn's lizard") is a genus of small herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs from the late Aptian to early Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous, around 118-110 million years ago. It was first discovered in Dinosaur Cove, Australia. The only known species is Leaellynasaura amicagraphica. It was d... | Leaellynasaura | Wikipedia | 495 | 2054313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaellynasaura | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Leaellynasaura was an Australian polar dinosaur. At this period in time, Victoria would have been within the Antarctic Circle. Although this latitude is very cold today, it was significantly warmer during the mid-Cretaceous. Because of the Earth's tilt, Leaellynasaura and its contemporaries would still have been living... | Leaellynasaura | Wikipedia | 192 | 2054313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaellynasaura | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Calcium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula CaS. This white material crystallizes in cubes like rock salt. CaS has been studied as a component in a process that would recycle gypsum, a product of flue-gas desulfurization. Like many salts containing sulfide ions, CaS typically has an odour of H2S, which ... | Calcium sulfide | Wikipedia | 483 | 2054480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20sulfide | Physical sciences | Sulfide salts | Chemistry |
It reacts with acids such as hydrochloric acid to release toxic hydrogen sulfide gas.
CaS + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2S
Calcium sulfide is phosphorescent, and will glow a blood red for up to an hour after a light source is removed.
As a noxious byproduct of the Leblanc process, it can be converted to calcium carbonate and h... | Calcium sulfide | Wikipedia | 160 | 2054480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20sulfide | Physical sciences | Sulfide salts | Chemistry |
Marine life, sea life or ocean life is the collective ecological communities that encompass all aquatic animals, plants, algae, fungi, protists, single-celled microorganisms and associated viruses living in the saline water of marine habitats, either the sea water of marginal seas and oceans, or the brackish water of c... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 407 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Today, marine species range in size from the microscopic phytoplankton, which can be as small as 0.02–micrometres; to huge cetaceans like the blue whale, which can reach in length. Marine microorganisms have been variously estimated as constituting about 70% or about 90% of the total marine biomass. Marine primary pro... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 472 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
There is no life without water. It has been described as the universal solvent for its ability to dissolve many substances, and as the solvent of life. Water is the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas under conditions normal to life on Earth. The Nobel Prize winner Albert Szent-Györgyi referred t... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 485 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
However, water is found elsewhere in the Solar System. Europa, one of the moons orbiting Jupiter, is slightly smaller than the Earth's Moon. There is a strong possibility a large saltwater ocean exists beneath its ice surface. It has been estimated the outer crust of solid ice is about 10–30 km (6–19 mi) thick and the ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 455 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Current species are a stage in the process of evolution, with their diversity the product of a long series of speciation and extinction events. The common descent of organisms was first deduced from four simple facts about organisms: First, they have geographic distributions that cannot be explained by local adaptation... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 390 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago. No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years. The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 and 2.7 billion years ago. The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 356 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi started colonising the land. Evidence for the appearance of the first land plants occurs in the Ordovician, around , in the form of fossil spores. Land plants began to diversify in the Late Silurian, from around . The colonisation of the land by plants was soon followed by ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 458 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Microscopic life undersea is diverse and still poorly understood, such as for the role of viruses in marine ecosystems. Most marine viruses are bacteriophages, which are harmless to plants and animals, but are essential to the regulation of saltwater and freshwater ecosystems. They infect and destroy bacteria in aquati... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 495 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved. The origin of viruses is unclear because they do not form fossils, so molecular techniques have been used to compare the DNA or RNA of viruses and are a useful means of investigating how they arise.
Viruses are now rec... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 506 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
There are also archaeal viruses which replicate within archaea: these are double-stranded DNA viruses with unusual and sometimes unique shapes. These viruses have been studied in most detail in the thermophilic archaea, particularly the orders Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales.
Viruses are an important natural means of... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 350 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites,... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 506 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very strange shapes, such as the flat and square-shaped cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi. Despite this morphological similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 444 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Protists are highly diverse organisms currently organised into 18 phyla, but are not easy to classify. Studies have shown high protist diversity exists in oceans, deep sea-vents and river sediments, suggesting a large number of eukaryotic microbial communities have yet to be discovered. There has been little research o... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 488 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Over 1500 species of fungi are known from marine environments. These are parasitic on marine algae or animals, or are saprobes feeding on dead organic matter from algae, corals, protozoan cysts, sea grasses, wood and other substrata. Spores of many species have special appendages which facilitate attachment to the subs... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 401 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Lichens are mutualistic associations between a fungus, usually an ascomycete, and an alga or a cyanobacterium. Several lichens are found in marine environments. Many more occur in the splash zone, where they occupy different vertical zones depending on how tolerant they are to submersion. Some lichens live a long time;... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 457 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Apart from Dickinsonia, the earliest widely accepted animal fossils are the rather modern-looking cnidarians (the group that includes coral, jellyfish, sea anemones and Hydra), possibly from around The Ediacara biota, which flourished for the last 40 million years before the start of the Cambrian, were the first anima... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 344 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Invertebrates are grouped into different phyla. Informally phyla can be thought of as a way of grouping organisms according to their body plan. A body plan refers to a blueprint which describes the shape or morphology of an organism, such as its symmetry, segmentation and the disposition of its appendages. The idea of ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 306 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
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