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In the 1970s there was already a debate about whether the emergence of the modern phyla was "explosive" or gradual but hidden by the shortage of Precambrian animal fossils. A re-analysis of fossils from the Burgess Shale lagerstätte increased interest in the issue when it revealed animals, such as Opabinia, which did n... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 441 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell walls and produce sperm cells. Unlike other animals, they lack true tissues and organs, and have no body symmetry. The shapes of their bodies are adapted for maximal efficiency of water flow through the central cavity, where i... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 439 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The phylum has about 150 known species with a wide range of body forms. Sizes range from a few millimeters to . Cydippids are egg-shaped with their cilia arranged in eight radial comb rows, and deploy retractable tentacles for capturing prey. The benthic platyctenids are generally combless and flat. The coastal beroids... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 435 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Trichoplax is a small, flattened, animal about one mm across and usually about 25 μm thick. Like the amoebae they superficially resemble, they continually change their external shape. In addition, spherical phases occasionally form which may facilitate movement. Trichoplax lacks tissues and organs. There is no manifest... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 414 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Cnidarians are the simplest animals in which the cells are organised into tissues. The starlet sea anemone is used as a model organism in research. It is easy to care for in the laboratory and a protocol has been developed which can yield large numbers of embryos on a daily basis. There is a remarkable degree of simila... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 423 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Protostomes (from Greek for first mouth) are a superphylum of animals. It is a sister clade of the deuterostomes (from Greek for second mouth), with which it forms the Nephrozoa clade. Protostomes are distinguished from deuterostomes by the way their embryos develop. In protostomes the first opening that develops becom... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 408 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Nematodes (roundworms) constitute a further worm phylum with tubular digestive systems and an opening at both ends. Over 25,000 nematode species have been described, of which more than half are parasitic. It has been estimated another million remain undescribed. They are ubiquitous in marine, freshwater and terrestrial... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 496 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Molluscs have such diverse shapes that many textbooks base their descriptions of molluscan anatomy on a generalized or hypothetical ancestral mollusc. This generalized mollusc is unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical with an underside consisting of a single muscular foot. Beyond that it has three further key features... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 440 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Extant marine arthropods range in size from the microscopic crustacean Stygotantulus to the Japanese spider crab. Arthropods' primary internal cavity is a hemocoel, which accommodates their internal organs, and through which their haemolymph - analogue of blood - circulates; they have open circulatory systems. Like the... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 504 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Adult echinoderms are recognizable by their radial symmetry (usually five-point) and include starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the sea lilies. Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. They are unique among animals in having bilateral symm... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 315 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Hemichordates form a sister phylum to the echinoderms. They are solitary worm-shaped organisms rarely seen by humans because of their lifestyle. They include two main groups, the acorn worms and the Pterobranchia. Pterobranchia form a class containing about 30 species of small worm-shaped animals that live in secreted ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 391 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The three-section body plan of the acorn worm is no longer present in the vertebrates, except in the anatomy of the frontal neural tube, later developed into a brain divided into three parts. This means some of the original anatomy of the early chordate ancestors is still present in vertebrates even if it is not always... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 500 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Early fish had no jaws. Most went extinct when they were outcompeted by jawed fish (below), but two groups survived: hagfish and lampreys. Hagfish form a class of about 20 species of eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish. They are the only known living animals that have a skull but no vertebral column. Lampreys form ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 402 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Around the start of the Devonian, fish started appearing with a deep remodelling of the vertebrate skull that resulted in a jaw.
All vertebrate jaws, including the human jaw, have evolved from these early fish jaws. The appearance of the early vertebrate jaw has been described as "perhaps the most profound and radical ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 396 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Lobe fins have the form of fleshy lobes supported by bony stalks which extend from the body. Guiyu oneiros, the earliest-known bony fish, lived during the Late Silurian 419 million years ago. It has the combination of both ray-finned and lobe-finned features, although analysis of the totality of its features place it c... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 483 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Teleosts are found in almost all marine habitats. They have enormous diversity, and range in size from adult gobies 8mm long to ocean sunfish weighing over 2,000 kg. The following images show something of the diversity in the shape and colour of modern marine teleosts...
Nearly half of all extant vertebrate species a... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 496 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Some reptiles are more closely related to birds than other reptiles, and many scientists prefer to make Reptilia a monophyletic group which includes the birds. Extant non-avian reptiles which inhabit or frequent the sea include sea turtles, sea snakes, terrapins, the marine iguana, and the saltwater crocodile. Currentl... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 454 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
In general, marine birds live longer, breed later and have fewer young than terrestrial birds do, but they invest a great deal of time in their young. Most species nest in colonies, which can vary in size from a few dozen birds to millions. Many species are famous for undertaking long annual migrations, crossing the eq... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 421 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
In a process of convergent evolution, marine mammals, especially cetaceans such as dolphins and whales, redeveloped their body plan to parallel the streamlined fusiform body plan of pelagic fish. Front legs became flippers and back legs disappeared, a dorsal fin reappeared and the tail morphed into a powerful horizonta... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 497 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The first primary producers that used photosynthesis were oceanic cyanobacteria about 2.3 billion years ago. The release of molecular oxygen by cyanobacteria as a by-product of photosynthesis induced global changes in the Earth's environment. Because oxygen was toxic to most life on Earth at the time, this led to the n... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 303 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
green algae, an informal group containing about 8,000 recognised species. Many species live most of their lives as single cells or are filamentous, while others form colonies made up from long chains of cells, or are highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.
red algae, a (disputed) phylum containing about 7,000 reco... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 345 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Unlike higher plants, algae lack roots, stems, or leaves. They can be classified by size as microalgae or macroalgae.
Microalgae are the microscopic types of algae, not visible to the naked eye. They are mostly unicellular species which exist as individuals or in chains or groups, though some are multicellular. Micro... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 509 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Marine plants can be found in intertidal zones and shallow waters, such as seagrasses like eelgrass and turtle grass, Thalassia. These plants have adapted to the high salinity of the ocean environment. Plant life can also flourish in the brackish waters of estuaries, where mangroves or cordgrass or beach grass beach gr... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 510 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Zooplankton are the animal component of the planktonic community ("zoo" comes from the Greek for animal). They are heterotrophic (other-feeding), meaning they cannot produce their own food and must consume instead other plants or animals as food. In particular, this means they eat phytoplankton.
Zooplankton are genera... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 494 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Compared to terrestrial environments, marine environments have biomass pyramids which are inverted at the base. In particular, the biomass of consumers (copepods, krill, shrimp, forage fish) is larger than the biomass of primary producers. This happens because the ocean's primary producers are tiny phytoplankton which ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 511 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Sediments at the bottom of the ocean have two main origins, terrigenous and biogenous. Terrigenous sediments account for about 45% of the total marine sediment, and originate in the erosion of rocks on land, transported by rivers and land runoff, windborne dust, volcanoes, or grinding by glaciers.
Biogenous sediments ... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 510 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species. These impact marine ecosystems and food webs and may result in consequences as yet unrecognised for the biodiversity and continuation of marine life forms.
Biodiversity and ex... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 473 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Research and study
In order to perform research and enrich Marine Life knowledge, Scientists use various methods in-order to reach and explore the depths of the ocean. several Hi-tech instruments and vehicles are used for this purpose.
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)- Underwater robots used to explore the ocean... | Marine life | Wikipedia | 257 | 2056572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The minimum-cost flow problem (MCFP) is an optimization and decision problem to find the cheapest possible way of sending a certain amount of flow through a flow network. A typical application of this problem involves finding the best delivery route from a factory to a warehouse where the road network has some capacity... | Minimum-cost flow problem | Wikipedia | 441 | 6807932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-cost%20flow%20problem | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
The following problems are special cases of the minimum cost flow problem (we provide brief sketches of each applicable reduction, in turn):
Shortest path problem (single-source). Require that a feasible solution to the minimum cost flow problem sends one unit of flow from a designated source to a designated sink . G... | Minimum-cost flow problem | Wikipedia | 434 | 6807932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-cost%20flow%20problem | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Let . Assign the capacity of all the edges in E′ to 1. Add a source vertex s and connect it to all the vertices in A′ and add a sink
vertex t and connect all vertices inside group B′ to this vertex. The capacity of all the new edges is 1 and their costs is 0. It is proved that there is minimum weight perfect bipartite... | Minimum-cost flow problem | Wikipedia | 91 | 6807932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-cost%20flow%20problem | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Human to animal breastfeeding has been practiced in some different cultures during various time periods. The practice of breastfeeding or suckling between humans and other species occurred in both directions: women sometimes breastfed young animals, and animals were used to suckle babies and children. Animals were used... | Human–animal breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 372 | 35715231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
The suckling of infants by animals was a repeated theme in classical mythology. Most famously, twin brothers Romulus and Remus (the former founded Rome) were portrayed as having been raised by a she-wolf which suckled the infants, as depicted in the iconic image of the Capitoline Wolf. The Greek god Zeus was said to h... | Human–animal breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 373 | 35715231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Perceived effect on character
The belief that animal characteristics could be transmitted via milk was widely held; the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus thought that being suckled by lionesses conferred great courage. Goats were thought to transmit a libidinous character and some preferred to employ donkeys as wet nurse... | Human–animal breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 415 | 35715231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
One important use of goats for suckling concerned the feeding and attempted cure of babies born with congenital syphilis inherited from their mothers. Liquid compounds laced with mercury were fed to nanny goats – if they refused to drink them, honey was recommended as a way of disguising the metallic taste – or were in... | Human–animal breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 365 | 35715231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
In France, homes for foundlings (abandoned babies) often kept large numbers of goats to feed the infants, as they were considered less problematic than lower-class wet nurses. In some institutions, nurses (nannies) carried the infants to the goats; elsewhere, the goats came to the infants. Alphonse Le Roy described how... | Human–animal breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 445 | 35715231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Simoons and Baldwin gathered and summarized global accounts of human-animal breastfeeding in their 1982 paper entitled, “Breast-Feeding of Animals by Women: Its Social-Cultural Context and Geographic Occurrence.” They studied the motivations of women world-wide for breast-feeding animals and categorized them in four wa... | Human–animal breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 355 | 35715231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
For the mother's sake
English and German physicians between the 16th and 18th centuries recommended using puppies to "draw" the mother's breasts, and in 1799 the German Friedrich Benjamin Osiander reported that in Göttingen women suckled young dogs to dislodge nodules from their breasts. An example of the practice bein... | Human–animal breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 471 | 35715231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
In the late 16th Century, Konrad Heresbach recommended that mothers rid their bodies of their first milk, called colostrum, rather than allow their babies to drink it. The idea that colostrum was dangerous for a newborn further took hold in Europe when Thomas Newton wrote of its supposed dangers. How widely this idea w... | Human–animal breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 201 | 35715231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
A sub-brown dwarf or planetary-mass brown dwarf is an astronomical object that formed in the same manner as stars and brown dwarfs (i.e. through the collapse of a gas cloud) but that has a planetary mass, therefore by definition below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (about ).
Some researchers in... | Sub-brown dwarf | Wikipedia | 458 | 3826112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-brown%20dwarf | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Orbiting a brown dwarf
At around 2022 the IAU working definition of an exoplanet excludes these objects as planets. The only fitting label would be as sub-brown dwarfs, but they are more often referred as planetary mass objects. Other definitions, like from the NASA Exoplanet Archive would include these as exoplanets. ... | Sub-brown dwarf | Wikipedia | 490 | 3826112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-brown%20dwarf | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Pollucite is a zeolite mineral with the formula with iron, calcium, rubidium and potassium as common substituting elements. It is important as a significant ore of caesium and sometimes rubidium. It forms a solid solution series with analcime. It crystallizes in the isometric-hexoctahedral crystal system as colorless,... | Pollucite | Wikipedia | 359 | 3827863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollucite | Physical sciences | Silicate minerals | Earth science |
Reddit () is an American social news aggregation, content rating, and forum social network. Registered users (commonly referred to as "Redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 247 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, as well as Aaron Swartz, in 2005. Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condé Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. In October 2014, Reddit raised $50 ... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 388 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invi... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 440 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz blogged complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 338 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user b... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 460 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On June 5, 2020, Ohanian resigned as a member of the board in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board.
On December 13, 2020, Reddit announced it had acquired short-form video social platform... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 417 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. In March 2024 it was an... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 481 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 499 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volun... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 477 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Other features
Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regu... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 434 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Chat features
In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 an... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 451 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Underlying code
Reddit was originally written in Common Lisp but was rewritten in Python in December 2005 for wider access to code libraries and greater development flexibility. The Python web framework that Swartz developed to run the site, web.py, is available as an open source project. , Reddit used Pylons as its w... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 482 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In early 2009, Reddit started using jQuery. In 2017, Reddit announced it adopted TypeScript for its UI redesign. Reddit's search function has had many iterations and currently uses Lucidworks Fusion to implementation.
Mobile apps
In 2010, Reddit released its first mobile web interface for easier reading and navigatin... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 464 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users.... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 449 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of V... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 475 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The ... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 481 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge commu... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 305 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Community and culture
The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The possibilities that subreddits provide create new opportunities for... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 446 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Philanthropy
Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food p... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 492 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by m... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 467 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Censorship of Reddit
Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked.
C... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 327 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
AMAs ("Ask Me Anything")
AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, are among Reddit's most popular features. , r/IAmA, which is the most popular community for AMAs, was the eighth most popular subreddit on the site with 17.7 million subscribers. During an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to int... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 512 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Brigading
As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing.
Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 346 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platf... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 414 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
2013 Boston bombing suspect misidentifications
After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the Subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before t... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 323 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
2015 CEO change and subreddit bannings
After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issue... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 471 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/Europea... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 463 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
2016
In May, Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the t... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 504 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On July 12, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later.
2019
In February, Chinese company Te... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 506 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January.
In March, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 439 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
2024
In September, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing 9 company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers... | Reddit | Wikipedia | 255 | 3829005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Hand sanitizer (also known as hand antiseptic, hand disinfectant, hand rub, or handrub) is a liquid, gel, or foam used to kill viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms on the hands. It can also come in the form of a cream, spray, or wipe. While hand washing with soap and water is generally preferred, hand sanitizer ... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 510 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers may not be effective if the hands are greasy or visibly soiled. In hospitals, the hands of healthcare workers are often contaminated with pathogens, but rarely soiled or greasy.
Some commercially available hand sanitizers (and online recipes for homemade rubs) have alcohol concentrations ... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 479 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
For health care settings, like hospitals and clinics, optimum alcohol concentration to kill bacteria is 70% to 95%. Products with alcohol concentrations as low as 40% are available in American stores, according to researchers at East Tennessee State University.
Alcohol rub sanitizers kill most bacteria, and fungi, and... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 491 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Fire
Alcohol gel can catch fire, producing a translucent blue flame. This is due to the flammable alcohol in the gel. Some hand sanitizer gels may not produce this effect due to a high concentration of water or moisturizing agents. There have been some rare instances where alcohol has been implicated in starting fire... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 379 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula. The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula. In clinical trials, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollien... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 440 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
People with alcoholism may attempt to consume hand sanitizer in desperation when traditional alcoholic beverages are unavailable, or personal access to them is restricted by force or law. There have been reported incidents of people drinking the gel in prisons and hospitals to become intoxicated. As a result, access to... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 397 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Some hand sanitizer products use agents other than alcohol to kill microorganisms, such as povidone-iodine, benzalkonium chloride or triclosan. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the CDC recommends "persistent" antiseptics for hand sanitizers. Persistent activity is defined as the prolonged or extended antimicrobi... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 388 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
A series of studies show that photodegradation of triclosan produced 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD). The 2,4-dichlorophenol itself is known to be biodegradable as well as photodegradable. For DCDD, one of the non-toxic compounds of the dioxin family, a conversion rate of 1% has been repo... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 456 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
The same ingredients used in over-the-counter hand-rubs are also used in hospital hand-rubs: alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, sometimes combined with quaternary ammonium cations (quats) such as benzalkonium chloride. Quats are added at levels up to 200 parts per million to increase antimicrobial effectiveness... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 481 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
WHO formulations
The World Health Organization has published the following formulations to guide to the production of large quantities of hand sanitizer from chemicals available in developing countries, where commercial hand sanitizer may not be available:
Formulation 1
Formulation 2
Production
COVID-19 pandemic
... | Hand sanitizer | Wikipedia | 487 | 3829190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20sanitizer | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
The bateleur (; Terathopius ecaudatus), also known as the bateleur eagle, is a medium-sized eagle in the family Accipitridae. It is often considered a relative of the snake eagles and, like them, it is classified within the subfamily Circaetinae. It is the only member of the genus Terathopius and may be the origin of t... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 251 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
This species is native to broad areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and scarcely up into Arabia. It is characteristically a bird of somewhat open habitats such as savanna with some trees present and open dry woodland. It is in life history, a rather peculiar bird of prey with a free-wheeling generalist diet that includes much ... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 264 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Taxonomy and etymology
The bateleur has been found to be a proper member of the subfamily Circaetinae, commonly called snake or serpent eagles, via a variety of genetic studies. Given the outward similarities of the bateleur to snake eagles, the relationship has long been inferred by authors. In particular, the bateleu... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 421 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The bateleur is of note for its unique morphology and plumage, with some anatomical similarities to both snake eagles and vultures. The species has a thick neck and a very large, rather conspicuously cowled head with a proportionately short bill, albeit one covered with a very large cere. The cowl is also present on sn... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 393 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The juvenile is very distinct from the adults of the species. Juveniles of the bateleur have a longer tail than mature birds. They furthermore have essentially all brown coloring, with dull rufous to creamy edging apparent on some areas. The head of the juvenile bateleur is paler and tawnier than elsewhere on its body ... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 342 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
In flight, the bateleur appears as a rather large raptor with disproportionately elongated, rather narrow and slightly bow-shaped wings, which appear pinched in at the bases, broad across the secondaries and regularly narrow, pointed and upturned at the tips. Upon sighting, the wings often catch the eye before the larg... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 331 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Size
The bateleur is a mid-sized eagle and large raptor. It is likely the second heaviest of the Circaetinae subfamily of accipitrids. By far the largest of the subfamily is the Philippine eagle which is more than twice as massive and is far larger in all aspects of measurement than the bateleur, with a drastically dif... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 267 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The bateleur evidences some sexual dimorphism in favour of the female as is expected in raptorial birds but this size difference is fairly minimal relative to many other accipitrids, averaging up to about 6%. Among standard measurements, males have a wing chord length of while that of the female is . In tail length, a... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 331 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The bateleur, particularly in its adult plumage, is often considered one of the most distinctive raptors in the world. When perched or flying adults or older immatures are quite unmistakable. The bateleur can be readily be distinguished even by inexperienced observers from the very differently-shaped and usually rather... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 347 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Vocalizations
Bateleurs are usually silent for much of the year. The main call, uttered whether perched or in aerial display, or when pirating from other raptors, is a far-carrying, loud raucous schaaaa-aw. They may too vocalize in a similar manner during courtship. Alternatively, bateleur calls may consist of resonant... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 248 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The bateleur occupies a very large range through mainly sub-Saharan Africa. The species resides in West Africa from southern Mauritania to Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the northern portions of Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast and much of Ghana through western Burkina Faso, much of Togo and Benin and northern an... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 379 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The bateleur is a common to fairly common resident or nomadic bird of the partially open savanna country and of woodland within Sub-Saharan Africa. During breeding, it tends to require closed-canopy savannah-woodland habitats, including Acacia savanna as well as mopane and miombo woodlands. They may too acclimate to th... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 399 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
This bateleur is unusually conspicuous due to its propensity for gliding flights over favorable habitats in much of Africa. The bird spends a considerable amount of time on the wing, particularly in low-altitude flights. Due to the conspicuous behaviour and colorful plumage, the bateleur is frequently described in supe... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 463 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The bateleur is generally a solitary bird. However, juveniles may accompany one or both parents for about three months and loose congregations of as many as 40-50 or more have been record of mainly immatures. These tend to be aggregations of otherwise unassociated immature bateleurs attracted to rich feeding areas such... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 402 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Bateleurs seem to devote an exceptional amount of time to thermoregulation frequently spending much of its day variously sunning, to warm up, and bathing, to cool off. These eagles are frequently seen to enter water-bodies for a bath and then open their wings to often sunbathe. Standing upright and holding their wings ... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 281 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The bateleur is a dietary generalist. This species generally forages from the flight, flying mostly low and straight whilst scanning the ground, periodically banking and retracing sections of the track when possible foods are spotted. Their hunting range can be truly enormous ranging in some cases up to . Bateleurs may... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 479 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Bateleurs forage almost entirely based on opportunity and have no particular specialization on any particular prey type. As a result, a wide prey spectrum has been reported, with around 160 prey species known, they thus rival martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus) and perhaps just slightly behind tawny eagles (Aquila r... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 312 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
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