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Differing study areas show differing prey results for bateleurs. In a woodland-based study of nesting birds in Zimbabwe, 175 prey items were found for bateleurs with the diet seemingly dominated by prey appearing to be taken alive and relatively large prey at that. The primary prey in the study were found to be scrub h... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 507 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
7%, cape hares at 4.3%, Crocidura shrews at 3.59%, ungulate carrion at 3.59%, Streptopelia doves at 3.59%, common dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula) at 2.87% and red-crested korhaan (Lophotis ruficrista) at 2.87%. Without statistics, Cangandala National Park in Angola, the prey species reported at nests included brown g... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 181 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
In general, a picture emerges that the primary food sources of bateleurs are live-taken medium-sized mammals, carrion of generally larger mammal species, rather smallish bird prey, and a small diversity of reptiles. When selecting mammals, small prey such as rodents and shrews are by no means neglected but a preference... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 453 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Outside of galagos, among primate foods most monkeys observed in the diet such as baboons and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) are thought to be largely scavenged as carrion. However, studies of king colobus (Colobus polykomos) and Angola colobus (Colobus angolensis) in Central and southeastern Africa (both whe... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 314 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
In all, a considerable diversity of birds may be taken by bateleurs, perhaps around 80 species being known in their prey spectrum. They often focus on rather small, if normally live caught, birds compared to other eagles of a similar size. Bateleurs may show a special liking for pigeons and doves as prey, although only... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 459 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The bateleur was once reported to be a very common predator of reptiles like their cousins the snake eagles. Although this is somewhat erroneous, bateleurs do not infrequently include reptiles in their diet. As much as 30% of the diet can be reptilian, mainly snakes. Some reptiles taken are small and innocuous such as... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 483 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
It was recently verified that bateleurs will semi-regularly visit termite mounds to hunt down alates, although such feeding has been inferred in the past. Other prey can include a rare amphibian, none of which are known to be identified to species or family. Although fish are not typically taken, as much as 1.1% of the... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 99 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Interspecific predatory relationships
The bateleur seems to adapt to living in the highly competitive continent of Africa by foraging with a lack of specialization, with a seeming lack of discrimination regarding the prey item/food source nor its origin although its highly aerial and free-ranging foraging mode is quite... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 500 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Bateleurs may encounter a huge range of other scavengers when coming to carrion. Most clearly vultures are often present at carrion. However, due to their smaller size, the tawny eagle and especially the bateleur can begin foraging for carrion earlier in the morning, while the vultures must wait for updrafts to underta... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 497 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
However, the martial eagle occupies a notably higher trophic level than the bateleurs and is not considered subservient to bateleurs due its even greater predatory prowess. Similarly, instances of considerable competition have been reported between bateleurs and African fish eagles (Haliaeetus vocifer), which are simil... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 95 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
It is uncommon-to-rare but not unprecedented that bateleurs may prey on other raptors. Bateleurs have been documented preying on black-winged kites (Elanus caeruleus), wintering lesser spotted eagles (Clanga pomarina), gabar goshawks (Micronisus gabar), barn owls (Tyto alba), spotted eagle-owls (Bubo africanus) and per... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 418 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Bateleurs are long-lived species, slow-maturing, slow-breeding species, Bateleurs court each other or re-establish existing pair bonds what is considered, a "spectacular" courtship display. During the courtship display, an exaggerated flight is undertaken, in which the male dives down at the female who rolls to present... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 356 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Nests are located in fairly large trees, sometimes near a watercourse, either in hilly terrain or open flat country. At times, bateleurs are adaptable and perhaps even favor towards nesting near manmade openings such as roads or paths. Nests are typically at above the ground but in extreme may be from high. The nest ... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 484 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Eggs and development of young
In this species, only one egg is ever laid. Their eggs are quite large for the size of the bird, being broadly oval and usually an unspotted chalky white but sometimes with a few red stains or indistinct reddish markings, which may be cosmetic from feeding and defecating of the parents. Th... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 328 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
The hatchling is highly altricial and very feeble at first, perhaps even more so than most other eagles, being unable to lift its own heavy head and possesses a deeply wrinkled cere. The small eaglet is initially covered in creamy down with a chocolate-brown patch behind the eye that matches the rest of the down colour... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 499 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
After leaving the nest area, the young bateleurs often wander widely, for example one was recorded to have covered . When soaring near another bateleur nest, young bateleurs are often fiercely attacked by adult males. There are some reports, even frequent reports it is said, of immature bateleurs staying to help incuba... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 75 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Parental behaviour
When the nest is approached, at times bateleurs will react forcibly, engaging in aggressive barks, sometimes diving down from flight at the intruder with loud flapping wings. When disturbed in this way, however bateleurs very often depart and they will often not return to the nest for up to several h... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 488 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Breeding success and failures
It is estimated that the bateleur produces a mean of 0.47 chicks per nest per year. In East Africa, the bateleur tends not to breed every year and the replacement rate is about 0.5 per annum. In southern Africa, the bateleur typically breeds every year whether or not they are successful in... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 457 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Bateleurs are a wide ranging species but have shown rather strong declines. Per estimates from the 1990s, extrapolated from an average of per pair, it was projected that the total population could have been around 180,000 birds including young ones. However, it is likely that the species numbers far lower than that. C... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 295 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Decline of the species and the reduction in range is suspected to have been moderately rapid over the past three generations. Generally, throughout the range, the bateleur is considered much more common in protected areas. However even in several protected areas, numbers of bateleurs seem to decreasing. The declines of... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 500 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
It is proposed to implement education and awareness campaigns across its range to reduce the use of poisoned baits. Regular population monitoring is being carried out | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 28 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Heraldic and mythological status
The bateleur plays a prominent role in African heraldic and mythological cultures probably due to its spectacular colours and conspicuous and bold behaviour. As a result it is likely that the bateleur is the basis for the "Zimbabwe Bird" which has been prominent since ancient times in Z... | Bateleur | Wikipedia | 223 | 3830863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur | Biology and health sciences | Accipitrimorphae | Animals |
Lupin are the yellow legume seeds of the genus Lupinus. They are traditionally eaten as a pickled snack food, primarily in the Mediterranean basin (L. albus), Latin America (L. mutabilis) and North Africa (L. angustifolius). The most ancient evidence of lupin is from ancient Egypt, dating back to the 22nd century BC. T... | Lupin bean | Wikipedia | 387 | 3831878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Some varieties are referred to as "sweet lupins" because they contain much smaller amounts of toxic alkaloids than the "bitter lupin" varieties. Newly bred variants of the narrow-leafed or 'Australian Sweet Lupin' (L. angustifolius) lupins are grown in Australia, Germany and Poland; they lack any bitter taste and requi... | Lupin bean | Wikipedia | 476 | 3831878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
The Andean lupin L. mutabilis, the Mediterranean Lupinus albus (white lupin), and Lupinus hirsutus are only edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water. In Ecuador, the lupin is often consumed as a ceviche-like street food known as "cevichochos".
Lupin beans can be ground into a flour, and this is wid... | Lupin bean | Wikipedia | 452 | 3831878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Symptoms of lupin bean poisoning (from excess alkaloid in cooked food) include dilated unresponsive pupils, confusion, slowed thought and disorientation, flushed face and/or fever, high heart rate and blood pressure, tremors, difficulty with or slurred speech, in-coordination, dizziness, burning dry mouth, stomach pain... | Lupin bean | Wikipedia | 482 | 3831878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Lupin allergy may cause life-threatening anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals. There is some cross-reactivity with peanut allergy, so nut allergy sufferers should exercise extreme caution with lupin-containing food. In the EU, lupin must be listed as an allergen in pre-packed foods where it has been used, but may still... | Lupin bean | Wikipedia | 183 | 3831878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
John Dory, St Pierre, or Peter's fish, refers to fish of the genus Zeus, especially Zeus faber, of widespread distribution. It is an edible demersal coastal marine fish with a laterally compressed olive-yellow body which has a large dark spot, and long spines on the dorsal fin. Its large eyes at the front of the head p... | John Dory | Wikipedia | 502 | 2852964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Dory | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
The John Dory has a high laterally compressed body – its body is so thin it can hardly be seen from the front. The large eyes at the front of the head provide it with the binocular vision and depth perception it needs to catch prey. This eye spot also confuses prey, which can then be sucked into its mouth.
It primaril... | John Dory | Wikipedia | 360 | 2852964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Dory | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Anomalocaris ("unlike other shrimp", or "abnormal shrimp") is an extinct genus of radiodont, an order of early-diverging stem-group marine arthropods.
It is best known from the type species A. canadensis, found in the Stephen Formation (particularly the Burgess Shale) of British Columbia, Canada. The other named speci... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 343 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
From the start, Anomalocaris fossil was misidentified, followed by a series of misidentifications and taxonomic revisions. As Stephen Jay Gould, who popularised the Cambrian explosion in his 1989 book Wonderful Life, appropriately described:[The story of Anomalocaris is] a tale of humor, error, struggle, frustration, a... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 480 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Not known to scientists at the time, the body parts of relatives of Anomalocaris had already been described but not recognized as such. The first fossilized mouth of such a kind of animal was discovered by Charles Doolittle Walcott, who mistook it for a jellyfish and placed it in the genus Peytoia. Walcott also discove... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 138 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
In 1966, the Geological Survey of Canada began a comprehensive revision of the Burgess Shale fossil record, led by Cambridge University paleontologist Harry B. Whittington. In the process of this revision, Whittington and his students Simon Conway Morris and Derek Briggs would discover the true nature of Anomalocaris a... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 507 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Numerous species have been previously referred to Anomalocaris, but subsequent analyses have doubted this generic assignment, and reclassified them within different genera. In 2021, "A." saron and "A." magnabasis were reassigned to the new genus Houcaris in the family Tamisiocarididae, but subsequent analysis suggests ... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 476 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Anomalocaris propelled itself through the water by undulating the flexible flaps on the sides of its body. Each flap sloped below the one more posterior to it, and this overlapping allowed the lobes on each side of the body to act as a single "fin", maximizing the swimming efficiency. The construction of a remote-contr... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 512 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
The tail was a large tail fan, composed of three pairs of large, lateral fin-shaped lobes and one terminal lobe-like tailpiece. Previous studies suggest the tail fan was used to propel it through Cambrian waters, while further hydrodynamic study rather suggest it was more adapted to provide steering function. The gills... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 338 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
However, the long-standing idea that Anomalocaris fed on hard-bodied animals, especially its ability to penetrate mineralized exoskeleton of trilobites, has been questioned, with many recent studies considering it more likely that Anomalocaris exclusively hunted soft-bodied prey. Some Cambrian trilobites have been foun... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 343 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
The lack of wear on radiodont mouthparts suggests they did not come into regular contact with mineralized trilobite shells, and were possibly better suited to feeding on smaller, soft-bodied organisms by suction, since they would have experienced structural failure if they were used against the armour of trilobites. A.... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 317 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Bicknell et al. (2023) examined the frontal appendages of Anomalocaris, suggesting it was an active nektonic apex predator. Postured with the frontal appendages outstretched, Anomalocaris would have been able to swim with maximized speed, similar to modern predatory water bugs. Its eyes would be suitable to hunt prey i... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 423 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Other unnamed species of Anomalocaris live in vastly different environments. For example, Anomalocaris cf. canadensis (JS-1880) lived in the Maotianshan Shales, a shallow tropical sea or river delta in what is now modern China. Anomalocaris daleyae (Emu Bay Shale) lived in a comparable environment; the shallow, tropica... | Anomalocaris | Wikipedia | 172 | 2853861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
IMDb (an initialism for Internet Movie Database) is an online database of information related to films, television series, podcasts, home videos, video games, and streaming content online – including cast, production crew and personal biographies, plot summaries, trivia, ratings, and fan and critical reviews. IMDb bega... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 447 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
User profile pages show a user's registration date and, optionally, their personal ratings of titles. Since 2015, "badges" can be added showing a count of contributions. These badges range from total contributions made to independent categories such as photos, trivia, and biographies. If a registered user or visitor is... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 494 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
The IMDb also has a Bottom 100 feature which is assembled through a similar process although only 10,000 votes must be received to qualify for the list.
The Top 250 list comprises a wide range of feature films, including major releases, cult films, independent films, critically acclaimed films, silent films, and non-E... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 452 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
By February 20, 2017, all the message boards and their content were permanently removed. According to the website, the decision was made because the boards were "no longer providing a positive, useful experience for the vast majority of our more than 250 million monthly users worldwide". Others have mentioned its susce... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 404 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
IMDb originated in 1990 with a Usenet posting entitled "Those Eyes", by the English film fan and computer programmer Col Needham, about actresses with beautiful eyes. Others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an "Actors List", while Dave K... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 472 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
As an independent company
In 1996 IMDb was incorporated in the United Kingdom, becoming the Internet Movie Database Ltd. Founder Col Needham became the primary owner. General revenue for site operations was generated through advertising, licensing and partnerships.
As Amazon.com subsidiary (1998–present)
In 1998, Jeff... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 509 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
In January 2019, IMDb launched an ad-supported streaming service called Freedive. This was the company's second attempt at a streaming service; it launched a similar service in 2008. In June 2019, Freedive was rebranded as IMDb TV. In April 2022, the service was rebranded again as Amazon Freevee. On December 30, 2024, ... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 485 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
The Java Movie Database (JMDB) is reportedly creating an IMDb_Error.log file that lists all the errors found while processing the IMDb plain text files. A Wiki alternative to IMDb is Open Media Database whose content is also contributed by users but licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY) and the GFDL. Since ... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 462 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
IMDb STARmeter Awards
Annually, IMDb STARmeter Awards are presented to industry professionals in various categories. Professionals who have appeared in its annual "top 10 lists" are considered for this award. "IMDb determines its definitive top 10 lists using data from IMDbPro STARmeter rankings, which are based on the... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 424 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
In January 2017, the State of California enacted state bill AB-1687, a SAG-AFTRA-backed anti-ageism statute which requires "commercial online entertainment employment services" to honor requests by their subscribers for their ages and birthdays to be hidden. By the beginning of 2017, IMDb had received more than 2,300 r... | IMDb | Wikipedia | 321 | 2855554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb | Technology | Utility | null |
Chelodina, collectively known as snake-necked turtles, is a large and diverse genus of long-necked chelid turtles with a complicated nomenclatural history. Although in the past, Macrochelodina and Macrodiremys have been considered separate genera and prior to that all the same, they are now considered subgenera of the ... | Chelodina | Wikipedia | 470 | 2856239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelodina | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
The type species for the Chelodina subgenus is Chelodina longicollis (Shaw, 1794). The type species for the Chelydera subgenus is Chelodina parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976. The type species for Macrochelodina is Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841.
List of species
Extinct species
There are three identified extinct speci... | Chelodina | Wikipedia | 286 | 2856239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelodina | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Thermoplasma is a genus of archaeans. It belongs to the class Thermoplasmata, which thrive in acidic and high-temperature environments. Thermoplasma are facultative anaerobes and respire using sulfur and organic carbon. They do not contain a cell wall but instead contain a unique membrane composed mainly of a tetrae... | Thermoplasma | Wikipedia | 134 | 2857516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplasma | Biology and health sciences | Archaea | Plants |
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD or TaIHiGe; , , ), formerly known as the Millennium Dam and sometimes referred to as the Hidase Dam (, ), is a gravity dam on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia. The dam is in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about east of the border with Sudan.
Constructed between 2011... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 345 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
The eventual site for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam was identified by the United States Bureau of Reclamation in the course of the Blue Nile survey, which was conducted between 1956 and 1964 during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie. However due to the coup d'état of 1974, Somalia's invasion of Ethiopia in 1977–... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 371 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
The potential impacts of the dam have been the source of severe regional controversy. The Government of Egypt, a country which depends on the Nile for about 90% of its water, has demanded that Ethiopia cease construction on the dam as a precondition to negotiations, has sought regional support for its position, and som... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 432 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Originally, in 2011, the hydropower plant was to receive 15 generating units with 350 MW nameplate capacity each, resulting in a total installed capacity of 5,250 MW with an expected power generation of 15,128 GWh per year.
Its planned generation capacity was later increased to 6,000 MW, through 16 generating units wi... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 481 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
The zero level of the main dam, the ground level, is at an elevation of about above sea level, corresponding roughly to the level of the river bed of the Blue Nile. Counting from the ground level, the main gravity dam is tall, long and composed of roller-compacted concrete. The crest of the dam is at an elevation of... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 415 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
An ungated spillway, the auxiliary spillway, sits in the centre of the main dam with an open width of about and a design discharge of . This spillway has a base-level at , which is exactly the full supply level of the reservoir. The dam crest is higher on both sides of the spillway. This ungated spillway is only expe... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 400 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Early power generation
Two non-upgraded turbine-generators with 375 MW were the first to go into operation with 750 MW delivered to the national power grid, the first turbine was commissioned in February 2022 and the second one in August 2022. The two units sit within the 10 unit powerhouse to the right side of the d... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 484 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Evaporation of water from the reservoir is expected to be at 3% of the annual inflow volume of , or annually. This was considered negligible by the IPoE. For comparison, Lake Nasser in Egypt loses between annually through evaporation.
Construction
The main GERD contractor is the Italian company Webuild (formerly Sa... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 452 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
The first phase of filling the reservoir began in July 2020, to a maximum depth of utilising a temporary sill. Further construction work was necessary before the reservoir could be filled to a level required for electricity generation. Subsequently, it was reported that it would take between 4 and 7 years to fill with... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 446 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Engineering questions
In 2012, the International Panel of Experts was formed with experts from Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and other independent entities to discuss mainly engineering and partially impact related questions. This panel concluded at a number of engineering modifications, that were proposed to Ethiopia and th... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 482 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Soon after, in 2012, the hydropower plant was upgraded to receive 16 generating units with 375 MW nameplate capacity each, increasing the total installed capacity to 6,000 MW, with the expected power generation going up only slightly to 15,692 GWh per annum. Consequently, the capacity factor shrank to 29.9%. According ... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 305 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Considering the critics voiced about the alleged over-sizing of the possible power output, now of 6,450 MW. Ethiopia is relying heavily on hydropower, but the country is often affected by droughts (see e.g. 2011 East Africa drought). The water reservoirs used for power generation in Ethiopia have a limited size. For ex... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 466 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
The eventual surplus electricity of GERD which does not fit the demand inside Ethiopia, is then to be sold and exported to neighbouring countries including Sudan and possibly Egypt, but also Djibouti. Exporting the electricity from the dam would require the construction of massive transmission lines to major consumptio... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 436 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Impact on Ethiopia
Since the Blue Nile is a highly seasonal river, the dam would reduce flooding downstream of the dam including on the 15 km stretch within Ethiopia. On the one hand, the reduction of flooding is beneficial since it protects settlements from flood damage. On the other hand, it can be harmful if flood ... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 382 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
The precise impact of the dam on the downstream countries is not known. Egypt fears a temporary reduction of water availability due to the filling of the reservoir and a permanent reduction because of evaporation from the reservoir. Studies indicate that the primary factors that will govern the impact during the reserv... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 402 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
The dam will retain silt. It will thus increase the useful lifetime of dams in Sudan – such as the Roseires Dam, the Sennar Dam and the Merowe Dam – and of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt. The beneficial and harmful effects of flood control would affect the Sudanese portion of the Blue Nile, just as it would affect the Eth... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 409 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan established an International Panel of Experts to review and assess the study reports of the dam. The panel consists of 10 members; 6 from the three countries and 4 international in the fields of water resources and hydrologic modelling, dam engineering, socioeconomic and environmental. The pan... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 463 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
In January 2014, Egypt left negotiations over the dam, citing Ethiopian intransigence. Ethiopia countered that Egypt had set an immediate halt on construction and an increase of its share to 90% as the preconditions, which were deemed wholly unreasonable. Egypt has since launched a diplomatic offensive to undermine sup... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 372 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Beginning in November 2019, U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin facilitated negotiations between the governments of Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan with respect to the filling and the operation of the dam. Ethiopia proposed filling the reservoir with a release of 35 cubic kilometres of water per year, resulting in the com... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 396 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
In September 2020, the United States suspended part of its economic assistance to Ethiopia due to the lack of sufficient progress in negotiations with Sudan and Egypt over the construction of the dam. On 24 October 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump stated on a public phone call to Sudan's Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok ... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 382 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
In August 2022, the United Arab Emirates (which has good relations with both Ethiopia and Egypt) has stated that it wants the three nations to hold meetings once again. However, talks between the three nations stagnated throughout 2022. In early 2023, Egypt and Sudan began conducting joint military drills, indicating t... | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Wikipedia | 387 | 31522012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Ethiopian%20Renaissance%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Citrus bergamia, the bergamot orange (pronounced ), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green colour similar to a lime, depending on ripeness.
Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultivars found bergamot orange to be a probable hybrid of lemon (itself a hybrid be... | Bergamot orange | Wikipedia | 466 | 1413873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamot%20orange | Biology and health sciences | Citrus fruits | Plants |
The bergamot is a citrus fruit native to southern Italy. Production is mostly limited to the Ionian Sea coastal areas of the province of Reggio di Calabria in Italy, to such an extent that it is a symbol of the entire city. Most of the bergamot comes from a short stretch of land there, where the temperature is favourab... | Bergamot orange | Wikipedia | 498 | 1413873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamot%20orange | Biology and health sciences | Citrus fruits | Plants |
In several patch test studies, application of some sources of bergamot oil directly to the skin of guinea pigs was shown to have a concentration-dependent phototoxic effect of increasing redness after exposure to ultraviolet light (due to the chemical bergapten, and possibly also citropten, bergamottin, geranial, and n... | Bergamot orange | Wikipedia | 246 | 1413873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamot%20orange | Biology and health sciences | Citrus fruits | Plants |
Dimethylformamide, DMF is an organic compound with the chemical formula . Its structure is . Commonly abbreviated as DMF (although this initialism is sometimes used for dimethylfuran, or dimethyl fumarate), this colourless liquid is miscible with water and the majority of organic liquids. DMF is a common solvent for ch... | Dimethylformamide | Wikipedia | 454 | 1415135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylformamide | Physical sciences | Amides and amines | Chemistry |
Reactions
DMF is hydrolyzed by strong acids and bases, especially at elevated temperatures. With sodium hydroxide, DMF converts to formate and dimethylamine. DMF undergoes decarbonylation near its boiling point to give dimethylamine. Distillation is therefore conducted under reduced pressure at lower temperatures.
In ... | Dimethylformamide | Wikipedia | 464 | 1415135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylformamide | Physical sciences | Amides and amines | Chemistry |
It is used as a reagent in the Bouveault aldehyde synthesis and in the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, another useful method of forming aldehydes.
It is a common solvent in the Heck reaction.
It is a common catalyst used in the synthesis of acyl halides, in particular the synthesis of acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids usi... | Dimethylformamide | Wikipedia | 463 | 1415135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylformamide | Physical sciences | Amides and amines | Chemistry |
On 20 June 2018, the Danish Environmental Protective Agency published an article about DMF's use in squishies. The density of the compound in the toy resulted in all squishies being removed from the Danish market. All squishies were recommended to be thrown out as household waste.
Toxicity
The acute LD50 (oral, rats a... | Dimethylformamide | Wikipedia | 96 | 1415135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylformamide | Physical sciences | Amides and amines | Chemistry |
Tectonic uplift is the geologic uplift of Earth's surface that is attributed to plate tectonics. While isostatic response is important, an increase in the mean elevation of a region can only occur in response to tectonic processes of crustal thickening (such as mountain building events), changes in the density distribu... | Tectonic uplift | Wikipedia | 446 | 1415891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic%20uplift | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
The dynamics of mountain ranges are governed by differences in the gravitational energy of entire columns of the lithosphere (see isostasy). If a change in surface height represents an isostatically compensated change in crustal thickness, the rate of change of potential energy per unit surface area is proportional to ... | Tectonic uplift | Wikipedia | 495 | 1415891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic%20uplift | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
When mountains rise slowly, either due to orogenic uplift or other processes (e.g., rebound after glaciation), an unusual feature known as a water gap may occur. In these, erosion from a stream occurs faster than mountain uplift, resulting in a gorge or valley that runs through a mountain range from low-lying country o... | Tectonic uplift | Wikipedia | 397 | 1415891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic%20uplift | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
Coral islands
In a few cases, tectonic uplift can be seen in coral islands. This is evidenced by the presence of various oceanic islands composed entirely of coral, which otherwise appear to be volcanic islands. Examples of such islands are found in the Pacific, notably the three phosphate islets of Nauru, Makatea, and... | Tectonic uplift | Wikipedia | 368 | 1415891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic%20uplift | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
Measuring uplift and exhumation can be tricky. Measuring the uplift of a point requires measuring its elevation change – usually geoscientists are not trying to determine the uplift of a singular point but rather the uplift over a specified area. Accordingly, the change in elevation of all points on the surface of that... | Tectonic uplift | Wikipedia | 287 | 1415891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic%20uplift | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
The internal structure of Earth are the layers of the Earth, excluding its atmosphere and hydrosphere. The structure consists of an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere, and solid mantle, a liquid outer core whose flow generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a solid inner core.
Scientific under... | Internal structure of Earth | Wikipedia | 371 | 1417149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20structure%20of%20Earth | Physical sciences | Earth science | null |
Earth's crust ranges from in depth and is the outermost layer. The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlies the ocean basins (5–10 km) and is mafic-rich (dense iron-magnesium silicate mineral or igneous rock). The thicker crust is the continental crust, which is less dense and is felsic-rich (igneous rocks ri... | Internal structure of Earth | Wikipedia | 388 | 1417149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20structure%20of%20Earth | Physical sciences | Earth science | null |
Earth's mantle extends to a depth of , making it the planet's thickest layer.
[This is 45% of the
radius, and 83.7% of the volume - 0.6% of the volume is the crust].
The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle separated by a transition zone. The lowest part of the mantle next to the core-mantle boundary is kno... | Internal structure of Earth | Wikipedia | 482 | 1417149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20structure%20of%20Earth | Physical sciences | Earth science | null |
The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally composed primarily of iron and some nickel. Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it must be solid. Experimental evidence has at times been inconsistent with current crystal models of the core. Other experiment... | Internal structure of Earth | Wikipedia | 473 | 1417149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20structure%20of%20Earth | Physical sciences | Earth science | null |
Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field (see Curie temperature) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. The average ... | Internal structure of Earth | Wikipedia | 284 | 1417149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20structure%20of%20Earth | Physical sciences | Earth science | null |
The effects of climate change on human health are profound because they increase heat-related illnesses and deaths, respiratory diseases, and the spread of infectious diseases. There is widespread agreement among researchers, health professionals and organizations that climate change is the biggest global health threat... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 481 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Both direct and indirect health effects and their impact vary across the world and between different groups of people according to age, gender, mobility and other factors. For example, differences in health service provision or economic development will result in different health risks and outcomes for people in differ... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 480 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Physical exercise is beneficial for reducing the risk the many illnesses and for mental health. At the same time the number of hours per day when the temperature is dangerously high for outdoor exercise has been increasing. The rising heat also impacts people's ability to work and the number of hours when it is not saf... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 419 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The human body requires evaporation of sweat to cool down and prevent overheating, even with a low activity level. With excessive heat and humidity human bodies would no longer be able to adequately cool the skin. A wet-bulb temperature of 35 °C is regarded as the limit for humans (called the "physiological threshold f... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 507 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Cities are often on the front-line of climate change due to their densely concentrated populations, the urban heat island effect, their frequent proximity to coasts and waterways, and reliance on ageing physical infrastructure networks.
Heat-related mortality
Health experts warn that "exposure to extreme heat increas... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 431 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Sports and outdoor exercise
With regards to sporting activities, it has been observed that "hot weather reduces the likelihood of engaging in exercise". Furthermore, participating in sports during excessive heat can lead to injury or even death. It is also well established that regular physical activity is beneficial ... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 447 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Storms become wetter under climate change. These include tropical cyclones and extratropical cyclones. Both the maximum and mean rainfall rates increase. This more extreme rainfall is also true for thunderstorms in some regions. Furthermore, tropical cyclones and storm tracks are moving towards the poles. This means so... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 457 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
High surface ozone concentrations often occur during heat waves in the United States. Throughout much of the eastern United States, ozone concentrations during heat waves are at least 20% higher than the summer average. Broadly speaking, surface ozone levels are higher in cities with high levels of air pollution. Ozone... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 503 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Pollen allergies
A warming climate can lead to increases of pollen season lengths and concentrations in some regions of the world. For example, in northern mid-latitudes regions, the spring pollen season is now starting earlier. This can affect people with pollen allergies (hay fever). The rise in pollen also comes fr... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 442 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
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