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The potential health benefits (also called "co-benefits") from climate change mitigation and adaptation measures are significant, having been described as "the greatest global health opportunity" of the 21st century. Measures can not only mitigate future health effects from climate change but also improve health direct... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 448 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Air pollution reduction
Air pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion is both a major driver of global warming and the cause of a large number of annual deaths with some estimates as high as excess deaths during 2018. Climate change mitigation policies can lead to lower emissions of co-emitted air pollutants, for... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 481 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
A 2021 report published in The Lancet found that climate change does not affect people's health in an equal way. The greatest impact tends to fall on the most vulnerable such as the poor, women, children, the elderly, people with pre-existing health concerns, other minorities and outdoor workers.
Social factors shape ... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 457 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Connections with public health policies
Due to its significant impact on human health, climate change has become a major concern for public health policy. The United States Environmental Protection Agency had issued a 100-page report on global warming and human health back in 1989. By the early years of the 21st centu... | Effects of climate change on human health | Wikipedia | 269 | 37063005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20human%20health | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The banteng (Bos javanicus; ), also known as tembadau, is a species of wild bovine found in Southeast Asia.
The head-and-body length is between . Wild banteng are typically larger and heavier than their domesticated counterparts, but are otherwise similar in appearance. The banteng shows extensive sexual dimorphism; ... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 321 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The largest populations of wild banteng occur in Java, Cambodia, and possibly in Kalimantan (particularly East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan) and Thailand. Domesticated banteng occur in Bali and many eastern Indonesian islands (such as Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Sumba), Australia, Malaysia, and New Guinea. Feral populati... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 400 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Bos leucoprymnus was suggested as a synonym in 1830, but was pointed out to be a cross between a wild banteng and a domesticated individual; Hooijer wrote that he could not infer that this was the case from the original description, and, even if it were a cross, the name would not become invalid. Other names proposed f... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 324 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
A 2015 phylogenetic study obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of the Bornean banteng. It showed that the Bornean banteng is closer to the gaur (Bos gaurus) than it is to other banteng subspecies, having diverged from the gaur around . Moreover, the Bornean banteng is genetically distant from taurine cattle and z... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 403 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The banteng shows extensive sexual dimorphism; adult bulls are generally dark brown to black, larger and more sturdily built than adult cows, that are thinner and usually pale brown or chestnut red. Females and juveniles additionally have a dark line running along their back. Some bulls may retain their brown colour, s... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 510 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Diet and foraging
Herbivores, banteng feed on vegetation such as grasses, sedges, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits. They forage at night in open areas, taking breaks of two to three hours in between to ruminate and rest. They may move to forests at higher altitudes to forage during the rainy season. A study in Deram... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 251 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Not much is known about the reproductive physiology of banteng, but it might be similar to that observed in taurine cattle. Domestic banteng can become sexually mature at as early as 13 months of age, and breed after another three months. They conceive easily, with a conception rate of 80–90% recorded in northern Austr... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 417 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Ectoparasites recorded in banteng include Amblyomma testudinarium, Haemaphysalis cornigera and Rhipicephalus species. Like water buffaloes, banteng have considerable immunity against ticks and tick-borne diseases. A study in northern Australia revealed a mutually symbiotic relationship between banteng and the Torresian... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 499 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Interaction with humans
Human association with banteng could date back several millennia, as suggested by animal remains and art discovered in caves. Hooijer opined that the earliest reference to the banteng was made by the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant in his 1800 account Outlines of the Globe, where he mentions a r... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 446 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Domesticated banteng were first introduced to Australia in 1849 with the establishment of a British military outpost called Port Essington on Cobourg Peninsula. Twenty animals were taken to the western Arnhem Land, in present-day Northern Territory, as a source of meat. A year after the outpost's establishment, poor co... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 392 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Domesticated banteng have been hybridised with other types of cattle. Madura cattle, found in Java, are fertile hybrids of banteng and zebu. A small breed, the bulls weigh between and the cows weigh . They are used in local traditional events such as bull racing and cow beauty contests. Other hybrids include Donggala,... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 474 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Most other populations are small and fragmented, and many are on the decline. Surveys in eastern Cambodia between 2009 and 2011 estimated the total population in Sre Pok Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary at 1,980–5,170 individuals. Surveys in the following years (up to 2016) in these sanctuaries and... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 464 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Since a small founder event occurred in Australia with the introduction of only 20 previously domesticated banteng, a genetic bottleneck has inevitably occurred, causing all banteng presently in Australia to lack genetic diversity as a result of inbreeding. Genetic invariability can lead to inbreeding depression, resul... | Banteng | Wikipedia | 495 | 919834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteng | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
A binary file is a computer file that is not a text file. The term "binary file" is often used as a term meaning "non-text file". Many binary file formats contain parts that can be interpreted as text; for example, some computer document files containing formatted text, such as older Microsoft Word document files, cont... | Binary file | Wikipedia | 407 | 920702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20file | Technology | Data storage and memory | null |
To send binary files through certain systems (such as email) that do not allow all data values, they are often translated into a plain text representation (using, for example, Base64). Encoding the data has the disadvantage of increasing the file size during the transfer (for example, using Base64 will increase the fil... | Binary file | Wikipedia | 373 | 920702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20file | Technology | Data storage and memory | null |
If a binary file is opened in a text editor, each group of eight bits will typically be translated as a single character, and the user will see a (probably unintelligible) display of textual characters. If the file is opened in some other application, that application will have its own use for each byte: maybe the appl... | Binary file | Wikipedia | 437 | 920702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20file | Technology | Data storage and memory | null |
The term is used most commonly to state that data files produced by one application are exactly the same as data files produced by another application. For example, some software companies produce applications for Windows and the Macintosh that are binary compatible, which means that a file produced in a Windows enviro... | Binary file | Wikipedia | 112 | 920702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20file | Technology | Data storage and memory | null |
Nutrient management is the science and practice directed to link soil, crop, weather, and hydrologic factors with cultural, irrigation, and soil and water conservation practices to achieve optimal nutrient use efficiency, crop yields, crop quality, and economic returns, while reducing off-site transport of nutrients (f... | Nutrient management | Wikipedia | 284 | 921100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20management | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
A crop nutrient management plan is a tool that farmers can use to increase the efficiency of all the nutrient sources a crop uses while reducing production and environmental risk, ultimately increasing profit. Increasingly, growers as well as agronomists use digital tools like SST or Agworld to create their nutrient ma... | Nutrient management | Wikipedia | 431 | 921100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20management | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Sensitive areas What's out of the ordinary about a field's plan? Is it irrigated? Next to a stream or lake? Especially sandy in one area? Steep slope or low area? Manure applied in one area for generations due to proximity of dairy barn? Extremely productive—or unproductive—in a portion of the field? Are there buffers... | Nutrient management | Wikipedia | 454 | 921100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20management | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Annual review and update Even the best managers are forced to deviate from their plans. What rate was actually applied? Where? Using which method? Did an unusually mild winter or wet spring reduce soil nitrate? Did a dry summer, disease, or some other unusual factor increase nutrient carryover? These and other factors ... | Nutrient management | Wikipedia | 69 | 921100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20management | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
When such a plan is designed for animal feeding operations (AFO), it may be termed a "manure management plan." In the United States, some regulatory agencies recommend or require that farms implement these plans in order to prevent water pollution. The U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has published gu... | Nutrient management | Wikipedia | 502 | 921100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20management | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Reduction of the volatilization of N as ammonia gas
Incorporation and/or injection of urea and ammonium-containing fertilizers decreases ammonia volatilization because good soil contact buffers pH and slows the generation of ammonia gas from ammonium ions.
Urease inhibitors temporarily block the function of the ureas... | Nutrient management | Wikipedia | 489 | 921100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20management | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Precision agriculture
Variable rate applicators, combined with intensive soil or crop sampling, allow more precise and responsive application rates.
Timing of N applications
Apply N close to the time when crops can utilize it.
Make side-dress N applications close to the time of most rapid N uptake.
Split applicati... | Nutrient management | Wikipedia | 439 | 921100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20management | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Good irrigation management can improve N-use efficiency
Scheduled irrigation based on soil moisture estimates and daily crop needs will improve both water-use and N-use efficiency.
Sprinkler irrigation systems apply water more uniformly and in lower amounts than furrow or basin irrigation systems.
Furrow irrigation ... | Nutrient management | Wikipedia | 388 | 921100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20management | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
The ring finger, third finger, fourth finger, leech finger, or annulary is the fourth digit of the human hand, located between the middle finger and the little finger.
Sometimes the term ring finger only refers to the fourth digit of a left-hand, so named for its traditional association with wedding rings in many soci... | Ring finger | Wikipedia | 493 | 921148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20finger | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
In Semitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew, the ring finger is called bansur (meaning "victory") and kmitsa (meaning "taking a handful"), respectively.
History
Before medical science discovered how the circulatory system functioned, people believed that a vein ran directly from the fourth digit on the left hand t... | Ring finger | Wikipedia | 416 | 921148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20finger | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire, certain parts of Western Europe, certain parts of Catholic Mexico, Bolivia, Chile, and Central and Eastern Europe. These include: Australia, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the U... | Ring finger | Wikipedia | 411 | 921148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20finger | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding, and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries. If a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country, however, it may be worn on either the left (such is the custom in Iran) and for example (in Jordan the right ring finger for engagement... | Ring finger | Wikipedia | 291 | 921148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20finger | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor . Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson–Walker scale factor, this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations.
In the early stages of the Big Bang, most of the energy was in the form of radiation, and that radia... | Scale factor (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 497 | 921168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20factor%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Current evidence suggests that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, which means that the second derivative of the scale factor is positive, or equivalently that the first derivative is increasing over time. This also implies that any given galaxy recedes from us with increasing speed over time, i.e. for tha... | Scale factor (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 439 | 921168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20factor%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Dark-energy-dominated era
In physical cosmology, the dark-energy-dominated era is proposed as the last of the three phases of the known universe, the other two being the radiation-dominated era and the matter-dominated era. The dark-energy-dominated era began after the matter-dominated era, i.e. when the Universe was a... | Scale factor (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 436 | 921168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20factor%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component atoms. The chemical formula is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed.
Background
The molecules listed below were detected ... | List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules | Wikipedia | 401 | 921245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20interstellar%20and%20circumstellar%20molecules | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
Detection of a new interstellar or circumstellar molecule requires identifying a suitable astronomical object where it is likely to be present, then observing it with a telescope equipped with a spectrograph working at the required wavelength, spectral resolution and sensitivity. The first molecule detected in the inte... | List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules | Wikipedia | 415 | 921245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20interstellar%20and%20circumstellar%20molecules | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
The discipline of astrochemistry includes understanding how these molecules form and explaining their abundances. The extremely low density of the interstellar medium is not conducive to the formation of molecules, making conventional gas-phase reactions between neutral species (atoms or molecules) inefficient. Many re... | List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules | Wikipedia | 486 | 921245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20interstellar%20and%20circumstellar%20molecules | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
A barred spiral galaxy is a spiral galaxy with a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars. Bars are found in about two thirds of all spiral galaxies in the local universe, and generally affect both the motions of stars and interstellar gas within spiral galaxies and can affect spiral arms as well. The Milky Way G... | Barred spiral galaxy | Wikipedia | 421 | 921432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred%20spiral%20galaxy | Physical sciences | Galaxy morphological classification | null |
Bars are thought to be temporary phenomena in the lives of spiral galaxies; the bar structures decay over time, transforming galaxies from barred spirals to more "regular" spiral patterns. Past a certain size the accumulated mass of the bar compromises the stability of the overall bar structure. Simulations show that m... | Barred spiral galaxy | Wikipedia | 339 | 921432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred%20spiral%20galaxy | Physical sciences | Galaxy morphological classification | null |
Maxwell's relations are a set of equations in thermodynamics which are derivable from the symmetry of second derivatives and from the definitions of the thermodynamic potentials. These relations are named for the nineteenth-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
Equations
The structure of Maxwell relations is a state... | Maxwell relations | Wikipedia | 492 | 921525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%20relations | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
It suffices to prove the first of the four relations, as the other three can be obtained by transforming the first relation using the previous two propositions.
Pick as the independent variables, and as the dependent variable. We have
.
Now, since the surface is , that is,which yields the result.
Another derivatio... | Maxwell relations | Wikipedia | 423 | 921525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%20relations | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Flannel is a soft woven fabric, of varying fineness. Flannel was originally made from carded wool or worsted yarn, but is now often made from either wool, cotton, or synthetic fiber. Flannel is commonly used to make tartan clothing, blankets, bed sheets, sleepwear, and several other uses.
Flannel may be brushed to cre... | Flannel | Wikipedia | 444 | 922083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannel | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Flannel became popular in the United States during the Civil War, when it was imported as an inexpensive, sturdy material for soldiers’ basic coats and undershirts. American entrepreneur Hamilton Carhartt is most credited with popularizing flannel garments in the USA. He opened a flannel-focused textile plant, the firs... | Flannel | Wikipedia | 501 | 922083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannel | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Weave
Flannel, flannelette, and cotton flannel can be woven in either a twill weave or plain weave. The weave is often hidden by napping on one or both sides. After weaving, it is napped once, then bleached, dyed, or otherwise treated, and then napped a second time. | Flannel | Wikipedia | 70 | 922083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannel | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Burping (also called belching and eructation) is the release of gas from the upper digestive tract (esophagus and stomach) of animals through the mouth. It is always audible.
In humans, burping can be caused by normal eating processes, or as a side effect of other medical conditions. There is a range of levels of soci... | Burping | Wikipedia | 494 | 922371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burping | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Disorders
Chest pain associated with burping can occur, but is rare.
Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R-CPD) or retrograde upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction (R-UESD), also called "abelchia", involves the cricopharyngeus muscle not being able to relax, leading to inability to burp. R-CPD was first discovered... | Burping | Wikipedia | 457 | 922371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burping | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Babies are likely to accumulate gas in the stomach while feeding and experience considerable discomfort (and agitation) until assisted. Burping an infant involves placing the child in a position conducive to gas expulsion (for example against the adult's shoulder, with the infant's stomach resting on the adult's chest)... | Burping | Wikipedia | 467 | 922371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burping | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
One reason why cows burp so much is that they are often fed foods that their digestive systems cannot fully process, such as corn and soy. Some farmers have reduced burping in their cows by feeding them alfalfa and flaxseed, which are closer to the grasses that they had eaten in the wild before they were domesticated.
... | Burping | Wikipedia | 144 | 922371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burping | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
The Rhizaria are a diverse and species-rich supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. Except for the Chlorarachniophytes and three species in the genus Paulinella in the phylum Cercozoa, they are all non-photosynthetic, but many Foraminifera and Radiolaria have a symbiotic relationship with unicellular algae. A mult... | Rhizaria | Wikipedia | 431 | 922392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizaria | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
A few other groups may be included in the Cercozoa, but some trees appear closer to the Foraminifera. These are the Phytomyxea and Ascetosporea, parasites of plants and animals, respectively, and the peculiar amoeba Gromia. The different groups of Rhizaria are considered close relatives based mainly on genetic similari... | Rhizaria | Wikipedia | 394 | 922392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizaria | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
Historically, many rhizarians were considered animals because of their motility and heterotrophy. However, when a simple animal-plant dichotomy was superseded by a recognition of additional kingdoms, taxonomists generally placed amoebae in the kingdom Protista. When scientists began examining the evolutionary relations... | Rhizaria | Wikipedia | 395 | 922392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizaria | Biology and health sciences | Other organisms | null |
In hydrology, discharge is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m3/h or ft3/h) of a stream. It equals the product of average flow velocity (with dimension of length per time, in m/h or ft/h) and the cross-sectional area (in m2 or ft2). It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemic... | Discharge (hydrology) | Wikipedia | 505 | 922554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge%20%28hydrology%29 | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
For example, the average discharge of the Rhine river in Europe is or per day.
Because of the difficulties of measurement, a stream gauge is often used at a fixed location on the stream or river.
Hydrograph
Catchment discharge
The catchment of a river above a certain location is determined by the surface area of ... | Discharge (hydrology) | Wikipedia | 476 | 922554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge%20%28hydrology%29 | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Larger flows (higher discharges) can transport more sediment and larger particles downstream than smaller flows due to their greater force. Larger flows can also erode stream banks and damage public infrastructure.
Catchment effects on discharge and morphology
G. H. Dury and M. J. Bradshaw are two geographers who devi... | Discharge (hydrology) | Wikipedia | 239 | 922554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge%20%28hydrology%29 | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
In quantum physics, Fermi's golden rule is a formula that describes the transition rate (the probability of a transition per unit time) from one energy eigenstate of a quantum system to a group of energy eigenstates in a continuum, as a result of a weak perturbation. This transition rate is effectively independent of t... | Fermi's golden rule | Wikipedia | 489 | 922567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%27s%20golden%20rule | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
where is the matrix element (in bra–ket notation) of the perturbation between the final and initial states, and is the density of states (number of continuum states divided by in the infinitesimally small energy interval to ) at the energy of the final states. This transition probability is also called "decay pro... | Fermi's golden rule | Wikipedia | 509 | 922567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%27s%20golden%20rule | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
Using the Coulomb gauge where and , the vector potential of light is given by where the resulting electric field is
For an electron in the valence band, the Hamiltonian is
where is the potential of the crystal, and are the charge and mass of an electron, and is the momentum operator. Here we consider process i... | Fermi's golden rule | Wikipedia | 458 | 922567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%27s%20golden%20rule | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
where is the relaxation time, and are the
difference of the group velocity and Fermi-Dirac distribution between possible the initial and
final states. Here defines the optical transition dipole. Due to the commutation relation between position and the Hamiltonian, we can also rewrite the transition dipole and ph... | Fermi's golden rule | Wikipedia | 298 | 922567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%27s%20golden%20rule | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
The Dubai Metro () is a rapid transit system in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The metro system consists of a network of two main lines: the Red Line and the Green Line. A third line, the Blue Line, is scheduled to open in 2029.
Dubai Metro is the first rapid transit train network in the Arabian Peninsula an... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 480 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
Work officially commenced on the construction of the metro on 21 March 2006. In February 2009, an RTA Rail Agency official stated the US$4.2 billion Dubai Metro project would be completed on schedule despite the global financial crisis. 10 out of 29 metro stations of the Red Line opened on 9 September 2009.
The Red Li... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 497 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
The Dubai Metro was operated by Serco under contract to the Roads & Transport Authority which was last renewed in March 2019. In March 2021, the French-Japanese consortium of Keolis and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was announced as a new operator from 8 September 2021.
Red Line trains run every 5 to 7 minutes off-peak ... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 394 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
After the opening of more stations in May 2010, ridership surged to 103,002 passengers/day and reached 130,000/day by the beginning of October 2010. When the Green Line opened on 9 September 2011, passengers on the Red Line was noted as 180,000/day. In 2013, passengers rose to 377,000/day, split 64% for the Red Line an... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 436 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
In 2013, the RTA laid out a three-phase plan to expand the existing lines and build new ones: extending the Green Line by 12 stations and to Academic City by 2020; expanding the overall system by 58 stations and by 2025 and completing expansion with a total of 69 stations and 221 km over and above the present 47 stat... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 509 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
In 2018, the engineering firm Aurecon produced a study into a 7.5 km express metro line from Al Qiyadah station on the Green Line till Sharjah. The line would cost AED 3 billion, and could reduce traffic congestion between the two cities by up to 30%.
Stations
Architecture firm Aedas designed the metro's 45 stations,... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 497 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
Parking
The Dubai Metro has built three large multi-level car parking with an estimated capacity to accommodate more than 8,000 vehicles for the passengers where they can park their car and ride the metro.
The parking is free for the metro users.
Handicap facilities
All metro stations have elevators and contrasting t... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 487 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
The Nol Card are used by the passengers to check-in and check-out at the gates in their destination station. No other payment form (cash, credit card) can be used. The fare will be automatically deducted based on the number of zones traveled. Passengers will be allowed to check-in when their card has more than minimum ... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 425 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
50 new trains, the Alstom Metropolis, were introduced in November 2018. These trains have higher capacity, 696 passengers, up from 643 passenger on the current trains. This will increase passenger capacity by about 10%. The new trains have a refreshed interior with better air conditioning, digital maps, improved speed,... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 366 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
Incidents and accidents
3 April 2016: Passengers were left stranded during evening rush hour after a technical snag delayed train services on the Red Line. Systems were restored in 30 minutes.
24 August 2017: A man commits suicide in Noor Bank Metro Station. The station was shut down for one hour followin... | Dubai Metro | Wikipedia | 152 | 2061417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20Metro | Technology | Asia_2 | null |
The Chianina () is an Italian breed of large white cattle. It was formerly principally a draught breed; it is now raised mainly for beef. It is the largest and one of the oldest cattle breeds in the world. The bistecca alla fiorentina is produced from its meat.
History
The Chianina is one of the oldest breeds of cat... | Chianina | Wikipedia | 498 | 5193704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianina | Biology and health sciences | Cattle | Animals |
Since the Second World War the Chianina has become a world breed, raised almost exclusively for its high quality meat. Through exportation of breeding stock, of frozen semen and of embryos, it has reached China, Russia, Asian countries and the Americas.
Breed description
The Chianina is both the tallest and the heav... | Chianina | Wikipedia | 491 | 5193704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianina | Biology and health sciences | Cattle | Animals |
At this time four varieties were distinguishable within the breed, based on phenotypic differences resulting from different environments: the Chianina of the Valdichiana, the Chianina of the Valdarno, the Calvana (since 1985 considered a separate breed) in the hilly country of the province of Florence, and the Perugina... | Chianina | Wikipedia | 446 | 5193704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianina | Biology and health sciences | Cattle | Animals |
The Chianina breed is widely used for cross-breeding. In the United States the Chianina has been cross-bred with British breeds to reduce the fat content of meat in line with current fashion; elsewhere it has been used to transmit size, growth-rate and its relatively low skeleton weight to local breeds. It has been fou... | Chianina | Wikipedia | 243 | 5193704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianina | Biology and health sciences | Cattle | Animals |
Cro-Magnons or European early modern humans (EEMH) were the first early modern humans (Homo sapiens) to settle in Europe, migrating from western Asia, continuously occupying the continent possibly from as early as 56,800 years ago. They interacted and interbred with the indigenous Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) of ... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 310 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Cro-Magnons were anatomically similar to present-day Europeans, West Asians, and North Africans; however, they were more robust, having larger brains, broader faces, more prominent brow ridges, and bigger teeth, compared to the present-day average. The earliest Cro-Magnon specimens also exhibit some features that are r... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 440 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The name "Cro-Magnon" comes from the five skeletons discovered by French palaeontologist Louis Lartet in 1868 at the Cro-Magnon rock shelter, Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France, after the area was accidentally discovered while a road was constructed for a railway station. Remains of Palaeolithic cultures have been known for ... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 373 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The earliest indication of Upper Palaeolithic modern human migration into Europe is a series of modern human teeth with Neronian industry stone tools found at Mandrin Cave, Malataverne in France, dated in 2022 to between 56,800 and 51,700 years ago. The Neronian is one of the many industries associated with modern huma... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 467 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Hypotheses for Gravettian genesis include evolution: in central Europe from the Szeletian (which developed from the Bohunician) which existed 41,000 to 37,000 years ago; or from the Ahmarian or similar cultures from the Near East or the Caucasus that existed before 40,000 years ago. It is further debated where the earl... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 370 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The glaciers began retreating about 20,000 years ago, and the Solutrean evolved into the Magdalenian, which would recolonise Western and Central Europe over the next couple thousand years. Starting during the Older Dryas roughly 14,000 years ago, Final Magdalenian traditions appear, namely the Azilian, Hamburgian, and ... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 459 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
In 1863, a railway was constructed leading to Les Eyzies, a hamlet in the commune of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, Dordogne, southwestern France. In 1868, M. François Berthoumeyrou, a contractor, was commissioned to make a road along the railway connecting the new Les Eyzies train station. In March, the road workers dug... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 505 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Fossils and artifacts from the Palaeolithic had actually been known for decades, but these were interpreted in a creationist model (as the concept of evolution had not yet been conceived). For example, the Aurignacian Red Lady of Paviland (actually a young man) from South Wales was described by geologist Reverend Willi... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 203 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Following Charles Darwin's 1859 On the Origin of Species, racial anthropologists and raciologists began splitting off putative species and subspecies of present-day humans based on unreliable and pseudoscientific metrics gathered from anthropometry, physiognomy, and phrenology continuing into the 20th century. This was... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 399 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
These fossil races, alongside Ernst Haeckel's idea of there being backwards races which require further evolution (social darwinism), popularised the view in European thought that the civilised white man had descended from primitive, low browed ape ancestors through a series of savage races. Prominent brow-ridges were ... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 491 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Demographics
The beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic is thought to have been characterised by a major population increase in Europe, with the human population of western Europe possibly increasing by a factor of 10 in the Neanderthal/modern human transition. The archaeological record indicates that the overwhelming maj... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 335 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Cro-Magnons are physically similar to present-day humans, with a globular braincase, completely flat face, gracile brow ridge, and defined chin. However, the bones of Cro-Magnons are somewhat thicker and more robust. The earliest Cro-Magnons often display features that are reminiscent of those seen in Neanderthals. Aur... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 313 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
In early Upper Palaeolithic western Europe (before the LGM), 20 men and 10 women were estimated to have averaged and , respectively. This is similar to post-industrial modern northern Europeans. In contrast, in a sample of 21 and 15 late Upper Palaeolithic western European men and women (after the LGM), the averages w... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 419 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
While anatomically modern humans have been present outside of Africa during some isolated time intervals potentially as early as 250,000 years ago, present-day non-Africans descend from the out of Africa expansion which occurred around 65–55 thousand years ago. This movement was an offshoot of the rapid expansion withi... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 107 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Initial genomic studies on the earliest Cro-Magnons in 2014, namely on the 37,000-year-old Kostenki-14 individual, identified 3 major lineages which are also present in present-day Europeans: one related to all later Cro-Magnons; a "Basal Eurasian" lineage which split from the common ancestor of present-day Europeans a... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 461 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Haplogroups identified in Cro-Magnons are the patrilineal (from father to son) Y-DNA haplogroups the earliest C1, the latest IJ, and K2a; and matrilineal (from mother to child) mt-DNA haplogroup N, R, and U. Y-haplogroup IJ descended from Southwest Asia. Haplogroup I emerged about 35 to 30 thousand years ago, either in... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 436 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Valini et al. 2022 found that Europe was populated by three distinct lineages. The earliest inhabitants (represented by Zlaty Kun ~50kya) split from the common Eurasian lineage before the divergence of Western and Eastern Eurasians, but after the divergence of the hypothetical Basal-Eurasians. This earliest sample did ... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 338 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
There is a notable technological complexification coinciding with the replacement of Neanderthals with Cro-Magnons in the archaeological record, and so the terms "Middle Palaeolithic" and "Upper Palaeolithic" were created to distinguish between these two time periods. Largely based on western European archaeology, the ... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 411 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Nonetheless, Palaeolithic peoples are typically characterised as having had a meat-heavy diet, with an emphasis on big prey items. The LGM extirpated most European megafauna (Quaternary extinction event), and similarly post-LGM peoples tend to have a higher rate of nutrient-deficiency-related ailments, including a redu... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 454 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
It is possible that human activity, in addition to the rapid retreat of favourable steppeland, inhibited recolonisation of most of Europe by megafauna following the LGM (such as mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, Irish elk, and cave lions), in part contributing to their extinction which occurred by the beginning of or well... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 475 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
For weapons, Cro-Magnons crafted spearpoints using predominantly bone and antler, possibly because these materials were readily abundant. Compared to stone, these materials are compressive, making them fairly shatterproof. These were then hafted onto a shaft to be used as javelins. It is possible that Aurignacian craft... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 382 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
As opposed to the patriarchy prominent in historical societies, the idea of a prehistoric predominance of either matriarchy or matrifocal families (centred on motherhood) was first supposed in 1861 by legal scholar Johann Jakob Bachofen. The earliest models of this believed that monogamy was not widely practiced in anc... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 335 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The Palaeolithic matriarchy model was adapted by prominent communist Friedrich Engels, who instead argued that women were robbed of power by men due to economic changes which could only be undone with the adoption of communism (Marxist feminism). The former sentiment was adopted by the first-wave feminism movement, who... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 512 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
The Upper Palaeolithic is characterised by evidence of expansive trade routes and the great distances at which communities could maintain interactions. The early Upper Palaeolithic is especially known for highly mobile lifestyles, with Gravettian groups (at least those analysed in Italy and Moravia, Ukraine) often sour... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 241 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
By and following the LGM, population densities are thought to have been much higher with the marked decrease of habitable lands, resulting in more regional economies. Decreased land availability could have increased travel distance, as habitable refugia may have been few and far between, and increasing population densi... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 424 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
Magdalenian peoples, especially, are thought to have been highly migratory, following herds while repopulating Europe, and several cave and open-air sites indicate the area was abandoned and revisited regularly. The 19,000 year old Peyre Blanque site, France, and at least the area around it may have been revisited for... | Cro-Magnon | Wikipedia | 474 | 25828666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon | Biology and health sciences | Evolution | null |
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