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The greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is a large woodland antelope, found throughout eastern and southern Africa. Despite occupying such widespread territory, they are sparsely populated in most areas due to declining habitat, deforestation, and poaching. The greater kudu is one of two species commonly known as ... | Greater kudu | Wikipedia | 476 | 931806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20kudu | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Formerly four subspecies have been described, but recently only one to three subspecies have been accepted based on colour, number of stripes and horn length:
T. s. strepsiceros – southern parts of the range from southern Kenya to Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa
T. s. chora – northeastern Africa from northern Ken... | Greater kudu | Wikipedia | 500 | 931806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20kudu | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The range of the greater kudu extends from the east in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Eritrea and Kenya into the south where they are found in Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Other regions where greater kudu are located are Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, E... | Greater kudu | Wikipedia | 315 | 931806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20kudu | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Predators of the greater kudu generally consist of lions, spotted hyenas, and African wild dogs. Although cheetahs and leopards also prey on greater kudus, they usually target cows and calves rather than fully grown bulls. There are several instances reported where Nile crocodiles have preyed on greater kudus, although... | Greater kudu | Wikipedia | 453 | 931806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20kudu | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The male kudus are not always physically aggressive with each other, but sparring can sometimes occur between males, especially when both are of similar size and stature. The male kudus exhibit this sparring behavior by interlocking horns and shoving one another. Dominance is established until one male exhibits the lat... | Greater kudu | Wikipedia | 422 | 931806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20kudu | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Greater kudus have both benefited and suffered from interaction with humans. Humans are turning much of the kudu's natural habitat into farmland, restricting their home ranges. Humans have also destroyed woodland cover, which they use for their habitat. However, wells and irrigation set up by humans has also allowed th... | Greater kudu | Wikipedia | 359 | 931806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20kudu | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Myiasis ( ), also known as flystrike or fly strike, is the parasitic infestation of the body of a live animal by fly larvae (maggots) that grow inside the host while feeding on its tissue. Although flies are most commonly attracted to open wounds and urine- or feces-soaked fur, some species (including the most common m... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 492 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
Wound myiasis occurs when fly larvae infest open wounds. It has been a serious complication of war wounds in tropical areas and is sometimes seen in neglected wounds in most parts of the world. Predisposing factors include poor socioeconomic conditions, extremes of age, neglect, mental disability, psychiatric illness, ... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 450 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
Specific myiasis
Caused by flies that need a host for larval development:
Dermatobia hominis (human botfly)
Cordylobia anthropophaga (tumbu fly)
Cordylobia rodhaini (Lund's fly)
Oestrus ovis (sheep botfly)
Hypoderma spp. (cattle botflies or ox warbles)
Gasterophilus spp. (horse botfly)
Cochliomyia hominivorax (n... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 446 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
The adult flies are not parasitic, but when they lay their eggs in open wounds and these hatch into their larval stage (also known as maggots or grubs), the larvae feed on live or necrotic tissue, causing myiasis to develop. They may also be ingested or enter through other body apertures.
Diagnosis
Myiasis is often ... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 350 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
Currently, myiasis commonly is classified according to aspects relevant to the case in question:
The classical description of myiasis is according to the part of the host that is infected. This is the classification used by ICD-10. For example:
dermal
sub-dermal
cutaneous (B87.0)
creeping, where larvae burrow thro... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 432 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
The principal control method of adult populations of myiasis-inducing flies involves insecticide applications in the environment where the target livestock is kept. Organophosphorus or organochlorine compounds may be used, usually in a spraying formulation. One alternative prevention method is the sterile insect techni... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 495 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
Myiasis is prevalent in livestock, and especially in domestic sheep. Myiasis in sheep is often caused by blowflies (Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina in particular) and is commonly referred to as blowfly strike. Blowfly strike, and other flystrike, occurs worldwide but is most common in regions where hot and wet conditio... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 419 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
Fly larvae that feed on dead tissue can clean wounds and may reduce bacterial activity and the chance of a secondary infection. They dissolve dead tissue by secreting digestive enzymes onto the wound as well as actively eating the dead tissue with mouth hooks, two hard, probing appendages protruding on either side of t... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 374 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
In the US, demand for these fly larvae doubled after the FDA ruling. Maggot therapy is now used in more than 300 sites across the country. The American Medical Association and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recently clarified the reimbursement guidelines to the wound care community for medicinal maggots, an... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 488 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
Maggot therapy was common in the United States during the 1930s. However, during the second half of the twentieth century, after the introduction of antibiotics, maggot therapy was used only as a last resort for very serious wounds. Lately maggots have been making a comeback due to the increased resistance of bacteria ... | Myiasis | Wikipedia | 66 | 931973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis | Biology and health sciences | Helminthic diseases and infestations | Health |
Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics. In par... | Classical unified field theories | Wikipedia | 485 | 932217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20unified%20field%20theories | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
In order to include electromagnetism into the geometry of general relativity, Hermann Weyl worked to generalize the Riemannian geometry upon which general relativity is based. His idea was to create a more general infinitesimal geometry. He noted that in addition to a metric field there could be additional degrees of f... | Classical unified field theories | Wikipedia | 398 | 932217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20unified%20field%20theories | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington was a noted astronomer who became an enthusiastic and influential promoter of Einstein's general theory of relativity. He was among the first to propose an extension of the gravitational theory based on the affine connection as the fundamental structure field rather than the metric tensor w... | Classical unified field theories | Wikipedia | 434 | 932217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20unified%20field%20theories | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
When the equivalent of Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism is formulated within the framework of Einstein's theory of general relativity, the electromagnetic field energy (being equivalent to mass as defined by Einstein's equation E=mc2) contributes to the stress tensor and thus to the curvature of space-time, whi... | Classical unified field theories | Wikipedia | 462 | 932217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20unified%20field%20theories | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
The degree of abstraction, combined with a relative lack of good mathematical tools for analyzing nonlinear equation systems, make it hard to connect such theories with the physical phenomena that they might describe. For example, it has been suggested that the torsion (antisymmetric part of the affine connection) migh... | Classical unified field theories | Wikipedia | 463 | 932217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20unified%20field%20theories | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Most physicists, on the other hand, eventually abandoned classical unified theories. Current mainstream research on unified field theories focuses on the problem of creating a quantum theory of gravity and unifying with the other fundamental theories in physics, all of which are quantum field theories. (Some programs, ... | Classical unified field theories | Wikipedia | 140 | 932217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20unified%20field%20theories | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Archelon is an extinct marine turtle from the Late Cretaceous, and is the largest turtle ever to have been documented, with the biggest specimen measuring from head to tail and in body mass. It is known only from the Pierre Shale and has one species, A. ischyros. In the past, the genus also contained A. marshii and A... | Archelon | Wikipedia | 425 | 933173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric turtles | Animals |
The holotype specimen, YPM 3000, was collected from the Late Campanian-age Pierre Shale of South Dakota along the Cheyenne River in Custer County by American paleontologist George Reber Wieland in 1895, and described by him the following year based on a mostly complete skeleton excluding the skull. He named it Archelon... | Archelon | Wikipedia | 448 | 933173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric turtles | Animals |
Archelon had a distinctly elongated and narrow head. It had a defined hooked beak which was probably covered in a sheath in life, reminiscent of the beaks of birds of prey. However, in the back, the cutting edge of the beak is dull compared to such animals. Much of the length of the head derives from the elongated prem... | Archelon | Wikipedia | 444 | 933173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric turtles | Animals |
The carapace comprises on either side eight neuralia–the plates closest to the midline–and nine pleuralia–the plates that connect the midline to the ribs. The plates of the carapace are mostly uniform in dimensions, with the exception of the two pairs of plates corresponding to the eighth thoracic vertebra which are sm... | Archelon | Wikipedia | 510 | 933173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric turtles | Animals |
Plastron
A turtle plastron, its underside, comprises (from head-most to tail-most) the epiplastron, the entoplastron, which is small and wedged in between the former and the hyoplastron; then is the hypoplastron and finally, the xiphiplastron. The plastron, as a whole, is thick, and measures (in a specimen described i... | Archelon | Wikipedia | 423 | 933173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric turtles | Animals |
In its original 1896 description, Wieland placed Archelon into the family Protostegidae, which included at the time the smaller Protostega and Protosphargis, the latter being nowadays classified in a position closer to the family Cheloniidae. In 1953, Swiss paleontologist Rainer Zangerl split Protostegidae into two sub... | Archelon | Wikipedia | 480 | 933173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric turtles | Animals |
Archelon probably had weaker arms, and thus less swimming power, than the leatherback sea turtle, and so did not frequent the open ocean as much, preferring shallower, calmer waters. This is indicated by the similarity of the humerus/arm and hand/arm ratios of it and cheloniids, which are known to have poor development... | Archelon | Wikipedia | 400 | 933173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric turtles | Animals |
Archelon inhabited the shallow Western Interior Seaway; the muddy, oxygen-depleted seafloor was probably, on average, no more than below the surface, and average water temperature may have been in the Campanian. The Late Cretaceous Dakotas were submerged in the Northern Inland Subprovince, an area characterized by mo... | Archelon | Wikipedia | 431 | 933173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelon | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric turtles | Animals |
The steppe bison or steppe wisent (Bison priscus) is an extinct species of bison. It was widely distributed across the mammoth steppe, ranging from Western Europe to eastern Beringia in North America during the Late Pleistocene. It is ancestral to all North American bison, including ultimately modern American bison. Th... | Steppe bison | Wikipedia | 461 | 934317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe%20bison | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The steppe bison distribution contracted to the north after the end of the last glacial period, surviving into the mid Holocene before becoming extinct as part of the Quaternary extinction event. A steppe bison skeleton was radiocarbon dated to 5,400 years Before Present (c. 3450 BCE) in Alaska. B. priscus remains in t... | Steppe bison | Wikipedia | 501 | 934317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe%20bison | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
In 2016, a frozen tail was discovered in the north of the Republic of Sakha in Russia. The exact age was not clear, but tests showed it was not younger than 8,000 years old. A team of Russian and South Korean scientists proposed extracting DNA from the specimen and cloning it in the future.
The steppe wisent is known ... | Steppe bison | Wikipedia | 90 | 934317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe%20bison | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Quaoar (minor-planet designation: 50000 Quaoar) is a large, ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a region of icy planetesimals beyond Neptune. It has an elongated ellipsoidal shape with an average diameter of , about half the size of the dwarf planet Pluto. The object was discovered by American astronomers Chad Truj... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 387 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
To ascertain Quaoar's orbit, Brown and Trujillo initiated a search for archival precovery images. They obtained several precovery images taken by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking survey from various observatories in 1996 and 2000–2002. In particular, they had also found two archival photographic plates taken by astrono... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 345 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The discovery of Quaoar was formally announced by the Minor Planet Center in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular on 7 October 2002. It was given the provisional designation , indicating that its discovery took place during the first half of June 2002. Quaoar was the 1,512th object discovered in the first half of June, a... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 452 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
In Tongva mythology, Kwawar is the genderless creation force of the universe, singing and dancing deities into existence. He first sings and dances to create Weywot (Sky Father), then they together sing Chehooit (Earth Mother) and Tamit (Grandfather Sun) into existence. As they did this, the creation force became more ... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 429 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The usage of planetary symbols is no longer recommended in astronomy, so Quaoar never received a symbol in the astronomical literature. A symbol , used mostly among astrologers, is included in Unicode as U+1F77E. The symbol was designed by Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts; it combines the letter Q ... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 361 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Quaoar is a trans-Neptunian object. It is classified as a distant minor planet by the Minor Planet Center. Because Quaoar is not in a mean-motion resonance with Neptune, it is also classified as a classical Kuiper belt object (cubewano) by the Minor Planet Center and Deep Ecliptic Survey. Quaoar's orbit is moderately i... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 488 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Quaoar's elongated shape contradicts theoretical expectations that it should be in hydrostatic equilibrium, because of its large size and slow rotation. According to Michael Brown, rocky bodies around in diameter should relax into hydrostatic equilibrium, whereas icy bodies relax into hydrostatic equilibrium somewhere... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 469 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Spectroscopic observations by David Jewitt and Jane Luu in 2004 revealed signs of crystalline water ice and ammonia hydrate on Quaoar's surface. These substances are expected to gradually break down due to solar and cosmic radiation, and crystalline water ice can only form in warm temperatures of at least , so the pres... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 488 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Possible atmosphere
The presence of methane and other volatiles on Quaoar's surface suggest that it may support a tenuous atmosphere produced from the sublimation of volatiles. With a measured mean temperature of approximately , the upper limit of Quaoar's atmospheric pressure is expected to be in the range of a few m... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 492 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
In April 2023, astronomers of the Lucky Star project published the discovery of another ring of Quaoar, Q2R. The Q2R ring was detected by the highly-sensitive 8.2-m Gemini North and the 4.0-m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in Mauna Kea, Hawaii, during an observing campaign to confirm Quaoar's Q1R ring in a stellar occu... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 497 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The inner ring, Q2R, orbits Quaoar at a distance of , about four and a half times Quaoar's radius and also outside Quaoar's Roche limit. The Q2R ring's location coincides with Quaoar's 5:7 spin-orbit resonance at . Compared to Q1R, the Q2R ring appears relatively uniform with a radial width of . With an optical depth o... | Quaoar | Wikipedia | 346 | 21491359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile, formerly Iridomyrmex humilis) is an ant native to northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil. This invasive species was inadvertently introduced by humans on a global scale and has become established in many Mediterranean climate areas, including South Afri... | Argentine ant | Wikipedia | 477 | 21491745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Global "mega-colony"
The absence of aggression within Argentine ant colonies was first reported in 1913 by Newell & Barber, who noted "…there is no apparent antagonism between separate colonies of its own kind".
Later studies showed that these "supercolonies" extend across hundreds or thousands of kilometers in differ... | Argentine ant | Wikipedia | 482 | 21491745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
In a series of experiments, ants of the same colony were isolated and fed different diets. The hydrocarbons from the diet were eventually incorporated into the cuticle of the subjects. Those that had the same diet appeared to recognize one another as kin. Those who had at least some overlap in dietary composition also ... | Argentine ant | Wikipedia | 503 | 21491745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Impact
The ants are ranked among the world's 100 worst invasive animal species.
In its introduced range, the Argentine ant often displaces most or all native ants and can threaten native invertebrates and even small vertebrates that are not accustomed to defending against the aggressive ants. This can, in turn, imperi... | Argentine ant | Wikipedia | 437 | 21491745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Due to their nesting behavior and presence of numerous queens in each colony, it is generally impractical to spray Argentine ants with pesticides or to use boiling water as with mound building ants. Spraying with pesticides has occasionally stimulated increased egg-laying by the queens, compounding the problem. Pest co... | Argentine ant | Wikipedia | 419 | 21491745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Asbestos ( ) is a group of naturally occurring, toxic, carcinogenic and fibrous silicate minerals. There are six types, all of which are composed of long and thin fibrous crystals, each fibre (particulate with length substantially greater than width) being composed of many microscopic "fibrils" that can be released int... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 464 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
It was adopted into English via the Old French abestos, which got the word from Greek via Latin, but in the original Greek, "asbestos" actually referred to quicklime. It is said by the Oxford English Dictionary that the word was wrongly used by Pliny for what we now call asbestos, and that he popularized the misnomer. ... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 401 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
A once-purported first description of asbestos occurs in Theophrastus, On Stones, from around 300 BC, but this identification has been refuted. In both modern and ancient Greek, the usual name for the material known in English as "asbestos" is amiantos ("undefiled", "pure"), which was adapted into the French as amiante... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 496 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
Marco Polo recounts having been shown, in a place he calls Ghinghin talas, "a good vein from which the cloth which we call of salamander, which cannot be burnt if it is thrown into the fire, is made ..."
Industrial era
The large-scale asbestos industry began in the mid-19th century. Early attempts at producing asbest... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 499 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
The use of asbestos became increasingly widespread toward the end of the 19th century when its diverse applications included fire-retardant coatings, concrete, bricks, pipes and fireplace cement, heat-, fire-, and acid-resistant gaskets, pipe insulation, ceiling insulation, fireproof drywall, flooring, roofing, lawn fu... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 376 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
The first diagnosis of asbestosis was made in the UK in 1924. Nellie Kershaw was employed at Turner Brothers Asbestos in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England, from 1917, spinning raw asbestos fibre into yarn. Her death in 1924 led to a formal inquest. Pathologist William Edmund Cooke testified that his examination of ... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 497 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
The United States government and the asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform the public of dangers and to reduce public exposure. In the late 1970s, court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers since the 1930s and had concealed them from the pub... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 459 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
Amphibole group
Amphiboles including amosite (brown asbestos) and crocidolite (blue asbestos) were formerly used in many products until the early 1980s. Tremolite asbestos constituted a contaminant of many if not all naturally occurring chrysotile deposits. The use of all types of asbestos in the amphibole group was b... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 377 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
Potential use in carbon sequestration
The potential for use of asbestos to mitigate climate change has been raised. Although the adverse aspects of mining of minerals, including health effects, must be taken into account, exploration of the use of mineral wastes to sequester carbon is being studied. The use of mining w... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 342 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
Before the ban, asbestos was widely used in the construction industry in thousands of materials. Some are judged to be more dangerous than others due to the amount of asbestos and the material's friable nature. Sprayed coatings, pipe insulation, and Asbestos Insulating Board (AIB) are thought to be the most dangerous d... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 476 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
As New York City's World Trade Center collapsed following the September 11 attacks, Lower Manhattan was blanketed in a mixture of building debris and combustible materials. This complex mixture gave rise to the concern that thousands of residents and workers in the area would be exposed to known hazards in the air and ... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 459 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
Talc can sometimes be contaminated with asbestos due to the proximity of asbestos ore (usually tremolite) in underground talc deposits. By 1973, US federal law required all talc products to be asbestos-free. Separating cosmetic-grade talc (e.g. talcum powder) from industrial-grade talc (often used in friction products)... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 482 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
The mining company R T Vanderbilt Co of Gouverneur, New York, which supplied the talc to the crayon makers, states that "to the best of our knowledge and belief" there had never been any asbestos-related disease among the company's workers. However media reports claim that the United States Mine Safety and Health Admin... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 397 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
Chrysotile has been used more than any other type and accounts for about 95% of the asbestos found in buildings in America. Chrysotile is more flexible than amphibole types of asbestos and can be spun and woven into fabric. The most common use was corrugated asbestos cement roofing primarily for outbuildings, warehouse... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 466 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
Tremolite, anthophyllite, actinolite
Other regulated asbestos minerals, such as tremolite asbestos, CAS No. , ; actinolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-66-4, ; and anthophyllite asbestos, CAS No. , ; are less commonly used industrially but can still be found in a variety of construction materials and insulation materials an... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 440 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
All types of asbestos fibers are known to represent serious health hazards in humans and animals. Amosite and crocidolite are considered the most hazardous asbestos fiber types; however, chrysotile asbestos has also produced tumors in animals and is a recognized cause of asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma in humans,... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 498 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
The United Services Union, representing workers tasked with modifying electrical meter boxes at residences, stated that workers should refuse to do this work until the boxes have been inspected for asbestos, and the head of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) has called on the government to protect its citize... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 441 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
New Zealand
In 1984, the import of raw amphibole (blue and brown) asbestos into New Zealand was banned. In 2002 the import of chrysotile (white) asbestos was also banned. In 2015, the government announced that the importation of asbestos would be completely banned with very limited exceptions (expected to be applied to... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 506 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
In 1989, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the Asbestos Ban and Phase-Out Rule, but in 1991, asbestos industry supporters challenged and overturned the ban in a landmark lawsuit: Corrosion Proof Fittings v. the Environmental Protection Agency. Although the case resulted in several small vic... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 454 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
In Vietnam, chrysotile asbestos is not banned and is still widely used. Amphibole asbestos is banned from trade and use. Vietnam is one of the top 10 asbestos users in the world, with an annual import volume of about 65,000–70,000 tons of chrysotile. About 90% of the imported asbestos is used to produce about 100 milli... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 466 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
Another potential fiber is polybenzimidazole or PBI fiber. Polybenzimidazole fiber is a synthetic fiber with a high melting point of that also does not ignite. Because of its exceptional thermal and chemical stability, it is often used by fire departments and space agencies.
Recycling and disposal
In most developed ... | Asbestos | Wikipedia | 404 | 21492663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos | Physical sciences | Mineralogy | null |
The iMac is a series of all-in-one computers from Apple Inc., sold as part of the company's Mac family of computers. First introduced in 1998, it has remained a primary part of Apple's consumer desktop offerings since and evolved through seven distinct forms. The iMac natively runs the MacOS operating system.
In its o... | IMac | Wikipedia | 345 | 21492980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Apple was facing bankruptcy in the mid-1990s, with its market share cannibalized by Windows-based PCs and Macintosh clones. The company had tried and failed to ship a modern operating system for its hardware. Looking instead for an outside product to acquire, Apple announced its purchase of NexT, Inc. in 1996. Alongsid... | IMac | Wikipedia | 510 | 21492980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
As the prices of flat-screen liquid crystal displays (LCDs) began to fall, Apple conceived of an update to the iMac. Inspired by a sunflower, the iMac G4 put the computer in a semi-hemispherical base, with the display sitting above it on a stainless steel arm. The arm allowed the display to be easily tilted, rotated, a... | IMac | Wikipedia | 394 | 21492980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The original iMac was the first legacy-free PC. It was the first Macintosh computer to have a USB port but no floppy disk drive. Subsequently, all Macs have included USB. Via the USB port, hardware makers could make products compatible with both x86 PCs and Macs. Previously, Macintosh users had to seek out certain hard... | IMac | Wikipedia | 417 | 21492980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Apple's use of translucent, candy-colored plastics inspired similar industrial designs in other consumer products. Apple's later introduction of the iPod, iBook G3 (Dual USB), and iMac G4 (all featuring snowy-white plastic), inspired similar designs in other companies' consumer electronics products. The color rollout a... | IMac | Wikipedia | 453 | 21492980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Similarly, though the graphics chipset in some Intel models is on a removable MXM, neither Apple nor third parties have offered retail iMac GPU upgrades, with the exception of those for the original iMac G3's "mezzanine" PCI slot. Models after iMac G5 (excluding the August 7, 2007, iMac update) made it difficult for th... | IMac | Wikipedia | 329 | 21492980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
In geology, igneous differentiation, or magmatic differentiation, is an umbrella term for the various processes by which magmas undergo bulk chemical change during the partial melting process, cooling, emplacement, or eruption. The sequence of (usually increasingly silicic) magmas produced by igneous differentiation is... | Igneous differentiation | Wikipedia | 474 | 3864143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20differentiation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Cooling causes the magma to begin to crystallize minerals from the melt or liquid portion of the magma. Most magmas are a mixture of liquid rock (melt) and crystalline minerals (phenocrysts).
Contamination is another cause of magma differentiation. Contamination can be caused by assimilation of wall rocks, mixing of t... | Igneous differentiation | Wikipedia | 398 | 3864143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20differentiation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Assimilation
Assimilation can be broadly defined as a process where a mass of magma wholly or partially homogenizes with materials derived from the wall rock of the magma body. Assimilation is a popular mechanism to partly explain the felsification of ultramafic and mafic magmas as they rise through the crust: a hot pr... | Igneous differentiation | Wikipedia | 367 | 3864143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20differentiation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Additional heat provides additional energy to allow more vigorous convection, allows resorption of existing mineral phases back into the melt, and can cause a higher-temperature form of a mineral or other higher-temperature minerals to begin precipitating
Fresh magma changes the composition of the melt, changing the c... | Igneous differentiation | Wikipedia | 411 | 3864143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20differentiation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Interface entrapment
Convection in a large magma chamber is subject to the interplay of forces generated by thermal convection and the resistance offered by friction, viscosity and drag on the magma offered by the walls of the magma chamber. Often near the margins of a magma chamber which is convecting, cooler and more... | Igneous differentiation | Wikipedia | 505 | 3864143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20differentiation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Granites are cooler and are therefore less able to melt and assimilate country rocks. Wholesale contamination is therefore minor and unusual, although mixing of granitic and basaltic melts is not unknown where basalt is injected into granitic magma chambers.
Mafic magmas are more liable to flow, and are therefore more... | Igneous differentiation | Wikipedia | 509 | 3864143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20differentiation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
When solidification is nearly complete the gases can no longer be retained in the rock and make their escape through fissures towards the surface. They are powerful agents in attacking the minerals of the rocks which they traverse, and instances of their operation are found in the kaolinization of granites, tourmaliniz... | Igneous differentiation | Wikipedia | 273 | 3864143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20differentiation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
A rainbow is an optical phenomenon caused by refraction, internal reflection and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a continuous spectrum of light appearing in the sky. The rainbow takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly op... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 454 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an angle of view of 84°. For a 35 mm camera, a wide-angle lens with a focal length of 19 mm or less would be required. Now that software for stitching several images into a panorama is available, images of the entire ... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 417 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
Newton, who admitted his eyes were not very critical in distinguishing colours, originally (1672) divided the spectrum into five main colours: red, yellow, green, blue and violet. Later he included orange and indigo, giving seven main colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale. Newton chose to divide ... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 506 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
When sunlight encounters a raindrop, part of the light is reflected and the rest enters the raindrop. The light is refracted at the surface of the raindrop. When this light hits the back of the raindrop, some of it is reflected off the back. When the internally reflected light reaches the surface again, once more some ... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 226 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
The reason the returning light is most intense at about 42° is that this is a turning point – light hitting the outermost ring of the drop gets returned at less than 42°, as does the light hitting the drop nearer to its centre. There is a circular band of light that all gets returned right around 42°. If the Sun were a... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 396 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
A rainbow does not exist at one particular location. Many rainbows exist; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint as droplets of light illuminated by the sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observe... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 493 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
A secondary rainbow, at a greater angle than the primary rainbow, is often visible. The term double rainbow is used when both the primary and secondary rainbows are visible. In theory, all rainbows are double rainbows, but since the secondary bow is always fainter than the primary, it may be too weak to spot in practic... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 278 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
Unlike a double rainbow that consists of two separate and concentric rainbow arcs, the very rare twinned rainbow appears as two rainbow arcs that split from a single base. The colours in the second bow, rather than reversing as in a secondary rainbow, appear in the same order as the primary rainbow. A "normal" secondar... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 304 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
Full-circle rainbow
In theory, every rainbow is a circle, but from the ground, usually only its upper half can be seen. Since the rainbow's centre is diametrically opposed to the Sun's position in the sky, more of the circle comes into view as the sun approaches the horizon, meaning that the largest section of the cir... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 333 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
In certain circumstances, one or several narrow, faintly coloured bands can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow; i.e., inside the primary bow or, much more rarely, outside the secondary. These extra bands are called supernumerary rainbows or supernumerary bands; together with the rainbow itself the phenomeno... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 468 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
A reflection rainbow may be produced where sunlight reflects off a body of water before reaching the raindrops, if the water body is large, quiet over its entire surface, and close to the rain curtain. The reflection rainbow appears above the horizon. It intersects the normal rainbow at the horizon, and its arc reaches... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 442 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
For these reasons, naturally occurring rainbows of an order higher than 2 are rarely visible to the naked eye. Nevertheless, sightings of the third-order bow in nature have been reported, and in 2011 it was photographed definitively for the first time. Shortly after, the fourth-order rainbow was photographed as well, a... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 397 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
Fogbows form in the same way as rainbows, but they are formed by much smaller cloud and fog droplets that diffract light extensively. They are almost white with faint reds on the outside and blues inside; often one or more broad supernumerary bands can be discerned inside the inner edge. The colours are dim because the... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 402 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
Both arcs are brightly coloured ring segments centred on the zenith, but in different positions in the sky: The circumzenithal arc is notably curved and located high above the Sun (or Moon) with its convex side pointing downwards (creating the impression of an "upside down rainbow"); the circumhorizontal arc runs much ... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 462 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
The displacement of the rainbow due to different refractive indices can be pushed to a peculiar limit. For a material with a refractive index larger than 2, there is no angle fulfilling the requirements for the first order rainbow. For example, the index of refraction of diamond is about 2.4, so diamond spheres would p... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 425 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
According to Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, the Arab physicist and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039 AD) attempted to provide a scientific explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. In his Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah (On the Rainbow and Halo), al-Haytham "explained the formation of rainbow as an image, which forms at a concav... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 374 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
According to Nader El-Bizri, the Persian astronomer, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311), gave a fairly accurate explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. This was elaborated on by his student, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319), who gave a more mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow. He "proposed a model ... | Rainbow | Wikipedia | 463 | 3871014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | null |
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