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Descartes' 1637 treatise, Discourse on Method, further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that ...	Rainbow	Wikipedia	366	3871014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow	Physical sciences	Atmospheric optics	null
Experiments on the rainbow phenomenon using artificial raindrops, i.e. water-filled spherical flasks, go back at least to Theodoric of Freiberg in the 14th century. Later, also Descartes studied the phenomenon using a Florence flask. A flask experiment known as Florence's rainbow is still often used today as an imposin...	Rainbow	Wikipedia	274	3871014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow	Physical sciences	Atmospheric optics	null
Rainbows occur frequently in mythology, and have been used in the arts. The first literary occurrence of a rainbow is in the Book of Genesis chapter 9, as part of the flood story of Noah, where it is a sign of God's covenant to never destroy all life on Earth with a global flood again. In Norse mythology, the rainbow ...	Rainbow	Wikipedia	487	3871014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow	Physical sciences	Atmospheric optics	null
In Saudi Arabia and other similar-minded countries, authorities seize children's clothing (including hats, hair clips, pencil cases, etc.) and toys if they are rainbow-coloured, claiming that such can encourage homosexuality, and selling such items is illegal.	Rainbow	Wikipedia	52	3871014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow	Physical sciences	Atmospheric optics	null
Lambeosaurus ( , meaning "Lambe's lizard") is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur that lived about 75 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian stage) of North America. This bipedal/quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaur is known for its distinctive hollow cranial crest, which in the best-known species resembl...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	287	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
In the 1880s and 1890s, expeditions of the Geological Survey of Canada into Alberta identified that the rocks along the Red Deer River bore dinosaurs of scientific importance. These deposits were identified as either the Edmonton or Belly River Series, of the middle to end Cretaceous. Canadian palaeontologist Lawrence ...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	333	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
A later Geological Survey expedition in 1913 resulted in American paleontologist Charles Hazelius Sternberg discovering a specimen of hadrosaur with skin impressions from along the same stretch of river, which Lambe described in 1914 and referred to Trachodon marginatus. Sternberg also found a second specimen in the sa...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	343	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
American palaeontologist Charles W. Gilmore more completely described the type material of Lambeosaurus and provided discussion of Stephanosaurus in 1924. He found that the type material of Stephanosaurus, Canadian Museum of Nature specimen 419, could not be the same taxon as the skulls. The better-preserved skull that...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	433	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Charles M. Sternberg identified that the crested hadrosaurs were in need of reassessment, and began his 1935 study of them by finishing the preparation of the numerous skulls and skeletons present at the Canadian Museum of Nature. Among these 18 specimens, Sternberg found that CMN 8703, a nearly complete skeleton with ...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	303	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
The extensive species and genera of hadrosaurs was reviewed in 1942 by American paleontologists Richard Swann Lull and Nelda E. Wright. Lull and Wright considered L. lambei, L. clavinitialis, and L. magnicristatus as valid and distinguishable species of Lambeosaurus, each known from multiple specimens. To L. lambei the...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	235	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Lull and Wright interpreted the description of Procheneosaurus as sufficient to identify that Matthew was referring to AMNH 5340, a nearly complete skull and skeleton, that could not be distinguished from the Tetragonosaurus species on a generic level. They interpreted that Parks naming Tetragonosaurus was under the be...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	370	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
The hadrosaur taxonomy of Lull and Wright was followed by American palaeontologist John Ostrom who described the skulls of the different Lambeosaurus and Procheneosaurus species, as well as reassessed the fragmentary species Hadrosaurus paucidens, considering it particularly similar to Lambeosaurus lambei and reassigni...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	216	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
In 1975, American palaeontologist Peter Dodson published a study assessing the impacts of growth on the anatomy of lambeosaurine hadrosaurs. Based on the changes shown by living reptiles during growth, Dodson reassessed the three genera and 12 species of lambeosaur believed to have lived in the Oldman Formation (histor...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	413	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
The interpretation of Dodson of the low-crested cheneosaurs as juveniles of Lambeosaurus, Corythosaurus, and Hypacrosaurus was followed by subsequent studies, with some slight adjustments. American paleontologist James A. Hopson suggested that in addition to Dodson's identification of the species of Procheneosaurus, L....	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	330	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
In the 1990 review of the Hadrosauridae by American palaeontologists David B. Weishampel and John R. Horner, Lambeosaurus was considered to include L. lambei, L. magnicristatus, and ?L. laticaudus, with Tetragonosaurus praeceps, L. clavinitialis, and Corythosaurus frontalis as synonyms of L. lambei. They also considere...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	447	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Following the descriptions of skulls and skeletons of various ontogenetic stages of L. lambei, L. magnicristatus remained the only lambeosaurine from the Cretaceous of Alberta to lack a description of its skeleton. Evans and Canadian paleontologist Robert R. Reisz redescribed L. magnicristatus in 2007, based primarily ...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	386	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
The suggestion of L. clavinitialis as a separate species from L. lambei was also considered by Evans in other studies, with new stratigraphic data suggesting that there is an age separation between the different "morphs", with temporal separation between L. lambei and L. clavinitialis, though they could still represent...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	335	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
In 2012, Spanish palaeontologist Albert Prieto-Márquez and colleagues redescribed the material of ?L. laticaudus, which was found to be closest to Velafrons, the only other lambeosaurine known from Mexico at the time. It was more distant from the species of Lambeosaurus, and showed enough anatomical differences that th...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	480	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Skull Lambeosaurus was quite similar to Corythosaurus in everything but the form of the head adornment. Compared to Corythosaurus, the crest of Lambeosaurus, largely formed by the premaxillae, was shifted forward, and the hollow nasal passages within were at the front of the crest and stacked vertically. It also can be...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	314	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Lambeosaurus is known from several completely but briefly described skeletons, with no features of the skeleton distinguishing it from relatives, though L. lambei and L. magnicristatus can be separated by the skull and one feature of the pelvis. The neck of Lambeosaurus bears 14 or 15 cervical vertebrae, which fewer th...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	479	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Pelvic material of Lambeosaurus has been suggested to be different from other hadrosaurs, but the variation within Hypacrosaurus and Maiasaura show that these differences are probably individual and not related to species. The is elongate, with a humped upper margin that bears a prominent shelf overhanging the hip joi...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	501	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Integument Impressions of the scales are known for several specimens; a specimen now assigned to L. lambei had a thin skin with uniform, polygonal scutes distributed in no particular order on the neck, torso, and tail. Similar scalation is known from the neck, forelimb, and foot of a specimen of L. magnicristatus. Cla...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	476	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Like other lambeosaurines such as Parasaurolophus and Corythosaurus, Lambeosaurus had a distinctive crest on the top of its head. Respiratory tracts, ending in a nasal cavity, ran back through this crest, making it mostly hollow. Many suggestions have been made for the function or functions of the crest, including hous...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	319	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
Paleoecology Lambeosaurus lambei and L. magnicristatus, from the Dinosaur Park Formation, were members of a diverse and well-documented fauna of prehistoric animals that included such well-known dinosaurs as the horned Centrosaurus, Styracosaurus, and Chasmosaurus, fellow duckbills Prosaurolophus, Gryposaurus, Corytho...	Lambeosaurus	Wikipedia	281	2072335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus	Biology and health sciences	Ornitischians	Animals
A lath or slat is a thin, narrow strip of straight-grained wood used under roof shingles or tiles, on lath and plaster walls and ceilings to hold plaster, and in lattice and trellis work. Lath has expanded to mean any type of backing material for plaster. This includes metal wire mesh or expanded metal that is applie...	Lath	Wikipedia	505	2072849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath	Technology	Building materials	null
A lathhouse is an open structure roofed with laths in order to grow plants which need shelter from the sun. Laths were also used to fix reeds to a timber structure before plastering. In Cape Cod, laths were used in the early 1880s for building wooden lobster traps. Historically there were three ways of making wood l...	Lath	Wikipedia	473	2072849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath	Technology	Building materials	null
Several types of metal lath have been developed for a variety of applications: Expanded metal lath is made by slitting and pulling apart a thin sheet of metal, which produces diamond-shape holes through which the plaster can form keys. Ribbed lath is made from slit and expanded metal with V-shaped ribs which give it ...	Lath	Wikipedia	453	2072849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath	Technology	Building materials	null
Framing Lath can be attached directly to the frame of a building, such as the studs of a timber structure. Alternatively, lath can be attached to a timber or metal frame called a furring, which is then attached to the building structure. Furrings are often used in masonry construction. Frames are also used when using ...	Lath	Wikipedia	474	2072849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath	Technology	Building materials	null
Benefits of lath Lath and plaster walls have several benefits, including fire and mold resistance, soundproofing, and heat insulation. Though wooden lath can be susceptible to mold growth and decay, metal lath covered in plaster creates an environment that is inhospitable to toxic molds. Metal lath and plaster walls c...	Lath	Wikipedia	113	2072849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath	Technology	Building materials	null
Reef lobsters, Enoplometopus, are a genus of small lobsters that live on reefs in the Indo-Pacific, Caribbean and warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Description Species of Enoplometopus occur from coral reefs at depths of less than to rocky reefs at depths of . They are brightly coloured, with stripes, rings, or spo...	Reef lobster	Wikipedia	416	2073309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef%20lobster	Biology and health sciences	Crayfishes and lobsters	Animals
In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point. More precisely, an -dimensional manifold, or -manifold for short, is a topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of -dimensional Euclidean space. ...	Manifold	Wikipedia	475	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
The top and right charts, and respectively, overlap in their domain: their intersection lies in the quarter of the circle where both and -coordinates are positive. Both map this part into the interval , though differently. Thus a function can be constructed, which takes values from the co-domain of back to the cir...	Manifold	Wikipedia	492	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
This example is historically significant, as it has motivated the terminology; it became apparent that the whole surface of the Earth cannot have a plane representation consisting of a single map (also called "chart", see nautical chart), and therefore one needs atlases for covering the whole Earth surface. Other curv...	Manifold	Wikipedia	492	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Second countable and Hausdorff are point-set conditions; second countable excludes spaces which are in some sense 'too large' such as the long line, while Hausdorff excludes spaces such as "the line with two origins" (these generalizations of manifolds are discussed in non-Hausdorff manifolds). Locally homeomorphic to...	Manifold	Wikipedia	406	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
The spherical Earth is navigated using flat maps or charts, collected in an atlas. Similarly, a manifold can be described using mathematical maps, called coordinate charts, collected in a mathematical atlas. It is not generally possible to describe a manifold with just one chart, because the global structure of the man...	Manifold	Wikipedia	424	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Transition maps Charts in an atlas may overlap and a single point of a manifold may be represented in several charts. If two charts overlap, parts of them represent the same region of the manifold, just as a map of Europe and a map of Russia may both contain Moscow. Given two overlapping charts, a transition function ...	Manifold	Wikipedia	431	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
In technical language, a manifold with boundary is a space containing both interior points and boundary points. Every interior point has a neighborhood homeomorphic to the open -ball . Every boundary point has a neighborhood homeomorphic to the "half" -ball . Any homeomorphism between half-balls must send points with ...	Manifold	Wikipedia	446	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
A manifold can be constructed by gluing together pieces in a consistent manner, making them into overlapping charts. This construction is possible for any manifold and hence it is often used as a characterisation, especially for differentiable and Riemannian manifolds. It focuses on an atlas, as the patches naturally p...	Manifold	Wikipedia	458	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
n-Sphere as a patchwork The n-sphere Sn is a generalisation of the idea of a circle (1-sphere) and sphere (2-sphere) to higher dimensions. An n-sphere Sn can be constructed by gluing together two copies of . The transition map between them is inversion in a sphere, defined as This function is its own inverse and thus...	Manifold	Wikipedia	485	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
A finite cylinder may be constructed as a manifold by starting with a strip [0,1] × [0,1] and gluing a pair of opposite edges on the boundary by a suitable diffeomorphism. A projective plane may be obtained by gluing a sphere with a hole in it to a Möbius strip along their respective circular boundaries. Cartesian pro...	Manifold	Wikipedia	503	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Another, more topological example of an intrinsic property of a manifold is its Euler characteristic. Leonhard Euler showed that for a convex polytope in the three-dimensional Euclidean space with V vertices (or corners), E edges, and F faces,The same formula will hold if we project the vertices and edges of the polyto...	Manifold	Wikipedia	505	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Riemann was the first one to do extensive work generalizing the idea of a surface to higher dimensions. The name manifold comes from Riemann's original German term, Mannigfaltigkeit, which William Kingdon Clifford translated as "manifoldness". In his Göttingen inaugural lecture, Riemann described the set of all possibl...	Manifold	Wikipedia	409	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Poincaré's notion of a chain of manifolds is a precursor to the modern notion of atlas. In particular, he considers two manifolds defined respectively as graphs of functions and . If these manifolds overlap (a une partie commune), then he requires that the coordinates depend continuously differentiably on the coordin...	Manifold	Wikipedia	350	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Topology of manifolds: highlights Two-dimensional manifolds, also known as a 2D surfaces embedded in our common 3D space, were considered by Riemann under the guise of Riemann surfaces, and rigorously classified in the beginning of the 20th century by Poul Heegaard and Max Dehn. Poincaré pioneered the study of three-d...	Manifold	Wikipedia	429	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
A topological manifold looks locally like a Euclidean space in a rather weak manner: while for each individual chart it is possible to distinguish differentiable functions or measure distances and angles, merely by virtue of being a topological manifold a space does not have any particular and consistent choice of such...	Manifold	Wikipedia	448	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
To measure distances and angles on manifolds, the manifold must be Riemannian. A Riemannian manifold is a differentiable manifold in which each tangent space is equipped with an inner product in a manner which varies smoothly from point to point. Given two tangent vectors and , the inner product gives a real number....	Manifold	Wikipedia	487	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Other types of manifolds A complex manifold is a manifold whose charts take values in and whose transition functions are holomorphic on the overlaps. These manifolds are the basic objects of study in complex geometry. A one-complex-dimensional manifold is called a Riemann surface. An -dimensional complex manifold ha...	Manifold	Wikipedia	506	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
However, one can determine if two manifolds are different if there is some intrinsic characteristic that differentiates them. Such criteria are commonly referred to as invariants, because, while they may be defined in terms of some presentation (such as the genus in terms of a triangulation), they are the same relative...	Manifold	Wikipedia	501	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Some illustrative examples of non-orientable manifolds include: (1) the Möbius strip, which is a manifold with boundary, (2) the Klein bottle, which must intersect itself in its 3-space representation, and (3) the real projective plane, which arises naturally in geometry. Möbius strip Begin with an infinite circular...	Manifold	Wikipedia	509	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Genus and the Euler characteristic For two dimensional manifolds a key invariant property is the genus, or "number of handles" present in a surface. A torus is a sphere with one handle, a double torus is a sphere with two handles, and so on. Indeed, it is possible to fully characterize compact, two-dimensional manifol...	Manifold	Wikipedia	418	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Generalizations of manifolds Infinite dimensional manifolds The definition of a manifold can be generalized by dropping the requirement of finite dimensionality. Thus an infinite dimensional manifold is a topological space locally homeomorphic to a topological vector space over the reals. This omits the point-set ax...	Manifold	Wikipedia	446	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
Stratified space A "stratified space" is a space that can be divided into pieces ("strata"), with each stratum a manifold, with the strata fitting together in prescribed ways (formally, a filtration by closed subsets). There are various technical definitions, notably a Whitney stratified space (see Whitney conditions) ...	Manifold	Wikipedia	394	2073470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold	Mathematics	Geometry	null
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving . In many dom...	Concrete slab	Wikipedia	401	2076709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20slab	Technology	Building materials	null
Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity of a concrete slab indicates the rate of heat transfer through the solid mass by conduction, usually in regard to heat transfer to or from the ground. The coefficient of thermal conductivity, k, is proportional to density of the concrete, among other factors. The primary influ...	Concrete slab	Wikipedia	510	2076709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20slab	Technology	Building materials	null
Thermal mass is also related to thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and insulation. Concrete has low thermal diffusivity, high heat capacity, and its thermal mass is negatively affected by insulation (e.g. carpet). Insulation Without insulation, concrete slabs cast directly on the ground can cause a significant amoun...	Concrete slab	Wikipedia	458	2076709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20slab	Technology	Building materials	null
In addition to filling the downhill side, this area of the slab may be supported on concrete piers which extend into the ground. In this case, the fill material is less important structurally as the dead weight of the slab is supported by the piers. However, the fill material is still necessary to support the curing co...	Concrete slab	Wikipedia	320	2076709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20slab	Technology	Building materials	null
Suspended slabs For a suspended slab, there are a number of designs to improve the strength-to-weight ratio. In all cases the top surface remains flat, and the underside is modulated: A corrugated slab is designed when the concrete is poured into a corrugated steel tray, more commonly called decking. This steel tray ...	Concrete slab	Wikipedia	423	2076709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20slab	Technology	Building materials	null
Mud slabs Mud slabs, also known as rat slabs, are thinner than the more common suspended or ground-bearing slabs (usually 50 to 150 mm), and usually contain no reinforcement. This makes them economical and easy to install for temporary or low-usage purposes such as subfloors, crawlspaces, pathways, paving, and levelli...	Concrete slab	Wikipedia	504	2076709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20slab	Technology	Building materials	null
A non-reinforced slab is two-way if it is supported in both horizontal axes. Construction A concrete slab may be prefabricated (precast), or constructed on site. Prefabricated Prefabricated concrete slabs are built in a factory and transported to the site, ready to be lowered into place between steel or concrete be...	Concrete slab	Wikipedia	446	2076709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20slab	Technology	Building materials	null
Stellar mass is a phrase that is used by astronomers to describe the mass of a star. It is usually enumerated in terms of the Sun's mass as a proportion of a solar mass (). Hence, the bright star Sirius has around . A star's mass will vary over its lifetime as mass is lost with the stellar wind or ejected via pulsation...	Stellar mass	Wikipedia	369	30552217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20mass	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy
Range One of the most massive stars known is Eta Carinae, with ; its lifespan is very short—only several million years at most. A study of the Arches Cluster suggests that is the upper limit for stars in the current era of the universe. The reason for this limit is not precisely known, but it is partially due to the E...	Stellar mass	Wikipedia	485	30552217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20mass	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy
The subfamily Mormyrinae contains all but one of the genera of the African freshwater fish family Mormyridae in the order Osteoglossiformes. They are often called elephantfish due to a long protrusion below their mouths used to detect buried invertebrates that is suggestive of a tusk or trunk (some such as Marcuseni...	Mormyrinae	Wikipedia	384	22965409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyrinae	Biology and health sciences	Osteoglossiformes	Animals
The body energy expenditure of ectothermic animals is about 1/13 of that of endotherms but the energy expenditure of the brains of both ectothermic and endothermic animals are similar. Other high brain percentage (2.6–3.7 % of the body mass) animals exist such as bats, swallows, crows and sparrows but these due t...	Mormyrinae	Wikipedia	496	22965409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyrinae	Biology and health sciences	Osteoglossiformes	Animals
Classification The classification by osteology-based traits of Mormyridae into the two subfamilies of Mormyrinae and Petrocephalinae has been confirmed using molecular phylogeny methods. The classification below comes from FishBase. Subfamily Mormyrinae Boulengeromyrus Taverne & Géry, 1968 Brevimyrus Taverne, 1971 ...	Mormyrinae	Wikipedia	252	22965409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyrinae	Biology and health sciences	Osteoglossiformes	Animals
In human anatomy, the head is at the top of the human body. It supports the face and is maintained by the skull, which itself encloses the brain. Structure The human head consists of a fleshy outer portion, which surrounds the bony skull. The brain is enclosed within the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head....	Human head	Wikipedia	483	29029594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20head	Biology and health sciences	Human anatomy	Health
Society and culture For humans, the front of the head (the face) is the main distinguishing feature between different people due to its easily discernible features, such as eye and hair colors, shapes of the sensory organs, and the wrinkles. Humans easily differentiate between faces because of the brain's predispositio...	Human head	Wikipedia	388	29029594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20head	Biology and health sciences	Human anatomy	Health
In many cultures, covering the head is seen as a sign of respect. Often, some or all of the head must be covered and veiled when entering holy places or places of prayer. For many centuries, women in Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia have covered their head hair as a sign of modesty. This trend has changed drasti...	Human head	Wikipedia	381	29029594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20head	Biology and health sciences	Human anatomy	Health
A plumb bob, plumb bob level, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical direction as a reference line, or plumb-line. It is a precursor to the spirit level and used to establish a vertical datum. It is typically made of stone, wood, or lead, but ca...	Plumb bob	Wikipedia	495	2887043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb%20bob	Technology	Surveying tools	null
The early skyscrapers used heavy plumb bobs, hung on wire in their elevator shafts. A plumb bob may be in a container of water (when conditions are above freezing temperatures), molasses, very viscous oils or other liquids to dampen any swinging movement, functioning as a shock absorber. Determining center of gravity...	Plumb bob	Wikipedia	168	2887043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb%20bob	Technology	Surveying tools	null
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the North American brown bear or simply grizzly, is a population or subspecies of the brown bear inhabiting North America. In addition to the mainland grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis), other morphological forms of brown bear in North America are sometimes iden...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	491	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Ursus arctos Brown bears originated in Eurasia, and first migrated to North America between 177,000 BP ~ 111,000 BP. Most grizzly bears belong to this initial population of North American brown bear (clade 4), which continues to be the dominant mitochondrial grouping south of subarctic North America. Genetic divergence...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	442	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
It remains an open question how many subspecies of Ursus arctos are present in North America. Traditionally, the following have been recognized alongside U. a. horribilis proper: Alaskan brown bear (U. a. alascensis), California grizzly bear (U. a. californicus), Dall Island brown bear (U. a. dalli), the Alaska Peninsu...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	498	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Grizzly bears overlap with Black Bears in range, but there are numerous factors that can differentiate the two: A pronounced muscular hump appears on adult grizzlies' shoulders; black bears do not have this hump. Aside from the distinguishing hump a grizzly bear can be identified by a "dished in" profile of their fac...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	432	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Around 60,000 wild grizzly bears are located throughout North America, 30,000 of which are found in Alaska. and up to 29,000 live in Canada. The Alaskan population of 30,000 individuals is the highest population of any province / state in North America. Populations in Alaska are densest along the coast, where food supp...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	433	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly bear currently has ...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	463	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Except for females with cubs, grizzlies are normally solitary, active animals, but in coastal areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two) that are small and weigh only about at birth. A sow is protective of her offspri...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	507	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Movement They have a tendency to chase fleeing animals, and although it has been said anecdotally that grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) can run at , the maximum speed reliably recorded at Yellowstone is . In addition, they can climb trees. Ecology Diet Although grizzlies are of the order Carnivora and have th...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	263	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Coastal Canadian and Alaskan grizzlies are larger than those that reside in the Rocky Mountains. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diets. In Yellowstone National Park in the United States, the grizzly bear's diet consists mostly of whitebark pine nuts, tubers, grasses, various rodents, army cutworm moths, ...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	423	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Grizzly bears occasionally prey on small mammals, such as marmots, ground squirrels, lemmings, and voles. The most famous example of such predation is in Denali National Park and Preserve, where grizzlies chase, pounce on, and dig up Arctic ground squirrels to eat. In some areas, grizzly bears prey on hoary marmots, ov...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	413	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Although the diets of grizzly bears vary extensively based on seasonal and regional changes, plants make up a large portion of them, with some estimates as high as 80–90%. Various berries constitute an important food source when they are available. These can include blueberries, blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), salmon ...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	409	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form of quick nips at its...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	477	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the differences in size, habitats, and diets of the bear species. When this happens, it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it is a smaller grizz...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	511	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Ecological role The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are excreted and thereby dispersed in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown germination success ...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	484	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Native American tribes living among brown bears often view them with a mixture of awe and fear. North American brown bears have at times been so feared by the Natives that they were rarely hunted by them, especially when alone. At traditional grizzly hunts in some western tribes such as the Gwichʼin, the expedition was...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	468	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Increased human–bear interaction has created "problem bears": bears adapted to human activities or habitat. Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears. Aversive conditioning using rubber bullets, foul-tasting chemicals, or acoustic det...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	451	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
In the past 20 years in Alaska, ecotourism has boomed. While many people come to Alaska to bear-hunt, the majority come to watch the bears and observe their habits. Some of the best bear viewing in the world occurs on coastal areas of the Alaska Peninsula, including in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Katmai Nati...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	486	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Admiralty Island, in southeast Alaska, was known to early natives as Xootsnoowú, meaning "fortress of bears," and is home to the densest grizzly population in North America. An estimated 1600 grizzlies live on the island, which itself is only long. One place to view grizzly bears in the island is probably Pack Creek, ...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	472	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed. U.S. and Canadian national parks, such as Banff National Park, Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and Theodore Roosevelt National Park are subject to laws and regulations designed to pro...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	454	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and British Columbia, the species is considered to be at risk. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, wh...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	324	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles, causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and prevention of gene fl...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	372	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
In 2017, the Trump administration stripped parklands of previous regulations that protected wildlife living on the land, putting species such as the grizzly bear at risk. Specifically, federal protections on the grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Parks were removed. Regulations that protected the bears against huntin...	Grizzly bear	Wikipedia	340	35783123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly%20bear	Biology and health sciences	Bears	Animals
In astronomy, planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a planet-like astronomical object. Within the Solar System, planets are usually measured in the astronomical system of units, where the unit of mass is the solar mass (), the mass of the Sun. In the study of extrasolar planets, the unit of measure is typically th...	Planetary mass	Wikipedia	459	24479046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20mass	Physical sciences	Planetary science	Astronomy
The difference comes from the way in which planetary masses are calculated. It is impossible to "weigh" a planet, and much less the Sun, against the sort of mass standards which are used in the laboratory. On the other hand, the orbits of the planets give a great range of observational data as to the relative positions...	Planetary mass	Wikipedia	456	24479046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20mass	Physical sciences	Planetary science	Astronomy
A dwarf planet, by definition, is not massive enough to have gravitationally cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals. The mass needed to do so depends on location: Mars clears its orbit in its current location, but would not do so if it orbited in the Oort cloud. The smaller planets retain only silicates and ...	Planetary mass	Wikipedia	488	24479046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20mass	Physical sciences	Planetary science	Astronomy
The Earth and the Moon form a case in point, partly because the Moon is unusually large (just over 1% of the mass of the Earth) in relation to its parent planet compared with other natural satellites. There are also very precise data available for the Earth–Moon system, particularly from the Lunar Laser Ranging experim...	Planetary mass	Wikipedia	435	24479046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20mass	Physical sciences	Planetary science	Astronomy
The rook (Corvus frugilegus) is a member of the family Corvidae in the passerine order of birds. It is found in the Palearctic, its range extending from Scandinavia and western Europe to eastern Siberia. It is a large, gregarious, black-feathered bird, distinguished from similar species by the whitish featherless area ...	Rook (bird)	Wikipedia	443	21495014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook%20%28bird%29	Biology and health sciences	Corvoidea	Animals
Description The rook is a fairly large bird, at adult weight, in length and wingspan. It has black feathers that often show a blue or bluish-purple sheen in bright sunlight. The feathers on the head, neck and shoulders are particularly dense and silky. The legs and feet are generally black, the bill grey-black and t...	Rook (bird)	Wikipedia	465	21495014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook%20%28bird%29	Biology and health sciences	Corvoidea	Animals
The species has been introduced into New Zealand, with several hundred birds being released there from 1862 to 1874. Although their range is very localized, the species is now regarded as an invasive pest and is the subject of active control by many local councils. This has wiped out the larger breeding colonies in New...	Rook (bird)	Wikipedia	472	21495014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook%20%28bird%29	Biology and health sciences	Corvoidea	Animals
In urban sites, human food scraps are taken from rubbish dumps and streets, usually in the early hours or at dusk when it is relatively quiet. Like other corvids, rooks will sometimes favour sites with a high level of human interaction, and can often be found scavenging for food in tourist areas or pecking open garbage...	Rook (bird)	Wikipedia	423	21495014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook%20%28bird%29	Biology and health sciences	Corvoidea	Animals
Eggs are usually three to five in number (sometimes six and occasionally seven) and may be laid by the end of March or early April in Ireland and Britain, but in the harsher conditions of eastern Europe and Russia, it may be early May before the clutch is completed. The background colour is bluish-green to greyish-gree...	Rook (bird)	Wikipedia	489	21495014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook%20%28bird%29	Biology and health sciences	Corvoidea	Animals

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