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Although outside of captivity rooks have not shown probable tool-use, captive rooks have shown the ability to use and understand puzzles. One of the most commonly tested puzzles is the Trap-Tube Problem. Rooks learned how to pull their reward out of the tube while avoiding a trap on one side.
In captivity, when confro... | Rook (bird) | Wikipedia | 425 | 21495014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook%20%28bird%29 | Biology and health sciences | Corvoidea | Animals |
Relationship with humans
Farmers have observed rooks in their fields and thought of them as vermin. After a series of poor harvests in the early 1500s, introduced a Vermin Act in 1532 "ordeyned to dystroye Choughes (i.e. jackdaws), Crowes and Rokes" to protect grain crops from their predations. This act was only enfor... | Rook (bird) | Wikipedia | 435 | 21495014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook%20%28bird%29 | Biology and health sciences | Corvoidea | Animals |
Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. The process naturally occurs with all sexually mature female mammals, although it may predate mammals. The process of feeding milk in all female creatures is called nursing, and in humans i... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 417 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Progesterone influences the growth in size of alveoli and lobes; high levels of progesterone inhibit lactation before birth. Progesterone levels drop after birth; this triggers the onset of copious milk production.
Estrogen stimulates the milk duct system to grow and differentiate. Like progesterone, high levels of est... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 465 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle of the uterus during and after birth, and during orgasm(s). After birth, oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle layer of band-like cells surrounding the alveoli to squeeze the newly produced milk into the duct system. Oxytocin is necessary for the milk ejection reflex, or let-down, in... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 85 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
It is also possible to induce lactation without pregnancy through combinations of birth control pills, galactagogues, and milk expression using a breast pump.
Secretory differentiation
During the latter part of pregnancy, the woman's breasts enter into the Secretory Differentiation stage. This is when the breasts make... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 493 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Autocrine control - Galactopoiesis
The hormonal endocrine control system drives milk production during pregnancy and the first few days after the birth. When the milk supply is more firmly established, autocrine (or local) control system begins.
During this stage, the more that milk is removed from the breasts, the mo... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 328 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Milk ejection is initiated in the mother's breast by the act of suckling by the baby. The milk ejection reflex (also called let-down reflex) is not always consistent, especially at first. Once a woman is conditioned to nursing, let-down can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including the sound of any baby. Even thi... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 330 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Milk ejection reflex mechanism
This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the nipple. Suckling by the baby innervates slowly adapting and rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors that are densely packed around the areolar region. The electrical impulse follows the spinothalamic tract, which ... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 484 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Afterpains
A surge of oxytocin also causes the uterus to contract. During breastfeeding, mothers may feel these contractions as afterpains. These may range from period-like cramps to strong labour-like contractions and can be more severe with second and subsequent babies.
Without pregnancy, induced lactation, relactat... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 476 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
As all mammals lactate, lactation must have evolved before the last common ancestor of all mammals, which places it at a minimum in the Middle or Late Triassic when monotremes diverged from therians. O. T. Oftedal has argued that therapsids evolved a proto-lacteal fluid in order to keep eggs moist, an adaptation necess... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 323 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Recent research, as documented in the journal Science, has shed light on the behavior of certain species of caecilians. These studies reveal that some caecilians exhibit a phenomenon wherein they provide their hatchlings with a nutrient-rich substance akin to milk, delivered through a maternal vent. Among the species i... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 469 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
Lactation is also the hallmark of adenotrophic viviparity – a breeding mechanism developed by some insects, most notably tsetse flies. The single egg of the tsetse develops into a larva inside the uterus where it is fed by a milky substance secreted by a milk gland inside the uterus. The cockroach species Diploptera pu... | Lactation | Wikipedia | 180 | 21496038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 479 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
In May 1985, Robert Sinsheimer organized a workshop at the University of California, Santa Cruz, to discuss the feasibility of building a systematic reference genome using gene sequencing technologies. Gilbert wrote the first plan for what he called The Human Genome Institute on the plane ride home from the workshop. I... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 443 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Trivelpiece sought and obtained the approval of DeLisi's proposal from Deputy Secretary William Flynn Martin. This chart was used by Trivelpiece in the spring of 1986 to brief Martin and Under Secretary Joseph Salgado regarding his intention to reprogram $4 million to initiate the project with the approval of John S. H... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 478 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Because of widespread international cooperation and advances in the field of genomics (especially in sequence analysis), as well as parallel advances in computing technology, a 'rough draft' of the genome was finished in 2000 (announced jointly by US President Bill Clinton and British Prime Minister Tony Blair on 26 Ju... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 435 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Though in May 2020 the GRC reported 79 "unresolved" gaps, accounting for as much as 5% of the human genome, months later, the application of new long-range sequencing techniques and a hydatidiform mole-derived cell line in which both copies of each chromosome are identical led to the first telomere-to-telomere, truly c... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 306 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Applications and proposed benefits
The sequencing of the human genome holds benefits for many fields, from molecular medicine to human evolution. The Human Genome Project, through its sequencing of the DNA, can help researchers understand diseases including: genotyping of specific viruses to direct appropriate treatme... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 501 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Subsequent projects sequenced the genomes of multiple distinct ethnic groups, though as of 2019 there is still only one "reference genome".
Findings
Key findings of the draft (2001) and complete (2004) genome sequences include:
There are approximately 22,300 protein-coding genes in human beings, the same range as i... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 436 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Public versus private approaches
In 1998 a similar, privately funded quest was launched by the American researcher Craig Venter, and his firm Celera Genomics. Venter was a scientist at the NIH during the early 1990s when the project was initiated. The $300 million Celera effort was intended to proceed at a faster pace... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 468 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
In March 2000 President Clinton, along with Prime Minister Tony Blair in a dual statement, urged that all researchers who wished to research the sequence should have "unencumbered access" to the genome sequence. The statement sent Celera's stock plummeting and dragged down the biotechnology-heavy Nasdaq. The biotechno... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 489 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Although the main sequencing phase of the HGP has been completed, studies of DNA variation continued in the International HapMap Project, whose goal was to identify patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) groups (called haplotypes, or "haps"). The DNA samples for the HapMap came from a total of 270 individuals... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 362 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
There are also many tangible benefits for biologists. For example a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down their search to a particular gene. By visiting the human genome database on the internet, this researcher can examine what other scientists have written about this gene, including... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 449 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Ethical, legal, and social issues
At the onset of the Human Genome Project, several ethical, legal, and social concerns were raised in regard to how increased knowledge of the human genome could be used to discriminate against people. One of the main concerns of most individuals was the fear that both employers and he... | Human Genome Project | Wikipedia | 471 | 5219699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Yinlong (, meaning "hidden dragon") is a genus of basal ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Period of China. By far the earliest known ceratopsian, it was a small, primarily bipedal herbivore.
Discovery and species
A coalition of American and Chinese paleontologists, including Xu Xing, Catherine Forster, Jim ... | Yinlong | Wikipedia | 422 | 5225951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinlong | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
A small rostral bone on the end of the upper jaw clearly identifies Yinlong as a ceratopsian, although the skull displays several features, especially the ornamentation of the squamosal bone of the skull roof, which were previously thought to be unique to pachycephalosaurians. The presence of these features in Yinlong ... | Yinlong | Wikipedia | 438 | 5225951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinlong | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Instagram is an American photo and video sharing social networking service owned by Meta Platforms. It allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters, be organized by hashtags, and be associated with a location via geographical tagging. Posts can be shared publicly or with preapproved followers. Users can... | Instagram | Wikipedia | 440 | 31591547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Instagram began development in San Francisco as Burbn, a mobile check-in app created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. On March 5, 2010, Systrom closed a $500,000 () seed funding round with Baseline Ventures and Andreessen Horowitz while working on Burbn. Realizing that it was too similar to Foursquare, they refocused... | Instagram | Wikipedia | 338 | 31591547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
2012–2014: Additional platforms and acquisition by Facebook
On April 3, 2012, Instagram released a version of its app for Android phones, and it was downloaded more than one million times in less than one day. The Android app has since received two significant updates: first, in March 2014, which cut the file size of ... | Instagram | Wikipedia | 436 | 31591547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In June 2015, the desktop website user interface was redesigned to become more flat and minimalistic, but with more screen space for each photo and to resemble the layout of Instagram's mobile website. Furthermore, one row of pictures only has three instead of five photos to match the mobile layout. The slideshow banne... | Instagram | Wikipedia | 465 | 31591547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
2018–2019: IGTV, removal of the like counter, management changes
To comply with the GDPR regulations regarding data portability, Instagram introduced the ability for users to download an archive of their user data in April 2018. IGTV launched on June 20, 2018, as a standalone video application. The application was shu... | Instagram | Wikipedia | 455 | 31591547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In the same month, Instagram launched a separate app known as Threads. Similar to Snapchat, the app allowed users to communicate through messaging and video chats. It was integrated with Instagram's "Close friends" feature, so that users could send images, photos, and texts privately to others, and also had Instagram's... | Instagram | Wikipedia | 423 | 31591547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In May 2021, Instagram began allowing users in some regions to add pronouns to their profile page. On October 4, 2021, Meta services suffered their worst outage since 2008, bringing down Instagram, Facebook, and WhatsApp. Security experts identified the problem as possibly being DNS-related. On March 17, 2022, Zuckerbe... | Instagram | Wikipedia | 139 | 31591547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In color theory, the line of purples or purple boundary is the locus on the edge of the chromaticity diagram formed between extreme spectral red and violet. Except for these endpoints of the line, colors on the line are non-spectral (no monochromatic light source can generate them). Rather, every color on the line is a... | Line of purples | Wikipedia | 432 | 25893496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20of%20purples | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
The RGB color model, although theoretically capable of approximating the colors of the line because it is an additive system, usually practically fails because of the limitations of the light source used. The boundary of sRGB (pictured) runs approximately parallel to the line, connecting the primaries red and (color wh... | Line of purples | Wikipedia | 198 | 25893496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20of%20purples | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
The core–mantle boundary (CMB) of Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron–nickel outer core, at a depth of below Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantl... | Core–mantle boundary | Wikipedia | 286 | 1431559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle%20boundary | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
D″ region
An approximately 200 km thick layer of the lower mantle directly above the CMB is referred to as the D″ region ("D double-prime" or "D prime prime") and is sometimes included in discussions regarding the core–mantle boundary zone. The D″ name originates from geophysicist Keith Bullen's designations for the E... | Core–mantle boundary | Wikipedia | 489 | 1431559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle%20boundary | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
Chartreuse (, , ), also known as yellow-green or greenish yellow, is a color between yellow and green. It was named because of its resemblance to the French liqueur green chartreuse, introduced in 1764. Similarly, chartreuse yellow is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green, named after the drink yellow chart... | Chartreuse (color) | Wikipedia | 392 | 1431997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreuse%20%28color%29 | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
Since about 1973, a sort of fluorescent chartreuse green has been adopted as the color of fire engines in parts of the United States and elsewhere. The use of chartreuse fire engines began when New York ophthalmologist Stephen Solomon produced research claiming that sparkling bright lime-green paint would boost the nig... | Chartreuse (color) | Wikipedia | 146 | 1431997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreuse%20%28color%29 | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values. If is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value (i.e., ). In other words, it is the value that is most likely to be sampled.
Like the statistical mean and media... | Mode (statistics) | Wikipedia | 428 | 1432127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
For a sample from a continuous distribution, such as [0.935..., 1.211..., 2.430..., 3.668..., 3.874...], the concept is unusable in its raw form, since no two values will be exactly the same, so each value will occur precisely once. In order to estimate the mode of the underlying distribution, the usual practice is to ... | Mode (statistics) | Wikipedia | 435 | 1432127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
Use
Unlike mean and median, the concept of mode also makes sense for "nominal data" (i.e., not consisting of numerical values in the case of mean, or even of ordered values in the case of median). For example, taking a sample of Korean family names, one might find that "Kim" occurs more often than any other name. Then ... | Mode (statistics) | Wikipedia | 411 | 1432127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
Properties
Assuming definedness, and for simplicity uniqueness, the following are some of the most interesting properties.
All three measures have the following property: If the random variable (or each value from the sample) is subjected to the linear or affine transformation, which replaces by , so are the mean, me... | Mode (statistics) | Wikipedia | 511 | 1432127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
for all where F() is the cumulative distribution function of the distribution.
Unimodal distributions
It can be shown for a unimodal distribution that the median and the mean lie within (3/5)1/2 ≈ 0.7746 standard deviations of each other. In symbols,
where is the absolute value.
A similar relation holds bet... | Mode (statistics) | Wikipedia | 154 | 1432127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20%28statistics%29 | Mathematics | Statistics and probability | null |
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 d... | Japanese encephalitis | Wikipedia | 464 | 1432191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20encephalitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Increased microglial activation following Japanese encephalitis infection has been found to influence the outcome of viral pathogenesis. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and have a critical role in host defense against invading microorganisms. Activated microglia secrete cytok... | Japanese encephalitis | Wikipedia | 428 | 1432191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20encephalitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
JEV is a virus from the family Flaviviridae, part of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex of nine genetically and antigenically related viruses, some of which are particularly severe in horses, and four of which, including West Nile virus, are known to infect humans. The enveloped virus is closely related to the West ... | Japanese encephalitis | Wikipedia | 374 | 1432191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20encephalitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
JE virus IgM antibodies are usually detectable 3 to 8 days after onset of illness and persist for 30 to 90 days, but longer persistence has been documented. Therefore, positive IgM antibodies occasionally may reflect a past infection or vaccination. Serum collected within 10 days of illness onset may not have detectabl... | Japanese encephalitis | Wikipedia | 482 | 1432191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20encephalitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis and treatment is supportive, with assistance given for feeding, breathing or seizure control as required. Raised intracranial pressure may be managed with mannitol. There is no transmission from person to person and therefore patients do not need to be... | Japanese encephalitis | Wikipedia | 433 | 1432191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20encephalitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
In 2022, the notable increase in the distribution of the virus in Australia due to climate change became a concern to health officials as the population has limited immunity to the disease and the presence of large numbers of farmed and feral pigs could act as reservoirs for the virus. In February 2022, Japanese enceph... | Japanese encephalitis | Wikipedia | 385 | 1432191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20encephalitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
A number of drugs have been investigated to either reduce viral replication or provide neuroprotection in cell lines or studies in mice. None are currently advocated in treating human patients.
The use of rosmarinic acid, arctigenin, and oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization 6 from Gracilaria sp. or Monostrom... | Japanese encephalitis | Wikipedia | 321 | 1432191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20encephalitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Outbreak history
The clinical recognition and recording of Japanese encephalitis (JE) trace back to the 19th century when recurring encephalitis outbreaks were noted during Japan’s summer months. The first clinical case of JE was documented in 1871 in Japan. However, it wasn’t until 1924, during a major outbreak invol... | Japanese encephalitis | Wikipedia | 278 | 1432191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20encephalitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged deep within Charophyta, possibly from terrestrial unicellular charophytes, with the class Zygnematophyceae as a si... | Charophyta | Wikipedia | 389 | 1432541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charophyta | Biology and health sciences | Green algae | null |
Description
The Zygnematophyceae, formerly known as the Conjugatophyceae, generally possess two fairly elaborate chloroplasts in each cell, rather than many discoid ones. They reproduce asexually by the development of a septum between the two cell-halves or semi-cells (in unicellular forms, each daughter-cell develops ... | Charophyta | Wikipedia | 461 | 1432541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charophyta | Biology and health sciences | Green algae | null |
A new terrestrial genus found in sandy soil in the Czech Republic, Streptofilum, may belong in its own class due its unique phylogenetic position. A cell wall is absent, instead the cell membrane consists of many layers of specific scales. It is a short, filamentous and unbranched algae surrounded by a mucilaginous she... | Charophyta | Wikipedia | 291 | 1432541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charophyta | Biology and health sciences | Green algae | null |
Classification
Charophyta are complex green algae that form a sister group to the Chlorophyta and within which the Embryophyta emerged. The chlorophyte and charophyte green algae and the embryophytes or land plants form a clade called the green plants or Viridiplantae, that is united among other things by the absence o... | Charophyta | Wikipedia | 494 | 1432541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charophyta | Biology and health sciences | Green algae | null |
The Mesoarchean ( , also spelled Mesoarchaean) is a geologic era in the Archean Eon, spanning , which contains the first evidence of modern-style plate subduction and expansion of microbial life. The era is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level in a rock section on Earth.
Tectonics
The M... | Mesoarchean | Wikipedia | 431 | 1432856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoarchean | Physical sciences | Geological timescale | Earth science |
Early microbial life
Microbial life with diverse metabolisms expanded during the Mesoarchean era and produced gases that influenced early Earth's atmospheric composition. Cyanobacteria produced oxygen gas, but oxygen did not begin to accumulate in the atmosphere until later in the Archean. Small oases of relatively ox... | Mesoarchean | Wikipedia | 82 | 1432856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoarchean | Physical sciences | Geological timescale | Earth science |
In game theory, a move, action, or play is any one of the options which a player can choose in a setting where the optimal outcome depends not only on their own actions but on the actions of others. The discipline mainly concerns the action of a player in a game affecting the behavior or actions of other players. Some ... | Strategy (game theory) | Wikipedia | 501 | 1434441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy%20%28game%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
A strategy set is infinite otherwise. For instance the cake cutting game has a bounded continuum of strategies in the strategy set {Cut anywhere between zero percent and 100 percent of the cake}.
In a dynamic game, games that are played over a series of time, the strategy set consists of the possible rules a player co... | Strategy (game theory) | Wikipedia | 422 | 1434441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy%20%28game%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
A mixed strategy is an assignment of a probability to each pure strategy. When enlisting mixed strategy, it is often because the game does not allow for a rational description in specifying a pure strategy for the game. This allows for a player to randomly select a pure strategy. (See the following section for an illus... | Strategy (game theory) | Wikipedia | 442 | 1434441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy%20%28game%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
The kicker's mixed-strategy equilibrium is found from the fact that they will deviate from randomizing unless their payoffs from Left Kick and Right Kick are exactly equal. If the goalie leans left with probability g, the kicker's expected payoff from Kick Left is g(0) + (1-g)(2), and from Kick Right is g(1) + (1-g)(0)... | Strategy (game theory) | Wikipedia | 363 | 1434441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy%20%28game%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Significance
In his famous paper, John Forbes Nash proved that there is an equilibrium for every finite game. One can divide Nash equilibria into two types. Pure strategy Nash equilibria are Nash equilibria where all players are playing pure strategies. Mixed strategy Nash equilibria are equilibria where at least one ... | Strategy (game theory) | Wikipedia | 419 | 1434441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy%20%28game%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Later, Aumann and Brandenburger (1995), re-interpreted Nash equilibrium as an equilibrium in beliefs, rather than actions. For instance, in rock paper scissors an equilibrium in beliefs would have each player believing the other was equally likely to play each strategy. This interpretation weakens the descriptive power... | Strategy (game theory) | Wikipedia | 482 | 1434441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy%20%28game%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
Strategy with perfect recall
Perfect recall is defined as the ability of every player in game to remember and recall all past actions within the game. Perfect recall is required for equivalence as, in finite games with imperfect recall, there will be existing mixed strategies of Player I in which there is no equivalen... | Strategy (game theory) | Wikipedia | 303 | 1434441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy%20%28game%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Game theory | null |
The Aldabra giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea) is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae and genus Aldabrachelys. The species is endemic to the Seychelles, with the nominate subspecies, A. g. gigantea native to Aldabra atoll. It is one of the largest tortoises in the world. Historically, giant tortoises ... | Aldabra giant tortoise | Wikipedia | 512 | 1435586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldabra%20giant%20tortoise | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
A. g. gigantea , Aldabra giant tortoise from the Seychelles island of Aldabra
A. g. arnoldi , Arnold's giant tortoise from the Seychelles island of Mahé
A. g. daudinii † , Daudin's giant tortoise, from the Seychelles island of Mahé (extinct 1850)
A. g. hololissa , Seychelles giant tortoise, from the Seychelles islan... | Aldabra giant tortoise | Wikipedia | 472 | 1435586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldabra%20giant%20tortoise | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Primarily herbivores, Aldabra giant tortoises eat grasses, leaves, woody plant stems, and fruit. They occasionally indulge in small invertebrates and carrion, even eating the bodies of other dead tortoises. In captivity, Aldabra giant tortoises are known to consume fruits such as apples and bananas, as well as compress... | Aldabra giant tortoise | Wikipedia | 500 | 1435586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldabra%20giant%20tortoise | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
As of 2022, Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise, is thought to be the oldest living giant tortoise at the age of years. Esmeralda, an Aldabra giant tortoise, is second at the age of years, since the death of Harriet, a Galapagos giant tortoise, at 175. An Aldabra giant tortoise living on Changuu off Zanzibar is rep... | Aldabra giant tortoise | Wikipedia | 465 | 1435586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldabra%20giant%20tortoise | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Repowering is the process of replacing older power stations with newer ones that either have a greater nameplate capacity or more efficiency which results in a net increase of power generated. Repowering can happen in several different ways. It can be as small as switching out and replacing a boiler, to as large as rep... | Repowering | Wikipedia | 429 | 29043290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repowering | Technology | Concepts | null |
California has many aging wind turbines that would be effective to repower, but there seems to be a lack of economic incentive to repower many sites. Many smaller turbines in California were built in the 1980s with a nameplate capacity of 50-100 kW, which is 10-40x smaller than the nameplate capacity of an average mode... | Repowering | Wikipedia | 308 | 29043290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repowering | Technology | Concepts | null |
The configuration of these plants involves replacing the old coal boiler with gas-fired turbine (GT). The gas-fired outputs exhaust heat to a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). From the output of the heat recovery steam generator it is run into a steam turbine which increases electricity production and the overall e... | Repowering | Wikipedia | 415 | 29043290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repowering | Technology | Concepts | null |
An example of a repowering project is of Fluor updating the Seward plant. The plant was a 521-MW coal-fired power plant. The plant burns waste coal. The project was to take three existing pulverized coal-fired boilers out and install two new Clean Coal Technology CFB boilers with major changes such as installing two Al... | Repowering | Wikipedia | 119 | 29043290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repowering | Technology | Concepts | null |
The thick disk is one of the structural components of about 2/3 of all disk galaxies, including the Milky Way. It was discovered first in external edge-on galaxies. Soon after, it was proposed as a distinct galactic structure in the Milky Way, different from the thin disk and the halo in the 1983 article by Gilmore & R... | Thick disk | Wikipedia | 511 | 35804058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick%20disk | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
The freshwater butterflyfish or African butterflyfish (Pantodon buchholzi) is a species of osteoglossiform fish native to freshwater habitats in the Niger and Congo basins of western and central Africa. It is the only extant species in the family Pantodontidae. It is not closely related to saltwater butterflyfishes.
E... | Freshwater butterflyfish | Wikipedia | 509 | 3871889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20butterflyfish | Biology and health sciences | Osteoglossiformes | Animals |
The freshwater butterflyfish is a specialized surface hunter. Its eyes are constantly trained to the surface and its upturned mouth is specifically adapted to capture small prey along the water's surface. If enough speed is built up in the water, a butterflyfish can jump and glide a small distance above the surface to ... | Freshwater butterflyfish | Wikipedia | 506 | 3871889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20butterflyfish | Biology and health sciences | Osteoglossiformes | Animals |
Pelagic sediment or pelagite is a fine-grained sediment that accumulates as the result of the settling of particles to the floor of the open ocean, far from land. These particles consist primarily of either the microscopic, calcareous or siliceous shells of phytoplankton or zooplankton; clay-size siliciclastic sediment... | Pelagic sediment | Wikipedia | 459 | 3875027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic%20sediment | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
Calcareous ooze is ooze that is composed of at least 30% of the calcareous microscopic shells—also known as tests—of foraminifera, coccolithophores, and pteropods. This is the most common pelagic sediment by area, covering 48% of the world ocean's floor. This type of ooze accumulates on the ocean floor at depths above ... | Pelagic sediment | Wikipedia | 471 | 3875027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic%20sediment | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
These pelagic sediments are typically bright red to chocolate brown in color. The color results from coatings of iron and manganese oxide on the sediment particles. In the absence of organic carbon, iron and manganese remain in their oxidized states and these clays remain brown after burial. When more deeply buried, br... | Pelagic sediment | Wikipedia | 232 | 3875027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic%20sediment | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
The wels catfish ( or ; Silurus glanis), also called sheatfish or just wels, is a large species of catfish native to wide areas of central, southern, and eastern Europe, in the basins of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas. It has been introduced to Western Europe as a prized sport fish and is now found from the United... | Wels catfish | Wikipedia | 485 | 3875072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels%20catfish | Biology and health sciences | Siluriformes | Animals |
Size
The wels is the largest freshwater fish in Europe and Western Asia, only exceeded by the anadromous Atlantic and beluga sturgeon. Most adult wels catfish are about long; fish longer than are a rarity. At they can weigh and at they can weigh .
Only under exceptionally good living circumstances can the wels ca... | Wels catfish | Wikipedia | 468 | 3875072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels%20catfish | Biology and health sciences | Siluriformes | Animals |
Exceptionally large specimens are rumored to attack humans in rare instances. This claim was investigated by extreme angler Jeremy Wade in an episode of the Animal Planet television series River Monsters following his capture of three fish, two of about and one of , of which two attempted to attack him following their... | Wels catfish | Wikipedia | 471 | 3875072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels%20catfish | Biology and health sciences | Siluriformes | Animals |
An unusual habitat for the species exists inside the Chernobyl exclusion zone, where a small population lives in abandoned cooling ponds and channels at a close distance to the decommissioned power plant. These catfish appear healthy, and are maintaining a position as top predators in the aquatic ecosystem of the immed... | Wels catfish | Wikipedia | 493 | 3875072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels%20catfish | Biology and health sciences | Siluriformes | Animals |
Wels catfish can be provoked to bite a lure by the sound of a piece of wood plunging into the water, the clonk.
Attacks on people
Tabloids regularly report attacks caused by various catfish that primarily affected animals (often only the role of the catfish was presumed). In April 2009, an Austrian fisherman was alle... | Wels catfish | Wikipedia | 503 | 3875072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels%20catfish | Biology and health sciences | Siluriformes | Animals |
Related species
Aristotle's catfish (Silurus aristotelis) from Greece, the only other native European catfish species beside Silurus glanis.
Amur catfish (Silurus asotus), introduced to European rivers
Giant Lake Biwa catfish (Silurus biwaensis) from Japan endemic to Lake Biwa.
Soldatov's catfish (Silurus soldatov... | Wels catfish | Wikipedia | 91 | 3875072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels%20catfish | Biology and health sciences | Siluriformes | Animals |
Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface for the connection of external peripherals to a computer. It was developed by Intel in collaboration with Apple. It was initially marketed under the name Light Peak, and first sold as part of an end-user product on 24 February 2011.
Thunderbolt combines PCI Express... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 485 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
This copper-based version of the Light Peak concept was co-developed by Apple and Intel. Apple registered Thunderbolt as a trademark, but later transferred the mark to Intel, which held overriding intellectual-property rights. Thunderbolt was commercially introduced on Apple's 2011 MacBook Pro, using the same Apple-dev... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 468 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
In 2009, Intel officials said the company was "working on bundling the optical fiber with copper wire so Light Peak can be used to power devices plugged into the PC." In 2010, Intel said the original intent was "to have one single connector technology" that would let "electrical USB 3.0 ... and piggyback on USB 3.0 or ... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 461 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
In September 2013, glass company Corning Inc. released the first range of optical Thunderbolt cables available in the Western marketplace, along with optical USB 3.0 cables, both under the brand name "Optical Cables". Half the diameter and a fifth the mass of comparable copper Thunderbolt cables, they work with the 10 ... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 462 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
A single Thunderbolt 3 or later port provides data transfer, support for two 4K 60 Hz displays, and quick notebook charging up to 100W with a single cable. Any Thunderbolt or USB dock can connect to a Thunderbolt 3 computer. USB devices can be connected to a Thunderbolt 3 or later port. DisplayPort and Mini DisplayPort... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 461 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
In February 2011, Apple introduced MacBook Pro (13-inch, Early 2011), Macbook Pro (15-inch, Early 2011), and Macbook Pro (17-inch, Early 2011) featuring one Thunderbolt port. In May 2011, Apple introduced iMac (21.5-inch, Mid 2011) featuring one Thunderbolt port, and iMac (27-inch, Mid 2011) featuring two Thunderbolt p... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 426 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
Thunderbolt 2
In June 2013, Intel announced that the next version of Thunderbolt, based on the controller code-named "Falcon Ridge" (running at 20 Gbit/s), is officially named "Thunderbolt 2" and entered production in 2013. The data-rate of 20 Gbit/s is made possible by joining the two existing 10 Gbit/s-channels, whic... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 434 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
Thunderbolt 3 is a hardware interface developed by Intel. It shares USB-C connectors with USB, supports USB 3.1 Gen 2, and can require special "active" cables for maximum performance for cable lengths over 0.5 meters (1.5 feet). Compared to Thunderbolt 2, it doubles the bandwidth to 40 Gbit/s (5 GB/s). It allows up to ... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 491 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
Intel offers three varieties for each of the controllers:
Double Port (DP) uses a PCIe 3.0 ×4 link to provide two Thunderbolt 3 ports (DSL6540, JHL6540, JHL7540)
Single Port (SP) uses a PCIe 3.0 ×4 link to provide one Thunderbolt 3 port (DSL6340, JHL6340, JHL7340)
Low Power (LP) uses a PCIe 3.0 ×2 link to provide on... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 288 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
In October 2016, Apple announced MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2016, 2 Thunderbolt 3 Ports) which, as the name indicates, features two Thunderbolt 3 ports, MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2016, 4 Thunderbolt 3 Ports), and MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2016), which features four Thunderbolt 3 ports. In June 2017, Apple announced iMac (21.5-inch,... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 489 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
It supports 40 Gbit/s (5 GB/s) throughput, is optionally compatible with Thunderbolt 3, and is backwards compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0. The architecture defines a method to share a single high-speed link with multiple end device types dynamically that best serves the transfer of data by type and application.
USB... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 439 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
Thunderbolt 4
Thunderbolt 4 was announced at CES 2020 and the final specification was released in July 2020. The key differences between Thunderbolt 4 and Thunderbolt 3 are a minimum bandwidth requirement of 32 Gbit/s for PCIe link, support for dual 4K displays (DisplayPort 1.4), and Intel VT-d-based direct memory acce... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 500 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
Intel announced that computers and accessories compatible with Thunderbolt 5 will come out starting in 2024.
In October 2024, Apple announced the Mac Mini (M4 Pro, 2024) and the 14-inch and 16-inch Macbook Pro (M4 Pro/Max, 2024) with three Thunderbolt 5 ports.
Royalty situation
On 24 May 2017, Intel announced that Th... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 492 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
The first Thunderbolt peripheral devices appeared in retail stores only in late 2011, following Apple's release of its first Thunderbolt-equipped computer in early 2011 with MacBook Pro, with the relatively expensive Pegasus R4 (4-drive) and Pegasus R6 (6-drive) RAID enclosures by Promise Technology aimed at the prosum... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 478 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
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