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Apple devices
Apple released its first Thunderbolt-equipped computer in early 2011 with MacBook Pro, and have continued to immediately update their devices with newer generations of Thunderbolt as soon as available.
List of Apple devices featuring Thunderbolt ports include:
MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Late 2012 to... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 495 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
Thunderbolt 3 was introduced in late 2015, with several motherboard manufacturers and OEM laptop manufacturers including Thunderbolt 3 with their products. Gigabyte and MSI, large computer component manufacturers, entered the market for the first time with Thunderbolt 3 compatible components.
Dell was the first to inc... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 502 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
MacBook Pro (14-inch, M1 Pro/Max, 2021 to M3 Pro/Max, 2023)
MacBook Pro (16-inch, M1 Pro/Max, 2021 to M3 Pro/Max, 2023)
Mac Studio (2022 to 2023)
Mac Mini (2023)
Mac Pro (2023 + Rack, 2023)
iMac (24-inch, M4, 2024)
Mac Mini (M4, 2024)
MacBook Pro (14-inch, M4, 2024)
Apple started to include Thunderbolt 5 on som... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 508 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
This vulnerability is not present when Thunderbolt is used as a system interconnection ( supported on OS X Mavericks), because the IP implementation runs on the underlying Thunderbolt low-latency packet-switching fabric, and the PCI Express protocol is not present on the cable. That means that if IPoTB networking is us... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 507 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
In June 2012, Apple began selling a Thunderbolt-to-gigabit Ethernet adapter for . In the third quarter of 2012, other manufacturers started shipping Thunderbolt cables, including cables reaching the length limit, while some storage-enclosure builders began bundling Thunderbolt cables with their devices, rather than ma... | Thunderbolt (interface) | Wikipedia | 390 | 24484686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt%20%28interface%29 | Technology | User interface | null |
An irrigation sprinkler (also known as a water sprinkler or simply a sprinkler) is a device used to irrigate (water) agricultural crops, lawns, landscapes, golf courses, and other areas. They are also used for cooling and for the control of airborne dust. Sprinkler irrigation is the method of applying water in a contro... | Irrigation sprinkler | Wikipedia | 497 | 2079927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation%20sprinkler | Technology | Farm and garden machinery | null |
Small portable sprinklers can be placed temporarily on lawns if additional watering is needed or if no permanent system is in place. These are often attached to an outdoor water faucet and are placed for a short period of time. Other systems may be professionally installed permanently in the ground and are attached per... | Irrigation sprinkler | Wikipedia | 265 | 2079927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation%20sprinkler | Technology | Farm and garden machinery | null |
Underground
Underground sprinklers function through means of basic electronic and hydraulic technology. This valve and all of the sprinklers that will be activated by this valve are known as a zone. Upon activation, the solenoid, which sits on top of the valve is magnetized lifting a small stainless steel plunger in it... | Irrigation sprinkler | Wikipedia | 466 | 2079927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation%20sprinkler | Technology | Farm and garden machinery | null |
Meteoric iron, sometimes meteoritic iron, is a native metal and early-universe protoplanetary-disk remnant found in meteorites and made from the elements iron and nickel, mainly in the form of the mineral phases kamacite and taenite. Meteoric iron makes up the bulk of iron meteorites but is also found in other meteorit... | Meteoric iron | Wikipedia | 400 | 2081868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Many examples of iron working from the Bronze Age have been confirmed to be meteoritic in origin.
In ancient Egypt an iron metal bead was found in a graveyard near Gerzeh that contained 7.5% Ni. Dated to around 3200 BC, geochemical analysis of the Gerzeh iron beads, based on the ratio of nickel to iron and cobalt, con... | Meteoric iron | Wikipedia | 456 | 2081868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Atmospheric phenomena
Meteoric iron also has an effect on the Earth's atmosphere. When meteorites descend through the atmosphere, outer parts are ablated. Meteoric ablation is the source of many elements in the upper atmosphere. When meteoric iron is ablated, it forms a free iron atom that can react with ozone (O3) to ... | Meteoric iron | Wikipedia | 95 | 2081868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoric%20iron | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Tree squirrels are the members of the squirrel family (Sciuridae) commonly just referred to as "squirrels". They include more than 100 arboreal species native to all continents except Antarctica and Oceania.
They do not form a single natural, or monophyletic, group; they are variously related to others in the squirrel... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 281 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Subfamily Ratufinae
Genus Ratufa (Asian giant squirrels)
Subfamily Sciurillinae
Genus Sciurillus (South American pygmy squirrel)
Subfamily Sciurinae
Tribe Sciurini (mostly American tree squirrels)
Genus Microsciurus (American dwarf squirrels)
Genus Rheithrosciurus (Borneo tufted ground squirrel)
Genus Sciurus (Eurasian... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 474 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Tree squirrels may bury food in the ground for later retrieval. Squirrels use their keen sense of smell to search for buried food, but can dig numerous holes in the process. This may become an annoyance to gardeners with strict landscape requirements, especially when the garden contains edibles.
Homeowners in areas wi... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 470 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
An alternative method is to wait until squirrels have left in search of food, and then close up all their access openings, or to install one-way trap doors or a carefully angled pipe. Attempting to get rid of all squirrels in a neighborhood is generally a futile goal; the focus instead should be on physically excluding... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 499 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
As urban wildlife
Tree squirrels are a common type of urban wildlife. They can be trained to be hand-fed, and will take as much food as is available because they cache the surplus. Squirrels living in parks and campuses in cities have learned that humans are typically a ready source of food, either deliberately or fro... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 378 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
In the UK
For most of the history of the United Kingdom, squirrel has been a meat not commonly eaten, and even scorned by many. In the early 21st century however, the wild squirrel has become a more popular meat to cook with, showing up in restaurants and shops more often in Britain as a fashionable alternative meat. S... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 339 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
In 1997, doctors in Kentucky published a paper in the Lancet that considered a possible association between the local tradition of consuming squirrel brains and five cases of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, a rare but serious prion-based disorder. The authors posed this as a mere possibility, unconfirmed by either post-mort... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 506 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
In Irish mythology, the goddess Medb is said to always have a bird perched on one shoulder and a squirrel on the other, serving as her messengers to the sky and the earth respectively. In Europe during the Middle Ages, squirrels were sometimes used in bestiaries as symbols of greed and avarice on account of their stori... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 490 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Although these squirrels are commonly referred to as "albinos", most of them are likely non-albino squirrels that exhibit a rare white fur coloration known as leucism that is as a result of a recessive gene found within certain eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) populations, and so technically they ought to b... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 398 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Campus populations
In addition to the various towns that boast of their white squirrel populations, a number of university campuses in North America have white squirrels. The University of Texas at Austin is home to a white squirrel population which has spurred the myth of the albino squirrel as a good luck charm. Ther... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 482 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Albert Meier, another biology professor at Western Kentucky University, added that: "... white squirrels rarely survive in the wild because they can't easily hide. But on a college campus, they are less likely to be consumed by other animals."
In folklore
A story in which a Nāga shapeshifts into a white or albino squi... | Tree squirrel | Wikipedia | 369 | 2888531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20squirrel | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
The genus Sciurus ( or ) contains most of the common, bushy-tailed squirrels in North America, Europe, temperate Asia, Central America and South America.
Species
The number of species in the genus is subject to change.
In 2005, Thorington & Hoffman- whose taxonomic interpretation is followed by the IUCN website- accep... | Sciurus | Wikipedia | 397 | 2888579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurus | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
In 2015, 15–17 species were left in the genus Sciurus after de Vivo & Carmignotto comprehensively reviewed South American Sciuridae for the first time in many decades and proposed numerous changes; synonymising some species and many subspecies, splitting another species, and naming new species. They followed Joel Asaph... | Sciurus | Wikipedia | 425 | 2888579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurus | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Additionally, the paper suggests moving Andean squirrel back to subtribe Microsciurina, the dwarf squirrels, and assigns it to the newly described genus Leptosciurus. The paper's findings agree with prior assessments to synonymize Richmond's squirrel into Red-tailed squirrel and reassigns the Red-tailed squirrel into t... | Sciurus | Wikipedia | 119 | 2888579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurus | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | Animals |
Powder coating is a type of coating that is applied as a free-flowing, dry powder. Unlike conventional liquid paint, which is delivered via an evaporating solvent, powder coating is typically applied electrostatically and then cured under heat or with ultraviolet light. The powder may be a thermoplastic or a thermosett... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 421 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Most powder coatings have a particle size in the range of 2 to 50 μm, a softening temperature Tg around 80 °C, and a melting temperature around 150 °C, and are cured at around 200 °C for a minimum of 10 minutes to 15 minutes (exact temperatures and times may depend on the thickness of the item being coated). For such ... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 510 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Types of powder coating
There are three main categories of powder coatings: thermosets, thermoplastics, and UV curable powder coatings. Thermoset powder coatings incorporate a cross-linker into the formulation.
Most common cross-linkers are solid epoxy resins in so-called hybrid powders in mixing ratios of 50/50, 60/4... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 494 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
In general all thermosetting powder formulations contain next to the binder resin and cross-linker additives to support flow out and levelling and for degassing. Common is the use of flow promoter where the active ingredient—a polyacrylate—is absorbed on silica as carrier or as masterbatch dispersed in a polyester resi... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 470 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Chemical pre-treatments involve the use of phosphates or chromates in submersion or spray application. These often occur in multiple stages and consist of degreasing, etching, de-smutting, various rinses and the final phosphating or chromating of the substrate and new nanotechnology chemical bonding. The pre-treatment ... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 441 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
A recent development for the powder coating industry is the use of plasma pretreatment for heat-sensitive plastics and composites. These materials typically have low-energy surfaces, are hydrophobic, and have a low degree of wetability which all negatively impact coating adhesion. Plasma treatment physically cleans, et... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 494 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Electrostatic fluidized bed coating
Electrostatic fluidized bed application uses the same fluidizing technique as the conventional fluidized bed dip process but with much more powder depth in the bed. An electrostatic charging medium is placed inside the bed so that the powder material becomes charged as the fluidizing... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 466 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
The low-temperature bake approach results in energy savings, especially in cases where coating of massive parts are task of the coating operation. The total oven residence time needs to be only 18–19 min to completely cure the reactive powder at .
A major challenge for all low-temperature cures is to optimize simultan... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 452 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Powder coating can also be removed by a burning off process, in which parts are put into a large high-temperature oven with temperatures typically reaching an air temperature of 300–450 °C. The process takes about four hours and requires the parts to be cleaned completely and re-powder coated. Parts made with a thinner... | Powder coating | Wikipedia | 339 | 2889448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20coating | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Placodonts ("tablet teeth") are an extinct order of marine reptiles that lived during the Triassic period, becoming extinct at the end of the period. They were part of Sauropterygia, the group that includes plesiosaurs. Placodonts were generally between in length, with some of the largest measuring long.
The first s... | Placodontia | Wikipedia | 429 | 2889934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placodontia | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric marine reptiles | Animals |
Their diet consisted of marine bivalves, brachiopods, and other invertebrates. They were notable for their large, flat, often protruding teeth, which they used to crush the molluscs and brachiopods that they hunted on the sea bed (another way in which they were similar to walruses). The palate teeth were adapted for th... | Placodontia | Wikipedia | 486 | 2889934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placodontia | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric marine reptiles | Animals |
Phylogeny
The cladogram below follows the result found by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. | Placodontia | Wikipedia | 27 | 2889934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placodontia | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric marine reptiles | Animals |
Triplet oxygen, 3O2, refers to the S = 1 electronic ground state of molecular oxygen (dioxygen). Molecules of triplet oxygen contain two unpaired electrons, making triplet oxygen an unusual example of a stable and commonly encountered diradical: it is more stable as a triplet than a singlet. According to molecular orb... | Triplet oxygen | Wikipedia | 328 | 2889996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet%20oxygen | Physical sciences | Group 16 | Chemistry |
Because the molecule in its ground state has a non-zero spin magnetic moment, oxygen is paramagnetic; i.e., it can be attracted to the poles of a magnet. Thus, the Lewis structure O=O with all electrons in pairs does not accurately represent the nature of the bonding in molecular oxygen. However, the alternative stru... | Triplet oxygen | Wikipedia | 482 | 2889996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet%20oxygen | Physical sciences | Group 16 | Chemistry |
Conservation of spin quantum number would require a triplet transition state in a reaction of triplet oxygen with a closed shell (a molecule in a singlet state). The extra energy required is sufficient to prevent direct reaction at ambient temperatures with all but the most reactive substrates, e.g. white phosphorus. ... | Triplet oxygen | Wikipedia | 109 | 2889996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet%20oxygen | Physical sciences | Group 16 | Chemistry |
Nevus (: nevi) is a nonspecific medical term for a visible, circumscribed, chronic lesion of the skin or mucosa. The term originates from nævus, which is Latin for "birthmark"; however, a nevus can be either congenital (present at birth) or acquired. Common terms, including mole, birthmark, and beauty mark, are used to... | Nevus | Wikipedia | 512 | 934744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevus | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Additional types of nevi do not involve disorders of pigmentation or melanocytes. These additional nevi represent hamartomatous proliferations of the epithelium, connective tissue, and vascular malformations.
Epidermal nevi
These nevi represent excess growth of specific cells types found in the skin, including those t... | Nevus | Wikipedia | 266 | 934744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevus | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Nevi are typically diagnosed clinically with the naked eye or using dermatoscopy. More advanced imaging tests are available for distinguishing melanocytic nevi from melanoma, including computerized dermoscopy and image analysis. The management of nevi depends on the type of nevus and the degree of diagnostic uncertaint... | Nevus | Wikipedia | 502 | 934744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevus | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Tui na (; ) is a form of alternative medicine similar to shiatsu. As a branch of traditional Chinese medicine, it is often used in conjunction with acupuncture, moxibustion, fire cupping, Chinese herbalism, tai chi or other Chinese internal martial arts, and qigong.
Background
Tui na is a hands-on body treatment that... | Tui na | Wikipedia | 362 | 934777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui%20na | Biology and health sciences | Alternative and traditional medicine | Health |
Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids (class Trypanosomatidae), a monophyletic group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa. Trypanosoma is part of the phylum Euglenozoa. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek trypano- (borer) and soma (body) because of their corkscrew-like motion. Most trypanosomes are he... | Trypanosoma | Wikipedia | 473 | 935178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma | Biology and health sciences | Excavata | Plants |
Phylogenetic analyses suggest an ancient split between a branch containing all Salivarian trypanosomes and a branch containing all non-Salivarian lineages. The latter branch in turn splits into a clade containing bird, reptilian and the Stercorarian trypanosomes infecting mammals, and a clade with a branch of fish tryp... | Trypanosoma | Wikipedia | 476 | 935178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma | Biology and health sciences | Excavata | Plants |
The relationships between the species have not been worked out to date. It has been suggested that T. evansi arose from a clone of T. equiperdum which lost its maxicircles. It has also been proposed that T. evansi should be classified as a subspecies of T. brucei.
It has been shown that T. equiperdum has emerged at le... | Trypanosoma | Wikipedia | 97 | 935178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma | Biology and health sciences | Excavata | Plants |
Selected species
Species of Trypanosoma include the following:
T. ambystomae. in amphibians
T. antiquus, extinct (Fossil in Miocene amber)
T. avium, which infects birds and blackflies
T. bennetti, which infects birds and biting midges
T. boissoni, in elasmobranch
T. brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in huma... | Trypanosoma | Wikipedia | 505 | 935178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma | Biology and health sciences | Excavata | Plants |
Two different types of trypanosomes exist, and their life cycles are different, the salivarian species and the stercorarian species.
Stercorarian trypanosomes infect insects, most often the triatomid kissing bug, by developing in the posterior gut followed by release into the feces and subsequent depositing on the ski... | Trypanosoma | Wikipedia | 354 | 935178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma | Biology and health sciences | Excavata | Plants |
The tesla (symbol: T) is the unit of magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B-field strength) in the International System of Units (SI).
One tesla is equal to one weber per square metre. The unit was announced during the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 and is named in honour of Serbian-America... | Tesla (unit) | Wikipedia | 476 | 935979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Electromagnetism | null |
In ferromagnets, the movement creating the magnetic field is the electron spin (and to a lesser extent electron orbital angular momentum). In a current-carrying wire (electromagnets) the movement is due to electrons moving through the wire (whether the wire is straight or circular).
Conversion to non-SI units
One tes... | Tesla (unit) | Wikipedia | 106 | 935979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Electromagnetism | null |
The following examples are listed in the ascending order of the magnetic-field strength.
(31.869 μT) – strength of Earth's magnetic field at 0° latitude, 0° longitude
(40 μT) – walking under a high-voltage power line
(5 mT) – the strength of a typical refrigerator magnet
0.3 T – the strength of solar sunspots
1... | Tesla (unit) | Wikipedia | 458 | 935979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Electromagnetism | null |
The Arabian oryx or white oryx (Oryx leucoryx) is a medium-sized antelope with a distinct shoulder bump, long, straight horns, and a tufted tail. It is a bovid, and the smallest member of the genus Oryx, native to desert and steppe areas of the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian oryx was extinct in the wild by the early 19... | Arabian oryx | Wikipedia | 448 | 937029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian%20oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The Arabian oryx' coat is an almost luminous white, the undersides and legs are brown, and black stripes occur where the head meets the neck, on the forehead, on the nose, and going from the horn down across the eye to the mouth. Both sexes have long, straight or slightly curved, ringed horns which are . It stands betw... | Arabian oryx | Wikipedia | 431 | 937029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian%20oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Behaviour and ecology
Arabian oryxes rest during the heat of the day. They can detect rainfall and move towards it, meaning they have huge ranges; a herd in Oman can range over . Packs are of mixed sex and usually contain between 2 and 15 animals, though herds of up to 100 have been reported. Arabian oryxes are general... | Arabian oryx | Wikipedia | 424 | 937029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian%20oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Adaptations for desert environments
The Arabian oryx changes its physiology and behaviour at different times of the year to increase survival during times when food and water are in limited supply. During the summer, when droughts are common in the desert environments where it lives, the Arabian oryx will drastically ... | Arabian oryx | Wikipedia | 499 | 937029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian%20oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Unicorn myth
The myth of the one-horned unicorn may be based on oryxes that have lost one horn. Aristotle and Pliny the Elder held that the oryx was the unicorn's "prototype". From certain angles, the oryx may seem to have one horn rather than two, and given that its horns are made from hollow bone that cannot be regro... | Arabian oryx | Wikipedia | 497 | 937029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian%20oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
On June 28, 2007, Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was the first site ever to be removed from the UNESCO World Heritage List. UNESCO's reason for this was the Omani government's decision to open 90% of the site to oil prospecting. The Arabian oryx population on the site has been reduced from 450 in 1996 to only 65 in 2007... | Arabian oryx | Wikipedia | 220 | 937029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian%20oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwest... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 442 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The less common term 'precinctive' has been used by some entomologists as the equivalent of 'endemic'. Precinctive was coined in 1900 by David Sharp when describing the Hawaiian insects, as he was uncomfortable with the fact that the word 'endemic' is often associated with diseases. 'Precinctive' was first used in bota... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 421 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Endemism can also be created in areas which act as refuges for species during times of climate change like ice ages. These changes may have caused species to become repeatedly restricted to regions with unusually stable climate conditions, leading to high concentrations of endemic species in areas resistant to climate ... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 432 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The first subcategories were first introduced by Claude P. E. Favager and Juliette Contandriopoulis in 1961: schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics. Using this work, Ledyard Stebbins and Jack Major then introduced the concepts of neoendemics and paleoendemics in 1965 to describe the endemics of California. Endem... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 356 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics can all be classified as types of neoendemics. Schizoendemics arise from a wider distributed taxon that has become reproductively isolated without becoming (potentially) genetically isolated – a schizoendemic has the same chromosome count as the parent taxon it evolved from... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 210 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
In a 2000 paper, Myers and de Grave further attempted to redefine the concept. In their view, everything is endemic, even cosmopolitan species are endemic to Earth, and earlier definitions restricting endemics to specific locations are wrong. Thus the subdivisions neoendemics and paleoendemics are without merit regardi... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 405 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Serpentine soils act as 'edaphic islands' of low fertility and these soils lead to high rates of endemism. These soils are found in the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, Alps, Cuba, New Caledonia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the North American Appalachians, and scattered distribution in California, Oregon, and Washington and elsew... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 464 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Mountains can be seen as 'sky islands': refugia of endemics because species that live in the cool climates of mountain peaks are geographically isolated. For example, in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France, Saxifraga florulenta is an endemic plant that may have evolved in the Late Miocene and could have once been ... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 468 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Other scientists have argued that endemism is not an appropriate measure of biodiversity, because the levels of threat or biodiversity are not actually correlated to areas of high endemism. When using bird species as an example, it was found that only 2.5% of biodiversity hotspots correlate with endemism and the threat... | Endemism | Wikipedia | 258 | 937971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The lancelets ( ), also known as amphioxi (: amphioxus ), consist of 32 described species of "fish-like" benthic filter feeding chordates in the subphylum Cephalochordata, class Leptocardii, and family Branchiostomatidae.
Lancelets diverged from other chordates during or prior to the Cambrian period. A number of foss... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 400 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
Habitat
Adult amphioxus typically inhabit the seafloor, burrowing into well-ventilated substrates characterized by a soft texture and minimal organic content. While various species have been observed in different types of substrate, such as fine sand, coarse sand, and shell deposits, most exhibit a distinct preference... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 439 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
Reproduction and spawning
Lancelets are gonochoric animals, i.e. having two sexes, and they reproduce via external fertilization. They only reproduce during their spawning season, which varies slightly between species — usually corresponding to spring and summer months. All lancelets species spawn shortly after sunset... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 508 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
Anatomy
Observations of amphioxus anatomy began in the middle of the 19th century. First, the adult then the embryonic anatomy were described.
Alexander Kowalevsky first described the key anatomical features of the adult amphioxus (hollow dorsal nerve tube, endostyle, segmented body, postanal tail). De Quatrefages fi... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 500 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
Unlike vertebrates, the dorsal nerve cord is not protected by bone but by a simpler notochord made up of a cylinder of cells that are closely packed in collagen fibers to form a toughened rod. The lancelet notochord, unlike the vertebrate spine, extends into the head. This gives the subphylum, Cephalochordata, its name... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 505 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
Frontal eye
The frontal eye consists of a pigment cup, a group of photoreceptor cells (termed Row 1), three rows of neurons (Rows 2–4), and glial cells. The frontal eye, which expresses the PAX6 gene, has been proposed as the homolog of vertebrate paired eyes,or the pineal eye on vertebrates, the pigment cup as the h... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 500 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
It is suspected GFP plays multiple roles with lancelets such as attracting plankton towards their mouth. Considering that lancelets are filter feeders, the natural current would draw nearby plankton into the digestive tract. GFP is also expressed in larvae, signifying it may be used for photoprotection by converting hi... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 502 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
The remainder of the digestive system consists of a simple tube running from the pharynx to the anus. The hepatic caecum, a single blind-ending caecum, branches off from the underside of the gut, with a lining able to phagocytize the food particles, a feature not found in vertebrates. Although it performs many function... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 419 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
As a result of their use in science, methods of keeping and breeding lancelets in captivity have been developed for several of the species, initially the European Branchiostoma lanceolatum, but later also the West Pacific Branchiostoma belcheri and Branchiostoma japonicum, the Gulf of Mexico and West Atlantic Branchios... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 405 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
Among the three extant (living) genera, Asymmetron is basal. Molecular clock studies have come to different conclusions on their divergence, with some suggesting that Asymmetron diverged from other lancelets more than 100 million years ago while others have suggested that it occurred about 46 million years ago. Accordi... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 136 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
The following are the species recognised by WoRMS. Other sources recognize about thirty species. It is likely that currently unrecognized cryptic species remain.
Class Leptocardii
Family Branchiostomatidae Bonaparte 1846
Genus Asymmetron Andrews 1893 [Amphioxides Gill 1895]
Asymmetron inferum Nishikawa 2004
Asymme... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 511 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
Epigonichthys australis (Raff 1912)
Epigonichthys bassanus (Günther 1884)
Epigonichthys cingalensis (Kirkaldy 1894); nomen dubium
Epigonichthys cultellus Peters 1877
Epigonichthys hectori (Benham 1901) (Hector's lancelet)
Epigonichthys maldivensis (Foster Cooper 1903)
The cladogram presented here illustrates the p... | Lancelet | Wikipedia | 172 | 938004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet | Biology and health sciences | Chordata (except vertebrates) | Animals |
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use. It also includes t... | Medicinal chemistry | Wikipedia | 448 | 938177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal%20chemistry | Physical sciences | Chemistry: General | null |
In particular, medicinal chemistry in its most common practice—focusing on small organic molecules—encompasses synthetic organic chemistry and aspects of natural products and computational chemistry in close combination with chemical biology, enzymology and structural biology, together aiming at the discovery and devel... | Medicinal chemistry | Wikipedia | 500 | 938177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal%20chemistry | Physical sciences | Chemistry: General | null |
Further chemistry and analysis is necessary, first to identify the "triage" compounds that do not provide series displaying suitable SAR and chemical characteristics associated with long-term potential for development, then to improve the remaining hit series concerning the desired primary activity, as well as secondar... | Medicinal chemistry | Wikipedia | 510 | 938177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal%20chemistry | Physical sciences | Chemistry: General | null |
Structural analysis of lead compounds is often performed through computational methods prior to actual synthesis of the ligand(s). This is done for a number of reasons, including but not limited to: time and financial considerations (expenditure, etc.). Once the ligand of interest has been synthesized in the laboratory... | Medicinal chemistry | Wikipedia | 501 | 938177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal%20chemistry | Physical sciences | Chemistry: General | null |
As such, most entry-level workers in medicinal chemistry, especially in the U.S., do not have formal training in medicinal chemistry but receive the necessary medicinal chemistry and pharmacologic background after employment—at entry into their work in a pharmaceutical company, where the company provides its particular... | Medicinal chemistry | Wikipedia | 104 | 938177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal%20chemistry | Physical sciences | Chemistry: General | null |
A flight recorder is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents. The device may often be referred to colloquially as a "black box", an outdated name which has become a misnomer—they are now required to be painted bright oran... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 468 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
In 1947, Hussenot founded the Société Française des Instruments de Mesure with Beaudouin and another associate, so as to market his invention, which was also known as the "hussenograph". This company went on to become a major supplier of data recorders, used not only aboard aircraft but also trains and other vehicles. ... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 494 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
In 1953, while working at the Aeronautical Research Laboratories (ARL) of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation in Melbourne, Australian research scientist David Warren conceived a device that would record not only the instrument readings, but also the voices in the cockpit. In 1954 he published a report enti... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 434 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
A flight recorder was invented and patented in the United States by James J. Ryan. Ryan's "Flight Recorder" patent was filed in August 1953 and approved on November 8, 1960, as US Patent 2,959,459. A second patent by Ryan for a "Coding Apparatus For Flight Recorders" is US Patent 3,075,192 dated January 22, 1963.
A "C... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 499 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
The term "black box" was a World War II British phrase, originating with the development of radio, radar, and electronic navigational aids in British and Allied combat aircraft. These often-secret electronic devices were encased in non-reflective black boxes or housings. The earliest identified reference to "black box... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 383 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
The data recorded by the FDR are used for accident and incident investigation. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these ICAO-regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire. Contrary to the popular term "black box"... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 501 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and uses digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere. it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of two hours. The European Aviation Safety Agency increased the re... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 506 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
Solid state recorders became commercially practical in 1990, having the advantage of not requiring scheduled maintenance and making the data easier to retrieve. This was extended to the two-hour voice recording in 1995.
Additional equipment
Since the 1970s, most large civil jet transports have been additionally equip... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 435 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
Currently, EUROCAE specifies that a recorder must be able to withstand an acceleration of 3400 g (33 km/s2) for 6.5 milliseconds. This is roughly equivalent to an impact velocity of and a deceleration or crushing distance of . Additionally, there are requirements for penetration resistance, static crush, high and low ... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 495 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
In the investigation of the 1960 crash of Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 at Mackay, Queensland, the inquiry judge strongly recommended that flight recorders be installed in all Australian airliners. Australia became the first country in the world to make cockpit-voice recording compulsory.
The United States' firs... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 400 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
Deployable recorders
The NTSB recommended in 1999 that operators be required to install two sets of CVDR systems, with the second CVDR designed to be ejected from the aircraft prior to impact with the ground or water. Ejection would be initiated by computer based on sensor information indicating an accident is imminen... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 459 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 demonstrated the limits of the contemporary flight recorder technology, namely how physical possession of the flight recorder device is necessary to help investigate the cause of an aircraft incident. Considering the advances of modern communication, technology commenta... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 398 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
Image recorders
The NTSB has asked for the installation of cockpit image recorders in large transport aircraft to provide information that would supplement existing CVR and FDR data in accident investigations. They have recommended that image recorders be placed into smaller aircraft that are not required to have a CV... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 281 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
The artwork for the band Rammstein's album Reise, Reise is made to look like a CVR; it also includes a recording from a crash. The recording is from the last 1–2 minutes of the CVR of Japan Air Lines Flight 123, which crashed on August 12, 1985, killing 520 people; JAL123 is the deadliest single-aircraft disaster in hi... | Flight recorder | Wikipedia | 257 | 938385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20recorder | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
The antineutron is the antiparticle of the neutron with symbol . It differs from the neutron only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. It has the same mass as the neutron, and no net electric charge, but has opposite baryon number (+1 for neutron, −1 for the antineutron). This is becau... | Antineutron | Wikipedia | 329 | 938631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antineutron | Physical sciences | Antimatter | Physics |
The pelvis (: pelves or pelvises) is the lower part of an anatomical trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called bony pelvis or pelvic skeleton).
The pelvic region of the trunk includes the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity (... | Pelvis | Wikipedia | 286 | 33112993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
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