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The Apollo program brought back of lunar surface material, most of which is stored at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston, Texas, and the uncrewed Soviet Luna programme returned of lunar material. These rocks have proved to be invaluable in deciphering the geologic evolution of the Moon. Lunar rocks are in lar... | Geology of the Moon | Wikipedia | 385 | 2096232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Composition of the maria
The main characteristics of the basaltic rocks with respect to the rocks of the lunar highlands is that the basalts contain higher abundances of olivine and pyroxene, and less plagioclase. They are richer in iron than terrestrial basalts, and also have lower viscosities. Some of them have high ... | Geology of the Moon | Wikipedia | 496 | 2096232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Compared with Earth, the Moon has a weak external magnetic field. Other significant differences are that the Moon does not currently have a dipolar magnetic field (as would be generated by a geodynamo in its core), and the magnetizations that are present are almost entirely crustal in origin. One hypothesis holds that ... | Geology of the Moon | Wikipedia | 201 | 2096232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20the%20Moon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The family Rhynchocinetidae are a group of small, reclusive red-and-white shrimp. This family typically has an upward-hinged foldable rostrum, hence its taxon name Rhynchocinetidae, which means movable beak; this gives these shrimps their common name of hinge-beak shrimps. The family contains only two genera, Cinetorhy... | Rhynchocinetidae | Wikipedia | 465 | 2099579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchocinetidae | Biology and health sciences | Shrimps and prawns | Animals |
Ecology
The biology of the family has been little studied. Cinetorhynchus rigens in Bermuda was not attracted to baited traps but on examination, its faecal pellets contained mollusc shell fragments, algae and sponge spicules. It was nocturnal, hiding by day in crevices and emerging at night to feed. | Rhynchocinetidae | Wikipedia | 70 | 2099579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchocinetidae | Biology and health sciences | Shrimps and prawns | Animals |
The Aphrophoridae are a family of spittlebugs belonging to the order Hemiptera. There are at least 160 genera and 990 described species in Aphrophoridae.
European genera
Aphrophora Germar 1821
Lepyronia Amyot & Serville 1843
Mesoptyelus Matsumura 1904
Neophilaenus Haupt 1935
Paraphilaenus Vilbaste 1962
Peuceptye... | Aphrophoridae | Wikipedia | 99 | 35852419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrophoridae | Biology and health sciences | Hemiptera (true bugs) | Animals |
Feces (or faeces; : faex) are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Feces contain a relatively small amount of metabolic waste products such as bacterially altered bilirubin, and dead epithelial cells from the l... | Feces | Wikipedia | 434 | 24536042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
Many organisms feed on feces, from bacteria to fungi to insects such as dung beetles, who can sense odors from long distances. Some may specialize in feces, while others may eat other foods. Feces serve not only as a basic food, but also as a supplement to the usual diet of some animals. This process is known as coprop... | Feces | Wikipedia | 496 | 24536042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
After the meconium, the first stool expelled, a newborn's feces contains only bile, which gives it a yellow-green color. Breast feeding babies expel soft, pale yellowish, and not quite malodorous matter; but once the baby begins to eat, and the body starts expelling bilirubin from dead red blood cells, its matter acqui... | Feces | Wikipedia | 342 | 24536042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
Palaeofeces are ancient feces, often found as part of archaeological excavations or surveys. Intact paleofeces of ancient people may be found in caves in arid climates and in other locations with suitable preservation conditions. These are studied to determine the diet and health of the people who produced them through... | Feces | Wikipedia | 463 | 24536042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
Dog feces was used in the tanning process of leather during the Victorian era. Collected dog feces, known as "pure", "puer", or "pewer", were mixed with water to form a substance known as "bate", because proteolytic enzymes in the dog feces helped to relax the fibrous structure of the hide before the final stages of ta... | Feces | Wikipedia | 438 | 24536042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
There are many synonyms in informal registers for feces, just like there are for urine. Many are euphemistic, colloquial, or both; some are profane (such as shit), whereas most belong chiefly to child-directed speech (such as poo or the palindromic word poop) or to crude humor (such as crap, dump, load and turd.).
Fec... | Feces | Wikipedia | 443 | 24536042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
The eukaryotes ( ) constitute the domain of Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, seaweeds, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes. They constitute a major group of life forms alongside the two groups of prokaryotes: the Bacteria and the Archaea. E... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 426 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Eukaryotes are organisms that range from microscopic single cells, such as picozoans under 3 micrometres across, to animals like the blue whale, weighing up to 190 tonnes and measuring up to long, or plants like the coast redwood, up to tall. Many eukaryotes are unicellular; the informal grouping called protists incl... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 461 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in multiple ways, with unique biochemical pathways such as sterane synthesis. The eukaryotic signature proteins have no homology to proteins in other domains of life, but appear to be universal among eukaryotes. They include the proteins of the cytoskeleton, the complex transcription ... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 475 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Mitochondria contain their own DNA, which has close structural similarities to bacterial DNA, from which it originated, and which encodes rRNA and tRNA genes that produce RNA which is closer in structure to bacterial RNA than to eukaryote RNA.
Some eukaryotes, such as the metamonads Giardia and Trichomonas, and the am... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 472 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Many eukaryotes have long slender motile cytoplasmic projections, called flagella, or multiple shorter structures called cilia. These organelles are variously involved in movement, feeding, and sensation. They are composed mainly of tubulin, and are entirely distinct from prokaryotic flagella. They are supported by a b... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 369 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Eukaryotes have a life cycle that involves sexual reproduction, alternating between a haploid phase, where only one copy of each chromosome is present in each cell, and a diploid phase, with two copies of each chromosome in each cell. The diploid phase is formed by fusion of two haploid gametes, such as eggs and sperma... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 365 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
In antiquity, the two lineages of animals and plants were recognized by Aristotle and Theophrastus. The lineages were given the taxonomic rank of kingdom by Linnaeus in the 18th century. Though he included the fungi with plants with some reservations, it was later realized that they are quite distinct and warrant a sep... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 512 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Origin of eukaryotes
The origin of the eukaryotic cell, or eukaryogenesis, is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms. The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) is the hypothetical origin of all living eukaryotes, and was most likely a b... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 495 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Some acritarchs are known from at least 1.65 billion years ago, and a fossil, Grypania, which may be an alga, is as much as 2.1 billion years old. The "problematic" fossil Diskagma has been found in paleosols 2.2 billion years old.
The Neoarchean fossil Thuchomyces shares similarities with eukaryotes, specifically fun... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 467 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Whenever their origins, eukaryotes may not have become ecologically dominant until much later; a massive increase in the zinc composition of marine sediments has been attributed to the rise of substantial populations of eukaryotes, which preferentially consume and incorporate zinc relative to prokaryotes, approximatel... | Eukaryote | Wikipedia | 72 | 24536543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Ardi (ARA-VP-6/500) is the designation of the fossilized skeletal remains of an Ardipithecus ramidus, thought to be an early human-like female anthropoid 4.4 million years old. It is the most complete early hominid specimen, with most of the skull, teeth, pelvis, hands and feet, more complete than the previously known ... | Ardi | Wikipedia | 401 | 24539067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Although it is not yet clear how Ardi's species is related to Homo sapiens, the discovery is of great significance and added much to the debate on Ardipithecus and its place in human evolution. With regards to Ardi's body composition, archaeologists note that she is unique in that she possesses traits that are characte... | Ardi | Wikipedia | 359 | 24539067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Pelvis
Although Ardipithecus had more ancestral hands, feet, and limbs, Ardi's pelvis gives a different perspective. The parts of Ardi's pelvis that were recovered include her left hip, her right ilium, and a fragment of her distal sacrum. A shorter ilium and a curve in the lower spine were the characteristics gather... | Ardi | Wikipedia | 282 | 24539067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Foot
Ardi's foot is a special area of interest when examining the evolution of bipedalism in early Hominids, and the bipedality of Ardipithecus ramidus, because all five toes do not line up. The remains of the foot from Ardi and other Ardipithecus ramidus specimens that can be studied includes "a talus, medial and int... | Ardi | Wikipedia | 295 | 24539067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Photographic film is a strip or sheet of transparent film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals. The sizes and other characteristics of the crystals determine the sensitivity, contrast, and resolution of the film. Film is typically segmen... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 320 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
In black-and-white photographic film, there is usually one layer of silver halide crystals. When the exposed silver halide grains are developed, the silver halide crystals are converted to metallic silver, which blocks light and appears as the black part of the film negative. Color film has at least three sensitive lay... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 450 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Print film, when developed, yields transparent negatives with the light and dark areas and colors (if color film is used) inverted to their respective complementary colors. This type of film is designed to be printed onto photographic paper, usually by means of an enlarger but in some cases by contact printing. The pap... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 478 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
In order to produce a usable image, the film needs to be exposed properly. The amount of exposure variation that a given film can tolerate, while still producing an acceptable level of quality, is called its exposure latitude. Color print film generally has greater exposure latitude than other types of film. Additional... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 236 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Over the active dynamic range of most films, the density of the developed film is proportional to the logarithm of the total amount of light to which the film was exposed, so the transmission coefficient of the developed film is proportional to a power of the reciprocal of the brightness of the original exposure. The p... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 501 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Color films can have many layers. The film base can have an antihalation layer applied to it or be dyed. This layer prevents light from reflecting from within the film, increasing image quality. This also can make films exposable on only one side, as it prevents exposure from behind the film. This layer is bleached aft... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 413 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
The subbing layer is essentially an adhesive that allows the subsequent layers to stick to the film base. The film base was initially made of highly flammable cellulose nitrate, which was replaced by cellulose acetate films, often cellulose triacetate film (safety film), which in turn was replaced in many films (such a... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 199 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
The emulsion layers of films are made by dissolving pure silver in nitric acid to form silver nitrate crystals, which are mixed with other chemicals to form silver halide grains, which are then suspended in gelatin and applied to the film base. The size and hence the light sensitivity of these grains determines the spe... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 421 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Silver halide crystals can be made in several shapes for use in photographic films. For example, AgBrCl hexagonal tabular grains can be used for color negative films, AgBr octahedral grains can be used for instant color photography films, AgBrl cubo-octahedral grains can be used for color reversal films, AgBr hexagonal... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 103 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
In color films, each emulsion layer has silver halide crystals that are sensitized to one particular color (wavelength of light) vía sentizing dyes, to that they will be made sensitive to only one color of light, and not to others, since silver halide particles are intrinsically sensitive only to wavelengths below 450 ... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 450 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
The couplers need to be made resistant to diffusion (non-diffusible) so that they will not move between the layers of the film and thus cause incorrect color rendition as the couplers are specific to either cyan, magenta or yellow colors. This is done by making couplers with a ballast group such as a lipophilic group (... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 493 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Examples of Color films are Kodachrome, often processed using the K-14 process, Kodacolor, Ektachrome, which is often processed using the E-6 process and Fujifilm Superia, which is processed using the C-41 process. The chemicals and the color dye couplers on the film may vary depending on the process used to develop th... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 488 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Instant photography, as popularized by Polaroid, uses a special type of camera and film that automates and integrates development, without the need of further equipment or chemicals. This process is carried out immediately after exposure, as opposed to regular film, which is developed afterwards and requires additional... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 498 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Film has a number of disadvantages as a scientific detector: it is difficult to calibrate for photometry, it is not re-usable, it requires careful handling (including temperature and humidity control) for best calibration, and the film must physically be returned to the laboratory and processed. Against this, photograp... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 429 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
In the 1980s, Kodak developed DX Encoding (from Digital indeX), or DX coding, a feature that was eventually adapted by all camera and film manufacturers. DX encoding provides information on both the film cassette and on the film regarding the type of film, number of exposures, speed (ISO/ASA rating) of the film. It con... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 486 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Although cellulose acetate or "safety film" had been introduced by Kodak in 1908, at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film, which had the advantages of being considerably tougher, slightly more transparent, and cheaper. The changeover was completed for X-ray film... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 491 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
In 1894, the Lumière Brothers introduced their Lumière Panchromatic plate, which was made sensitive, although very unequally, to all colors including red. New and improved sensitizing dyes were developed, and in 1902 the much more evenly color-sensitive Perchromo panchromatic plate was being sold by the German manufact... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 401 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
The first practical and commercially successful color "film" was the Lumière Autochrome, a glass plate product introduced in 1907. It was expensive and not sensitive enough for hand-held "snapshot" use. Film-based versions were introduced in the early 1930s and the sensitivity was later improved. These were "mosaic scr... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 512 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Effect on lens and equipment design
Photographic lenses and equipment are designed around the film to be used. Although the earliest photographic materials were sensitive only to the blue-violet end of the spectrum, partially color-corrected achromatic lenses were normally used, so that when the photographer brought t... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 459 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
The initial take up of digital cameras in the 1990s was slow due to their high cost and relatively low resolution of the images (compared to 35mm film), but began to make inroads among consumers in the point and shoot market and in professional applications such as sports photography where speed of results including th... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 181 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Film camera sales based on CIPA figures peaked in 1998, before declining rapidly after 2000 to reach almost zero by the end of 2005 as consumers switched en masse to digital cameras (sales of which subsequently peaked in 2010). These changes foretold a similar reduction in film sales. Figures for Fujifilm show global ... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 385 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Renewed interest in recent years
Despite the fact that digital cameras are by far the most commonly-used photographic tool and that the selection of available photographic films is much smaller than it once was, sales of photographic film have been on a steady upward trend. Kodak (which was under bankruptcy protection... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 439 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
Kodak announced on January 5, 2017, that Ektachrome, one of Kodak's most well known transparency films that had been discontinued between 2012 and 2013, would be reformulated and manufactured once again, in 35 mm still and Super 8 motion picture film formats. Following the success of the release, Kodak expanded Ektachr... | Photographic film | Wikipedia | 447 | 21556842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film | Technology | Optical instruments | null |
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a species in the order Lepidoptera and one of the species of the fall armyworm moths distinguished by their larval life stage. The term "armyworm" can refer to several species, often describing the large-scale invasive behavior of the species' larval stage. It is regarded as... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 467 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Introduced range
The potential global distribution of S. frugiperda has been modelled using CLIMEX. The modelled global potential distribution reflects the marked seasonal range dynamics experienced in North America, with much of the potential range in Europe, South Africa, China and Australia consisting of habitat tha... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 502 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Oceania
In January 2020 S. frugiperda was detected on the Torres Strait Islands, in February in North Queensland, and then continued into the rest of Queensland, and the Northern Territory, Western Australia, and then in September was found in New South Wales between Moree and Boggabilla (and later in Narrabri, Wee Wa... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 423 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Cannibalism
When possible, larvae will cannibalize the larvae of smaller instars. A 1999 study showed that cannibalism only benefits the caterpillar when other food is scarce. Despite this, the caterpillars will cannibalize others whenever they can, even though it was found to decrease their own fitness in many cases.... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 474 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Migration
Adults are capable of flying long distances, so even though they are unable to overwinter north of the southern region of the United States, the moths can migrate as far north as southern Canada in warm months. Their migration rate is remarkably fast, estimated at per generation. Some scientists speculate t... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 421 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Fungi
In February 2021, it was reported that an Australian agronomist Georgia Rodger had found at a property near Beaudesert (southern Queensland) the tropical fungus Nomuraea rileyi which was known to be effective in killing and consuming fall armyworms. Samples of this were sent to Maree Crawford, the insect pathol... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 512 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Pest of crop plants
Because of their food preferences, fall armyworm larvae can wreak havoc on a wide range of crops. The first historical account of the fall armyworm's destruction was in 1797 in Georgia. Destruction can happen almost over night, because the first stages of a caterpillar's life require very little fo... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 494 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
In December 2018, heavy infestations in corn cultivation were identified. The spread of the moth leads to attack corn all around the country within weeks. On 6 January 2019, caterpillars spread to the Monaragala district and devastated corn crops. At the end of January 2019, the armyworm was present in all districts of... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 500 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
CIMMYT and its partners are using forward genetics to breed for better S. frugiperda resistance in maize. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are the most effective method for associating S. f. resistance to the responsible genomic region, especially used in maize/corn but also wheat, sorghum, millet, rice, and legu... | Fall armyworm | Wikipedia | 220 | 21561194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20armyworm | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
The lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), also known as the likh or kharmore, is the smallest in the bustard family and the only member of the genus Sypheotides. It is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent where it is found in tall grasslands and is best known for the leaping breeding displays made by the males during th... | Lesser florican | Wikipedia | 452 | 3907049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser%20florican | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Animals |
The horizontal body carriage, size and habit of holding up their tail feathers when walking on the ground have led their local names to make associations with peacocks, with a popular name being the equivalent of "grass peacock" (such as khar-mor, tan-mor) in some areas. the name Likh is used in northwestern India and ... | Lesser florican | Wikipedia | 462 | 3907049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser%20florican | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Animals |
Behaviour and ecology
These bustards are found either singly or in pairs in thick grassland or sometimes in crop fields. Indigenous tribal hunters regularly shot the males during the breeding season, as they were easy to spot because of their courtship display. It was said to be good for eating but considered inferior ... | Lesser florican | Wikipedia | 475 | 3907049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser%20florican | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Animals |
The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE (), is a horse breed from the Iberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years. The Andalusian has been recognized as a distinct breed since the 15th century, and its conformation has changed very little over the centuries. Throughout i... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 387 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
The Andalusian is closely related to the Lusitano of Portugal, and has been used to develop many other breeds, especially in Europe and the Americas. Breeds with Andalusian ancestry include many of the warmbloods in Europe as well as western hemisphere breeds such as the Azteca. Over its centuries of development, the A... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 433 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
There are two additional characteristics unique to the Carthusian strain, believed to trace back to the strain's foundation stallion Esclavo. The first is warts under the tail, a trait which Esclavo passed to his offspring, and a trait which some breeders felt was necessary to prove that a horse was a member of the Esc... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 396 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
The movement of Andalusian horses is extended, elevated, cadenced and harmonious, with a balance of roundness and forward movement. Poor elevation, irregular tempo, and excessive winging (sideways movement of the legs from the knee down) are discouraged by breed registry standards. Andalusians are known for their agili... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 437 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
Throughout history, the Iberian breeds have been influenced by many different peoples and cultures who occupied Spain, including the Celts, the Carthaginians, the Romans, various Germanic tribes and the Arabs. The Iberian horse was identified as a talented war horse as early as 450 BCE. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 228 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
The Carthusians bred powerful, weight-bearing horses in Andalusia for the Crown of Castile, using the finest Spanish Jennets as foundation bloodstock. These horses were a blend of Jennet and warmblood breeding, taller and more powerfully built than the original Jennet. By the 15th century, the Andalusian had become a d... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 300 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
Spanish horses also were spread widely as a tool of diplomacy by the government of Spain, which granted both horses and export rights to favored citizens and to other royalty. As early as the 15th century, the Spanish horse was widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean, and was known in northern European countrie... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 442 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
Despite their ancient history, all living Andalusians trace to a small number of horses bred by religious orders in the 18th and 19th centuries. An influx of heavy horse blood beginning in the 16th century, resulted in the dilution of many of the bloodlines; only those protected by selective breeding remained intact to... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 420 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
Andalusians only began to be exported from Spain in 1962. The first Andalusians were imported into Australia in 1971, and in 1973 the Andalusian Horse Association of Australasia was formed for the registration of these Andalusians and their offspring. Strict quarantine guidelines prohibited the importation of new Andal... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 305 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
Strains and sub-types
The Carthusian Andalusian or Cartujano is generally considered the purest Andalusian strain, and has one of the oldest recorded pedigree lines in the world. The pure sub-type is rare, as only around 12 percent of the Andalusian horses registered between the founding of the stud book in the 19th ce... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 252 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
The Carthusian line was established in the early 18th century when two Spanish brothers, Andrés and Diego Zamora, purchased a stallion named El Soldado and bred him to two mares. The mares were descended from mares purchased by the Spanish king and placed at Aranjuez, one of the oldest horse breeding farms in Spain. On... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 404 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
Because of the influence of the later Habsburg families, who ruled in both Spain and other nations of Europe, the Andalusian was crossbred with horses of Central Europe and the Low Countries and thus was closely related to many breeds that developed, including the Neapolitan horse, Groningen, Lipizzaner and Kladruber. ... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 377 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
The Andalusian horse has been known historically as the Iberian Saddle Horse, Iberian War Horse, Spanish Horse, Portuguese, Peninsular, Extremeño, Villanos, Zapata, Zamoranos, Castilian, and Jennet. The Portuguese name refers to what is now the Lusitano, while the Peninsular, Iberian Saddle Horse and Iberian War Horse ... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 458 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
In Australasia, the Australasia Andalusian Association registers Andalusians (which the registry considers an interchangeable term for PRE), Australian Andalusians, and partbred Andalusians. They share responsibility for the Purebred Iberian Horse (an Andalusian/Lusitano cross) with the Lusitano Association of Australa... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 490 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
, there is a lawsuit in progress to determine the legal holder of the PRE stud book. The Unión de Criadores de Caballos Españoles (UCCE or Union of Spanish Horse Breeders) has brought a case to the highest European Union courts in Brussels, charging that the Ministry of Spain's transfer of the original PRE Libro de Ori... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 463 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
From the beginning of their history, Andalusians have been used for both riding and driving. Among the first horses used for classical dressage, they still compete in international competition in dressage today. At the 2002 World Equestrian Games, two Andalusians were on the bronze medal-winning Spanish dressage team, ... | Andalusian horse | Wikipedia | 427 | 23046498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian%20horse | Biology and health sciences | Horses | null |
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.
Reservoirs are broadly c... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 486 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
More than 65,000 oil fields are scattered around the globe, on land and offshore. The largest are the Ghawar Field in Saudi Arabia and the Burgan Field in Kuwait, with more than 66 to 104 billion barrels estimated in each. In the modern age, the location of oil fields with proven oil reserves is a key underlying facto... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 484 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
Formation
Crude oil is found in all oil reservoirs formed in the Earth's crust from the remains of once-living things. Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and pressure changed the remains of microscopic plants and animals into oil and natural gas.
Roy Nurmi, an interpretation adviser for Schlumberger oi... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 466 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
Petroleum geologists broadly classify traps into three categories that are based on their geological characteristics: the structural trap, the stratigraphic trap, and the far less common hydrodynamic trap. The trapping mechanisms for many petroleum reservoirs have characteristics from several categories and can be know... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 482 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
A hydraulic seal occurs in rocks that have a significantly higher displacement pressure such that the pressure required for tension fracturing is actually lower than the pressure required for fluid displacement—for example, in evaporites or very tight shales. The rock will fracture when the pore pressure is greater tha... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 445 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
The next step is to use information from appraisal wells to estimate the porosity of the rock. The porosity of an oil field, or the percentage of the total volume that contains fluids rather than solid rock, is 20–35% or less. It can give information on the actual capacity. Laboratory testing can determine the characte... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 491 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
Drive mechanisms
A virgin reservoir may be under sufficient pressure to push hydrocarbons to the surface. As the fluids are produced, the pressure will often decline, and production will falter. The reservoir may respond to the withdrawal of fluid in a way that tends to maintain the pressure. Artificial drive methods ... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 409 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
Gas cap drive
In reservoirs already having a gas cap (the virgin pressure is already below bubble point), the gas cap expands with the depletion of the reservoir, pushing down on the liquid sections applying extra pressure. This is present in the reservoir if there is more gas than can be dissolved in the reservoir. T... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 436 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
The water may be present in an aquifer (but rarely one replenished with surface water). This water gradually replaces the volume of oil and gas that is produced out of the well, given that the production rate is equivalent to the aquifer activity. That is, the aquifer is being replenished from some natural water influx... | Petroleum reservoir | Wikipedia | 290 | 2910801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20reservoir | Technology | Fuel | null |
Chalicotheriidae (from Greek chalix, "gravel" and therion, "beast") is an extinct family of herbivorous, odd-toed ungulate (perissodactyl) mammals that lived in North America, Eurasia, and Africa from the Middle Eocene to the Early Pleistocene. They are often called chalicotheres, a term which is also applied to the br... | Chalicotheriidae | Wikipedia | 459 | 2911772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalicotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Unlike modern perissodactyls, chalicotheres had clawed feet. They had, lower incisors that cropped food against a toothless pad in the upper jaw, low-crowned molar teeth, and were browsers on trees and shrubs throughout their history. They evolved in two different directions, which became separate subfamilies, the Sch... | Chalicotheriidae | Wikipedia | 457 | 2911772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalicotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Chalicothere fossils are uncommon even in areas where other taxa of similar size are well-preserved, which suggests they were mostly solitary animals, and unlike horses, rhinos, and brontotheres, never evolved species that lived in herds. Only two species of chalicothere are known from complete skeletons, the schizothe... | Chalicotheriidae | Wikipedia | 475 | 2911772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalicotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Never common animals, the chalicotheres declined from the late Neogene onwards, disappearing from North America and Europe by end of the Miocene. The youngest chalicotheres are the chalicotheriines Hesperotherium from the Early Pleistocene of China, Nestoritherium from the Early Pleistocene of Myanmar, as well as the s... | Chalicotheriidae | Wikipedia | 101 | 2911772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalicotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Pouteria sapota, the mamey sapote, is a species of tree native to Mexico and Central America. The tree is also cultivated in the Caribbean. Its fruit is eaten in many Latin American countries. The fruit is made into foods such as milkshakes and ice cream.
Some of its names in Latin American countries, such as (Cuba)... | Pouteria sapota | Wikipedia | 481 | 2915941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouteria%20sapota | Biology and health sciences | Tropical and tropical-like fruit | Plants |
Uses
The fruit is eaten raw or made into milkshakes, smoothies, ice cream, and fruit bars. It can be used to produce marmalade and jelly. It can also be fried like bacon. Some beauty products use oil pressed from the seed, otherwise known as sapayul oil.
Nutrition
The fruit is an excellent source of vitamins B6 and C... | Pouteria sapota | Wikipedia | 119 | 2915941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouteria%20sapota | Biology and health sciences | Tropical and tropical-like fruit | Plants |
Around 1,300 species of freshwater crabs are distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, divided among eight families. They show direct development and maternal care of a small number of offspring, in contrast to marine crabs, which release thousands of planktonic larvae. This limits the dispersal abilities of f... | Freshwater crab | Wikipedia | 502 | 33183231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20crab | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
The external morphology of freshwater crabs varies very little, so the form of the gonopod (first abdominal appendage, modified for insemination) is of critical importance for classification. Development of freshwater crabs is characteristically direct, where the eggs hatch as juveniles, with the larval stages passing ... | Freshwater crab | Wikipedia | 490 | 33183231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20crab | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
'Yukon Gold' is a large cultivar of potato most distinctly characterized by its thin, smooth, eye-free skin and yellow-tinged flesh. This potato was developed in the 1960s by Garnet ("Gary") Johnston in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, with the help of Geoff Rowberry at the University of Guelph. The official cross bred strain ... | Yukon Gold potato | Wikipedia | 440 | 5264689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon%20Gold%20potato | Biology and health sciences | Root vegetables | Plants |
The early name for the new cultivar was "Yukon", for the Yukon River involved in the Klondike Gold Rush in Northern Canada. Charlie Bishop, or Walter Shy according to some sources, suggested adding "Gold" to describe the colour and appearance. "It was a revolutionary concept ... He was a pioneer. He [Johnston] had the ... | Yukon Gold potato | Wikipedia | 316 | 5264689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon%20Gold%20potato | Biology and health sciences | Root vegetables | Plants |
The altostratus undulatus is a type of altostratus cloud with signature undulations within it. These undulations may be visible (usually as "wavy bases"), but frequently they are indiscernible to the naked eye. These formations will generally appear in the early stages of destabilizing return flows, especially over the... | Altostratus undulatus cloud | Wikipedia | 139 | 5269284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altostratus%20undulatus%20cloud | Physical sciences | Clouds | Earth science |
Port Hedland is one of the largest iron ore loading ports in the world and the largest in Australia. In 2022, it had the largest bulk cargo throughput in Australia. With the neighbouring ports of Port Walcott and Dampier, Port Hedland is one of three major iron ore exporting ports in the Pilbara region of Western Austr... | Port of Port Hedland | Wikipedia | 496 | 38662000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Port%20Hedland | Technology | Specific piers and ports | null |
The tugboat pen, customs office and public jetty are at nearby Laurentius Point. The harbour's wharves are located on both sides of the harbour – Finucane Island to the west and Port Hedland to the east.
Geography
The points are key references to the port and its composition. Mangrove and Laurentius points are already... | Port of Port Hedland | Wikipedia | 291 | 38662000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Port%20Hedland | Technology | Specific piers and ports | null |
Lime is a color that is a shade of yellow-green, so named because it is a representation of the color of the citrus fruit called limes. It is the color that is in between the web color chartreuse and yellow on the color wheel. Alternate names for this color included yellow-green, lemon-lime, lime green, or bitter lime.... | Lime (color) | Wikipedia | 495 | 1446187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime%20%28color%29 | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
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