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The color French lime is the shade of lime called "lime" in the Pourpre.com color list, a color list widely popular in France.
Web color "lime" (X11 Green)
The web color named "lime", in the CSS color scheme maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), has the identical normalized color coordinates as the color... | Lime (color) | Wikipedia | 209 | 1446187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime%20%28color%29 | Physical sciences | Colors | Physics |
The Key lime or acid lime (Citrus × aurantiifolia or C. aurantifolia) is a citrus hybrid (C. hystrix × C. medica) native to tropical Southeast Asia. It has a spherical fruit, in diameter. The Key lime is usually picked while it is still green, but it becomes yellow when ripe.
The Key lime has thinner rind and is smal... | Key lime | Wikipedia | 458 | 1447448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20lime | Biology and health sciences | Citrus fruits | Plants |
The Key lime has given rise to several other lime varieties. The best known, the triploid progeny of a Key lime-lemon cross, is the Persian lime (Citrus × latifolia), the most widely produced lime, globally. Others are, like their parent, classed within C. aurantiifolia. Backcrossing with citron has produced a distinc... | Key lime | Wikipedia | 460 | 1447448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20lime | Biology and health sciences | Citrus fruits | Plants |
There are various approaches to the cultivation of Key limes. This variety of citrus can be propagated from seed and will grow true to the parent. The seeds must be kept moist until they can be planted, as they will not germinate if allowed to dry out. If the plants are propagated from seed, the seeds should be stored... | Key lime | Wikipedia | 384 | 1447448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20lime | Biology and health sciences | Citrus fruits | Plants |
The method of cultivation greatly affects the size and quality of the harvest. Trees cultivated from seedlings take 4–8 years before producing a harvest. They attain their maximal yield at about 10 years of age. Trees produced from cuttings and air layering bear fruit much sooner, sometimes producing fruit (though not ... | Key lime | Wikipedia | 483 | 1447448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20lime | Biology and health sciences | Citrus fruits | Plants |
The Kerr–Newman metric describes the spacetime geometry around a mass which is electrically charged and rotating. It is a vacuum solution which generalizes the Kerr metric (which describes an uncharged, rotating mass) by additionally taking into account the energy of an electromagnetic field, making it the most general... | Kerr–Newman metric | Wikipedia | 460 | 1447904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%20metric | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Non-rotating (J = 0)
! Rotating (J ∈ )
|-
! Uncharged (Q = 0)
| Schwarzschild
| Kerr
|-
! Charged (Q ∈ )
| Reissner–Nordström
| Kerr-Newman
|-
|}
where Q represents the body's electric charge and J represents its spin angular momentum.
Overview of the solution
Newman's result rep... | Kerr–Newman metric | Wikipedia | 503 | 1447904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%20metric | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
The Kerr–Newman metric defines a black hole with an event horizon only when the combined charge and angular momentum are sufficiently small:
An electron's angular momentum J and charge Q (suitably specified in geometrized units) both exceed its mass M, in which case the metric has no event horizon. Thus, there can be ... | Kerr–Newman metric | Wikipedia | 450 | 1447904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%20metric | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
the Kerr metric as the charge Q goes to zero;
the Reissner–Nordström metric as the angular momentum J (or a = ) goes to zero;
the Schwarzschild metric as both the charge Q and the angular momentum J (or a) are taken to zero; and
Minkowski space if the mass M, the charge Q, and the rotational parameter a are all zer... | Kerr–Newman metric | Wikipedia | 463 | 1447904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%20metric | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Notice that k is a unit vector. Here M is the constant mass of the spinning object, Q is the constant charge of the spinning object, η is the Minkowski metric, and a = J/M is a constant rotational parameter of the spinning object. It is understood that the vector is directed along the positive z-axis, i.e. . The qu... | Kerr–Newman metric | Wikipedia | 431 | 1447904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%20metric | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
In order to electrically charge and/or spin a neutral and static body, energy has to be applied to the system. Due to the mass–energy equivalence, this energy also has a mass-equivalent; therefore M is always higher than Mirr. If for example the rotational energy of a black hole is extracted via the Penrose processes, ... | Kerr–Newman metric | Wikipedia | 303 | 1447904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%20metric | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride. It is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications.
Synthesis, structure, reactions
NaBr crystallizes in the same cubic motif as NaCl, NaF and NaI. The anhydrous... | Sodium bromide | Wikipedia | 419 | 1448322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20bromide | Physical sciences | Halide salts | Chemistry |
Petroleum industry
Because of its high solubility in water (943.2 g/L or 9.16 mol/L, at 25 °C) sodium bromide is used to prepare dense drilling fluids used in oil wells to compensate a possible overpressure arising in the fluid column and to counteract the associated trend to blow out. The presence of the sodium cation... | Sodium bromide | Wikipedia | 164 | 1448322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20bromide | Physical sciences | Halide salts | Chemistry |
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Laplacian matrix, also called the graph Laplacian, admittance matrix, Kirchhoff matrix or discrete Laplacian, is a matrix representation of a graph. Named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, the graph Laplacian matrix can be viewed as a matrix form of the negative discrete Laplace... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 495 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
We observe for the undirected graph that both the adjacency matrix and the Laplacian matrix are symmetric, and that row- and column-sums of the Laplacian matrix are all zeros (which directly implies that the Laplacian matrix is singular).
For directed graphs, either the indegree or outdegree might be used, depending o... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 508 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Symmetrically normalized Laplacian
The symmetrically normalized Laplacian matrix is defined as:
where is the Moore–Penrose inverse.
The elements of are thus given by
The symmetrically normalized Laplacian matrix is symmetric if and only if the adjacency matrix is symmetric.
For a non-symmetric adjacency matr... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 502 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Laplacian matrix
The Laplacian matrix is defined by
where D is the degree matrix and A is the adjacency matrix of the graph.
For directed graphs, either the indegree or outdegree might be used, depending on the application, as in the following example:
Graph self-loops, manifesting themselves by non-zero entries... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 431 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
where the zero and one entries of are treated as numerical, rather than logical as for simple graphs, values, explaining the difference in the results - for simple graphs, the symmetrized graph still needs to be simple with its symmetrized adjacency matrix having only logical, not numerical values, e.g., the logical s... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 486 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
The symmetric normalized Laplacian matrix can be also written as
using the weightless incidence matrix B and the diagonal matrix W containing the edge weights and defining the new weighted incidence matrix whose rows are indexed by the vertices and whose columns are indexed by the edges of G such that each colum... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 467 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Negative weights
Negative weights present several challenges for normalization:
The presence of negative weights may naturally result in zero row- and/or column-sums for non-isolated vertices. A vertex with a large row-sum of positive weights and equally negatively large row-sum of negative weights, together summing u... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 212 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
L is symmetric.
L is positive-semidefinite (that is for all ). This can be seen from the fact that the Laplacian is symmetric and diagonally dominant.
L is an M-matrix (its off-diagonal entries are nonpositive, yet the real parts of its eigenvalues are nonnegative).
Every row sum and column sum of L is zero. Indeed... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 472 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
i.e., is similar to the normalized Laplacian . For this reason, even if is in general not symmetric, it has real eigenvalues — exactly the same as the eigenvalues of the normalized symmetric Laplacian .
Interpretation as the discrete Laplace operator approximating the continuous Laplacian
The graph Laplacian matrix... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 492 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
which encode the edge direction into the phase in the complex plane.
In the context of quantum physics, the magnetic Laplacian can be interpreted as the operator that describes the phenomenology of a free charged particle on a graph, which is subject to the action of a magnetic field and the parameter is called elect... | Laplacian matrix | Wikipedia | 424 | 1448472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume v... | Activity coefficient | Wikipedia | 458 | 1449031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity%20coefficient | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Chemistry |
The above definition of the activity coefficient is impractical if the compound does not exist as a pure liquid. This is often the case for electrolytes or biochemical compounds. In such cases, a different definition is used that considers infinite dilution as the ideal state:
with
and
The symbol has been used here... | Activity coefficient | Wikipedia | 478 | 1449031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity%20coefficient | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Chemistry |
The prevailing view that single ion activity coefficients are unmeasurable independently, or perhaps even physically meaningless, has its roots in the work of Guggenheim in the late 1920s. However, chemists have never been able to give up the idea of single ion activities, and by implication single ion activity coeffic... | Activity coefficient | Wikipedia | 424 | 1449031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity%20coefficient | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Chemistry |
The rise in activity coefficients found with most aqueous strong electrolyte systems can be explained more plausibly by increasing electrostatic repulsions between ions of the same charge which are forced together as the available space between them decreases. In this way, the initial attractions between cations and an... | Activity coefficient | Wikipedia | 461 | 1449031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity%20coefficient | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Chemistry |
This simple model predicts activities of many species (dissolved undissociated gases such as CO2, H2S, NH3, undissociated acids and bases) to high ionic strengths (up to 5 mol/kg). The value of the constant b for CO2 is 0.11 at 10 °C and 0.20 at 330 °C.
For water as solvent, the activity aw can be calculated using:
w... | Activity coefficient | Wikipedia | 471 | 1449031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity%20coefficient | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Chemistry |
where [S] denotes the concentration of S, etc. In practice equilibrium constants are determined in a medium such that the quotient of activity coefficients is constant and can be ignored, leading to the usual expression
which applies under the conditions that the activity quotient has a particular (constant) value. | Activity coefficient | Wikipedia | 62 | 1449031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity%20coefficient | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Chemistry |
In the mathematical field of algebraic graph theory, the degree matrix of an undirected graph is a diagonal matrix which contains information about the degree of each vertex—that is, the number of edges attached to each vertex. It is used together with the adjacency matrix to construct the Laplacian matrix of a graph: ... | Degree matrix | Wikipedia | 277 | 1449175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree%20matrix | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Plotopteridae is an extinct family of flightless seabirds with uncertain placement, generally considered as member of order Suliformes. They exhibited remarkable convergent evolution with the penguins, particularly with the now extinct giant penguins. That they lived in the North Pacific, the other side of the world fr... | Plotopteridae | Wikipedia | 429 | 1449823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotopteridae | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric birds | Animals |
The earliest known member of the family, Phocavis maritimus lived in the late Eocene, but most of the known species lived during Oligocene time, becoming extinct in the early to mid-Miocene. That they became extinct at the same time as the giant penguins of the Southern Hemisphere, which also coincided with the radiati... | Plotopteridae | Wikipedia | 103 | 1449823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotopteridae | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric birds | Animals |
In infectious disease ecology and epidemiology, a natural reservoir, also known as a disease reservoir or a reservoir of infection, is the population of organisms or the specific environment in which an infectious pathogen naturally lives and reproduces, or upon which the pathogen primarily depends for its survival. A ... | Natural reservoir | Wikipedia | 405 | 1449983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20reservoir | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Definition and terminology
The great diversity of infectious pathogens, their possible hosts, and the ways in which their hosts respond to infection has resulted in multiple definitions for "natural reservoir", many of which are conflicting or incomplete. In a 2002 conceptual exploration published in the CDC's Emergin... | Natural reservoir | Wikipedia | 415 | 1449983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20reservoir | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Animal reservoirs
Animal (non-human) reservoirs consist of domesticated and wild animals infected by pathogens. For example, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera in humans, has natural reservoirs in copepods, zooplankton, and shellfish. Parasitic blood-flukes of the genus Schistosoma, responsible for sc... | Natural reservoir | Wikipedia | 463 | 1449983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20reservoir | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Mice
White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) are one of the most important animal reservoirs for the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). Deer mice serve as reservoir hosts for Sin Nombre virus, which causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).
Monkeys
The Zika virus originated from monkeys in Africa. In ... | Natural reservoir | Wikipedia | 453 | 1449983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20reservoir | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) is transmitted by sexual contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, and anus through direct contact transmission.
Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) is transmitted by cough from the human reservoir to the susceptible host through direct droplet spread.
Indirect transmission
Indirect ... | Natural reservoir | Wikipedia | 422 | 1449983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20reservoir | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
LH Taylor found that 61% of all human pathogens are classified as zoonotic. Thus, the identification of the natural reservoirs of pathogens before zoonosis would be incredibly useful from a public health standpoint. Preventive measures can be taken to lessen the frequency of outbreaks, such as vaccinating the animal so... | Natural reservoir | Wikipedia | 239 | 1449983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20reservoir | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Sequence stratigraphy is a branch of geology, specifically a branch of stratigraphy, that attempts to discern and understand historic geology through time by subdividing and linking sedimentary deposits into unconformity bounded units on a variety of scales. The essence of the method is mapping of strata based on ident... | Sequence stratigraphy | Wikipedia | 333 | 1450081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20stratigraphy | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Historical development
The origin of sequence stratigraphy can be traced back to the work of L.L. Sloss on interregional unconformities of the North American craton. Sloss recognized six craton-wide sequences representing hundreds of millions of years of earth history. In the late 1960s Sloss had several students, not... | Sequence stratigraphy | Wikipedia | 312 | 1450081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20stratigraphy | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Sequence boundaries
Sequence boundaries are deemed the most significant surfaces. Sequence boundaries are defined as unconformities or their correlative conformities. Sequence boundaries are formed due to the sea level fall. For example, multi-story fluvial sandstone packages often infill incised valleys formed by the ... | Sequence stratigraphy | Wikipedia | 466 | 1450081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20stratigraphy | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Systems tracts
The concept of systems tracts evolved to link the contemporaneous depositional systems. Systems tracts form subdivision in a sequence. Different kinds of systems tracts are assigned on the basis of stratal stacking pattern, position in a sequence, and in the sea level curve and types of bounding surfaces... | Sequence stratigraphy | Wikipedia | 458 | 1450081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20stratigraphy | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Sea level changes over geologic time. The graph on the right illustrates two recent interpretations of sea level changes during the Phanerozoic. The modern age is depicted on the left side, labeled N for Neogene.
The blue spikes near date zero represent the sea level changes associated with the most recent glacial per... | Sequence stratigraphy | Wikipedia | 493 | 1450081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20stratigraphy | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Hundreds of similar glacial cycles have occurred throughout the Earth's history. The earth scientists who study the positions of coastal sediment deposits through time ("sequence stratigraphers") have noted dozens of similar basinward shifts of shorelines associated with a later recovery. The largest of these sedimenta... | Sequence stratigraphy | Wikipedia | 466 | 1450081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20stratigraphy | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Sequence boundaries have economic significance because these changes in sea level cause large lateral shifts in the depositional patterns of seafloor sediments. These lateral shifts in deposition create alternating layers of good reservoir quality rock (porous and permeable sands) and poorer-quality mudstones (capable ... | Sequence stratigraphy | Wikipedia | 132 | 1450081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20stratigraphy | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) or coney is a species of rabbit native to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal and Andorra) and southwestern France. It is the only extant species in the genus Oryctolagus. The European rabbit has faced a population decline in its native range due to myxomatosis, rabbit hem... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 498 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Naming and etymology
Because of its non-British origin, the species does not have native names in English or Celtic, with the usual terms "cony" and "rabbit" being foreign loanwords. "Rabbit" is also pronounced as rabbidge, rabbert (North Devon) and rappit (Cheshire and Lancashire). More archaic spellings include rabbe... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 355 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The species' dwelling place is termed a warren or cony-garth. "Warren" comes from the Old English , itself derived from the Old French , , or . The root word is the Low Latin , which originally signified a preserve in general, only to be later used to refer specifically to an enclosure set apart for rabbits and hares. ... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 380 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Genetic studies undertaken in 2008, however, indicate only two extant subspecies, O. c. algirus and O. c. cuniculus, native to the Iberian Peninsula, where most of the European rabbit's evolutionary history is centered; as of 2023, only these two subspecies are recognized. O. c. algirus and O. c. cuniculus occupy the s... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 451 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Size and weight vary according to food and habitat quality, with rabbits living on light soil with nothing but grass to feed on being noticeably smaller than specimens living on highly cultivated farmlands with plenty of roots and clover. Pure European rabbits weighing and upwards are uncommon, but are occasionally re... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 379 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The skeleton and musculature of the European rabbit, like other leporids, is suited to survival by rapid escape from predators. The hind limbs are an exaggerated feature, being much longer and capable of producing more force than the forelimbs; their growth and use is correlated to that of the rest of the rabbit's body... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 389 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The European rabbit is a gregarious animal, which lives in stable social groups centred around females and sharing access to one or more burrow systems. Social structures tend to be looser in areas where burrow construction is relatively easy. Dominance hierarchies exist in parallel for both bucks and does. Among bucks... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 418 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The gestation period of the European rabbit is 30 days, with the sex ratio of male to female kits tending to be 1:1. Greater maternal investment over male offspring may result in higher birth weights for bucks. Kits born to the dominant buck and doe—which enjoy better nesting and feeding grounds—tend to grow larger and... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 489 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Burrowing behaviour
The European rabbit's burrows occur mostly on slopes and banks, where drainage is more efficient. The burrow entrances are typically in diameter, and are easily recognisable by the bare earth at their mouths. Vegetation growth is prevented by the constant passing and repassing of the resident rabbi... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 353 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Habitat
The European rabbit's ideal habitat consists of short grasslands with secure refuge (such as burrows, boulders, hedgerows, scrub, and woodland) near feeding areas. It may dwell up to treeline, as long as the land is well-drained and shelter is available. The size and distribution of its burrow systems depend on... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 412 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Like other leporids, the European rabbit produces soft, mucus-covered faecal pellets, which are ingested directly from the anus. The soft pellets are produced posterior to the colon in the hind gut soon after the excretion of hard pellets and the stomach begins to fill with newly grazed food. The soft pellets are fille... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 381 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The European rabbit makes up 85% of the polecat's diet, and its availability is important to the success of breeding female mink. Brown rats can be a serious threat to kittens, as they will reside in rabbit burrows during the summer, and attack them in groups. Although many birds of prey are capable of killing rabbits,... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 422 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
European rabbit immunity has significantly diverged from other tetrapods in the manner in which it employs immunoglobulin light chains. In one case, McCartney-Francis (et al., 1984) discovered a unique additional disulfide bond between Cys 80 in Vκ and Cys 171 in Cκ. They suggest that this may serve to stabilise rabbit... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 468 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Like the Phoenicians, neither the later Greek nor Roman colonizers had a specific name for the rabbit, because the species wasn't native to Greece and Italy (though it is present there nowadays). They commonly called it "small hare" and "small digging hare", in contrast to the European hare, which is larger and does no... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 418 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Other locations where the European rabbit was introduced include Great Britain; two of the Hawaiian Islands (Laysan Island and Lisianski Island); Oceania's Macquarie Island; the island Ōkunoshima in Japan; Washington's Smith Island and San Juan Island (around 1900 and later spreading to the other San Juan Islands); sev... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 419 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Truly wild populations increased slowly, primarily in the coastal areas and lowland heaths of Breckland and Norfolk. There were notable population increases after 1750, when changes in agricultural practices created favourable habitats, and increasing interest in game management resulted in intensive predator control c... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 409 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Though rabbits were first introduced to Australia in 1788 with the arrival of the First Fleet, the most significant population explosion occurred later on in the 19th century. Twenty-four specimens of the European rabbit were introduced to Australia in 1859 by estate owner Thomas Austin in Victoria. Their descendants m... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 342 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
In Chile
The exact date on which the European rabbit was introduced into Chile is unknown, though the first references to it occur during the mid-18th century. By the 19th century, several authors referred to the presence of both rabbits and rabbit hutches in central Chile. The importation and breeding of rabbits was e... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 497 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The pelt of the rabbit is heavier and more durable than the hare's. Marshall calculated that the value of the skin in proportion to the carcass was greater than that of the sheep and ox. Its fur is primarily used for felting or hats. It is also dyed or clipped, and sold as imitations of more valuable furbearers, such a... | European rabbit | Wikipedia | 230 | 24556191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to the hormone's effects. Classic symptoms include polydipsia (excess... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 462 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency that occurs most commonly in type 1, but may also occur in type 2 if it has been longstanding or if the individual has significant β-cell dysfunction. Excessive production of ketone bodies leads to signs and symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, the smell of a... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 503 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Hearing loss is another long-term complication associated with diabetes.
Based on extensive data and numerous cases of gallstone disease, it appears that a causal link might exist between type 2 diabetes and gallstones. People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing gallstones compared to those without diabet... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 437 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, and a significant proportion is diagnosed during adulthood. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is the diagnostic term applied when type 1 diabetes develops in adults; it has a slower onset than the same condition in children. Given this difference, some use the unofficial ... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 490 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Adverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with neglect having the strongest effect.
Antipsychotic medication side effects (specifically metabolic abnormalities, dyslipidemia and weight gain) are also potential r... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 390 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Other types
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited form of diabetes, due to one of several single-gene mutations causing defects in insulin production. It is significantly less common than the three main types, constituting 1–2% of all cases. The name of this disease refers t... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 419 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Genetic defects of β-cell function
Maturity onset diabetes of the young
Mitochondrial DNA mutations
Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action
Defects in proinsulin conversion
Insulin gene mutations
Insulin receptor mutations
Exocrine pancreatic defects (see Type 3c diabetes, i.e. pancreatogenic dia... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 499 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, or if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin (insulin resistance), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose is not absorbed properly by the body cells that require it, and is not stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persi... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 419 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes ... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 509 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic ... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 512 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, dietary changes, and exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are reco... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 331 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Exercise has demonstrated to impact people’s lives for a better health outcome. However, fear of hypoglycemia can negatively impact exercise view on youth that have been diagnosed with diabetes. Managing insulin, carbohydrate intake, and physical activity becomes a task that drive youth away benefitting from enjoying e... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 504 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Post-exercise measurements, there was a low mean glucose level that occurred 12 to 16 hours after exercising. Although, with participants exercising for longer sessions (≥90 minutes), hypoglycemia rates were higher. With all these, participants showed well-managed glucose control by intaking proper carbohydrates amount... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 153 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Diabetes and youth
Youth dealing with diabetes face unique challenges. These can include the emotional, psychological, and social implications as a result of managing a chronic condition at such a young age. Both forms of diabetes can have long-term risks for complications like cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, a... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 477 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
When it comes to resistance training, it is found to have no significant effect on insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents, despite it having positive trends. Intervention length, training intensity, and the participants' physical maturation might explain the mixed results. Longer and higher-intensity programs... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 509 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Some severe cases of type 2 diabetes may also be treated with insulin, which is increased gradually until glucose targets are reached.
Blood pressure lowering
Cardiovascular disease is a serious complication associated with diabetes, and many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 420 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Surgery
Weight loss surgery in those with obesity and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased. There is, however, a short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery. ... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 472 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
An estimated 382 million people worldwide had diabetes in 2013 up from 108 million in 1980. Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.8% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980. Type 2 makes up about 90% of the cases. Some data indicate rates are ro... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 452 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, with an Egyptian manuscript from 1500 BCE mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The Ebers papyrus includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases. The first described cases are believed to have been type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 397 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Etymology
The word diabetes ( or ) comes from Latin , which in turn comes from Ancient Greek (), which literally means "a passer through; a siphon". Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia (fl. 1stcentury CE) used that word, with the intended meaning "excessive discharge of urine", as the name for the disease. ... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 472 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Stigma is also seen internally, as people with diabetes can also have negative beliefs about themselves. Often these cases of self-stigma are associated with higher diabetes-specific distress, lower self-efficacy, and poorer provider-patient interactions during diabetes care.
Racial and economic inequalities
Racial a... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 439 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
In animals, diabetes is most commonly encountered in dogs and cats. Middle-aged animals are most commonly affected. Female dogs are twice as likely to be affected as males, while according to some sources, male cats are more prone than females. In both species, all breeds may be affected, but some small dog breeds are ... | Diabetes | Wikipedia | 208 | 40017873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Illness and injury | null |
Rickshaw originally denoted a pulled rickshaw, which is a two- or three-wheeled cart generally pulled by one person carrying one passenger. The first known use of the term was in 1879. Over time, cycle rickshaws (also known as pedicabs or trishaws), auto rickshaws, and electric rickshaws were invented, and have replace... | Rickshaw | Wikipedia | 458 | 33192846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw | Technology | Road transport | null |
Inventor
There are many theories about the inventor, with the most likely and widely accepted theory describing the rickshaw as having been invented in Japan in 1869, by Izumi Yosuke, who formed a partnership with Suzuki Tokujiro and Takayama Kosuke to build the vehicles, having been "inspired by the horse carriages th... | Rickshaw | Wikipedia | 453 | 33192846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw | Technology | Road transport | null |
In the Late 19th century, hand-pulled rickshaws became an inexpensive, popular mode of transportation across Asia. Peasants who migrated to large Asian cities often worked first as a rickshaw runner. It was "the deadliest occupation in the East, [and] the most degrading for human beings to pursue."
Japan
Starting in ... | Rickshaw | Wikipedia | 492 | 33192846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw | Technology | Road transport | null |
20th century
After World War II, there was a major shift in the use of man-powered rickshaws:
Hand-pulled rickshaws became an embarrassment to modernizing urban elites in the Third World, and were widely banned, in part because they were symbolic, not of modernity, but of a feudal world of openly marked class distinct... | Rickshaw | Wikipedia | 430 | 33192846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw | Technology | Road transport | null |
Chiuchow men formed a faction within the Canton rickshaw pullers union in the 1920s. In addition, the Chiuchow pullers could be identified by their hats which were rounded and flat at the top; while the rival Hoklo men had a cone-shaped headgear with sharp points at the top. However, rickshaw use began to decline in th... | Rickshaw | Wikipedia | 474 | 33192846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw | Technology | Road transport | null |
The 21st century has seen a resurgence in rickshaws, particularly in motorized rickshaws and cycle rickshaws. Auto rickshaws, also called velotaxis, have resurged as they are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of regular taxis. German velotaxis are three-wheeled, powered vehicles with a space for a driver and, behind the driver... | Rickshaw | Wikipedia | 498 | 33192846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw | Technology | Road transport | null |
Australia
In Australia, cycle rickshaws or trishaws (3 wheels) are used in Melbourne and St Kilda. They are also seen in Cowaramup, Western Australia at Bakehouse '38.
Europe
Cycle rickshaws or trishaws (3 wheels) are used in some large continental European cities, such as:
Austria: Vienna
Denmark: Copenhagen and... | Rickshaw | Wikipedia | 496 | 33192846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw | Technology | Road transport | null |
a pulled rickshaw; a two-wheeled passenger cart pulled by a human runner
a cycle rickshaw, also called a pedicab
an auto rickshaw, also called a tuk-tuk, auto, mototaxi, or baby taxi
an electric rickshaw, also called e-rickshaw. | Rickshaw | Wikipedia | 63 | 33192846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw | Technology | Road transport | null |
The iPad is a brand of iOS- and iPadOS-based tablet computers that are developed and marketed by Apple. The first-generation iPad was introduced on January 27, 2010. Since then, the iPad product line has been expanded to include the smaller iPad Mini, the lighter and thinner iPad Air, and the flagship iPad Pro models. ... | IPad | Wikipedia | 424 | 25970423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
In 1993, Apple worked on the Newton MessagePad, a tablet-like personal digital assistant (PDA). John Sculley, Apple's chief executive officer, led the development. The MessagePad was poorly received for its indecipherable handwriting recognition feature and was discontinued at the direction of Jobs, who returned to App... | IPad | Wikipedia | 412 | 25970423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
A Wi-Fi-capable version was released in the United States on April 3 and a 3G-capable version was released on April 30. Apple released iPad models internationally on May 28, July 23, and September 17. The first iPad has a 1 GHz Apple A4 CPU with 256 MB of RAM and a PowerVR SGX535 GPU. It has four buttons; a home button... | IPad | Wikipedia | 471 | 25970423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The fifth generation of iPad was announced on March 21, 2017, and released on March 24. It uses an Apple A9 chip with an accompanying M9 motion coprocessor, and its cameras can capture low-light and HD-quality shots. Despite using the same Apple A9 and M9 processors as the 2015 iPhone 6S, it lacks support of the always... | IPad | Wikipedia | 465 | 25970423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The 10th-generation iPad was announced on October 18, 2022, with pre-orders starting immediately and availability set for October 26. It uses the Apple A14 Bionic chip, has a larger 10.9-inch screen, and replaces the Lightning connector with USB-C. Unlike all previous models in the iPad range, as well as the sixth-gene... | IPad | Wikipedia | 480 | 25970423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The fourth generation of iPad Mini was announced and released on September 9, 2015. It uses a dual-core Apple A8 chip with an embedded Apple M8 motion coprocessor. Its headphone jack was re-positioned with the removal of a mute switch.
The fifth generation of iPad Mini was announced and released on March 18, 2019. It ... | IPad | Wikipedia | 471 | 25970423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
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