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The traveling wave reactor proposed by TerraPower is aimed to immediately "burn" the fuel that it breeds without requiring its removal from the reactor core and its further reprocessing.
The design of some SMR reactors is based on the thorium fuel cycle, which is considered by their promotors as a way to reduce the lo... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 511 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
If higher concentrations of fissile materials subsist in the spent fuel, the critical mass needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction is also lower. As a direct consequence, the number of spent fuels present in a waste canister will also be lower and a larger number of canisters and overpacks will be necessary to avoid... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 499 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
The high diversity of SMR reactors and their respective fuel cycles may also require more diverse waste management strategy to recycle, or to safely dispose, their nuclear waste. A larger number of spent fuel types will be more difficult to manage than only one type as it is presently the case with light water reactors... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 487 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
SMRs can be designed to use unconventional fuels allowing for higher burnup and longer fuel cycles. Longer refueling intervals could contribute to decrease the proliferation risks. Once the fuel has been irradiated, the mixture of fission products and fissile materials is highly radioactive and requires special handlin... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 345 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
Licensing process
Licensing is an essential process required to guarantee the safety, security and safeguards of a new nuclear installation. Only NuScale Power's VOYGR SMR is fully licensed for use in the United States. However, not all countries follow the NRC or IAEA licensing standards. In the United States and IAE... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 472 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
To ensure adequate guidelines for the nuclear safety, while helping the licensing process, the IAEA has encouraged the creation of a central licensing system for SMRs. A workshop in October 2009 and another in June 2010 considered the topic, followed by an US congressional hearing in May 2010.
The NRC and the United S... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 486 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
When electrical energy is not needed, some SMR designs foresee the direct use of thermal energy, minimizing so the energy loss. This includes "desalination, industrial processes, hydrogen production, shale oil recovery, and district heating", uses for which the present conventional larger reactors are not designed.
Ec... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 507 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
In 2020, Energy Impact Center founder Bret Kugelmass claimed that thousands of SMRs could be built in parallel, "thus reducing costs associated with long borrowing times for prolonged construction schedules and reducing risk premiums currently linked to large projects". GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy Executive Vice Presiden... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 456 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
Siting/infrastructure
SMRs are expected to require less land, e.g., the 470 MWe 3-loop Rolls-Royce SMR reactor should take , 10% of that needed for a traditional plant. This unit is too large to meet the International Atomic Energy Agency's definition of a SMR being smaller than 300MWe and will require more on-site co... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 511 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
On 11 August 2022, Invest Alberta, the Government of Alberta's crown corporation signed a MoU with Terrestrial Energy regarding IMSR in Western Canada through an interprovincial MoU it joined earlier.
China
In July 2019, China National Nuclear Corporation announced it would build an ACP100 SMR on the north-west side ... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 477 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
Romania
On the occasion of 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, the state-owned Romanian nuclear energy company Nuclearelectrica and NuScale Power signed an agreement to build a power plant with six small-scale nuclear reactors at the Doicești power station, on the site of a former coal power plant, located ... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 465 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
United States
The US Department of Energy had estimated the first SMR in the United States would be completed by NuScale Power around 2030, but this deal has since fallen through after the customers backed out due to rising costs. The United States has plans for several modular reactors. Dominion Energy Virginia is no... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 496 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
The Galena Nuclear Power Plant in Galena, Alaska was a proposed micro nuclear reactor installation. It was a potential deployment for the Toshiba 4S reactor. The project was "effectively stalled". Toshiba never began the expensive process for approval that is required by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Althoug... | Small modular reactor | Wikipedia | 194 | 27850086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20modular%20reactor | Technology | Power generation | null |
In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is the black-body radiation.
Photons are part of a family of particles k... | Photon gas | Wikipedia | 383 | 5275240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon%20gas | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
A very important difference between a generic Bose gas (gas of massive bosons) and a photon gas with a black-body distribution is that the number of photons in the photon gas is not conserved. A photon can be created upon thermal excitation of an atom in the wall into an upper electronic state, followed by the emission... | Photon gas | Wikipedia | 429 | 5275240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon%20gas | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
Isothermal transformations
As an example of a thermodynamic process involving a photon gas, consider a cylinder with a movable piston. The interior walls of the cylinder are "black" in order that the temperature of the photons can be maintained at a particular temperature. This means that the space inside the cylinder... | Photon gas | Wikipedia | 418 | 5275240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon%20gas | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
A number of lineages of crabs have evolved to live predominantly on land. Examples of terrestrial crabs are found in the families Gecarcinidae and Gecarcinucidae, as well as in selected genera from other families, such as Sesarma, although the term "land crab" is often used to mean solely the family Gecarcinidae.
Terr... | Terrestrial crab | Wikipedia | 353 | 34693203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20crab | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
Lablab purpureus is a species of bean in the family Fabaceae. It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and India and it is cultivated throughout the tropics for food. English language common names include hyacinth bean, lablab-bean bonavist bean/pea, dolichos bean, seim or sem bean, lablab bean, Egyptian kidney bean, Indian ... | Lablab | Wikipedia | 478 | 1450654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Origin and occurrence
The exact origin of the lablab bean remains uncertain. Evidence of wild varieties in eastern and southern Africa suggests these regions as the likely source, although some theories suggest India as the origin.
Over the centuries, the lablab has been distributed all over the world. Despite its pr... | Lablab | Wikipedia | 503 | 1450654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
It is generally accepted that harvesting fodder crops at the transition between the vegetative and reproductive stages gives the best compromise between yield and quality, as after this stage they become higher in fibre and lignin content and lower in protein content, leading to reduced digestibility and acceptability ... | Lablab | Wikipedia | 470 | 1450654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Due to seed availability of one forage cultivar (cv. Rongai), it is often grown as forage for livestock and as an ornamental plant. In addition, it is cited both as a medicinal plant and a poisonous plant.
The fruit and beans are edible if boiled well with several changes of the water. Otherwise, they are toxic due to... | Lablab | Wikipedia | 459 | 1450654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
In Karnataka, the hyacinth bean is made into curry (avarekalu saaru) (), salad (avarekaalu usli), added to upma (avrekaalu uppittu), and as a flavoring to Akki rotti. Sometimes the outer peel of the seed is removed and the inner soft part is used for a variety of dishes. This form is called hitakubele avarekalu, which ... | Lablab | Wikipedia | 377 | 1450654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Food tradition in East Africa
In Kenya, the bean, known as njahe or njahi, is popular among several communities, especially the Kikuyu. Seasons were actually based on it, i.e., the Season of Njahe (Kīmera kīa njahī). It is thought to encourage lactation and has historically been the main dish for breastfeeding mothers.... | Lablab | Wikipedia | 200 | 1450654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lablab | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. Borosilicate glasses are known for having very low coefficients of thermal expansion (≈3 × 10−6 K−1 at 20 °C), making them more resistant to thermal shock than any other common glass. Such glass is subjected to ... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 511 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
In addition to quartz, sodium carbonate, and aluminium oxide traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. The composition of low-expansion borosilicate glass, such as those laboratory glasses mentioned above, is approximately 80% silica, 13% boric oxide, 4% sodium oxide or ... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 466 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
Borosilicate glass is less dense (about 2.23 g/cm3) than typical soda–lime glass due to the low atomic mass of boron. Its mean specific heat capacity at constant pressure (20–100 °C) is 0.83 J/(g⋅K), roughly one fifth of water's.
The temperature differential that borosilicate glass can withstand before fracturing is a... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 496 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
Alkaline-earth
In addition to about 75% SiO2 and 8–12% B2O3, these glasses contain up to 5% oxides of alkaline earth metal and alumina (Al2O3). This is a subtype of slightly softer glasses, which have thermal expansions in the range (4.0–5.0) × 10−6 K−1.
This is not to be confused with simple borosilicate glass-alumin... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 428 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
Additionally, borosilicate tubing is used as the feedstock for the production of parenteral drug packaging, such as vials and pre-filled syringes, as well as ampoules and dental cartridges. The chemical resistance of borosilicate glass minimizes the migration of sodium ions from the glass matrix, thus making it well su... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 468 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
New lampworking techniques led to artistic applications such as contemporary glass marbles. The modern studio glass movement has responded to color. Borosilicate is commonly used in the glassblowing form of lampworking and the artists create a range of products such as jewelry, kitchenware, sculpture, as well as for ar... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 479 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
Rapid prototyping
Borosilicate glass has become the material of choice for fused deposition modeling (FDM), or fused filament fabrication (FFF), build plates. Its low coefficient of expansion makes borosilicate glass, when used in combination with resistance-heating plates and pads, an ideal material for the heated bui... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 484 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
Borosilicate glasses are used for immobilisation and disposal of radioactive wastes. In most countries high-level radioactive waste has been incorporated into alkali borosilicate or phosphate vitreous waste forms for many years; vitrification is an established technology. Vitrification is a particularly attractive immo... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 481 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
Borosilicate nanoparticles
It was initially thought that borosilicate glass could not be formed into nanoparticles, since an unstable boron oxide precursor would prevent successful forming of these shapes. However, in 2008 a team of researchers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne were successful ... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 355 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
In 1968, English metallurgist John Burton brought his hobby of hand-mixing metallic oxides into borosilicate glass to Los Angeles. Burton began a glass workshop at Pepperdine College, with instructor Margaret Youd. A few of the students in the classes, including Suellen Fowler, discovered that a specific combination of... | Borosilicate glass | Wikipedia | 356 | 1452308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate%20glass | Technology | Materials | null |
Vigna aconitifolia is a drought-resistant legume, commonly grown in arid and semi-arid regions of India. It is commonly called mat bean, moth bean, matki or dew bean. The pods, sprouts and protein-rich seeds of this crop are commonly consumed in India. Moth bean can be grown on many soil types, and can also act as a pa... | Vigna aconitifolia | Wikipedia | 509 | 1452399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna%20aconitifolia | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Growing conditions
Moth bean, a short-day crop, is one of the most drought-resistant pulses in India. Grown at altitudes up to 1300 m above sea level, it has a wide pH range (3.5–10) and can tolerate slight salinity. While dry sandy soil is most suitable for production, moth bean can tolerate a variety of soil types. ... | Vigna aconitifolia | Wikipedia | 507 | 1452399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna%20aconitifolia | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Major pests and diseases
Moth bean is affected by mungbean yellow mosaic virus, for which silverleaf whitefly is the vector. Root rot and seedling blight from Macrophomina phaseolina also cause damage, as well as some Striga species and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. There are some resistant cultivars to these pes... | Vigna aconitifolia | Wikipedia | 479 | 1452399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna%20aconitifolia | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
The spinning frame is an Industrial Revolution invention for spinning thread or yarn from fibres such as wool or cotton in a mechanized way. It was developed in 18th-century Britain by Richard Arkwright and John Kay.
Historical context
In 1760 England, yarn production from wool, flax and cotton was still a cottage i... | Spinning frame | Wikipedia | 498 | 1454654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning%20frame | Technology | Spinning | null |
In France, Philippe Henri de Girard patented spinning frames for both the dry and wet spinning of flax. His inventions were also patented in England in 1815, in the name of Horace Hall.
Little is known about Horace Hall, it is a possible pseudonym. Undoubtedly if he had taken out his patent in England in 1815, the yea... | Spinning frame | Wikipedia | 189 | 1454654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning%20frame | Technology | Spinning | null |
A flying junction or flyover is a railway junction at which one or more diverging or converging tracks in a multiple-track route cross other tracks on the route by bridge to avoid conflict with other train movements. A more technical term is "grade-separated junction". A burrowing junction or dive-under occurs where th... | Flying junction | Wikipedia | 468 | 1454895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20junction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
Columbia station in New Westminster, BC – Expo Line branches for King George (top) and Production Way–University (bottom)
Bridgeport station in Richmond, BC – Canada Line branches for YVR–Airport and Richmond–Brighouse
Denmark
Hvidovre, Copenhagen ()
Junction of M1 and M2 lines on the Copenhagen Metro
Lunderskov (... | Flying junction | Wikipedia | 503 | 1454895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20junction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
United Kingdom
Pelaw Junction where both the Tyne and Wear Metro green line to South Hylton joins the Durham Coast Line and yellow line continues to South Shields – both diverging on the bridge itself
Springhead Junction on the North Kent Line
Southfleet Junction on the HS1
Norton Bridge Junction near Stone, Sta... | Flying junction | Wikipedia | 210 | 1454895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20junction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
Northeast U.S. (Amtrak)
Along the New York–Washington section of the Northeast Corridor, and on the Philadelphia–Harrisburg section of the Keystone Corridor. Both converge at Zoo Junction near 30th Street Station in Philadelphia. All were built by the former Pennsylvania Railroad and are now maintained by Amtrak.
Bo... | Flying junction | Wikipedia | 480 | 1454895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20junction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
On the Regional Transportation District in Denver between the Southeast Corridor and the I-225 Corridor: the Southeast Corridor is on the west side of I-25 and the I-225 Corridor is in the median of I-225. The grade separations of the junction are woven into the grade separations of the interchange between the two high... | Flying junction | Wikipedia | 418 | 1454895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20junction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
All main-line connections on the Washington Metro – adjacent to the Pepco power plant on Benning Road (near the Stadium-Armory station) is a large three-track structure with a turnback pocket where the Blue, Silver and Orange Lines meet. This would have been part of the Oklahoma Avenue station, had it been built. Sou... | Flying junction | Wikipedia | 134 | 1454895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20junction | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
In graph theory, a part of discrete mathematics, the BEST theorem gives a product formula for the number of Eulerian circuits in directed (oriented) graphs. The name is an acronym of the names of people who discovered it: N. G. de Bruijn, Tatyana Ehrenfest, Cedric Smith and W. T. Tutte.
Precise statement
Let G = (V... | BEST theorem | Wikipedia | 440 | 1455603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEST%20theorem | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Ligia is a genus of isopods, commonly known as rock lice or sea slaters. Most Ligia species live in tidal zone cliffs and rocky beaches, but there are several fully terrestrial species which occur in high-humidity environments.
Ecology
Coastal Ligia species exhibit a mixture of terrestrial and marine characteristics,... | Ligia | Wikipedia | 254 | 33198793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligia | Biology and health sciences | Malacostraca | Animals |
Ligia australiensis – Australian slater, Australia, including Tasmania and Lord Howe Island
Ligia baudiniana – east and west coasts of the Americas
Ligia boninensis – Bonin Islands, Japan
Ligia cajennensis – French Guiana
Ligia cinerascens – Hokkaido and northern Honshu, Japan, and the Kuril Islands
Ligia cursor – Chi... | Ligia | Wikipedia | 505 | 33198793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligia | Biology and health sciences | Malacostraca | Animals |
Ligia rolliensis – Oahu, Hawai'i
Ligia rugosa – southeastern Polynesia
Ligia ryukyuensis – Japan
Ligia saipanensi – Saipan Island, Micronesia
Ligia simoni – Northern Venezuela and northern Colombia
Ligia taiwanensis – Taiwan
Ligia vitiensis – Sulawesi, Singapore, New Guinea, Melanesia, Polynesia, and possibly introduce... | Ligia | Wikipedia | 97 | 33198793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligia | Biology and health sciences | Malacostraca | Animals |
Pollicipes pollicipes, known as the goose neck barnacle, goose barnacle or leaf barnacle is a species of goose barnacle, also well known under the taxonomic synonym Pollicipes cornucopia. It is closely related to Pollicipes polymerus, a species with the same common names, but found on the Pacific coast of North America... | Pollicipes pollicipes | Wikipedia | 501 | 21580073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollicipes%20pollicipes | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
The pharynx (: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea (the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs respectively). It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though its structure varies across species. The pharynx carries food to the esophagus... | Pharynx | Wikipedia | 500 | 21581881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube ... | Pharynx | Wikipedia | 507 | 21581881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
Laryngopharynx
The laryngopharynx, (Latin: pars laryngea pharyngis), also known as hypopharynx, is the caudal part of the pharynx; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (laryngea... | Pharynx | Wikipedia | 511 | 21581881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
Pharyngeal cancer
Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and/or throat.
Waldeyer's tonsillar ring
Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx. Waldeyer's ring circumscribes the naso- and oropharynx, with some o... | Pharynx | Wikipedia | 445 | 21581881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
Pharyngeal arches
Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus. Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxi and hemic... | Pharynx | Wikipedia | 341 | 21581881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx | Biology and health sciences | Gastrointestinal tract | Biology |
In acoustics, a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, perceived as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two frequencies.
With tuning instruments that can produce sustained tones, beats can be readily recognized. Tuning two tones to a unison ... | Beat (acoustics) | Wikipedia | 480 | 2101485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat%20%28acoustics%29 | Physical sciences | Waves | Physics |
Monaural beats are combined into one sound before they actually reach the human ear, as opposed to formulated in part by the brain itself, which occurs with a binaural beat.
This means that monaural beats can be used effectively via either headphones or speakers. It also means that those without two ears can listen to... | Beat (acoustics) | Wikipedia | 467 | 2101485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat%20%28acoustics%29 | Physical sciences | Waves | Physics |
The composer Alvin Lucier has written many pieces that feature interference beats as their main focus. Italian composer Giacinto Scelsi, whose style is grounded on microtonal oscillations of unisons, extensively explored the textural effects of interference beats, particularly in his late works such as the violin solos... | Beat (acoustics) | Wikipedia | 260 | 2101485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat%20%28acoustics%29 | Physical sciences | Waves | Physics |
Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly sodium chloride). On the United States Geological Survey (USGS) salinity scale, saline water is saltier than brackish water, but less salty than brine. The salt concentration is usually expressed in p... | Saline water | Wikipedia | 495 | 2101553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline%20water | Physical sciences | Water: General | Earth science |
A rockslide is a type of landslide caused by rock failure in which part of the bedding plane of failure passes through compacted rock and material collapses en masse and not in individual blocks. Note that a rockslide is similar to an avalanche because they are both slides of debris that can bury a piece of land. While... | Rockslide | Wikipedia | 494 | 2102802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockslide | Physical sciences | Geomorphology: General | Earth science |
Amongst these erosional properties, water is arguably the most effective geologic agent that causes mass-wasting events to occur. Water aids in the downslope movement of surface material by adding weight to the soil and by filling pores which tends to push apart individual grains, decreasing the resistance of the mater... | Rockslide | Wikipedia | 440 | 2102802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockslide | Physical sciences | Geomorphology: General | Earth science |
Bradymetabolism refers to organisms with a high active metabolism and a considerably slower resting metabolism. Bradymetabolic animals can often undergo dramatic changes in metabolic speed, according to food availability and temperature. Many bradymetabolic creatures in deserts and in areas that experience extreme wint... | Bradymetabolism | Wikipedia | 190 | 2105550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradymetabolism | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
In jawed vertebrates, the mandible (from the Latin mandibula, 'for chewing'), lower jaw, or jawbone is a bone that makes up the lowerand typically more mobilecomponent of the mouth (the upper jaw being known as the maxilla).
The jawbone is the skull's only movable, posable bone, sharing joints with the cranium's tempo... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 355 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The body of the mandible is curved, and the front part gives structure to the chin. It has two surfaces and two borders. From the outside, the mandible is marked in the midline by a faint ridge, indicating the mandibular symphysis, the line of junction of the two halves of the mandible. This ridge divides below and enc... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 487 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Borders
The superior or alveolar border, wider behind than in front, is hollowed into cavities, for the reception of the teeth; these cavities are sixteen in number and vary in depth and size according to the teeth which they contain. To the outer lip of the superior border, on either side, the buccinator is attached... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 462 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Borders
The lower border of the ramus is thick, straight, and continuous with the inferior border of the body of the bone. At its junction with the posterior border is the angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted and is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the mass... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 461 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Nerves
The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), a branch of the mandibular nerve (itself a major division of the cranium's trigeminal nerve), enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal, supplying sensation to the gums and teeth. Before passing through the mental foramen, the nerve divides into tw... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 428 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The mandible of vertebrates evolved from Meckel's cartilage, left and right segments of cartilage which supported the anterior branchial arch in early fish. Fish jaws surface in species of the large arthrodire genus Dunkleosteus (), which crushed prey with their quickly articulating mouths. The lower jaw of cartilagino... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 369 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Most vertebrates exhibit a simpler scheme, as bones have either fused or vanished. In teleosts, only the dentary, articular, and angular bones remain, while in living amphibians, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in salamanders, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single c... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 430 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
About the sixth week of fetal life, intramembranous ossification takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel's cartilage, and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen. By the tenth week, the portion of Meckel's cartilage which li... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 372 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
After birth, the two segments of the bone become joined at the symphysis, from below upward, in the first year; but a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning of the second year, near the alveolar margin. The body becomes elongated in its whole length, but more especially behind the mental foramen, to provid... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 476 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Clinical significance
The posterior of the mandible is notoriously resistant to the full effects of local anesthesia. The IAN provides sensory innervation to much of the mandible and its teeth, making it a target of block anesthesia. Injecting the nerve is challenging due to the amount of surrounding soft tissue. Amer... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 453 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The surgical removal (resection) of all or part of the jawbone is known as a mandibulectomy. The removal of a small portion is known as partial mandibulectomy and a larger portion segmental mandibulectomy. This can be performed in response to cancer (i.e. tumor removal), infection, injury, or osteonecrosis. The removed... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 497 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
As early as 1900, the phrase jaw-dropping was used as an adjective to describe a condition of shock in humans, e.g. when someone's mouth suddenly hangs agape in response to something. The exaggerated visual gag of a jaw dropping to the floor was a trademark of American animation director Tex Avery, who would often empl... | Mandible | Wikipedia | 238 | 30681089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The yellow-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis platurus) is an extremely venomous species of snake from the subfamily Hydrophiinae (the sea snakes) found in tropical oceanic waters around the world except for the Atlantic Ocean. For many years, it was placed in the monotypic genus Pelamis, but recent molecular evidence indi... | Yellow-bellied sea snake | Wikipedia | 489 | 30683135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied%20sea%20snake | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Evolution
Sea snakes are a monophyletic group (Hydrophiinae) that diverged from the front-fanged Australasian venomous snakes (Elapidae) about 10 million years ago. The yellow-bellied sea snake is a part of the rapidly radiating Hydrophis group.
Description
The yellow-bellied sea snake, as the name implies, has a dist... | Yellow-bellied sea snake | Wikipedia | 270 | 30683135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied%20sea%20snake | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Morphology
The body of this snake is compressed, with the posterior less than half the diameter of the neck; the body scales are juxtaposed, subquadrangular in shape, and in 23–47 rows around the thickest part of the body; ventral scales, 264–406 in number, are very small and, if distinct, divided by a latitudinal
gro... | Yellow-bellied sea snake | Wikipedia | 488 | 30683135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied%20sea%20snake | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
The yellow-bellied sea snake requires a minimum of to survive, long-term. However, the species has been reported in colder waters of the Pacific, such as the coasts of southern California, Mexico, Tasmania, and New Zealand, the latter being a country that would otherwise be free of snakes were it not for the infrequen... | Yellow-bellied sea snake | Wikipedia | 432 | 30683135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied%20sea%20snake | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
The yellow-bellied sea snake has also been found in the Colombian Caribbean four separate times, making it the only sea snake to be found in the Caribbean Sea. However these occurrences are believed to be the result of human activity, be it ship discharge, intentional release or via the Panama Canal, as it is not consi... | Yellow-bellied sea snake | Wikipedia | 474 | 30683135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied%20sea%20snake | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Venom
The venom of this species is highly potent, like that of other sea snakes. Bites are rare and the most common victims are fishermen who try to get them out of fishing nets. The subcutaneous of the venom is 0.067 mg/kg and the venom yield per bite is 1.0–4.0 mg. Yellow-bellied sea snake venom contains several dif... | Yellow-bellied sea snake | Wikipedia | 432 | 30683135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied%20sea%20snake | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Quercus oblongifolia, commonly known as the Mexican blue oak, Arizona blue oak, Blue live oak or Sonoran blue oak, is an evergreen small tree or large shrub in the white oak group.
Distribution
Quercus oblongifolia grows in high grasslands, canyons and mesas in southwestern United States (Texas, Arizona and New Mexico... | Quercus oblongifolia | Wikipedia | 497 | 30688796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus%20oblongifolia | Biology and health sciences | Fagales | Plants |
Mexican blue oak "Quercus oblongifolia" popularity in landscaping has been increasing in California with many plantings at Apple Park and other Bay area plantings. The fast growth and beautiful blue foliage makes selections from trees in Arizona the best for cultivation. | Quercus oblongifolia | Wikipedia | 50 | 30688796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus%20oblongifolia | Biology and health sciences | Fagales | Plants |
In biogeochemistry, remineralisation (or remineralization) refers to the breakdown or transformation of organic matter (those molecules derived from a biological source) into its simplest inorganic forms. These transformations form a crucial link within ecosystems as they are responsible for liberating the energy store... | Remineralisation | Wikipedia | 492 | 3919387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remineralisation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
The above generic equation starts with two reactants: some piece of organic matter (composed of organic carbon) and an oxidant. Most organic carbon exists in a reduced form which is then oxidized by the oxidant (such as ) into and energy that can be harnessed by the organism. This process generally produces , water an... | Remineralisation | Wikipedia | 504 | 3919387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remineralisation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
A quarter of all organic material that exits the photic zone makes it to the seafloor without being remineralised and 90% of that remaining material is remineralised in sediments itself. Once in the sediment, organic remineralisation may occur through a variety of reactions. The following reactions are the primary ways... | Remineralisation | Wikipedia | 512 | 3919387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remineralisation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
What fraction does escape varies depending on the location of interest. For example, in the North Sea, values of carbon deposition are ~1% of primary production while that value is <0.5% in the open oceans on average. Therefore, most of nutrients remain in the water column, recycled by the biota. Heterotrophic organis... | Remineralisation | Wikipedia | 314 | 3919387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remineralisation | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
A binary pulsar is a pulsar with a binary companion, often a white dwarf or neutron star. (In at least one case, the double pulsar PSR J0737-3039, the companion neutron star is another pulsar as well.) Binary pulsars are one of the few objects which allow physicists to test general relativity because of the strong gra... | Binary pulsar | Wikipedia | 413 | 3925077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20pulsar | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
The study of the PSR B1913+16 binary pulsar also led to the first accurate determination of neutron star masses, using relativistic timing effects. When the two bodies are in close proximity, the gravitational field is stronger, the passage of time is slowed – and the time between pulses (or ticks) is lengthened. Then ... | Binary pulsar | Wikipedia | 498 | 3925077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20pulsar | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
An (IMBP) is a pulsar-white dwarf binary system with a relatively long spin period of around 10–200 ms consisting of a white dwarf with a relatively high mass of approximately
The spin periods, magnetic field strengths, and orbital eccentricities of IMBPs are significantly larger than those of low mass binary pulsar... | Binary pulsar | Wikipedia | 473 | 3925077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20pulsar | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Pulsars also create a "wind" of relativistically outflowing particles, which in the case of binary pulsars can blow away the magnetosphere of their companions and have a dramatic effect on the pulse emission. | Binary pulsar | Wikipedia | 47 | 3925077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20pulsar | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Enumerative combinatorics is an area of combinatorics that deals with the number of ways that certain patterns can be formed. Two examples of this type of problem are counting combinations and counting permutations. More generally, given an infinite collection of finite sets Si indexed by the natural numbers, enumerat... | Enumerative combinatorics | Wikipedia | 505 | 3925533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerative%20combinatorics | Mathematics | Combinatorics | null |
Pairs
For two combinatorial families as above the Cartesian product (pair) of the two families () has generating function F(x)G(x).
Sequences
A (finite) sequence generalizes the idea of the pair as defined above. Sequences are arbitrary Cartesian products of a combinatorial object with itself. Formally:
To put the ab... | Enumerative combinatorics | Wikipedia | 454 | 3925533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerative%20combinatorics | Mathematics | Combinatorics | null |
Note: The notation [xn] f(x) refers to the coefficient of xn in f(x).
The series expansion of the square root is based on Newton's generalization of the binomial theorem. To get from the fourth to fifth line manipulations using the generalized binomial coefficient is needed.
The expression on the last line is equal to... | Enumerative combinatorics | Wikipedia | 94 | 3925533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerative%20combinatorics | Mathematics | Combinatorics | null |
Forensic geophysics is a branch of forensic science and is the study, the search, the localization and the mapping of buried objects or elements beneath the soil or the water, using geophysics tools for legal purposes. There are various geophysical techniques for forensic investigations in which the targets are buried ... | Forensic geophysics | Wikipedia | 448 | 34713249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20geophysics | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Ground-penetrating radar (or GPR) has a typical maximum depth below ground level (bgl) of 10 m, depending upon the antennae frequencies used, typically 50 MHz to 1.2 Gz. The higher the frequency the smaller the object that can be resolved but also penetration depths decrease, so operators need to think carefully when c... | Forensic geophysics | Wikipedia | 441 | 34713249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20geophysics | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Controlled research
There has been recent efforts to undertake research over known buried and below-water surface simulated forensic targets in order to gain an insight into optimum search technique(s) and/or equipment configuration(s). Most commonly, this involved the burial porcine cadavers and long-term monitoring f... | Forensic geophysics | Wikipedia | 124 | 34713249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20geophysics | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
Ponte Sant'Angelo, originally the Aelian Bridge or Pons Aelius, is a Roman bridge in Rome, Italy, completed in 134 AD by Roman Emperor Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus), to span the Tiber from the city centre to his newly constructed mausoleum, now the towering Castel Sant'Angelo. The bridge is faced with travertine m... | Ponte Sant'Angelo | Wikipedia | 359 | 2922492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte%20Sant%27Angelo | Technology | Bridges | null |
In 1535, Pope Clement VII allocated the toll income of the bridge to erecting the statues of the apostles Saint Peter (holding a book, with the pedestal inscription Rione XIV) by Lorenzetto, and Saint Paul (holding a broken sword and a book, with the pedestal inscription Borgo) by Paolo Romano to which subsequently the... | Ponte Sant'Angelo | Wikipedia | 364 | 2922492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte%20Sant%27Angelo | Technology | Bridges | null |
The electromagnetic wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a medium or in a vacuum. It is a three-dimensional form of the wave equation. The homogeneous form of the equation, written in terms of either the electric field or the mag... | Electromagnetic wave equation | Wikipedia | 499 | 2924436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20wave%20equation | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
These relativistic equations can be written in contravariant form as
where the electromagnetic four-potential is
with the Lorenz gauge condition:
and where
is the d'Alembert operator.
Homogeneous wave equation in curved spacetime
The electromagnetic wave equation is modified in two ways, the derivative is replace... | Electromagnetic wave equation | Wikipedia | 486 | 2924436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20wave%20equation | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
These solutions represent planar waves traveling in the direction of the normal vector . If we define the direction as the direction of , and the direction as the direction of , then by Faraday's Law the magnetic field lies in the direction and is related to the electric field by the relation
Because the divergenc... | Electromagnetic wave equation | Wikipedia | 511 | 2924436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20wave%20equation | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
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