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A maar is a broad, low-relief volcanic crater caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption (an explosion which occurs when groundwater comes into contact with hot lava or magma). A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake, which may also be called a maar.
Maars range in size from acro... | Maar | Wikipedia | 447 | 956656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar | Physical sciences | Volcanic landforms | Earth science |
A dry maar results when a maar lake dries out, becomes aggraded or silted up. An example of the latter is the Eckfelder Maar. Near Steffeln is the Eichholzmaar (also called the Gussweiher) which has dried out during the last century and is being renaturalised into a maar. In some cases the underlying rock is so porous ... | Maar | Wikipedia | 315 | 956656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar | Physical sciences | Volcanic landforms | Earth science |
Maars occur in western North America, Patagonia in South America, the Eifel region of Germany (where they were originally described), and in other geologically young volcanic regions of Earth. Elsewhere in Europe, La Vestide du Pal, a maar in the Ardèche department of France, is easily visible from the ground or air. K... | Maar | Wikipedia | 424 | 956656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar | Physical sciences | Volcanic landforms | Earth science |
In the Eifel and Volcanic Eifel there are numerous dry maars:
Mosbrucher Weiher (4 km SE of Kelberg)
Booser Doppelmaar (W of Boos; near Kelberg)
Dreiser Weiher (W of Dreis-Brück, N of Daun)
Dürres Maar (SW of Gillenfeld)
Duppacher Weiher (near Duppach, NW of Gerolstein)
Geeser Maar (E of Gerolstein, N of Gees)
E... | Maar | Wikipedia | 508 | 956656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar | Physical sciences | Volcanic landforms | Earth science |
Maars outside the Eifel
In Germany there are also several maars outside of the Eifel. A well-known example is the Messel pit, a former maar lake near Messel in the county of Darmstadt-Dieburg and which is known for its well preserved fossils. In addition in the Swabian Jura and the Albvorland (the Swabian Volcano) the... | Maar | Wikipedia | 454 | 956656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar | Physical sciences | Volcanic landforms | Earth science |
In Central Mexico, the Tarascan volcanic field contains several maars in the states of Michoacán and Guanajuato. In Nicaragua is the maar of Laguna de Xiloa, part of the Apoyeque volcano. From South America, there are known maars in Chile (e.g. Cerro Overo and Cerro Tujle in northern Chile). Jayu Khota is a maar in Bol... | Maar | Wikipedia | 498 | 956656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar | Physical sciences | Volcanic landforms | Earth science |
A stopwatch is a timepiece designed to measure the amount of time that elapses between its activation and deactivation.
A large digital version of a stopwatch designed for viewing at a distance, as in a sports stadium, is called a stop clock. In manual timing, the clock is started and stopped by a person pressing a bu... | Stopwatch | Wikipedia | 452 | 956704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopwatch | Technology | Clocks | null |
The stopwatch function is also present as an additional function of many electronic devices such as wristwatches, cell phones, portable music players, and computers.
Humans are prone to make mistakes every time they use one. Normally, humans will take about 180–200 milliseconds to detect and respond to visual stimulus.... | Stopwatch | Wikipedia | 323 | 956704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopwatch | Technology | Clocks | null |
Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu among others, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of in... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 403 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
Oseltamivir is used for the prevention and treatment of influenza caused by influenza A and B viruses. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The WHO supports its use for severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill people who have been hospital... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 421 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
A systematic review of systematic reviews in PLoS One did not find evidence for benefits in people who are at risk, noting that "the trials were not designed or powered to give results regarding serious complications, hospitalization and mortality", as did a 2014 Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Review further recommended... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 453 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
Two 2013 meta-analyses have concluded that benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not outweigh its risks. When the analysis was restricted to people with confirmed infection, the same 2014 Cochrane Review (see above) found unclear evidence of change in the risk of complications such as pneumonia, while three ot... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 490 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with oseltamivir therapy (occurring in over 1 percent of people) include nausea and vomiting. In adults, oseltamivir increased the risk of nausea for which the number needed to harm was 28 and for vomiting was 22. So, for every 22 adult people on oseltamivir one experienc... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 467 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
The vast majority of mutations conferring resistance are single amino acid residue substitutions (His274Tyr in N1) in the neuraminidase enzyme. A 2011 meta-analysis of 15 studies found a pooled incidence rate for oseltamivir resistance of 2.6%. Subgroup analyses detected higher rates among influenza A patients, especia... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 481 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
Seasonal flu
From 2009 to 2014, oseltamivir resistance was very low in seasonal flu. In the 2010–11 flu season, 99.1% of H1N1, 99.8% of H3N, and 100% of Influenza B remained oseltamivir susceptible in the US. In January 2012, the US and European CDCs reported all seasonal flu samples tested since October 2011 to be os... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 466 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
Oseltamivir was discovered by scientists at Gilead Sciences using shikimic acid as a starting point for synthesis; shikimic acid was originally available only as an extract of Chinese star anise; but by 2006, 30% of the supply was manufactured recombinantly in E. coli. Gilead exclusively licensed their relevant patents... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 483 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
In 2009, a new A/H1N1 influenza virus was discovered to be spreading in North America. In June 2009, the WHO declared the A/H1N1 influenza a pandemic. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the CDC, the WHO, and the ECDC maintained their recommendation to use oseltamivir.
From 2010 to 2012, Coch... | Oseltamivir | Wikipedia | 301 | 957081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir | Biology and health sciences | Antiviral drugs | Health |
The Mil Mi-8 (, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) in the 1960s and introduced into the Soviet Air Force in 1968. Russian production of the aircraft model still continues as of 2024. In addition to its most common r... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 396 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
During an official visit to the United States in September 1959, Nikita Khrushchev took a flight in the S-58 presidential helicopter for the first time and was reportedly extremely impressed. On Khrushchev's return, he ordered the creation of a similar helicopter, which was to be ready for the return visit by the Ameri... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 444 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
The Soviet military originally showed little interest in the Mi-8 until the Bell UH-1's involvement in the Vietnam War became widely publicised as a great asset to the United States, allowing troops to move swiftly in and out of a battlefield and throughout the country. It was only then that the Soviet military rushed ... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 491 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
After their Border Guard service, the helicopters were transferred to the civil register, but shortly thereafter to the Finnish Air Force. In 1997 it was decided that all helicopters, including the remaining five Mi-8Ts and two Mi-8Ps, should be transferred to the Army Wing at Utti. All Mi-8s have now been retired. One... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 464 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
On 26 August 2014, a UTair Aviation owned Mi-8 working for the United Nations crashed as it approached a landing airstrip near Bentiu. Three of the Russian crew members died and one was injured. Rebel commander Peter Gadet claimed that his forces brought it down using a rocket-propelled grenade.
Soviet Union
The Mi-8 ... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 393 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
The Ukrainian Armed Forces used Mi-8MSB along with Mi-24s in operations against separatists in Eastern Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War. On 29 May 2014, a Ukrainian National Guard Mi-8 was brought down by Russian separatist forces in Donbas using a MANPADS near Slavyansk with 12 personnel, including an Army gener... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 492 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
The Yugoslav Air Force took delivery of 24 Mi-8T (Hip C) transport helicopters between May 1968 and May 1969 to equip two squadrons of the newly formed 119th transport regiment from Niš military airport, each squadron with 12 helicopters. Subsequently, from 1973 to the early 1980s, Yugoslavia purchased more Mi-8T helic... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 504 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
On the other side, Mi-8 helicopters were also used as main air transport. The Croatian National Guard obtained its first on 23 September 1991, near Petrinja, when a Yugoslav Air Force Mi-8 made an emergency landing after being damaged by small-arms fire. A further 6 Mi-8T and 18 Mi-8MTV-1 helicopters were bought from e... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 501 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
As of mid-2020, the Serbian Air Force, the successor of the Federal Yugoslav Air Force, operates a small amount of Mi-8T which are now being replaced by Mi-17 helicopters. There are 13 Mi-17 in the Serbian air force currently. They are in the 138th Mixed-Transport-Aviation Squadron of 204th Air Base and 119th Combined-... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 380 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
Prototypes/experimental/low production rate
V-8 (NATO – Hip-A)
The original single-engined prototype.
V-8A
A twin-engined prototype, featuring TV2-117 turboshaft engines, the prototype underwent further modifications during its life.
V-8AT
Prototype of the Mi-8T utility version.
Mi-8 (NATO – Hip-B)
Twin-engined... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 417 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
Command and electronic warfare
Mi-8IV (NATO – Hip-G, a.k.a. Mi-9)
Airborne command post version fitted with "Ivolga" system, characterized by antennas, and Doppler radar on tail boom.
Mi-8PP (NATO – Hip-K)
Airborne jamming platform with "Polye" (field) system. From 1980, the type was fitted with the new "Akatsiya" ... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 263 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
Mi-8AD
Minelaying version with four VSM-1 dispensers.
Mi-8AV
Minelaying version with VMR-1 or −2 system for 64 or 200 anti-tank mines.
Mi-8BT
Mine-clearing version.
Mi-8MB "Bissektrisa"
Military ambulance version.
Mi-8R (a.k.a. Mi-8GR)
Tactical reconnaissance version with Elint system "Grebeshok-5".
Mi-8K
Ar... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 332 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
Mi-8T (NATO – Hip-C)
Civilian and military utility transport version, with accommodation for 24 passengers, fitted with tip-up seats along the cabin walls, circular cabin windows and large rear clamshell doors with a sloping hinge line. The Mi-8T is powered by two Klimov TV2-117A turboshaft engines, giving the helico... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 355 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
Accidents and incidents
On 1 November 1974, a Mil Mi-8T helicopter collided with a Antonov An-2 in Surgut, Soviet Union, killing all 24 people on the helicopter and all 14 people on the Antonov An-2.
On 18 September 1981, a Mil Mi-8T helicopter collided with a Yakovlev Yak-40 east of Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky, Russia, kil... | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 500 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
On 28 September 2024, a Mil Mi-8 MTV-1 helicopter crashed in Waziristan, Pakistan, killing 6 occupants out of the 15 onboard. | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 33 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
Operators
(leased from SkyLink Aviation)
: 5
* (captured).
Former operators
Specifications (Mi-8MT) | Mil Mi-8 | Wikipedia | 24 | 957233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%20Mi-8 | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
Cyclobutane is a cycloalkane and organic compound with the formula (CH2)4. Cyclobutane is a colourless gas and is commercially available as a liquefied gas. Derivatives of cyclobutane are called cyclobutanes. Cyclobutane itself is of no commercial or biological significance, but more complex derivatives are important i... | Cyclobutane | Wikipedia | 384 | 957663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobutane | Physical sciences | Aliphatic hydrocarbons | Chemistry |
Cyclobutane photo dimers (CPD) are formed by photochemical reactions that result in the coupling of the C=C double bonds of pyrimidines. Thymine dimers (T-T dimers) formed in between two thymines are the most abundant of the CPDs. CPDs are readily repaired by nucleotide excision repair enzymes. In most organisms, they... | Cyclobutane | Wikipedia | 254 | 957663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobutane | Physical sciences | Aliphatic hydrocarbons | Chemistry |
Cardboard is a generic term for heavy paper-based products. The construction can range from a thick paper known as paperboard to corrugated fiberboard which is made of multiple plies of material. Natural cardboards can range from grey to light brown in color, depending on the specific product; dyes, pigments, printing,... | Cardboard | Wikipedia | 368 | 30696992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard | Technology | Materials | null |
Paperboard is a paper-based material, usually more than about ten mils () thick. It is often used for folding cartons, set-up boxes, carded packaging, etc. Configurations of paperboard include:
Containerboard, used in the production of corrugated fiberboard.
Folding boxboard, comprising multiple layers of chemical an... | Cardboard | Wikipedia | 357 | 30696992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard | Technology | Materials | null |
History
The material had been first made in France, in 1751, by a pupil of Réaumur, and was used to reinforce playing cards.
The term cardboard has been used since at least 1848, when Anne Brontë mentioned it in her novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. The Kellogg brothers first used paperboard cartons to hold their flak... | Cardboard | Wikipedia | 184 | 30696992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard | Technology | Materials | null |
A marine habitat is a habitat that supports marine life. Marine life depends in some way on the saltwater that is in the sea (the term marine comes from the Latin mare, meaning sea or ocean). A habitat is an ecological or environmental area inhabited by one or more living species. The marine environment supports many ... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 412 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The presence of seawater is common to all marine habitats. Beyond that many other things determine whether a marine area makes a good habitat and the type of habitat it makes. For example:
temperature – is affected by geographical latitude, ocean currents, weather, the discharge of rivers, and by the presence of hydro... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 421 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Marine habitats can be broadly divided into pelagic and demersal habitats. Pelagic habitats are the habitats of the open water column, away from the bottom of the ocean. Demersal habitats are the habitats that are near or on the bottom of the ocean. An organism living in a pelagic habitat is said to be a pelagic organi... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 475 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Ocean currents can be generated by differences in the density of the water. How dense water is depends on how saline or warm it is. If water contains differences in salt content or temperature, then the different densities will initiate a current. Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relatio... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 506 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy; the larger the wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves. Sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is moved along the coastline by the waves. Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amou... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 454 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
As a result, coastal marine life is the most abundant in the world. It is found in tidal pools, fjords and estuaries, near sandy shores and rocky coastlines, around coral reefs and on or above the continental shelf. Coastal fish include small forage fish as well as the larger predator fish that feed on them. Forage fis... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 449 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Sandy shores, also called beaches, are coastal shorelines where sand accumulates. Waves and currents shift the sand, continually building and eroding the shoreline. Longshore currents flow parallel to the beaches, making waves break obliquely on the sand. These currents transport large amounts of sand along coasts, for... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 510 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Competition can develop for the rocky spaces. For example, barnacles can compete successfully on open intertidal rock faces to the point where the rock surface is covered with them. Barnacles resist desiccation and grip well to exposed rock faces. However, in the crevices of the same rocks, the inhabitants are differen... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 448 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of sali... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 504 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They form some of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds. Kelp forests occur worldwide throughout temperate and polar coastal oceans.
Kelp forests provide a unique three-dimensional habita... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 426 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The environmental factors necessary for kelp to survive include hard substrate (usually rock), high nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus), and light (minimum annual irradiance dose > 50 E m−2). Especially productive kelp forests tend to be associated with areas of significant oceanographic upwelling, a process that de... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 488 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Seagrasses are ecosystem engineers in the sense that they partly create their own habitat. The leaves slow down water-currents increasing sedimentation, and the seagrass roots and rhizomes stabilize the seabed. Their importance to associated species is mainly due to provision of shelter (through their three-dimensional... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 511 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Surface microlayer
The surface microlayer of the ocean serves as the transitional area between the atmosphere and the ocean. It covers around 70% of the Earth's surface as it covers most of the ocean waters on the planet. The microlayer is known for its unique biological and chemical properties which give it a small ec... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 444 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Epipelagic zone
The surface waters are sunlit. The waters down to about 200 metres are said to be in the epipelagic zone. Enough sunlight enters the epipelagic zone to allow photosynthesis by phytoplankton. The epipelagic zone is usually low in nutrients. This partially because the organic debris produced in the zone, ... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 501 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The deep sea starts at the aphotic zone, the point where sunlight loses most of its energy in the water. Many life forms that live at these depths have the ability to create their own light a unique evolution known as bio-luminescence.
In the deep ocean, the waters extend far below the epipelagic zone, and support ver... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 467 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Ray finned species, with spiny fins, are rare among deep sea fishes, which suggests that deep sea fish are ancient and so well adapted to their environment that invasions by more modern fishes have been unsuccessful. The few ray fins that do exist are mainly in the Beryciformes and Lampriformes, which are also ancient ... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 341 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Mudflats are typically important regions for wildlife, supporting a large population, although levels of biodiversity are not particularly high. They are of particular importance to migratory birds as well as crabs, shrimp, and shellfish. These areas along the coast act as a nursery for these animals by providing an ar... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 376 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
There are also negative anthropogenic impacts on deep sea habitats, including trash pollution and chemical pollution. Plastic pollution in particular, is one of the greatest forms of uncontrolled human activity that is visible in our oceans today. Researchers in the Northwestern south China Sea recorded large plastic-d... | Marine habitat | Wikipedia | 159 | 29171632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20habitat | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Heterothermy or heterothermia (from Greek ἕτερος heteros "other" and θέρμη thermē "heat") is a physiological term for animals that vary between self-regulating their body temperature, and allowing the surrounding environment to affect it. In other words, they exhibit characteristics of both poikilothermy and homeotherm... | Heterothermy | Wikipedia | 485 | 2107349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterothermy | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Regional heterothermy
Regional heterothermy describes organisms that are able to maintain different temperature "zones" in different regions of the body. This usually occurs in the limbs, and is made possible through the use of counter-current heat exchangers, such as the rete mirabile found in tuna and certain birds. ... | Heterothermy | Wikipedia | 265 | 2107349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterothermy | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
Pearlfish are marine fish in the ray-finned fish family Carapidae. Pearlfishes inhabit the tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans at depths to , along oceanic shelves and slopes. They are slender, elongated fish with no scales, translucent bodies, and dorsal fin rays which are shorter than their a... | Pearlfish | Wikipedia | 382 | 2108090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlfish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Dolomedes is a genus of large spiders of the family Dolomedidae. They are also known as fishing spiders, raft spiders, dock spiders or wharf spiders. Almost all Dolomedes species are semiaquatic, with the exception of the tree-dwelling D. albineus of the southeastern United States. Many species have a striking pale st... | Dolomedes | Wikipedia | 440 | 2109865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomedes | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Identification
If any of this species are seen without context, one may confuse them with the family Lycosidae, otherwise known as wolf spiders. They can be differentiated from wolf spiders by their smaller posterior median eyes, and eye arrangement of eight eyes in two rows as opposed to three rows. If this is insuff... | Dolomedes | Wikipedia | 492 | 2109865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomedes | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Fishing spiders' main prey is aquatic insects, but they are opportunistic feeders and will eat anything suitable that happens within range. Dolomedes in North America have been observed catching and eating small goldfish.
Predators
The main predators of fishing spiders are birds and snakes. Dragonflies have also been... | Dolomedes | Wikipedia | 244 | 2109865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomedes | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Dolomedes actaeon Pocock, 1903 – Cameroon
Dolomedes albicomus L. Koch, 1867 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
Dolomedes albicoxus Bertkau, 1880 – Brazil
Dolomedes albineus Hentz, 1845 – USA
Dolomedes alexandri Raven & Hebron, 2018 – Australia (Capital Territory, Victoria)
Dolomedes angolensis (Roewer, 1955) – ... | Dolomedes | Wikipedia | 509 | 2109865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomedes | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Dolomedes guamuhaya Alayón, 2003 – Cuba
Dolomedes holti Carico, 1973 – Mexico
Dolomedes horishanus Kishida, 1936 – Taiwan, Japan
Dolomedes instabilis L. Koch, 1876 – Australia, Papua New Guinea
Dolomedes intermedius Giebel, 1863 – Colombia
Dolomedes japonicus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Japan
Dolomedes kal... | Dolomedes | Wikipedia | 502 | 2109865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomedes | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Dolomedes raptor Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Russia, China, Korea, Japan
Dolomedes raptoroides Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2004 – China
Dolomedes saganus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Taiwan, Japan
Dolomedes schauinslandi Simon, 1899 – New Zealand
Dolomedes scriptus Hentz, 1845 – USA, Canada
Dolomedes senilis Simon, 1880 – R... | Dolomedes | Wikipedia | 478 | 2109865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomedes | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Distribution
The approximately 100 species of Dolomedes have a worldwide distribution. The largest number of species are found in Asia, with particularly high species diversity in South-east Asia, from China and Japan to New Guinea. The second largest number of species occur in tropical Africa. South America has only f... | Dolomedes | Wikipedia | 469 | 2109865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomedes | Biology and health sciences | Spiders | Animals |
Stari Most (), also known as Mostar Bridge, is a rebuilt 16th-century Ottoman bridge in the city of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It crosses the river Neretva and connects the two parts of the city, which is named after the bridge keepers (mostari) who guarded the Stari Most during the Ottoman era. During the Croat... | Stari Most | Wikipedia | 422 | 2110211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari%20Most | Technology | Bridges | null |
As Mostar's economic and administrative importance grew with the growing presence of Ottoman rule, the precarious wooden suspension bridge over the Neretva gorge required replacement. The old bridge on the river "...was made of wood and hung on chains," wrote the Ottoman geographer Katip Çelebi, and it "...swayed so mu... | Stari Most | Wikipedia | 493 | 2110211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari%20Most | Technology | Bridges | null |
The first temporary bridge on the traces of the Old Bridge was open on 30 December 1993; built in only three days by Spanish military engineers assigned to the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) mission. The temporary structure was subsequently upgraded three times, to eventually link the shores with a more sec... | Stari Most | Wikipedia | 440 | 2110211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari%20Most | Technology | Bridges | null |
Stari Most diving is a traditional annual competition in diving organized every year in mid summer (end of July). It is traditional for the young men of the town to leap from the bridge into the Neretva. As the Neretva is very cold, this is a risky feat and requires skill and training, though according to TripAdvisor, ... | Stari Most | Wikipedia | 268 | 2110211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari%20Most | Technology | Bridges | null |
Nannostomus (from the Greek nanos = small, and the Latin stomus = relating to the mouth) is a genus of fish belonging to the characin family Lebiasinidae. All of the species in this genus are known as pencil fish, a popular name that was initially only applied to two species in the 1920s, Nannostomus unifasciatus and N... | Pencil fish | Wikipedia | 448 | 2110720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Species
The 20 currently recognized species in this genus are:
Nannostomus anduzei Fernández & S. H. Weitzman, 1987
Nannostomus beckfordi Günther, 1872 (golden pencil fish)
Nannostomus bifasciatus Hoedeman, 1954 (two-lined pencil fish, whiteside pencil fish)
Nannostomus britskii S. H. Weitzman, 1978 (spot stripe pe... | Pencil fish | Wikipedia | 426 | 2110720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Most species are slender, pencil-shaped fish ranging in size from under ). N. marginatus, N. rubrocaudatus, and N. mortenthaleri possess shortened, blockier outlines reminiscent of pencil stubs. All but one species, Nannostomus espei, possess one to five horizontal black or brown stripes with gold or silver iridescence... | Pencil fish | Wikipedia | 378 | 2110720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Distribution
The genus as a whole has a vast distribution in South America, from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guyanas in the north, to the southern Amazon basin and Bolivia in the south, to Peru in the west, and Belém, Brazil, in the east. Several of the individual species have a distribution nearly as vast. As a resul... | Pencil fish | Wikipedia | 150 | 2110720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
In the aquarium
To date, only two species, N. beckfordi and N. harrisoni, have been commercially raised for the aquarium trade in fisheries, mostly in Asia. All of the remaining species that find their way to home aquaria are wild-caught from South American waters. Nannostomus species thrive in home aquaria when provid... | Pencil fish | Wikipedia | 365 | 2110720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil%20fish | Biology and health sciences | Characiformes | Animals |
Earthquake engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and analyzes structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Its overall goal is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake (or seismic) engineer aims to construct structures that will not be... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 508 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Seismic performance assessment
Engineers need to know the quantified level of the actual or anticipated seismic performance associated with the direct damage to an individual building subject to a specified ground shaking.
Such an assessment may be performed either experimentally or analytically.
Experimental assessm... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 510 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
The capabilities of the structural analysis software are a major consideration in the above process as they restrict the possible component models, the analysis methods available and, most importantly, the numerical robustness. The latter becomes a major consideration for structures that venture into the non-linear ran... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 484 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
The NEES network features 14 geographically distributed, shared-use laboratories that support several types of experimental work: geotechnical centrifuge research, shake-table tests, large-scale structural testing, tsunami wave basin experiments, and field site research. Participating universities include: Cornell Univ... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 423 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Dynamic experiments on building and non-building structures may be physical, like shake-table testing, or virtual ones. In both cases, to verify a structure's expected seismic performance, some researchers prefer to deal with so called "real time-histories" though the last cannot be "real" for a hypothetical earthquake... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 482 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
to dissipate the wave energy inside a superstructure with properly engineered dampers;
to disperse the wave energy between a wider range of frequencies;
to absorb the resonant portions of the whole wave frequencies band with the help of so-called mass dampers.
Devices of the last kind, abbreviated correspondingly as... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 436 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
The Taipei 101 skyscraper needs to withstand typhoon winds and earthquake tremors common in this area of Asia/Pacific. For this purpose, a steel pendulum weighing 660 metric tonnes that serves as a tuned mass damper was designed and installed atop the structure. Suspended from the 92nd to the 88th floor, the pendulum s... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 508 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Straddling pendulum dampers (swing)
Base isolation
Base isolation seeks to prevent the kinetic energy of the earthquake from being transferred into elastic energy in the building. These technologies do so by isolating the structure from the ground, thus enabling them to move somewhat independently. The degree to whic... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 512 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Friction pendulum bearing (FPB) is another name of friction pendulum system (FPS). It is based on three pillars:
articulated friction slider;
spherical concave sliding surface;
enclosing cylinder for lateral displacement restraint.
Snapshot with the link to video clip of a shake-table testing of FPB system supporti... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 437 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
The most significant feature in the SDC design philosophy is a shift from a force-based assessment of seismic demand to a displacement-based assessment of demand and capacity. Thus, the newly adopted displacement approach is based on comparing the elastic displacement demand to the inelastic displacement capacity of th... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 505 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Soil liquefaction. In the cases where the soil consists of loose granular deposited materials with the tendency to develop excessive hydrostatic pore water pressure of sufficient magnitude and compact, liquefaction of those loose saturated deposits may result in non-uniform settlements and tilting of structures. This c... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 474 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Loma Prieta earthquake: side view of reinforced concrete support-columns failure which triggered the upper deck collapse onto the lower deck of the two-level Cypress viaduct of Interstate Highway 880, Oakland, CA.
Retaining wall failure at Loma Prieta earthquake in Santa Cruz Mountains area: prominent northwest-trendi... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 507 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
To minimize possible losses, construction process should be organized with keeping in mind that earthquake may strike any time prior to the end of construction.
Each construction project requires a qualified team of professionals who understand the basic features of seismic performance of different structures as well ... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 427 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Light-frame structures usually gain seismic resistance from rigid plywood shear walls and wood structural panel diaphragms. Special provisions for seismic load-resisting systems for all engineered wood structures requires consideration of diaphragm ratios, horizontal and vertical diaphragm shears, and connector/fastene... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 475 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
There are the following basic types of prestressing:
Pre-compression (mostly, with the own weight of a structure)
Pretensioning with high-strength embedded tendons
Post-tensioning with high-strength bonded or unbonded tendons
Today, the concept of prestressed structure is widely engaged in design of buildings, under... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 480 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Earthquake loss estimations are also referred to as Seismic Risk Assessments. The risk assessment process generally involves determining the probability of various ground motions coupled with the vulnerability or damage of the building under those ground motions. The results are defined as a percent of building repla... | Earthquake engineering | Wikipedia | 52 | 2111048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Alpheidae (also known as the snapping shrimp, pistol shrimp or alpheid shrimp) is a family within the infraorder caridea characterized by having asymmetrical claws, the larger of which is typically capable of producing a loud snapping sound.
The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of about 1,11... | Alpheidae | Wikipedia | 475 | 2111904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheidae | Biology and health sciences | Shrimps and prawns | Animals |
The snap can also produce sonoluminescence from the collapsing cavitation bubble. As it collapses, the cavitation bubble emits a short flash of light with a broad spectrum. If the light were of thermal origin it would require a temperature of the emitter of over . In comparison, the surface temperature of the Sun is es... | Alpheidae | Wikipedia | 438 | 2111904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheidae | Biology and health sciences | Shrimps and prawns | Animals |
Some snapping shrimp species share burrows with goby fish in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship. The burrow is built and tended by the pistol shrimp, and the goby provides protection by watching out for danger. When both are out of the burrow, the shrimp maintains contact with the goby using its antennae. The goby, h... | Alpheidae | Wikipedia | 423 | 2111904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheidae | Biology and health sciences | Shrimps and prawns | Animals |
Acanthanas
Alpheopsis
Alpheus
Amphibetaeus
Arete
Aretopsis
Athanas
Athanopsis
Automate
Bannereus
Batella
Bermudacaris
Betaeopsis
Betaeus
Bruceopsis
Caligoneus
Coronalpheus
Coutieralpheus
Crosnierocaris
Deioneus
Fenneralpheus
Harperalpheus
Jengalpheops
Leptalpheus
Leptathanas
Leslibetaeus
Metab... | Alpheidae | Wikipedia | 188 | 2111904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheidae | Biology and health sciences | Shrimps and prawns | Animals |
An air separation plant separates atmospheric air into its primary components, typically nitrogen and oxygen, and sometimes also argon and other rare inert gases.
The most common method for air separation is fractional distillation. Cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) are built to provide nitrogen or oxygen and ofte... | Air separation | Wikipedia | 406 | 23096495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20separation | Physical sciences | Phase separations | Chemistry |
Pressure swing adsorption provides separation of oxygen or nitrogen from air without liquefaction. The process operates around ambient temperature; a zeolite (molecular sponge) is exposed to high pressure air, then the air is released and an adsorbed film of the desired gas is released. The size of compressor is much r... | Air separation | Wikipedia | 487 | 23096495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20separation | Physical sciences | Phase separations | Chemistry |
Environmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. Further, these issues can be caused by humans (human impact on the environment) or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected... | Environmental issues | Wikipedia | 474 | 23099899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
In addition, the report points out the critical gap in adaptation finance, noting that developing countries require significantly more resources to effectively adapt to climate challenges than what is currently available. This financial disparity raises questions about the global commitment to equitable climate action ... | Environmental issues | Wikipedia | 265 | 23099899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
In geochemistry, geophysics and nuclear physics, primordial nuclides, also known as primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Primordial nuclides were present in the interstellar medium from which the solar system was formed, and were formed ... | Primordial nuclide | Wikipedia | 415 | 23105042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20nuclide | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
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