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Agriculture includes both crop farming and animal husbandry. A third of Earth's land surface is used for agriculture, with estimated of cropland and of pastureland. This has had significant impacts on Earth's ecosystems. When land is cleared to make way for agriculture, native flora and fauna are replaced with newly ... | Land | Wikipedia | 331 | 40083369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land | Physical sciences | Geography | null |
The phrase "the law of the land" first appeared in 1215 in Magna Carta, inspiring its later usage in the United States Constitution. The idea of common land also originated with medieval English law, and refers collective ownership of land, treating it as a common good. In environmental science, economics, and game the... | Land | Wikipedia | 425 | 40083369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land | Physical sciences | Geography | null |
The aggression of Nazi Germany in World War II was motivated in part by the concept of Lebensraum ("living space"), which had first became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I (1914–1918) originally, as the core element of the of territorial expansion. The most extreme form of this ideology was suppo... | Land | Wikipedia | 331 | 40083369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land | Physical sciences | Geography | null |
Human land use can cause soil to degrade, both in quality and in quantity. Soil degradation can be caused by agrochemicals (such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides), infrastructure development, and mining among other activities. There are several different processes that lead to soil degradation. Physical proce... | Land | Wikipedia | 406 | 40083369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land | Physical sciences | Geography | null |
Water pollution on land is the contamination of non-oceanic hydrological surface and underground water features such as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands, aquifers, reservoirs, and groundwater as a result of human activities. It may be caused by toxic substances (e.g., oil, metals, plastics, pesticides, persisten... | Land | Wikipedia | 376 | 40083369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land | Physical sciences | Geography | null |
Although humans have used land for its natural resources since ancient times, demand for resources such as timber, minerals, and energy has grown exponentially since the Industrial Revolution due to population growth. When a natural resource is depleted to the point of diminishing returns, it is considered the overexpl... | Land | Wikipedia | 157 | 40083369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land | Physical sciences | Geography | null |
A stab wound is a specific form of penetrating trauma to the skin that results from a knife or a similar pointed object. While stab wounds are typically known to be caused by knives, they can also occur from a variety of implements, including broken bottles and ice picks. Most stabbings occur because of intentional vio... | Stab wound | Wikipedia | 512 | 33264696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab%20wound | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
Surgery
Surgical intervention may be required, but it depends on what organ systems are affected by the wound and the extent of the damage. It is important for care providers to thoroughly check the wound site in as much as a laceration of an artery often results in delayed complications sometimes leading to death. In ... | Stab wound | Wikipedia | 407 | 33264696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab%20wound | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
History
Some of the first principles of wound care come from Hippocrates who promoted keeping wounds dry except for irrigation. Guy de Chauliac would promote removal of foreign bodies, rejoining of severed tissues, maintenance of tissue continuity, preservation of organ substance, and prevention of complications. The f... | Stab wound | Wikipedia | 266 | 33264696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab%20wound | Biology and health sciences | Types | Health |
A tunable metamaterial is a metamaterial with a variable response to an incident electromagnetic wave. This includes remotely controlling how an incident electromagnetic wave (EM wave) interacts with a metamaterial. This translates into the capability to determine whether the EM wave is transmitted, reflected, or abs... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 504 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
For example, H. T. Chen, in 2008, were able to fabricate a repeating split-ring resonator (SRR) cell with semiconductor material aligning the gaps. This initial step in metamaterial research expanded the spectral range of operation for a given, specific, metamaterial device. Also this opened the door for implementing n... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 461 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Tunable NIMs using ferrite material
Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films allow for a continuously tunable negative permeability, which results in a tunable frequency range over the higher frequency side of the ferromagnetic resonance of the YIG. Complementary negative permittivity is achieved using a single periodic array o... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 451 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Metamaterial phase shifter
In aerospace applications (for example) negative index metamaterials are likely candidates for tunable, compact and lightweight phase shifters. Because the designated metamaterials can handle the appropriate power levels, have strong dispersion characteristics, and are tunable in the microwav... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 458 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Tuning NIMs with liquid crystals
Areas of active research in optical materials are metamaterials that are capable of negative values for index of refraction (NIMs), and metamaterials that are capable of zero index of refraction (ZIMs). Complicated steps required to fabricate these nano-scale metamaterials have led to t... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 487 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Electromagnetic metamaterials can be viewed as structured composites with patterned metallic subwavelength inclusions. As mesoscopic physical systems, these are built starting from the unit cell level. These unit cells are designed to yield prescribed electromagnetic properties. A characteristic of this type of metama... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 465 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Frequency selective surfaces can be fabricated as planar 2-dimensional periodic arrays of metallic elements with specific geometrical shapes, or can be periodic apertures in a metallic screen. The transmission and reflection coefficients for these surfaces are dependent on the frequency of operation and may also depend... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 459 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Artificial magnetic conductors and High impedance surfaces
A type of FSS based metamaterial has the interchangeable nomenclature Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) or High Impedance Surface (HIS). The HIS, or AMC, is an artificial, metallic, electromagnetic structure. The structure is designed to be selective in suppo... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 477 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Second, AMC surfaces have very high surface impedance within a specific frequency range, where the tangential magnetic field is small, even with a large electric field along the surface. Therefore, an AMC surface can have a reflection coefficient of +1.
In addition, the reflection phase of incident light is part of th... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 466 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Because the protrusions are fractionally smaller than the operating wavelength, the structure can be described using an effective medium model, and the electromagnetic properties can be described using lumped-circuit elements (capacitors and inductors). They behave as a network of parallel resonant LC circuits, which a... | Tunable metamaterial | Wikipedia | 432 | 24631368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable%20metamaterial | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | Physics |
Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. It is a hospital-based specialty and is usually practised in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The principal patients of neonatologists are newborn infants who are ill or requi... | Neonatology | Wikipedia | 489 | 1466489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
The first dedicated neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was established at Yale-Newhaven Hospital in Connecticut in 1965. Prior to the development of the NICU, premature and critically ill infants were attended to in nurseries without specialized resuscitation equipment.
In 1968, Dr. Jerold Lucey demonstrated that hyp... | Neonatology | Wikipedia | 509 | 1466489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
The infant is undergoing many adaptations to extrauterine life, and its physiological systems, such as the immune system, are far from fully developed. Diseases of concern during the neonatal period include:
Anemia of prematurity
Apnea of prematurity
Atrial septal defect
Atrioventricular septal defect
Benign neona... | Neonatology | Wikipedia | 464 | 1466489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
Neonatologists earn significantly more than general pediatricians. In 2018, a typical pediatrician salary in the United States ranged from $221,000 to $264,000, whereas the average salary for a neonatologist was about $299,000 to $355,000.
Hospital costs
Premature birth is one of the most common reasons for hospitaliz... | Neonatology | Wikipedia | 315 | 1466489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
A rotary switch is a switch operated by rotation. These are often chosen when more than 2 positions are needed, such as a three-speed fan or a CB radio with multiple frequencies of reception or "channels".
A rotary switch consists of a spindle or "rotor" that has a contact arm or "spoke" which projects from its surfac... | Rotary switch | Wikipedia | 419 | 1466591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary%20switch | Technology | Components | null |
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from simple personal tasks (e.g. how to turn on an appliance) to complex issues in business and technical fields. The former is an example of simple problem solving (SPS) a... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 504 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Problem solving has two major domains: mathematical problem solving and personal problem solving. Each concerns some difficulty or barrier that is encountered.
Psychology
Problem solving in psychology refers to the process of finding solutions to problems encountered in life. Solutions to these problems are usually s... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 458 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Experiments in the 1960s and early 1970s asked participants to solve relatively simple, well-defined, but not previously seen laboratory tasks. These simple problems, such as the Tower of Hanoi, admitted optimal solutions that could be found quickly, allowing researchers to observe the full problem-solving process. Res... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 455 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
The resolution theorem-prover used by Cordell Green bore little resemblance to human problem solving methods. In response to criticism of that approach from researchers at MIT, Robert Kowalski developed logic programming and SLD resolution, which solves problems by problem decomposition. He has advocated logic for both... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 472 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Processes
Some models of problem solving involve identifying a goal and then a sequence of subgoals towards achieving this goal. Andersson, who introduced the ACT-R model of cognition, modelled this collection of goals and subgoals as a goal stack in which the mind contains a stack of goals and subgoals to be complete... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 279 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Some problem-solving strategies include:
Abstraction solving the problem in a tractable model system to gain insight into the real system
Analogy adapting the solution to a previous problem which has similar features or mechanisms
Brainstorming (especially among groups of people) suggesting a large number of solutio... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 445 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Scientific and technical professionals also experience confirmation bias. One online experiment, for example, suggested that professionals within the field of psychological research are likely to view scientific studies that agree with their preconceived notions more favorably than clashing studies. According to Raymon... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 491 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Groupthink, in which each individual takes on the mindset of the rest of the group, can produce and exacerbate mental set. Social pressure leads to everybody thinking the same thing and reaching the same conclusions.
Functional fixedness
Functional fixedness is the tendency to view an object as having only one functi... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 467 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
This problem has produced the expression "think outside the box". Such problems are typically solved via a sudden insight which leaps over the mental barriers, often after long toil against them. This can be difficult depending on how the subject has structured the problem in their mind, how they draw on past experienc... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 508 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Dreaming: problem solving without waking consciousness
People can also solve problems while they are asleep. There are many reports of scientists and engineers who solved problems in their dreams. For example, Elias Howe, inventor of the sewing machine, figured out the structure of the bobbin from a dream.
The chemis... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 492 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
In the dream, the person counted out the next elements of the series—six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve—yet he did not realize that this was the solution of the problem. His sleeping mindbrain solved the problem, but his waking mindbrain was not aware how.
Albert Einstein believed that much problem solving g... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 469 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
North America
In North America, initiated by the work of Herbert A. Simon on "learning by doing" in semantically rich domains, researchers began to investigate problem solving separately in different natural knowledge domains—such as physics, writing, or chess playing—rather than attempt to extract a global theory of ... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 498 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
For example, in the educational context, members of a group may all have input into the decision-making process and a role in the learning process. Members may be responsible for the thinking, teaching, and monitoring of all members in the group. Group work may be coordinated among members so that each member makes an ... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 497 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Crowdsourcing is a process of accumulating ideas, thoughts, or information from many independent participants, with aim of finding the best solution for a given challenge. Modern information technologies allow for many people to be involved and facilitate managing their suggestions in ways that provide good results. Th... | Problem solving | Wikipedia | 73 | 1467948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving | Technology | General | null |
Cobaltite is an arsenide and sulfide mineral with the mineral formula CoAsS. It is the naming mineral of the cobaltite group of minerals, whose members structurally resemble pyrite (FeS2).
History
Cobaltite was first described in 1797 by Klaproth. Its name stems from the contained element cobalt, whose name is attrib... | Cobaltite | Wikipedia | 442 | 1467960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaltite | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
Mud dauber (or "mud wasp") is a name commonly applied to a number of wasps from either the family Sphecidae or Crabronidae which build their nests from mud; this excludes members of the family Vespidae (especially the subfamily Eumeninae), which are instead referred to as "potter wasps". Mud daubers are variable in app... | Mud dauber | Wikipedia | 474 | 1468845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%20dauber | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Food
Like most other solitary wasps, mud daubers are parasitoids, but unlike the majority of parasitoids, they actively capture and paralyze the prey upon which they lay their eggs. The females build the nests, and hunt to provision them. Males of pipe-organ mud daubers have been observed bringing spiders to the nest, ... | Mud dauber | Wikipedia | 428 | 1468845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%20dauber | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Birgenair Flight 301
On February 6, 1996, Birgenair Flight 301, a 757 jet flying from Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean. All 13 crew members and 176 passengers were killed. A key part of the accident was a blocked pitot tube. Although the tubes were never recovered from the ocean f... | Mud dauber | Wikipedia | 228 | 1468845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%20dauber | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
The snap pea, also known as the sugar snap pea, is an edible-pod pea with rounded pods and thick pod walls, in contrast to snow pea pods, which are flat with thin walls. The name mangetout (French for "eat all") can apply to snap peas and snow peas.
A snap pea named "butter pea" was described in French literature in t... | Snap pea | Wikipedia | 443 | 1470034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap%20pea | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Cultivars
Below is a list of several snap pea cultivars currently available, ordered by days to maturity. Days to maturity is from germination to edible pod stage; add about 7 days to estimate shell pea stage. Amish Snap is the only true heirloom snap pea. PMR indicates some degree of powdery mildew resistance; afi... | Snap pea | Wikipedia | 203 | 1470034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap%20pea | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
The Paleoarchean ( ), also spelled Palaeoarchaean (formerly known as the early Archean), is a geologic era within the Archean Eon. The name derives from Greek "Palaios" ancient. It spans the period of time . The era is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level of a rock section on Earth. The ea... | Paleoarchean | Wikipedia | 495 | 1470503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoarchean | Physical sciences | Geological timescale | Earth science |
Similarities between the Barberton Greenstone Belt in the Kaapvaal Craton and the eastern part of the Pilbara Craton indicate that the two formations were once joined as part of the supercontinent Vaalbara, one of Earth's earliest supercontinents. Both cratons formed at the beginning of the Paleoarchean era. While some... | Paleoarchean | Wikipedia | 363 | 1470503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoarchean | Physical sciences | Geological timescale | Earth science |
Meteoric impact
Researchers from Harvard, Stanford, and ETH Zürich reckon that the S2 meteorite impact that occurred in this era was from 50 to 200 times the size of the meteorite impact that largely caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. It occurred approximately 3.26 billion years ago. The impact immediate... | Paleoarchean | Wikipedia | 233 | 1470503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoarchean | Physical sciences | Geological timescale | Earth science |
The number density (symbol: n or ρN) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number de... | Number density | Wikipedia | 473 | 2127679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number%20density | Physical sciences | Mixture | Chemistry |
Similar expressions are valid for electric charge or any other extensive quantity associated with countable objects. For example, replacing m with q (total charge) and m0 with q0 (charge of each object) in the above equation will lead to a correct expression for charge.
The number density of solute molecules in a solv... | Number density | Wikipedia | 280 | 2127679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number%20density | Physical sciences | Mixture | Chemistry |
Australopithecus garhi is a species of australopithecine from the Bouri Formation in the Afar Region of Ethiopia 2.6–2.5 million years ago (mya) during the Early Pleistocene. The first remains were described in 1999 based on several skeletal elements uncovered in the three years preceding. A. garhi was originally consi... | Australopithecus garhi | Wikipedia | 498 | 2128113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20garhi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
The BOU-VP-35/1 humerus specimen is notably larger than the humerus of the BOU-VP-12/1 specimen, which could potentially indicate size-specific sexual dimorphism with males larger than females to a similar degree to what is postulated in A. afarensis, but it is unclear if this does not represent normal size variation o... | Australopithecus garhi | Wikipedia | 253 | 2128113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20garhi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Taxonomy
The Ethiopian Australopithecus garhi was first described in 1999 by palaeoanthropologists Berhane Asfaw, Tim D. White, Owen Lovejoy, Bruce Latimer, Scott Simpson, and Gen Suwa based on fossils discovered in the Hatayae Beds of the Bouri Formation in Middle Awash, Afar Region, Ethiopia. The first hominin remain... | Australopithecus garhi | Wikipedia | 421 | 2128113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20garhi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
The remains are dated to about 2.5 million years ago (mya) based on argon–argon dating. When they were discovered, human evolution was obscured due to a paucity of remains from 3 to 2 mya, with the only hominins from this timespan being identified from South Africa (A. africanus) and Lake Turkana, Kenya (Paranthropus a... | Australopithecus garhi | Wikipedia | 393 | 2128113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20garhi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Though it was not found with any tools, mammalian bones associated with the A. garhi remains exhibit cut and percussion marks made from stone tools: the left mandible of an alcelaphine bovid with three successive, unambiguous cut marks presumably made while removing the tongue; a bovid tibia with cut marks, chop marks,... | Australopithecus garhi | Wikipedia | 477 | 2128113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20garhi | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
Earth's shadow (or Earth shadow) is the shadow that Earth itself casts through its atmosphere and into outer space, toward the antisolar point. During the twilight period (both early dusk and late dawn), the shadow's visible fringe – sometimes called the dark segment or twilight wedge – appears as a dark and diffuse ba... | Earth's shadow | Wikipedia | 503 | 29247528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20shadow | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Color
When the Sun is near the horizon around sunset or sunrise, the sunlight appears reddish. This is because the light rays are penetrating an especially thick layer of the atmosphere, which works as a filter, scattering all but the longer (redder) wavelengths.
From the observer's perspective, the red sunlight direc... | Earth's shadow | Wikipedia | 401 | 29247528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20shadow | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
In electronics, noise is an unwanted disturbance in an electrical signal.
Noise generated by electronic devices varies greatly as it is produced by several different effects.
In particular, noise is inherent in physics and central to thermodynamics. Any conductor with electrical resistance will generate thermal noise... | Noise (electronics) | Wikipedia | 469 | 3966982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20%28electronics%29 | Technology | Signal processing | null |
Shot noise in electronic devices results from unavoidable random statistical fluctuations of the electric current when the charge carriers (such as electrons) traverse a gap. If electrons flow across a barrier, then they have discrete arrival times. Those discrete arrivals exhibit shot noise. Typically, the barrier in ... | Noise (electronics) | Wikipedia | 489 | 3966982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20%28electronics%29 | Technology | Signal processing | null |
Transit-time noise
If the time taken by the electrons to travel from emitter to collector in a transistor becomes comparable to the period of the signal being amplified, that is, at frequencies above VHF and beyond, the transit-time effect takes place and the noise input impedance of the transistor decreases. From the ... | Noise (electronics) | Wikipedia | 450 | 3966982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20%28electronics%29 | Technology | Signal processing | null |
Mitigation
In many cases noise found on a signal in a circuit is unwanted. There are many different noise reduction techniques that can reduce the noise picked up by a circuit.
Faraday cage – A Faraday cage enclosing a circuit can be used to isolate the circuit from external noise sources. A Faraday cage cannot addres... | Noise (electronics) | Wikipedia | 413 | 3966982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20%28electronics%29 | Technology | Signal processing | null |
Quantification
The noise level in an electronic system is typically measured as an electrical power N in watts or dBm, a root mean square (RMS) voltage (identical to the noise standard deviation) in volts, dBμV or a mean squared error (MSE) in volts squared. Examples of electrical noise-level measurement units are dBu,... | Noise (electronics) | Wikipedia | 448 | 3966982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20%28electronics%29 | Technology | Signal processing | null |
Dither
If the noise source is correlated with the signal, such as in the case of quantisation error, the intentional introduction of additional noise, called dither, can reduce overall noise in the bandwidth of interest. This technique allows retrieval of signals below the nominal detection threshold of an instrument. ... | Noise (electronics) | Wikipedia | 69 | 3966982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20%28electronics%29 | Technology | Signal processing | null |
Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks that live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs to major rivers. The great majority of freshwater gastropods have a shell, wi... | Freshwater snail | Wikipedia | 499 | 24644691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20snail | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
Caenogastropoda
The Caenogastropoda are a large group of gilled operculate snails, which are largely marine. In freshwater habitats there are ten major families of caenogastropods, as well as several other families of lesser importance:
Architaenioglossa
Ampullariidae - an exclusively freshwater family that is largel... | Freshwater snail | Wikipedia | 337 | 24644691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20snail | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
Littorinimorpha
Littorinidae - 9 species in the genus Cremnoconchus are freshwater living in streams and waterfalls. Other species are marine.
Amnicolidae - about 200 species.
Assimineidae - about 20 freshwater species, other are marine
Bithyniidae - small snails, native to Eastern Hemisphere. About 130 species.
Cochli... | Freshwater snail | Wikipedia | 470 | 24644691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20snail | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
Chilinidae - small to medium-sized snails confined to temperate and cold South America. About 15 species.
Latiidae - small limpet-like snails confined to New Zealand. One or three species.
Acroloxidae - about 40 species.
Lymnaeidae - found worldwide, but are most numerous in temperate and northern regions. These are th... | Freshwater snail | Wikipedia | 467 | 24644691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20snail | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
Freshwater snails are widely known to be hosts in the lifecycles of a variety of human and animal parasites, particularly trematodes (or "flukes"). Some of these relations for prosobranch snails include Oncomelania in the family Pomatiopsidae as hosts of Schistosoma, and Bithynia, Parafossarulus and Amnicola as hosts o... | Freshwater snail | Wikipedia | 275 | 24644691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20snail | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
Cattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are called cows and mature male cattle are bulls. Young female cattle are called heifers, young male ca... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 494 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Cattle are large artiodactyls, mammals with cloven hooves, meaning that they walk on two toes, the third and fourth digits. Like all bovid species, they can have horns, which are unbranched and are not shed annually. Coloration varies with breed; common colors are black, white, and red/brown, and some breeds are spotte... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 468 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Cattle regurgitate and re-chew their food in the process of chewing the cud, like most ruminants. While feeding, cows swallow their food without chewing; it goes into the rumen for storage. Later, the food is regurgitated to the mouth, a mouthful at a time, where the cud is chewed by the molars, grinding down the coars... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 367 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Cattle have a variety of cognitive abilities. They can memorize the locations of multiple food sources, and can retain memories for at least 48 days. Young cattle learn more quickly than adults, and calves are capable of discrimination learning, distinguishing familiar and unfamiliar animals, and between humans, using ... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 437 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Cattle live in a dominance hierarchy. This is maintained in several ways. Cattle often engage in mock fights where they test each other's strength in a non-aggressive way. Licking is primarily performed by subordinates and received by dominant animals. Mounting is a playful behavior shown by calves of both sexes and by... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 502 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
In cattle, temperament or behavioral disposition can affect productivity, overall health, and reproduction. Five underlying categories of temperament traits have been proposed: shyness–boldness, exploration–avoidance, activity, aggressiveness, and sociability. There are many indicators of emotion in cattle. Holstein–Fr... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 470 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Cattle have played a key role in human history, having been domesticated since at least the early neolithic age. Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) approximately 10,500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in central... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 466 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle (Bos taurus africanus x Bos indicus), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus ... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 398 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland. Raising cattle extensively in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding, cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry practi... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 494 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Certain breeds of cattle, such as the Holstein-Friesian, are used to produce milk, much of which is processed into dairy products such as butter, cheese, and yogurt. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy,... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 481 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Cattle are subject to pests including arthropod parasites such as ticks (which can in turn transmit diseases caused by bacteria and protozoa), and diseases caused by pathogens including bacteria and viruses. Some viral diseases are spread by insects - i.e. bluetongue disease is spread by midges. Psoroptic mange is a di... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 412 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Cattle health is at once a veterinary issue (for animal welfare and productivity), a public health issue (to limit the spread of disease), and a food safety issue (to ensure meat and dairy products are safe to eat). These concerns are reflected in farming regulations. These rules can become political matters, as when i... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 490 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
To produce milk from dairy cattle, most calves are separated from their mothers soon after birth and fed milk replacement in order to retain the cows' milk for human consumption. Animal welfare advocates are critical of this practice, stating that this breaks the natural bond between the mother and her calf. The welfar... | Cattle | Wikipedia | 234 | 26051975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
A phototube or photoelectric cell is a type of gas-filled or vacuum tube that is sensitive to light. Such a tube is more correctly called a 'photoemissive cell' to distinguish it from photovoltaic or photoconductive cells. Phototubes were previously more widely used but are now replaced in many applications by solid ... | Phototube | Wikipedia | 407 | 2129702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototube | Technology | Components | null |
The Roghun Dam (; ) is an embankment dam under construction on the Vakhsh River in southern Tajikistan. The dam is situated 110 km from Dushanbe. It is one of the planned hydroelectric power plants of Vakhsh Cascade.
Construction of the dam began in the Soviet era, in 1976, but was abandoned in 1993 after the collapse... | Rogun Dam | Wikipedia | 379 | 2133664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogun%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
In 2010, Tajikistan launched an IPO to raise US$1.4billion to finish construction of the dam. By April 26 of that year the Tajik government had raised just US$184 million, enough for two years of construction.
On July 1, 2016 the state commission in charge of the project had chosen the Italian company Salini Impregilo ... | Rogun Dam | Wikipedia | 505 | 2133664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogun%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
International tensions
The project has raised tensions with Uzbekistan over a decrease in the downstream water flow the country needs for its irrigated agriculture (particularly cotton). In February 2010, Uzbek Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev sent a letter to his Tajik counterpart demanding an independent examinatio... | Rogun Dam | Wikipedia | 151 | 2133664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogun%20Dam | Technology | Dams | null |
Samsung Galaxy (; stylized as SΛMSUNG Galaxy since 2015 (except Japan where it omitted the Samsung branding up until 2023), previously stylized as Samsung GALAXY; abbreviated as SG) is a series of computing, Android mobile computing and wearable devices that are designed, manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronic... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 292 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Current series
Galaxy Z series: high-end foldable phones/devices.
Galaxy S series: flagship phones
Galaxy A series: mid-range phones, also includes entry-level phones, budget phones and formerly premium mid-range phones.
Galaxy M series: a slightly more budget-friendly, online-exclusive alternative from the Galaxy... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 254 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Discontinued series
Galaxy Note series: devices with a large screen and a built-in stylus, discontinued in 2022 and merged with the Z series and S Ultra models starting from the S22 Ultra (While the S21 Ultra and Z series support S-Pen input, the S-Pen is not included in packaging since they do not have a dedicated s... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 508 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Galaxy Ace series: low-end to mid-range devices, discontinued in 2015 in favor for the Galaxy Alpha and later the Galaxy A series.
Galaxy Y series: small devices, discontinued in 2015.
Galaxy Pocket: also small devices, discontinued in 2015.
Galaxy Camera: camera phones, discontinued in 2014 and replaced by the Gala... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 125 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Hierarchy
The main 2024 lineup of Galaxy smartphone models looks like this:
Galaxy S24 and Galaxy S24+
Galaxy S24 FE and Galaxy S24 Ultra
Galaxy C55 and Galaxy F55
Galaxy A55 and Galaxy M55
Galaxy A35 and Galaxy M35
Galaxy A16 and Galaxy A06
Galaxy A15 and Galaxy M15
Galaxy A05 and Galaxy A05s
Galaxy F05 and... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 488 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Tablets
SM-Xxxx – Tab A and S models from A8, Active 5, S8 and later
SM-Txx0/1/5/6 – mainstream Tab model (Tab 3 to Tab A7 Lite/Active4/S7)
SM-Pxx0/5 – mainstream Tab with built-in S Pen stylus model (Note 10.1 2014, Tab A 10.1, etc.)
SM-Wxxx – Microsoft Windows model (i.e., Galaxy Book)
GT-Nxx00/GT-Pxx20 – older... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 477 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Americas
SQ: USA (carrier locked phones)
UE: USA (carrier unlocked phones and Wi-Fi tablets), Canada (Wi-Fi tablets)
VL: Canada (all variants except Wi-Fi tablets)
UB: Latin America & Caribbean
XX: All Wi-Fi tablets
China
ZC: China mainland (all devices)
ZH: Hong Kong/Taiwan (all phones)
XX: Hong Kong/Taiwan... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 509 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Galaxy XCover series
The Galaxy XCover series is a line of rugged "business" phones, which have low-end specifications but with stronger build quality and durability. The latest in common is the Galaxy Xcover 7.
Discontinued lines
Samsung released multiple series of smartphones, often overlapping with each other. Mo... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 390 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The Galaxy Tab S is a line of mid-range to high-end tablets, with a focus on productivity and pen computing. The Galaxy Tab S10+ and S10 Ultra are the latest devices, released in September 2024.
The Galaxy Tab Active is a line of mid-range rugged tablets, with a focus on durability and use in extreme environments. The... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 483 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Samsung Galaxy smartphones run the Android operating system under the Google Mobile Services platform, however Samsung and third-parties have bundled various other software in them too. The TouchWiz interface was used until 2017, replaced by Samsung Experience. This was then replaced by One UI in 2019.
The company has... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 477 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Over the Horizon
"Over the Horizon" is the trademark sound for Samsung smartphone devices, first introduced in 2011 on the Galaxy S II. It was composed by Joong-sam Yun and appears as music in the music library of most Samsung phones released since 2011. Prior to 2011, "Beyond Samsung" served as Samsung's trademark mus... | Samsung Galaxy | Wikipedia | 284 | 23170058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales. Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus species are facultative anaerobic organisms (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically).
The nam... | Staphylococcus | Wikipedia | 313 | 23173149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
S. aureus group – S. argenteus, S. aureus, S. schweitzeri, S. simiae
S. auricularis group – S. auricularis
S. carnosus group – S. carnosus, S. condimenti, S. debuckii, S. massiliensis, S. piscifermentans, S. simulans
S. epidermidis group – S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. saccharolyticus
S. haemolyticus gr... | Staphylococcus | Wikipedia | 475 | 23173149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
A new coagulase negative species – Staphylococcus edaphicus – has been isolated from Antarctica. This species is probably a member of the S. saprophyticus group.
Groups
Based on an analysis of orthologous gene content three groups (A, B and C) have been proposed.
Group A includes S. aureus, S. borealis, S. capitis, ... | Staphylococcus | Wikipedia | 189 | 23173149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
The calf (: calves; Latin: sura) is the back portion of the lower leg in human anatomy. The muscles within the calf correspond to the posterior compartment of the leg. The two largest muscles within this compartment are known together as the calf muscle and attach to the heel via the Achilles tendon. Several other, sma... | Calf (leg) | Wikipedia | 470 | 23174230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf%20%28leg%29 | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Training and Exercise
The calves can be isolated by performing movements involving plantarflexion (pointing the toes down). The two major categories of calf exercises are those that maintain an extended knee, and those that maintain a flexed knee.
The first category includes movements such as standing calf raises, don... | Calf (leg) | Wikipedia | 204 | 23174230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf%20%28leg%29 | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
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