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Specialized applications may call for specialized host-vector systems. For example, if the experimentalists wish to harvest a particular protein from the recombinant organism, then an expression vector is chosen that contains appropriate signals for transcription and translation in the desired host organism. Alternativ... | Molecular cloning | Wikipedia | 508 | 30876867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20cloning | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
For cloning of genomic DNA, the DNA to be cloned is extracted from the organism of interest. Virtually any tissue source can be used (even tissues from extinct animals), as long as the DNA is not extensively degraded. The DNA is then purified using simple methods to remove contaminating proteins (extraction with phenol... | Molecular cloning | Wikipedia | 495 | 30876867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20cloning | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Introduction of recombinant DNA into host organism
The DNA mixture, previously manipulated in vitro, is moved back into a living cell, referred to as the host organism. The methods used to get DNA into cells are varied, and the name applied to this step in the molecular cloning process will often depend upon the experi... | Molecular cloning | Wikipedia | 499 | 30876867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20cloning | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Screening for clones with desired DNA inserts and biological properties
Modern bacterial cloning vectors (e.g. pUC19 and later derivatives including the pGEM vectors) use the blue-white screening system to distinguish colonies (clones) of transgenic cells from those that contain the parental vector (i.e. vector DNA wit... | Molecular cloning | Wikipedia | 447 | 30876867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20cloning | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
At the level of individual genes, molecular clones are used to generate probes that are used for examining how genes are expressed, and how that expression is related to other processes in biology, including the metabolic environment, extracellular signals, development, learning, senescence and cell death. Cloned genes... | Molecular cloning | Wikipedia | 413 | 30876867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20cloning | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Transgenic organisms
Once characterized and manipulated to provide signals for appropriate expression, cloned genes may be inserted into organisms, generating transgenic organisms, also termed genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Although most GMOs are generated for purposes of basic biological research (see for exam... | Molecular cloning | Wikipedia | 432 | 30876867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20cloning | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around a planetary mass object (incl. sub-brown dwarfs and rogue planets) or minor planet, or its barycenter. Generally speaking, it is a set of natural satellites (moons), although such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disk... | Satellite system (astronomy) | Wikipedia | 461 | 46326758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20system%20%28astronomy%29 | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Little is known of satellite systems beyond the Solar System, although it is inferred that natural satellites are common. Possible signs of exomoons have been detected around exoplanets such as Kepler-1625b. It is also theorised that rogue planets ejected from their planetary system could retain a system of satellites.... | Satellite system (astronomy) | Wikipedia | 447 | 46326758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20system%20%28astronomy%29 | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
It is generally thought that natural satellites should orbit in the same direction as the planet is rotating (known as prograde orbit). As such, the terminology regular moon is used for these orbit. However a retrograde orbit (the opposite direction to the planet) is also possible, the terminology irregular moon is u... | Satellite system (astronomy) | Wikipedia | 362 | 46326758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20system%20%28astronomy%29 | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Collision is one of the leading theories for the formation of satellite systems, particularly those of the Earth and Pluto. Objects in such a system may be part of a collisional family and this origin may be verified comparing their orbital elements and composition. Computer simulations have been used to demonstrate t... | Satellite system (astronomy) | Wikipedia | 487 | 46326758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20system%20%28astronomy%29 | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Ring systems are collections of dust, moonlets, or other small objects. The most notable examples are those around Saturn, but the other three gas giants (Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune) also have ring systems.
Other objects have also been found to possess rings. Haumea was the first dwarf planet and trans-Neptunian obje... | Satellite system (astronomy) | Wikipedia | 481 | 46326758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20system%20%28astronomy%29 | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Other possible orbital interactions include libration and co-orbital configuration. The Saturnian moons Janus and Epimetheus share their orbits, the difference in semi-major axes being less than either's mean diameter. Libration is a perceived oscillating motion of orbiting bodies relative to each other. The Earth-moo... | Satellite system (astronomy) | Wikipedia | 454 | 46326758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20system%20%28astronomy%29 | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
While tidal forces from the primary are common on satellites, most satellite systems remain stable. Perturbation between satellites can occur, particularly in the early formation, as the gravity of satellites affect each other, and can result in ejection from the system or collisions between satellites or with the pri... | Satellite system (astronomy) | Wikipedia | 473 | 46326758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20system%20%28astronomy%29 | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BCE) made observations which may have included the phenomenon of tides, which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around an Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.
As heliocentrism (the doctrine that the Sun is the centre of the univer... | Satellite system (astronomy) | Wikipedia | 490 | 46326758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20system%20%28astronomy%29 | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
This article documents the most distant astronomical objects discovered and verified so far, and the time periods in which they were so classified.
For comparisons with the light travel distance of the astronomical objects listed below, the age of the universe since the Big Bang is currently estimated as 13.787±0.020 ... | List of the most distant astronomical objects | Wikipedia | 458 | 26233012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20the%20most%20distant%20astronomical%20objects | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Candidate most distant objects
Since the beginning of the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) science operations in June 2022, numerous distant galaxies far beyond what could be seen by the Hubble Space Telescope (z = 11) have been discovered thanks to the JWST's capability of seeing far into the infrared. Previously ... | List of the most distant astronomical objects | Wikipedia | 380 | 26233012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20the%20most%20distant%20astronomical%20objects | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
An audio coding format (or sometimes audio compression format) is a content representation format for storage or transmission of digital audio (such as in digital television, digital radio and in audio and video files). Examples of audio coding formats include MP3, AAC, Vorbis, FLAC, and Opus. A specific software or ha... | Audio coding format | Wikipedia | 451 | 43201040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
Lossless, lossy, and uncompressed audio coding formats
A lossless audio coding format reduces the total data needed to represent a sound but can be de-coded to its original, uncompressed form. A lossy audio coding format additionally reduces the bit resolution of the sound on top of compression, which results in far le... | Audio coding format | Wikipedia | 435 | 43201040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
Discrete cosine transform (DCT), developed by Nasir Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974, provided the basis for the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) used by modern audio compression formats such as MP3 and AAC. MDCT was proposed by J. P. Princen, A. W. Johnson and A. B. Bradley in 1987, following earlier... | Audio coding format | Wikipedia | 424 | 43201040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
A digital signal is a signal that represents data as a sequence of discrete values; at any given time it can only take on, at most, one of a finite number of values. This contrasts with an analog signal, which represents continuous values; at any given time it represents a real number within a continuous range of value... | Digital signal | Wikipedia | 450 | 30889569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20signal | Technology | Signal processing | null |
The pulse trains in digital circuits are typically generated by metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices, due to their rapid on–off electronic switching speed and large-scale integration (LSI) capability. In contrast, BJT transistors more slowly generate analog signals resembling sine waves.
... | Digital signal | Wikipedia | 442 | 30889569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20signal | Technology | Signal processing | null |
The two states are usually represented by some measurement of an electrical property: Voltage is the most common, but current is used in some logic families. Two ranges of voltages are typically defined for each logic family, which are frequently not directly adjacent. The signal is low when in the low range and high w... | Digital signal | Wikipedia | 491 | 30889569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20signal | Technology | Signal processing | null |
Weibo (), or Sina Weibo (), is a Chinese microblogging (weibo) website. Launched by Sina Corporation on 14 August 2009, it is one of the biggest social media platforms in China, with over 582 million monthly active users (252 million daily active users) as of Q1 2022. The platform has been highly successful but has fac... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 393 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Background
Sina Weibo is a platform based on fostering user relationships to share, disseminate, and receive information. Through the website or the mobile app, users can upload pictures and videos publicly for instant sharing, with other users being able to comment with text, pictures and videos, or use a multimedia i... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 386 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On 1 December 2010, the website experienced an outage, which administrators later said was due to the ever-increasing numbers of users and posts. Registered users surpassed 100 million in February 2011. Since 23 March 2011, t.cn has been used as Sina Weibo's official shortened URL in lieu of sinaurl.cn. On 7 April 2011... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 455 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Users
According to iResearch's report on 30 March 2011, Sina Weibo had 56.5% of China's microblogging market based on active users and 86.6% based on browsing time over competitors such as Tencent Weibo and Baidu. The top 100 users had over 485 million followers combined. More than 5,000 companies and 2,700 media organ... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 512 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Users may:
Submit up to 18 images/video files in every post
Send personal messages to followers
Follow others and be followed
Post "stories" just like on Instagram
React to posts using different emojis
Receive monetary rewards that can be used in a digital store linked to Weibo
View posts identified as hot or p... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 430 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Verification
Sina Weibo has a verification policy, much like Twitter's account verification, for confirming the identity of a user (celebrities, organizations etc.). Once a user is verified, a colorful V is appended to their username; individuals receive an orange V, while organizations and companies receive a blue V. ... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 495 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Weibo interviews
Weibo interviews are text-based interviews hosted on the Weibo platform. Users post questions to the person being interviewed via Weibo posts and that person responds in real-time.
Posting via text message
If a user links their Weibo account to a cell phone number, the user can both make and receive... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 445 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Racism
On 2 May 2021, a Weibo account belonging to the Chinese Communist Party's Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission posted an image of rocket Long March 5B's launch next to a photo of mass cremations of the dead in India as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic with the caption "China lighting a fire versus In... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 502 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On 4 June 2013, Sina Weibo blocked the terms "Today," "Tonight," "June 4," and "Big Yellow Duck." If a user searched using these terms, a message would appear stating that according to relevant laws, statutes and policies, the results of the search couldn't be shown. This censorship was implemented because a photoshopp... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 443 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Fake social media engagement
Chinese social media is dominated by a strong influencer and celebrity fandom culture. Celebrities and digital influencers, or key opinion leaders (KOLs), compete fiercely for higher follower counts to attract lucrative brand deals. Despite some efforts undertaken by Weibo to curb fake eng... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 455 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Livery airplane
On 8 June 2011, Tianjin Airlines unveiled an Embraer E-190 jet in special Sina Weibo livery and named it "Sina Weibo plane" (新浪微博号). It is the first commercial airplane to be named after a website in China.
Villarreal CF
In January 2012, Sina Weibo also announced that they would be sponsoring Spanish f... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 377 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Record-setting posts
On 13 September 2013, the unverified handle "veggieg" (widely believed to be Faye Wong) posted a message suggesting that she had divorced her husband. The message was commented and re-posted more than a million times in four hours. The record was broken on 31 March 2014 by Wen Zhang, who posted a l... | Weibo | Wikipedia | 175 | 29464172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
A gas giant is a giant planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn are the gas giants of the Solar System. The term "gas giant" was originally synonymous with "giant planet". However, in the 1990s, it became known that Uranus and Neptune are really a distinct class of giant planets, being composed... | Gas giant | Wikipedia | 364 | 44687845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20giant | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Terminology
The term gas giant was coined in 1952 by the science fiction writer James Blish and was originally used to refer to all giant planets. It is, arguably, something of a misnomer because throughout most of the volume of all giant planets, the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form. Other than ... | Gas giant | Wikipedia | 488 | 44687845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20giant | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
The smallest known extrasolar planet that is likely a "gas planet" is Kepler-138d, which has the same mass as Earth but is 60% larger and therefore has a density that indicates a thick gas envelope.
A low-mass gas planet can still have a radius resembling that of a gas giant if it has the right temperature.
Precipita... | Gas giant | Wikipedia | 390 | 44687845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20giant | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Helium rain on Saturn and Jupiter
Condensation of helium creates liquid helium rain on gas giants. On Saturn, this helium condensation occurs at certain pressures and temperatures when helium does not mix in with the liquid metallic hydrogen present on the planet. Regions on Saturn where helium is insoluble allow the ... | Gas giant | Wikipedia | 193 | 44687845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20giant | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Huckleberry is a name used in North America for several plants in the family Ericaceae, in two closely related genera: Vaccinium and Gaylussacia.
Nomenclature
The name 'huckleberry' is a North American variation of the English dialectal name variously called 'hurtleberry' or 'whortleberry' () for the bilberry. In Nort... | Huckleberry | Wikipedia | 371 | 23363340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckleberry | Biology and health sciences | Berries | Plants |
Vaccinium
From coastal Central California through Oregon to southern Washington and British Columbia, the red huckleberry (V. parvifolium) is found in the maritime-influenced plant community. In the Pacific Northwest and mountains of Montana and Idaho, this huckleberry species and several others, such as the black Vacc... | Huckleberry | Wikipedia | 433 | 23363340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckleberry | Biology and health sciences | Berries | Plants |
Huckleberries hold a place in archaic American English slang. The phrase "a huckleberry over my persimmon" was used to mean "a bit beyond my abilities". On the other hand, "I'm your huckleberry" is a way of expressing affection or that one is just the right person for a given role. The range of slang meanings of huckle... | Huckleberry | Wikipedia | 271 | 23363340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckleberry | Biology and health sciences | Berries | Plants |
The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (abbreviated as H–R diagram, HR diagram or HRD) is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities and their stellar classifications or effective temperatures. The diagram was created independently in 1911 by Ejnar Hertzsprung and b... | Hertzsprung–Russell diagram | Wikipedia | 461 | 23364086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell%20diagram | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Forms of diagram
There are several forms of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, and the nomenclature is not very well defined. All forms share the same general layout: stars of greater luminosity are toward the top of the diagram, and stars with higher surface temperature are toward the left side of the diagram.
The ori... | Hertzsprung–Russell diagram | Wikipedia | 477 | 23364086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell%20diagram | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Although the two types of diagrams are similar, astronomers make a sharp distinction between the two. The reason for this distinction is that the exact transformation from one to the other is not trivial. To go between effective temperature and color requires a color–temperature relation, and constructing that is dif... | Hertzsprung–Russell diagram | Wikipedia | 409 | 23364086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell%20diagram | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
The H-R diagram can be used by scientists to roughly measure how far away a star cluster or galaxy is from Earth. This can be done by comparing the apparent magnitudes of the stars in the cluster to the absolute magnitudes of stars with known distances (or of model stars). The observed group is then shifted in the vert... | Hertzsprung–Russell diagram | Wikipedia | 446 | 23364086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell%20diagram | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Following Russell's presentation of the diagram to a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1912, Arthur Eddington was inspired to use it as a basis for developing ideas on stellar physics. In 1926, in his book The Internal Constitution of the Stars he explained the physics of how stars fit on the diagram. The pa... | Hertzsprung–Russell diagram | Wikipedia | 349 | 23364086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell%20diagram | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Insects (from Latin ) are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and a pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of anim... | Insect | Wikipedia | 378 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Adult insects typically move about by walking and flying; some can swim. Insects are the only invertebrates that can achieve sustained powered flight; insect flight evolved just once. Many insects are at least partly aquatic, and have larvae with gills; in some species, the adults too are aquatic. Some species, such as... | Insect | Wikipedia | 439 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
In common speech, insects and other terrestrial arthropods are often called bugs. Entomologists to some extent reserve the name "bugs" for a narrow category of "true bugs", insects of the order Hemiptera, such as cicadas and shield bugs. Other terrestrial arthropods, such as centipedes, millipedes, woodlice, spiders, m... | Insect | Wikipedia | 287 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Insects are distributed over every continent and almost every terrestrial habitat. There are many more species in the tropics, especially in rainforests, than in temperate zones. The world's regions have received widely differing amounts of attention from entomologists. The British Isles have been thoroughly surveyed, ... | Insect | Wikipedia | 448 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
In 1758, in his Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus divided the animal kingdom into six classes including Insecta. He created seven orders of insect according to the structure of their wings. These were the wingless Aptera, the two-winged Diptera, and five four-winged orders: the Coleoptera with fully-hardened forewings; th... | Insect | Wikipedia | 498 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
The Pterygota (Palaeoptera and Neoptera) are winged and have hardened plates on the outside of their body segments; the Neoptera have muscles that allow their wings to fold flat over the abdomen. Neoptera can be divided into groups with incomplete metamorphosis (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and those with complete me... | Insect | Wikipedia | 477 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Insects have a segmented body supported by an exoskeleton, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The body is organized into three interconnected units: the head, thorax and abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, zero to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of va... | Insect | Wikipedia | 486 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
The nervous system of an insect consists of a brain and a ventral nerve cord. The head capsule is made up of six fused segments, each with either a pair of ganglia, or a cluster of nerve cells outside of the brain. The first three pairs of ganglia are fused into the brain, while the three following pairs are fused into... | Insect | Wikipedia | 484 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries, accessory glands, one or more spermathecae to store sperm, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a variable number of egg tubes, ovarioles. Female insects make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different ma... | Insect | Wikipedia | 364 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Because oxygen is delivered directly to tissues via tracheoles, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system is open; it has no veins or arteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube that pulses peristaltically.... | Insect | Wikipedia | 463 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
The individual lenses in compound eyes are immobile, but fruit flies have photoreceptor cells underneath each lens which move rapidly in and out of focus, in a series of movements called photoreceptor microsaccades. This gives them, and possibly many other insects, a much clearer image of the world than previously assu... | Insect | Wikipedia | 443 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis, and more rarely hermaphroditism. In haplodiploidy, which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes... | Insect | Wikipedia | 437 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or embryo, a larva, a pupa and the adult or imago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This can be eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (e... | Insect | Wikipedia | 363 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
A few insects, such as Mycetophilidae (Diptera) and the beetle families Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent. The most familiar group are the fireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies wi... | Insect | Wikipedia | 433 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Very low sounds are produced in various species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Neuroptera. These low sounds are produced by the insect's movement, amplified by stridulatory structures on the insect's muscles and joints; these sounds can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most soun... | Insect | Wikipedia | 505 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are eusocial. They live together in such large well-organized colonies of genetically similar individuals that they are sometimes considered superorganisms. In particular, reproduction is largely limited to a queen caste; other females are workers, prevent... | Insect | Wikipedia | 384 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight. The ancient groups of insects in the Palaeoptera, the dragonflies, damselflies and mayflies, operate their wings directly by paired muscles attached to points on each wing base that raise and lower them. This can only be done at a relatively slow rat... | Insect | Wikipedia | 411 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Many adult insects use six legs for walking, with an alternating tripod gait. This allows for rapid walking with a stable stance; it has been studied extensively in cockroaches and ants. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward,... | Insect | Wikipedia | 448 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Insects play many critical roles in ecosystems, including soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition. For instance, termites modify the environment around their nests, encouraging grass growth; many beetles are scavengers; dung beetles recycle biological materials into form... | Insect | Wikipedia | 420 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. The majority of pollination is by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the... | Insect | Wikipedia | 452 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Insects produce useful substances such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk. Honey bees have been cultured by humans for thousands of years for honey. Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in North Africa. The silkworm has greatly affected human history, as silk-driven trade established relationships bet... | Insect | Wikipedia | 498 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Insects are consumed as food in 80% of the world's nations, by people in roughly 3,000 ethnic groups. In Africa, locally abundant species of locusts and termites are a common traditional human food source. Some, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies. Insects have a high protein content for thei... | Insect | Wikipedia | 445 | 23366462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system, such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, computer mice, scanners, cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
Input devices can be categorized ba... | Input device | Wikipedia | 458 | 23366955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%20device | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
A pointing device allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. It is commonly used as a simple and intuitive way to select items on a computer screen on a graphical user interface (GUI), either by moving a mouse pointer, or, in the case of a touch screen, by physically touching the item on screen. Common pointing... | Input device | Wikipedia | 476 | 23366955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%20device | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Sensors are commonly found in mobile devices to detect their physical orientation and acceleration, but may also be found in desktop computers in the form of a thermometer used to monitor system temperature.
Types
Accelerometer Detects acceleration.
Gyroscope Detects spatial orientation.
Magnetometer Similar t... | Input device | Wikipedia | 500 | 23366955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%20device | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Voice recorder
Voice input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound. Audio input devices allow a user to send audio info to a computer for processing, recording, or carrying out commands. Devices such as microphones allo... | Input device | Wikipedia | 167 | 23366955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%20device | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
In cosmology, recombination refers to the epoch during which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms. Recombination occurred about years after the Big Bang (at a redshift of z = ). The word "recombination" is misleading, since the Big Bang theory does not posit that... | Recombination (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 402 | 26244469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
This production of photons is known as decoupling, which leads to recombination sometimes being called photon decoupling, but recombination and photon decoupling are distinct events. Once photons decoupled from matter, they traveled freely through the universe without interacting with matter and constitute what is obse... | Recombination (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 497 | 26244469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
It is possible to find a rough estimate of the redshift of the recombination epoch assuming the recombination reaction is fast enough that it proceeds near thermal equilibrium. The relative abundance of free electrons, protons and neutral hydrogen is then given by the Saha equation:
where me is the mass of the elect... | Recombination (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 198 | 26244469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Effective three-level atom
In 1968, physicists Jim Peebles in the US and Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and collaborators in the USSR independently computed the non-equilibrium recombination history of hydrogen. The basic elements of the model are the following.
Direct recombinations to the ground state of hydrogen are ... | Recombination (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 446 | 26244469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Accounting for these processes, the recombination history is then described by the differential equation
where is the "case B" recombination coefficient to the excited states of hydrogen, is the corresponding photoionization rate and E21 = 10.2 eV is the energy of the first excited state. Note that the second term ... | Recombination (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 453 | 26244469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
Helium nuclei are produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and make up about 24% of the total mass of baryonic matter. The ionization energy of helium is larger than that of hydrogen and it therefore recombines earlier. Because neutral helium carries two electrons, its recombination proceeds in two steps. The first re... | Recombination (cosmology) | Wikipedia | 407 | 26244469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination%20%28cosmology%29 | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | Astronomy |
IEEE 1394 is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple in cooperation with a number of companies, primarily Sony and Panasonic. It is most commonly known by the name FireWire (Apple), though o... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 505 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
Apple first included onboard FireWire in some of its 1999 Macintosh models (though it had been a build-to-order option on some models since 1997), and most Apple Macintosh computers manufactured in the years 2000 through 2011 included FireWire ports. However, in February 2011 Apple introduced the first commercially ava... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 491 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
The last of the patents, MY 120654 by Sony, expired on November 30, 2020. , the following are patent holders of the IEEE 1394 standard, as listed in the patent pool managed by MPEG LA.
A person or company may review the actual 1394 Patent Portfolio License upon request to MPEG LA. MPEG LA does not provide assurance of... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 488 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
FireWire is capable of safely operating critical systems due to the way multiple devices interact with the bus and how the bus allocates bandwidth to the devices. FireWire is capable of both asynchronous and isochronous transfer methods at once. Isochronous data transfers are transfers for devices that require continuo... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 437 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995)
The original release of IEEE 1394-1995 specified what is now known as FireWire 400. It can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400 Mbit/s half-duplex data rates (the actual transfer rates are 98.304, 196.608, and 393.216 Mbit/s, i.e., 12.288, 24.576 and 49.152 MB/s respectively).... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 506 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
IEEE 1394b-2002 introduced FireWire 800 (Apple's name for the 9-conductor S800 bilingual version of the IEEE 1394b standard). This specification added a new encoding scheme termed beta mode which allowed compliant devices to operate at 786.432 Mbit/s full-duplex. It is backwards compatible with the slower rates and 6-c... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 286 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
Beta mode is based on 8b/10b (from Gigabit Ethernet, also used for many other protocols). 8b/10b encoding involves expanding an 8-bit data word into 10 bits, with the extra bits after the 5th and 8th data bits. The partitioned data is sent through a Running Disparity calculator function. The Running Disparity calculato... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 502 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
S1600 (Symwave) and S3200 (Dap Technology) development units have been made, however because of FPGA technology DapTechnology targeted S1600 implementations first with S3200 not becoming commercially available until 2012.
Steve Jobs declared FireWire dead in 2008. , there were few S1600 devices released, with a Sony c... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 430 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
Cable TV system support
Under FCC Code 47 CFR 76.640 section 4, subsections 1 and 2, Cable TV providers (in the US, with digital systems) must, upon request of a customer, have provided a high-definition capable cable box with a functional FireWire interface. This applied only to customers leasing high-definition capab... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 481 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
Military and aerospace vehicles
SAE Aerospace standard AS5643 originally released in 2004 and reaffirmed in 2013 establishes IEEE-1394 standards as a military and aerospace databus network in those vehicles. AS5643 is utilized by several large programs, including the F-35 Lightning II, the X-47B UCAV aircraft, AGM-154 ... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 469 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
IIDC
IIDC (Instrumentation & Industrial Digital Camera) is the FireWire data format standard for live video, and is used by Apple's iSight A/V camera. The system was designed for machine vision systems but is also used for other computer vision applications and for some webcams. Although they are easily confused since ... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 441 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
iPod and iPhone synchronization and charging
iPods released prior to the iPod with Dock Connector used IEEE 1394a ports for transferring music files and charging, but in 2003, the FireWire port in iPods was succeeded by Apple's dock connector and IEEE 1394 to 30-pin connector cables were made. Apple began removing back... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 300 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
On many implementations, particularly those like PCs and Macs using the popular OHCI, the mapping between the FireWire physical memory space and device physical memory is done in hardware, without operating system intervention. While this enables high-speed and low-latency communication between data sources and sinks w... | IEEE 1394 | Wikipedia | 341 | 26246088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201394 | Technology | User interface | null |
Film capacitors, plastic film capacitors, film dielectric capacitors, or polymer film capacitors, generically called film caps as well as power film capacitors, are electrical capacitors with an insulating plastic film as the dielectric, sometimes combined with paper as carrier of the electrodes.
The dielectric films,... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 454 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
Film/foil capacitors or metal foil capacitors are made with two plastic films as the dielectric. Each is layered with a thin metal foil, usually aluminum, as the electrodes. Advantages of this construction type are easy electrical connection to the metal foil electrodes, and its ability to handle high current surges.
... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 364 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
Another feature of film capacitors is the possibility of choosing different film materials for the dielectric layer to select for desirable electrical characteristics, such as stability, wide temperature range, or ability to withstand very high voltages. Polypropylene film capacitors are specified because of their low ... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 373 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
Film stretching and metallization — To increase the capacitance value of the capacitor, the plastic film is drawn using a special extrusion process of bi-axial stretching in longitudinal and transverse directions, as thin as is technically possible and as allowed by the desired breakdown voltage. The thickness of these... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 483 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
Coating — After attaching the terminals, the capacitor body is potted into an external casing, or is dipped into a protective coating. For lowest production costs some film capacitors can be used "naked", without further coating of the winding.
Electrical final test — All capacitors (100%) should be tested for the mos... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 99 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
The production of wound film/metal foil capacitors with metal foil instead of metallized films is done in a very similar way.
As an alternative to the traditional wound construction of film capacitors, they can also be manufactured in a "stacked" configuration. For this version, the two metallized films representing t... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 505 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
The "pinholes" in the metallization caused by the self-healing arcs reduce the capacitance of the capacitor very slightly. However, the magnitude of this reduction is quite low; even with several thousand defects to be burned out, this reduction usually is much smaller than 1% of the total capacitance of the capacitor.... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 402 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
The rated voltage of different film materials depends on factors such as the thickness of the film, the quality of the material (freedom from physical defects and chemical impurities), the ambient temperature, and frequency of operation, plus a safety margin against the breakdown voltage (dielectric strength). But to a... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 455 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
The electrode layers are wound slightly offset from each other, so that the edges of the electrodes can be contacted using a face contacting method "schoopage" at the collateral end faces of the winding. This internal connection is ultimately made by multiple point-shaped contacts at the edge of the electrode, and can ... | Film capacitor | Wikipedia | 418 | 35034187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20capacitor | Technology | Components | null |
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