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The origin of Jupiter's colored banded structure is not completely clear, though it may resemble the cloud structure of Earth's Hadley cells. The simplest interpretation is that zones are sites of atmospheric upwelling, whereas belts are manifestations of downwelling. When air enriched in ammonia rises in zones, it exp... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 489 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The belts and zones that divide Jupiter's atmosphere each have their own names and unique characteristics. They begin below the North and South Polar Regions, which extend from the poles to roughly 40–48° N/S. These bluish-gray regions are usually featureless.
The North North Temperate Region rarely shows more detail ... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 412 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The NEB is one of the most active belts on the planet. It is characterized by anticyclonic white ovals and cyclonic "barges" (also known as "brown ovals"), with the former usually forming farther north than the latter; as in the NTropZ, most of these features are relatively short-lived. Like the South Equatorial Belt (... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 487 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The South Temperate Region, or South Temperate Belt (STB), is yet another dark, prominent belt, more so than the NTB; until March 2000, its most famous features were the long-lived white ovals BC, DE, and FA, which have since merged to form Oval BA ("Red Jr."). The ovals were part of South Temperate Zone, but they exte... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 421 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The theories regarding the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere can be broadly divided into two classes: shallow and deep. The former hold that the observed circulation is largely confined to a thin outer (weather) layer of the planet, which overlays the stable interior. The latter hypothesis postulates that the observed ... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 430 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
While these weather–layer models can successfully explain the existence of a dozen narrow jets, they have serious problems. A glaring failure of the model is the prograde (super-rotating) equatorial jet: with some rare exceptions shallow models produce a strong retrograde (subrotating) jet, contrary to observations. In... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 503 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Moist-convection and Y-shaped Structures on Jupiter’s Equatorial Zone
Numerical simulations suggest that deep convection on Jupiter is primarily triggered by water condensation occurring at pressure levels ranging from approximately 5 bar to 500 mbar. At the upper altitudes of these convective plumes, where the pres... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 403 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Internal heat
As has been known since 1966, Jupiter radiates much more heat than it receives from the Sun. It is estimated that the ratio of the thermal power emitted by the planet to the thermal power absorbed from the Sun is . The internal heat flux from Jupiter is , whereas the total emitted power is . The latter v... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 485 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The anticyclones in Jupiter's atmosphere are always confined within zones, where the wind speed increases in direction from the equator to the poles. They are usually bright and appear as white ovals. They can move in longitude, but stay at approximately the same latitude as they are unable to escape from the confining... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 470 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years. A storm was described as a "permanent spot" by Gian Domenico Cassini after observing the feature in July 1665 with his instrument-maker Eustachio Divini. ... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 421 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Infrared data have long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus, higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet; the cloudtops of the GRS are about 8 km above the surrounding clouds. Furthermore, careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the spot's counterclockwise circulation as ... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 443 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
It is not known exactly what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Theories supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the color may be caused by complex organic molecules, red phosphorus, or yet another sulfur compound. The GRS varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon, or even white. The ... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 435 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The formation of the three white oval storms that later merged into Oval BA can be traced to 1939, when the South Temperate Zone was torn by dark features that effectively split the zone into three long sections. Jovian observer Elmer J. Reese labeled the dark sections AB, CD, and EF. The rifts expanded, shrinking the ... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 478 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Oval BA should not be confused with another major storm on Jupiter, the South Tropical Little Red Spot (LRS) (nicknamed "the Baby Red Spot" by NASA), which was destroyed by the GRS. The new storm, previously a white spot in Hubble images, turned red in May 2008. The observations were led by Imke de Pater of the Univer... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 416 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Storms on Jupiter are always associated with lightning. The imaging of the night–side hemisphere of Jupiter by Galileo and Cassini spacecraft revealed regular light flashes in Jovian belts and near the locations of the westward jets, particularly at 51°N, 56°S and 14°S latitudes. On Jupiter lightning strikes are on ave... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 265 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Other notable features of Jupiter are its cyclones near the northern and southern poles of the planet. These are called circumpolar cyclones (CPCs) and they have been observed by the Juno Spacecraft using JunoCam and JIRAM. The cyclones have now been observed for about 5 years, as Juno completed 39 orbits around Jupite... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 314 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The mechanism for the stability of these two symmetric structures of cyclones is an outcome of Beta-drift, a known effect causing cyclones to move poleward and anti-cyclones to move equatorward due to the conservation of momentum along streamlines in a vortex, under the change of the Coriolis parameter. Thus, cyclones ... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 445 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The instantaneous locations of the south polar cyclones have been tracked for 5 years by the JIRAM instrument and by JunoCam. The locations over time were revealed to form an oscillatory motion of each of the 6 cyclones, with periods of approximately one (Earth) year and radii of about 400 km. These oscillations around... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 421 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Hot spots
Some of the most mysterious features in the atmosphere of Jupiter are hot spots. In them, the air is relatively free of clouds and heat can escape from the depths without much absorption. The spots look like bright spots in the infrared images obtained at the wavelength of about 5 μm. They are preferentially... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 408 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The first observations of the Jovian atmosphere at higher resolution than possible with Earth-based telescopes were taken by the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft. The first truly detailed images of Jupiter's atmosphere were provided by the Voyagers. The two spacecraft were able to image details at a resolution as low as 5 ... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 441 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted around 1700 on a canvas by Donato Creti, which is exhibited in the Vatican. It is a part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various Italian scenes, the creation of all of them overseen by the astronomer Eustachio Ma... | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 484 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
During the Voyager fly-bys, the ovals extended roughly 9000 km from east to west, 5000 km from north to south, and rotated every five days (compared to six for the GRS at the time). | Atmosphere of Jupiter | Wikipedia | 46 | 30873277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere%20of%20Jupiter | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Brontotheriidae is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially, they looked rather like rhinos with some developing bony nose horns, and were some of the earliest mammals to have evolved large body sizes of several tonnes. Th... | Brontotheriidae | Wikipedia | 426 | 30873721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Brontotheres evolved massive bodies, with some species standing over 2.5 meters (7 feet) tall, with body masses of over a tonne, perhaps exceeding , in large individuals of Megacerops, although some small species such as Nanotitanops did persist through the Eocene. Some genera, such as Dolichorhinus, evolved highly el... | Brontotheriidae | Wikipedia | 408 | 30873721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Brontotheres were one of the first fossilized mammals to be discovered west of the Mississippi, with the first fossil being found in 1846 in the Badlands, South Dakota. Joseph Leidy was the first researcher to scientifically describe brontothere fossils, followed by Cope and Marsh, who studied skulls and entire skeleto... | Brontotheriidae | Wikipedia | 380 | 30873721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability to explain the fundamental parameters of the standard model, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of dark ma... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 343 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
Phenomena not explained
The Standard Model is inherently an incomplete theory. There are fundamental physical phenomena in nature that the Standard Model does not adequately explain:
Gravity. The standard model does not explain gravity. The approach of simply adding a graviton to the Standard Model does not recreate ... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 439 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
Matter–antimatter asymmetry. The universe is made out of mostly matter. However, the standard model predicts that matter and antimatter should have been created in (almost) equal amounts if the initial conditions of the universe did not involve disproportionate matter relative to antimatter. Yet, there is no mechanism ... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 82 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
Experimental results not explained
No experimental result is accepted as definitively contradicting the Standard Model at the 5 level, widely considered to be the threshold of a discovery in particle physics. Because every experiment contains some degree of statistical and systemic uncertainty, and the theoretical pr... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 313 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
Some of the most notable examples include the following:
B meson decay etc. – results from a BaBar experiment may suggest a surplus over Standard Model predictions of a type of particle decay . In this, an electron and positron collide, resulting in a B meson and an antimatter meson, which then decays into a D meson ... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 417 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
A few hadrons (i.e. composite particles made of quarks) whose existence is predicted by the Standard Model, which can be produced only at very high energies in very low frequencies have not yet been definitively observed, and "glueballs" (i.e. composite particles made of gluons) have also not yet been definitively obse... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 453 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
Theoretical problems
Some features of the standard model are added in an ad hoc way. These are not problems per se (i.e. the theory works fine with the ad hoc insertions), but they imply a lack of understanding. These contrived features have motivated theorists to look for more fundamental theories with fewer parameter... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 459 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
The standard model has three gauge symmetries; the colour SU(3), the weak isospin SU(2), and the weak hypercharge U(1) symmetry, corresponding to the three fundamental forces. Due to renormalization the coupling constants of each of these symmetries vary with the energy at which they are measured. Around these couplin... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 437 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
Neutrino oscillations are usually explained using massive neutrinos. In the standard model, neutrinos have exactly zero mass, as the standard model only contains left-handed neutrinos. With no suitable right-handed partner, it is impossible to add a renormalizable mass term to the standard model.
These measurements onl... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 168 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
One approach to add masses to the neutrinos, the so-called seesaw mechanism, is to add right-handed neutrinos and have these couple to left-handed neutrinos with a Dirac mass term. The right-handed neutrinos have to be sterile, meaning that they do not participate in any of the standard model interactions. Because they... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 415 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
The mass terms mix neutrinos of different generations. This mixing is parameterized by the PMNS matrix, which is the neutrino analogue of the CKM quark mixing matrix. Unlike the quark mixing, which is almost minimal, the mixing of the neutrinos appears to be almost maximal. This has led to various speculations of symme... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 487 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
In practical terms the immediate goal in this regard is to develop a theory which would unify the Standard Model with General Relativity in a theory of quantum gravity. Additional features, such as overcoming conceptual flaws in either theory or accurate prediction of particle masses, would be desired.
The challenges i... | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 370 | 4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | null |
In computer science, recursion is a method of solving a computational problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. Recursion solves such recursive problems by using functions that call themselves from within their own code. The approach can be applied to many types of proble... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 486 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
The job of the recursive cases can be seen as breaking down complex inputs into simpler ones. In a properly designed recursive function, with each recursive call, the input problem must be simplified in such a way that eventually the base case must be reached. (Functions that are not intended to terminate under norma... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 497 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
<expr> ::= <number>
| (<expr> * <expr>)
| (<expr> + <expr>)
This says that an expression is either a number, a product of two expressions, or a sum of two expressions. By recursively referring to expressions in the second and third lines, the grammar permits arbitrarily complicated arithmetic expr... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 497 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Single recursion is often much more efficient than multiple recursion, and can generally be replaced by an iterative computation, running in linear time and requiring constant space. Multiple recursion, by contrast, may require exponential time and space, and is more fundamentally recursive, not being able to be replac... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 512 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Structural versus generative recursion
Some authors classify recursion as either "structural" or "generative". The distinction is related to where a recursive procedure gets the data that it works on, and how it processes that data:
Thus, the defining characteristic of a structurally recursive function is that the a... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 494 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
On the basis of elegance, wrapper functions are generally approved, while short-circuiting the base case is frowned upon, particularly in academia. Hybrid algorithms are often used for efficiency, to reduce the overhead of recursion in small cases, and arm's-length recursion is a special case of this.
Wrapper function... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 445 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Short-circuiting is primarily a concern when many base cases are encountered, such as Null pointers in a tree, which can be linear in the number of function calls, hence significant savings for algorithms; this is illustrated below for a depth-first search. Short-circuiting on a tree corresponds to considering a leaf ... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 486 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
In C, the standard recursive algorithm may be implemented as:
bool tree_contains(struct node *tree_node, int i) {
if (tree_node == NULL)
return false; // base case
else if (tree_node->data == i)
return true;
else
return tree_contains(tree_node->left, i) ||
tree_contai... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 438 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Hybrid algorithm
Recursive algorithms are often inefficient for small data, due to the overhead of repeated function calls and returns. For this reason efficient implementations of recursive algorithms often start with the recursive algorithm, but then switch to a different algorithm when the input becomes small. An im... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 492 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Conversely, all iterative functions and procedures that can be evaluated by a computer (see Turing completeness) can be expressed in terms of recursive functions; iterative control constructs such as while loops and for loops are routinely rewritten in recursive form in functional languages. However, in practice this r... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 460 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Vulnerability
Because recursive algorithms can be subject to stack overflows, they may be vulnerable to pathological or malicious input. Some malware specifically targets a program's call stack and takes advantage of the stack's inherently recursive nature. Even in the absence of malware, a stack overflow caused by unb... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 388 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Tail-recursive functions
Tail-recursive functions are functions in which all recursive calls are tail calls and hence do not build up any deferred operations. For example, the gcd function (shown again below) is tail-recursive. In contrast, the factorial function (also below) is not tail-recursive; because its recursi... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 495 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
This evaluation of the recurrence relation demonstrates the computation that would be performed in evaluating the pseudocode above:
This factorial function can also be described without using recursion by making use of the typical looping constructs found in imperative programming languages:
The imperative code above... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 507 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Recursion is used in this algorithm because with each pass a new array is created by cutting the old one in half. The binary search procedure is then called recursively, this time on the new (and smaller) array. Typically the array's size is adjusted by manipulating a beginning and ending index. The algorithm exhibi... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 497 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
"Recursive algorithms are particularly appropriate when the underlying problem or the data to be treated are defined in recursive terms."
The examples in this section illustrate what is known as "structural recursion". This term refers to the fact that the recursive procedures are acting on data that is defined recur... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 501 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
// Test if tree_node contains i; return 1 if so, 0 if not.
int tree_contains(struct node *tree_node, int i) {
if (tree_node == NULL)
return 0; // base case
else if (tree_node->data == i)
return 1;
else
return tree_contains(tree_node->left, i) || tree_contains(tree_node->right, i);
}... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 502 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
/**
* Recursively traverse a given directory
*
* @param fd indicates the starting point of traversal
*/
private static void rtraverse(File fd) {
File[] fss = fd.listFiles();
for (int i = 0; i < fss.length; i++) {
System.out.println(fss[i]);
if (fss[i].isDirectory() && fss[i].canRead()) {
rtraver... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 495 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
define a procedure, which can be used to search for a path from X to Y, either by finding a direct arc from X to Y, or by finding an arc from X to Z, and then searching recursively for a path from Z to Y. Prolog executes the procedure by reasoning top-down (or backwards) and searching the space of possible paths dep... | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 448 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
static void recursive() { // Recursive Function with no way out
recursive();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
recursive(); // Executes the recursive function upon runtime
}
}
Running this code will result in a stack overflow error. | Recursion (computer science) | Wikipedia | 69 | 4044867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29 | Technology | Software development: General | null |
Snapchat is an American multimedia instant messaging app and service developed by Snap Inc., originally Snapchat Inc. One of the principal features of the multimedia Snapchat is that pictures and messages are usually available for only a short time before they become inaccessible to their recipients. The app has evolve... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 422 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On May 8, 2012, Reggie Brown sent an email to Evan Spiegel during their senior year at Stanford, in which he offered to re-negotiate his equitable share regarding ownership of the company. Lawyers for Snapchat claimed that Reggie Brown had made no contributions of value to the company, and was therefore entitled to not... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 216 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
As of May 2012, 25 Snapchat images were being sent per second and, as of November 2012, users had shared over one billion photos on the Snapchat iOS app, with 20 million photos being shared per day. That same month, Spiegel cited problems with user base scalability as the reason that Snapchat was experiencing some diff... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 429 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In September 2016, Snapchat Inc. was renamed Snap Inc. to coincide with the introduction of the company's first hardware product, Spectacles—smartglasses with a built-in camera that can record 10 seconds of video at a time. On February 20, 2017, Spectacles became available for purchase online.
Snapchat announced a rede... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 503 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Core functionality
Snapchat is primarily used for creating multimedia messages referred to as "snaps"; snaps can consist of a photo or a short video, and can be edited to include filters and effects, text captions, and drawings. Snaps can be directed privately to selected contacts, or to a semi-public "Story" or a pub... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 453 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Friends can be added via usernames and phone contacts, using customizable "Snapcodes", or through the "Add Nearby" function, which scans for users near their location who are also in the Add Nearby menu. Spiegel explained that Snapchat is intended to counteract the trend of users being compelled to manage an idealized ... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 441 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In July 2017, Snapchat started allowing users to add links to snaps, enabling them to direct viewers to specific websites; the feature was only available for brands previously. Additionally, the update added more creative tools: A "Backdrop" feature lets users cut out a specific object from their photo and apply colorf... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 426 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The "Lens" feature, introduced in September 2015, allows users to add real-time effects into their snaps by using face detection technology. This is activated by long-pressing on a face within the viewfinder. In April 2017, Snapchat extended this feature into "World Lenses", which use augmented reality technology to in... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 402 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Friend emojis
Friend emojis can be customized, however the default emojis are listed below.
The snapscore, which states the amount of snaps one has sent and received is recorded and is visible to one's friends. If users tap their own score it shows the ratio of sent and received snaps, the amount of snaps they have se... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 466 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In October 2016, the app was updated to replace its auto-advance functionality, which automatically moved users from one story to the next, with a "Story Playlist" feature, letting users select thumbnails of users in the list to play only selected stories.
In January 2017, Snapchat revamped its design, adding search f... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 466 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In 2018, Snapchat / Vertical Networks made a deal with Fox to make a television version of the dating and reality show Phone Swap.
In 2018, Snapchat got a new show called How Low Will You Go that was created by Above Average Productions and NBC.
In contrast to other messaging apps, Spiegel described Snapchat's messagin... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 506 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In August 2022, Snap Inc. announced it would discontinue all original scripted content with no plans to continue work in this direction.
In 2023, Snapchat had over 300 million monthly active users. In 2024, the countries with the most Snapchat users were India with 202.5 million users, followed by the United States wi... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 501 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The study results also suggested that Snapchat's success is not due to its security properties, but because the users found the application to be fun. The researchers found that users seem to be well-aware (79.4% of respondents) that recovering snaps is possible and a majority of users (52.8% of respondents) report tha... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 470 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In January 2015, Snapchat began making a shift from focusing on growth to monetization. The company launched its "Discover" feature, which allowed for paid advertising by presenting short-form content from publishers. Its initial launch partners included CNN, Comedy Central, ESPN and Food Network, among others. In June... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 426 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In May 2016, as part of a campaign to promote X-Men: Apocalypse, 20th Century Fox paid for the entire array of lenses to be replaced by those based on characters from the X-Men series and films for a single day. In July 2016, it was reported that Snapchat had submitted a patent application for the process of using an o... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 503 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In response to industry competition from streaming platforms such as Netflix, Snapchat announced in late 2018 that it would diversify its content by launching Snap Originals (episodic content including both scripted shows and documentaries).
In June 2020, Snapchat announced the creation of its first-ever "shoppable" o... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 417 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Federal Trade Commission
In 2014, Snapchat settled a complaint made by the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The government agency alleged that the company had exaggerated to the public the degree to which mobile app images and photos could actually be made to disappear. Under the terms of the agreement, Snapchat was... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 356 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Windows app
In November 2014, Snapchat announced a crackdown on third-party apps of its service and their users. Users of the Windows Phone platform were affected, as Snapchat did not have an official client for it, but numerous third-party apps existed, most popularly one called 6snap. In December, Microsoft was force... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 334 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
"Poor Country" remark
According to former Snapchat employee Anthony Pompliano in a lawsuit filed against Snap Inc., Spiegel made a statement in 2015 that Snapchat is "only for rich people" and that he does not "want to expand into poor countries like India and Spain". The incident sparked a Twitter trend called "#Unin... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 319 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
"Snap Map" privacy concerns
The June 2017 release of "Snap Map", a feature that broadcasts the user's location on a map, was met with concerns over privacy and safety. The feature, through an opt-in, delivers a message asking if the user would like to show their position on the map, but reportedly does not explain the ... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 474 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Mozilla calls for public disclosures related to use of A.I.
Citing "vague, broad language" in Snapchat's privacy policy, Mozilla issued a September 2019 petition calling for public disclosures related to the app's use of facial emotion recognition technology. When reached for comment by Scientific American, representat... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 509 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Grooming
In November 2024, British children's charity the NSPCC reported that according to statistics provided to them by the police, that the most popular app amongst online groomers was Snapchat. More than 7,000 Sexual Communication with a Child offences were recorded across the UK in the year to March 2024, the hig... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 493 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In June 2021, a month after the 9th Circuit ruling, Snapchat removed the “speed filter”, citing its limited use for its removal. The decision came after mounting pressure from safety advocates, legal experts, and families affected by crashes allegedly linked to the feature. Critics had long argued that the filter incen... | Snapchat | Wikipedia | 92 | 37506594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the back bone and are supported only by muscles.
Fish fins are distinctive anatomical features with varying structu... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 451 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Types of fins
Fins can either be paired or unpaired. The pectoral and pelvic fins are paired, whereas the dorsal, anal and caudal fins are unpaired and situated along the midline of the body. For every type of fin, there are a number of fish species in which this particular fin has been lost during evolution (e.g. pelv... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 510 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Lobe-finned fishes form a class of bony fishes called Sarcopterygii. They have fleshy, lobed, paired fins, which are joined to the body by a series of bones. The fins of lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobe-like, scaly stalk extending from the body. Pectoral and p... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 511 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Fin arrangement and body shape is relatively conservative in lobe-finned fishes. However, there are a few examples from the fossil record that show aberrant morphologies, such as Allenypterus, Rebellatrix, Foreyia or the tetrapodomorphs.
Diversity of fins in lobe-finned fishes
Ray-fins
Ray-finned fishes form a class... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 399 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Shark fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers. Originally the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins bec... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 504 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Tiger sharks have a large upper lobe, which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the porbeagle shark, which hunts schooling fish such as mackerel and herring, has a large lower lobe to hel... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 426 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Cavitation occurs when negative pressure causes bubbles (cavities) to form in a liquid, which then promptly and violently collapse. It can cause significant damage and wear. Cavitation damage can occur to the tail fins of powerful swimming marine animals, such as dolphins and tuna. Cavitation is more likely to occur ne... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 486 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
The bodies of reef fishes are often shaped differently from open water fishes. Open water fishes are usually built for speed, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through the water. Reef fish operate in the relatively confined spaces and complex underwater landscapes of coral reefs. For this man... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 343 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Gonopodia are found on the males of some species in the Anablepidae and Poeciliidae families. They are anal fins that have been modified to function as movable intromittent organs and are used to impregnate females with milt during mating. The third, fourth and fifth rays of the male's anal fin are formed into a tube-... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 511 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
The Indo-Pacific sailfish has a prominent dorsal fin. Like scombroids and other billfish, they streamline themselves by retracting their dorsal fins into a groove in their body when they swim. The huge dorsal fin, or sail, of the sailfish is kept retracted most of the time. Sailfish raise them if they want to herd a sc... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 403 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Classical theories
Carl Gegenbaur's concept of the "Archipterygium" was introduced in 1876. It was described as a gill ray, or "joined cartilaginous stem," that extended from the gill arch. Additional rays arose from along the arch and from the central gill ray. Gegenbaur suggested a model of transformative homology –... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 454 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
A similar renovation of an old theory may be found in the developmental programming of chondricthyan gill arches and paired appendages. In 2009, researchers at the University of Chicago demonstrated that there are shared molecular patterning mechanisms in the early development of the chondricthyan gill arch and paired ... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 345 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
The first mammals appeared during the Triassic period (between 251.9 and 201.4 million years ago). Several groups of these mammals started returning to the sea, including the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). Recent DNA analysis suggests that cetaceans evolved from within the even-toed ungulates, and that the... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 423 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
The use of fins for the propulsion of aquatic animals can be remarkably effective. It has been calculated that some fish can achieve a propulsive efficiency greater than 90%. Fish can accelerate and manoeuvre much more effectively than boats or submarine, and produce less water disturbance and noise. This has led to bi... | Fish fin | Wikipedia | 454 | 37508073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20fin | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Instrumental analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that investigates analytes using scientific instruments.
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the molecules with electromagnetic radiation. Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emis... | Instrumental chemistry | Wikipedia | 491 | 26219128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental%20chemistry | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Chemistry |
Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques. Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development.
Hyphenated separation techniques refer to a combination of two or more techniques to separate chemicals from solutions and detect them. Most often... | Instrumental chemistry | Wikipedia | 398 | 26219128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental%20chemistry | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Chemistry |
Legionnaires' disease is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any species of Legionella bacteria, quite often Legionella pneumophila. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle pains, and headaches. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. This often begins 2–10 days after exposur... | Legionnaires' disease | Wikipedia | 453 | 41678169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27%20disease | Biology and health sciences | Bacterial infections | Health |
Signs and symptoms
The length of time between exposure to the bacteria and the appearance of symptoms (incubation period) is generally 2–10 days, but can more rarely extend to as long as 20 days. For the general population, among those exposed, between 0.1 and 5.0% develop the disease, while among those in hospital, be... | Legionnaires' disease | Wikipedia | 408 | 41678169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27%20disease | Biology and health sciences | Bacterial infections | Health |
Transmission
Legionnaires' disease is usually spread by the breathing in of aerosolized water or soil contaminated with the Legionella bacteria. Experts have stated that Legionnaires' disease is not transmitted from person to person. In 2014, one case of possible spread from someone sick to the caregiver occurred. Rare... | Legionnaires' disease | Wikipedia | 447 | 41678169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27%20disease | Biology and health sciences | Bacterial infections | Health |
The bacteria may also be transmitted from contaminated aerosols generated in hot tubs if the disinfection and maintenance programs are not followed rigorously. Freshwater ponds, creeks, and ornamental fountains are potential sources of Legionella. The disease is particularly associated with hotels, fountains, cruise sh... | Legionnaires' disease | Wikipedia | 330 | 41678169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27%20disease | Biology and health sciences | Bacterial infections | Health |
The most useful diagnostic tests detect the bacteria in coughed-up mucus, find Legionella antigens in urine samples, or allow comparison of Legionella antibody levels in two blood samples taken 3–6 weeks apart. A urine antigen test is simple, quick, and very reliable, but only detects L. pneumophila serogroup 1, which ... | Legionnaires' disease | Wikipedia | 356 | 41678169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27%20disease | Biology and health sciences | Bacterial infections | Health |
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