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Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the laws for safety and health at work are registered in the Working Conditions Act (Arbeidsomstandighedenwet and Arbeidsomstandighedenbeleid). Apart from the direct laws directed to safety and health in working environments, the private domain has added health and safety rules in Workin... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 491 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Indonesia
In Indonesia, the Ministry of Manpower (Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan, or Kemnaker) is responsible to ensure the safety, health and welfare of workers. Important OHS acts include the Occupational Safety Act 1970 and the Occupational Health Act 1992. Sanctions, however, are still low (with a maximum of 15 milli... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 426 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Malaysia
In Malaysia, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) under the Ministry of Human Resources is responsible to ensure that the safety, health and welfare of workers in both the public and private sector is upheld. DOSH is responsible to enforce the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and the Occupa... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 502 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Health and safety legislation in the UK is drawn up and enforced by the Health and Safety Executive and local authorities under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HASAWA or HSWA). HASAWA introduced (section 2) a general duty on an employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 397 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
United States
In the United States, President Richard Nixon signed the Occupational Safety and Health Act into law on 29 December 1970. The act created the three agencies which administer OSH: the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), a... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 474 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
OSHA has strategic partnership and alliance programs to develop guidelines, assist in compliance, share resources, and educate workers in OHS. OSHA manages Susan B. Harwood grants to non-profit organizations to train workers and employers to recognize, avoid, and prevent safety and health hazards in the workplace. Gran... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 403 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
OSH specialists examine worksites for environmental or physical factors that could harm employee health, safety, comfort or performance. They then find ways to improve potential risk factors. For example, they may notice potentially hazardous conditions inside a chemical plant and suggest changes to lighting, equipment... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 503 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
In 2004, 14% of health and safety practitioners in the Netherlands had an MSc and 63% had a BSc. 23% had training as an OSH technician.
Norway
In Norway, the main required tasks of an occupational health and safety practitioner include:
Systematic evaluations of the working environment.
Endorsing preventive measure... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 284 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Many OSH generalists focus on undergraduate studies; programs within schools, such as that of the University of North Carolina's online BSc in environmental health and safety, fill a large majority of hygienist needs. However, smaller companies often do not have full-time safety specialists on staff, thus, they appoint... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 463 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Field training
One form of training delivered in the workplace is known as toolbox talk. According to the UK's Health and Safety Executive, a toolbox talk is a short presentation to the workforce on a single aspect of health and safety. Such talks are often used, especially in the construction industry, by site superv... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 479 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Physical hazards in the form of human–robot collisions may arise from robots using AI, especially collaborative robots (cobots). Cobots are intended to operate in close proximity to humans, which makes it impossible to implement the common hazard control of isolating the robot using fences or other barriers, which is w... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 338 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Nanotechnology is an example of a new, relatively unstudied technology. A Swiss survey of 138 companies using or producing nanoparticulate matter in 2006 resulted in forty completed questionnaires. Sixty-five per cent of respondent companies stated they did not have a formal risk assessment process for dealing with nan... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 485 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Those residing in a country to work without a visa or other formal authorization may also not have access to legal resources and recourse that are designed to protect most workers. Health and Safety organizations that rely on whistleblowers instead of their own independent inspections may be especially at risk of havin... | Occupational safety and health | Wikipedia | 65 | 35319154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20safety%20and%20health | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness | null |
Yutyrannus (Simplified Chinese : 华丽羽王龙 Traditional Chinese : 華麗羽王龍 Pinyin : Huà Lì Yǔ Wáng Lóng meaning "feathered tyrant") is a genus of proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur which contains a single known species, Yutyrannus huali. This species lived during the early Cretaceous period in what is now northeastern Chi... | Yutyrannus | Wikipedia | 473 | 35323072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutyrannus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Yutyrannus was a large bipedal predator. The holotype and oldest-known specimen has an estimated length of and an estimated weight of about . In 2016, Gregory S. Paul gave lower estimations of and . Its skull has an estimated length of . The skulls of the paratypes are and long and their weights have been estimated... | Yutyrannus | Wikipedia | 202 | 35323072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutyrannus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Feathers
The described specimens of Yutyrannus contain direct evidence of feathers in the form of fossil imprints. The feathers were long, up to , and filamentous. Because the quality of the preservation was low, it could not be established whether the filaments were simple or compound, broad or narrow. The feathers ... | Yutyrannus | Wikipedia | 466 | 35323072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutyrannus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
It was considered possible that the integumentary structures of Yutyrannus might not represent true feathers and represent filamentous structures, being ancestral state to feathers. However, this hypothesis is now considered overturned with subsequent research that verified that the structures on various dinosaurs and ... | Yutyrannus | Wikipedia | 491 | 35323072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutyrannus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Social behavior
Because the three known individuals of Yutyrannus were allegedly found together, some paleontologists, including Xu Xing, have interpreted the animal as a pack hunter. Based on the presence of sauropod material in the quarry in which the three specimens were found, Xu has further speculated that Yutyr... | Yutyrannus | Wikipedia | 353 | 35323072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutyrannus | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite substantial harm and adverse consequences to self and others. Related terms include substance use problems and problematic drug or alcohol use.
Substance use disorders vary with regard to the average age of onset. It is not uncommon for those who ha... | Substance use disorder | Wikipedia | 416 | 26477290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance%20use%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Drugs and pharmacology | null |
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and exact a large toll on individuals' health, well-being, and social functioning. Long-lasting changes in brain networks involved in reward, executive function, stress reactivity, mood, and self-awareness underlie the intense drive to consume substances and the inabi... | Substance use disorder | Wikipedia | 467 | 26477290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance%20use%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Drugs and pharmacology | null |
Psychological determinants
Psychological causal factors include cognitive, affective, and developmental determinants, among others. For example, individuals who begin using alcohol or other drugs in their teens are more likely to have a substance use disorder as adults. Other common risk factors are being male, being ... | Substance use disorder | Wikipedia | 431 | 26477290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance%20use%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Drugs and pharmacology | null |
There are additional qualifiers and exceptions outlined in the DSM. For instance, if an individual is taking opiates as prescribed, they may experience physiologic effects of tolerance and withdrawal, but this would not cause an individual to meet criteria for a SUD without additional symptoms also being present. A phy... | Substance use disorder | Wikipedia | 440 | 26477290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance%20use%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Drugs and pharmacology | null |
Screening tools
There are several different screening tools that have been validated for use with adolescents, such as the CRAFFT, and with adults, such as CAGE, AUDIT and DALI. Laboratory tests to detect alcohol and other drugs in urine and blood may be useful during the assessment process to confirm a diagnosis, to... | Substance use disorder | Wikipedia | 355 | 26477290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance%20use%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Drugs and pharmacology | null |
An autotroph is an organism that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms. Autotrophs produce complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) using carbon from simple substances such as carbon dioxide, generally using ener... | Autotroph | Wikipedia | 438 | 25086118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroph | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
History
The term autotroph was coined by the German botanist Albert Bernhard Frank in 1892. It stems from the ancient Greek word (), meaning "nourishment" or "food". The first autotrophic organisms likely evolved early in the Archean but proliferated across Earth's Great Oxidation Event with an increase to the rate of... | Autotroph | Wikipedia | 454 | 25086118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroph | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Without primary producers, organisms that are capable of producing energy on their own, the biological systems of Earth would be unable to sustain themselves. Plants, along with other primary producers, produce the energy that other living beings consume, and the oxygen that they breathe. It is thought that the first o... | Autotroph | Wikipedia | 479 | 25086118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroph | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Primary production in tropical streams and rivers
Aquatic algae are a significant contributor to food webs in tropical rivers and streams. This is displayed by net primary production, a fundamental ecological process that reflects the amount of carbon that is synthesized within an ecosystem. This carbon ultimately beco... | Autotroph | Wikipedia | 391 | 25086118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroph | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight limbs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every cont... | Spider | Wikipedia | 368 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Their abdomens bear appendages, modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and ... | Spider | Wikipedia | 373 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
To avoid being eaten by the females, which are typically much larger, male spiders identify themselves as potential mates by a variety of complex courtship rituals. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg cases, each of which may contain hundreds of ... | Spider | Wikipedia | 317 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Spiders are chelicerates and therefore, arthropods. As arthropods, they have: segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle made of chitin and proteins; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the embryo. Being chelicerates, their bodies consist of two tagmata, se... | Spider | Wikipedia | 418 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
In spiders, the cephalothorax and abdomen are joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel, which enables the abdomen to move independently when producing silk. The upper surface of the cephalothorax is covered by a single, convex carapace, while the underside is covered by two rather flat plates. The abdomen is soft and egg... | Spider | Wikipedia | 315 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based on book lungs, a tracheal system, or both. Mygalomorph and Mesothelae spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph, where openings on the ventral surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and diffuse oxygen. This is also the case for s... | Spider | Wikipedia | 475 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
The stomach in the cephalothorax acts as a pump that sends the food deeper into the digestive system. The midgut bears many digestive ceca, compartments with no other exit, that extract nutrients from the food; most are in the abdomen, which is dominated by the digestive system, but a few are found in the cephalothorax... | Spider | Wikipedia | 488 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Spiders have primarily four pairs of eyes on the top-front area of the cephalothorax, arranged in patterns that vary from one family to another. The principal pair at the front are of the type called pigment-cup ocelli ("little eyes"), which in most arthropods are only capable of detecting the direction from which ligh... | Spider | Wikipedia | 444 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
As with other arthropods, spiders' cuticles would block out information about the outside world, except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system. In fact, spiders and other arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors. Various touch sensors, ... | Spider | Wikipedia | 406 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Each of the eight legs of a spider consists of seven distinct parts. The part closest to and attaching the leg to the cephalothorax is the coxa; the next segment is the short trochanter that works as a hinge for the following long segment, the femur; next is the spider's knee, the patella, which acts as the hinge for t... | Spider | Wikipedia | 448 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
The abdomen has no appendages except those that have been modified to form one to four (usually three) pairs of short, movable spinnerets, which emit silk. Each spinneret has many spigots, each of which is connected to one silk gland. There are at least six types of silk gland, each producing a different type of silk. ... | Spider | Wikipedia | 363 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Spiders reproduce sexually and fertilization is internal but indirect, in other words the sperm is not inserted into the female's body by the male's genitals but by an intermediate stage. Unlike many land-living arthropods, male spiders do not produce ready-made spermatophores (packages of sperm), but spin small sperm ... | Spider | Wikipedia | 311 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Female spiders' reproductive tracts are arranged in one of two ways. The ancestral arrangement ("haplogyne" or "non-entelegyne") consists of a single genital opening, leading to two seminal receptacles (spermathecae) in which females store sperm. In the more advanced arrangement ("entelegyne"), there are two further op... | Spider | Wikipedia | 275 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Males of the genus Tidarren amputate one of their palps before maturation and enter adult life with one palp only. The palps are 20% of the male's body mass in this species, and detaching one of the two improves mobility. In the Yemeni species Tidarren argo, the remaining palp is then torn off by the female. The separa... | Spider | Wikipedia | 451 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Like other arthropods, spiders have to molt to grow as their cuticle ("skin") cannot stretch. In some species males mate with newly molted females, which are too weak to be dangerous to the males. Most spiders live for only one to two years, although some tarantulas can live in captivity for over 20 years, and an Austr... | Spider | Wikipedia | 454 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
While in many spiders color is fixed throughout their lifespan, in some groups, color may be variable in response to environmental and internal conditions. Choice of prey may be able to alter the color of spiders. For example, the abdomen of Theridion grallator will become orange if the spider ingests certain species o... | Spider | Wikipedia | 413 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Various species are known to feed on dead arthropods (scavenging), web silk, and their own shed exoskeletons. Pollen caught in webs may also be eaten, and studies have shown that young spiders have a better chance of survival if they have the opportunity to eat pollen. In captivity, several spider species are also know... | Spider | Wikipedia | 356 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Net-casting spiders weave only small webs, but then manipulate them to trap prey. Those of the genus Hyptiotes and the family Theridiosomatidae stretch their webs and then release them when prey strike them, but do not actively move their webs. Those of the family Deinopidae weave even smaller webs, hold them outstretc... | Spider | Wikipedia | 395 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
The primitive Liphistiidae, the "trapdoor spiders" of the family Ctenizidae and many tarantulas are ambush predators that lurk in burrows, often closed by trapdoors and often surrounded by networks of silk threads that alert these spiders to the presence of prey. Other ambush predators do without such aids, including m... | Spider | Wikipedia | 224 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Ant-mimicking spiders face several challenges: they generally develop slimmer abdomens and false "waists" in the cephalothorax to mimic the three distinct regions (tagmata) of an ant's body; they wave the first pair of legs in front of their heads to mimic antennae, which spiders lack, and to conceal the fact that they... | Spider | Wikipedia | 506 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Many of the family Theraphosidae, which includes tarantulas and baboon spiders, have urticating hairs on their abdomens and use their legs to flick them at attackers. These bristles are fine setae (bristles) with fragile bases and a row of barbs on the tip. The barbs cause intense irritation but there is no evidence th... | Spider | Wikipedia | 502 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
There is no consistent relationship between the classification of spiders and the types of web they build: species in the same genus may build very similar or significantly different webs. Nor is there much correspondence between spiders' classification and the chemical composition of their silks. Convergent evolution ... | Spider | Wikipedia | 482 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Horizontal orb webs are fairly common, despite being less effective at intercepting and retaining prey and more vulnerable to damage by rain and falling debris. Various researchers have suggested that horizontal webs offer compensating advantages, such as reduced vulnerability to wind damage; reduced visibility to prey... | Spider | Wikipedia | 462 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Web design in zero gravity
Many experiments have been conducted to study the effect of zero gravity on the design of spider webs. In late 2020, reports of recent experiments were published that indicated that although web design was affected adversely in zero gravity conditions, having access to a light source could or... | Spider | Wikipedia | 469 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Several Carboniferous spiders were members of the Mesothelae, a primitive group now represented only by the Liphistiidae.
The mesothelid Paleothele montceauensis, from the Late Carboniferous over , had five spinnerets. Although the Permian period saw rapid diversification of flying insects, there are very few fossil s... | Spider | Wikipedia | 467 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Spiders are divided into two suborders, Mesothelae and Opisthothelae, of which the latter contains two infraorders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae. Some 50,356 living species of spiders (order Araneae) have been identified, grouped into 132 families and 4,280 genera by arachnologists in 2022.
Mesothelae
The only liv... | Spider | Wikipedia | 508 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
In addition to accounting for over 90% of spider species, the Araneomorphae, also known as the "true spiders", include orb-web spiders, the cursorial wolf spiders, and jumping spiders, as well as the only known herbivorous spider, Bagheera kiplingi. They are distinguished by having fangs that oppose each other and cros... | Spider | Wikipedia | 483 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Because spider silk is both light and very strong, attempts are being made to produce it in goats' milk and in the leaves of plants, by means of genetic engineering.
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia is a specific phobia—it is the abnormal fear of spiders or anything reminiscent of spiders, such as webs or spiderlike shape... | Spider | Wikipedia | 461 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
In some cultures, spiders have symbolized patience due to their hunting technique of setting webs and waiting for prey, as well as mischief and malice due to their venomous bites. The Italian tarantella is a dance to rid the young woman of the lustful effects of a spider bite. Web-spinning also caused the association o... | Spider | Wikipedia | 119 | 28329803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | null |
Prunus avium, commonly called wild cherry, sweet cherry or gean is a species of cherry, a flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It is native to Europe, Anatolia, Maghreb, and Western Asia, from the British Isles south to Morocco and Tunisia, north to the Trondheimsfjord region in Norway and east to the Caucasu... | Prunus avium | Wikipedia | 512 | 28331736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus%20avium | Biology and health sciences | Stone fruits | Plants |
The early history of its classification is somewhat confused. In the first edition of Species Plantarum (1753), Linnaeus treated it as only a variety, Prunus cerasus var. avium, citing Gaspard Bauhin's Pinax theatri botanici (1596).
His description, Cerasus racemosa hortensis ("cherry with racemes, of gardens") shows ... | Prunus avium | Wikipedia | 487 | 28331736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus%20avium | Biology and health sciences | Stone fruits | Plants |
Cultivation
It is often cultivated as a flowering tree. Because of the size of the tree, it is often used in parkland, and less often as a street or garden tree. The double-flowered form, 'Plena', is commonly found, rather than the wild single-flowered forms. In the UK, P. avium 'Plena' has gained the Royal Horticultur... | Prunus avium | Wikipedia | 506 | 28331736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus%20avium | Biology and health sciences | Stone fruits | Plants |
The gum from bark wounds is aromatic and can be chewed as a substitute for chewing gum. Medicine can be prepared from the stalks (peduncles) of the drupes that is astringent, antitussive, and diuretic.
A green dye can also be prepared from the plant.
Wild cherry is used extensively in Europe for the afforestation of ... | Prunus avium | Wikipedia | 380 | 28331736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus%20avium | Biology and health sciences | Stone fruits | Plants |
Seeds of a number of cherry species have however been found in Bronze Age and Roman archaeological sites throughout Europe. The reference to "sweet" and "sour" supports the modern view that "sweet" was Prunus avium; there are no other candidates among the cherries found. In 1882 Alphonse de Candolle pointed out that se... | Prunus avium | Wikipedia | 392 | 28331736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus%20avium | Biology and health sciences | Stone fruits | Plants |
Hyraxes (from Ancient Greek 'shrew-mouse'), also called dassies,
are small, stout, thickset, herbivorous mammals in the family Procaviidae within the order Hyracoidea. Hyraxes are well-furred, rotund animals with short tails. Modern hyraxes are typically between in length and weigh between . They are superficially s... | Hyrax | Wikipedia | 431 | 28332898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Although not ruminants, hyraxes have complex, multichambered stomachs that allow symbiotic bacteria to break down tough plant materials, but their overall ability to digest fibre is lower than that of the ungulates.
Their mandibular motions are similar to chewing cud,
but the hyrax is physically incapable of regurgitat... | Hyrax | Wikipedia | 476 | 28332898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Similarities with Proboscidea and Sirenia
Hyraxes share several unusual characteristics with mammalian orders Proboscidea (elephants and their extinct relatives) and Sirenia (manatees and dugongs), which have resulted in their all being placed in the taxon Paenungulata. Male hyraxes lack a scrotum and their testicles r... | Hyrax | Wikipedia | 509 | 28332898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
The descendants of the giant "hyracoids" (common ancestors to the hyraxes, elephants, and sirenians) evolved in different ways. Some became smaller, and evolved to become the modern hyrax family. Others appear to have taken to the water (perhaps like the modern capybara), ultimately giving rise to the elephant family a... | Hyrax | Wikipedia | 449 | 28332898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Extant species
In the 2000s, taxonomists reduced the number of recognized species of hyraxes. In 1995, they recognized 11 species or more. However, as of 2013, only four were recognized, with the others all considered as subspecies of one of the recognized four. Over 50 subspecies and species are described, many of whi... | Hyrax | Wikipedia | 172 | 28332898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax | Biology and health sciences | Mammals | null |
Existential risk from artificial intelligence refers to the idea that substantial progress in artificial general intelligence (AGI) could lead to human extinction or an irreversible global catastrophe.
One argument for the importance of this risk references how human beings dominate other species because the human bra... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 465 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
A third source of concern is the possibility of a sudden "intelligence explosion" that catches humanity unprepared. In this scenario, an AI more intelligent than its creators would be able to recursively improve itself at an exponentially increasing rate, improving too quickly for its handlers or society at large to co... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 500 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
In March 2023, key figures in AI, such as Musk, signed a letter from the Future of Life Institute calling a halt to advanced AI training until it could be properly regulated. In May 2023, the Center for AI Safety released a statement signed by numerous experts in AI safety and the AI existential risk which stated: "Mit... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 481 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
When artificial superintelligence (ASI) may be achieved, if ever, is necessarily less certain than predictions for AGI. In 2023, OpenAI leaders said that not only AGI, but superintelligence may be achieved in less than 10 years.
Comparison with humans
Bostrom argues that AI has many advantages over the human brain:
... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 438 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Alien mind
Superintelligences are sometimes called "alien minds", referring to the idea that their way of thinking and motivations could be vastly different from ours. This is generally considered as a source of risk, making it more difficult to anticipate what a superintelligence might do. It also suggests the possib... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 486 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Speculatively, such hacking capabilities could be used by an AI system to break out of its local environment, generate revenue, or acquire cloud computing resources.
Enhanced pathogens
As AI technology democratizes, it may become easier to engineer more contagious and lethal pathogens. This could enable people with l... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 470 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Atoosa Kasirzadeh proposes to classify existential risks from AI into two categories: decisive and accumulative. Decisive risks encompass the potential for abrupt and catastrophic events resulting from the emergence of superintelligent AI systems that exceed human intelligence, which could ultimately lead to human exti... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 379 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
An "instrumental" goal is a sub-goal that helps to achieve an agent's ultimate goal. "Instrumental convergence" refers to the fact that some sub-goals are useful for achieving virtually any ultimate goal, such as acquiring resources or self-preservation. Bostrom argues that if an advanced AI's instrumental goals confli... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 509 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Alignment of superintelligences
Some researchers believe the alignment problem may be particularly difficult when applied to superintelligences. Their reasoning includes:
As AI systems increase in capabilities, the potential dangers associated with experimentation grow. This makes iterative, empirical approaches inc... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 505 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
The system's implementation may contain initially unnoticed but subsequently catastrophic bugs. An analogy is space probes: despite the knowledge that bugs in expensive space probes are hard to fix after launch, engineers have historically not been able to prevent catastrophic bugs from occurring.
No matter how much t... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 503 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Stuart Armstrong argues that the orthogonality thesis follows logically from the philosophical "is-ought distinction" argument against moral realism. He claims that even if there are moral facts provable by any "rational" agent, the orthogonality thesis still holds: it is still possible to create a non-philosophical "o... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 469 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker, a skeptic, argues that "AI dystopias project a parochial alpha-male psychology onto the concept of intelligence. They assume that superhumanly intelligent robots would develop goals like deposing their masters or taking over the world"; perhaps instead "artificial intelligence w... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 377 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Empirical research
A December 2024 study by Apollo Research found that advanced LLMs like OpenAI o1 sometimes deceive in order to accomplish their goal, to prevent them from being changed, or to ensure their deployment. Forms of deception included sandbagging, oversight subversion (disabling monitoring mechanisms), se... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 420 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Treacherous turn
In Superintelligence, Bostrom expresses concern that even if the timeline for superintelligence turns out to be predictable, researchers might not take sufficient safety precautions, in part because "it could be the case that when dumb, smarter is safe; yet when smart, smarter is more dangerous". He s... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 475 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
The thesis that AI could pose an existential risk provokes a wide range of reactions in the scientific community and in the public at large, but many of the opposing viewpoints share common ground.
Observers tend to agree that AI has significant potential to improve society. The Asilomar AI Principles, which contain o... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 452 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
The thesis that AI poses an existential risk, and that this risk needs much more attention than it currently gets, has been endorsed by many computer scientists and public figures, including Alan Turing, the most-cited computer scientist Geoffrey Hinton, Elon Musk, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, Bill Gates, and Stephen Hawking... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 476 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
In his 2020 book The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, Toby Ord, a Senior Research Fellow at Oxford University's Future of Humanity Institute, estimates the total existential risk from unaligned AI over the next 100 years at about one in ten.
Skepticism
Baidu Vice President Andrew Ng said in 201... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 499 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
During a 2016 Wired interview of President Barack Obama and MIT Media Lab's Joi Ito, Ito said:
Obama added:
Hillary Clinton wrote in What Happened:
Public surveys
In 2018, a SurveyMonkey poll of the American public by USA Today found 68% thought the real current threat remains "human intelligence", but also found ... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 393 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Researchers at Google have proposed research into general "AI safety" issues to simultaneously mitigate both short-term risks from narrow AI and long-term risks from AGI. A 2020 estimate places global spending on AI existential risk somewhere between $10 and $50 million, compared with global spending on AI around perha... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 388 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
In March 2023, the Future of Life Institute drafted Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter, a petition calling on major AI developers to agree on a verifiable six-month pause of any systems "more powerful than GPT-4" and to use that time to institute a framework for ensuring safety; or, failing that, for government... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 350 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
In 2021 the United Nations (UN) considered banning autonomous lethal weapons, but consensus could not be reached. In July 2023 the UN Security Council for the first time held a session to consider the risks and threats posed by AI to world peace and stability, along with potential benefits. Secretary-General António Gu... | Existential risk from artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 442 | 46583121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential%20risk%20from%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Saturn's hexagon is a persistent approximately hexagonal cloud pattern around the north pole of the planet Saturn, located at about 78°N.
The sides of the hexagon are about long, which is about longer than the diameter of Earth. The hexagon may be a bit more than wide, may be high, and may be a jet stream made of a... | Saturn's hexagon | Wikipedia | 427 | 37785528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn%27s%20hexagon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
One hypothesis, developed at Oxford University, is that the hexagon forms where there is a steep latitudinal gradient in the speed of the atmospheric winds in Saturn's atmosphere. Similar regular shapes were created in the laboratory when a circular tank of liquid was rotated at different speeds at its centre and perip... | Saturn's hexagon | Wikipedia | 426 | 37785528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn%27s%20hexagon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
A 2020 mathematical study at the California Institute of Technology, Andy Ingersoll laboratory found that a stable geometric arrangement of the polygons can occur on any planet when a storm is surrounded by a ring of winds turning in the opposite direction to the storms itself, called an anticyclonic ring, or anticyclo... | Saturn's hexagon | Wikipedia | 211 | 37785528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn%27s%20hexagon | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The Amiatina or is a breed of donkey from Tuscany in central Italy. It is particularly associated with Monte Amiata in the provinces of Siena and Grosseto, but is distributed throughout Tuscany. There are also populations in Liguria and in Campania. It is one of the eight autochthonous donkey breeds of limited distrib... | Amiatina | Wikipedia | 326 | 40533280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiatina | Biology and health sciences | Donkeys | Animals |
In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a system of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants: c, G, ħ, and kB (described further below). Expressing one of these physical constants in terms of Planck units yields a numerical value of 1. They are a system... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 463 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
All Planck units are derived from the dimensional universal physical constants that define the system, and in a convention in which these units are omitted (i.e. treated as having the dimensionless value 1), these constants are then eliminated from equations of physics in which they appear. For example, Newton's law of... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 511 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
Unlike the case with the International System of Units, there is no official entity that establishes a definition of a Planck unit system. Some authors define the base Planck units to be those of mass, length and time, regarding an additional unit for temperature to be redundant. Other tabulations add, in addition to a... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 481 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
Significance
Planck units have little anthropocentric arbitrariness, but do still involve some arbitrary choices in terms of the defining constants. Unlike the metre and second, which exist as base units in the SI system for historical reasons, the Planck length and Planck time are conceptually linked at a fundamental... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 486 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
Relationship to gravity
At the Planck length scale, the strength of gravity is expected to become comparable with the other forces, and it has been theorized that all the fundamental forces are unified at that scale, but the exact mechanism of this unification remains unknown. The Planck scale is therefore the point a... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 502 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
Planck length
The Planck length, denoted , is a unit of length defined as:It is equal to (the two digits enclosed by parentheses are the estimated standard error associated with the reported numerical value) or about times the diameter of a proton. It can be motivated in various ways, such as considering a particle ... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 504 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
Planck unit of force
The Planck unit of force may be thought of as the derived unit of force in the Planck system if the Planck units of time, length, and mass are considered to be base units.It is the gravitational attractive force of two bodies of 1 Planck mass each that are held 1 Planck length apart. One conventio... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 466 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
The factor 4 is ubiquitous in theoretical physics because in three-dimensional space, the surface area of a sphere of radius r is 4r. This, along with the concept of flux, are the basis for the inverse-square law, Gauss's law, and the divergence operator applied to flux density. For example, gravitational and electrost... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 431 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
Gravitational constant
In 1899, Newton's law of universal gravitation was still seen as exact, rather than as a convenient approximation holding for "small" velocities and masses (the approximate nature of Newton's law was shown following the development of general relativity in 1915). Hence Planck normalized to 1 the... | Planck units | Wikipedia | 385 | 33710707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20units | Physical sciences | Measurement: General | null |
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