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In 2016, WhatsApp was widely praised for the addition of end-to-end encryption and earned a 6 out of 7 points on the Electronic Frontier Foundation's "Secure Messaging Scorecard". WhatsApp was criticized by security researchers and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for using backups that are not covered by end-to-end ... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 453 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In April 2020, the NSO Group held its governmental clients accountable for the allegation of human rights abuses by WhatsApp. In its revelation via documents received from court,
the group claimed that the lawsuit brought against the company by WhatsApp threatened to infringe on its clients' "national security and for... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 447 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In January 2022, an unsealed surveillance application revealed that WhatsApp started tracking seven users from China and Macau in November 2021, based on a request from US DEA investigators. The app collected data on who the users contacted and how often, and when and how they were using the app. This is reportedly not... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 511 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In 2018, it was reported that around 500,000 National Health Service (NHS) staff used WhatsApp and other instant messaging systems at work and around 29,000 had faced disciplinary action for doing so. Higher usage was reported by frontline clinical staff to keep up with care needs, even though NHS trust policies do not... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 441 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In January 2020, a digital forensic analysis revealed that the Amazon founder Jeff Bezos received an encrypted message on WhatsApp from the official account of Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The message reportedly contained a malicious file, the receipt of which resulted in Bezos' phone being hacked. ... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 456 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In April 2017, nearly 300 WhatsApp groups with about 250 members each were reportedly being used to mobilize stone-pelters in Jammu and Kashmir to disrupt security forces' operations at encounter sites. According to police, 90% of these groups were closed down after police contacted their admins. Further, after a six-m... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 443 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Iran
On May 9, 2014, the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist," said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country's Committee... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 487 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Cuba
In July 2021, the Cuban government blocked access to several social media platforms, including WhatsApp, to curb the spread of information during the anti-government protests.
Switzerland
In December 2021, the Swiss army banned the use of WhatsApp and several other non-Swiss encrypted messaging services by army p... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 512 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
By April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users, 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day.
On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active use... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 470 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
WhatsApp has increasingly drawn its innovation from competing services, such as a Telegram-inspired web version and features for groups. In 2016, WhatsApp was accused of copying features from a then-unreleased version of iMessage. | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 47 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In computing, a job is a unit of work or unit of execution (that performs said work). A component of a job (as a unit of work) is called a task or a step (if sequential, as in a job stream). As a unit of execution, a job may be concretely identified with a single process, which may in turn have subprocesses (child proc... | Job (computing) | Wikipedia | 386 | 40472458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
In this sense of "job", a programmable computer performs "jobs", as each one can be different from the last. The term "job" is also common in operations research, predating its use in computing, in such uses as job shop scheduling (see, for example and references thereof from throughout the 1950s, including several "S... | Job (computing) | Wikipedia | 232 | 40472458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%20%28computing%29 | Technology | Operating systems | null |
The environmental impact of agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices. The environmental impact of agriculture varies widely based on practices employed by farmers and by the scale of practice. Farming commu... | Environmental impact of agriculture | Wikipedia | 475 | 23534209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20impact%20of%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture and ecology | null |
Deforestation is clearing the Earth's forests on a large scale worldwide and resulting in many land damages. One of the causes of deforestation is clearing land for pasture or crops. According to British environmentalist Norman Myers, 5% of deforestation is due to cattle ranching, 19% due to over-heavy logging, 22% due... | Environmental impact of agriculture | Wikipedia | 504 | 23534209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20impact%20of%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture and ecology | null |
Large scale farming can cause large amounts of soil erosion. 25 to 40 percent of eroded soil ends up in water sources. Soil that carries pesticides and fertilizers pollutes the bodies of water it enters. In the United States and Europe especially, large-scale agriculture has grown and small-scale-agriculture has shrunk... | Environmental impact of agriculture | Wikipedia | 352 | 23534209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20impact%20of%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture and ecology | null |
In addition to the increased runoff that results from plasticulture, there is also the problem of the increased amount of waste from the plastic mulch itself. The use of plastic mulch for vegetables, strawberries, and other row and orchard crops exceeds 110 million pounds annually in the United States. Most plastic end... | Environmental impact of agriculture | Wikipedia | 456 | 23534209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20impact%20of%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture and ecology | null |
Agriculture can have negative effects on biodiversity as well. Organic farming is a multifaceted sustainable agriculture set of practices that can have a lower impact on the environment at a small scale. However, in most cases organic farming results in lower yields in terms of production per unit area. Therefore, wide... | Environmental impact of agriculture | Wikipedia | 430 | 23534209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20impact%20of%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture and ecology | null |
Human–computer interaction (HCI) is research in the design and the use of computer technology, which focuses on the interfaces between people (users) and computers. HCI researchers observe the ways humans interact with computers and design technologies that allow humans to interact with computers in novel ways. A devic... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 429 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
"Because human–computer interaction studies a human and a machine in communication, it draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques in computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, com... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 291 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
Visual Based: The visual-based human–computer interaction is probably the most widespread human–computer interaction (HCI) research area.
Audio-Based: The audio-based interaction between a computer and a human is another important area of HCI systems. This area deals with information acquired by different audio signal... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 481 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
Musical Interaction: A relatively new area in HCI, it involves generating and interacting with music, with applications in the art industry. This field is studied in both audio- and visual-based HCI systems.
Sensor-Based HCI ----This section encompasses a diverse range of areas with broad applications, all of which inv... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 324 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
Goals for computers
Human–computer interaction involves the ways in which humans make—or do not make—use of computational artifacts, systems, and infrastructures. Much of the research in this field seeks to improve the human–computer interaction by improving the usability of computer interfaces. How usability is to be ... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 386 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
The following experimental design principles are considered, when evaluating a current user interface, or designing a new user interface:
Early focus is placed on the user(s) and task(s): How many users are needed to perform the task(s) is established and who the appropriate users should be is determined (someone who ... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 402 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
Activity theory: utilized in HCI to characterize and consider the setting where human cooperations with PCs occur. Action hypothesis gives a structure for reasoning about activities in these specific circumstances and illuminates the design of interactions from an action-driven perspective.
User-centered design (UCD):... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 480 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
These human perception and information processing principles can be utilized to create an effective display design. A reduction in errors, a reduction in required training time, an increase in efficiency, and an increase in user satisfaction are a few of the many potential benefits that can be achieved by utilizing the... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 505 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
7. Principle of the moving part. Moving elements should move in a pattern and direction compatible with the user's mental model of how it actually moves in the system. For example, the moving element on an altimeter should move upward with increasing altitude.
Principles based on attention
8. Minimizing information ac... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 463 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
13. Principle of consistency. Old habits from other displays will easily transfer to support the processing of new displays if they are designed consistently. A user's long-term memory will trigger actions that are expected to be appropriate. A design must accept this fact and utilize consistency among different displa... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 494 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
Security interactions
Security interactions are the study of interaction between humans and computers specifically as it pertains to information security. Its aim, in plain terms, is to improve the usability of security features in end user applications.
Unlike HCI, which has roots in the early days of Xerox PARC dur... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 454 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
Ubiquitous computing and communication. Computers are expected to communicate through high-speed local networks, nationally over wide-area networks, and portably via infrared, ultrasonic, cellular, and other technologies. Data and computational services will be portably accessible from many if not most locations to whi... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 400 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
Scientific conferences
One of the main conferences for new research in human–computer interaction is the annually held Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, usually referred to by its short name CHI (pronounced kai, or Khai). CHI is organized by ACM Special Intere... | Human–computer interaction | Wikipedia | 377 | 23534602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction | Technology | Basics_4 | null |
Industrial engineering is an engineering profession that is concerned with the optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations by developing, improving and implementing integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information and equipment. Industrial engineering is central to manufacturing operations. ... | Industrial engineering | Wikipedia | 442 | 23535218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Adam Smith's concepts of Division of Labour and the "Invisible Hand" of capitalism introduced in his treatise The Wealth of Nations motivated many of the technological innovators of the Industrial Revolution to establish and implement factory systems. The efforts of James Watt and Matthew Boulton led to the first inte... | Industrial engineering | Wikipedia | 437 | 23535218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
The husband-and-wife team of Frank Gilbreth (1868–1924) and Lillian Gilbreth (1878–1972) was the other cornerstone of the industrial engineering movement whose work is housed at Purdue University School of Industrial Engineering. They categorized the elements of human motion into 18 basic elements called therbligs. T... | Industrial engineering | Wikipedia | 437 | 23535218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Modern practice
From 1960 to 1975, with the development of decision support systems in supply such as material requirements planning (MRP), one can emphasize the timing issue (inventory, production, compounding, transportation, etc.) of industrial organization. Israeli scientist Dr. Jacob Rubinovitz installed the CMMS... | Industrial engineering | Wikipedia | 448 | 23535218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
"Industrial Engineering is the branch of Engineering most closely related to human resources in that we apply social skills to work with all types of employees, from engineers to salespeople to top management. One of the main focuses of an Industrial Engineer is to improve the working environments of people – not to ch... | Industrial engineering | Wikipedia | 485 | 23535218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
In the United States, the undergraduate degree earned is either a bachelor of science (B.S.) or a bachelor of science and engineering (B.S.E.) in industrial engineering (IE). In South Africa, the undergraduate degree is a bachelor of engineering (BEng). Variations of the title include Industrial & Operations Engineerin... | Industrial engineering | Wikipedia | 495 | 23535218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Differences in teaching
While industrial engineering as a formal degree has been around for years, consensus on what topics should be taught and studied differs across countries. For example, Turkey focuses on a very technical degree while Denmark, Finland and the United Kingdom have a management focus degree, thus ma... | Industrial engineering | Wikipedia | 350 | 23535218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
A leg mechanism (walking mechanism) is a mechanical system designed to provide a propulsive force by intermittent frictional contact with the ground. This is in contrast with wheels or continuous tracks which are intended to maintain continuous frictional contact with the ground. Mechanical legs are linkages that can... | Leg mechanism | Wikipedia | 496 | 41910874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg%20mechanism | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
U.S. Patent No. 469,169 Figure Toy, F. O. Norton (1892).
U.S. Patent No. 1,146,700, Animated Toy, A. Gund (1915). A leg mechanism formed by an inverted slider-crank.
U.S. Patent No. 1,363,460, Walking Toy, J. A. Ekelund (1920). A leg mechanism formed by a rotating crank with extensions that contact the ground.
U.S... | Leg mechanism | Wikipedia | 488 | 41910874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg%20mechanism | Technology | Machinery and tools: General | null |
Chemical reaction engineering (reaction engineering or reactor engineering) is a specialty in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactors. Frequently the term relates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the reacto... | Chemical reaction engineering | Wikipedia | 421 | 25034192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20reaction%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
ISCRE Symposia
The most important series of symposia are the International Symposia on Chemical Reaction Engineering or ISCRE conferences. These three-day conferences are held every two years, rotating among sites in North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region, on a six-year cycle. These conferences bring toge... | Chemical reaction engineering | Wikipedia | 428 | 25034192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20reaction%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Rutherford Aris Young Investigator Award in Chemical Reaction Engineering
In 2016, the ISCRE, Inc. Board of Directors will bestow the first Rutherford Aris Young Investigator Award for Excellence in Chemical Reaction Engineering. This award will recognize outstanding contributions in experimental and/or theoretical re... | Chemical reaction engineering | Wikipedia | 226 | 25034192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20reaction%20engineering | Technology | Disciplines | null |
A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web, often starting with an autotroph (such as grass or algae), also called a producer, and typically ending at an apex predator (such as grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivore (such as earthworms and woodlice), or decomposer (such as fungi or bacteria). It is n... | Food chain | Wikipedia | 389 | 32077676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20chain | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Thus, the foundation of the food chain typically consists of primary producers. Primary producers, or autotrophs, utilize energy derived from either sunlight or inorganic chemical compounds to create complex organic compounds, such as starch, for energy. Because the sun's light is necessary for photosynthesis, most lif... | Food chain | Wikipedia | 453 | 32077676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20chain | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Studies
Food chains are vital in ecotoxicology studies, which trace the pathways and biomagnification of environmental contaminants. It is also necessary to consider interactions amongst different trophic levels to predict community dynamics; food chains are often the base level for theory development of trophic level... | Food chain | Wikipedia | 479 | 32077676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20chain | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Food chain length is important because the amount of energy transferred decreases as trophic level increases; generally only ten percent of the total energy at one trophic level is passed to the next, as the remainder is used in the metabolic process. There are usually no more than five tropic levels in a food chain. H... | Food chain | Wikipedia | 266 | 32077676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20chain | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix. The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This is based on exactly how the analyte moves from the initial solvent into the extracting solvent. The t... | Extraction (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 510 | 29719481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
An astronomical filter is a telescope accessory consisting of an optical filter used by amateur astronomers to simply improve the details and contrast of celestial objects, either for viewing or for photography. Research astronomers, on the other hand, use various band-pass filters for photometry on telescopes, in orde... | Astronomical filter | Wikipedia | 439 | 29722340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20filter | Technology | Telescope | null |
Solar filters are used to safely observe and photograph the Sun, which despite being white, may appear as a yellow-orange disk. A telescope with these filters attached can directly and properly view details of solar features, especially sunspots and granulation on the surface, as well as solar eclipses and transits of ... | Astronomical filter | Wikipedia | 479 | 29722340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20filter | Technology | Telescope | null |
Some of common color filters and their uses are:
Chromatic aberration filters: Used for reduction of the purplish halo, caused by chromatic aberration of refracting telescopes. Such halo can obscure features of bright objects, especially Moon and planets. These filters have no effect on observing faint objects.
Red: ... | Astronomical filter | Wikipedia | 454 | 29722340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20filter | Technology | Telescope | null |
Narrow-band filters are astronomical filters which transmit only a narrow band of spectral lines from the spectrum (usually 22 nm bandwidth, or less). They are mainly used for nebulae observation. Emission nebulae mainly radiate the doubly ionized oxygen in the visible spectrum, which emits near 500 nm wavelength. Thes... | Astronomical filter | Wikipedia | 401 | 29722340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20filter | Technology | Telescope | null |
He-II (468 nm)
He-I: (587 nm)
O-I: (630 nm)
Ar-III: (713 nm)
CA-II Ca-K/Ca-H: (393 and 396 nm) For solar observing, shows the sun with the K and H Fraunhofer lines
N-II (658 nm and 654 nm) Often included in wider H-alpha filters
Methane (889 nm) allowing clouds to be seen on the gas giants, Venus and (with ... | Astronomical filter | Wikipedia | 418 | 29722340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20filter | Technology | Telescope | null |
Sequoia sempervirens () is the sole living species of the genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly treated in Taxodiaceae). Common names include coast redwood, coastal redwood and California redwood. It is an evergreen, long-lived, monoecious tree living 1,200–2,200 years or more. This species include... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 452 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
The leaves are variable, being long and flat on young trees and shaded lower branches in older trees. The leaves are scalelike, long on shoots in full sun in the upper crown of older trees, with a full range of transition between the two extremes. They are dark green above and have two blue-white stomatal bands below... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 419 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
However, Yang and colleagues in 2010 queried the polyploid state of the redwood and speculate that it may have arisen as an ancient hybrid between ancestors of the giant sequoia and dawn redwood (Metasequoia). Using two different single copy nuclear genes, LFY and NLY, to generate phylogenetic trees, they found that Se... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 374 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Distribution and habitat
Coast redwoods occupy a narrow strip of land approximately in length and in width along the Pacific coast of North America; the most southerly native grove is in Monterey County, California, and the most northerly groves are in extreme southwestern Oregon. The aforementioned qualification of ... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 480 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
The ancient range of the genus is considerably greater, with relatives of the coast redwood living in Europe and Asia prior to the Quaternary geologic period. In recent geologic time there have been considerable shifts in the coast redwood's range in North America. Coast redwood bark has been found in the La Brea Tar... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 493 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
In December 2023, the Associated Press exclusively reported criticism from professionals in the region and nationally: While beginning to favor experiments in assisted population migration of more southerly genetics of the main native timber tree, Douglas-fir, professionals were united against large-scale plantings of ... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 431 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
The height of S. sempervirens is closely tied to fog availability; taller trees become less abundant as fog becomes less frequent. As S. sempervirens' height increases, transporting water via water potential to the leaves becomes increasingly difficult due to gravity. Despite the high rainfall that the region receives ... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 397 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Coast redwoods are resistant to insect attack, fungal infection, and rot. These properties are conferred by concentrations of terpenoids and tannic acid in redwood leaves, roots, bark, and wood. Despite these chemical defenses, redwoods are still subject to insect infestations; none, however, are capable of killing a h... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 459 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
When the first humans arrived in North America, redwoods thrived in regions where ground fires were intentionally set by indigenous populations on a seasonal basis. However, when peoples arrived from other continents in the past few centuries, indigenous fire practices were disallowed — even in the few places where the... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 154 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Coast redwood reproduces both sexually by seed and asexually by sprouting of buds, layering, or lignotubers. Seed production begins at 10–15 years of age. Cones develop in the winter and mature by fall. In the early stages, the cones look like flowers, and are commonly called "flowers" by professional foresters, althou... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 376 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Coast redwoods can also reproduce asexually by layering or sprouting from the root crown, stump, or even fallen branches; if a tree falls over, it generates a row of new trees along the trunk, so many trees naturally grow in a straight line. Sprouts originate from dormant or adventitious buds at or under the surface of... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 441 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
P. H. Shaughnessy, Chief Engineer of the San Francisco Fire Department wrote:
In the recent great fire of San Francisco, that began April 18th, 1906, we succeeded in finally stopping it in nearly all directions where the unburned buildings were almost entirely of frame construction, and if the exterior finish of these ... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 210 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Extensive logging of redwoods began in the early nineteenth century. The trees were felled by ax and saw onto beds of tree limbs and shrubs to cushion their fall. Stripped of their bark, the logs were transported to mills or waterways by oxen or horse. Loggers then burned the accumulated tree limbs, shrubs, and bark. T... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 382 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Other areas of successful cultivation outside of the native range include Great Britain, Italy, France, Haida Gwaii, middle elevations of Hawaii, Hogsback in South Africa, the Knysna Afromontane forests in the Western Cape, Grootvadersbosch Forest Reserve near Swellendam, South Africa and the Tokai Arboretum on the slo... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 431 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Today, trees over are common, and many are over . The current tallest tree is the Hyperion tree, measuring . The tree was discovered in Redwood National Park during mid-2006 by Chris Atkins and Michael Taylor, and is thought to be the world's tallest living organism. The previous record holder was the Stratosphere Gia... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 448 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Calculating the volume of a standing tree is the practical equivalent of calculating the volume of an irregular cone, and is subject to error for various reasons. This is partly due to technical difficulties in measurement, and variations in the shape of trees and their trunks. Measurements of trunk circumference are t... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 358 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Redwood canopy soil forms from leaf and organic material litter shedding from upper portions of the tree, accumulating and decomposing on larger branches. These clusters of soil require a lot of hydration, but they have an incredible amount of retention once saturated. Redwoods can send roots into these wet soils, prov... | Sequoia sempervirens | Wikipedia | 484 | 23536889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia%20sempervirens | Biology and health sciences | Cupressaceae | Plants |
Bats are flying mammals of the order Chiroptera (). With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or patagium. The smallest bat, and arguably... | Bat | Wikipedia | 352 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at the cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as guano from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides and other insect management measures. Some bats are also predators of mosquitoes, suppressing the transmission... | Bat | Wikipedia | 340 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The delicate skeletons of bats do not fossilise well; it is estimated that only 12% of bat genera that lived have been found in the fossil record. Most of the oldest known bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats, such as Archaeopteropus (32 million years ago). The oldest known bat fossils include Arch... | Bat | Wikipedia | 361 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
An independent molecular analysis trying to establish the dates when bat ectoparasites (bedbugs) evolved came to the conclusion that bedbugs similar to those known today (all major extant lineages, all of which feed primarily on bats) had already diversified and become established over 100 mya (i.e., long before the ol... | Bat | Wikipedia | 363 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation, Onychonycteris finneyi, indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities. Onychonycteris had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longe... | Bat | Wikipedia | 264 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The molecular phylogeny was controversial, as it pointed to microbats not having a unique common ancestry, which implied that some seemingly unlikely transformations occurred. The first is that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in bats, once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids. The second is that laryng... | Bat | Wikipedia | 324 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Bats are placental mammals. After rodents, they are the largest order, making up about 20% of mammal species. In 1758, Carl Linnaeus classified the seven bat species he knew of in the genus Vespertilio in the order Primates. Around twenty years later, the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach gave them their ow... | Bat | Wikipedia | 389 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Small insect-eating bats can have as many as 38 teeth, while vampire bats have only 20. Bats that feed on hard-shelled insects have fewer but larger teeth with longer canines and more robust lower jaws than species that prey on softer bodied insects. In nectar-feeding bats, the canines are long while the cheek-teeth ar... | Bat | Wikipedia | 389 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
As in other mammals, and unlike in birds, the radius is the main component of the forearm. Bats have five elongated digits, which all radiate around the wrist. The thumb points forward and supports the leading edge of the wing, and the other digits support the tension held in the wing membrane. The second and third dig... | Bat | Wikipedia | 329 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The patagium is the wing membrane; it is stretched between the arm and finger bones, and down the side of the body to the hind limbs and tail. This skin membrane consists of connective tissue, elastic fibres, nerves, muscles, and blood vessels. The muscles keep the membrane taut during flight. The extent to which the t... | Bat | Wikipedia | 454 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
When not flying, bats hang upside down from their feet, a posture known as roosting. The femurs are attached at the hips in a way that allows them to bend outward and upward in flight. The ankle joint can flex to allow the trailing edge of the wings to bend downwards. This does not permit many movements other than hang... | Bat | Wikipedia | 496 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
It takes a lot of energy and an efficient circulatory system to work the flight muscles of bats. Energy supply to the muscles engaged in flight requires about double the amount compared to the muscles that do not use flight as a means of mammalian locomotion. In parallel to energy consumption, blood oxygen levels of fl... | Bat | Wikipedia | 440 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The adaptations of the kidneys of bats vary with their diets. Carnivorous and vampire bats consume large amounts of protein and can output concentrated urine; their kidneys have a thin cortex and long renal papillae. Frugivorous bats lack that ability and have kidneys adapted for electrolyte-retention due to their low-... | Bat | Wikipedia | 419 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
In low-duty cycle echolocation, bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. They have to time their short calls to finish before echoes return. The delay of the returning echoes allows the bat to estimate the range to their prey. In high-duty cycle echolocation, bats emit a continuous call and separate ... | Bat | Wikipedia | 416 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, leading to poor visual acuity, but no species is blind. Most microbats have mesopic vision, meaning that they can detect light only in low levels, whereas other mammals have photopic vision, which allows colour vision. Microbats may use their vision for ... | Bat | Wikipedia | 407 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Bats may avoid flying during the day to prevent overheating in the sun, since their dark wing-membranes absorb solar radiation. Bats may not be able to dissipate heat if the ambient temperature is too high; they use saliva to cool themselves in extreme conditions. Among megabats, the flying fox Pteropus hypomelanus use... | Bat | Wikipedia | 481 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
During hibernation, bats enter a torpid state and decrease their body temperature for 99.6% of their hibernation period; even during periods of arousal, when they return their body temperature to normal, they sometimes enter a shallow torpid state, known as "heterothermic arousal". Some bats become dormant during highe... | Bat | Wikipedia | 339 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Flight has enabled bats to become one of the most widely distributed groups of mammals. Apart from the Arctic, the Antarctic and a few isolated oceanic islands, bats exist in almost every habitat on Earth. Tropical areas tend to have more species than temperate ones. Different species select different habitats during d... | Bat | Wikipedia | 433 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The Chiroptera as a whole are in the process of losing the ability to synthesise vitamin C. In a test of 34 bat species from six major families, including major insect- and fruit-eating bat families, all were found to have lost the ability to synthesise it, and this loss may derive from a common bat ancestor, as a sing... | Bat | Wikipedia | 473 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Nectar-eating bats have acquired specialised adaptations. These bats possess long muzzles and long, extensible tongues covered in fine bristles that aid them in feeding on particular flowers and plants. The tube-lipped nectar bat (Anoura fistulata) has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is... | Bat | Wikipedia | 400 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
A few species, specifically the common, white-winged, and hairy-legged vampire bats, feed only on animal blood (hematophagy). The common vampire bat typically feeds on large mammals such as cattle; the hairy-legged and white-winged vampires feed on birds. Vampire bats target sleeping prey and can detect deep breathing.... | Bat | Wikipedia | 357 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
White nose syndrome is a condition associated with the deaths of millions of bats in the Eastern United States and Canada. The disease is named after a white fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, found growing on the muzzles, ears, and wings of affected bats. The fungus is mostly spread from bat to bat, and causes the ... | Bat | Wikipedia | 446 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
They seem to be highly resistant to many of the pathogens they carry, suggesting a degree of adaptation to their immune systems. Their interactions with livestock and pets, including predation by vampire bats, accidental encounters, and the scavenging of bat carcasses, compound the risk of zoonotic transmission. Bats a... | Bat | Wikipedia | 397 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Bats are among the most vocal of mammals and produce calls to attract mates, find roost partners and defend resources. These calls are typically low-frequency and can travel long distances. Mexican free-tailed bats are one of the few species to "sing" like birds. Males sing to attract females. Songs have three phrases:... | Bat | Wikipedia | 452 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Most bat species are polygynous, where males mate with multiple females. Male pipistrelle, noctule and vampire bats may claim and defend resources that attract females, such as roost sites, and mate with those females. Males unable to claim a site are forced to live on the periphery where they have less reproductive su... | Bat | Wikipedia | 421 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
For temperate living bats, births typically take place in May or June in the Northern Hemisphere; births in the Southern Hemisphere occur in November and December. Tropical species give birth at the beginning of the rainy season. In most bat species, females carry and give birth to a single pup per litter. At birth, a ... | Bat | Wikipedia | 343 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The maximum lifespan of bats is three-and-a-half times longer than other mammals of similar size. Six species have been recorded to live over thirty years in the wild: the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus), the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), the Siberian bat (Myotis sibiricus), the lesser mouse-eared bat (M... | Bat | Wikipedia | 433 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Many people put up bat houses to attract bats. The 1991 University of Florida bat house is the largest occupied artificial roost in the world, with around 400,000 residents. In Britain, thickwalled and partly underground World War II pillboxes have been converted to make roosts for bats, and purpose-built bat houses ar... | Bat | Wikipedia | 470 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
More positive depictions of bats exist in some cultures. In China, bats have been associated with happiness, joy and good fortune. Five bats are used to symbolise the "Five Blessings": longevity, wealth, health, love of virtue and peaceful death. The bat is sacred in Tonga and is often considered the physical manifesta... | Bat | Wikipedia | 466 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
The Congress Avenue Bridge in Austin, Texas, is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats. About 100,000 tourists a year visit the bridge at twilight to watch the bats leave the roost. | Bat | Wikipedia | 57 | 23538713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Biology and health sciences | Bats | null |
Cucumis melo, also known as melon, is a species of Cucumis that has been developed into many cultivated varieties. The fruit is a pepo. The flesh is either sweet or bland, with or without an aroma, and the rind can be smooth (such as honeydew), ribbed (such as European cantaloupe), wrinkled (such as Cassaba melon), or ... | Cucumis melo | Wikipedia | 399 | 23546532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumis%20melo | Biology and health sciences | Cucurbitales | null |
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