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The gallbladder is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with the gallbladder body resting in a small depression. It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored, before being released into the small intestine. Bile flows from the liver through the bile ducts and into t... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 459 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. The endocrine part secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy. The en... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 500 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine. The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 347 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition, they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream. The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb. From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine, the duodenum (the next secti... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 464 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum. The jejunum, the midsection of the small intestine contains circular folds, flaps of doubled mucosal membrane w... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 418 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
In the large intestine, the passage of the digesting food in the colon is a lot slower, taking from 30 to 40 hours until it is removed by defecation. The colon mainly serves as a site for the fermentation of digestible matter by the gut flora. The time taken varies considerably between individuals. The remaining semi-s... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 460 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The final branch which is important for the digestive system is the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the hindgut, which includes the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and the anus above the pectinate line.
Blood flow t... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 408 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
During the fourth week of development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the four... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 501 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
A common disorder of the bowel is diverticulitis. Diverticula are small pouches that can form inside the bowel wall, which can become inflamed to give diverticulitis. This disease can have complications if an inflamed diverticulum bursts and infection sets in. Any infection can spread further to the lining of the abdom... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 430 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
In the early 11th century, the Islamic medical philosopher Avicenna wrote extensively on many subjects including medicine. Forty of these treatises on medicine survive, and in the most famous one titled the Canon of Medicine he discusses "rising gas". Avicenna believed that digestive system dysfunction was responsible ... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 467 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
The rest of the 20th century was dominated by research into enzymes. The first to be discovered was secretin by Ernest Starling in 1902, with ensuing results from John Edkins in 1905 who first suggested gastrin with its structure being determined in 1964. Andre Latarjet and Lester Dragstedt found a role for acetylcholi... | Human digestive system | Wikipedia | 222 | 42193218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20digestive%20system | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | Health |
Markarian 501 (or Mrk 501) is a galaxy with a spectrum extending to the highest energy gamma rays. It is a blazar or BL Lac object, which is an active galactic nucleus with a jet that is shooting towards the Earth. The object has a redshift of z = 0.034.
Mrk 501 is an extremely variable source of gamma rays, undergoin... | Markarian 501 | Wikipedia | 457 | 33962325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markarian%20501 | Physical sciences | Notable galaxies | Astronomy |
During the discovery observations flashes at the average rate of one in seven minutes were observed. Cosmic rays (that is, fermionic or massive cosmic rays, as opposed to photons) were ruled out by the shape and size of the flashes which are small and elliptical for gamma rays. The flux for photons over 300 GeV at this... | Markarian 501 | Wikipedia | 512 | 33962325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markarian%20501 | Physical sciences | Notable galaxies | Astronomy |
Beyond 10 kpc from the core, the counter jet becomes visible, showing that the jets have become non-relativistic; that is, plasma is no longer moving close to the speed of light. The symmetrical radio emission extends to 70", which corresponds to 120 to 200 kpc.
Blazar research
In March 2022, scientists led by Ioanni... | Markarian 501 | Wikipedia | 212 | 33962325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markarian%20501 | Physical sciences | Notable galaxies | Astronomy |
Kepler-22b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-087.01) is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the Sun-like star Kepler-22. It is located about from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 and was the first known ... | Kepler-22b | Wikipedia | 419 | 33965039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-22b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Kepler-22b, dubbed by scientists as a 'water world', might be an 'ocean-like' planet. It might also be comparable to the water-rich planet Gliese 1214 b although Kepler-22b, unlike Gliese 1214 b, is in the habitable zone. An Earth-like composition is ruled out to at least 1-sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurem... | Kepler-22b | Wikipedia | 463 | 33965039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-22b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
The average distance from Kepler-22b to its host star Kepler-22 is about 15% less than the distance from Earth to the Sun but the luminosity (light output) of Kepler-22 is about 25% less than that of the Sun. This combination of a shorter average distance from the star and a lower stellar luminosity are consistent with... | Kepler-22b | Wikipedia | 453 | 33965039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-22b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Australopithecus deyiremeda is an extinct species of australopithecine from Woranso–Mille, Afar Region, Ethiopia, about 3.5 to 3.3 million years ago during the Pliocene. Because it is known only from three partial jawbones, it is unclear if these specimens indeed represent a unique species or belong to the much better-... | Australopithecus deyiremeda | Wikipedia | 496 | 46816256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20deyiremeda | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
The describers believed the remains were distinct enough from the contemporary and well-known A. afarensis to warrant species distinction, and A. deyiremeda is counted among a growing diversity of Late Pliocene australopithecines alongside A. afarensis, A. bahrelghazali and Kenyanthropus platyops. The name deyiremeda d... | Australopithecus deyiremeda | Wikipedia | 466 | 46816256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20deyiremeda | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
In 2012, a 3.4-million-year-old partial foot, BRT-VP-2/73, was recovered from Woranso–Mille. It strongly diverges from contemporary and later hominins by having a dextrous big toe like the earlier Ardipithecus ramidus, and consequently has not been assigned to a species. Though more diagnostic facial elements have sinc... | Australopithecus deyiremeda | Wikipedia | 495 | 46816256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20deyiremeda | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
The Middle Pliocene of Woranso–Mille features grazing impalas, alcelaphins, and elephants, as well as browsing giraffes, tragelaphins, and forest-dwelling monkeys. The feet of the bovid species do not seem to be specialised for any particular type of ground (such as wet, pliable, or hard), and the teeth of hoofed speci... | Australopithecus deyiremeda | Wikipedia | 151 | 46816256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus%20deyiremeda | Biology and health sciences | Australopithecines | Biology |
The Cryptopidae are a family of scolopendromorph centipedes. Cryptopids are blind (lacking ocelli) and possess 21 pairs of legs. The genus Cryptops is the numerically largest in the family, comprising over 150 species worldwide.
Classification
The following genera, may be included:
Cryptops Leach, 1814
Eremops Bol... | Cryptopidae | Wikipedia | 154 | 40793094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptopidae | Biology and health sciences | Myriapoda | Animals |
Tuber is a genus in the fungal family Tuberaceae, with estimated molecular dating to the end of the Jurassic period (156 Mya). It includes several species of truffles that are highly valued as delicacies.
New discoveries
In 2015, a new species Tuber petrophilum (close relative to Tuber melanosporum and Tuber brumale) ... | Tuber (fungus) | Wikipedia | 144 | 32402085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber%20%28fungus%29 | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
Pornhub is a Canadian-owned internet pornography video-sharing website, one of several owned by adult entertainment conglomerate Aylo. , Pornhub is the 16th-most-visited website in the world and the most-visited adult website.
The site allows visitors to view pornographic videos from various categories, including prof... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 482 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In June 2015, Pornhub announced that it was going to make a pornographic film featuring real-life sex in space, named Sexplorations. The site hoped to launch the mission and shoot the movie in 2016, covering the pre- and post-production costs itself, but sought $3.4 million from IndieGogo crowdfunders. If funded, the f... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 408 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In 2009, a 14-year-old girl was gang raped at knifepoint and claims the videos were uploaded to Pornhub. The girl stated that she emailed Pornhub repeatedly over a period of six months but received no reply. After she impersonated a lawyer, the videos were removed. Another case in October 2019 involved a man who faces ... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 273 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
On 10 October 2019, the two owners of GirlsDoPorn along with two employees were arrested on three counts of sex trafficking by force, fraud, and coercion, after a civil lawsuit was filed in July. A week afterwards, the official verified GirlsDoPorn channel – the 20th-largest channel at the time – was removed from the s... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 380 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In response to abusive content on the site, an online petition calling for the shutdown of Pornhub gained over one million signatures throughout 2020. The petition was started by Laila Mickelwait, Director of Abolition at Exodus Cry, a Christian anti-trafficking and anti- sex-work non-profit. Her petition was addressed... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 494 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In April 2021, Vice reported that individuals tied to far-right and Christian fundamentalist groups, which claim to be anti-trafficking and anti-pornography activists, disseminated disinformation and made death threats towards Pornhub's staff and sex workers.
A 2023 documentary, Money Shot: The Pornhub Story, covered ... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 434 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Copyright infringement claims
In 2010, Mansef Inc. and Interhub, the then-owners of Pornhub, were sued by the copyright holding company of the pornographic film production company Pink Visual, Ventura Content, for the copyright infringement of 95 videos on websites, including Pornhub, Keezmovies, Extremetube, and Tube... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 442 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
VPNHub
In May 2018, Pornhub launched a VPN service known as VPNHub, a free service that offered a paid ad-free version. VPNHub operated out of Cyprus and was built in partnership with US-based AppAtomic, using servers located in the US. According to TechRadar, VPNHub operated on the StackPath server network.
VPNHub cla... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 499 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Search trends
Under the heading of Pornhub Insights, Pornhub regularly releases information extracted from its archive of searches: in what regions it is most used, female searches vis-à-vis male searches, the most popular search terms by year or area, variations in searches that parallel current events, and the like;... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 412 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
Usage statistics
Pornhub reported that for the year 2016, the website was visited about 23 billion times, and viewers watched a cumulative total of 4,599 billion hours of pornographic videos online. In 2017 Pornhub reportedly registered 28.5 billion visits with an average of 81 million visits per day. "MILF" and "step... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 160 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
2011: European broadband provider TalkTalk (formerly Tiscali) received some criticism because its internet filter failed to block Pornhub for over a week. This was due to the issue of child internet safety.
January 2013: The Huffington Post commented that CBS "refused to air a short commercial for adult-themed site Por... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 481 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
February 2024: the Attorney General of the state of Texas sued Aylo/Pornhub for allegedly not obeying the state's legal age verification law. As of March 2024, Pornhub and other Aylo-owned websites have blocked access in Texas, due to the adoption of an age verification law which usually mandates age verification throu... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 138 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
In popular culture
Pornhub made a prominent appearance in many scenes of the 2013 American romantic comedy film Don Jon. Pornhub Vice President Cory Price explained that one of the film's producers approached the company in March 2012, seeking permission to use the Pornhub brand. Price reviewed the movie's script and ... | Pornhub | Wikipedia | 278 | 45492650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornhub | Technology | Multimedia | null |
African village dogs are dogs found in Africa that are directly descended from an ancestral pool of indigenous dogs. African village dogs became the close companion of people in Africa, beginning in North Africa and spreading south.
Middle Eastern origins
The oldest dog remains to be found in Africa date 5,900 years b... | African village dog | Wikipedia | 282 | 39459842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20village%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Local variations
There are different types of African village dogs:
Avuvi: a pariah-type village dog from Ghana
Baganda Dog: a Lurcher-like large game hunting dog from Uganda, named after the Baganda nation.
Bagirmi Dog: a large dog with piebald colour, named after the Baguirmi Department of Chad.
Cameroon Dog: a ... | African village dog | Wikipedia | 512 | 39459842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20village%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Dinka Greyhound: a Greyhound-like pariah hunting dog from Sudan, of a rougher type than the other Sudanese breeds, with a short, fawn coat, named after the Dinka nation.
Egyptian Hairless Dog: an extinct hairless dog, close relative or perhaps even the same breed as the African Hairless Dog, small in size (41 cms), wi... | African village dog | Wikipedia | 194 | 39459842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20village%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
In fluid dynamics, Rayleigh problem also known as Stokes first problem is a problem of determining the flow created by a sudden movement of an infinitely long plate from rest, named after Lord Rayleigh and Sir George Stokes. This is considered as one of the simplest unsteady problems that have an exact solution for the... | Rayleigh problem | Wikipedia | 426 | 53718600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%20problem | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
A trommel screen, also known as a rotary screen, is a mechanical screening machine used to separate materials, mainly in the mineral and solid-waste processing industries. It consists of a perforated cylindrical drum that is normally elevated at an angle at the feed end. Physical size separation is achieved as the feed... | Trommel screen | Wikipedia | 505 | 40798692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel%20screen | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Trommel screens are also used for the grading of raw materials to recover valuable minerals. The screen will segregate minuscule materials which are not in the suitable range of size to be used in the crushing stage. It also helps to get rid of dust particles which will otherwise impair the performance of the subsequen... | Trommel screen | Wikipedia | 484 | 40798692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel%20screen | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
The screen's aperture comes in either square or round shape which is determined by
many operating factors such as:
The required dimension of the undersized product.
The aperture area. Round aperture contributes to a smaller area than square-shaped one.
The magnitude of the agitation of product.
Cleanup of drum.
A... | Trommel screen | Wikipedia | 466 | 40798692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel%20screen | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Roller screens are preferred to trommel screens when the feed rate required is high. They also cause less noise than trommel screens and require less head room. Viscous and sticky materials are easier to be separated using a roller screen than with a trommel screen.
Curved screen
Curved screens are able to separate f... | Trommel screen | Wikipedia | 501 | 40798692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel%20screen | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
where is the number of impingements of the particles on the screen. After making the assumption that the number of impingements per unit time, , is constant, equation () becomes:
An alternative way of expressing the fraction of particles remaining in the screen is in terms of the particle weight, which is given as fo... | Trommel screen | Wikipedia | 490 | 40798692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel%20screen | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
where is the drum radius, is the rotational velocity in radians per second, is the gravitational acceleration and is the angle of inclination of the drum. Hence, the residence time of particles in the rotating screen can be determined from the equation below:
where refers to the screen length, refers to the rota... | Trommel screen | Wikipedia | 462 | 40798692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel%20screen | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
As the rotational velocity increases further, cataracting motion will transition to centrifuging motion which will result in a lower screening efficiency. This is due to particles attaching to the wall of the rotating drum caused by centrifugal forces as shown in Figure 10.
Feed flow rate
According to Ottino and Kha... | Trommel screen | Wikipedia | 509 | 40798692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel%20screen | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
In the wastewater treatment industry, the solids that exit the trommel will be compressed and dewatered as they travel along the conveyor. Most often a post-washing treatment such as a jet wash will be used after the trommel screen to break down faecal and unwanted semi-solid matter. The volume of the solid will decrea... | Trommel screen | Wikipedia | 80 | 40798692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel%20screen | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
Herpetic simplex keratitis is a form of keratitis caused by recurrent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in the cornea.
It begins with infection of epithelial cells on the surface of the eye and retrograde infection of nerves serving the cornea. Primary infection typically presents as swelling of the conjunctiva and... | Herpes simplex keratitis | Wikipedia | 506 | 36591857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes%20simplex%20keratitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Primary infection most commonly manifests as blepharoconjunctivitis i.e. infection of lids and conjunctiva that heals without scarring. Lid vesicles and conjunctivitis are seen in primary infection. Corneal involvement is rarely seen in primary infection.
Recurrent eye infection
Recurrent herpes of the eye is caused b... | Herpes simplex keratitis | Wikipedia | 473 | 36591857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes%20simplex%20keratitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
A specific clinical diagnosis of HSV as the cause of dendritic keratitis can usually be made by ophthalmologists and optometrists based on the presence of characteristic clinical features. Diagnostic testing is seldom needed because of its classic clinical features and is not useful in stromal keratitis as there is usu... | Herpes simplex keratitis | Wikipedia | 482 | 36591857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes%20simplex%20keratitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Valacyclovir, a pro-drug of acyclovir likely to be just as effective for ocular disease, can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in severely immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS; thus, it must be used with caution if the immune status is unknown.
Topical corticosteroids ar... | Herpes simplex keratitis | Wikipedia | 396 | 36591857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes%20simplex%20keratitis | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Arrowroot is a starch obtained from the rhizomes (rootstock) of several tropical plants, traditionally Maranta arundinacea, but also Florida arrowroot from Zamia integrifolia, and tapioca from cassava (Manihot esculenta), which is often labeled arrowroot. Polynesian arrowroot or pia (Tacca leontopetaloides), from Palaw... | Arrowroot | Wikipedia | 458 | 38019008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowroot | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Arrowroot cultivation is now concentrated on farms located north of the Rabacca River, particularly in the Owia area. This is also the area where the population of Carib descent is concentrated. In 1998/99, the industry produced of starch, about 3% of the peak level in the 1960s.
In the past, the St. Vincent arrowroo... | Arrowroot | Wikipedia | 386 | 38019008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowroot | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Starch extraction process
Arrowroot tubers contain about 23% starch. They are first washed and then cleaned of the paper-like scale. The scales must be carefully removed before extracting the starch because they impart a disagreeable flavour. After removing the scale, the roots are washed again, drained and finally red... | Arrowroot | Wikipedia | 443 | 38019008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowroot | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Arrowroot makes clear, shimmering fruit gels and prevents ice crystals from forming in homemade ice cream. It can also be used as a thickener for acidic foods, such as East Asian sweet and sour sauce. It is used in cooking to produce a clear, thickened sauce, such as a fruit sauce. It will not make the sauce go cloudy,... | Arrowroot | Wikipedia | 342 | 38019008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowroot | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
The horsehair crab, Erimacrus isenbeckii (Japanese: ケガニ, kegani), is a species of crab which is found mainly in the Northwest Pacific, around the Hokkaido coast in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Western Bering Sea and is an important commercial species used in Japanese cuisine. Despite the importance of the species, biolog... | Horsehair crab | Wikipedia | 501 | 60056473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehair%20crab | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals |
A microbiome () is the community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat. It was defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps et al. as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has distinct physio-chemical properties. The term thus not ... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 334 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
All animals and plants form associations with microorganisms, including protists, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. In the ocean, animal–microbial relationships were historically explored in single host–symbiont systems. However, new explorations into the diversity of microorganisms associating with diverse marine... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 300 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Microbiome research originated in microbiology back in the seventeenth century. The development of new techniques and equipment boosted microbiological research and caused paradigm shifts in understanding health and disease. The development of the first microscopes allowed the discovery of a new, unknown world and led ... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 399 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Access to the previously invisible world opened the eyes and the minds of the researchers of the seventeenth century. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek investigated diverse bacteria of various shapes, fungi, and protozoa, which he called animalcules, mainly from water, mud, and dental plaque samples, and discovered biofilms as a... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 482 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Another major paradigm shift was initiated at the beginning of this century and continues through today, as new sequencing technologies and accumulated sequence data have highlighted both the ubiquity of microbial communities in association within higher organisms and the critical roles of microbes in human, animal, an... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 453 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
However, many other microbiome definitions have been published in recent decades. By 2020 the most cited definition was by Lederberg, and described microbiomes within an ecological context as a community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms within a body space or other environment. Marchesi and Ravel ... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 495 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The panel extended the Whipps et al. definition, which contains all important points that are valid even 30 years after its publication in 1988, by two explanatory paragraphs differentiating the terms microbiome and microbiota and pronouncing its dynamic character, as follows:
The microbiome is defined as a character... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 435 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
When it comes to the use of specific terms, a clear differentiation between microbiome and microbiota helps to avoid the controversy concerning the members of a microbiome. Microbiota is usually defined as the assemblage of living microorganisms present in a defined environment. As phages, viruses, plasmids, prions, vi... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 295 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Microbiome studies sometimes focus on the behaviour of a specific group of microbiota, generally in relation to or justified by a clear hypothesis. More and more terms like bacteriome, archaeome, mycobiome, or virome have started appearing in the scientific literature, but these terms do not refer to biomes (a regional... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 490 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
In addition to oligotrophic and copiotrophic strategists, the competitor–stress tolerator–ruderals framework can influence the outcomes of interactions. For example, microorganisms competing for the same source can also benefit from each other when competing for the same compound at different trophic levels. Stability ... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 494 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Plant microbiomes are shaped by both factors related to the plant itself, such as genotype, organ, species and health status, as well as factors related to the plant's environment, such as management, land use and climate. The health status of a plant has been reported in some studies to be reflected by or linked to it... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 363 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The importance of phylogeny-correlated factors to the diversity of vertebrate microbiomes more generally is still poorly understood. Phylosymbiosis, or the observation that more closely related host species have more similar microbiomes, has been described in a number of nonmammalian taxa. Other analyses have found sub... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 378 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, including the skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary tract, and gastro... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 403 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
All animals on Earth form associations with microorganisms, including protists, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. In the ocean, animal–microbial relationships were historically explored in single host–symbiont systems. However, new explorations into the diversity of microorganisms associating with diverse marine a... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 481 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Corals are one of the more common examples of an animal host whose symbiosis with microalgae can turn to dysbiosis, and is visibly detected as bleaching. Coral microbiomes have been examined in a variety of studies, which demonstrate how variations in the ocean environment, most notably temperature, light, and inorgan... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 461 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Cetacean microbiomes can be difficult to assess because of difficulties accessing microbial samples. For example, many whale species are rare and are deep divers. There are different techniques for sampling a cetacean's gut microbiome. The most common is collecting fecal samples from the environment and taking a probe ... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 379 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Assessment
Currently available methods for studying microbiomes, so-called multi-omics, range from high throughput isolation (culturomics) and visualization (microscopy), to targeting the taxonomic composition (metabarcoding), or addressing the metabolic potential (metabarcoding of functional genes, metagenomics) to an... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 478 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The number of prokaryotic phyla may reach hundreds, and archaeal ones are among the least studied. The growing gap between the diversity of Bacteria and Archaea held in pure culture and those detected by molecular methods has led to the proposal to establish a formal nomenclature for not-yet cultured taxa, primarily ba... | Microbiome | Wikipedia | 161 | 45515504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Regenerative agriculture is a conservation and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems. It focuses on topsoil regeneration, increasing biodiversity, improving the water cycle, enhancing ecosystem services, supporting biosequestration, increasing resilience to climate change, and strengthening the health and... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 500 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
In 2002, Storm Cunningham documented the beginning of what he called "restorative agriculture" in his first book, The Restoration Economy. Cunningham defined restorative agriculture as a technique that rebuilds the quantity and quality of topsoil, while also restoring local biodiversity (especially native pollinators) ... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 440 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Founded in 2013, 501(c)3 non-profit Kiss the Ground was one of the first to publicize the term to a broader audience. Today the group runs a series of media, farmland, education, and policy programs to raise awareness around soil health and support farmers who aim to transition from conventional to regenerative land ma... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 337 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
In February 2021, the regenerative agriculture market gained traction after Joe Biden's Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack made reference to it during his Senate Confirmation hearing. The Biden administration wants to utilize $30 billion from the USDA's Commodity Credit Corporations to incentivise farmers to adopt su... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 317 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Several days before the opening of the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference, a report was published, sponsored by some of the biggest agricultural companies. The report was produced by Sustainable Markets Initiative, an organisation of companies trying to become climate friendly, established by King Charles II... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 453 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
"Progressively improve whole agroecosystems (soil, water and biodiversity)"
"Create context-specific designs and make holistic decisions that express the essence of each farm"
"Ensure and develop just and reciprocal relationships amongst all stakeholders"
"Continually grow and evolve individuals, farms, and communit... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 388 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Alternative food networks (AFNs), commonly defined by attributes such as the spatial proximity between farmers and consumers.
Aquaculture
Ecological aquaculture
Regenerative ocean farming
Agroecology
Agroforestry
Biochar/terra preta
Borders planted for pollinator habitat and other beneficial insects
Compost, compost... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 440 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Regenerative agriculture practices such as no-till farming, rotational grazing, mixed crop rotation, cover cropping, and the application of compost and manure have the potential to reverse this trend. No-till farming reintroduces carbon back into the soil as crop residues are pressed down when seeding. Some studies sug... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 487 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
The total carbon sequestration potential of regenerative grazing has been debated between advocates and critics. One study suggests that total conversion of livestock raising to AMP grazing practices coupled with conservation cropping has the potential to convert North American farmlands to a carbon sink, sequestering ... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 375 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Nutrient cycling
Soil organic matter is the primary sink of nutrients necessary for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, sulfur, and molybdenum. Conventional tillage-based farming promotes rapid erosion and degradation of soil organic matter, depleting soil of plant nutrients and thus lowering productivity... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 491 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Impact of Farming Practices on Nutrient Cycling: Conventional vs Regenerative
Conventional farming disrupts nutrient cycling by using practices like tillage, which breaks down soil structure, reduces soil organic matter (SOM), and negatively impacts the overall soil health. Conventional practices lead to reduced crop ... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 463 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
AMP grazing can help improve biodiversity since increased soil organic carbon stocks also promotes a diversity of soil microbial communities. Implementation of AMP in North American prairies, for example, has been correlated with an increase in forage productivity and the restoration of plant species that had previousl... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 487 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Holistic Planned Grazing: Led by Savory Network’s Argentinean hubs, this model promotes rotational grazing to reduce soil erosion and enhance biodiversity.
Colombia
Post-conflict land restoration is a focus in Colombia:
Agroforestry and Silvopastoral Systems: Local cooperatives and NGOs integrate trees, shrubs, and... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 510 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
China has extensive RA initiatives aimed at desertification and soil health:
Loess Plateau Rehabilitation Project: This project transformed degraded lands with practices such as terracing, agroforestry, and soil improvement.
Green Agricultural Development Fund: This fund promotes regenerative practices in water-scar... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 468 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Commenting on his TED talk "How to Fight Desertification and Reverse Climate Change", Savory has since denied claiming that holistic grazing can reverse climate change, saying that “I have only used the words address climate change… although I have written and talked about reversing man-made desertification”. Savory ha... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 359 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
Tim Searchinger and Janet Ranganathan have expressed concerns about emphasis upon "Practices That Increase Soil Carbon at the Field Level" because "overestimating potential soil carbon gains could undermine efforts to advance effective climate mitigation in the agriculture sector." Instead Tim Searchinger and Janet Ran... | Regenerative agriculture | Wikipedia | 163 | 43674427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20agriculture | Technology | Agriculture_2 | null |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Vitamin B3}}
Vitamin B3, colloquially referred to as niacin, is a vitamin family that includes three forms, or vitamers: niacin (nicotinic acid), nicotinamide (niacinamide), and nicotinamide riboside. All three forms of vitamin B3 are converted within the body to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).... | Vitamin B3 | Wikipedia | 444 | 53735803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20B3 | Biology and health sciences | Vitamins | Health |
The United States Government adopted the terms niacin and niacinamide in 1942 as alternate names for nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, respectively, and encouraged their use in nontechnical contexts to avoid the public’s confusing them with the nearly unrelated (and toxic) nicotine. The terms were incorporated into the ... | Vitamin B3 | Wikipedia | 501 | 53735803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20B3 | Biology and health sciences | Vitamins | Health |
Niacin deficiency is rarely seen in developed countries, and it is more typically associated with poverty, malnutrition or malnutrition secondary to chronic alcoholism. It also tends to occur in areas where people eat maize (corn) as a staple food, as maize is low in digestible niacin. A cooking technique called nixtam... | Vitamin B3 | Wikipedia | 361 | 53735803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20B3 | Biology and health sciences | Vitamins | Health |
Measuring vitamin status
Plasma concentrations of niacin and niacin metabolites are not useful markers of niacin status. Urinary excretion of the methylated metabolite N1-methyl-nicotinamide is considered reliable and sensitive. The measurement requires a 24-hour urine collection. For adults, a value of less than 5.8 μ... | Vitamin B3 | Wikipedia | 398 | 53735803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20B3 | Biology and health sciences | Vitamins | Health |
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values (DRV), with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. For the EU, AIs and ULs have the same definition as in the US, except that units are milligrams per mega... | Vitamin B3 | Wikipedia | 472 | 53735803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20B3 | Biology and health sciences | Vitamins | Health |
Sources
Niacin is found in a variety of whole and processed foods, including fortified packaged foods, meat from various animal sources, seafoods, and spices. In general, animal-sourced foods provide about 5–10 mg niacin per serving, although dairy foods and eggs have little. Some plant-sourced foods such as nuts, legu... | Vitamin B3 | Wikipedia | 333 | 53735803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20B3 | Biology and health sciences | Vitamins | Health |
As a dietary supplement
In the United States, nicotinic acid is sold as a non-prescription dietary supplement with a range of 100 to 1000 mg per serving. These products often have a Structure/Function health claim allowed by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA). An example would be "Supports a healthy blood lipid pr... | Vitamin B3 | Wikipedia | 393 | 53735803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20B3 | Biology and health sciences | Vitamins | Health |
Corn (maize) became a staple food in the southeast United States and in parts of Europe. A disease that was characterized by dermatitis of sunlight-exposed skin was described in Spain in 1735 by Gaspar Casal. He attributed the cause to poor diet. In northern Italy it was named pellagra from the Lombard language (agra =... | Vitamin B3 | Wikipedia | 483 | 53735803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20B3 | Biology and health sciences | Vitamins | Health |
Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and hea... | Ebola | Wikipedia | 355 | 40817590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
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