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Even when aided with turbochargers and stock efficiency aids, most engines retain an average efficiency of about 18–20%. However, the latest technologies in Formula One engines have seen a boost in thermal efficiency past 50%.
There are many inventions aimed at increasing the efficiency of IC engines. In general, pract... | Internal combustion engine | Wikipedia | 507 | 41228673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20combustion%20engine | Technology | Tools and machinery | null |
Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process. A small amount of fuel is present after combustion, and some of it reacts to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete combustion usually results from insuffici... | Internal combustion engine | Wikipedia | 491 | 41228673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20combustion%20engine | Technology | Tools and machinery | null |
The emission standards used by many countries have special requirements for non-road engines which are used by equipment and vehicles that are not operated on the public roadways. The standards are separated from the road vehicles.
Noise pollution
Significant contributions to noise pollution are made by internal comb... | Internal combustion engine | Wikipedia | 449 | 41228673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20combustion%20engine | Technology | Tools and machinery | null |
Examples
Bearings, oil pumps, piston rings, valve springs, flywheels, transmissions, driveshafts, and differentials all act as parasitic loads that rob the system of power. These parasitic loads can be divided into two categories: those inherent to the working of the engine and those drivetrain losses incurred in the ... | Internal combustion engine | Wikipedia | 475 | 41228673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20combustion%20engine | Technology | Tools and machinery | null |
For example, in a dynamometer test by Hot Rod magazine, a Ford Mustang equipped with a modified 357ci small-block Ford V8 engine and an automatic transmission had a measured drivetrain power loss averaging 33%. In the same test, a Buick equipped with a modified 455ci V8 engine and a 4-speed manual transmission was meas... | Internal combustion engine | Wikipedia | 266 | 41228673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20combustion%20engine | Technology | Tools and machinery | null |
The angle of incidence, in geometric optics, is the angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line perpendicular (at 90 degree angle) to the surface at the point of incidence, called the normal. The ray can be formed by any waves, such as optical, acoustic, microwave, and X-ray. In the figure below, the line re... | Angle of incidence (optics) | Wikipedia | 393 | 48934192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%20of%20incidence%20%28optics%29 | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics |
Lymantria dispar dispar, commonly known as the gypsy moth, European gypsy moth, LDD moth, or (in North America) North American gypsy moth or spongy moth, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It has a native range that extends over Europe and parts of Africa, and is an invasive species in North America.
Its lar... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 502 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
In the species' native area, the English common name is (and remains) gypsy moth. In North America in July 2021, the Entomological Society of America announced it was delisting the common name gypsy moth as part of an effort to replace racist or otherwise offensive names, as Gypsy is considered an offensive slur by som... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 500 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
Spread
The small larvae of the moth take to the air and are carried by the wind. The larvae spin silken threads and hang from them, waiting for the wind to blow. The light larvae have long hairs that increase their surface area, which are suitable for being carried aloft. The natural spread is slow, but transportation... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 508 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
Larvae (caterpillars) emerge from egg masses in the spring. Most larvae hatch within a week, but can take as long as a month. The new larvae remain on or near the egg cluster if they hatch in rainy weather or if the temperature is below . The larvae will disperse even if there is enough foliage for growth, hanging from... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 506 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
When the population is spread out and running low, pupation can take place under flaps of bark, in crevices, under branches, on the ground, and in other places where larvae rested. During periods when population numbers are dense, pupation is not restricted to these locations, but can take place in sheltered and open l... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 499 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
Courtship is not elaborate: the female must raise her wing to allow the male to couple with her. The moths remain in copula for up to an hour, but the transfer of the spermatophore is usually accomplished within 10 minutes. A male moth can inseminate more than one female. Multiple mating in females is possible but unco... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 374 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
Larvae prefer oak trees, but may feed on many species of trees and shrubs, both hardwood and conifer. In the eastern US, the gypsy moth prefers leaves of oaks, aspen, apple, sweetgum, speckled alder, basswood, gray birch, paper birch, poplar, willow, and hawthorns, among other species. Older larvae feed on several spec... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 462 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
Many bird species feed on gypsy moth larvae, but they are not a major food source for any common bird species. Although a few European studies cite avian predation as a large influence in keeping the gypsy moth population in control, few studies exist to prove this.
Invertebrate predation
Calosoma sycophanta is a be... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 465 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
Glyptapanteles portheriae and G. liparidis are both wasps that lay eggs on the gypsy moth larva. Study of G. liparidis showed almost 90% success when the host is parasitized during premolt to the third instar. Most invertebrate predation occurred when larvae were in the litter.
The population in Austria suffered high ... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 394 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
Temperature is important to the gypsy moth. Low temperatures are fatal. Temperatures of can be withstood during the winter, an extended period will kill the larvae inside and even for a short time is lethal. Egg deposits that are low or on the ground can be insulated against temperatures, including snow, and survive ... | Lymantria dispar dispar | Wikipedia | 497 | 37017694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria%20dispar%20dispar | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | null |
Nipah virus infection is an infection caused by the Nipah virus. Symptoms from infection vary from none to fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and confusion. This may worsen into a coma over a day or two, and 50% to 75% of those infected die. Complications can include inflammation of the brain and seizures fol... | Nipah virus infection | Wikipedia | 489 | 57475427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah%20virus%20infection | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Death occurs in 40-75% of cases, and some long-term side effects of infection include persistent convulsions and personality changes. Most survivors make a full recovery, although some are left with residual neurological conditions after acute encephalitis. Some cases of relapse have been reported.
Transmission
The i... | Nipah virus infection | Wikipedia | 381 | 57475427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah%20virus%20infection | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Prevention through sanitary practices is the best protection. The likelihood of infection through animal transmission can be reduced by avoiding exposure to sick pigs, and to bats where the disease is endemic. Bats harbor a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders, and are kno... | Nipah virus infection | Wikipedia | 482 | 57475427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah%20virus%20infection | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Moreover, Nipah virus is known to be able to persist and lie dormant in survivors and to re-activate many months or years after the initial infection. Deaths from re-activation of latent Nipah virus have been reported.
Outbreaks | Nipah virus infection | Wikipedia | 50 | 57475427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah%20virus%20infection | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Nipah virus outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh and India. The area is known as the Nipah Belt. The highest mortality due to Nipah virus infection was found in Bangladesh, where outbreaks are typically seen in winter. Nipah virus was first seen in 1998 in peninsular Malaysia in pigs and pig ... | Nipah virus infection | Wikipedia | 503 | 57475427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah%20virus%20infection | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
2005: January, Tangail District, Bangladesh: 12 cases with 11 fatalities (92% mortality). The virus was probably contracted from drinking date palm juice contaminated by fruit bat droppings or saliva.
2007: February–May, Nadia District, India: up to 50 suspected cases with 3–5 fatalities. The outbreak site borders the... | Nipah virus infection | Wikipedia | 502 | 57475427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah%20virus%20infection | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
2021: September: 12-year-old boy, a native of Chathamangalam village was admitted to a hospital at Kozhikode in Kerala on September 1. He died from the virus four days after admission. Two healthcare workers who came into contact with the victim were already showing symptoms of Nipah infection by Monday.
2023: Since 4... | Nipah virus infection | Wikipedia | 224 | 57475427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah%20virus%20infection | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Research
Ribavirin, m102.4 monoclonal antibody, and favipiravir were being studied as treatments as of 2019.
Medication
Ribavirin has been studied in a small number of people. , it was unclear whether it was useful, although a few people had returned to normal life after treatment. In vitro studies and animal studie... | Nipah virus infection | Wikipedia | 364 | 57475427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah%20virus%20infection | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
The metallic elements in the periodic table located between the transition metals to their left and the chemically weak nonmetallic metalloids to their right have received many names in the literature, such as post-transition metals, poor metals, other metals, p-block metals, basic metals, and chemically weak metals. T... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 438 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Similarly, some elements otherwise counted as metalloids or nonmetals are sometimes instead counted as post-transition metals namely germanium, arsenic, selenium, antimony, tellurium, and polonium (of which germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium are usually considered to be metalloids). Astatine, which is usually ... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 453 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Platinum is a moderately hard metal (MH 3.5) of low mechanical strength, with a close-packed face-centred cubic structure (BCN 12). Compared to other metals in this category, it has an unusually high melting point (2042 K v 1338 for gold). Platinum is more ductile than gold, silver or copper, thus being the most ductil... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 503 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
The group 11 metals are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d-shells. Physically, they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post-transition metals. "The filled d subshell and free s electron of Cu, Ag, and Au contribute ... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 507 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Gold is a soft metal (MH 2.5–3) that is easily deformed. It has a close-packed face-centred cubic structure (BCN 12). The chemistry of gold is dominated by its +3 valence state; all such compounds of gold feature covalent bonding, as do its stable +1 compounds. Gold oxide (Au2O3) is amphoteric, with acidic properties p... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 454 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
On the group 12 metals (zinc, cadmium and mercury), Smith observed that, "Textbook writers have always found difficulty in dealing with these elements." There is an abrupt and significant reduction in physical metallic character from group 11 to group 12. Their chemistry is that of main group elements. A 2003 survey of... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 280 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Cadmium is a soft, ductile metal (MH 2.0) that undergoes substantial deformation, under load, at room temperature. Like zinc, it has a crystalline structure (BCN 6+6) that is slightly distorted from the ideal. The halides of cadmium, with the exception of the fluoride, exhibit a substantially covalent nature. The oxide... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 461 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Copernicium is expected to be a liquid at room temperature, although experiments have so far not succeeded in determining its boiling point with sufficient precision to prove this. Like its lighter congener mercury, many of its singular properties stem from its closed-shell d10s2 electron configuration as well as stron... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 451 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Aluminium in pure form is a soft metal (MH 3.0) with low mechanical strength. It has a close-packed structure (BCN 12) showing some evidence of partially directional bonding. It has a low melting point and a high thermal conductivity. Its strength is halved at 200 °C, and for many of its alloys is minimal at 300 °C. Th... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 489 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Indium is a soft, highly ductile metal (MH 1.0) with a low tensile strength. It has a partially distorted crystalline structure (BCN 4+8) associated with incompletely ionised atoms. The tendency of indium '...to form covalent compounds is one of the more important properties influencing its electrochemical behavior'. T... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 385 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Nihonium is expected to have a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure, albeit based on extrapolation from those of the lighter group 13 elements: its density is expected to be around 16 g/cm3. A standard electrode potential of +0.6 V is predicted for the Nh+/Nh couple. The relativistic stabilisation of the 7s ele... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 366 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Tin is a soft, exceptionally weak metal (MH 1.5); a 1-cm thick rod will bend easily under mild finger pressure. It has an irregularly coordinated crystalline structure (BCN 4+2) associated with incompletely ionised atoms. All of the Group 14 elements form compounds in which they are in the +4, predominantly covalent, o... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 506 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Flerovium is expected to be a liquid metal due to spin-orbit coupling "tearing" apart the 7p subshell, so that its 7s27p1/22 valence configuration forms a quasi-closed shell similar to those of mercury and copernicium. Solid flerovium should have a face-centered cubic structure and be a rather dense metal, with a densi... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 488 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Bismuth is a soft metal (MH 2.5) that is too brittle for any structural use. It has an open-packed crystalline structure (BCN 3+3) with bonding that is intermediate between metallic and covalent. For a metal, it has exceptionally low electrical and thermal conductivity. Most of the ordinary compounds of bismuth are cov... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 420 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Selenium is a soft (MH 2.0) and brittle semi-metallic element. It is commonly regarded as a nonmetal, but is sometimes considered a metalloid or even a heavy metal. Selenium has a hexagonal polyatomic (CN 2) crystalline structure. It is a semiconductor with a band gap of 1.7 eV, and a photoconductor meaning its electri... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 388 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Polonium is a radioactive, soft metal with a hardness similar to lead. It has a simple cubic crystalline structure characterised (as determined by electron density calculations) by partially directional bonding, and a BCN of 6. Such a structure ordinarily results in very low ductility and fracture resistance however po... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 366 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Astatine is a radioactive element that has never been seen; a visible quantity would immediately be vaporised due to its intense radioactivity. It may be possible to prevent this with sufficient cooling. Astatine is commonly regarded as a nonmetal, less commonly as a metalloid and occasionally as a metal. Unlike its li... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 464 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Oganesson is expected to be a very poor "noble gas" and may even be metallised by its large atomic radius and the weak binding of the easily removed 7p3/2 electrons: certainly it is expected to be a quite reactive element that is solid at room temperature and has some similarities to tin, as one effect of the spin–orbi... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 429 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Pseudo metals and hybrid metals
The B-subgroup metals can be subdivided into pseudo metals and hybrid metals. The pseudo metals (groups 12 and 13, including boron) are said to behave more like true metals (groups 1 to 11) than non-metals. The hybrid metals As, Sb, Bi, Te, Po, At — which other authors would call metallo... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 491 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Fusible metals
Cardarelli, writing in 2008, categorizes zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth as fusible metals. Nearly 100 years earlier, Louis (1911) noted that fusible metals were alloys containing tin, cadmium, lead, and bismuth in various proportions, "the tin ranging f... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 351 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Less typical metals
Habashi groups the elements into eight major categories: [1] typical metals (alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and aluminium); [2] lanthanides (Ce–Lu); [3] actinides (Th–Lr); [4] transition metals (Sc, Y, La, Ac, groups 4–10); [5] less typical metals (groups 11–12, Ga, In, Tl, Sn and Pb); [6] me... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 497 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
p-block metals
The p-block metals are the metals in groups 13‒16 of the periodic table. Usually, this includes aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium; tin and lead; and bismuth. Germanium, antimony and polonium are sometimes also included, although the first two are commonly recognised as metalloids. The p-block metal... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 507 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Post-transition metals
An early usage of this name is recorded by Deming, in 1940, in his well-known book Fundamental Chemistry. He treated the transition metals as finishing at group 10 (nickel, palladium and platinum). He referred to the ensuing elements in periods 4 to 6 of the periodic table (copper to germanium; s... | Post-transition metal | Wikipedia | 489 | 42657422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transition%20metal | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Electrical busbar systems (sometimes simply referred to as busbar systems) are a modular approach to electrical wiring, where instead of a standard cable wiring to every single electrical device, the electrical devices are mounted onto an adapter which is directly fitted to a current carrying busbar. This modular appro... | Electrical busbar system | Wikipedia | 398 | 59065686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20busbar%20system | Technology | Electricity transmission and distribution | null |
Alcohols, in various forms, are used medically as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and antidote. Alcohols applied to the skin are used to disinfect skin before a needle stick and before surgery. They may also be used as a hand sanitizer; to clean other areas; and in mouthwashes. Taken by mouth or injected into a vein, etha... | Alcohols (medicine) | Wikipedia | 497 | 52835581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Anti-infectives | Health |
Mechanism
Ethanol, when used for toxicity, competes with other alcohols for the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives, and reducing more serious toxic effect of the glycols to crystallize in the kidneys.
Euthanasia
Alcohol can intensify the sedation cau... | Alcohols (medicine) | Wikipedia | 446 | 52835581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Anti-infectives | Health |
A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that there is no definitive link between alcohol-based mouthwash use and the risk of oral cancer. This should not be confused with the fact that alcohol consumption at any quantity is a risk factor for alcohol and cancer such as cancers of the mouth, esophagus, phary... | Alcohols (medicine) | Wikipedia | 501 | 52835581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Anti-infectives | Health |
Modern period
Early doctors recognized that ethanol was a risky anesthetic because it could lead to death from alcohol poisoning or vomit inhalation (pulmonary aspiration). This led to use of alternatives in antiquity, such as opium and cannabis, and later diethyl ether starting in the 1840s. As safer options became av... | Alcohols (medicine) | Wikipedia | 131 | 52835581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Anti-infectives | Health |
Proxima Centauri b is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri in the constellation Centaurus. It can also be referred to as Proxima b, or Alpha Centauri Cb. The host star is the closest star to the Sun, at a distance of about from Earth, and is part of the larger triple s... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 466 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Before 2016, observations with instruments at the European Southern Observatory in Chile had identified anomalies in Proxima Centauri which could not be satisfactorily explained by flares or chromospheric activity of the star. This suggested that Proxima Centauri may be orbited by a planet. In January 2016, a team of a... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 386 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Mass, radius and composition
, the estimated minimum mass of Proxima Centauri b is ; other estimates are similar, with the most recent estimate as of 2022 being at least , but all estimates are minimum because the inclination of the planet's orbit is not yet known. This makes it similar to Earth, but the radius of the ... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 492 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Proxima Centauri b is likely to be tidally locked to the host star, which for a 1:1 orbit would mean that the same side of the planet would always face Proxima Centauri. It is unclear whether habitable conditions can arise under such circumstances as a 1:1 tidal lock would lead to an extreme climate with only part of t... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 483 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
It is the closest star to the Sun, hence the name "Proxima", with a distance of . Proxima Centauri is part of a multiple star system, whose other members are Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B which form a binary star subsystem. The dynamics of the multiple star system could have caused Proxima Centauri b to move cl... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 400 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Climate models including general circulation models used for Earth climate have been used to simulate the properties of Proxima Centauri b's atmosphere. Depending on its properties such as whether it is tidally locked, the amount of water and carbon dioxide a number of scenarios are possible: A planet partially or whol... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 295 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
The stability of an atmosphere is a major issue for the habitability of Proxima Centauri b:
Strong irradiation by UV radiation and X-rays from Proxima Centauri constitutes a challenge to habitability. Proxima Centauri b receives about 10–60 times as much of this radiation especially X-rays, as Earth. It might have rec... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 483 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
If the planet is tidally locked to the star, the atmosphere can collapse on the night side. This is particularly a risk for a carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere although carbon dioxide glaciers could recycle.
Unlike Sun-like stars, Proxima Centauri's habitable zone would have been farther away early in the system's e... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 289 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Even if Proxima Centauri b lost its original atmosphere, volcanic activity could rebuild it after some time. A second atmosphere would likely contain carbon dioxide, which would make it more stable than an Earth-like atmosphere, particularly in the presence of an ocean, which, depending on its size, as well as the atmo... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 351 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Setbacks to habitability
The habitability of red dwarfs is a controversial subject, with a number of considerations:
Both the activity of Proxima Centauri and tidal locking would hinder the establishment of these conditions on the planet.
Unlike XUV radiation, UV radiation on Proxima Centauri b is redder (colder) a... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 492 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Future large ground-based telescopes and space-based observatories such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope could directly observe Proxima Centauri b, given its proximity to Earth, but disentangling the planet from its star would be difficult. Possible traits observable from Eart... | Proxima Centauri b | Wikipedia | 377 | 51313762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima%20Centauri%20b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
In mathematics, a relation on a set is called connected or complete or total if it relates (or "compares") all pairs of elements of the set in one direction or the other while it is called strongly connected if it relates pairs of elements. As described in the terminology section below, the terminology for these pro... | Connected relation | Wikipedia | 507 | 57495962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected%20relation | Mathematics | Order theory | null |
The following are equivalent:
is connected;
;
;
is antisymmetric,
where is the complementary relation of the identity relation and is the converse relation of
Introducing progressions, Russell invoked the axiom of connection:
Properties
The relation of a tournament graph is always a connected relation... | Connected relation | Wikipedia | 166 | 57495962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected%20relation | Mathematics | Order theory | null |
Locomotion in space includes all actions or methods used to move one's body in microgravity conditions through the outer space environment. Locomotion in these conditions is different from locomotion in a gravitational field. There are many factors that contribute to these differences, and they are crucial when researc... | Locomotion in space | Wikipedia | 268 | 50506253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotion%20in%20space | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
There are many detrimental effects of extended exposure to reduced gravity that are similar to aging and disease. Some long-duration effects of reduced gravity can be simulated on Earth using bed rest. These effects include:
muscle atrophy
deconditioning (e.g. arterial constriction, bone density loss)
symptoms simi... | Locomotion in space | Wikipedia | 467 | 50506253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotion%20in%20space | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
Loading suits
Loading suits are garments that are used to help maintain loading on the bones during their time in space, not to be confused with space suits, which aid astronauts in surviving the harsh climate outside of a vehicle such as the International Space Station (ISS).
Pingvin suit
The Pingvin suit is design... | Locomotion in space | Wikipedia | 486 | 50506253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotion%20in%20space | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
Pharmacologic therapy
In general, the way a person's body absorbs medicine in reduced gravity conditions is significantly different than normal absorption properties here on Earth. In addition, there are various pharmacological or drug therapies that are used to counter certain side effects of prolonged space flight. ... | Locomotion in space | Wikipedia | 496 | 50506253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotion%20in%20space | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
Several studies have suggested that artificial gravity might be an adequate countermeasure for prolonged space flight, especially if combined with other countermeasures. A conceptual design entitled ViGAR (Virtual Gravity Artificial Reality) was proposed in 2005 by Kobrick et al. and it details a device that combines a... | Locomotion in space | Wikipedia | 456 | 50506253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotion%20in%20space | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
The iRED provides resistive exercise to the user which helps prevent muscle atrophy and minimize bone loss. It focuses on maintaining the strength, power, and endurance of the crew member. It has over 18 different exercises for both upper and lower body and provides up to a 300 lb. resistive force. Examples of possible... | Locomotion in space | Wikipedia | 457 | 50506253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotion%20in%20space | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
The Norfolk four-course system is a method of agriculture that involves crop rotation. Unlike earlier methods such as the three-field system, the Norfolk system is marked by an absence of a fallow year. Instead, four different crops are grown in each year of a four-year cycle: wheat, turnips, barley, and clover or ryeg... | Norfolk four-course system | Wikipedia | 176 | 54192700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk%20four-course%20system | Technology | Soil and soil management | null |
Korean units of measurement, called cheokgwan-beop () or cheokgeun-beop () in Korean, is the traditional system of measurement used by the people of the Korean peninsula. It is largely based on the Chinese system, with influence from Japanese standards imposed following its annexation of the Korean Empire in 1910. Both... | Korean units of measurement | Wikipedia | 480 | 54195817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20units%20of%20measurement | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
Japanese Korea
During the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945, Japan imposed its standards on Korea. Two of the most common "traditional" units in Korea—the pyeong of floorspace and the jeweler's don—were among those given their modern value by the Japanese.
South Korea
South Korea signed the Metre Convention in 195... | Korean units of measurement | Wikipedia | 340 | 54195817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20units%20of%20measurement | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
A 2006 study found 88% of real estate companies and 71% of jewelers in 7 major markets were still using the pyeong and don, after which the government decided simply to criminalize further commercial use of traditional units. (Another important factor was the European Union regulation mandating the use of metric in all... | Korean units of measurement | Wikipedia | 372 | 54195817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20units%20of%20measurement | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
North Korea
Despite the importance of the Soviet Union in establishing North Korea, Kim Il Sung continued official use of Korean units until the DPRK's notional metrication under National Standard 4077–75 on 14 April 1975. It joined the Meter Treaty in 1982 or 1989, although it was removed from the International Bureau... | Korean units of measurement | Wikipedia | 497 | 54195817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20units%20of%20measurement | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
The Korean li previously bore values around 434.16m (3rd century), 531.18m (6th–7th), 559.8m (7th–10th), 552.96m (10th–14th), and 450m (19th); it was also reckoned based on travel time and therefore varied in length between the plains and mountains. It was standardized as of the Japanese ri of in 1905.
Area
The base ... | Korean units of measurement | Wikipedia | 503 | 54195817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20units%20of%20measurement | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
The United Nations also reported a "small mal" half the size of the standard mal. In contexts involving volume, two cubic forms of "pyeong" were also formerly used. The pyeong of gravel was a cubic gan (about 6.01m3); the pyeong of firewood was as much (about2.0035m3). Palais reports alternate seoks of 15 and 20 mal e... | Korean units of measurement | Wikipedia | 88 | 54195817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20units%20of%20measurement | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
Sodium calcium edetate (sodium calcium EDTA), also known as edetate calcium disodium among other names, is a medication primarily used to treat lead poisoning, including both short-term and long-term lead poisoning. Sodium calcium edetate came into medical use in the United States in 1953.
Chelation agent
Sodium calc... | Sodium calcium edetate | Wikipedia | 320 | 52855912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20calcium%20edetate | Physical sciences | Organic salts | Chemistry |
Ultra-high-definition television (also known as Ultra HD television, Ultra HD, UHDTV, UHD and Super Hi-Vision) today includes 4K UHD and 8K UHD, which are two digital video formats with an aspect ratio of 16:9. These were first proposed by NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories and later defined and approved by... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 428 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
UHDTV-1 is 3840 pixels wide by 2160 pixels tall (8.3 megapixels), which is four times as many pixels as the (2.07 megapixels) of current 1080p HDTV (full HDTV).
Also known as 2160p, and 4K UHD. Although roughly similar in resolution to 4K digital cinema formats, it should not be confused with other 4K resolutions suc... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 456 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
In terms of CIE 1931 color space, the Rec. 2020 color space covers 75.8%, compared to coverage by the DCI-P3 digital cinema reference projector color space of just 53.6%, 52.1% by Adobe RGB color space, while the Rec. 709 color space covers only 35.9%. UHDTV's increases in dynamic range allow not only brighter highligh... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 460 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On December 31, 2006, NHK demonstrated a live relay of their annual Kōhaku Uta Gassen over IP from Tokyo to a screen in Osaka. Using a codec developed by NHK, the video was compressed from 24Gbit/s to 180600Mbit/s and the audio was compressed from 28Mbit/s to 728Mbit/s. Uncompressed, a 20-minute broadcast would requir... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 496 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
2012
On February 23, 2012, NHK announced that with Shizuoka University they had developed an 8K sensor that can shoot video at 120fps.
In April 2012, Panasonic, in collaboration with NHK announced a display ( at 60fps), which has 33.2 million 0.417mm square pixels.
In April 2012, the four major South Korean terrest... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 478 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
During the 2012 Summer Olympics in Great Britain, the format was publicly showcased by the world's largest broadcaster, the BBC, which set up 15-meter-wide screens in London, Glasgow, and Bradford to allow viewers to see the Games in ultra-high definition.
On May 31, 2012, Sony released the VPL-VW1000ES 4K 3D Projecto... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 504 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On October 23, 2012, Ortus Technology Co., Ltd announced the development of the world's smallest pixel LCD panel with a size of and a pixel density of 458px/in. The LCD panel is designed for medical equipment and professional video equipment.
On October 25, 2012, LG Electronics began selling the first flat panel Ult... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 440 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On January 7, 2013, Eutelsat announced the first dedicated 4K Ultra HD channel. Ateme uplinks the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC channel to the Eutelsat 10A satellite. The 4K Ultra HD channel has a frame rate of 50fps and is encoded at 40Mbit/s. The channel started transmission on January 8, 2013. On the same day Qualcomm CEO Paul J... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 473 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On April 11, 2013, Bulb TV created by Canadian entrepreneur Evan Kosiner became the first broadcaster to provide a 4K linear channel and VOD content to cable and satellite companies in North America. The channel is licensed by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission to provide educational conten... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 491 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On June 13, 2013, ESPN announced that they would end the broadcast of the ESPN 3D channel by the end of that year and would "...experiment with things like UHDTV."
On June 26, 2013, Sharp announced the LC-70UD1U, which is a 4K Ultra HD TV. The LC-70UD1U is the world's first TV with THX 4K certification.
On July 2, 2... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 506 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On October 29, 2013, Elemental Technologies announced support for real-time 4K Ultra HD HEVC video processing. Elemental provided live video streaming of the 2013 Osaka Marathon on October 27, 2013, in a workflow designed by K-Opticom, a telecommunications operator in Japan. Live coverage of the race in 4K Ultra HD was... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 494 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On June 24, 2014, the CEA updated the guidelines for Ultra High-Definition and released guidelines for Connected Ultra High-Definition, adding support for internet video delivered with HEVC. The CEA is developing a UHD logo for voluntary use by companies that make products that meet CEA guidelines. The CEA also clarifi... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 506 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On November 19, 2014, rock band Linkin Park's concert at Berlin's O2 World Arena was broadcast live in Ultra HD via an Astra 19.2°E satellite. The broadcast was encoded in the UHD 4K standard with the HEVC codec (50fps and a 10bpc color depth), and was a joint enterprise of satellite owner SES, SES Platform Services (l... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 449 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On 2 August 2015, The FA Community Shield in England was broadcast in Ultra HD by broadcast company BT Sport, becoming the first live football game shown in Ultra HD on the world's first commercial Ultra HD channel. The match was shown on Europe's first Ultra HD channel, BT Sport Ultra HD where selected live English Pr... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 409 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On 8 December 2015, the ceremony of the opening of the Holy Door in Vatican City, which marked the beginning of the Jubilee Year of Mercy in the Roman Catholic church, was the first worldwide Ultra HD broadcast via satellite. The event was produced by the Vatican Television Center with the support of Eutelsat, Sony, Gl... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 508 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
2017
On 29 September 2017, BSAT-4a, dedicated for UHDTV programming and was also claimed "the world's first 8K satellite", was launched from the Guiana Space Centre aboard Ariane 5 rocket. BSAT-4a would be used for 2020 Summer Olympics held in Japan.
Additionally, in September 2017, Kaleidescape, a manufacturer of ho... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 440 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
In May 2019, for the first time in Europe, 8K demonstration content was received via satellite without the need for a separate external receiver or decoder. At the 2019 SES Industry Days conference at Betzdorf, Luxembourg broadcast quality 8K content (with a resolution of pixels at 50fps) was encoded using a Spin Digi... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 451 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
NASA TV UHD
Sportsnet 4K and Sportsnet One 4K (Canada)
TSN 4K and TSN 2 4K (Canada)
Hispasat TV 4K (Latin America)
Fashion One 4K
Fox Sports 4K and Fox Sports 1 4K (USA)
DirecTV 4K and DirecTV Cinema 4K (USA)
ESPN (USA)
4KUNIVERSE
Insight UHD
The Country Network
SporTV 4K (Brazil)
UHD-1
Asia
CCTV 4K ()
... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 499 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
List of 8K television channels
NHK BS8K (Japan)
CCTV-8K (China)
Field trials of UHDTV over DTT networks
Field trials using existing digital terrestrial television (DTT) transmitters have included the following.
Status of standardization of UHDTV
Standards that deal with UHDTV include:
Standardization in ITU-R
... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 510 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
On May 22, 2014, the technical report "TTAR-07.0013: Terrestrial 4K UHDTV Broadcasting Service" was published.
On October 13, 2014, an interim standard – "TTAI.KO-07.0123: Transmission and Reception for Terrestrial UHDTV Broadcasting Service" – was published based on HEVC encoding, with MPEG 2 TS, and DVB-T2 serving a... | Ultra-high-definition television | Wikipedia | 146 | 47262026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition%20television | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
Bomdong (), also known as spring cabbage, is a hardy cabbage with tough, sweet leaves. The leaves of bomdong, unlike those of regular napa cabbages, fall to the sides, giving the plant a flat shape. This cabbage is primarily used in the making of kimchi and salads. 70% of the bomdong grown in Korea comes from South Jeo... | Bomdong | Wikipedia | 133 | 52871617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomdong | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
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